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The highest ranking hand in straight poker, what name is commonly given to a run of 5 cards, all of the same suit, that rank from Ace to 10? | Poker Hands (Ranked Strongest to Weakest)
By Erik Arneson
Updated September 28, 2016.
Standard five-card Poker hands are ranked here in order of strength, from the strongest Poker hand to the weakest.
Royal Flush
This is the best possible hand in standard five-card Poker. Ace, King, Queen, Jack and 10, all of the same suit.
Any five-card sequence in the same suit (e.g.: 8, 9, 10, Jack and Queen of clubs; or 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of diamonds).
Four of a Kind
All four cards of the same value (e.g.: 8, 8, 8, 8; or Queen, Queen, Queen, Queen).
Full House
Three of a kind combined with a pair (e.g.: 10, 10, 10 with 6, 6; or King, King, King with 5, 5).
Flush
Any five cards of the same suit, but not in sequence (e.g.: 4, 5, 7, 10 and King of spades).
Straight
Five cards in sequence, but not in the same suit (e.g.: 7 of clubs, 8 of clubs, 9 of diamonds, 10 of spades and Jack of diamonds).
Three of a Kind
Three cards of the same value (e.g.: 3, 3, 3; or Jack, Jack, Jack).
Two Pair
Two separate pairs (e.g.: 2, 2, Queen, Queen).
Pair
Two cards of the same value (e.g.: 7, 7).
continue reading below our video
What Beats What in Poker?
| Royal flush |
What single panel comic strip, running daily from 1980 to 1995, featured the surreal humor of WSU alum Gary Larson? | 32 Draw Poker Sites - Learn Rules, Odds and Strategy
32 Draw Poker
At the moment there is only one online poker site that is offering the game of 32 draw poker. The site in question is VCPoker. The 32 card draw games at this site appear to be quite loose and passive. Most of the players playing these games come from Italy and Israel.
You can play pot limit (PL) version of the game, from 0.1€/0.2€ to 25/50€, no limit version (NL) on similar blinds and fixed limit 32 card draw poker from 0.25/0.5€ all the way up to the massive 100€/200€.
Both real money and fun money games are also available. They are also otherwise a great online poker room for an example they have multilingual customer service, run huge promotions and have lot of different deposit and withdraw methods available for their customers. For these and many other reasons VCPoker has grown to be one of the biggest European online poker rooms.
When you first start playing at VCPoker you will get a 100% up to 1000€ first deposit poker bonus.
Open VCPoker account and enjoy great promotions.
Top 32 draw poker tips:
– Never play if you are not playing your A game. In 32-draw poker and other poker games it is always important to bring your A game to the table. If you don’t feel like you are playing the best game that you can play there is no reason to sit down. Simply save your moneys and play when you are feeling more confident. The games will be there then too.
– Check the hand history. The fastest way to figure out things about how your opponent is playing is to check the hand history and see the hands they muck and how they played their certain type of hands. For an example after viewing just couple hand histories you should have a good idea about how your opponent plays his premium hands.
– Steal ideas from your opponents. In poker stealing is allowed, stealing ideas that is. If you notice that your opponent makes some amazing players feel free to incorporate them in your own game. You can be sure that your opponents are doing the same thing and there is absolutely nothing immoral about it.
Information about the game:
32 Draw Poker is a variation of 5 Card Stud. It uses a stripped deck, which is a deck that has had some of the cards removed or stripped. In this particular game, all of the lowest ranking cards have been discarded. The game is played with a total of 32 cards with all deuces, treys, fours, fives and sixes removed (2 through 6). Only A through 7 are utilized. While some people are familiar with the game as 32 Draw Poker, others recognize it as 5 Card Draw A-7, Spanish Draw and Stripped Deck Poker. While Texas Hold’em still reigns supreme online in many countries especially the United States, 32 Draw Poker is becoming increasingly popular in European countries, particularly Italy.
The game’s basic rules are similar to that of 5 Card Draw Poker. The person sitting to the left of the dealer will place the small blind and the person next to their left, the big blind. The big blind is the bet that every other player at the table has to wager if they wish to play. This is the minimum bet. The small blind is generally half of that amount.
Each player is then dealt five cards. These are placed face down in front of each player so that no one else at the table is able to see them. The individual to the left of the big blind will be the first to make a move. They will have three choices. He or she can call, raise or fold. The rest of players will be able to switch 0-5 cards at the draw. The number of cards discarded will be replaced with the same amount of cards. After the draw, betting once again proceeds. During the 2nd round of bets, the player to the left of the big blind begins play. After everyone who wants to call a bet, does, it is time for the showdown. The person with the lowest hand wins the pot.
These rules are very similar to 5 Card Draw Poker. However, while the basics are the same, there are definitely some differences. As mentioned above, the deck is stripped with cards 2-6 removed. Because of this, the lowest straight is 10-9-8-7-A. The highest is A-K-Q-J-10. An Ace can be used as a high ranking card or a low one. Full houses fall to Flushes and players are required to look at suit rather than rank to determine who wins a tie. Full houses occur more commonly in 32 Draw Poker than Flushes.
In most poker games, the rank of a card is of more importance than the suit. This isn’t the case in this particular form of the game. Many times, the person with the strongest suit wins. The highest ranking suit is hearts, followed by diamonds, clubs and then spades.
32 Draw Poker is played with no more than 5 people because of the low number of cards. It is an exciting game because of the many different types of hands that can be played.
In cases where there is a tie, the winner is determined a number of different ways, mostly depending on the circumstances. For example, if two players have a straight flush, the person who has the best suit wins. If the tie occurs when two players have a Four of a Kind, the quads determine the winner. When two people have a Flush, the pot goes to the person with the highest ranking suit, a Full House, the individual that has the highest ranking trips wins. When two players have a Straight, the suit determines the winner. If both players have one pair, the highest ranking pair wins. When the pairs are the same, the kicker will be the deciding factor. If that doesn’t do it, the highest suit wins out.
Here is a listing of the hand rankings in 32 Draw Poker from highest ranking to least, Royal Flush, Straight Flush, Four of A Kind, Flush, Full House, Straight, Three of a Kind, Two Pairs, One Pair and High Cards.
A Royal Flush is made up of a, A, K, Q, J and 10. All of the cards are from the same suit. A Straight Flush is made up of cards that are in the same suit and in sequence. An example of this would be a 10, J, Q, K, A. A Four of A Kind hand is made up or four cards that have an identical rank or number plus an additional card (ex. 5555A). A Flush is five cards all from the same suit (ex. 7, 8, 9, 10, J of spades).
A Full House includes three cards of equal value and then 2 cards of the same value (ex. 7, 7, 7, 4, 4). A Straight is a hand in which all cards are in sequential order (ex. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). When a person has a Three of A Kind, 3 of those cards will have an identical rank. The other 2 will not. An example of this would be 7, 7, 7, A, 4. Two Pairs is just as the name suggests, the hand is made up of two pairs, for example 4,4,5,5, 7. A One Pair hand is made up of one pair and 3 other cards. In cases where no player has any of the above hands, the person with the highest ranking card wins.
| i don't know |
The 2010 Tour de France kicked off on Saturday in what European city, with an 8.9 km prologue, followed by a 223.5 km sprint the following day? | Win Marcel Kittel's Tour de France Cruiser and show off in your neighborhood!
7/2/2012
<div> <div><a href="http://feltbicycles.wufoo.com/forms/tour-de-france-a-win-a-felt-cruiser/" target="_blank"><img src="Resources/Image/Website_Gewinnspiel-Banner_V02(1).gif" alt="" /></a></div> <div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div>Follow this <a href="http://feltbicycles.wufoo.com/forms/tour-de-france-a-win-a-felt-cruiser/ ">LINK</a> to ensure your chance to win one!</div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Win-Marcel-Kittel-s-Tour-de-France-Cruiser-and-show-off-in-your-neighborhood-.aspx
Degenkolb Wins Tour de Picardie!
5/14/2012
<div> <p><strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> rider<strong> John Degenkolb</strong> <strong>dominated</strong> the three-day <strong>Tour de Picardie</strong> stage race in France over the weekend, winning two stages and taking the overall victory on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike. The 23-year-old German sprinter is on a hot streak, having also <strong>won two stages</strong> at the <strong>Four Days of Dunkirk</strong> the week before. </p> <p>Degenkolb opened up the May 11-13 Tour of Picardie with a win in the 166.5km stage from Clermont to Braine. He credited his Argos-Shimano teammates for controlling the race, chasing down a breakaway group, and setting him up for the sprint finale. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Wins-Tour-de-Picardie-.aspx
Bozzone Is Back With Win in Brazil
8/27/2012
<div><em>Brazil </em>-- New Zealand triathlete <strong>Terenzo Bozzone</strong> scored his <strong>biggest win </strong>of the <strong>2012 season</strong> Sunday, taking the top prize at the <strong>Ironman 70.3 Brazil</strong>. Bozzone, a <strong>five-time World Champion</strong> who has struggled with lower leg injuries over the past year, proved that he’s back on form. He overcame hot and windy conditions in Sao Paolo to win with a time of 3:52:53. <br /> <br /> Bozzone battled two Brazilians, Fabio Carvalho and Igor Amorelli, throughout the race. He swam well in the rough waters off Armacao Beach, then stayed in contention during the bike leg on his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA.</a> He made his winning move on the 21km run, taking the lead facing strong headwinds and winning by 1:08 over Carvalho.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-Is-Back-With-Win-in-Brazil.aspx
Evoe Scores First Ironman Win!
8/27/2012
<div><em>Louisville </em>-- <strong>Felt-sponsored </strong>triathlete <strong>Patrick Evoe</strong> completed his incredible transformation from out-of-shape office worker to Ironman champion with his <strong>first pro Ironman win</strong> at Sunday’s Ironman Louisville race in Kentucky. The 35-year-old scored the breakthrough victory with a super strong ride on his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA.</a> <br /> <br /> Evoe, who over the past 10 years worked his way up through the ranks, first as an amateur and then as a pro, has had several podium finishes including last year when he was runner-up at Louisville. <em>(Click "Read More" below to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Evoe-Scores-First-Ironman-Win-.aspx
Degenkolb Makes it Three at Vuelta!
8/24/2012
<div><em>Alcañiz, Spain</em> -- <strong>Argos-Shimano </strong>speedster <strong>John Degenkolb </strong>is sending a message loud and clear at this year’s Vuelta a España stage race. With <strong>three stage wins so far</strong>, including his latest in Friday’s Stage 7, the 23-year-old has emerged as one of the top sprinters in the sport. <br /> <br /> Riding his<a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1</a> team bike, Degenkolb has won each of the Vuelta’s sprint finishes in the first week of the season’s final grand tour. <em>(Click "Read More" to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Makes-it-Three-at-Vuelta-.aspx
Degenkolb Wins Again in Spain!
8/22/2012
<div><em>Logroño, Spain --</em><strong> Argos-Shimano </strong>rider John Degenkolb is on a hot streak in Spain. On Wednesday the young German powered his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> to his <strong>second stage win of the week </strong>at the <strong>Vuelta a España</strong>. He won the 168km Stage 5 in Logroño, a circuit race consisting of eight laps on a 21km circuit, with a blinding sprint in the final dash to the line. <br /> <br /> For Degenkolb, this has been a week to remember. He won Stage 2 in Viana on Sunday, and added a second win three days later. That brings his 2012 tally to <strong>seven total victories</strong>, but his wins at the Vuelta, the season’s final grand tour, rate as the biggest in his young career.<em> (Click "Read More" to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Wins-Again-in-Spain-.aspx
Degenkolb Wins Stage 2 in Spain!
8/20/2012
<div><em>Viana, Spain </em>-- <strong>John Degenkolb </strong>scored a <strong>huge win </strong>for the <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> squad Sunday, sprinting to a <strong>Vuelta a España stage victory </strong>on his<a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1</a> team bike. The 23-year-old German edged out Australian Allan Davis and Brit Ben Swift to win the 181km Stage 2 from Pamplona to Viana. <br /> <br /> After the win, Degenkolb gave credit to his Argos-Shimano team, saying they set him up perfectly to take the win. <em>(Click "Read More" to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Wins-Stage-2-in-Spain-.aspx
Higgins Wins U.S. Omnium Title!
8/20/2012
<div><em>Rock Hill, South Carolina </em>--<strong> Felt-sponsored</strong> rider <strong>Cari Higgins </strong>won the 2012 <strong>U.S. Elite Ominum Track National Championship </strong>in South Carolina, winning four of the six events that comprised the women’s competition over two days. <br /><br />Higgins started off strong on Friday, racing her <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Sprint.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> to <strong>wins </strong>in the <strong>flying lap</strong>, the <strong>points race</strong> and the <strong>elimination race.</strong> The next morning she started off by finishing second in the individual pursuit, which essentially locked up the title for her.<em> (Click "read more" below to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Higgins-Wins-U-S-Omnium-Title-.aspx
Argos-Shimano Aims For Vuelta Stage Wins
8/17/2012
<div>The <strong>Vuelta a España</strong> starts in Pamplona Saturday and is expected to be one of the most exciting editions of the Spanish stage race in recent memory. The season’s final grand tour kicks off with a 16.5km team time trial and will cover 3,360 kilometers over three weeks before finishing in Madrid on September 9. <br /> <br /> The <strong>Argos-Shimano </strong>squad will race their <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA time trial bikes</a> in the opening day’s team time trial. Following that, it will focus on stage wins. With 10 summit finishes, the 2012 Vuelta is expected to favor the climbers in the battle for the General Classification, and the Argos-Shimano squad plans to race aggressively. <em>(Click "read more" below to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Argos-Shimano-Aims-For-Vuelta-Stage-Wins.aspx
Olympic Recap: Felt Storms London
8/16/2012
<div> <div><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: #1a1718;">The <strong>2012 Olympic Games</strong> competition is now in the record books, and a look back shows the depth of Felt’s incredible lineup of cyclists in a variety of disciplines. <strong>Felt riders</strong> competed in<strong> road, TT, track and XC mountain bike</strong> events, scoring a<strong> handful of medals</strong> in various events. <br /> <br /> Leading the way for Felt in London was a pack of U.S. riders on the road and track. Of the four cycling medals won by the Americans, three were Felt riders.<em> </em></span><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: #1a1718;">(Click "read more" to continue)</span></em></div> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Olympic-Recap-Felt-Storms-London.aspx
Kittel Wins Again at Eneco Tour
8/10/2012
<div><em>The Netherlands -- </em><strong>Marcel Kittel</strong> of the<strong> Argos-Shimano</strong> team <strong>won his second stage </strong>of the <strong>2012 Eneco Tour </strong>Thursday, outsprinting Belgian Jurgen Roelandts and Italian Giacomo Nizzolo to win Stage 4 in Bergen op Zoom. <br /> <br /> The 24-year-old Kittel credited his teammates for delivering him to the line in the 213km race. They helped chase down a six-man breakaway in the final 10km, and then controlled the finish so Kittle could deliver the win on his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Wins-Again-at-Eneco-Tour.aspx
Hammer Wins Her 2nd Olympic Silver!
8/7/2012
<div><em>London -</em>- American <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> rode her <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Endurance.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1 </a>to a <strong>silver medal</strong> in the <strong>omnium event</strong> Tuesday at the <strong>London Olympics,</strong> narrowly missing gold by just 1 point in the two-day competition. <br /> <br /> In the second day of competition, Hammer <strong>won the individual pursuit </strong>and the <strong>scratch race,</strong> and entered the last event of the omnium, the 500-meter time trial, with a lead of 2 points over British rider Laura Trott.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-Her-2nd-Olympic-Silver-.aspx
Kittel Wins Eneco Tour Opener
8/6/2012
<div><em>Middelburg, The Netherlands</em> -- <strong>Marcel Kitte</strong>l of the <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> squad <strong>won the opening stage </strong>of the <strong>Tour of Eneco</strong> Sunday, powering his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> to a sprint victory in a windswept 204km stage. <br /> <br /> Winning the first stage of the seven-day WorldTour event in Belgium and The Netherlands marked a strong return to form for Kittel after he became sick and abandoned the Tour de France in July.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Wins-Eneco-Tour-Opener.aspx
USA Women Ride Felt to Olympic Silver!
8/4/2012
<div>The <strong>USA women’s team pursuit squad</strong> of <strong>Sarah Hammer, Dotsie Bausch, Jennie Reed</strong> and <strong>Lauren Tamayo </strong>rode their <a href="../../USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Endurance.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> bikes to a <strong>silver medal </strong>performance Saturday at the <strong>London Olympic Games. </strong><br /> <br /> Going against the deep and strong teams of Great Britain, Australia and Canada, the silver medal in the 3km team pursuit was a terrific result for the four American women. The lineup of Hammer, Bausch and Reed narrowly edged out Australia in the semifinal round with<strong> a time of 3:16.853, a new American record. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/USA-Women-Ride-Felt-to-Olympic-Silver-.aspx
Armstrong Wins Gold!
8/1/2012
<div><em>London </em>-- For two years <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> has been completely focused on one goal: <strong>Olympic gold</strong>. On Wednesday, in front of a huge crowd gathered at London's Hampton Court Palace, the American achieved that goal, <strong>winning Olympic gold for the second time in her career. </strong><br /> <br /> Putting the finishing touches on a stellar career, Armstrong powered her <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA </a>to a win in the Olympic time trial, successfully defending the gold medal she won in Beijing four years ago.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Wins-Gold-.aspx
Felt Olympians Aiming for Gold
7/26/2012
<div><em>London -- </em>The <strong>2012 London Olympics</strong> are underway this weekend, and 15 athletes from around the world are counting on <strong>Felt bicycles </strong>to give them an edge on the competition. Felt will be represented in most of the Olympic cycling disciplines, including<strong> road, time trial, track </strong>and <strong>triathlon </strong>events. <br /> <br /> The Olympic cycling competition starts off with a bang, the <strong>men’s Olympic road race</strong> on Saturday, July 28. Less than a week after the finish of the Tour de France in Paris, the world’s best pro road racers will compete in the streets of London on the opening day of the Games.</div> <div> </div> <div>Representing Felt in the men’s Olympic road race, a 250km circuit race that UCI President Pat McQuaid said could draw close to a million spectators, is...</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Olympians-Aiming-for-Gold.aspx
Armstrong on a Roll Ahead of Olympics!
7/23/2012
<div><em>Oregon </em>-- <strong>Exergy-TWENTY12</strong> rider<strong> Kristin Armstrong </strong>built up some terrific momentum ahead of her run at the <strong>London Olympics,</strong> <strong>winning three consecutive stages</strong> at the July 17-22 <strong>Cascade Cycling Classic</strong>. Armstrong won the two time trial stages and a road stage before packing it in to prepare for her trip to London. <br /> <br /> Armstrong, who suffered a broken collarbone in late May, proved that she’s back on track in her attempt to defend her <strong>gold medal </strong>in the Olympic time trial event. In her first race back after the injury, she won the opening 4.5km prologue on her <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA</a> and then repeated her domination in the next day’s road race. In a show of strength, Armstrong bridged up to a breakaway group, then attacked on her own to <strong>win the hilly 123km McKenzie Pass Road Race. </strong>Her teammate <strong>Andrea Dvorak</strong> joined her on the podium <em>(pictured)</em> with a <strong>third-place finish. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-on-a-Roll-Ahead-of-Olympics-.aspx
Gretsch Top-10 in Final Tour Stage
7/23/2012
<div> <div><strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> rider <strong>Patrick Gretsch </strong>finished off his<strong> Tour de France </strong>on a high note, scoring an impressive <strong>6th-place finish</strong> in the<strong> Stage 19 time trial,</strong> a tough 53.5km race from Bonneval to Chartres.</div> <div> </div> The 25-year-old German clocked a time of 1:04.13 on the mostly flat route, taking over the leader’s hot seat for nearly two hours before eventually finishing 1:16 down to eventual Tour winner Bradley Wiggins.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Gretsch-Top-10-in-Final-Tour-Stage.aspx
Armstrong Wins Cascade Opener
7/18/2012
<div><em>Bend, Oregon --</em><strong> Exergy TWENTY12 </strong>rider <strong>Kristin Armstrong </strong>got off to a strong start in the 33rd<strong> Cascade Cycling Classic</strong>, winning Tuesday’s 4.5km prologue on her <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx">Felt DA</a>. In her first race back after she suffered a broken collarbone in late May, Armstrong sent a clear signal that she’s on track for her goal of defending the gold medal at the upcoming London Olympics. <br /> <br /> The six-day Cascade Classic, which takes riders through the mountains of central Oregon, got started on a hilly 4.5km prologue course. Armstrong’s time of 5:24 put her in a league of her own against the competition. Alison Powers finished second, and Armstrong’s teammate, <strong>Jackie Crowell</strong>, was third.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Wins-Cascade-Opener.aspx
Big Win for Degenkolb at Tour of Poland!
7/16/2012
<div><em>Kraków, Poland </em>--<strong> Argos-Shimano </strong>rider <strong>John Degenkolb </strong>sprinted to <strong>victory</strong> at Monday’s final stage of the <strong>Tour of Poland</strong>. The 23-year-old German blasted past Sky sprinters Matthew Hayman and Ben Swift to take a dramatic victory during a rainstorm in Kraków. <br /> <br /> Degenkolb’s Argos-Shimano team helped chase down a breakaway in the mostly flat 131km stage, the final day in the seven-day <strong>UCI WorldTour event</strong>. The 12-man break gained a maximum lead of more than three minutes but were reeled in just 3km from the finish. The rain made for a hectic finale, but Degenkolb powered to the line on his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx">Felt F1 </a>team bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Big-Win-for-Degenkolb-at-Tour-of-Poland-.aspx
McGrath Wins Exergy Twilight Crit
7/16/2012
<div><em>Boise, Idaho</em> --<strong> Kristin McGrath </strong>of the<strong> Exergy TWENTY12</strong> team delivered a big win in front of the sponsor's hometown crowd Saturday night, sprinting to a victory at the <strong>Exergy Twilight Criterium</strong> in Boise. McGrath was joined on the podium by teammate <strong>Theresa Cliff-Ryan in third. </strong><br /> <br /> Plan A for the Felt-sponsored Exergy TWENTY12 team was to set up its sprinter Cliff-Ryan for the win. McGrath covered an early move for the team, ending up in a four-rider breakaway with Megan Guarnier, Emily Collins and Olivia Dillon.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/McGrath-Wins-Exergy-Twilight-Crit.aspx
Tetrick Wins San Rafael Twilight Crit
7/9/2012
<div><em>San Rafael, California </em>- <strong>Alison Tetrick</strong> and <strong>Kaitie Antonneau</strong> of the <strong>ExergyTWENTY12 </strong>team lit up the San Rafael Twilight Criterium Saturday,<strong> finishing first and third</strong> in the circuit race held in California’s San Francisco Bay Area. <br /> <br /> With a successful track record at San Rafael, the team took the start with high hopes. The large crowd was treated to plenty of attacks in the 70-minute race. At 11 laps to go Antonneau crashed on her side, suffering significant road rash in the fall. Showing her toughness, Antonneau got back into the race, rejoining the pack a lap later.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tetrick-Wins-San-Rafael-Twilight-Crit.aspx
Kittel To Lead Argos-Shimano at TDF
6/19/2012
<div>The <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> team <strong>announced</strong> <strong>its lineup </strong>for the<strong> 2012 Tour de France today</strong>, with a solid squad built around world-class sprinter <strong>Marcel Kitte</strong>l. The 24-year-old German already has <strong>seven wins this year </strong>on his<a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-FC.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1,</a> and he’s not shy about his ambitions in his first-ever Tour de France. <br /> <br /> “I’m going to France to challenge [Mark] Cavendish,” Kittel told Cyclingnews.com, referring to the current world champion from Great Britain. “I’m looking forward to fighting against him. He is currently the best sprinter in the world.”</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-To-Lead-Argos-Shimano-at-TDF.aspx
Carey Wins Lumberjack 100
6/19/2012
<div><em>Wellston, Michigan</em> — <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> of the <strong>Kenda-Felt </strong>team <strong>extended her win streak</strong> in the <strong>National Ultra Endurance Series</strong>, scoring a big win in Sunday’s Lumberjack 100 by a crushing margin of more than 28 minutes. <br /> <br /> Carey said she crashed just 30 minutes into the 100-mile race that climbs nearly 10,000 feet and had to recover quickly. “I hit a patch of really slick dry leaves,” she said.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Lumberjack-100.aspx
Kittel Takes Two at Ster ZLM!
6/18/2012
<div><em>The Netherlands </em>- German sprinter <strong>Marcel Kittel</strong> of the<strong> Argos-Shimano</strong> team put on a dazzling display of finishing speed at the June 14-17 <strong>Ster-ZLM Toer </strong>stage race in The Netherlands, <strong>winning two of four stages </strong>against some of the world’s best sprinters.</div> <div> </div> <div>Kittel showed great form a few weeks before the start of his big goal for the season, the Tour de France. Aided by strong teamwork from his Argos-Shimano squad, he powered his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/AR-Series/AR1-Frame-Kit.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike to wins in Stage 1 and Stage 4.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Takes-Two-at-Ster-ZLM-.aspx
Felt Riders Storm Podiums at Nature Valley GP
6/18/2012
<div><em>Wisconsin </em>-- It was a successful week of racing in the U.S. for Felt-sponsored riders at the June 13-17 <strong>Nature Valley Grand Prix.</strong> Between the <strong>Exergy men’s team</strong> and the <strong>Exergy 2012 women’s team</strong>, riders took <strong>several stage wins and a GC podium. </strong><br /> <br /> The five-day Nature Valley Grand Prix stage race, part of USA Cycling’s <strong>National Racing Calendar</strong>, was held throughout central Minnesota and Western Wisconsin.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Riders-Storm-Podiums-at-Nature-Valley-GP.aspx
Litscher, Markt Shine at Euro MTB Races
6/18/2012
<div><em>Switzerland </em>- After undergoing surgery in May, <strong>Thomas Litscher </strong><em>(pictured) </em>of the <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic Team</strong> showed that he’s back in peak form with a strong ride at last weekend’s <strong>Swiss Cup </strong>event in Gränichen. <br /> <br /> A week after Litscher won a stage at Trans Germany stage race, the <strong>Under-23 world champion</strong> rode in the lead group with most of the top World Cup contenders in Switzerland, looking strong until he was slowed by technical problems late in the race.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Litscher-Markt-Shine-at-Euro-MTB-Races.aspx
Cooke Wins Tour de Beuce Queen Stage
6/18/2012
<div><em>Québec, Canada </em>- <strong>Matthew Cooke </strong>of the <strong>Exergy </strong>team <strong>won the queen stage</strong> of the June 12-17 <strong>Tour de Beauce</strong> stage race in Quebec, Canada, soloing to an impressive victory atop Mont-Mégantic on Stage 3. <br /> <br /> Cooke rode a strong, savvy race on the third stage of Canada’s biggest stage race, putting himself in a lead group that was whittled down from 25 to just eight riders with 3km to go in the 164km race from St. Georges to Mont-Mégantic.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Cooke-Wins-Tour-de-Beuce-Queen-Stage.aspx
Ryf Wins 5i50 Triathlon
6/12/2012
<div> <div> <div> <p><em>Austria</em> - <strong>Daniela Ryf</strong> of Switzerland <strong>won </strong>Sunday’s <strong>5i50 triathlon </strong>in Klagenfurt, Austria, edging out Brit Liz Blatchford by less than a minute. Ryf, a 2008 Olympian, blitzed the bike split, turning in the fastest time of the day, 1:07 over 40 kilometers. </p> <p>Ryf came out of the water in eighth position, 1:05 behind race-leader Blatchford, but the 25-year-old made up ground quickly on her <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA </a>bike. Ryf’s dominating ride put her ahead by 1:35 going into the 10km run, and she held her lead to the line, beating Blatchford by 46 seconds. </p> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Ryf-Wins-5i50-Triathlon.aspx
Shaw, Tetrick Dominate Mt. Hood Classic
6/11/2012
<div> <p><em>Hood River, Oregon -<strong> </strong></em><strong>Exergy Twenty12 </strong>rider<strong> Rhae Shaw</strong> dominated the three-day <strong>Mt. Hood Cycling Classic </strong>in Oregon over the weekend, <strong>winning three of four stages</strong> and taking home the overall title at the 10th running of the national-level U.S event. Shaw’s teammate <strong>Alison Tetrick </strong>finished third, giving the team two podium finishers at the end of a challenging three days of racing. </p> <p>Shaw and Tetrick got off to a strong start, finishing first and second respectively in the 138.5km Columbia Hills Road Race on day one. The duo escaped on their <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> road bikes and gained a gap of over two minutes on third-place finisher, mountain biker Kelli Emmett. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Shaw-Tetrick-Dominate-Mt-Hood-Classic.aspx
Carey Wins Mohican 100, Leads NUE
6/5/2012
<div> <p><em>Loudonville, Ohio — </em><strong>Amanda Carey </strong>of the <strong>Kenda-Felt</strong> team continued her dominance of the American XC marathon circuit with another <strong>win at the Mohican 100</strong> in Ohio. With a record 600-plus entrants in the 10<sup>th</sup> running of this Midwest classic, Carey was in a league of her own among the women.</p> <p>Racing in slightly wet, nearly ideal course conditions, Carey was the only woman to break the eight-hour mark, clocking a time of 7:42 on her <a href="../../USA/2012/Mountain/Nine-Series.aspx" target="_blank">Felt Nine </a>and beating her nearest competitor by 44 minutes. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Mohican-100-Leads-NUE.aspx
Carfrae Wins Rev3 Quassy Tri!
6/4/2012
<div> <p><em>Middlebury, Connecticut -- </em>Australian <strong>Mirinda Carfrae </strong>scored a <strong>big win</strong> in Connecticut over the weekend, coming from behind to take the <strong>Rev3 Quassy triathlon</strong> and the lion’s share of the $125,000 pro purse. Carfrae, the <strong>2010 Ironman World Champion</strong>, battled rivals Heather Jackson, winner of the recent Wildflower Triathlon in California, along with Canadians Heather Wurtele and Angela Naeth, to win a hard-fought battle that went down to the wire. </p> <p>With two previous wins and a second-place finish at previous editions of the Rev3 Quassy, Carfrae came into the race as one of the favorites. Riding her <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA bike</a>, Carfrae has shown big improvements on the bike this year.</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-Wins-Rev3-Quassy-Tri-.aspx
Fast Freddy 2nd in Philly
6/4/2012
<div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><em>Philadelphia </em>- <strong>Team Exergy</strong> rider <strong>Fred Rodriguez</strong> continued his amazing comeback with a<strong> podium finish</strong> at Sunday’s <strong>TD Bank Philadelphia International Championship</strong>, the highest-ranked one-day road race in America. Rodriguez, a <strong>three-time US Pro Champion </strong>who came out of retirement last year, last won the Philadelphia race back in 2001. Eleven years later, Fast Freddy nearly did it again, sprinting to second place on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Exergy team rode a solid tactical race, putting men in all the early breaks. After several larger early breaks, <strong>Andres Miguel Diaz </strong>was one of three survivors at the front as the race entered the final finishing circuits between Lemon Hill and Logan Hill. The 2012 edition of the race, which has been going since 1985, was shortened to 199.8km.</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Fast-Freddy-2nd-in-Philly.aspx
Armstrong Scorches Tour of CA TT!
5/18/2012
<div> <p><em>Bakersfield, California - </em><strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> of the <strong>Exergy-Twenty12</strong> team continued her tear through the elite women’s road racing ranks, <strong>dominating </strong>Thursday’s <strong>Amgen Tour of California Time Trial</strong> on a scorching hot day in Bakersfield. </p> <p>Armstrong, the <strong>defending Olympic Time Trial gold medalist</strong>, is trying to qualify for the 2012 Olympics in London. Riding her <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA </a>bike, she sent a message loud and clear that she has the form to be a medal contender again.</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Scorches-Tour-of-CA-TT-.aspx
Two Podiums for Felt at World Cup #3
5/13/2012
<div> <p>The <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic</strong> team had a successful outing at Round 3 of the <strong>World Cup Cross-Country Series </strong>in Nove Mesto, Czech Republic, scoring <strong>podium finishes</strong> in the <strong>Men’s Eliminator Sprint </strong>race and the <strong>Women’s XC race. </strong></p> <p>Australian<strong> Paul van der Ploeg</strong> <em>(pictured, left)</em> got things off to a strong start, posting the <strong>fastest qualifying time</strong> among pro men in the Eliminator event. He advanced to the finals and finished second behind Swiss rider Sepp Freiburghaus. It was the second podium appearance in as many races for “The Thunder from Down Under.” </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Two-Podiums-for-Felt-at-World-Cup-3.aspx
Armstrong Dominates Tour of the Gila
5/7/2012
<div><em>New Mexico </em>— <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> turned in a <strong>dominating performance</strong> at the <strong>SRAM Tour of the Gila</strong> stage race in New Mexico, winning the overall classification by nearly 7 minutes. The <strong>Exergy team captain won four of five stages </strong>in the May 2-6 stage race, outclassing the competition in both road and TT events. <br /> <br /> Armstrong, a <strong>2008 Olympic gold medalist,</strong> led the five-day race from start to finish. She came out swinging on Stage 1, a 151km race from Silver City to Mogollan, when she attacked on the final climb to Mogollon on her <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike. She rode solo to the line, gaining 2:18 on second-place Carmen Small.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Dominates-Tour-of-the-Gila.aspx
Degenkolb Wins Two at Dunkirk
5/7/2012
<div><em>France </em>— <strong>Argos-Shimano </strong>sprinter <strong>John Degenkolb</strong> scored his <strong>first two wins</strong> of the 2012 season at the <strong>Four Days of Dunkirk</strong> stage race in France. The 23-year-old German won Stages 1 and 2 of the May 4-8 race on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx">Felt F1</a> team bike, continuing his rise through the ranks as one of the sport's top young sprinters. <br /> <br /> Degenkolb’s first win of the week came in the 170km Stage 2 from Dunkirk to Nord-pas-del-Calais. He joined an elite selection of 10 riders in the hilly closing kilometers, then blasted ahead at the finish line for the win. The German then repeated in the following day’s 180km race, extending his lead in the General Classification.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Wins-Two-at-Dunkirk.aspx
Yukihiro Doi Crowned Japanese Road Champ
4/30/2012
<div> <p><em>Hachimantai, Japan --<strong> </strong></em><strong>Yukihiro Doi</strong> of the<strong> </strong>Felt-sponsored <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> team is the new <strong>national road champion </strong>in <strong>Japan</strong>. The 28-year-old rode his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> team bike to victory at last weekend’s championship race in the northern part of Japan’s Honshu region. </p> <p>Yukihiro has been racing in the European peloton since 2005. Last year, while racing for the Skil-Shimano team, he became the <strong>first Japanese rider to finish the Vuelta a España</strong>, one of the season’s three grand tours. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Yukihiro-Doi-Crowned-Japanese-Road-Champ.aspx
Carfrae Third at New Orleans Ironman 70.3
4/25/2012
<div> <p><em>New Orleans</em> -- Felt-sponsored triathlete <strong>Mirinda Carfrae</strong> finished a strong <strong>third </strong>at the April 23 weather-shortened Oschner<strong> Ironman 70.3 in New Orleans</strong>. High winds cancelled the swim portion of the race, so Carfrae and the rest of the elite women’s field started with a 2-mile run.</p> <p>Coming into T1 at the end of the opening run, Carfrae was part of a large lead group. On the 52-mile bike ride, American Sarah Piampiano gained a 1:55 gap over Heather Wurtele in second, with a large group including Carfrae more than 5 minutes back.</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-Third-at-New-Orleans-Ironman-70-3.aspx
Exergy Puts Two on Sea Otter Podium
4/24/2012
<p><em>Monterey, California — </em><strong>Morgan Schmitt </strong>and <strong>Matt Cooke</strong> of <strong>Team Exergy</strong> took <strong>two of three podium spots</strong> at the <strong>Sea Otter Stage Race</strong> in California. The two put their stamp on the four-day race in the Stage 2 road race, finishing first (Cooke) and second (Schmitt) on their <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bikes. </p> <p>The following day’s TT saw three Exergy riders finish in the top-10: Schmitt was fifth, Logan Loader was sixth and Andres Diaz was seventh. That put Schmitt second in general classification, 15 seconds behind race leader Andy Jacques-Maynes. </p> <div> </div> <p> </p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Exergy-Puts-Two-on-Sea-Otter-Podium.aspx
Argos-Shimano Invited to Tour!
4/6/2012
<div> <p><em>France — </em>The early-season successes of the <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> team did not go unnoticed by <strong>Tour de France </strong>organizers, who on Friday granted the <strong>Felt-sponsored team</strong> an <strong>invitation to the world’s most prestigious grand tour.</strong> Argos-Shimano was one of four teams granted a wildcard invitation to the three-week stage race in July. </p> <p>“It is a great reward for the hard work of all the cyclists and the entire staff, as well as for our partners’ faith in this ambitious cycling project,” said the team’s general manager<strong> Iwan Spekenbrink. </strong></p> </div> <div><strong><br /></strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Argos-Shimano-Invited-to-Tour-.aspx
Bell Wins Silver at Track Worlds
4/6/2012
<div> <p><em>Melbourne, Australia — </em>Canadian <strong>Zach Bell</strong> scored a <strong>silver medal</strong> in the omnium event at the 2012 <strong>UCI Track World Championships</strong>. Bell rode his <a href="../../USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Sprint.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> to his second career silver medal at Worlds, following his second-place finish in the same event in 2009. </p> <p>Bell waged a tight battle with Australian Glenn O-Shea in the two-day, six-event omnium competition. Bell was sitting second at the end of the first day, and moved into a first-place tie with O’Shea after the fifth of six competitions. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bell-Wins-Silver-at-Track-Worlds.aspx
Kittel Wins Scheldeprijs!
4/4/2012
<div> <p><em>Belgium — </em>German sprinter <strong>Marcel Kittel</strong> gave his team its first win under its new moniker, <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong>, with a <strong>huge victory</strong> at Wednesday’s <strong>100<sup>th</sup> edition </strong>of the <strong>Scheldeprijs</strong> race in Belgium. Kittel blasted past some of the best sprinters in the world, including American Tyler Farrar and Dutchman Theo Bos, on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> team bike to take the win. </p> <p>Kittel is having a breakout season. The 23-year-old joined an impressive list of former Sheldeprijs winners including current world champion Mark Cavendish, who won it last year, plus Farrar, Alessandro Petacchi and Tom Boonen. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Wins-Scheldeprijs-.aspx
Armstrong 2nd at Women's Tour of Flanders
4/2/2012
<div> <p><em>Belgium — </em><strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> turned in another strong result for her USA National Team at the <strong>Women’s Tour of Flanders</strong> Sunday, riding her <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>to a <strong>second-place finish.</strong> Armstrong conquered the steep cobblestone climbs of the 127.4km race through northern Belgium, repeating her second-place finish here in 2008. </p> <p>“It makes me feel good,” said Armstrong, who rides for the <strong>Exergy2012 </strong>team and has her sights set on the<strong> 2012 London Olympics</strong>. “I have to come in strong to show that I can race in Europe. This is just one more step towards selection.” </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-2nd-at-Women-s-Tour-of-Flanders.aspx
Geschke Podiums for Argos-Shimano
4/2/2012
<div> <p><em>The Netherlands — </em>One day after unveiling a new title sponsor and announcing a new team name, <strong>Simon Geschke </strong>scored the first podium appearance for a rider wearing the <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> kit. The German finished second at Saturday’s Volta Limburg Classic in The Netherlands. </p> <p>Geschke was part of a five-man breakaway group that entered the final kilometer of the 197km race together. One of the riders in the break, Pavel Brutt, took the group by surprise when he attacked with 600 meters to go. The Russian was able to hold off the group for the win, while Geschke won the sprint for second on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Geschke-Podiums-for-Argos-Shimano.aspx
Project 1t4i Welcomes Title Sponsor Argos
3/30/2012
<div> <p><em>Rotterdam, The Netherlands — </em>As of today, the Project 1t4i team has a new name: Team <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong>. The new sponsor, the Argos North Sea Group, was announced Friday at a presentation in Rotterdam. </p> <p>The Pro Continental team, which is also sponsored by Felt, has partnered with Argos in a three-year deal. The new team name, kit and bikes will be <strong>unveiled at</strong> this weekend’s <strong>Tour of Flanders</strong> race in Belgium. Felt’s <strong>Michael Mullmann </strong>attended the new sponsor presentation and expressed Felt’s excitement about working with the team in a long-term partnership. Riding Felt bikes, the team is already off to a successful start in 2012 and has big goals ahead. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Project-1t4i-Welcomes-Title-Sponsor-Argos.aspx
Kittel Scores Stage Win at De Panne!
3/28/2012
<div> <p><em>Belgium — </em><strong>Project 1t4i </strong>sprinter <strong>Marcel Kittel won </strong>Stage 2 of the March 27-29 <strong>Three Days of De Panne </strong>stage race in Belgium. The 23-year-old German had pegged the 216km stage from Zottegem to Koksijde as the one to aim for, and he delivered on his goal, hammering home to the win on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> team bike. </p> <p>“I was not sure until the last 100 meters if I could still do it,” Kittel told Cyclingnews.com after the win. “Luckily I had really good legs today in the sprint.”</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Scores-Stage-Win-at-De-Panne-.aspx
Geschke TT's to Podium in France
3/26/2012
<p><em>France — </em>The <strong>Project 1t4i</strong> squad had a busy weekend, highlighted by <strong>top-10 finishes</strong> and <strong>podium placings </strong>at major races in Belgium and France. </p> <p>The top result of the weekend went to German <strong>Simon Geschke</strong><em> (pictured, left)</em>, who finished <strong>third</strong> in the<strong> Stage 2 </strong>time trial at <strong>Critérium International</strong>. Geschke rode his <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA1</a> to a podium placing, just 1 second behind stage winner Cadel Evans, in the middle stage of French stage race. Also riding well for Project 1t4i at Critérium International was Frenchman <strong>Alex Geniez</strong>, who finished <strong>second overall </strong>in the <strong>Young Rider classification. </strong></p> <div><strong><br /></strong></div> <p> </p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Geschke-TT-s-to-Podium-in-France.aspx
Schmitt, Alzate Lead Exergy at Redlands
3/26/2012
<div> <p><em>Redlands, California — </em><strong>Team Exergy</strong> had a strong showing at the March 22-25 <strong>Redlands Bicycle Classic </strong>in Southern California, with<strong> three top-three stage finishes</strong> and a run at the GC that was only ended by an untimely flat tire. </p> <p>The three-day stage race began with a 5km prologue time trial. <strong>Morgan Schmitt </strong>came out swinging, finishing <strong>third </strong>in the stage, which climbed 213 meters to its finish on Sunset Drive. The next day, Stage 1, was for the sprinters, and Fast Freddy Rodriguez rode his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> to a second-place in a circuit race in the city of Beaumont. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Schmitt-Alzate-Lead-Exergy-at-Redlands.aspx
Van Der Ploeg 3rd at Oceanic Championships
3/19/2012
<div> <div>New Zealand - One week before this year’s opening UCI World Cup in South Africa, Felt ÖTZTAL X-BIONIC pro Paul van Der Ploeg claimed the bronze medal in Oceanic Cross Country MTB Championships at Whakarewarewa Forest, New Zealand.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-Der-Ploeg-3rd-at-Oceanic-Championships.aspx
Felt Athletes Land 4 Medals at Pan Ams!
3/9/2012
<div>It was a big week for <strong>Felt-sponsored</strong> athletes at the<strong> Panamerican Track Championships </strong>in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Athletes from three different nations rode Felt bikes to medals, including gold for <strong>Njisane Phillip</strong> of Trinidad and Tobago and the <strong>Project London 2012 team sprint squad</strong> from the U.S. <br /> <br /> Phillip, who rode his<a href="../../USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Sprint.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt TK1</a> and set a PanAm 200m record in qualifying, took a huge step forward in his dream to race the <strong>2012 London Olympics </strong>when he beat rival Hersony Canelon from Venezuela to take the <strong>match sprint gold.</strong> It was the first time Phillip has beat Canelon, and he did it in two straight in the best-of-three format.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Athletes-Land-4-Medals-at-Pan-Ams-.aspx
Degenkolb Podiums at Paris-Nice Stage 2
3/5/2012
<div><em>Orleans, France </em>— <strong>John Degenkolb </strong>of the <strong>Project 1t4i </strong>team scored a <strong>podium finish</strong> in Monday’s second stage of <strong>Paris-Nice</strong>. The 23-year-old German finished third on the day behind stage winner Tom Boonen and second-place finisher Jose Joaquin Rojas. <br /> <br /> On a tough day of racing, which saw heavy cross-winds decimate the field during the 185km stage from Mantes-la-Jolie to Orléans, Degenkolb did well to stay at the front on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> team bike. His aggressive riding put him in a lead group of just 21 riders, as many of the overall favorites in the eight-day race lost significant time.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Podiums-at-Paris-Nice-Stage-2.aspx
Armstrong Wins TT at NZ Tour
2/28/2012
<div><strong></strong><em>New Zealand -</em><strong> Kristin Armstrong</strong> of the <strong>ExergyTWENTY12</strong> team started her season with a bang last week when she <strong>won</strong> the opening stage <strong>time trial</strong> at the<strong> Tour of New Zealand.</strong> Racing for the USA National Team, Armstrong rode her <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx">Felt F1</a> to a decisive victory on a rainy day, finishing the short, technical 7.1km course in 10:15. <br /> <br /> Armstrong’s teammate Evelyn Stevens finished the TT second, 17 seconds slower. That result would prove decisive in the end. After protecting her lead for three days, Armstrong happily relinquished the GC lead to Stevens on Stage 4. Stevens got into a breakaway on the 110km stage that gained more than 7 minutes on the main field.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Wins-TT-at-NZ-Tour.aspx
Hammer, Bell Shine at London World Cup
2/21/2012
<div><em>London </em>— American <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> rode her <a href="../../USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Endurance.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> to a<strong> gold medal </strong>in the<strong> omnium </strong>at the season's final <strong>World Cup Track </strong>event in <strong>London</strong>. Hammer, a four-time World Champion on the track, showed that she’s headed in the right direction toward her big goal for the season, the upcoming <strong>Summer Olympics</strong>, which will be held on the same track in London. <br /> <br /> The omnium tests track racers’ overall abilities, combining results from six different events. Hammer won with consistent performances, finishing third in the flying lap, ninth in the points race, eighth in the elimination, third in the individual pursuit, second in the scratch race and fifth in the time trial. The omnium will be one of five track events contested by women at the upcoming Olympics.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Bell-Shine-at-London-World-Cup.aspx
Gretsch Wins Andalucia Opener!
2/19/2012
<div><em>San Fernando, Spain</em> —<strong> Patrick Gretsch</strong> of the <strong>Project 1t4i</strong> team made Sunday a day to remember, giving the squad its<strong> second big win of the day</strong> after his teammate Marcel Kittel’s<strong> </strong>earlier stage win at the Tour of Oman. Gretsch hammered his <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA</a> to <strong>victory </strong>in the<strong> prologue</strong> stage at the<strong> Tour of Andalucia. </strong><br /> <br /> Gretsch flew through the 6km stage in San Fernando, Spain, clocking a time of 6:49, 2 seconds faster than Spaniard Markel Irizar.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Gretsch-Wins-Andalucia-Opener-.aspx
Kittel Wins Again in Oman!
2/18/2012
<div><em>Oman</em> — <strong>Project 1t4</strong>i sprinter <strong>Marcel Kittel</strong> scored his <strong>second stage win</strong> at the Tour of Oman, winning Sunday's finale with another powerful sprint. For the second time this week the young German upstaged some of the world’s top sprinters, powering his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx">Felt F1</a> team bike to a confident win at Matrah Corniche. <br /> <br /> “We know now that we can sprint against the top sprinters, as a team too, by staying in front and doing a really good lead-out,” Kittel told Cyclingnews.com after the win.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Wins-Again-in-Oman-.aspx
Veelers 2nd in Stage 4 of Qatar
2/8/2012
<div>Dutch strongman Tom Veelers nabbed an impressive 2nd place in today's sprint finish of stage 4 of the marquee ASO event, Tour of Qatar. Tom finished just behind Belgian Tom Boonen, and was helped to the line by strong, smart racing from the entire Project 1T4i squad, including an impressive final effort by teammate Roger Kluge.</div> <div> </div> <div>Today's finish comes on the heels of a great Project 1T4i performance yesterday where John Degenkolb finished 5th in stage 3's sprint finish, again the result of smart aggressive racing by the whole team. The Tour of Qatar continues through Feb 10.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Veelers-2nd-in-Stage-4-of-Qatar.aspx
Kittel claims first Project 1T4i Win!
2/3/2012
<div>Marcel Kittel claimed Project 1t4i's first victory in 2012 by taking stage 2 of the French 5-day race, Etoile des Besseges, in a high-speed sprint finish. The German sensation edged out victory in front of Belgium's Kris Boeckmans and stage one winner Nacer Bouhanni.</div> <div> </div> <div>Like much of the race, the second stage proved very difficult due to severe winter weather that hit most of Europe including southern France. Snow and freezing temperatures forced the race organizers to cancel the first part of the route between Nîmes and Saint-Ambroix making for a shorter and more frantic stage and finish.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-claims-first-Project-1T4i-Win-.aspx
Marcel Kittel claims the first victory for Project 1t4i in 2012
2/3/2012
<div>Marcel Kittel claimed the first victory for Project 1t4i. The sprinter of Project 1t4i edged the victory in the second stage of the French stage race Etoile des Besseges before Belgium Kris Boeckmans and stage one winner Nacer Bouhanni.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Marcel-Kittel-claims-the-first-victory-for-Project-1t4i-in-2012.aspx
World’s third-best team begins the Olympic season with a series of wins
2/2/2012
<div>The FELT ÖTZTAL X-BIONIC Worldcup Team started the season with a series of wins. At the team’s first official training camp, all the stars of the team competed against their international rivals in the Club La Santa 4-Stage race in Lanzarote and set a huge exclamation mark right from the beginning of the season.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/World-s-third-best-team-begins-the-Olympic-season-with-a-series-of-wins-.aspx
Felt Holiday Sale: Free Shipping!
12/1/2011
<div>With the holiday season here, Felt is offering a special promo with free shipping on any orders over $99. Shop our online store now for some great holiday gift items. From stocking stuffers like <a href="../../USA/2012/Parts/Accessories/Carbon-Bottle-Cage.aspx" target="_blank">bottle cages,</a> <a href="../../USA/2012/Clothing/Casual-Apparel/Flex-Fit-F-Wing-Hat.aspx" target="_blank">ball caps </a>and the popular Felt <a href="../../USA/2012/Parts/Accessories/Beernuts-Tool.aspx" target="_blank">Beernuts</a> tool to performance road and mountain bike parts or apparel, there’s something for every rider. Don’t forget to check out the <a href="../../USA/2012/clothing/Closeouts.aspx" target="_blank">closeout section </a>for some killer deals! <br /><br />This special promo lasts through December 19. Make your holiday shopping easy, do it today!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Holiday-Sale-Free-Shipping-.aspx
New Mobile Site is Live!
11/17/2011
<div>Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce the launch of its mobile version website. This new mobile version is currently live and has been tailored for modern mobile phones and tablets including the iPhone, iPad, Android and most other mobile platforms.<br /> <br /> Features on Felt’s new mobile-optimized site include the ability to view all products—bicycles, frames, parts and clothing—and their specifications; switch between color options; zoom in or out; swipe through product families; and even make purchases* using Felt’s online store. To complement the product menu, users can also geo-locate a Felt dealer using the simple, intuitive mobile-specific Dealer Search function.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/New-Mobile-Site-is-Live-.aspx
Injured Trebon Holds 2nd Overall at USGP
11/14/2011
<div><em>Louisville, Kentucky</em> -- <strong>Felt cyclocross rider Ryan Trebon</strong> made the best of a tough situation at the November 12-13 <strong>Derby City Cup </strong>event, which made up rounds 5 and 6 of the USGP series. Trebon came into the two-race weekend leading the series—but an untimely crash during his warm-up on Sunday put his standing in jeopardy. <br /><br />The crash left Trebon with a badly bruised knee, and he wasn't sure if he would be able to race at all. He took the start, however, and gutted it out to finish 10th on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1X</a>, which put him second overall, within 6 points of the series lead.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Injured-Trebon-Holds-2nd-Overall-at-USGP.aspx
Trebon, Mani Score Podiums at Cincy3
11/7/2011
<div><em>Cincinnati, Ohio </em>- <strong>Felt-sponsored</strong> cyclocross racers <strong>Ryan Trebon</strong> and <strong>Caroline Mani </strong>collected major UCI points at the<strong> Cincy3 Cyclocross Festival</strong> in Cincinnati, Ohio, over the weekend. Both scored <strong>multiple podiums</strong>, and <strong>Trebon won the second of three races</strong> in the Cincinnati area on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1X </a>cyclocross bike. <br /> <br /> The Cincy3 event featured three straight UCI races, two C2 events and a C1. Trebon, the <strong>No. 1 ranked U.S. cyclocross racer, </strong>battled a strong group of American rivals, and Belgian Ben Berden at each of the races. He opened the weekend finishing third on a hilly, technical course with some mud sections at Devou Park in Covington, Kentucky.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Trebon-Mani-Score-Podiums-at-Cincy3.aspx
Felt Scores 3 Top-five finishes at Iceman
11/7/2011
<div><em>Traverse City, Michigan -</em> With more than 4,800 racers, the <strong>Bell’s Brewery Iceman Cometh </strong>in Traverse City, Michigan is the<strong> largest single-day point-to-point mountain bike race in North America.</strong> And of those 4,800 plus starters, <strong>three Felt riders </strong>finished<strong> </strong>with <strong>top-five finishes </strong>in the<strong> </strong>pro categories. <strong><br /> </strong><br /> In the men’s race, <strong>Mafia Racing </strong>team rider <strong>Tristian Schouten</strong> finished <strong>fourth</strong>. And in the women’s race, <strong>Kenda/Felt</strong> team riders <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> and<strong> Judy Freeman </strong><em>(pictured)</em> finished <strong>fourth and fifth respectively. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Scores-3-Top-five-finishes-at-Iceman.aspx
Felt Riders Named U.S. Cyclists of the Year
11/4/2011
<div><em>Colorado Springs, Colorado</em> - <strong>Felt-sponsored </strong>track racers <strong>Sarah Hammer, Dotsie Bausch, Jennie Reed </strong>and <strong>Lauren Tamayo</strong> have been chosen as <strong>USA Cycling’s 2011 Athletes of the Year</strong>. The four riders have led the U.S. women to unprecedented success at the international level, including <strong>setting a new world record </strong>in May 2010. <br /> <br /> Hammer, Bausch and Tamayo became the first women’s pursuit team to break the 3:20 barrier when they posted a time of 3:19.569 in 2010. At the<strong> 2011 World Championships</strong> in The Netherlands, Hammer, Bausch and Reed made it to the gold medal round and eventually earned the<strong> silver meda</strong>l—a first for American women at World Championhips.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Riders-Named-U-S-Cyclists-of-the-Year.aspx
Trebon, Mani Shine at Colorado CX Races
10/31/2011
<div><em>Boulder, Colorado </em>- <strong>Felt-sponsored</strong> cyclocross racers <strong>Ryan Trebon</strong> and <strong>Caroline Mani</strong> powered their way to <strong>podium performances </strong>on back-to-back UCI events October 29-20 in Boulder, Colorado. <br /> <br /> Trebon, the <strong>No. 1 ranked man in American ’cross racing</strong>, put in a dominating performance to<strong> win Saturday’s Colorado Cross Classic</strong>. Riding his <a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1X</a>, he joined a lead group early, then eventually powered away from a strong field including U.S. national champion Todd Wells, American Jamie Driscoll and Belgian Ben Berden. <br /> <br /> “It took me a while to find a rhythm, and once I did I was able to get an advantage over Todd and hold it to the finish,” Trebon told Cyclingnews.com after his win.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Trebon-Mani-Shine-at-Colorado-CX-Races.aspx
Carey Wins Boulder Cyclocross #3
10/26/2011
<div><em>Broomfield, Colorado </em>-<strong> Amanda Carey</strong> of the <strong>Kenda-Felt</strong> mountain bike team <strong>won</strong> the third round of the <strong>Boulder Cyclocross Series </strong>Sunday at Interlocken Park in Broomfield, Colorado. <br /> <br /> Carey, who specializes in endurance off-road events throughout the summer months, topped a field of 28 women on her<a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1X</a> ’cross bike, beating second-place finisher Alison Powers by 12 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Boulder-Cyclocross-3.aspx
Middaugh Top-5 at XTERRA Worlds
10/24/2011
<div><em>Kapalua, Maui </em>— <strong>Felt-sponsored</strong> multisport athlete <strong>Josiah Middaugh</strong> posted a strong <strong>top-five finish</strong> at the <strong>XTERRA World Championships </strong>in Maui, Sunday. Middaugh, a 33-year-old from Vail, Colorado, was the<strong> top American finisher in fourth</strong>, just over two minutes behind Austrian winner Michael Weiss. <br /> <br /> Middaugh, who won the XTERRA Mountain Championship earlier this summer in Beaver Creek, Colorado, used his <a href="../../USA/2012/Mountain/Nine-Series/Frame-Kit-Nine-LTD.aspx" target="_parent">Felt Nine LTD</a> carbon-fiber hardtail to conquer the Kapalua course, which featured a number of power climbs and tricky descents. It was a new course for the field of 675 racers.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Middaugh-Top-5-at-XTERRA-Worlds.aspx
Project London Shatters U.S. Track Record
10/18/2011
<div><em>Guadalajara, Mexico </em>— Three American riders from the Felt-sponsored<strong> Project London </strong>track program scored the silver medal at Monday’s<strong> Team Sprint</strong> event at the <strong>Pan American Games</strong> in Mexico. The U.S. squad of<strong> Michael Blatchford, Dean Tracy </strong>and <strong>Jimmy Watkins</strong> rode their <a href="../../USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Sprint.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> bikes to second place behind the team from Venezuela, setting a new U.S. record in the team sprint. <br /> <br /> The U.S. team posted a time of <strong>44.036</strong>, eclipsing the old record and earning the silver medal.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Project-London-Shatters-U-S-Track-Record.aspx
Armstrong 2nd at Chrono des Nations TT
10/17/2011
<div><em>Les Herbiers, France </em>— <strong>Kristin Armstrong </strong>of the <strong>Peanut Butter & Co. - Twenty12</strong> team finished a close <strong>second </strong>in the <strong>Chrono des Nations Time Trial </strong>in France Sunday. Armstrong, the current <strong>defending Olympic champion </strong>in the time trial, posted a time of 28:07 on her <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA TT </a>bike, 9 seconds off the winning mark set by a fellow American rider Amber Neben. <br /> <br /> Armstrong returned to the sport earlier this year after taking nearly two years off to start a family. She retired after winning gold at the 2009 TT World Championship. Shortly after the birth of her son in 2010 she announced she would return to competition. Now 38, Armstrong is focused on trying to qualify for next summer’s Olympic Games in London.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-2nd-at-Chrono-des-Nations-TT.aspx
Trebon, Mani Sweep Spooky Cross!
10/16/2011
<div><em>Irvine, California</em> - <strong>Felt </strong>cyclocross riders<strong> Ryan Trebon </strong>and <strong>Caroline Mani </strong>put on a show at the October 15-16 Spooky Cross event, dominating the two-day event with back-to-back wins on Saturday night and Sunday.</div> <div> </div> <div>Saturday’s <strong>Spooky Cross UCI C2 cyclocross race </strong>was the final race of the 2011 <strong>Cross After Dark</strong> series. With a crowd gathered under the lights on a pleasant evening at Hidden Valley park, just a few miles from Felt’s U.S. headquarters in Orange County, California, Trebon and Mani swept the pro men’s and women’s races. <br /> <br /> Mani, a French national champion who’s currently residing in and racing in the U.S., got off to a fast start and never looked back. She gapped the competition in the first lap and maintained a 10-second lead for most of the race. In the end, she soloed to victory.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Trebon-Mani-Sweep-Spooky-Cross-.aspx
Trebon Takes Command of US Gran Prix
10/10/2011
<div><em>Fort Collins, Colorado</em> - <strong>Felt-sponsored</strong> cyclocross racer <strong>Ryan Trebon </strong>took control of the <strong>U.S. Gran Prix cyclocross series </strong>with a <strong>commanding performance</strong> at the October 8-9 New Belgium Cup double-race weekend in Fort Collins, Colorado. <br /> <br /> Trebon showed both strength and skill as he piloted his <a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1X </a>bike to a <strong>victory </strong>and a <strong>second-place finish</strong> in back-to-back races that saw course conditions range from wet and sloppy to dry and fast. On Saturday athletes faced cold, muddy conditions. Trebon got off to a strong start, using his technical skills to chase down early leader Jeremy Powers on the second lap.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Trebon-Takes-Command-of-US-Gran-Prix.aspx
Carfrae 2nd at Ironman Worlds
10/9/2011
<div><em>Kona, Hawaii</em> - <strong>Felt </strong>triathlete<strong> Mirinda Carfrae</strong> put in an amazing effort at Saturday’s<strong> Ironman World Championship </strong>race in Kona, Hawaii, <strong>finishing second</strong> and setting a new record time in her run. In men’s competition <strong>Andi Bocherer </strong>had a great debut at Kona, <strong>finishing eighth </strong>on his <strong>Felt DA.</strong></div> <div> </div> <div>Carfrae, the defending women’s Ironman champion from Australia, waged an epic battle with Chrissie Wellington. The two former Ironman champions pushed each other, with Wellington eventually taking the win by 2:49. Carfrae’s final time of 8:57:57 was 39 seconds faster than her time from her 2010 win. It also marked the first time in history that two women broke the nine-hour mark.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-2nd-at-Ironman-Worlds.aspx
Felt Athletes Dominate US Track Nationals
10/3/2011
<div> <div><em>Carson, CA</em> - Felt athletes throughly dominated the 2011 U.S. Track Cycling National Championships which took place at the Home Depot Center over the weekend. This was a particularly competitive event with the opening UCI Track World Cup less than five weeks away, and the potentital for Olympic team selection already in motion.</div> <div> </div> <div>In the women's endurance events, it was 4-time World Champion <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> who won the Individual Pursuit title, and then, along with teammates <strong>Jennie Reed</strong> and <strong>Dotsie Bausch</strong> (all shown), not only won the Women's Team Pursuit title, but broke a four-year-old track record in the process.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Athletes-Dominate-US-Track-Nationals.aspx
Trebon Wins USGP Planet Bike Cup Day 1
9/26/2011
<div><em>Sun Prairie, Wisconsin</em> – LTS-Felt rider <strong>Ryan Trebon</strong> emerged victorious on Day 1 of the US Gran Prix Planet Bike Cup, taking a narrow victory on the challenging course. Trebon made the decisive move on the last lap and was able to hold on to the lead for the win. The victory is the first for Trebon this season, and was also the first major victory for the all new <a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx">F1X</a> cross bike. <br /> <br /> Trebon was at the front of the race all day in a race that saw multiple breakaways and leaders. The course was technical and benefited a rider that could negotiate the obstacles efficiently. For 60 minutes, Trebon bided his time, calmly chasing down breaks and keeping himself in a solid position. On lap 5, a three rider group emerged including Trebon, Jeremy Powers, and former World Champ Bart Wellens. The trio powered away from the field and it became clear that the winner would come from that group.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Trebon-Wins-USGP-Planet-Bike-Cup-Day-1.aspx
Böcherer Wins IM 70.3 Cancun
9/19/2011
<div><em>Cancun, Mexico</em> - Felt triathlete <strong>Andi Böcherer</strong> claimed his third victory in a row at the Ironman 70.3 in Cancun, Mexico. After winning the European Championship title in Wiesbaden and Ironman 70.3 in Switzerland, Böcherer has won every 70.3 race that he has entered this season. In Mexico, he impressed everybody with his great performance in the final run, in spite of the high temperature and the burning sun. “I’m riding the wave of success this season,” said Böcherer to the press. Continuing to display great form, the 28-year-old German has every chance to keep up with the front runners in Kona.</div> <div> </div> <div>Andi Böcherer heads directly to Hawaii with a lot of self-confidence going into the race. “My goal is to enter the top 10 in Kona. It’s the highlight of the season and the timing fits perfectly for me. I never was stronger in my whole life and I will use every little weakness of my rivals to get to the top.”</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Boecherer-Wins-IM-70-3-Cancun.aspx
Carey Wins NUE Overall
9/19/2011
<div><em>Bend, Oregon</em> - Kenda-Felt rider <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> officially won the National Ultra Endurance Series over the weekend. Carey took wins at six of the NUE races this season with victories at Cohutta, Syllamo’s Revenge, Lumberjack, High Cascades, Pierre’s Hole, and the Park City Point 2 Point. Carey had mathematically secured the title several weeks ago, and was able to contest the U.S. Marathon National Championships without fear of losing her overall NUE title.<br /> <br /> At Nationals, both Carey and Kenda-Felt teammate <strong>Colin Cares</strong> delivered excellent performances. Carey took fourth in the women’s race while Cares took fifth in the men’s race. Throughout the year, Kenda-Felt riders competed aboard both the Felt <a href="../../USA/2012/Mountain/Nine-Series/Frame-Kit-Nine-LTD.aspx">Nine LTD</a> and the <a href="../../USA/2012/Mountain/Edict/Edict-LTD.aspx">Edict LTD</a>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-NUE-Overall.aspx
Felt to Supply Skil-Shimano Cycling Team
9/15/2011
<div> <div><em>Las Vegas, NV</em> - <strong>Felt Bicycles</strong> and <strong>Skil-Shimano</strong> professional cycling team have signed a multi-year sponsorship agreement, forming a partnership that is dedicated to competing at the highest levels of pro cycling. The sponsorship, announced today at Interbike, forms a powerful alliance that combines Felt’s advanced bicycle designs with Skil-Shimano’s world-class cycling program.</div> <div> </div> <div>As the official frame sponsor of Skil-Shimano, Felt Bicycles’ will supply all necessary road and TT framesets beginning in 2012 and through 2014. Skil-Shimano will begin the ‘12 season aboard Felt’s technologically advanced <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series.aspx">F-series</a> road race frames and the wind tunnel-engineered UCI-legal <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/DA1-Di2.aspx">DA</a> time trial frame. These flagship models are built with Felt’s finest UHC Ultimate+Nano carbon fiber and each comes with a World Championship winning history.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-to-Supply-Skil-Shimano-Cycling-Team.aspx
Litscher is U23 XC World Champion
9/2/2011
<p><em>Champéry, Switzerland</em> – Felt X-Bionic’s Thomas Litscher has achieved the ultimate, and wrapped up the 2011 season with a Gold Medal in the U23 XC Race at the Mountain Bike World Championships in Champéry, Switzerland. This victory comes after a silver medal in the Team Relay race earlier in the week.</p> <p>Racing on home soil was beneficial for Litscher, who lead most of the race. As each lap passed, Litscher increased his gap on the field, so much so that he was able to dismount and walk across the finish line with his Felt Edict held above his head, saluting the crowd as he passed.</p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Litscher-is-U23-XC-World-Champion.aspx
Litscher Gets Silver in Team Relay
8/31/2011
<div><em>Champéry, Switzerland</em> - Felt X-Bionic’s <strong>Thomas Litscher</strong> began his 2011 World Championships with a Silver Medal in the Team Relay. The 22-year-old Swiss was the lead rider in the Team Relay and looked strong as he sharpens his form ahead of the U23 Race that takes place later this week.<br /> <br /> The Swiss team competing on home soil, was off to a strong start with Thomas Litscher riding into sixth place after the first lap. With each lap, Switzerland closed in on the podium, passing two riders on the final lap to claim Silver in front of an elated home crowd.</div> <div> </div> <div>For Litscher, the first leg also served as a preview to the battle with Kerschbaumer—one of Litscher’s biggest rivals for the U23 title. Both raced the first leg of the Team Relay, but it was Litscher who came out on top, besting his rival by 19 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Litscher-Gets-Silver-in-Team-Relay.aspx
Böcherer Is Ironman 70.3 Euro Champ
8/30/2011
<div> <div> <div> <div><em>Wiesbaden, Germany</em> – <strong>Andi Böcherer</strong> continued to add to his brilliant 2011 campaign, taking his second Ironman 70.3 at the Ironman 70.3 European Championship. The 28-year-old German took control of the race on the bike leg and never looked back, taking the win in his home country.</div> <div> </div> <div><span>B</span><span>ö</span><span>cherer was part of a 14 man lead group entering T1, and he quickly established a lead on the bike. The bike course, which had nearly 5000 feet of elevation gain, was covered with a light fog, so once riders were up the road, they were out of sight. B</span><span>ö</span><span>cherer utilized his aerodynamic position aboard the Felt DA to put time into the field on the downhill sections, and entered T2 as the leader and recording the fastest bike split of the day. <br /></span></div> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/B-cherer-Is-Ironman-70-3-Euro-Champ.aspx
Phillip Prevails at US Grand Prix
8/23/2011
<div> <div><em>Portland, Oregon</em> – Felt track racer <strong>Njisane Phillip</strong> had a huge weekend at the BMW US Grand Prix of Sprinting, taking the victory in both the Sprint and the Keirin. Additionally, US-based <strong>Project London</strong> took silver in the Team Sprint and Project London's <strong>Kevin Mansker</strong> broke a track record in the Flying Lap.<br /> <br /> Phillip began the weekend with the fastest time in the Sprint qualifying, recording a 9.91 in the flying 200m. The 20-year-old from Trinidad and Tobago raced through the first two rounds of elimination, never facing a repecharge round. Phillip then took the Sprint quarter-finals, the Sprint semi-finals, and the Sprint finals. In the Kierin, Phillip displayed a similar level of dominance, taking the win in all three Keirin rounds that he raced. With the Sprint and the Keirin victories, Phillip solidified his status as a legitimate contender on the international sprinting scene.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Phillip-Prevails-at-US-Grand-Prix.aspx
Felt Launches Custom Paint Program
8/23/2011
<div> <div><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt is pleased to announce the launch of its all-new <strong>Custom Paint Program</strong>. The Custom Paint Program allows customers to create their own paint and decal schemes for the high-performance Felt <strong>F1 frameset</strong>, and will later be offered for the Felt <strong>DA frameset</strong>. The custom paint options are accessible on the Felt Bicycles website where customers can design their own color combinations in an intuitive and user-friendly format.<br /> <br /> Felt will offer two levels of customization with varying degrees of personalization and cost. The <strong>Advanced Option</strong> allows consumers to select paint finish, frame color, and decal color and costs an additional $250. The <strong>Ultimate+ Option</strong> costs $500 and allows consumers to select paint finish, paint mask color, and decal color as well as to customize a top tube text panel. Consumers can choose from thirteen high-quality DuPont paints or raw carbon.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Launches-Custom-Paint-Program.aspx
Rivera and Canevari Take California Criterium Titles at Brentwood GP
8/8/2011
<div> <div><em>Brentwood, California</em> – Felt riders<strong> Coryn Rivera</strong> and <strong>Anthony Canevari</strong> took home the California Elite Criterium titles over the weekend at the Brentwood Grand Prix. Rivera, racing for Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 won the Women’s Elite race out of a select group of riders. CashCall Mortgage rider Canevari took second place in the Men’s Elite field sprint and, as the highest placed California, took the California Elite title.</div> <div> </div> <div>The race took place on a challenging criterium circuit in the heart of Brentwood. The one mile course featured 8 turns which made for aggressive racing. Rivera, who won this event in 2007, was at the front for the entirety of the race. Rivera was off the front for the entire race before being caught within the final few laps. From there, the pack had been whittled down to the strongest contenders.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Rivera-and-Canevari-Take-California-Criterium-Titles-at-Brentwood-GP.aspx
Two Wins for Kenda-Felt
8/8/2011
<div> <div><em>Alta, Wyoming</em> – <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> of Kenda-Felt continued her dominance of the National Ultra Endurance Series this weekend, taking the win at the Pierre’s Hole 100, and beating her nearest rival by over an hour and a half. Carey, the defending NUE Series Champion, covered the 100 mile course in 9:12 which would have gotten her a top ten in the men’s race.<br /> <br /> Carey, who lives in nearby Victor, Idaho, was able to capitalize on her knowledge of the Grand Targhee Resort. With nearly 4000 feet of climbing on each of the four laps, Carey was able to put significant time gaps on both the descents and the power sections. Taking the lead from the gun, Carey blasted away from her rivals, and began picking her way through the men’s field. With the win, Carey solidifies her bid for a second consecutive NUE overall title.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Two-Wins-for-Kenda-Felt.aspx
Litscher Third At Euro XC Champs
8/7/2011
<div> <div><em>Dohnany, Slovakia </em>– Felt Oetztal X-Bionic’s <strong>Thomas Litscher</strong> took third in the U23 race at the European Cross Country Championships despite suffering a mechanical on the last lap. Litscher, who won the Silver Medal at U23 Worlds last year, lost his saddle at the beginning of the last lap while riding in the lead group. Despite the setback, Litscher held on for the final podium spot. Litscher was also a member of the Swiss team that took silver in the Team Relay.<br /> <br /> Fellow X-Bionic Riders <strong>Blaza Klemencic</strong>, <strong>Adelheid Morath</strong>, and <strong>Karl Markt</strong> also secured prominent results at the European Cross Country Championships. In the women’s elite race, Klemencic took fifth place in a world-class field, an impressive comeback from her DNF at the Championships last year. Morath crossed the line tenth, which meet the Olympic standard for Germany. En route to the tenth place, Morath recorded the third fastest circuit time of all riders.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Litscher-Third-At-Euro-XC-Champs.aspx
Markt Third at Olympic Test Event
8/1/2011
<div> <div><em>Hadleigh Farm, England</em> – Felt Otztal X-Bionic rider <strong>Karl Markt</strong> once again proved himself as one of the elite talents in XC racing, finishing third in the Olympic Test Event over the weekend. Markt, who just won the Austrian National Championship two weeks ago, arrived on the podium alongside two former XC World Champions. The 31-year-old Austrian is putting together a fantastic season with X-Bionic, taking multiple UCI wins and podiums.<br /> <br /> The Olympic Test Event in Hadleigh Farm gave riders the opportunity to race the Olympic course for 2012. The racers completed seven laps of the rolling course in hot temperatures, which quickly separated the field. Markt, riding a full-suspension <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2011/Mountain/Edict/Edict%20LTD.aspx">Felt Edict LTD</a>, was among the top four riders throughout the race.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Markt-Third-at-Olympic-Test-Event.aspx
More Records for Project London
7/17/2011
<div> <div><em>Portland, Oregon</em> – Project London 2012 captured several track records this weekend at the Alpenrose Velodrome Challenge, en route to wins in the Kilo and Team Sprint. The American-based team has drawn immediate success since its formation just a few months ago, and has dominated the domestic track racing scene.<br /> <br /> <strong>Kevin Mansker</strong> set the tone in the Kilo, recording a new track record on Friday night with a scorching 1:07.79. That time bested the previous track record, held by Per Bjesse since 2009, by half a second. That track record is the second in month of July for Mansker, who also broke the flying 200m time at the Testarossa Challenge on his way to victory in the Sprint.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/More-Records-for-Project-London.aspx
Middaugh and Wealing 1-2 at XTERRA
7/17/2011
<div> <div><em>Beaver Creek, Colorado</em> – Felt triathlete <strong>Josiah Middaugh</strong> won the XTERRA Mountain Championship in record time. Middaugh covered the 22 mile course 19 seconds faster than fellow Felt triathlete <strong>Seth Wealing</strong> who took second place. <br /> <br /> Middaugh, who lives in Vail, Colorado, considers the Beaver Creek race his home course. Up until this edition, however, Middaugh had never been able to translate the home field advantage to a victory, finishing third in the past two events. For a moment, it looked as if Middaugh would have to wait another year for victory, as he came out of the water 1:47 behind Wealing. Middaugh’s strength on the bike paid off, gaining him the lead half way through the bike leg. Middaugh never looked back, and completed the race with the fastest time of the day and new course record of 2:12:05.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Middaugh-and-Wealing-1-2-at-XTERRA.aspx
Five National Titles for Baranoski
7/11/2011
<div> <div><em>Frisco, Texas</em> – Felt athlete <strong>Matt Baranoski</strong> was the class of the field at the U.S. Junior Track Nationals. The eighteen-year-old won each of the five races he entered, met two Junior Worlds qualifying standards, and set a new track record in a dominating performance. <br /> <br /> Baranoski’s first event was the Kilo where he delivered the fastest time in the men’s 17-18 division by nearly three seconds. Baranoski’s time (1:05.6) qualified him for Worlds was also established a new track record. Baranoski won the Sprint, Flying 200 (11.151), and Keirin. Baranoski then teamed up with Kaleb Koch and Ryan Gadow in the Team Sprint where they rode to a decisive victory.</div> <div> </div> <div>Baranoski’s next competition will be Moscow for Junior Track Worlds in August.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Five-National-Titles-for-Baranoski.aspx
Rivera Wins San Rafael
7/10/2011
<div> <div><em>San Rafael, California</em> – Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 racer <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> emerged victorious at the San Rafael Twilight Criterium. The nineteen-year-old American outsprinted her competitors to the line for her first win as the newly minted U23 National Criterium Champion. <br /> <br /> Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 demonstrated exceptional teamwork throughout the race, taking turns pushing the pace and executing a perfect leadout for Rivera. <strong>Alison Tetrick Starnes</strong> and <strong>Tayler Wiles</strong> kept the tempo high, wearing out many of Rivera’s rivals early in the race. Wiles, the U23 U.S. Time Trial Champion, took to the front in the last lap and pulled Rivera to the head of the field, where she could unleash her world-class sprint. From there, Rivera dashed to the front of the field, taking her second win at San Rafael in the past three years.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Rivera-Wins-San-Rafael.aspx
Cares Wins Firecracker 50
7/5/2011
<div> <div><em>Breckenridge, Colorado</em> – <strong>Colin Cares</strong> of Team Kenda/Felt emerged victorious at the Firecracker 50, defeating a formidable field of opponents. The victory is Cares’ first Firecracker 50 win and comes after several strong performances earlier this year. <br /> <br /> The Firecracker 50 course is renowned for being one of the most difficult circuits in North America. Racers completed two circuits of the course which consisted of almost entirely singletrack and included nearly 5,000 feet of climbing each lap. Record snow levels required a slight alteration to the course, making the circuit 27 miles instead of the usual 25.<br /> <br /> The twenty-three year old Boulder native was able to take advantage of the fast pace, distancing himself from the leaders on the second lap and holding on for the win.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Cares-Wins-Firecracker-50.aspx
Project London Sweeps Podium
7/3/2011
<div> <div><em>San Jose, California</em> – Project London riders <strong>Michael Blatchford</strong>, <strong>Kevin Mansker</strong>, <strong>Daniel Walker</strong>, and <strong>Jimmy Watkins</strong> dominated at the Testarossa Velodrome Challenge at the Hellyer Velodrome. The team took first, second, and third in the Sprint and Keirin. <br /> <br /> In the Sprint, the fireworks began in the qualifying round. Michael Blatchford kicked things off with a 10.82 flying 200, setting a new track record. That record would only stand for a few moments, as fellow Project London riders Jimmy Watkins and Kevin Mansker both went 10.73. Daniel Walker also qualified well, slotting in fifth place.</div> <div> </div> <div>In the Sprint semi finals, Mansker and Blatchford advanced making for an all Project London final.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Project-London-Sweeps-Podium.aspx
Alzate Wins Manhattan Beach GP
6/26/2011
<div> <div><em>Manhattan Beach, California</em> – <strong>Carlos Alzate</strong> of Team Exergy captured the team’s first NRC win at the Manhattan Beach Grand Prix. Alzate outsprinted a world-class field en route to the victory. The win is the biggest of Alzate’s 2011 campaign that includes strong performances at the Sea Otter Classic, the Callville Bay Classic, and the Roswell Criterium.</div> <div> </div> <div>The Manhattan Beach Grand Prix is one of the most storied races in the U.S., and is widely considered the most prestigious criterium in California. The 2011 race was the 50th edition, and the race lived up to the hype, with nearly 100 racers competing on the challenging course.</div> <div> </div> <div>Alzate was able to capitalize on the high speeds that shed many of the competitors from contention. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Alzate-Wins-Manhattan-Beach-GP.aspx
Silvia Felt Wins IM France
6/26/2011
<div><em>Nice, France</em> – Felt triathlete <strong>Silvia Felt</strong> was victorious at Ironman France, besting her nearest rival by over ten minutes. The victory is the first Ironman win for the 34-year-old German. Felt, no relation to company namesake Jim Felt, has had a fantastic 2011 with a third place at Ironman 70.3 Mallorca and a fourth place at Ironman South Africa. <br /><br />Felt was patient in the swim, keeping a comfortable pace but staying in contention. Felt entered T1 in eighth place, but was primed to make her move on the bike. Once aboard her <a href="../../USA/2011/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/DA.aspx">DA</a>, Felt was in her element. She posted the fastest bike split of all female competitors and passed six racers on the road. The prodigious bike effort brought Felt within seconds of the race lead. Three miles into the run, Felt passed the leader and never looked back.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Silvia-Felt-Wins-IM-France.aspx
Wiles and Rivera - U23 Champs
6/26/2011
<div><em>Augusta, Georgia</em> – The racers of Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 excelled at the USA National Championships. U23 riders <strong>Tayler Wiles</strong> and <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> collected National Titles in the U23 Time Trial and U23 Criterium respectively. <br /><br />Tayler Wiles had an impressive performance in the time trial, covering the 30 kilometer course 43 seconds ahead of her nearest rival. The rolling profile of the course made proper pacing a formidable prospect, but Wiles stayed within herself to capture her first national title. </div> <div> </div> <div>Coryn Rivera is no stranger to national titles. The talented 18-year-old has acquired dozens of career national titles, and has won a national championship every year that she has competed. The win in the criterium, however, was Rivera’s first as a U23 rider.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiles-and-Rivera-U23-Champs.aspx
Armstrong Takes Nature Valley Opener
6/15/2011
<div> <div><em>St. Paul, Minnesota</em> – Former World and Reigning Olympic Time Trial Champion <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> once again demonstrated her superb talents in the race of truth, taking the best time at the Nature Valley Grand Prix St. Paul Time Trial. Armstrong covered the course in 14:30, besting her nearest rival by 23 seconds. Armstrong’s Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 teammates were also strong on the day, with course record holder <strong>Allison Starnes</strong> taking third and <strong>Kristin McGrath</strong> taking fifth.</div> <div> </div> <div>The time trial course was a 6.1 mile out and back format with the final half mile charging up the climb on Ohio Street. The stage was made even more difficult by the cold and rainy conditions that lasted the length of the race. All riders used traditional mass-start legal road bikes for the time trial, with Peanut Butter & Co. riders racing aboard Felt <a href="../../USA/2011/Fit-Woman/ZW-Series.aspx">ZW</a> and <a href="../../USA/2011/Road/F-Series.aspx">F Series</a> bikes. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Takes-Nature-Valley-Opener.aspx
Carfrae Wins Ironman 70.3 Eagleman
6/12/2011
<div><em>Cambridge, Maryland</em> – Felt triathlete and reigning Ironman World Champion <strong>Mirinda Carfrae</strong> continued her solid 2011 campaign with a win at the Ironman 70.3 Eagleman. The 30-year-old Australian was once again untouchable on the run, recording the fastest run split en route to victory. <br /> <br /> Carfrae, who just took second place in the Revolution3 Quassy last week, was again strong from the beginning of the race. She achieved the third fastest split on the swim and on the bike, and was never too far away from the lead. On the run, Carfrae, caught fire. Her run split was the fastest of all female competitors by nearly five minutes and ensured Carfrae of the win.<br /><br />“I am so pleased to have backed up Quassy half's battle with the Dibmaster with a win here."</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-Wins-Ironman-70-3-Eagleman.aspx
Böcherer Wins IM 70.3 Switzerland
6/5/2011
<div><em>Rapperswil-Jona, Switzerland</em> – Felt Triathlete <strong>Andreas Böcherer</strong> won Ironman 70.3 Switzerland, recording the fastest time ahead of a world-class field. The 28-year-old German set a blistering pace on the bike, averaging nearly 27 miles per hour over the 56 mile bike course. Böcherer’s bike split ensured the victory, and netted Böcherer a new course record.<br /> <br /> Böcherer started the race cautiously, maintaining a comfortable pace in the water until about 500m from the transition. There, Böcherer established more than a minute lead over his principal rivals. On the bike, Böcherer was magic. Riding his <a href="../../International/2011/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/DA.aspx">2011 DA</a>, Böcherer recorded a 2:05:48 over the 56 mile course and extended his lead. On the run, Böcherer didn’t let up, recording the third fastest split on the day and taking the win by a margin of nearly five minutes.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Boecherer-Wins-IM-70-3-Switzerland.aspx
Felt Launches Tri-Centive Bonus Plan
6/1/2011
<div><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt Bicycles is very pleased to announce the creation and launch of <strong>Tri-Centive</strong>™, a multi-sport World Championship bonus plan specifically targeted to all age-group triathletes competing in this year’s Ironman 70.3 World Championships in Las Vegas, NV (September 11, 2011) and Ford Ironman World Championship in Kona, HI (October 8, 2011)<br /> <br /> The Tri-Centive plan provides a cash incentive to every non-professional age-group category for both men and women, for each of the two events. Any age-group winner on a Felt bicycle at the Ironman 70.3 World Championships in Las Vegas, NV will be rewarded with a $500.00 USD bonus from Felt. Any age-group winner on a Felt at the Ford Ironman World Championships in Kona, HI will earn $1000.00 USD.</div> <div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Launches-Tri-Centive-Bonus-Plan.aspx
Armstrong Victorious in Solvang
5/21/2011
<div> <div><em>Solvang, California</em> – Peanut Butter & Co. racer <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> claimed the victory at the Women’s International Time Trial Challenge in Solvang. Armstrong, the reigning Olympic TT Champion and two-time World TT Champion, bested the elite women’s field over the challenging 24.1 km circuit. The win is her second time trial victory since her return from retirement this year. </div> <div> </div> <div>The inaugural Women’s International Time Trial Challenge in Solvang is a component of the Amgen Tour of California that features female racers on the grandest stage of North American racing. Organizers invited 13 of the fastest women time trialists in the world to contest the event on legendary Solvang time trial course. Armstrong covered the course in a blistering time of 34:29</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Victorious-in-Solvang.aspx
FELT ÖTZTAL X-BIONIC Take Top Two Spots at Dalby
5/21/2011
<div> <div><em>Pickering, Great Britain</em> – Felt Ötztal X-Bionic took first and second at the Dalby Worldcup Eliminator, with <strong>Paul Van der Ploeg</strong> defeating his teammate and defending champion <strong>Thomas Litscher</strong> in the finals. The young Aussie was able to get a slight lead out of the gate in the final round, and stayed clear of Litscher for the victory.</div> <div> </div> <div>The event, held in the North Yorkshire town of Pickering, featured 42 racers from which the fastest 32 qualified for the elimination rounds. The course featured stairs and steep climbs that wound around the town’s center. From the beginning of the event, Litscher looked like the man to beat. The 22-year-old Swiss qualified with the fastest time and easily defeated his rivals in the first two rounds of elimination. Van der Ploeg also appeared strong early on, clearing his early rounds to secure a spot in the finals.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/FELT-TZTAL-X-BIONIC-Take-Top-Two-Spots-at-Dalby.aspx
Felt Introduces Shelby Cruiser
5/4/2011
<div> <div>Felt Bicycles is pleased to introduce the <a href="../../USA/2011/Cruiser/Men-s-3-Spd/Shelby-Cruiser.aspx">Shelby Cruiser</a>. Felt and Carroll Shelby Licensing have teamed up to design and develop a cruiser that pays homage to the iconic Shelby image. The Shelby Cruiser will be a limited edition offering and available worldwide. </div> <div> </div> <div>“Carroll is known for his determination to succeed and his passion for performance,” said Felt President Bill Duehring. “These attributes propelled Shelby to the pinnacle of auto racing and inspired a legion of fans. At Felt Bicycles, we share these same values and we are honored to be part of this project.”</div> <div> </div> <div>Felt designers worked hand-in-hand with the Shelby team to create a bike that exudes the Shelby image and culture.</div> <div> </div> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Introduces-Shelby-Cruiser.aspx
Carey Wins Cohutta 100
5/1/2011
<div> <div><em>Copperhill, Tennessee</em> – Team Kenda Felt rider <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> kicked off the National Ultra Endurance Series with a win at the Cohutta 100. Carey completed the grueling 100 mile mountain bike course in 7:33:42, nearly thirty minutes ahead of second place. </div> <div> </div> <div>The Cohutta 100 is the first race of the eleven race NUE series. Passing through the mountains of Tennessee and Georgia, the course demanded endurance and concentration. Carey, the defending Cohutta 100 and NUE Overall Series Champion established a lead early in the race and never looked back. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Cohutta-100.aspx
Armstrong Dominant at Sea Otter
4/17/2011
<div> <div><em>Monterey, California</em> – Peanut Butter & CO. TWENTY 12 rider <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> dominated the four day Sea Otter Classic Stage Race, taking three consecutive stage wins en route to the overall victory. The former World Champion, who is returning to racing after a brief hiatus, was the class of the field in Monterey, taking the overall omnium win by a substantial margin. </div> <div> </div> <div>Armstrong, not typically, known as a sprinter, was able to take the Stage 1 criterium in the field sprint. The slight uphill finish rewarded the strongest riders, and Armstrong was able to stay on the gas long enough to pull off the victory. Teammate <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> took third on the stage.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Dominant-at-Sea-Otter.aspx
Felt Riders Shine at Sea Otter
4/15/2011
<div> <div> <div> <div><em>Monterey, California</em> – Peanut Butter TWENTY12 had a fantastic day at the Sea Otter Classic Stage Race, taking first and third in the stage 1 criterium. Two-time World Time Trial Champion <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong>took the victory, her first since returning to racing in 2011, and 19-year-old <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> took third in a fast paced race. Armstrong and Team TWENTY12 will look to defend the leaders jersey throughout the race.</div> <div> </div> <div>In the men’s race, Team Exergy also was on the podium. <strong>Andres Diaz</strong> took second on the stage in a vicious sprint. Additionally, <strong>Carlos Alzate</strong> was out front nearly all day in a solo breakaway and took all three intermediate sprints to claim the sprinters jersey. </div> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Riders-Shine-at-Sea-Otter.aspx
Böcherer Second at IM South Africa
4/10/2011
<div> <p><em>Port Elizabeth, South Africa</em> – <strong>Andi Böcherer</strong> captured second place at Ironman South Africa, posting a blazing time of 8:08:36 hours. The time represents a personal best Ironman finish for the 28-year-old German. </p> <p>Böcherer’s FELT-racextract Team Manager Jörg Scheiderbauer was ecstatic after the race. It is “the biggest success of our young history,” commented Scheiderbauer. Böcherer owes his top result to a clever race tactic, as he revealed at the finish line. “I did not want to overdo it on the bike. I knew the race would be decided during the marathon and I was well prepared after intense winter training,” said Böcherer. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Boecherer-Second-at-IM-South-Africa.aspx
Carfrae Wins Oceanside 70.3
4/3/2011
<div> <div><em>Oceanside, California</em> – Ironman World Champion <strong>Mirinda Carfrae</strong> kicked off her Ironman 70.3 season with a win at the Oceanside Ironman 70.3. The Australian took the lead in the final two miles of the run, taking the win by ten seconds! The win marks Carfrae’s third consecutive victory at Oceanside.</div> <div> </div> <div>Carfrae, who took <a href="../../International/Felt-News/Carfrae-and-Bozzone-Podium-at-IMNZ.aspx">Second</a> at Ironman New Zealand earlier this year, came to Oceanside as the defending champion and looking for a good result. Going into the run, Carfrae was in sixth place and trailed the leader by nearly five minutes. But Carfrae, known for her running prowess, motored past her competitors, making up 20-30 seconds per mile on the run. She took the lead with less than two miles to go and was able to hold on for the win. Carfrae finished in 4:26:18, including her remarkable half marathon time of 1:18:25.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-Wins-Oceanside-70-3.aspx
Hammer Wins 3rd Medal at Worlds
3/27/2011
<div> <div><em>Apeldoorn, Netherlands</em> – <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> captured her third medal at the UCI Track World Championships this weekend, making her the first American woman to win three medals at Track Worlds. Hammer took silver in the Women’s Omnium on Sunday to go with her Silver in Team Pursuit and Gold in the Individual Pursuit.</div> <div> </div> <div>Hammer, who won two of the UCI World Cup Omniums earlier this year, is continuing her transition to the multi disciplined event. The twenty-seven year old American was able to string together a solid series of races in the Omnium, eventually pulling into second place after the final event. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-3rd-Medal-at-Worlds.aspx
Hammer Wins 4th World Title
3/25/2011
<div> <div><em>Apeldoorn, Netherlands</em> – <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> will again wear the Rainbow Jersey in 2011 after taking the Individual Pursuit World Championship in dramatic fashion. Hammer, the defending Individual Pursuit World Champion, took her second medal of the 2011 Championships after leading the Team Pursuit to a Silver yesterday. The win is Hammer’s fourth Individual Pursuit World Championship.</div> <div> </div> <div>Hammer looked strong in the qualifying round, motoring to a 3:33.52. The time was the fastest in qualification, besting 2009 New Zealand’s Alison Shanks by .27 seconds. With Hammer and Shanks in the Gold Medal round, the stage was set for a battle between two Pursuit World Champions. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-4th-World-Title.aspx
USA Pursuit Team Takes Silver
3/24/2011
<div> <div><em>Apeldoorn, Netherlands</em> – The United States Women’s Pursuit Team took Silver in the 3000m Team Pursuit at theTrack World Championships. The team, consisting of <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong>, <strong>Dotsie Bausch</strong>, and <strong>Jennie Reed</strong> recorded the second fastest time in qualifying, and just missed Gold in the medal round.</div> <div> </div> <div>Sarah Hammer, the three-time Individual Pursuit World Champion, captained the team. Joining Hammer was Dotsie Bausch, who also raced with Hammer in the World Record-setting Team Pursuit at the Pan American Games last year. Former Keirin World Champion Jennie Reed, who is continuing to impress her comeback from retirement, completed the three woman team. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/USA-Pursuit-Team-Takes-Silver.aspx
Van der Ploeg Victorious at Oceania
3/23/2011
<div> <div> <div><em>Shepparton, Australia</em> – Felt Oetztal X-Bionic’s <strong>Paul Van der Ploeg</strong> once again proved himself at the Australia Mountain Bike National Series, taking the Overall Series Championship in the U23 Cross Country and Elite Short Track with a pair of strong races. Van der Ploeg secured the Titles with yet another dominating performance in both events.</div> <div> </div> <div>The UCI Oceania Mountain Bike Championships in Shepparton, Australia marked the final event of the Australia Mountain Bike National Series. Van der Ploeg entered the event with a commanding lead in the U23 XC standings and the Elite Short Track standings. </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-der-Ploeg-Victorious-at-Oceania-.aspx
Felt Signs Ryan Trebon
3/18/2011
<div> <div><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce that it will sponsor cyclocross and mountain bike star <strong>Ryan Trebon</strong> for the 2011 season. Felt will supply the four-time American National champion for both his cyclocross and mountain bike campaigns beginning with Sea Otter next month </div> <div> </div> <div>“I am thrilled to be with Felt this year, and can’t wait for the race season to begin,” said Trebon. “Felt was the perfect choice for me because of its technological approach to bike design and racing pedigree. I am already working with Felt’s engineers to fine tune my bikes for 2011, and we are all excited about the results.”</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Signs-Ryan-Trebon.aspx
Introducing Project London
3/16/2011
<p><em>Portland, Oregon</em> - Felt Bicycles is pleased to be a partner of Project London, an elite track cycling team, inspired, created and managed by Rubicon Cycling, LCC. Rubicon Cycling will carry on the mission of benefiting the LiveSTRONG organization while pursuing the development of young cyclists into champion professional athletes, fulfilling their dream of representing the United States of America in the Olympic Games.</p> <div> </div> <div>Athletes will compete in a multitude of events across the United States as a trade team and will also vie for slots on the USA National Team in international competition in the UCI World Cup, UCI World Championships, and the Olympic Games. The team will compete aboard Felt <a href="../../USA/2011/Track/Track-Series/TK1-Frame.aspx">TK1</a> track bikes. </div> <p> </p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Introducing-Project-London.aspx
DA Receives UCI Approval
3/9/2011
<div><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt Bicycles is proud to announce the UCI’s official authorization of the Felt DA Time Trial/Triathlon frameset for UCI races. The UCI’s new frame authorization process guarantees the DA frameset to be UCI legal and will be documented on each frame with the UCI’s new seal of race-legal approval. Graphic incorporation of the new UCI seal will be a running change and customers can expect to see these on DA’s later in the year.</div> <div> </div> <div>“The official certification of the 2011 DA TT/Tri frame under the new UCI qualification process once again demonstrates Felt Bicycles’ continued dedication to building the world’s fastest UCI legal bikes,” said Felt director of engineering, Jeff Soucek. “We are pleased to be one of the first manufacturers granted the new approval and we look forward to supplying our athletes and customers with the DA frameset.” </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/DA-Receives-UCI-Approval.aspx
Felt Oetztal X-Bionic Win Overall
3/7/2011
<div> <div><em>Amathous, Cyprus</em> – Felt Oetztal X-Bionic once again showed its strength at the Cyprus Sunshine Cup, with <strong>Karl Markt</strong> and <strong>Blaza Klemencic</strong> securing the overall series win on a pair of strong performances. The two have produced fantastic results over the three week competition, and appear to be in good form heading into World Cup season.</div> <div> </div> <div>In the Men’s race, Markt had essentially wrapped up the Orange Jersey with his wins over the past two weekends. He was looking to stay with the front riders as much as possible to honor the Orange Jersey, but was not required to cover any moves. U23 rider and X-Bionic teammate <strong>Thomas Litscher</strong> was looking for the win, and went on the attack at the first lap. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Oetztal-X-Bionic-Win-Overall.aspx
Carfrae and Bozzone Podium at IMNZ
3/6/2011
<div> <div><em>Taupo, New Zealand</em> – Felt triathletes <strong>Mirinda Carfrae</strong> and <strong>Terenzo Bozzone</strong> both claimed second place at Ironman New Zealand this weekend. New Zealand was the first Ironman distance race of the year for Carfrae and Bozzone, and the course proved to be challenging with rainy conditions plaguing the competitors all day. </div> <div> </div> <div>Defending IronmanWorld Champion Carfrae started the race well, getting to T1 with the leaders. However, bad luck bit Carfrae on the bike where she suffered two flats costing her over ten minutes. Leaving T2, the young Australian was 23 minutes down on the leader. On the run, Carfrae demonstrated the resolve of a World Champion, pulling back fellow pre-race favorite Joanna Lawn with only a few kilometers remaining and securing second place.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-and-Bozzone-Podium-at-IMNZ.aspx
Starnes Takes Merco Cycling Classic
3/6/2011
<div> <div><em>Merced, California</em> – Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 dominated the women’s stage race, taking overall victory as well as several individual stage podiums. <strong>Alison Starnes</strong> took the general classification after a convincing win in the individual time trial. <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> and <strong>Lauren Tamayo</strong> also collected podiums in the four event stage race.</div> <div> </div> <div>Stage One of the Merco Cycling Classic was an 82km road race. Starnes took second in the sprint for the line, heading up an impressive team finish. Teammates <strong>Tayler Wiles</strong> and <strong>Kristin McGrath</strong> took fifth and sixth respectively on the stage. </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Starnes-Takes-Merco-Cycling-Classic.aspx
Alzate Takes Final Stage and Overall
2/28/2011
<div> <div> <div> <div><em>Las Vegas, Nevada</em> - Team Exergy, competing in its first race as a professional team, dominated the Callville Bay Classic this weekend. <strong>Carlos Alzate</strong> took the stage win and overall lead on Stage One and went on to win the General Classification after taking second place in the time trial and winning the final stage. </div> <div> </div> <div>The four day stage race was comprised of four tough stages. Alzate took the win in a solo breakaway on stage one and secured a substantial time advantage in the General Classification. Alzate defended his lead in the uphill time trial, securing second place aboard his <a href="../../USA/2011/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/B2-Pro-Frame.aspx">B2 Pro</a>. The third stage took place in cold and rainy conditions and required the entire team to chase down breaks and set the pace at the front. In the final stage, Alzate once again bested the field, taking the criterium win and securing the Overall Classification in convincing fashion.</div> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Alzate-Takes-Final-Stage-and-Overall.aspx
X-Bionic Riders Dominate in Cyprus
2/28/2011
<div> <div><em>Macheras, Cyprus</em> – Felt Oetztal X-Bionic rider <strong>Karl Markt</strong> was victorious at the Cyprus Sunshine Cup #2 over the weekend, taking the overall win in the three stage event. Markt also won the Cyprus World Cup #1 the week prior. Fellow X-Bionic rider <strong>Blaza Klemencic</strong> took second place overall in the Women’s General Classification.</div> <div> </div> <div>The Sunshine Cup #2 consisted of three races, a short time trial, a point to point race, and a traditional XC circuit race. Markt completed the time trial on Day One in 16:34, just one second away from first place. The point to point race on Day Two proved to be the decisive race, and Markt rose to the challenge. Markt and one other rider escaped on a long single track section 9km from the finish, and had a twenty second lead at the summit. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/X-Bionic-Riders-Dominate-in-Cyprus.aspx
Alzate Wins Stage One at Callville Bay
2/25/2011
<div> <div><em>Las Vegas, Nevada</em> – Team Exergy rider <strong>Carlos Alzate</strong> claimed the team’s first win of the season, soloing to victory in Stage One of the Callville Bay Classic. Alzate bested a field featuring numerous domestic pros in warm and windy conditions. Fellow Exergy rider <strong>Eric Barlevav</strong> took second in the field sprint and third on the stage.</div> <div> </div> <div>Aggressive from the gun, Team Exergy went to the front immediately on the stage looking to take advantage of the windy conditions. Exergy’s <strong>Andres Diaz</strong> made a solo bid early in the race, and quickly amassed a 60 second advantage. However, Diaz was brought back by the field with 50km remaining.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Alzate-Wins-Stage-One-at-Callville-Bay.aspx
Van der Ploeg wins Australia XC Nats
2/25/2011
<div> <div><em>Adelaide, Australia</em> – Felt Oetztal X-Bionic rider <strong>Paul Van der Ploeg</strong> continued his strong mountain bike season in his native Australia, taking the U23 XC national championship. Van der Ploeg is showing good form prior to World Cup season after overcoming a patellar injury last season.</div> <div> </div> <div>Van der Ploeg has scored several prominent wins in the past few months, in the Australian Mountain Bike Series. He has consistently been at the front of the field, taking the U23 wins in Short Track and XC in You Yangs, Glenorchy, and Mt Buller.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-der-Ploeg-wins-Australia-XC-Nats.aspx
Hammer Wins World Cup Omnium
2/21/2011
<div> <div><em>Manchester, England</em> – Ouch Racing Team’s <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> won the UCI Track World Cup IV over the weekend, making her two for two in the competition this year. The American once again dominated the multi disciplined event after changing focus from the Individual Pursuit just a year ago.</div> <div> </div> <div>Like her previous World Cup, Hammer won nearly every race. She took first in the Flying Lap, Elimination Race, the Pursuit, and the Scratch Race. She also scored a second and third in the Points Race and 500m TT respectively. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-World-Cup-Omnium.aspx
Markt Wins Cyprus Sunshine Cup #1
2/21/2011
<div> <div><em>Oroklini, Cyprus</em> – Felt Oetztal X-Bionic Rider <strong>Karl Markt</strong> took the win at the Cyprus Sunshine Cup #1 on Sunday. The Austrian took the win with a time of 1:45:39, and finished 20 seconds ahead of second place on the rough course.</div> <div> </div> <div>The Cyprus Sunshine Cup is an International mountain bike series that kicks off the mountain bike season in Europe. The course was in excellent condition with sun and warm temperatures. 80 riders started the Men’s Race.</div> <div> </div> <div>Going into the final lap, Markt was in the lead group that had been whittled to just five riders. On the first climb, Markt went to the front and pushed the tempo, shedding two of his competitors from the group. That left just two Rabobank riders and Markt in the lead group. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Markt-Wins-Cyprus-Sunshine-Cup-1.aspx
Kenda-Felt Set for 2011
1/28/2011
<div> <div> <div><em>Boulder, Colorado</em> – Kenda-Felt Professional Mountain Bike Team has announced its roster and schedule for 2011. The team returns all four of its riders from 2010 and will continue to be a force at elite mountain bike races across the U.S. The team is comprised of <strong>Colin Cares</strong>, <strong>Amanda Carey</strong>, <strong>Judy Freeman</strong>, and <strong>Andy Schultz</strong>.</div> <div> </div> <div>Kenda-Felt riders have collected impressive wins and podiums over the past several years among elite competition. Carey had a particular strong showing in 2010, winning the Iceman Cometh Challenge and the National Ultra Endurance Series overall.</div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kenda-Felt-Set-for-2011.aspx
Bell Takes World Cup Lead
1/24/2011
<div> <div><em>Beijing, China</em> - Canadian track cyclist <strong>Zach Bell</strong> moved into first place in the UCI Omnium World Cup standings with his second place in Beijing. The 28-year-old Canadian has strung together consistent performances in the multi disciplined Omnium and moved into a commanding lead. </div> <div> </div> <div>On day 1, Bell won the Flying Lap with a time of 13.233. He took 4th in the Points Race and 6th in the Elimination Race to finish day 1 in second place. Day 2 saw Bell finish 6th in the Individual Pursuit, 9th in the Scratch Race, and 4th in the Kilo, just missing the Omnium win by two points.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bell-Takes-World-Cup-Lead.aspx
Middaugh Wins Winter Nats
1/19/2011
<div> <div><em>Midway, Uta</em><em>h</em> – Felt Xterra Triathlete <strong>Josiah Middaugh</strong> won the USAT Winter Nationals Triathlon. The 32-year-old American posted the fastest bike split en route to victory.</div> <div> </div> <div>The Winter National Triathlon is unique event comprised of a 5k run, 10k mountain bike, and 8k cross country ski. Middaugh was pushed early in the race by two-time defending champion Brian Smith, who took off quickly at the gun. Middaugh pulled Smith back, and finished the run with a lead of 8 seconds. On the bike, Middaugh extended his lead to over a minute and recorded the fastest bike split of the day. Middaugh maintained his lead through the ski portion, and took the win by a margin of 45 seconds.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Middaugh-Wins-Winter-Nats.aspx
Kona Champ Mirinda Carfrae on Felt
1/3/2011
<p><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce it will sponsor 2010 Ironman World Champion <strong>Mirinda Carfrae</strong> in 2011 and beyond. The 29-year-old Australian will compete on the groundbreaking Felt DA triathlon bike through 2013.</p> <p>“I was very fortunate to have a number of bike sponsors pursuing me for the 2011 season,” said Carfrae. “Ultimately it came down to which company could provide me with the best combination of support and product to help me defend my World Championship. After meeting the team at Felt, studying the DA’s wind tunnel numbers, and considering their history in the sport of triathlon, the choice became obvious.”</p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kona-Champ-Mirinda-Carfrae-on-Felt.aspx
Snowsill and Ryf on Felt through 2013
12/29/2010
<p><em>Irvine, California - </em>Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce that Olympic and 3-time World Triathlon Champion <strong>Emma Snowsill</strong> (AUS) will be racing on Felt bikes through 2013. Snowsill, one of the most accomplished short distance triathletes of all time, will focus on ITU and non-draft legal triathlons in 2011 and look to defend her Olympic Triathlon title in 2012.</p> <p>“I am thrilled to know I will be riding and racing on a Felt for the next three years. I have known <strong>Jim (Felt)</strong> since 2003, and ridden his bikes since ‘04,” said Snowsill. “The team at Felt has supported me throughout my career and I am delighted to know I will have the equipment advantage that comes with such a superior brand.”</p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Snowsill-and-Ryf-on-Felt-through-2013.aspx
Hammer Wins World Cup Omnium, Bell takes Bronze
12/20/2010
<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><em>Cali, Columbia </em>- Team OUCH's<strong> Sarah Hammer</strong> took her first 2010-2011 World Cup Gold Medal with a win in the Women's Omnium. Hammer, a three time World Champion in the Individual Pursuit, has performed well in her transition to the multi-race event. Fellow Felt Athlete <strong>Zach Bell</strong> took Bronze in the Men's Omnium. The Canadian took Second Place in the Melbourne Men's Omnium two weeks prior, and retains his second place in World Cup rankings.</div> <div> </div> <div>Hammer, who just began competing in the Omnium this year, was the class of the field in Cali. The 27-year-old American won each of the first four events (Flying Lap, Points Race, Elimination Race, andIndividual Pursuit) on her way to Gold. </div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-World-Cup-Omnium-Bell-takes-Bronze.aspx
Van Der Ploeg Wins U23 Races In Australia
12/14/2010
<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><em>Hobart, Australia</em> - Felt Oetztal X-Bionic's <strong>Paul Van Der Ploeg</strong> won two U23 classifications at theAustralian National Mountain Bike Series over the weekend. The 21-year-old Victorian won both the U23 Cross Country race and U23 Short Track event, and finished 3rd overall in both races. Van Der Ploeg, who suffered a patellar tendon injury earlier this year, is continuing his build up to the World Cup season which beings April 23rd in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. </div> <div> </div> <div>In the XC race, Van Der Ploeg finished ahead of the 2nd Place U23 rider by nearly four minutes and was able to wheelie his <a href="../../International/2011/Mountain/Six-Series/Six%20LTD.aspx">Felt Six LTD</a> across the finish line. After the race, Van Der Ploeg was enthusiastic about his performance. "It's a technical track, so that suits me and I'm very happy I came in third against the elite guys," said Van Der Ploeg after the XC race. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-Der-Ploeg-Wins-U23-Races-In-Australia.aspx
Rivera Takes Silver at US CX Nationals U23, Carey Wins CX TT
12/13/2010
<div><em>Bend, Oregon</em> - Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 rider <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> scored a Silver Medal in the US Cycling Nationals U23 Race this weekend. The 18-year-old multi-disciplined rider has had a solid year riding cyclocross primarily in California. Kenda/Felt rider <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> finished 9th overall in the Women's Elite, took 2nd in the Masters 30-34 Race, and won the Masters 30-34 CX Time Trial.</div> <div> </div> <div>The Nationals course made for a difficult race. Several inches of snow fell on Bend early in the week and by Sunday, the melted snow had saturated the course. There were multiple areas on the course where standing water was present, and riders were searching for firm lines during the entirety of the race.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Rivera-Takes-Silver-at-US-CX-Nationals-U23-Carey-Wins-CX-TT.aspx
Zach Bell Wins Silver Medal at UCI Track World Cup
12/3/2010
<div><em>Melbourne, Australia</em> – Canadian track cyclist <strong>Zach Bell</strong> won the Silver Medal in the Omnium at the UCI Track World Cup in Melbourne. The Canadian has excelled at the multi-disciplined Omnium, and just two weeks ago took silver at the Perth International Track Grand Prix.</div> <div> </div> <div>Bell had strong performances in the Flying Lap and Points Race on day 1, finishing third in both races, and ended day 1 in third place overall. On day 2, Bell won the Scratch Race, and had strong performances in the Pursuit and Time Trial, propelling him to the Silver Medal. Bell competed on a <a href="../../USA/2011/Track/Track-Series/TK1-Frame.aspx">TK1</a> in each event.</div> <div> </div> <div>Round 2 of the <strong>UCI Track World Cup</strong> will be December 16-18 in <strong>Cali, Columbia</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zach-Bell-Wins-Silver-Medal-at-UCI-Track-World-Cup.aspx
Felt Track Athletes Ready for UCI Track World Cup I
12/1/2010
<div> <div><em>Melbourne, Australia</em> - Felt track cyclists will be competing in the<strong> </strong>UCI Track World Cup in Melbourne December 2 through December 4. After setting the women's team pursuit world record at the Pan American Games earlier this year, the American pursuit team is looking to podium without their anchor, <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong>. The pursuit team includes Felt riders <strong>Lauren Tamayo</strong>, <strong>Cari Higgins</strong>, and <strong>Dotsie Bausch</strong>. </div> <div> </div> <div>Canadian <strong>Zach Bell</strong> will be racing in the endurance events after a finishing second in the points race at the Perth International Track Grand Prix two weeks ago. In the sprints, fellow Canadian racer <strong>Travis Smith</strong> will seek podiums in the sprint and keiren. </div> <div> </div> <div>All Felt track athletes will be competing aboard the <a href="../../USA/2011/Track/Track-Series/TK1-Frame.aspx">Felt TK1</a>.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Track-Athletes-Ready-for-UCI-Track-World-Cup-I.aspx
Amanda Carey Wins Iceman Challenge
11/8/2010
<div> <p><em>Traverse City, Michigan</em> -<strong> </strong>Kenda/Felt rider <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> took victory at the Iceman Cometh Challenge, outpacing second place by 2:39 and securing her second Iceman title. Carey previously won the race in 2008.</p> <p>The Iceman course is a 28 mile point-to-point MTB race spanning the Pere Marquette State Forest. The race begins in Kalkaska and finishes outside of Traverse City, Michigan. This year there were nearly 5000 participants and even more spectators. Carey soloed to victory on the <a href="../../USA/2011/Mountain/Nine-Series/Nine%20Team.aspx">Felt Nine Team</a>, completing the muddy course in 1:59:11. </p> <div>"This is the best mountain bike race of the year," Carey told cyclingdirt.com. "The crowds at the end are so inspiring. It's really exciting and super motivating to come out in race in front of crowds like this."</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Amanda-Carey-Wins-Iceman-Challenge.aspx
Felt To Sponsor Team Exergy Through 2012
11/3/2010
<div><em>Irvine, CA –</em> Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce it will be the official bike supplier to Team Exergy in 2011-12. As was recently reported, the Idaho-based elite men’s road team is expected to advance to UCI Continental status in 2011. The team’s international lineup includes a mix of returning pro’s such as <strong>Remi McManus</strong>, 2001 U.S. Elite Road Champion, and several new recruits including 2006 U.S. Elite Road Champion, <strong>Matt Cooke</strong>.<br /> <br /> “Felt has a storied history of supporting emerging teams and new talent, and in Team Exergy we feel as though they have the blueprint to be very successful,” said Felt’s Marketing Director, <strong>Doug Martin</strong>. “After a competitive run at the NRC and select international events this year, Team Exergy has put together the pieces to take their program to the next level and we are excited to be a part of it.”</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-To-Sponsor-Team-Exergy-Through-2012.aspx
Felt To Supply Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 Women's Pro Team
11/1/2010
<div><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt Bicycles is proud to announce a new partnership with the Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 Professional Cycling Team. For the next two years the U.S.-based elite women’s team, which won 55 races in 2010, will compete on Felt bikes at the world’s most prestigious road and track events with a clear target on the 2012 Olympic Games in London. <br /><br />“With such an amazing line of road, time trial, and track models, combined with their passion for racing excellence, Felt was an obvious fit for our team,” said <strong>Nicola Cranmer</strong>, general manager and founder of the team. “As our name indicates, our goals are to develop Olympic caliber talent that can compete internationally at the highest levels. We are delighted to have a bicycle partner that is as focused about this mission as we are.” </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-To-Supply-Peanut-Butter-Co-TWENTY12-Women-s-Pro-Team.aspx
Dan Martin Wins Japan Cup
10/25/2010
<div><strong>Utsunomiya, Japan</strong> - Irishman <strong>Dan Martin</strong> took an impressive win on Sunday at the <strong>Japan Cup Road Race</strong>. The Garmin-Transitions rider was able to gain an insurmountable lead with 37km to go and soloed to victory. Martin has already scored victories this year at the <strong>Tre Valli Varesine</strong> semi classic and at the <strong>Tour of Poland</strong>, where he also won the general classification.<br /> <br /> One of the final races of the year, the <strong>Japan Cup</strong> consisted of a challenging 151km circuit course that tested riders' late season form. Riders faced the 10 percent Kogashi climb a total of 11 times, and it proved to be the decisive feature of the race. </div> <div> </div> <div>Regarded as a fierce climber, Martin attacked on the Kogashi with three laps remaining. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dan-Martin-Wins-Japan-Cup.aspx
Millar Wins Chrono Des Nations Time Trial
10/18/2010
<div><strong>Les Herbiers, France</strong> – <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider <strong>David Millar</strong> continued his strong time trial form and added another victory to his palmarès with his win at the <strong>Chrono des Nations</strong>. Coming off <strong>Gold</strong> in the <strong>Commonwealth Games Time Trial</strong> and <strong>Silver</strong> at the <strong>World Championship Time Trial</strong>, Millar scored his 4th time trial victory of the year in dominant fashion, setting the course record, and beating his nearest rival by more than two minutes.<br /> <br /> The previous record, set by Laszlo Bodrogi in 2007, was 59:18 over the 49km course. Millar completed the same course in 58:53, besting the record by 25 seconds despite a headwind over the final 10km.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-Wins-Chrono-Des-Nations-Time-Trial.aspx
Millar Wins Commonwealth Games TT
10/13/2010
<div><strong>New Delhi, India</strong> - After scoring a Bronze in the Road Race, <strong>David Millar</strong> told the media that he wanted <strong>Gold</strong> in the <strong>Commonwealth Games Time Trial</strong>. On Wednesday, he accomplished his goal, covering the 40km course along the Noida Expressway in 47:19. Millar beat his nearest rival by 55 seconds, and won Scotland's fifth Gold Medal in the XIX Commonwealth Games.<br /> <br /> For David Millar, one of the top time trialists in the world, 2010 has been a career year. Millar won time trials in the <strong>Three Days of de Panne</strong> and <strong>Criterium International</strong> stage races, and podiumed in the <strong>Criterium du Dauphine</strong> time trial and the <strong>Tour de France</strong> Prologue. Just last week, Millar took Silver in the <strong>World Time Trial Championship</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-Wins-Commonwealth-Games-TT.aspx
Felt Podiums at Commonwealth Games
10/11/2010
<div><strong>Delhi, India</strong> – <strong> Felt Sponsored</strong> track rider <strong>Zach Bell</strong> and <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider <strong>David Millar</strong> scored podiums this week at the <strong>XIXth Commonwealth Games</strong>. Canada’s Zach Bell won bronze in the <strong>Men’s 20km Scratch Race</strong> aboard a <strong>Felt <a href="../../USA/2011/Track/Track-Series/TK1-Frame.aspx">TK1</a></strong>. In the qualifying heat, Bell was able to lap the entire field.<br /> <br /> Riding for Scotland, David Millar was able to score a bronze in the <strong>167 km Men’s Road Race</strong>. In a race that saw 78 of the 133 starters drop out, Millar was nearly able to take the win on his<strong> Felt <a href="../../USA/2011/Road/F-Series.aspx">F-Series</a></strong> bike. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Podiums-at-Commonwealth-Games.aspx
Danny Summerhill Wins UCI CX Race in California
10/4/2010
<div><strong>San Dimas, CA</strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> – Reigning U23 National Champion, <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Danny Summerhill</strong>, had a successful weekend at <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Krosstoberfest</strong>, taking 5<sup>th</sup> on Day 1 of and winning Day 2 aboard his Felt <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="../../USA/2011/Cyclo-X/Cy/F15X.aspx">F15X</a></strong>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The win on Day 2 marked his <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">UCI C2 win</strong> after being a dominant force in UCI U23 races in previous years.<br /></span></div> <div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <div> </div> <div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The racing on Day 1 was brutal from the start, with a fast pace set by the world class field. After morning rains saturated the course, the 1/2 race was a muddy affair. Summerhill was in contention for the podium the entire race until an incident in the final turn left him with a 5th place finish.</span></div> </span></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Danny-Summerhill-Wins-UCI-CX-Race-in-California.aspx
Sarah Hammer Crowned U.S. Omnium Champion
10/1/2010
<div><strong>Los Angeles, California</strong> - U.S. track star <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> dominated the <strong>U.S. Track Championship Omnium,</strong> winning 5 out of the 6 events and the National Championship. This is another in a string of great performances by the reigning World Champion.<br /><br /> <div> </div> <div>Once again riding the Felt <a href="../../USA/2011/Track/Track-Series/TK1-Frame.aspx">Tk1</a>, Sarah Hammer proved that she is at the top of the women's track racing scene. She scored victories in the Flying Lap (250m), Points Race, Elimination Race, Individual Pursuit (3000m), and Scratch Race and took Second in the Time Trial (500m). </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sarah-Hammer-Crowned-U-S-Omnium-Champion.aspx
Millar Scores Silver at Worlds TT!
9/30/2010
<div><strong>Australia </strong>— British veteran <strong>David Milla</strong>r rode his <a href="../../USA/2011/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/DA.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA</a> to a <strong>silver medal</strong> in the <strong>elite men’s time trial</strong> at the <strong>2010 UCI Road World Championships</strong> in Melbourne, Australia. <br /> <br /> Millar started his race strong, laying down the fastest opening spit on the 45.8-kilometer course. Starting fifth from last, he was the first rider to break the hour mark, with a time of 59:11.94. In the end, the Garmin-Transitions rider finished just over a minute behind Swiss rider Fabian Cancellara, who captured his fourth World Championship gold in the time trial.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-Scores-Silver-at-Worlds-TT-.aspx
Middaugh crowned U.S. XTERRA Champ
9/27/2010
<div><strong>Utah</strong> — <strong>Felt-sponsored </strong>multisport athlete <strong>Josiah Middaugh</strong> was crowned the <strong>2010 U.S. XTERRA Champion</strong> at the XTERRA USA Championships in Ogden, Utah. It was the final race of the off-road triathlon series' U.S. Pro Series.</div> <div> <div> </div> <div>"The pro field in Ogden was the strongest I have seen so far this year, and although the race felt like a struggle I pressed hard the whole way and was able to secure a top 3 finish for my 6th time in as many races," Middaugh said.</div> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Middaugh-crowned-U-S-XTERRA-Champ.aspx
Farrar Wins Vuelta Finale!
9/19/2010
<div> <p><em>Spain </em>— <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>sprinter<strong> Tyler Farrar</strong> scored a <strong>huge win </strong>on Sunday, outsprinting Mark Cavendish to emerge the champion of the final stage of the Vuelta a España in Madrid. </p> <p>Three weeks of intense racing concluded with a short, fast circuit race in front of a large crowd in central Madrid. Farrar put himself in position in the final corner and then launched ahead on his <a href="../../USA/2011/Road/F-Series/F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> with 100 meters to go. He powered away from Cavendish, who finished second, and Australian Allan Davis, who was third</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Wins-Vuelta-Finale-.aspx
Farrar 2nd at Vuelta Stage 19
9/17/2010
<div><strong>Spain </strong>— <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>scored big points in the sprinters’ classification with a <strong>second-place </strong>finish in Friday’s<strong> Stage 19 of the Vuelta a España. </strong>Farrar powered across the line on his<a href="../../USA/2011/Road/F-Series/F1.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1 </a>just behind Belgian Philippe Gilbert in the 231km stage from Piedrahita to Toledo. The American now sits second overall in points with two days remaining in the season’s final grand tour.</div> <div> </div> <div>Farrar has been consistently near the front in the sprint stages of this year’s Vuelta and now trails points leader Mark Cavendish by 12 points (136 to 124). <br /> <br /> The Garmin-Transitions team’s <strong>GC leader Tom Danielson</strong> maintained his top-10 standing on Friday. The American, who rode well in the mountains and in Wednesday’s time trial, is eighth overall. <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-2nd-at-Vuelta-Stage-19.aspx
Ryder Just Misses Podium in Québec
9/10/2010
<div><em>Canada</em><strong> </strong>— <strong>Ryder Hesjedal</strong> accomplished his goal of animating Friday’s <strong>Grand Prix de Cycliste de Québec</strong>, a one-day ProTour race in Québec City, Canada. The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider just missed the podium, finishing fourth and taking the honor of being the <strong>top North American. </strong><br /> <br /> Hesjedal emerged as a top GC rider at this year’s Tour de France, where he finished seventh overall. He was motivated to put on a good show at two ProTour races in Canada, Friday's Grand Prix de Cycliste de Québec and the upcoming Grand Prix Cycliste de Montreal on Sunday. <br /> <br /> Hesjedal initiated a move in the final lap of the hilly circuit in Québec City, dashing ahead on his <a href="../../USA/2011/Road/F-Series/F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1.</a> He was joined by a small group, and Frenchman Thomas Voeckler took the win.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Ryder-Just-Misses-Podium-in-Qu-bec.aspx
MTB Star Litscher Will Ride Felt in 2011
9/8/2010
<div> <p><em>Germany</em> — The <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic</strong> World Cup mountain bike team announced today the signing of Swiss cross-country talent <strong>Thomas Litsche</strong>r for 2011. The 21-year-old won a <strong>silver medal </strong>in the <strong>Under-23 </strong>XC race at <strong>World Championships </strong>in Canada last week and is considered one of the sport’s rising stars. </p> <p>“We had great interest in him last year, however his commitments with the MIG team lasted through 2010,” said team director <strong>Jorg Scheiderbauer. </strong></p> <p>Scheiderbauer said he sees great potential in Litscher. In addition to winning silver at the Worlds in Mont-Sainte-Anne, Québec, last weekend, he was also part of the <strong>winning Swiss team </strong>in the team relay. </p> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/MTB-Star-Litscher-Will-Ride-Felt-in-2011.aspx
Wealing Rides Felt to XTERRA Mexico Win!
9/6/2010
<div><em>Mexico</em> — Felt-sponsored multisport athlete <strong>Seth Wealing won</strong> the <strong>XTERRA Mexico Championship</strong> on Saturday, repeating his 2009 win at the off-road triathlon in Valle de Bravo.</div> <div> </div> <div>Wealing, who lives in Boulder, Colorado, mastered the slippery, muddy bike course on his <strong>Felt Nine.</strong> He chased South African Dan Hugo, finishing 1 minute behind, and then surged ahead on the run to take the win. <br /><br />“The first lap [of the bike] was pretty hectic with Dan Hugo, Francisco Sorono and I racing tight,” Wealing said. “The second lap was incredibly slippery and muddy, and I focused on making sure to make no mistakes and avoid crashes.” <br /></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wealing-Rides-Felt-to-XTERRA-Mexico-Win-.aspx
Carey Captures NUE Title with Win in Virginia
9/6/2010
<div><em>Virginia </em>—<strong> Amanda Carey </strong>of the <strong>Kenda/Felt</strong> mountain bike team won the Shenandoah 100 off-road marathon race on Sunday, capping off an incredible 2010 season that saw her win four National Ultra Endurance races. <br /> <br /> Sunday’s win in Virginia gave Carey the overall title in the NUE series. She was four-for-four in the series, winning each of the races she entered. Carey faced all kinds of conditions throughout the year, riding her <strong>Felt Nine </strong>and <strong>Felt Virtue </strong>race bikes to wins on muddy courses and dry courses across the nation.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Captures-NUE-Title-with-Win-in-Virginia.aspx
Farrar Sprints to Victory at Vuelta!
9/1/2010
<div><em> <div><em>Spain </em>— <strong><span style="font-style: normal;">Tyler Farrar </span></strong><span style="font-style: normal;">sprinted to </span><strong><span style="font-style: normal;">victory i</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">n Stage 5 of the</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"> Vuelta a España </span></strong><span style="font-style: normal;">Wednesday, powering his </span><strong><span style="font-style: normal;">Felt F1 </span></strong><span style="font-style: normal;">past Koldo Fernandez and Mark Cavendish to take the win in the 199km stage from Guadix to Lorca. <br /><br />Farrar's seventh win of the season came a day after he was almost forced to abandon the race with a stomach bug. The win also made him a co-leader in the points competition; he is now tied with Spaniard Igor Anton. </span></div> <div><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></div> <div><span style="font-style: normal;">A breakaway formed early in the stage and was caught by the chasing sprinters’ teams, including Farrar’s Garmin-Transitions squad, in the approach to the finish. Cavendish made his move first in the final sprint, but Farrar rocketed past to take the win.</span></div> </em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Sprints-to-Victory-at-Vuelta-.aspx
Smith, Bell Clean Up at Canadian Track Nationals
8/29/2010
<p>Felt riders had a major impact at the 2010 Canadian Track National Championships in Bromont, Quebec, this weekend, with <strong>Zach Bell</strong> and <strong>Travis Smith</strong> taking home a handful of national titles on their <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/TRACK/TRACK-Series/TK1-Frameset.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> bikes.</p> <p>Bell, racing for Team British Columbia, <strong>won the omnium, </strong>taking home national titles in the <strong>individual pursuit</strong>, the <strong>points race,</strong> and the <strong>scratch race</strong> along the way. Bell also won a silver medal with his teammates in the team pursuit.</p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Smith-Bell-Clean-Up-at-Canadian-Track-Nationals.aspx
Strong Ride for Klemenic at MTB World Cup Finals
8/29/2010
<div> <p><em>New York</em> —<strong> Blaza Klemencic </strong>of the <strong>Felt Otztal X-Bionic</strong> mountain bike team finished the 2010 UCI <strong>MTB World Cup Series </strong>on a high note, scoring a <strong>fourth-place</strong> finish at the finals on Saturday in Windham, New York. The Slovenian rode her <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/MOUNTAIN/SIX-Series/SIX-LTD.aspx" target="_blank">Felt Six</a> to her best World Cup finish of the year.</p> <div>The World Cup finals, the first mountain bike World Cup in the U.S. in five years, were held near Albany, New York, one week before the World Championships in Mont-Sainte-Anne, Quebec, Canada.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Strong-Ride-for-Klemenic-at-MTB-World-Cup-Finals.aspx
Garmin-Transitions Ready for Vuelta
8/26/2010
<div> <p><em>Spain </em>— The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team rolls into the final grand tour of the season, the three-week <strong>Vuelta a España</strong>, with a talented lineup including sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong>—on a roll after winning the recent Vattenfalls Classic—and fellow American <strong>Christian Vande Velde (pictured)</strong> who is looking to put injuries and bad luck behind him and finish the season on a high note.</p> <div>Both Farrar and Vande Velde were forced to abandon the Tour de France with injuries sustained in crashes. Vande Velde broke three ribs in a Stage 3 crash and Farrar fractured his wrist and eventually dropped out of the race on Stage 12. While Vande Velde, who also crashed out of the Giro d’Italia in May, says his form isn’t where it typically would be for a three-week tour, he’ll be looking for stage wins and to ride well in Spain. Farrar, too, will be looking to add to his tally of grand tour stage wins.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Georgia-NUE-Event-0.aspx
Carey Wins Georgia NUE Event
8/24/2010
<div> <p><em>Georgia —<strong> </strong></em><strong>Kenda/Felt </strong>mountain bike team rider <strong>Amanda Carey won her third </strong><strong>National Ultra Endurance</strong> series race of the season in Georgia over the weekend, putting her in contention to take the overall series title in less than two weeks.</p> <div>Facing heavy rain and tough, muddy conditions, Carey rode her <strong>Felt Nine </strong>to victory at the<strong> Fool’s Gold 100 in Dahlonega, Georgia</strong>. Heavy thunderstorms and rain turned the trails into sloppy Georgia clay, forcing race organizers to shorten the race. But Carey overcame the challenging conditions, extending her streak of winning every NUE race she has entered this season.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Georgia-NUE-Event.aspx
Bobridge Scores his First ProTour Win!
8/22/2010
<div> <div><em>The Netherlands </em>— <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>rider <strong>Jack Bobridge </strong>scored the biggest win of his career in <strong>Stage 5 of the eight-day Eneco Tour </strong>in The Netherlands on Sunday. The Australian joined a breakaway that lasted nearly all of the 204-kilometer stage and then launched a solo attack in the final 2km to win on his <strong>Felt F1. </strong></div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bobridge-Scores-his-First-ProTour-Win-.aspx
Martin On a Roll, Wins in Italy
8/17/2010
<div> <div><em>Italy —</em> <strong>Daniel Martin</strong> scored a brilliant <strong>win</strong> <strong>in Italy</strong> on Tuesday to give the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team two major victories in one day. Martin, who turns 24 on Friday, followed teammate<strong> Svein Tuft’s </strong>ProTour stage win at the Eneco Tour with a solo victory at the <strong>Tre Valli Varesine</strong> one-day race in Italy.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Martin-On-a-Roll-Wins-in-Italy.aspx
Tuft wins Eneco Tour Prologue!
8/17/2010
<div> <div><em>The Netherlands </em>—<strong> Svein Tuft </strong>of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions t</strong>eam threw down a <strong>convincing win</strong> in Tuesday’s opening time trial of the eight-day <strong>Eneco Tour</strong>. The Canadian National Time Trial Champion rode his all-new <strong>2011 Felt DA to </strong>his <strong>first ever ProTour stage win </strong>in the 5.2km prologue in Steenwijk, The Netherlands.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tuft-wins-Eneco-Tour-Prologue-.aspx
Farrar Repeats in Germany!
8/15/2010
<div> <div><em>Germany</em> — <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team <strong>sprinted to victory </strong>aboard his <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> at the <strong>Vattenfalls Classic ProTour race </strong>Sunday in Hamburg, Germany. Farrar, who also won here last year, became the first rider in the event’s 15-year history to win two in a row.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Repeats-in-Germany-.aspx
Lee Makes History on Felt TK1
8/13/2010
<div> <div><em>Italy —</em> Korean track racer <strong>Hye Jin Lee</strong> scored a breakthrough <strong>victory </strong>on her <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/TRACK/TRACK-Series/TK1-Frameset.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1 </a>bike at the 2010 UCI Junior Track World Championships in Italy on Thursday. Lee won the women’s 500-meter Time Trial with a time of 0:35.479, not far off the mark of a world record.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lee-Makes-History-on-Felt-TK1.aspx
Tuft Wins Tour of Denmark TT
8/7/2010
<div> <div><em>Denmark</em> — Lightning struck twice for the<strong> Garmin-Transition</strong>s team on Saturday. After Dan Martin wrapped up his first ProTour win at the Tour of Poland stage race, <strong>Canadian Svein Tuft </strong>gave the team another major victory when he <strong>won the Stage 5 Time Trial at the Tour of Denmark. </strong></div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tuft-Wins-Tour-of-Denmark-TT.aspx
Martin Wins Tour of Poland!
8/7/2010
<div> <div><em>Poland </em>— <strong>Dan Martin</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team wrapped up his <strong>first ProTour win </strong>Saturday, protecting his lead in the final stage of the seven-day <strong>Tour of Poland. </strong></div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Martin-Wins-Tour-of-Poland-.aspx
Martin Takes Lead at Tour of Poland!
8/5/2010
<div> <div><em>Poland</em> — <strong>Dan Martin</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team took control of the <strong>Tour of Poland</strong> on Thursday, attacking on the final climb of Stage 5 to take the <strong>solo win and the overall race lead. </strong></div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Martin-Takes-Lead-at-Tour-of-Poland-.aspx
Binder Rides Felt to 2nd at TransAlp
7/27/2010
<div> <p class="MsoNormal"><em>Italy</em> — <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic </strong>team rider <strong>Natascha Binder,</strong> along with her teammate Bettina Dietzen, rode to a <strong>second-place overall finish </strong>in the women’s category at the grueling eight-day <strong>TransAlp race</strong>. The marathon off-road race started in Füssen, Germany, and finished in Riva, Italy.</p> <div><em><br /></em></div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Binder-Rides-Felt-to-2nd-at-TransAlp.aspx
Dean 3rd in Paris, Hesjedal 7th Overall
7/25/2010
<div><em>France</em> — The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team finished off a memorable <strong>Tour de France </strong>with a <strong>third-place finish </strong>by New Zealander <strong>Julian Dean</strong> in Sunday’s final stage in Paris. Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesjedal </strong>(pictured) finished safely in the main group, his impressive seventh-place overall placing intact. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dean-3rd-in-Paris-Hesjedal-7th-Overall.aspx
Ryder Time Trials to 7th Overall at Tour
7/24/2010
<div><em>France</em> — Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesjedal</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team continued his breakthrough Tour de France performance with another impressive showing on the penultimate stage. Hesjedal’s strong ride in the Stage 19 time trial—a tough 52km slog through the wind from Bordeaux to Pauillac—lifted him up to <strong>seventh place overall</strong> one day before the finish in Paris. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Ryder-Time-Trials-to-7th-Overall-at-Tour.aspx
Felt Riders Medal at Colorado Xterra
7/21/2010
<div><em>Colorado —</em> Felt-sponsored multisport athletes <strong>Seth Wealing </strong>and <strong>Josiah Middaugh</strong> took home two of the three pro men’s medals awarded at the July 17 <strong>Xterra Mountain Championship i</strong>n Avon, Colorado. Wealing and Middaugh, both riding <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/MOUNTAIN/NINE-Series/NINE-Team.aspx" target="_blank">Felt Nine </a>models, finished <strong>second and third</strong> respectively</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Riders-Medal-at-Colorado-Xterra.aspx
Hesjedal Climbs to Top-10 GC at Tour
7/20/2010
<div><em>France —</em> <strong>Ryder Hesjedal </strong>was supposed to be supporting <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team leader <strong>Christian Vande Velde </strong>on these long, difficult Pyrénéan mountain stages of the 2010 Tour de France, but Vande Velde’s Stage 2 crash and subsequent early exit from the race resulted in a change of plans. Hesjedal is now the team captain in the mountains, and every day the Tour marches toward its finish in Paris, the Canadian is proving more and more capable in the role.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-Climbs-to-Top-10-GC-at-Tour.aspx
Farrar Sprints to Third at Tour Stage 11
7/15/2010
<div> <p><em>France </em>— One day after suffering another team setback at the Tour de France—this time the loss of <strong>Robbie Hunter</strong> who broke a bone in his elbow in a Stage 10 crash—American sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> lifted the Garmin-Transitions team’s spirits again with a <strong>hard-fought third-place finish</strong> in Bourg-les-Valence. </p> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Sprints-to-Third-at-Tour-Stage-11-0.aspx
Bozzone Wins Another Ironman 70.3!
7/13/2010
<div><em>Rhode Island</em>— Felt triathlete <strong>Terenzo Bozzone </strong>continued his hot streak with another <strong>Ironman 70.3 win, </strong>this time in Providence, Rhode Island. Riding the <strong>all-new 2011 Felt DA</strong>, the New Zealander topped a competitive international pro men’s field to take the win with a time of 4:01:15.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-Wins-Another-Ironman-70-3-.aspx
Hesjedal Climbs to 3rd Overall at Tour
7/10/2010
<div><em>France</em> — The <strong>Tour de France </strong>entered the mountains Saturday and the<strong> Garmin-Transitions </strong>team’s top GC man <strong>Ryder Hesjedal</strong> proved up to the task of riding with the big guns. The Canadian finished the 165.5km Stage 7 from Tournus to Station des Rousses safely in an elite group of contenders and moved up to <strong>third place overall.</strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-Climbs-to-3rd-Overall-at-Tour.aspx
Dean Steps Up for Garmin-Transitions
7/7/2010
<div><em>France — </em>With super-sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> still nursing injuries sustained in a Stage 2 crash, Farrar’s lead-out man <strong>Julian Dean</strong> stepped up for the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team on Wednesday’s Stage 4 race from Cambrai to Reims and delivered an impressive <strong>second-place finish.</strong></div> <div><a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx" target="_blank"></a></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dean-Steps-Up-for-Garmin-Transitions.aspx
Hesjedal Lifts Garmin team with Gutsy Stage 3 Ride
7/6/2010
<div><em>France</em> — Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesjedal </strong>gave the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team a much-needed lift on Tuesday with a gutsy, aggressive ride through the fearsome, cobblestone-heavy third stage of the <strong>Tour de France</strong>. Hesjedal went hard from the start, joining a breakaway on his <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 team bike </a>and staying strong all the way to the end of the brutal 213km stage from Wanze, Belgium, to Arenberg Porte du Hainaut in northern France.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-Lifts-Garmin-team-with-Gutsy-Stage-3-Ride.aspx
Millar Flies to 3rd at Tour Prologue
7/3/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands</em> – Veteran British rider <strong>David Millar</strong> got the Garmin-Transitions team off to a speedy start in the 2010 Tour de France, powering his <strong>Felt DA </strong>to a <strong>third-place</strong> finish in the 8.9-kilometer prologue time trial in Rotterdam.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-Flies-to-3rd-at-Tour-Prologue.aspx
Two Garmin Riders Bring Home National Titles
6/29/2010
<div> <p><strong>Canadian</strong> <strong>Svein Tuft</strong> <em>(pictured)</em> and <strong>Brazilian</strong> <strong>Murilo Fischer</strong> led the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team efforts at various National Championships around the world last weekend.</p> <p> </p> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Two-Garmin-Riders-Bring-Home-National-Titles.aspx
Farrar, Vande Velde to lead Garmin-Transitions Tour Team
6/26/2010
<div><em>France </em>– Americans <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> <em>(pictured)</em> and <strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>will lead a deep <strong>Garmin-Transitions squad</strong> at the upcoming <strong>Tour de France</strong>. The nine-man roster was announced for the July 3-25 stage race, and it’s clearly a team that can shoot for both stage wins and a high General Classification. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Vande-Velde-to-lead-Garmin-Transitions-Tour-Team.aspx
Snowsill scores ITU win in Iowa
6/14/2010
<div><em>Iowa</em> – Felt-sponsored triathlete <strong>Emma Snowsill</strong> surged past fellow Australian Emma Moffat to win the <strong>Hy-Vee ITU Triathlon Elite Cup</strong> in Des Moines, Iowa, Sunday. Snowsill put in a strong ride on her <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Fit-Woman/ZW-Series/ZW2.aspx" target="_blank">Felt ZW </a>bike and then a scorching run to win by 16 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Snowsill-scores-ITU-win-in-Iowa.aspx
Bozzone adds Eagleman 70.3 to list of wins
6/14/2010
<div><em>Maryland </em>– New Zealander <strong>Terenzo Bozzone</strong> continued his 2010 hot streak, scoring his <strong>latest wi</strong>n at Sunday’s <strong>Ironman 70.3 Eagleman</strong> in Cambridge, Maryland. The 25-year-old already has three major wins and a handful of podium finishes since partnering with <strong>Felt </strong>at the beginning of the season.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-adds-Eagleman-70-3-to-list-of-wins.aspx
Farrar wins Delta Tour Zeeland
6/13/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands</em> – American <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> showed he still has the sprinter’s form that carried him to two Giro d’Italia stage wins when he won this weekend’s <strong>Delta Tour Zeeland</strong> in The Netherlands. Farrar finished second in two stages, and his Garmin-Transitions team helped him defend the lead to win the overall on Sunday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-wins-Delta-Tour-Zeeland.aspx
Garmin-Transitions tackles Tour de Suisse
6/11/2010
<div><em>Switzerland</em> — With<strong> David Millar </strong>sitting fourth overall at the <strong>Critérium Du Dauphiné </strong>heading into the final two days of the eight-day stage race in France, the other half of the Garmin-Transitions squad is also poised to start another ProTour event, the <strong>June 12-20 Tour de Suisse. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-tackles-Tour-de-Suisse.aspx
Millar rides new DA to 2nd at Dauphiné TT!
6/9/2010
<div><em>France</em> – <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>rider <strong>David Millar</strong> put in a stellar solo effort on the <strong>all-new 2011 Felt DA</strong> to <strong>finish second</strong> in Wednesday’s 49km Stage 3 Time Trial at the <strong>Dauphiné Libéré</strong> stage race in France.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-rides-new-DA-to-2nd-at-Dauphin-TT-.aspx
DeBoom Wins Ironman 70.3 in Hawaii
6/6/2010
<div><em>Hawaii </em>— American triathlete <strong>Tim DeBoom</strong> scored a big win in Hawaii on Saturday, turning in a strong performance on his <strong>Felt </strong>bike to win the Rohto <strong>Ironman 70.3 Hawaii</strong>. DeBoom finished the bike split in pursuit of race leader Matt Lieto and Luke Bell, and then outran his two competitors to take the win.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/DeBoom-Wins-Ironman-70-3-in-Hawaii.aspx
Garmin-Transitions readies for Dauphiné Libéré
6/2/2010
<div><em>France </em>– The<strong> Garmin-Transitions</strong> team announced its lineup for the June 6-13 <strong>Dauphiné Libéré </strong>stage race in France, one of the key preparation events for the <strong>Tour de France</strong> in July.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-readies-for-Dauphin-Lib-r-.aspx
Dean sprints to second at Giro Stage 18
5/27/2010
<div><em>Italy</em> – With <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>double stage winner <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> out of the <strong>Giro d’Italia</strong> in the final days of the three-week race, Farrar’s lead-out man <strong>Julian Dean</strong> made the most of an opportunity to sprint for himself, finishing <strong>second in Stage 18. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dean-sprints-to-second-at-Giro-Stage-18.aspx
Hesjedal wins stage, Zabriskie takes 2nd overall in California
5/23/2010
<div><em>California – </em>The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team finished the <strong>Amgen Tour of California</strong> on a high note as Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesdjedal</strong> <strong>won</strong> a thrilling final stage in Westlake Village (pictured) and <strong>David Zabriskie</strong> hung tough to finish <strong>second overall. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-wins-stage-Zabriskie-takes-2nd-overall-in-California.aspx
Farrar wins again at Giro!
5/18/2010
<div><em>Italy</em> – <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> of the<strong> Garmin-Transitions </strong>team unleashed a powerful sprint on his <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx">Felt F1</a> team bike to <strong>win his second stage of the 2010 Giro d’Italia</strong> in Bitonto, Italy, on Tuesday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-wins-again-at-Giro-.aspx
Zabriskie makes it two big wins in one day!
5/18/2010
<div><em>California –</em> <strong>David Zabriskie </strong>capped off an incredible day for the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team when he <strong>won Stage 2 of the Amgen Tour of California</strong> and took over the race lead in Santa Cruz on Tuesday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-makes-it-two-big-wins-in-one-day-.aspx
Millar moves up to third in epic Giro stage
5/15/2010
<div><em>Italy</em> – Saturday’s epic Stage 7 of the <strong>Giro d’Italia</strong>, which subjected riders to rain and muddy roads in the Tuscany region of Italy, caused much damage to some of the race’s GC hopefuls, but <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider <strong>David Millar</strong> rode brilliantly, moving up to <strong>third place overall. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-moves-up-to-third-in-epic-Giro-stage.aspx
Hammer smashes pursuit world record!
5/12/2010
<div><em>Mexico</em> – American <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> set a new <strong>world record</strong> in the women’s 3,000-meter individual pursuit while competing at the 2010 <strong>Pan American Championships </strong>in Aguascalientes, Mexico.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-smashes-pursuit-world-record-.aspx
Vande Velde crashes, Millar moves up on hectic Giro stage
5/10/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands </em>– Stage 3 of the <strong>Giro d’Italia</strong> was a day of highs and lows for the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team. It was another chaotic stage in The Netherlands, and for the second day in a row crashes played a role in the outcome.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Vande-Velde-crashes-Millar-moves-up-on-hectic-Giro-stage.aspx
Frodeno, Ryf make it a Felt sweep at Seoul ITU!
5/9/2010
<div><em>Korea </em>– Felt triathletes <strong>Jan Frodeno</strong> and <strong>Daniela Ryf </strong>swept round 2 of the Dextro Energy Triathlon <strong>ITU World Championship Series</strong> in Seoul, Korea on Saturday, May 8.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Frodeno-Ryf-make-it-a-Felt-sweep-at-Seoul-ITU-.aspx
Farrar breaks through at Giro!
5/9/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands </em>– <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team survived a day of crashes, including one that took him down with less than 50 kilometers to go, to <strong>win a wild Stage 2 of the Giro d’Italia </strong>in The Netherlands on Sunday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-breaks-through-at-Giro-.aspx
Garmin-Transitions ready for Giro
5/5/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands </em>— The <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team is set to race the first grand tour of the season, the three-week <strong>Giro d’Italia</strong>, which kicks off in <strong>Amsterdam</strong> this Saturday, May 8. Look for the team to be where the action is from start to finish, contesting sprints, time trials and the high alpine stages on their <strong>Felt bikes</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-ready-for-Giro.aspx
Kenda-Felt pulls off weekend hat trick!
4/26/2010
<div>The <strong>Kenda-Felt Mountain Bike Team</strong> had an amazing weekend, scoring three wins in three states.<strong> Amanda Carey, Andy Schultz </strong>and <strong>Colin Cares</strong> all stood atop podiums after winning on their Felt bikes.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kenda-Felt-pulls-off-weekend-hat-trick-.aspx
Bozzone tops stacked field at Ironman 70.3 Texas
4/25/2010
<div><em>Texas </em>— Felt-sponsored triathlete <strong>Terenzo Bozzone </strong>scored his biggest win of the 2010 season, beating a stacked men’s field to <strong>take the title</strong> at Sunday’s <strong>Memorial Herrman Ironman 70.3 Texas </strong>in Galveston. As the inaugural U.S. Pro Ironman 70.3 Championship, the event featured many of the sport's top stars.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-tops-stacked-field-at-Ironman-70-3-Texas.aspx
Fairly scores solo win at Battenkill
4/19/2010
<div><em>New York —</em> <strong>Caleb Fairly</strong> of the <strong>Holowesko Partners-Felt </strong>Under-23 team scored a big win at the <strong>UCI-ranked Tour of the Battenkill </strong>race in New York on Sunday. The 23-year-old joined a small break and then powered his <strong>Felt F1 team bike </strong>to an impressive solo win, dropping former 2006 Tour de France winner Floyd Landis on the final climb to win the tough 124-mile race that includes plenty of rugged dirt roads in upstate New York.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Fairly-scores-solo-win-at-Battenkill.aspx
Hesjedal rides to 2nd at Amstel Gold
4/18/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands </em>— Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesjedal </strong>rode his <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx">Felt F1 SL</a> to an impressive second-place finish at the 257-kilometer <strong>Amstel Gold Race</strong>, the first of the three Ardennes Classics, on Sunday. It was the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>rider’s top finish ever at a Classic and the latest in a string of breakthrough performances that included his first grand tour stage victory in Spain last summer.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-rides-to-2nd-at-Amstel-Gold.aspx
Bozzone scores second at New Orleans 70.3
4/18/2010
<div><em>New Orleans — </em><strong>Terenzo Bozzone </strong>laid down a sizzling bike leg in the <strong>Oschner Ironman 70.3 in New Orleans </strong>on Sunday to finish <strong>second.</strong> A new addition to Felt’s stable of triathletes, Bozzone survived the hot, humid conditions to rack up another stellar result. He also finished second at Ironman New Zealand earlier this season.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-scores-second-at-New-Orleans-70-3.aspx
See you at Sea Otter!
4/16/2010
<div><em>California </em>— If you happen to be one of the eight thousand plus people flocking to Laguna Seca Raceway for this week's <strong>Sea Otter Classic </strong>in Monterey, California, this week, be sure to stop by the <strong>Felt booth</strong>. Check out the latest models or test ride a Felt road or mountain bike and receive a <strong>free Felt T-shirt. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/See-you-at-Sea-Otter-.aspx
Farrar On a Roll in Belgium!
4/7/2010
<div><em>Belgium</em>—<strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider<strong> Tyler Farrar </strong>kept his hot streak alive, sprinting to his<strong> second major win</strong> in Belgium in a week. Farrar powered past some of the world’s fastest sprinters on his<a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1</a> to take the <strong>victory in the 98th Schelderprijs</strong>, a 204.5-kilometer midweek Semi-Classic.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-On-a-Roll-in-Belgium-.aspx
Farrar, Millar lead impressive Flanders showing
4/5/2010
<div><em>Belgium—</em>American <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> overcame two crashes and battled to a valiant<strong> fifth-place </strong>finish at Sunday’s <strong>Tour of Flanders </strong>Spring Classic in Belgium. Farrar’s top-five, his best-ever finish at Flanders, highlighted a great day of racing by the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Millar-lead-impressive-Flanders-showing.aspx
Big win for Farrar at De Panne!
4/1/2010
<div><em>Belgium —</em> <strong>Tyler Farrar,</strong> the star sprinter of the<strong> Garmin-Transitions</strong> team, made his first win of the 2010 season a big one, scoring a <strong>major victory on the cobblestone streets of De Panne,</strong> Belgium. Farrar outsprinted the field on his <strong>Felt F1 team bike </strong>to win the 112-kilometer Stage 3a at Three Days of De Panne.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Big-win-for-Farrar-at-De-Panne-.aspx
Millar completes Garmin sweep at De Panne!
4/1/2010
<div><em>Belgium— </em><strong>David Millar </strong>won the final stage time trial at the <strong>Three Days of De Panne</strong> stage race Thursday, completing an incredible day for <strong>Garmin-Transitions,</strong> in which they took <strong>three wins:</strong> <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> sprinted to victory in the morning’s road stage, then Millar won both the<strong> final stage</strong> and the <strong>overall. <br /></strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-completes-Garmin-sweep-at-De-Panne-.aspx
Millar battles to top-five at De Panne
3/31/2010
<div><em>Belgium —</em> A gutsy ride in terrible conditions at the <strong>Three Days of De Panne</strong> stage race put <strong>Garmin-Transitions rider David Millar</strong> in fourth place overall with one day to go in the three-day race. Millar fought off the rain and finished in a chase group 41 seconds behind the day’s winner, Frenchman Sebastian Turgot, and now sits poised to make a run at the overall win on Thursday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-battles-to-top-five-at-De-Panne.aspx
Kenda/Felt kicks off Pro XCT in California
3/29/2010
<div><em>Fontana, California — </em>The <strong>Kenda/Felt Mountain Bike Team</strong> kicked off its 2010 USA <strong>Cycling Pro XCT </strong>campaign in Southern California last weekend with some consistent top-20 finishes in the men’s race and women’s pro events at the U.S. Cup in Fontana.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kenda-Felt-kicks-off-Pro-XCT-in-California.aspx
Millar wins Criterium International TT stage!
3/28/2010
<div><em>France — </em><strong>David Millar </strong>of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team proved he’s still one of the best riders in the world against the clock, powering his <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/DA.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA TT bike</a> to victory at the final stage of <strong>Criterium International</strong> in Corsica Sunday. Millar beat two-time Tour de France champion Alberto Contador, who finished second, plus a long list of other top pros including American Lance Armstrong.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-wins-Criterium-International-TT-stage-.aspx
Hammer Wins Gold at Track Worlds!
3/24/2010
<div><em>Denmark - </em>American <strong>Sarah Hammer </strong>won the <strong>Women’s Individual Pursuit </strong>competition at the 2010 UCI Track <strong>World Championships </strong>in Copenhagen, Denmark, Wednesday. Hammer rode her <strong>Felt bike </strong>to a winning time of 3:28.601, crushing her nearest competitors by nearly 4 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-Gold-at-Track-Worlds-.aspx
Van der Ploeg Takes U-23 title at Oceania Championship
3/22/2010
<div><em>New Zealand </em>— Australian <strong>Paul Van der Ploeg </strong>of the <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic</strong> World Cup Mountain Bike Team made it two major wins in two consecutive weeks. A week after winning the Under-23 Australian Cross-country Series Championship, Van der Ploeg won the <strong>U-23 Oceania Continental XC Championship </strong>in Dunedin, New Zealand.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-der-Ploeg-Takes-U-23-title-at-Oceania-Championship.aspx
Van der Ploeg scores big win for Felt Ötztal X-Bionic MTB Team
3/16/2010
<div><em>Australia — </em>Australian <strong>Paul Van der Ploeg </strong>of the <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic World Cup Mountain Bike Team </strong>showed he’s in top form at last weekend’s<strong> Australian National Mountain Bike Series Finals.</strong> The 21-year-old scored a win in the <strong>Elite Men's Short Track event</strong>, which tied him with Olympian Dan McConnell atop the overall season standings.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-der-Ploeg-scores-big-win-for-Felt-tztal-X-Bionic-MTB-Team.aspx
Millar battles to maintain top-10 at Paris-Nice
3/13/2010
<div><em>France —</em> The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team’s <strong>David Millar </strong>put in another hard effort Saturday to maintain his top-10 GC position at the <strong>Paris-Nice</strong> stage race. The Scot’s teammates did the lion’s share of the work to pull back a dangerous break in the mountainous Stage 6, the hardest yet in the eight-day race that finishes in Nice on Sunday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-battles-to-maintain-top-10-at-Paris-Nice.aspx
Felt partners with Mafia Racing again in 2010
3/11/2010
<div><strong>Felt Bicycles </strong>is proud to announce it is continuing its sponsorship of the <strong>Mafia Racing off-road team</strong> in 2010. The Colorado-based Mafia Racing program started in 2007 and has grown each year to extend its reach to the national level while still remaining true to its grassroots community-based focus.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-partners-with-Mafia-Racing-again-in-2010.aspx
Strong start for Garmin-Transitions at Paris-Nice
3/7/2010
<div><em>France — </em>The <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>squad kicked off the most important stage race so far this season with British veteran <strong>David Millar</strong> scoring a top-10 in the prologue at <strong>Paris-Nice</strong>. Millar rode his <strong>Felt DA TT</strong> bike to a seventh-place finish in the 8-kilometer time trial outside of Paris.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Strong-start-for-Garmin-Transitions-at-Paris-Nice.aspx
Bozzone scores second place at Ironman New Zealand
3/6/2010
<div><em>New Zealand —</em> <strong>Terenzo Bozzone</strong> made his first Ironman competition on a<strong> Felt </strong>bike one to remember, finishing a strong second at Saturday’s <strong>Ironman New Zealand. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-scores-second-place-at-Ironman-New-Zealand.aspx
Hunter wins again, holds Tour of Murcia lead
3/4/2010
<div><em>Spain</em> — South African sprinter <strong>Robbie Hunter</strong> made it two-for-two, winning Thursday’s second stage of the <strong>Tour of Murcia</strong> in Spain, and keeping the leader’s jersey in the hands of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> squad for another day.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hunter-wins-again-holds-Tour-of-Murcia-lead.aspx
Hunter sprints to win in Spain!
3/3/2010
<div><em>Spain</em> — It didn’t take the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team’s newly signed sprinter <strong>Robbie Hunter</strong> long to make a splash. The 32-year-old South African delivered a big win to the team Wednesday, rocketing to <strong>victory </strong>at the opening stage of the <strong>Tour of Murcia </strong>on his Felt F1 SL team bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hunter-sprints-to-win-in-Spain-.aspx
Farrar scores podium at Het Nieuwsblad
2/27/2010
<div><em>Belgium —</em> <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>rider <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> kicked off his 2010 Spring Classics campaign with a strong third-place finish at <strong>Omloop Het Nieuwsblad (formerly Het Volk)</strong> on Saturday. Racing on Belgian cobblestones for the first time this season, Farrar charged to the front of a chase group near the end of the 204-kilometer race, scoring the final podium spot behind Spaniard Juan Antonio Flecha and German Heinrich Haussler.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-scores-podium-at-Het-Nieuwsblad.aspx
Meyer finishes strong at Tour of Oman
2/19/2010
<div><em>Oman</em>—Australian Time Trial National Champion <strong>Cameron Meyer</strong> showed off his considerable talent for racing against the clock with a <strong>third-place</strong> finish against some of the world’s top pros in Friday’s final stage of the <strong>Tour of Oman</strong>. The 22-year-old Garmin-Transitions rider finished just behind Time Trial World Champion Fabian Cancellara to take the final podium spot and move up to third place overall in the final GC standings.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Meyer-finishes-strong-at-Tour-of-Oman.aspx
Farrar second at Stage 2 in Oman
2/15/2010
<div><em>Oman—</em><strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> scored another second place on his <strong>Felt F1</strong> in the Persian Gulf Monday, this time at Stage 2 of the <strong>Tour of Oman</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-second-at-Stage-2-in-Oman.aspx
Farrar finishes strong at Tour of Qatar
2/12/2010
<div><em>Qatar—</em><strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> finished the week strong at the <strong>Tour of Qatar </strong>stage race, barely missing the victory with a second-place in Friday’s final stage from Al Wakra to Doha Cornich.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-finishes-strong-at-Tour-of-Qatar.aspx
Felt, Garmin introduce limited edition AR5 with Garmin Edge 500
2/10/2010
<div><strong>Felt</strong> has partnered with <strong>Garmin</strong> on an exclusive new promotion. A limited edition <strong><a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/AR-Series/AR5.aspx" target="_blank">Felt AR5</a></strong> model—unavailable until now and available only through this promo—will be offered as a special package that includes the new <strong>Garmin Edge 500</strong> GPS-based cycling computer at no additional price.</div> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Garmin-introduce-limited-edition-AR5-with-Garmin-Edge-500.aspx
Felt partners with Kenda USA Mountain Bike Team
2/9/2010
<div><strong>Felt Bicycles</strong> has partnered with <strong>Kenda USA </strong>to become the official bike for the <strong>Kenda-Felt</strong> mountain bike team in 2010. The team’s four riders—<strong>Colin Cares, Amanda Carey, Judy Freeman</strong> (shown) and <strong>Andy Schultz</strong>—will compete in a variety of national and international cross-country and endurance events. The riders will have their choice of several different Felt models including the <strong>Nine Team, </strong>Felt’s flagship carbon fiber 29-inch hardtail.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-partners-with-Kenda-USA-Mountain-Bike-Team.aspx
Garmin-Transitions 2nd at Qatar opening TTT
2/7/2010
<div><em>Qatar —</em> The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> squad opened the <strong>Tour of Qatar</strong> stage race on a high note, finishing second in Sunday’s <strong>Team Time Trial</strong>. On a typically blustery day in Qatar, which sits on the northern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, the team covered the 8.2-kilometer course in 9:49, 8 seconds behind the first-place Team Sky.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-2nd-at-Qatar-opening-TTT.aspx
Garmin-Transitions squad readies for sprinters' battle at Tour of Qatar
2/5/2010
<div><strong>Garmin-Transitions’</strong> lead sprinter, American <strong>Tyler Farrar,</strong> will test his early-season form in the Persian Gulf this week, as he kicks off his 2010 season with the <strong>Tour of Qatar </strong>stage race. The roads of this six-day race, which starts with a team time trial on Sunday, are mostly flat with the main challenge being the punishing winds that buffet this area on the northern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transition.aspx
Garmin-Transitions wraps up 2010 pre-season camp
2/1/2010
<div>January is training camp season for pro road teams, and the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>squad just wrapped up a two-week camp in Spain. Riders tested out <strong>new <span id="lw_1265049208_0" class="yshortcuts">Felt bikes</span></strong>, endured a bit of rain, and put in some long miles together as they got reacquainted before the 2010 season heats up.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-wraps-up-2010-pre-season-camp.aspx
Come See Felt at San Diego TriExpo
1/29/2010
<div>The winter’s biggest triathlon gathering is happening right now in San Diego, and Felt is here in full force. The first-ever <strong>TriExpo </strong>is being held at the <strong>Hilton San Diego Resort & Spa Friday and Saturday</strong> (hours below), so if you’re in the area stop by for a look at the latest Felt triathlon and road bikes and gear.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Come-See-Felt-at-San-Diego-TriExpo.aspx
Hammer awarded USOC Athlete of the Month
1/25/2010
<div>The <strong>United States Olympic Committee</strong> selected track cyclist <strong>Sarah Hammer </strong>as its female A<strong>thlete of the Month</strong> for December. Hammer, a two-time World Champion and Felt-sponsored rider, collected <strong>gold and silver medals</strong> at the UCI<strong> Track Cycling World Cup</strong> in Cali, Colombia, in December.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-awarded-USOC-Athlete-of-the-Month.aspx
Bell Scores Two Gold Medals in Beijing!
1/23/2010
<div>Canadian<strong> Zach Bell</strong> rode his <strong>Felt TK1</strong> to <strong>two wins </strong>at the final round of the <strong>UCI World Cup Track Series </strong>in <strong>Beijing.</strong> Bell, who just switched to Felt a few short weeks ago, won both the <strong>points race </strong>and the <strong>scratch race </strong>in Beijing.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bell-Scores-Two-Gold-Medals-in-Beijing-.aspx
Hunter sprints to fourth Down Under
1/20/2010
<div><em>Australia — </em>The 2010 <strong>ProTour</strong> season is underway in Australia, and South African <strong>Robbie Hunter,</strong> a new recruit to the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team, was in the finishing mix in the first two stages of the <strong>Santos Tour Down Under.</strong> Hunter, picked up from the South African team Barloworld to give the team’s American sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>an ace lead-out man, <strong>finished fourth</strong> in Wednesday’s second stage in Australia.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hunter-sprints-to-fourth-Down-Under.aspx
Felt Ötztal X-Bionic signs two MTB marathon talents
1/14/2010
<div>The <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic</strong> World Cup mountain bike team announced two new athlete signings that will strengthen and diversify the team’s efforts to shine in all of the disciplines of off-road endurance racing. <strong>Caroline Schiff (GER) and Vladi Riha (CZE) </strong>specialize in the longer marathon events and will focus on races such as the European Marathon Championships.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-tztal-X-Bionic-signs-two-MTB-marathon-talents.aspx
Tri World Champ Bozzone signs with Felt
1/12/2010
<div><strong>Felt Bicycles </strong>is pleased to announce the addition of <strong>2008 Ironman 70.3 World Champion Terenzo Bozzone</strong> to its lineup of talented Olympic and World Champion triathletes. The 24-year-old New Zealander will ride Felt bikes, including the <strong>DA triathlon bike</strong> and <strong>AR aerodynamic road bike, in 2010 and beyond. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tri-World-Champ-Bozzone-signs-with-Felt.aspx
Meyer family strikes again: Travis wins Aussie Road Nats
1/10/2010
<div><em>Australia — </em>Four days after his brother Cameron won the Australian Time Trial National Championship, 20-year-old <strong>Travis Meyer</strong> pulled off an incredible win in the <strong>Men's Australian Road Championship</strong> to give the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team not just one, but two 2010 Aussie National Champs.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Meyer-family-strikes-again-Travis-wins-Aussie-Road-Nats.aspx
Meyer crowned Aussie TT Champ!
1/6/2010
<div><em>Australia — </em><strong>Cameron Meyer</strong> jump-started the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team's 2010 season with a big win Wednesday at the <strong>Australian Time Trial Championship</strong>. Meyer rode his <strong>Felt DA</strong> to victory in Buninyong, Victoria, blitzing the 39-kilometer course with a time of 50:52. He beat second-place finisher John Anderson by 28 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Meyer-crowned-Aussie-TT-Champ-.aspx
Felt partners with UCI World Cycling Centre
1/5/2010
<div><strong>Felt Bicycles</strong> has partnered with the <strong>International Cycling Union (UCI)</strong>, the world governing body of cycling, to supply a full stable of road, time trial, track, mountain and BMX frames to the <strong>World Cycling Centre</strong> in <strong>Aigle, Switzerland.</strong> The architecturally renowned World Cycling Centre opened in 2002 and houses the offices of the UCI staff as well as elite training facilities for Olympic cycling hopefuls from around the world. The WCC also functions as a training center for national-level cycling coaches, team directors and other management roles within the sport.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-partners-with-UCI-World-Cycling-Centre.aspx
Hesjedal receives top honors from Canadian Cyclist
12/31/2009
<div><em>Canada —<strong> </strong></em><strong>Ryder Hesjedal </strong>of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team took two major awards from the online publication <a href="http://canadiancyclist.com/dailynews.php?id=18063" target="_blank">Canadian Cyclist</a> last week. A <strong>stage winner</strong> at the<strong> 2009 Vuelta a España</strong>, Hesjedal was voted as <strong>Canadian Cyclist of the Year. </strong>On top of that, the former mountain bike champion was also named <strong>Canadian Cyclist of the Decade. </strong>Both awards were determined by a reader poll on CanadianCyclist.com.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-receives-top-honors-from-Canadian-Cyclist.aspx
Garmin-Transitions announces 2010 roster
12/27/2009
<div><em>Boulder, CO </em>-- The <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team has officially announced its 2010 roster. Coming off a strong 2009 season, which saw the team place <strong>second overall</strong> in the <strong>Tour de France</strong> with two riders in the top 10, and score <strong>three stage victories at the Vuelta a España</strong>, plus success at the <strong>Tour of Britain</strong> and the <strong>Sun Tour,</strong> the team features <strong>10 Americans</strong> among <strong>a total of 27 riders from eight different countries. </strong>The team will once again race <strong>Felt bikes, </strong>including the <strong>DA time trial bike</strong>, plus team editions of the <strong>F, AR </strong>and <strong>Z series road bikes. <br /></strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-announces-2010-roster.aspx
Summerhill scores U-23 ’cross win in Europe
12/21/2009
<div><em>Belgium — </em>Recently crowned <strong>U.S. Under-23 National Cyclo-cross Champion Danny Summerhill</strong> continued his hot streak in Europe this weekend, winning Saturday’s U-23 category race at the <strong>Lichtervelde </strong>race in Belgium.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Summerhill-scores-U-23-cross-win-in-Europe.aspx
Hammer sets new U.S. pursuit record at Cali World Cup
12/12/2009
<div><em>Cali, Colombia</em> -- Two-time World Champion <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> made a successful return to international track racing with a <strong>win at Round 3 of the 2009-2010 UCI Track World Cup</strong> series in Colombia. Not only did Hammer win the women’s individual pursuit, she set a <strong>new U.S. record</strong> and also a new <strong>track record </strong>at the Cali velodrome.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-sets-new-U-S-pursuit-record-at-Cali-World-Cup.aspx
National Champ!
12/12/2009
<div><em>Bend, Oregon — </em><strong>Danny Summerhill</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Felt</strong> team put in a brilliant ride Saturday to win the <strong>Under-23 title </strong>at the USA Cycling <strong>National Cyclo-cross Championships. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/National-Champ-.aspx
Brrrr… Chilly Cyclocross Nats Underway in Oregon
12/11/2009
<div><em>Bend, Oregon<strong> </strong></em>— A record number of racers and fans is gathering in Bend, Oregon, this weekend for the <strong>2009 USA Cycling Cyclo-cross National Championships</strong>. More than 1,600 racers will compete in sub-freezing, and possibly snowy, conditions</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Brrrr-Chilly-Cyclocross-Nats-Underway-in-Oregon-.aspx
Olympic Champ Frodeno sets new course record at Laguna Phuket
12/9/2009
<div><em><strong>Thailand -- </strong></em>2008 Beijing <strong>Olympic Champion Jan Frodeno </strong>of Germany won the <strong>Laguna Phuket “Race of Legends” </strong>triathlon in Thailand on Sunday. Frodeno set a new course record on his<strong> Felt DA</strong>, crushing the men’s field in what he called a great start to his 2010 season. He beat the old course record by 3:23.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Olympic-Champ-Frodeno-sets-new-course-record-at-Laguna-Phuket.aspx
Summerhill wins U-23 races at USGP Finals
12/7/2009
<div><em><strong>Portland - </strong></em><strong>Danny Summerhill</strong> of the <strong>Holowesko Partners-Felt</strong> team, the Under-23 arm of the Garmin-Slipstream organization, had an impressive weekend of cyclocross racing in Portland, winning the U-23 category in both events of the December 5-6 <strong>Portland Stanley Cup</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Summerhill-wins-U-23-races-at-USGP-Finals.aspx
Wells shows good form leading up to Cyclocross Nationals
12/2/2009
<div><strong>Mafia Racing’s Jake Wells </strong>continued his road to the Cyclocross National Championships with an impressive showing last weekend at the<strong> Jingle Cross Rock</strong> event in <strong>Iowa City, Iowa</strong>. Consistency was the name of the game as the Felt-sponsored racer pulled off a bit of a statistical oddity in Iowa: three sixth-place finishes.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wells-shows-good-form-leading-up-to-Cyclocross-Nationals.aspx
Garmin-Slipstream renamed Garmin-Transitions
11/30/2009
<div><strong>Transitions Optical</strong> has been named the newest sponsor of the <strong>Garmin-Slipstream </strong>ProTour team. The team, which will continue to ride <strong>Felt bikes</strong> in the 2010 race season, will now be named <strong>Garmin-Transitions.</strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-renamed-Garmin-Transitions.aspx
Wells scores podium finish at North Carolina GP
11/24/2009
<div><strong>Mafia Racing’s Jake Wells </strong>scored an impressive podium finish at Sunday's <strong>North Carolina Grand Prix UCI cyclocross race</strong> in Hendersonville, N.C. Wells fared well in the cold, muddy conditions, piloting his <strong>Felt F15X</strong> to third place behind Italian Davide Frattini and Brian Matter, first and second respectively.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wells-scores-podium-finish-at-North-Carolina-GP.aspx
Felt partners with Retül fit systems
11/19/2009
<div>Felt Bicycles<strong> </strong>has partnered with Retül, a state-of-the-art motion capture system that offers bike retailers and fit specialists the ultimate tool for a precision fit. Recognizing that proper fit is essential to attaining the best possible cycling experience for all cyclists, from competitive to recreational, Felt has chosen Retül to help accomplish its goal of offering every Felt customer a better fitting bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-partners-with-Ret-l-fit-systems.aspx
Felt Ötztal X-Bionic MTB team adds more talent for 2010
11/17/2009
<div>The <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic</strong> World Cup mountain bike team continues to sign top cross-country talent as it prepares for its debut in 2010. On Wednesday the team announced the signing of 19-year-old German <strong>Manfred Reis,</strong> one of the top young racers in Europe.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-tztal-X-Bionic-MTB-team-adds-more-talent-for-2010.aspx
Mafia overcomes mud, mechanicals at NACT Boulder
11/2/2009
<div>On a Halloween weekend that saw misfortune plague the Felt-sponsored <strong>Mafia Racing Team</strong> at every turn, the team’s riders persevered to earn top results at the<strong> North American Cyclocross Trophy</strong> races in Mafia’s home state of Colorado. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Mafia-overcomes-mud-mechanicals-at-NACT-Boulder.aspx
Mafia Racing gears up for wintry NACT Cyclocross event
10/28/2009
<div><em><strong>Boulder — </strong></em>The fourth weekend of the <strong>North American Cyclocross Trophy</strong> series lands in Boulder, Colorado—home of the Felt-sponsored <strong>Mafia Racing team</strong>—for two events this weekend, October 31-November 1. Weather is likely to play a factor after an early-season snowstorm dumped more than 12 inches of snow in the region, transforming the normally dry and dusty courses into snow-covered bogs.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Mafia-Racing-gears-up-for-wintry-NACT-Cyclocross-event.aspx
Felt Ötztal X-Bionic MTB team signs German Olympian
10/23/2009
<div>Less than a week after it revealed its first team rider, <strong>Sabrina Enaux</strong> of France, the <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic World Cup mountain bike team </strong>announced a second signing. <strong>Adelheid Morath</strong>,<strong> the 25-year-old German national marathon champion</strong>, is the latest addition to the team.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-tztal-X-Bionic-MTB-team-signs-German-Olympian-.aspx
Garmin extends team sponsorship
10/21/2009
<div><strong>Garmin</strong> announced on Tuesday that it has extended its sponsorship of the <strong>Garmin-Slipstream ProTour team </strong>by three years. Extending the current agreement, which lasts through 2010, Garmin will remain partners with Slipstream through 2013.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-extends-team-sponsorship.aspx
Felt-sponsored MTB team signs top French talent
10/21/2009
<div>The <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic World Cup mountain bike team, </strong>announced last month at the Eurobike trade show, has revealed its first rider signing. The team announced on Wednesday that <strong>French talent Sabrina Enaux</strong> has signed a three-year contract with the team.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-sponsored-MTB-team-signs-top-French-talent.aspx
Wiggins wins overall at Herald Sun Tour!
10/17/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia</strong></em>—<strong>Bradley Wiggins </strong>put the finishing touches on the <strong>Garmin-Slipstream</strong> squad’s dominating performance throughout the Jayco Herald Sun Tour in Australia on Saturday. The Brit, who took over the lead after winning Friday’s time trial stage on his <strong>Felt AR</strong>, defended his lead on Saturday’s final stage in Melbourne to take the overall victory in the weeklong stage race.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-wins-overall-at-Herald-Sun-Tour-.aspx
Wiggins rides Felt AR to Herald Sun Tour win!
10/16/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia —</strong></em> As an Olympic medalist with a long list of major wins to his name when racing against the clock, <strong>Garmin-Slipstream rider Bradley Wiggins</strong> was expected to do some damage in Friday’s decisive time trial stage at the <strong>Jayco Herald Sun Tour</strong> in Australia. Sure enough, Wiggins delivered, employing a secret weapon—his <strong><a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/AR-Series/AR1-Team-Issue.aspx" target="_blank">Felt AR</a>, </strong>the most aerodynamic road bike ever created—to take the win and the overall lead with one stage to go.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-rides-Felt-AR-to-Herald-Sun-Tour-win-.aspx
Sutton makes it three in a row Down Under!
10/15/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia — </strong></em><strong>Chris Sutton</strong> of the Garmin-Slipstream squad made it three in a row on Thursday, winning another stage at the <strong>Jayco Herald Sun Tou</strong>r and extending his hold on the leader’s jersey for another day.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-makes-it-three-in-a-row-Down-Under-.aspx
Sutton moves into lead at Herald Sun Tour
10/14/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia—</strong></em>Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Chris Sutton</strong> scored his second consecutive stage win at the Jayco Herald Sun Tour in Australia on Wednesday, taking over the lead in the seven-day stage race. The <strong>Garmin-Slipstream squad </strong>managed the 164km stage from Warrnambool to Apollo Bay perfectly, putting Sutton in the driver’s seat of the race and keeping GC contenders <strong>Bradley Wiggins</strong> and <strong>Svein Tuft</strong> in striking distance in third and fourth overall.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-moves-into-lead-at-Herald-Sun-Tour.aspx
Sutton Strikes Down Under!
10/13/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia — </strong></em>After narrowly missing victories at the first two days of the <strong>Jayco Herald Sun Tour in Australia</strong>, <strong>Garmin-Slipstream’s Chris Sutton </strong>broke through for the win on Tuesday’s Stage 2 in Warrnambool. Sutton outsprinted fellow Aussies Jonathan Cantwell and Matthew Wilson at the end of a tough 141km stage to take the win.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-Strikes-Down-Under-.aspx
Sutton in the hunt at Herald Sun Tour
10/12/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia—</strong></em>Team <strong>Garmin-Slipstream’s Chris Sutton </strong>narrowly missed victory at Stage 1 of the <strong>Jayco Herald Sun Tour</strong> in his home nation on Monday. The Aussie finished second, edged out at the line by Estonian Jaan Kirsipuu, a four-time stage winner at the Tour de France.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-in-the-hunt-at-Herald-Sun-Tour.aspx
Visit Felt at Outdoor Demo East
10/8/2009
<div><em><strong>Rhode Island — </strong></em><strong>Outdoor Demo East </strong>is underway in <strong>Providence, Rhode Island,</strong> and Felt Bicycles is out in full force. This year organizers of the event, which is entering its second year in Providence, have added two consumer days over the weekend, which will coincide with the <strong>Providence Cyclo-Cross Festival</strong> featuring a UCI-ranked pro race.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Visit-Felt-at-Outdoor-Demo-East.aspx
Farrar takes overall victory at Franco-Belge
10/4/2009
<div><em><strong>Begium—</strong></em>The professional road racing season may be winding down, but <strong>Garmin-Slipstream sprinter Tyler Farrar </strong>hasn’t slowed down a bit. On Sunday the American speedster added another major victory to his incredible 2009 season with a <strong>win at the four-day Franco-Belge stage race. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-takes-overall-victory-at-Franco-Belge.aspx
Watkins Scores Big Win in Colombia
10/4/2009
<div><em><strong>Colombia—</strong></em> Felt-sponsored track racer <strong>Jimmy Watkins </strong>scored a major win on Saturday at the <strong>Gran Caracol de Pista </strong>track event in Colombia. Watkins topped an international field to win the <strong>Men’s Keirin </strong>on Day Three of the race.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Watkins-Scores-Big-Win-in-Colombia.aspx
Ryf rocks LA Triathlon with third-place finish
10/4/2009
<div><em><strong>Los Angeles — </strong></em><strong>Felt-sponsored triathlete Daniela Ryf</strong> of Switzerland posted the latest in a string of impressive performances with a third-place finish at the Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Triathlon on Sunday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Ryf-rocks-LA-Triathlon-with-third-place-finish.aspx
Felt riders score two more U.S. track titles
10/3/2009
<div><em><strong>Los Angeles — </strong></em>Felt-sponsored athletes racked up <strong>two more national titles at the USA Cycling National Track Championships </strong>Friday night. On Day 3 of the competition, <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> scored her second 2009 title with a win in the 3000-meter Individual Pursuit, and <strong>Adam Duvendeck </strong>won the Men’s Match Sprint.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-riders-score-two-more-U-S-track-titles.aspx
Farrar wins again, leads Franco-Belge
10/2/2009
<div><em><strong>France — </strong></em><strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>is looking unbeatable after a <strong>second straight win at the Franco-Belge stage race</strong> on Friday. The 25-year-old <strong>Garmin-Slipstream</strong> rider won the bunch sprint—beating Alexandre Usov of Belarus and Jimmy Casper of France—to take Stage 2 and hold onto the yellow leader’s jersey.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-wins-again-leads-Franco-Belge.aspx
Hammer breaks U.S. team pursuit record at Nationals
10/2/2009
<div><em><strong>Los Angeles — </strong></em>Two-time world champion <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> piloted her <strong>Felt </strong>track bike to another national title at the 2009 USA Cycling National Championships on Thursday. Hammer was part of the winning women’s team pursuit squad, which set a <strong>new national record </strong>on the velodrome at the Home Depot Center in Los Angeles.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-breaks-U-S-team-pursuit-record-at-Nationals.aspx
Farrar kicks off October with a win in Belgium!
10/1/2009
<div><em><strong>France—</strong></em>Team Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> got back to his winning ways with a victory at the opening stage of the <strong>Franco-Belge stage race </strong>on Thursday. Farrar outsprinted Italian Danilo Napolitano and Belgian National Champion Tom Boonen to win the 213km stage from Templeuve to Mouscron, Belgium.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-kicks-off-October-with-a-win-in-Belgium-.aspx
Worlds win offers hint of things to come for Garmin-Slipstream
9/25/2009
<div>Wednesday’s Under-23 World Championship Time Trial race in Mendrisio, Switzerland, offered a glimpse of the future for the Garmin-Slipstream squad. <strong>Jack Bobridge, </strong>a 20-year-old Australian who will ride Felt as a member of <strong>Garmin-Slipstream</strong> next season, handily won the 33.2-kilometer race against the clock.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Worlds-win-offers-hint-of-things-to-come-for-Garmin-Slipstream.aspx
Jones Wins Ironman 70.3 Cancun
9/21/2009
<div>Just three weeks before the Hawaii Ironman World Championships, Australian <strong>Michellie Jones</strong> posted a major victory at the Ironman 70.3 Cancun. The Felt-sponsored Jones was unstoppable, start to finish, in what is considered an important tune-up race before Kona.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Jones-Wins-Ironman-70-3-Cancun.aspx
Millar wins Vuelta TT! Third stage win for Garmin-Slipstream
9/19/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain — </strong></em>Veteran <strong>David Millar </strong>won Stage 20 of the <strong>Vuelta a España</strong> on Saturday, giving Garmin-Slipstream its third stage win of the season’s final grand tour. Millar stormed to victory on his <strong>Felt DA </strong>team bike, covering the 27.8-kilometer course in Toledo with a time of 35:53.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-wins-Vuelta-TT-Third-stage-win-for-Garmin-Slipstream.aspx
Danielson, Garmin-Slipstream teammates to lead U.S. Team at Worlds
9/15/2009
<div>Felt Bicycles will be well represented with the U.S. team competing at the <strong>2009 UCI Road World Championships </strong>later this month in Switzerland. Four of the nine men selected for the elite men’s U.S. team are from the Felt-sponsored <strong>Garmin-Slipstream </strong>squad, including team leader <strong>Tom Danielson.</strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Danielson-Garmin-Slipstream-teammates-to-lead-U-S-Team-at-Worlds.aspx
Zabriskie takes top honors in USA Cycling Professional Tour
9/15/2009
<div>Success at last week’s Tour of Missouri stage race helped propel Garmin-Slipstream’s<strong> David Zabriskie</strong> to the overall individual title in the season-long <strong>USA Cycling Professional Tour standings. </strong>Zabriskie, who won both a stage and the overall title at the Tour of Missouri last week, finished the season with 342 points, enough to best second-place finisher Levi Leipheimer of Team Astana.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-takes-top-honors-in-USA-Cycling-Professional-Tour.aspx
Sutton finishes 2nd at Tour of Britain Stage 4
9/15/2009
<div><strong><em>Great Britain — </em></strong>Midway through the weeklong Tour of Britain, Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Chris Sutton </strong>sits third overall, just 5 seconds behind race leader Kai Reus of The Netherlands.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-finishes-2nd-at-Tour-of-Britain-Stage-4.aspx
Zabriskie Wins Tour of Missouri!
9/13/2009
<div><em><strong>Kansas City, Missouri — </strong></em>Four-time U.S. Time Trial Champion <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> kept the Tour of Missouri title in the Garmin-Slipstream family, capturing the overall win in the seven-day stage race after his teammate and defending champion <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> was forced to abandon earlier in the week following a Stage 1 crash.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-Wins-Tour-of-Missouri-.aspx
Garmin-Slipstream keeps rolling! Sutton wins in Britain
9/12/2009
<div><em><strong>Great Britain —</strong></em> Garmin-Slipstream’s hot streak continues. Following major victories at the Tour of Spain and the Tour of Missouri in the U.S., <strong>Chris Sutton </strong>won Saturday’s opening stage at the Tour of Britain. Sutton battled to victory in a bunch sprint at the finish, besting second-place Italian Michel Merlo to win the 172-kilometer race from Scunthorpe to York.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-keeps-rolling-Sutton-wins-in-Britain.aspx
Another first! Hesjedal wins Vuelta stage
9/11/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain — </strong></em>Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesjedal</strong> rode a brilliant race in Spain on Friday, scoring a dramatic win atop the Alto de Velefique to give<strong> Garmin-Slipstream </strong>its second straight stage victory at the Vuelta a España. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Another-first-Hesjedal-wins-Vuelta-stage.aspx
DZ wins Missouri TT, takes overall race lead!
9/11/2009
<div><em><strong>Missouri —</strong></em> Four-time U.S. Time Trial Champion <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> kept Garmin-Slipstream’s hot streak alive on Friday with a stage win at the <strong>Tour of Missouri.</strong> Zabriskie crushed the field in the hilly 30.5-kilometer time trial in Sedalia, beating second-place finisher Gustav Larsson of Sweden by 30 seconds. It was Garmin-Slipstream’s second major win on Friday, after Ryder Hesjedal’s mountaintop stage win at the Vuelta a España.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/DZ-wins-Missouri-TT-takes-overall-race-lead-.aspx
Come see Garmin-Slipstream stars Vande Velde, Zabriskie at Interbike Outdoor Demo!
9/10/2009
<div><strong>Garmin-Slipstream</strong> stars <strong>David Zabriskie</strong> and <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> (pictured) will be signing posters and autographs at the Felt Bicycles tent at the <strong>Interbike Outdoor Demo </strong>trade event<strong>, September 22 at 2 p.m.</strong> in Boulder City, Nevada.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Come-see-Garmin-Slipstream-stars-Vande-Velde-Zabriskie-at-Interbike-Outdoor-Demo-.aspx
Victory! Farrar lands grand tour stage win in Spain
9/9/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain —</strong></em> Garmin-Slipstream sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> reached a new level in his breakout season by checking off another major career first on Wednesday—his first Grand Tour stage victory. The 25-year-old American sprinted to victory in Stage 11 of the <strong>Vuelta a España</strong> on his <strong>Felt F1</strong> team bike, giving Garmin-Slipstream its first grand tour stage win of the season.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Victory-Farrar-lands-grand-tour-stage-win-in-Spain.aspx
Hesjedal Second at Vuelta Stage 10
9/8/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain — </strong></em>Garmin-Slipstream’s <strong>Ryder Hesjeda</strong>l narrowly missed his first-ever grand tour individual stage win at the Vuelta a España on Tuesday, finishing second after helping drive a successful breakaway to the Stage 10 finish in Murcia.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-Second-at-Vuelta-Stage-10.aspx
Wiggins wins British TT Championship
9/7/2009
<div>Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Bradley Wiggins </strong>put in a crushing performance to win the British Time Trial Championship on his <strong>Felt DA </strong>team bike on Sunday. Wiggins clocked a time of 1:02:15 in the three-lap race in Buckinghamshire, more than two minutes faster than second-place finisher Michael Hutchinson</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-wins-British-TT-Championship.aspx
Felt and Garmin-Slipstream storm Missouri!
9/6/2009
<div>The <strong>Garmin-Slipstream</strong> team and <strong>Felt Bicycles</strong> will be in full force at the seven-day <strong>Tour of Missouri </strong>Stage Race starting Monday in St. Louis. With two strong contenders—defending Tour of Missouri champion <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> <em>(pictured) </em>and recently crowned U.S. Time Trial Champion <strong>David Zabriskie</strong> —the Argyle Armada promises to be a big factor in the race from St. Louis to Kansas City.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-and-Garmin-Slipstream-storm-Missouri-.aspx
Millar second at Vuelta TT
9/5/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain — </strong></em>Garmin-Slipstream’s <strong>David Millar </strong>finished second in Stage 7 of the Vuelta a España on Saturday, posting an impressive ride in the rainy 30-kilometer time trial that started and finished on a Formula One motor racing circuit in Valencia.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-second-at-Vuelta-TT.aspx
One Step Closer!
9/4/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain —</strong></em> Tyler Farrar of the Garmin-Slipstream squad came a little bit closer to his first ever Grand Tour stage victory with a second-place finish in Stage 6 of the Vuelta a España on Friday. Farrar, who has been on a late-summer tear with a series of wins in major European races, finished just behind Friday’s winner Borut Bozic of Slovenia. The finish allowed Farrar to hold onto his fourth place GC standing after six stages.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/One-Step-Closer-.aspx
Lavelle leading Lifetime Fitness Triathlon Series
9/4/2009
<div>Felt-sponsored triathlete <strong>Becky Lavelle</strong> is on a late-summer roll. After winning the Lake Stevens 70.3 in Washington on August 16, she scored a third-place finish at the Chicago Triathlon on August 30. She now leads the Lifetime Fitness Triathlon Series after three of five events</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lavelle-leading-Lifetime-Fitness-Triathlon-Series.aspx
Farrar fourth after 5 stages at Vuelta
9/3/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain — </strong></em>Garmin-Slipstream sprinter Tyler Farrar racked up another top-five finish at the 2009 Vuelta a España on Thursday, finishing fourth in the 174-kilometer Stage 5 from Tarragona to Vinaros. The American now sits fourth overall in the season’s final grand tour, 21 seconds behind race leader Andre Greipel, the winner of Stage 5.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-fourth-after-5-stages-at-Vuelta.aspx
Garmin-Slipstream announces new riders for 2010
9/1/2009
<div>The Garmin-Slipstream team today announced six exciting new additions to its 2010 squad. The new team members consist of experienced veteran professionals and promising young up-and-comers including two-time Under-23 U.S. Time Trial Champion Peter Stetina (pictured above). Read more to find out the details on the talented riders who will be racing Felt bikes in 2010.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-announces-new-riders-for-2010-0.aspx
Farrar remains top-five in Vuelta with fifth-place finish in Stage 2
8/30/2009
<div>Garmin-Slipstream’s <strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>followed up his impressive third-place finish in the opening stage time trial of the Vuelta a España with a fifth place finish in Stage 2 on Sunday. Farrar battled it out with the top sprinters at the end of a 202km stage that was won by German Gerald Ciolek. The American’s fifth-place finish kept him near the top of the GC standings, and he’s now fourth overall, 12 seconds behind race leader Fabian Cancellara of Switzerland.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-remains-top-five-in-Vuelta-with-fifth-place-finish-in-Stage-2.aspx
Zabriskie wins U.S. Pro TT Championships!
8/30/2009
<div><em><strong>Greenville, SC</strong></em> - Aboard his Felt DA, the worlds fastest UCI-legal TT bike, <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong>, aka "Catpain America" rocketed to his fourth consecutive U.S. Pro Time Trial Championship today, his fourth in as many years. DZ crushed a stacked field of U.S. solo-effort specialists in the 33.4K event taking the win in a blistering 39min 37sec, a full 44sec in front of second place finisher Tom Zirbel.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-wins-U-S-Pro-TT-Championships-.aspx
Farrar Third in Vuelta's Opening TT
8/28/2009
<div>American <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong>, fresh off his string of four major race wins in less than a week's time, took an impressive thrid place in today's opening TT in the 2009 edition of the <strong>Vuelta a Espana</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Third-in-Vuelta-s-Opening-TT.aspx
Frodeno Scores World Championship Series Win in Japan!
8/23/2009
<div>Reigning Olympic Triathlon Champion <strong>Jan Frodeno </strong>won the seventh round of the Dextro Energy World Championship Series in Yokohama, Japan, on Sunday. The German made an aggressive attack on his Felt AR on the bike leg, and then surged late in the run to win by 18 seconds over Kris Gemmell of New Zealand and Javier Gomez, the current World Champion from Spain, in the run.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Frodeno-Scores-World-Championship-Series-Win-in-Japan-.aspx
Howes Wins Queen Stage in Utah!
8/22/2009
<div><strong>Alex Howes</strong> of the Felt-Holowesko Partners team is having an incredible summer. On Saturday Howes won the “Queen Stage” of the Tour of Utah, besting some of the world’s best professionals with a victory at the Snowbird Ski Resort in Park City.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Howes-Wins-Queen-Stage-in-Utah-.aspx
Farrar Wins Again! Stage 4 victory is his third in Eneco Tour!
8/22/2009
<div><strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> jetted to another win aboard his Felt F1 Garmin-Slipstream team bike at the Eneco Tour in Belgium on Saturday. It was the 25-year-old sprinting sensation’s third stage win of the eight-day race through Belgium and The Netherlands, and the victory allowed him to solidify his hold on the overall race lead.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Wins-Again-Stage-4-victory-is-his-third-in-Eneco-Tour-.aspx
Farrar Holds Onto Eneco Tour Lead
8/21/2009
<div>Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> maintained his overall lead at the Eneco Tour stage race in Belgium on Friday with a second-place finish in Stage 3. Farrar finished the day with a 10-second GC advantage over stage winner Tom Boonen, now second overall.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Holds-Onto-Eneco-Tour-Lead.aspx
Farrar Strikes Again!
8/20/2009
<div>Super-sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> racked up his second straight win for the <strong>Garmin-Slipstream </strong>squad Thursday at Stage 2 of the Eneco Tour in Belgium. Farrar kept hold of the race leader’s jersey, continuing an amazing week in which he has scored three wins in five days.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Strikes-Again-.aspx
Farrar Takes Over Eneco Tour Lead With Stage 1 Sprint Win!
8/19/2009
<div>Garmin-Slipstream rider Tyler Farrar kept his hot streak alive on Wednesday with a win at Stage 1 of the Eneco Tour stage race in Belgium. The stage win gave the 25-year-old American the overall leader’s jersey in the eight-day stage race through Belgium and The Netherlands.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Takes-Over-Eneco-Tour-Lead-With-Stage-1-Sprint-Win-.aspx
Zabriskie Off to a Strong Start in Utah
8/19/2009
<div>Dave Zabriskie is racing on home turf this week. The resident of Salt Lake City is competing in the Larry H. Miller Tour of Utah without his usual Garmin-Slipstream teammates, and he got off to a smashing start on Tuesday with a second-place finish in the opening stage, a 4.5-kilometer time trial.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-Off-to-a-Strong-Start-in-Utah.aspx
Farrar Second at Eneco Tour Prologue
8/18/2009
<div>Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> got off to a great start at the Eneco Tour stage race on Tuesday, finishing second in the 4.4-kilometer time trial. Farrar, coming off the biggest win of his career at the Vattenfall Cyclassics ProTour race in Germany on Sunday, finished the Eneco prologue in 4 minutes, 56 seconds—one second behind winner Sylvain Chavanel.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Second-at-Eneco-Tour-Prologue.aspx
Lavelle, Jones Finish First and Third at Lake Stevens Tri
8/18/2009
<div>Felt triathletes Becky Lavelle and Michellie Jones dominated the Ironman 70.3 race in Lake Stevens, Washington, over the weekend, finishing first and third respectively.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lavelle-Jones-Finish-First-and-Third-at-Lake-Stevens-Tri.aspx
Farrar Scores Huge Win in Germany!
8/16/2009
<div><em>Germany </em>-- Garmin-Slipstream rider Tyler Farrar scored a huge victory in Germany’s Vattenfall Cyclassics on Sunday, becoming the first American to ever win the international circuit race in Hamburg, Germany.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Scores-Huge-Win-in-Germany-.aspx
Stage win, Overall Podium in Spain Shows Return to Form for Danielson
8/10/2009
<div><em>Spain</em> -- Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Tom Danielson</strong> announced a return to form with a stage win and third-place General Classification finish in the five-day Vuelta a Burgos stage race in Spain this week. Danielson won Saturday’s Stage 4 Time Trial, completing the 15-kilometer course on his <strong>Felt DA</strong> team bike in 17:09. Danielson’s Garmin-Slipstream teammate <strong>Danny Pate</strong> finished the TT second, 10 seconds back.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Stage-win-Overall-Podium-in-Spain-Shows-Return-to-Form-for-Danielson.aspx
Felt-Holowesko Dominates U-23 Nationals
8/3/2009
<div>Led by double national champion Alex Howes, the Felt-Holowesko Partners team dominated the men’s Under-23 U.S. National Road Championships in Bend, Oregon, over the weekend. Howes won both the road race and the criterium, while his teammate Peter Stetina scored his second consecutive U23 national time trial title.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Holowesko-Dominates-U-23-Nationals.aspx
Howes Wins U23 U.S. Road Championship!
7/30/2009
<div>Alex Howes of the Felt-Holowesko Partners team sprinted to the Under-23 Men’s National Road Championship in Bend, Oregon, on Wednesday. Howes won the tough 162-kilometer race on a scorching day with temperatures topping 100 degrees.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Howes-Wins-U23-U-S-Road-Championship-.aspx
Watkins Strikes Gold at Pan Am Championships!
7/29/2009
<div>American track racer Jimmy Watkins won the kilometer time trial at the Pan American Championships in Mexico on Tuesday. Watkins put in an incredible time of 1:01.08 on his Felt TK1 track bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Watkins-Strikes-Gold-at-Pan-Am-Championships-.aspx
Garmin-Slipstream Concludes Supreme Tour in Paris
7/26/2009
<div>The Garmin-Slipstream team rolled into the finish of the 96th Tour de France in Paris on Sunday with a list of major accomplishments from the three-week grand tour. British rider Bradley Wiggins was the revelation of this year’s Tour with his incredible fourth-place finish in the general classification, and American Christian Vande Velde finished eighth, giving Garmin-Slipstream two top-10 finishes in the overall.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-Concludes-Supreme-Tour-in-Paris.aspx
Wiggins Fights for Fourth at Mont Ventoux
7/25/2009
<div><em>France </em>— Garmin-Slipstream rider Bradley Wiggins put on a spectacular show of courage to maintain his fourth place standing on the grueling penultimate stage of the Tour de France on Saturday. Wiggins battled with the world’s best climbers on the summit finish to Mont Ventoux, eventually finishing tenth on the stage with a slim 3-second advantage in the general classification over Luxembourger Frank Schleck.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Fights-for-Fourth-at-Mont-Ventoux.aspx
Wiggins Time Trials to Fourth Overal at Tour
7/23/2009
<div><em>France</em> —The Garmin-Slipstream squad put on an impressive display in Thursday’s time trial stage at the Tour de France. Riding their aerodynamic Felt DA TT bikes, three Garmin-Slipstream riders finished in the top-10 of Stage 18 in Annecy. Brits David Millar and Bradley Wiggins finished fifth and sixth respectively, and American David Zabriskie was tenth.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Time-Trials-to-Fourth-Overal-at-Tour.aspx
Wiggins Defends Third-Place Tour Standing
7/21/2009
<div><em>France </em>— A strong team performance by Garmin-Slipstream’s climbing squad helped team leader Bradley Wiggins hold onto his third-place standing in the Tour de France on a tough day in the Alps Tuesday. Wiggins finished the 159km Stage 16 from Martigny to Bourg-Saint-Maurice in the same group as Astana’s Alberto Contador and Lance Armstrong, first and second respectively in the overall. Spaniard Mikel Astarloza won the stage.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Defends-Third-Place-Tour-Standing.aspx
Wiggins Climbs to Third Overall in TDF!
7/19/2009
<div><em>Switzerland</em> — Garmin-Slipstream rider Bradley Wiggins surprised the contenders in the 2009 Tour de France with an incredible ride in Sunday’s tough Stage 15 race to a summit finish in Verbier, Switzerland. Wiggins finished fifth on the day, 1:06 behind stage winner Alberto Contador of Spain, a result that moved Wiggins up to third overall in the general classification.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Climbs-to-Third-Overall-in-TDF-.aspx
Maaskant Fourth in TDF Stage 14
7/18/2009
<div><em>France </em>— Garmin-Slipstream rider Martijn Maaskant finished fourth in a dramatic Stage 14 of the Tour de France that saw a breakaway group spoil the day for the sprinters. Maaskant, a 25-year-old second-year pro from The Netherlands, was part of a 13-man break that went away just 14km into the 199km stage from Colmar to Besancon.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Maaskant-Fourth-in-TDF-Stage-14.aspx
Movin' On Up
7/17/2009
<div><em>France</em> — Garmin-Slipstream’s two contenders for the overall standings endured a nasty day in the mountains Friday to solidify their top-10 positions in the Tour de France. Stage 13, a 200km race from Vittel to Colmar, was marked by rain and five categorized climbs.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Movin-On-Up.aspx
So Close!
7/15/2009
<div><em>France</em> — Garmin-Slipstream’s young American sprinter came one step closer to his first Tour de France stage victory, finishing just half a bike length behind Brit Mark Cavendish at the end of the 192 km Stage 11 from Vatan to Saint-Fargeau. It was Farrar’s fourth top-five finish in this year’s Tour.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/So-Close-.aspx
Farrar Third at Stage 10 of the Tour de France
7/14/2009
<div><em>France</em> — Proving once again that he has arrived as one of the fastest sprinters in the world, Garmin-Slipstream rider Tyler Farrar finished third in Stage 10 of the Tour de France. The American finished just behind Brit Mark Cavendish and green jersey points leader Thor Hushovd, who were first and second respectively.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Third-at-Stage-10-of-the-Tour-de-France.aspx
Jones Victory Highlights Big Weekend for Felt Athletes
7/12/2009
<div>Felt-sponsored athletes had a busy weekend, scoring wins and podium finishes in triathlons and stage races in the U.S. and Europe. While Garmin-Slipstream riders performed flawlessly in three tough mountain stages at the Tour de France, Felt triathletes posted their own successes in several key North American events.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Jones-Victory-Highlights-Big-Weekend-for-Felt-Athletes.aspx
Wiggins, Vande Velde Top 10 After Two Tough Tour Stages
7/11/2009
<div><em>France</em> – Garmin-Slipstream’s top GC riders Bradley Wiggins and Christian Vande Velde showed solid climbing form in the first two mountain stages of the Tour de France over the last two days. After two consecutive stages in the Pyrenees, Wiggins sat fifth overall and Vande Velde was eighth.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Vande-Velde-Top-10-After-Two-Tough-Tour-Stages.aspx
Millar Just Misses Dramatic Stage Win at Tour
7/9/2009
<div><em>Barcelona, Spain</em> – Garmin-Slipstream rider David Millar came within less than one kilometer of a daring solo victory in a rainy sixth stage of the Tour de France on Thursday. The 32-year-old British veteran helped initiate a four-man break on the day’s second climb, the Côte de Tossa de Mar, and gained a lead of four minutes that put him in the virtual yellow jersey during the 181.5km stage that ventured into Spain for the day.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-Just-Misses-Dramatic-Stage-Win-at-Tour.aspx
Another Top-Five for Farrar at Tour
7/8/2009
<div><em>France</em> – Garmin-Slipstream sprinter Tyler Farrar finished fourth in Stage 5 of the Tour de France on Wednesday. The 25-year-old American contested the final sprint in the 196-kilometer stage from Le Cap d’Agde to Perpignan.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Another-Top-Five-for-Farrar-at-Tour.aspx
Garmin Finishes Second in Tour's Stage 4 Team Time Trial
7/7/2009
<div><em>France </em>– The Garmin-Slipstream team powered its way to an impressive second-place finish in Tuesday’s team time trial stage of the Tour de France. Riding their Felt DA time trial bikes, the Garmin squad completed the 39-kilometer stage in Montpelier in 46 minutes and 47 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Finishes-Second-in-Tour-s-Stage-4-Team-Time-Trial.aspx
Farrar 2nd in TdF Stage 2!
7/5/2009
<div><em>France</em> - <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (USA) took 2nd in the 2009 Tour de France's stage 2, a 187K stage from Monaco to Brignoles which ended in a high-speed bunch sprint. The Garmin team did a fantastic job of delivering Tyler to the line but he could not quite come around eventual stage winner, Mark Cavendish.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-2nd-in-TdF-Stage-2-.aspx
Wiggins 3rd in TdF Stage 1!
7/4/2009
<div><em>Monaco</em> - <strong>Bradley Wiggins (GBR), </strong>who is having a remarkable year by any measure, continued his hot streak with a brilliant 3rd place finish in the 2009 Tour de France's opening stage, a technical 15.5K individual time trial through the streets of Monaco.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-3rd-in-TdF-Stage-1-.aspx
It's Tour de France time!
7/2/2009
<div><em>Monaco</em> - The 2009 Tour de France had its formal team presentation today as the world's greatest sporting event is scheduled to begin this Saturday, July 4th in Monaco. Lead by <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> (USA - left), the Garmin boys were forced into a last minute roster change as Dan Martin was pulled due to a knee injury and replaced by Dutch powerhouse, <strong>Martijn Maaskant</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/It-s-Tour-de-France-time-.aspx
Thompson wins Philly! Snowsill, Frodeno & Ryf all medal in Hy-Vee ITU! Bronze for MJ in Atlanta!
6/29/2009
<div>What a weekend of tri racing! Beginning with Felt's <strong>David Thompson</strong> (USA-left) taking his 3rd consecutive Philly Tri, <strong>Michellie Jones</strong> (AUS) making the podoium in Atlanta, ending with Felt athletes <strong>Emma Snowsill</strong> (AUS), <strong>Daniela Ryf</strong> (SUI) and <strong>Jan Frodeno</strong> (GER) being present in every event at the Hy-Vee ITU World Championship Series event in Des Moines, it was simply spectacular.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Thompson-wins-Philly-Snowsill-Frodeno-Ryf-all-medal-in-Hy-Vee-ITU-Bronze-for-MJ-in-Atlanta-.aspx
Garmin's Tuft and Meier go 1-2 in Canadian National TT Championships!
6/27/2009
<div><em>ST-GEORGE-DE-BEAUCE, Quebec, Canada</em> - Aboard their Felt DA's, the world's fastest UCI-legal TT bike, Garmin strongmen <strong>Svein Tuft</strong> and <strong>Christian Meier</strong> took top honors in this weekend's Canadian Elite Natiional TT Championships.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-s-Tuft-and-Meier-go-1-2-in-Canadian-National-TT-Championships-.aspx
<div>Team Garmin-Slipstream today announced its much-anticipated Tour de France roster.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-s-2009-Tour-de-France-Roster-Set.aspx
Felt's Snowsill and Ryf both podium in Wash DC ITU World Championship Event
6/22/2009
<div><em>Washington DC</em> - Felt's <strong>Emma Snowsill</strong> (AUS - left) and <strong>Daniela Ryf</strong> (SUI) both earned well-deserved places on the podium in Sunday's ITU World Championship series event held in the US capitol. For Emma, the reigning Olympic Triathlete Champion and widely considered the best short distance triathlete in the world, it was a day where she lost time during a very rough swim and had to work hard to make up ground on the bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-s-Snowsill-and-Ryf-both-podium-in-Wash-DC-ITU-World-Championship-Event-0.aspx
Tour de Suisse concludes - Meyer Sixth in Final ITT; Vande Velde is back in Action
6/21/2009
<div><em>Switerland</em> - The 76th running of Pro Tour event the Tour de Suisse concluded today and while Garmin finished outside of the top-10, <strong>Cameron Meyer</strong> (left) did put together a very impressive 6th place finish in today's 39K ITT - just 8 seconds from 3rd - and for <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> the event marked a return to health and the pro peloton.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tour-de-Suisse-concludes---Meyer-Sixth-in-Final-ITT-Vande-Velde-is-back-in-Action.aspx
Three Felt athletes make Top-5 at Escape from Alcatraz Tri!
6/15/2009
<div><em>San Francisco</em> - Felt triathletes <strong>David Thompson</strong>, <strong>Becky Lavelle</strong> and <strong>Michellie Jones</strong> (both left) all raced extremely well at the NorCal multi-sport classic, Escape from Alcatraz over the weekend.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Three-Felt-athletes-make-Top-5-at-Escape-from-Alcatraz-Tri-.aspx
Tyler Farrar wins Delta Tour of Zeeland!
6/14/2009
<div><em>Holland</em> - <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (USA), now known as one of the fastest men in the world, has won the Dutch 3-day Delta Tour of Zeeland (UCI 2.1) in impressive fashion and with the help of some amazing teamwork.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tyler-Farrar-wins-Delta-Tour-of-Zeeland-.aspx
Thompson 4th at Rev3 Triathlon
6/9/2009
<div><em>Middlebury, CT </em>- <strong>David Thompson</strong> raced to an impressive 4th in the 2009 Revolution3 Triathlon on Sunday, a 70.3 affair that included a strong men's field. David had a particularly strong bike leg aboard his Felt DA and tells his tale like this:</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Thompson-4th-at-Rev3-Triathlon.aspx
Wiggins 2nd in Giro Finale!
5/31/2009
<div><em>Italy</em> - <strong>Bradley Wiggins</strong> (GBR), who has impressed the world as he transitioned from track specialist to Pro Tour road rider, took 2nd in the final stage of the 92nd Giro d'Italia, a 15.5K individual time trial through the streets of Rome.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-2nd-in-Giro-Finale-.aspx
Wiggins Top-10 in ITT Stage 12
5/21/2009
<div><em>Italy</em> - Just one day after yet another impressive finish by <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (USA) who came in 2nd in the Giro's Stage 11, <strong>Bradley Wiggins</strong> (GBR - <em>left) </em>uncorked a big ride in Stage 12, a grueling 60.6K individual time trial.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Top-10-in-ITT-Stage-12.aspx
Farrar 2nd in Giro Stage 3 - 2nd Overall!
5/11/2009
<div><em>Italy</em> - <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (USA), who rode to very impressive 5th place finish in yesterday's Giro stage 2, backed it up today with a huge 2nd place in stage 3 of the Giro d'Italia, a 198K effort from Grado to Valdobbiadene. Tyler's 2nd place moved him up to 2nd in the overall, just 8 seconds behind leader Alessandro Petacchi (ITA), and put him in the coveted white "Best Young Rider" jersey.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-2nd-in-Giro-Stage-3---2nd-Overall-.aspx
Garmin 2nd in Giro's opening TTT
5/9/2009
<div><em>Italy</em> - <strong>Garmin/Slipstream</strong> finished 2nd in today's opening 20.5K TTT in this, the 92nd edition of the Giro d'Italia.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-2nd-in-Giro-s-opening-TTT.aspx
Snowsill wins ITU World Cup! Farrar 2nd on last day of Romandie! Stetina impressive at Gila!
5/3/2009
<div>In racing action spanning three continents, Felt athletes are doing what they do best - winning and showing up big! </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Snowsill-wins-ITU-World-Cup-Farrar-2nd-on-last-day-of-Romandie-Stetina-impressive-at-Gila-.aspx
Up Next: Fleche Wallonne
4/21/2009
<div><em>Belgium</em> - With the sping classics now in full effect the Garmin/Slipstream boys can now look to Wednesday's 72nd edition of Belgian mainstay, <strong>Fleche Wallonne</strong> followed by Sunday's <strong>Liege-Bastone-Liege</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Up-Next-Fleche-Wallonne.aspx
Tough Day in Roubaix
4/12/2009
<div><em>France</em> - As the saying goes, the only thing predictable in bike racing is unpredictability. Going into the 103rd edition of the world-famous classic <strong>Paris-Roubaix</strong> Garmin had high hopes, especially in light of strong performances in Flanders and Gent-Wevelgem, but it wasn't to be. Team favorite and leader for the day <strong>Martijn Masskant</strong> (NED) rode extremely well, but with less than 70K to go was involved in an untimely crash and never re-connected as things were already in all-out mode.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tough-Day-in-Roubaix.aspx
Wiggins wins last day in De Panne!
4/2/2009
<div><em>Belgium</em> - On the eve of one of the biggest weeks in the pro racing calendar, Garmin/Slipstream's <strong>Bradley Wiggins</strong> (GBR) has won the final stage - a 14.75K individual time trial - in the prestigious 3-day 33rd edition of the KBC-Driedaagse De Panne-Koksijde. Teammate and <strong>Svein Tuft</strong> (CAN) put in a great ride to take 7th in the same stage. Garmin's one-day specialist <strong>Martijn Maaskant</strong> (NED) was the top finisher at 7th overall.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-wins-last-day-in-De-Panne-.aspx
Pate Takes 2nd in Criterium Internationale!
3/29/2009
<div><em>France</em> - Garmin's <strong>Danny Pate</strong> (USA) has taken 2nd overall in the 78th edition of the 2-day, 3-stage <strong>Criterium Internationale</strong>. This prestegious event holds 2.HC UCI status and was participated in by all the major pro teams.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Pate-Takes-2nd-in-Criterium-Internationale-.aspx
Felt Intl MTB Team takes 3rd Overall in Cape Epic!
3/28/2009
<div><em>South Africa</em> - The Felt Intl MTB team duo of <strong>Emil Lindgren</strong> and <strong>Andi Kugler</strong> finished the 6th edition of the Cape Epic in 3rd overall - a truely amazing finish in an event like non other.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Intl-MTB-Team-takes-3rd-Overall-in-Cape-Epic-.aspx
Zabriskie Finishes Castilla y Leon 3rd Overall!
3/27/2009
<div><em>Spain</em> - Reigning US Pro TT Champ and 2009 Tour of CA 3rd place finisher <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> added another big result to his coffer as he finished up the <strong>2009 Castilla y Leon</strong> 5-day stage race in 3rd overall. Dave is having a brilliant early season and his result in Spain certainlt reinforces that he is more then just a TT specialist. Next up for the Garmin boys is the famed <strong>Criterium Internationale</strong> (FRA) 2-day race, Mar 28-29.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-Finishes-Castilla-y-Leon-3rd-Overall-.aspx
Zabriskie 3rd in Castilla y Leon ITT; Moves into 3rd Overall
3/24/2009
<div><em>Palencia, Spain</em> - Garmin/Slipstream's <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> (USA), who is clearly having a great start to his 2009 season, uncorked a big 3rd place finish in today's Stage 2 of the Castilla y Leon, a 28.2K individual time trial.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-3rd-in-Castilla-y-Leon-ITT-Moves-into-3rd-Overall.aspx
Absa Cape Epic Stage 3
3/23/2009
<div><strong>Felt Team 5th overall! </strong>Stage 3 took the riders from Villiersdorp to Greyton, a 73km route with 1 976m of climbing</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Absa-Cape-Epic-Stage-3.aspx
Absa Cape Epic Stage 2
3/22/2009
<div><strong>Felt international MTB Team 3rd! </strong>The second stage of the most beautiful MTB race in the world started at 7am when it was still dark and with 76& humidity!!!!!! The murderous second stage was of 112 km and with the highest altitude gain of the whole event.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Absa-Cape-Epic-Stage-2.aspx
Martinez 3rd in opening Internazionali d'Italia XC; McConvey takes U23 Win
3/18/2009
<div><em>Città di Montichiari (ITA)</em> - With a third place for <strong>Miguel Martinez</strong> (FRA) in the pro/elite "Internazionali d'Italia" in Montichiari, and the third consecutive victory of <strong>Connor McConvey</strong> (IRL - left) in the U23 category, the FELT International Team posted an impressive early season performance. On the same day, teammate <strong>Paolo Alberati</strong> (ITA) also achieved a important win in his home race with a track record in the "Granfondo Castello di Monteriggioni."</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Martinez-3rd-in-opening-Internazionali-d-Italia-XC-McConvey-takes-U23-Win.aspx
Farrar 2nd in Tirreno-Adriatico's Final Stage; Hesjedal Finishes 8th Overall
3/17/2009
<div><em>San Benedetto del Tronto, ITA</em> - Garmin/Slipstream sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (USA) ended the 44th <strong>Tirreno-Adriatico</strong> with an impressive sprint finish taking second only to Mark Cavendish in today's finale. Tyler, who won Stage 3, has rapidly become a marked man when things get dialed-up and is now mentioned in the same breath as all of the world's fastest finishers.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-2nd-in-Tirreno-Adriatico-s-Final-Stage-Hesjedal-Finishes-8th-Overall.aspx
Farrar wins Stage 3 of Tirreno-Adriatico!!
3/13/2009
<div><em>Santa Croce sull'Arno, ITA</em> - Aboard his Felt F1 Sprint, Garmin/Slipstream’s <strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>won today’s 166K Stage 3 of the prestigious 44th edition of the 7-day Tirreno-Adriatico. Tyler took the sprint ahead of a world-class field including Mark Cavendish, Robbie McEwen and Tom Boonen. It is Tyler’s biggest career win to date and another tremendous victory for Garmin in ’09.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-wins-Stage-3-of-Tirreno-Adriatico-.aspx
Christian Vande Velde wins Stage 4 of Paris-Nice!!
3/11/2009
<div><em>Saint-Etienne, FRA</em> - <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> won today's Stage 4 of Paris-Nice after escaping from his breakaway group and riding solo for the last 20K of the 173.5K stage. It was brillant win for the Garmin/Slipstream pro, one he shared with his new baby daughter as you will se by his finish line celebration! Teammate <strong>David Millar</strong> finished with the group just behind Christian and sits 7th overall.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Christian-Vande-Velde-wins-Stage-4-of-Paris-Nice-.aspx
Wiggins 2nd in Paris-Nice Opening ITT; Millar 5th!
3/8/2009
<div><em>Amilly, FRA</em> - Reigning World and Olympic Pursuit Champion <strong>Bradley Wiggins</strong> (left) opening the <strong>2009 Paris-Nice</strong> in impressive fashion taking 2nd in the opening 9.3K time trial while fellow British countryman <strong>David Millar</strong> took 5th. Amidst a 159 man pro field and aboard their Felt DA's - the world's fastest UCI legal TT bike - the Garmin/Sliptream pros set the tone during a very wet first stage.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-2nd-in-Paris-Nice-Opening-ITT-Millar-5th-.aspx
Zabriskie Finishes 2nd Overall in 2009 ATOC!
2/22/2009
<div><em>Escondido, CA</em> - In front of huge Southern California crowds the <strong>2009 Amgen Tour of California</strong> wrapped an amazing nine days of racing with Garmin/Slipstream's own <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> finishing 2nd overall, just 36 seconds down on winner Levi Leipheimer after almost 31-1/2 hours of total racing.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-Finishes-2nd-Overall-in-2009-ATOC-.aspx
ATOC Stage 7 - Vande Velde in winning break; Zabriskie still 2nd Overall!
2/21/2009
<div><em>Pasadena, CA</em> - Garmin/Slipstream's <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> (left) made the winning break today as ten men seperated themselves from the peloton mid way up the 4900ft climb in the Santa Clarita/Pasadena stage of the Tour of CA.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-7---Vande-Velde-in-winning-break-Zabriskie-still-2nd-Overall-.aspx
ATOC Stage 6 - Zabriskie 2nd; Moves to 2nd Overall!
2/20/2009
<div><em>Solvang, CA</em> - The individual time trial stage in Solvang has become a bit of an institution in the four short years the Amgen Tour of California has existed and today's event proved very exciting and fruitful for the Garmin/Slipstream squad. <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> started the day 3rd overall and in the 15mi "race of truth" aboard his Felt DA, the TT specialist put together a huge ride taking 2nd for the day and moving into 2nd overall!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-6---Zabriskie-2nd-Moves-to-2nd-Overall-.aspx
ATOC Stage 5 - Another Bunch Sprint; Next up Friday's ITT
2/19/2009
<div><em>Paso Robles</em> - The ATOC's longest stage - 135mi from Visalia to Paso Robles - fit the format of the last two days: A long breakaway, enough late action to reel it in at the end, and another high speed dash to the finish. While none of the Gamin/Slipstream boys contested the sprint, it was good enough to keep things in check and get ready for Friday's 15mi Individal Time Trial in Solvang.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-5-Another-Bunch-Sprint-Next-up-Friday-s-ITT.aspx
ATOC Stage 4 - Another Sprint Finish; DZ Remains in 3rd
2/18/2009
<div><em>Clovis</em> - Finally the Amgen Tour of CA experienced some sunshine. The 115mi stage from Merced to Clovis was raced under clear skies and cool weather, and after an active day including a long 3-man break which failed to stick it boiled down to another big rush to the line.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-4-Another-Sprint-Finish-DZ-Remains-in-3rd.aspx
ATOC Stage 3 - Farrar 4th; Zabriskie still 3rd Overall
2/17/2009
<div><em>Modesto, CA</em> - The 104mi ATOC stage from San Jose to Modesto was marked with more rain and cold weather, a small breakaway that got gobbled up in the very end and no significant changes in GC. Garmin/Slipstream sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (center) grabbed an impressive 4th place in the dash for the finish line and <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> held serve to stay in 3rd overall, 28 seconds behind leader Levi Leipheimer.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-3-Farrar-4th-Zabriskie-still-3rd-Overall.aspx
ATOC Stage 2 - Peterson wins!!
2/16/2009
<div><em>Santa Cruz, CA</em> - Aboard his Felt Z1, Garmin/Slipstream’s <strong>Tom Peterson</strong> won today's stage 2 of the <strong>Amgen Tour of CA</strong>, a wet and windy 116mi affair from Sausalito to Santa Cruz! Tom was a part of a long 10-man breakaway that split just after going over the Golden Gate bridge and through San Francisco as the race headed south.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-2-Peterson-wins-.aspx
ATOC Stage 1 - Cold, Wet & Miserable!
2/15/2009
<div><em>Santa Rosa, CA</em> - When the pros come over from Europe and think about riding in California you can bet this is not what they had in mind. The 107mi Stage One from Davis to Santa Rosa was an epic marked by very cold, wet weather and ridden in full winter gear.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-1-Cold-Wet-Miserable-.aspx
Martin finishes 3rd Overall in Med Tour!
2/15/2009
<div><em>France</em> - The <strong>2009 Medeterranean Tour</strong> (2.1 HC) finished up Sunday and defending Irish National Champ and Garmin/Slipstream pro <strong>Dan Martin</strong> walked away with 3rd overall and 1st in the Best Young Rider's competition! At just 22yrs old, most agree this young man has a huge future ahead of him! The whole team rode well to support Dan including <strong>Danny Pate</strong> who came in 5th overall!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Martin-finishes-3rd-Overall-in-Med-Tour-.aspx
Zabriskie 3rd in AToC Prologue
2/14/2009
<div><em>Sacramento, CA</em> - And just like that the <strong>2009 Amgen Tour of CA</strong> is underway! Garmin/Slipstream placed two riders in the top-10 of today's 3.9K Prologue as US National TT Champ <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> (left) grabbed 3rd and Olympic TT Silver medalist <strong>Svein Tuft</strong> took 9th. Provisional results below. Look for more soon!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-3rd-in-AToC-Prologue.aspx
Three Major Stage Races at Once!
2/13/2009
<div>So much going on right now!<strong><em></em></strong> In the old days, February meant pro cyclists were still gearing up with camps, 'cross, track racing and regiional events as they prepared for the spring classics. Not anymore. Today, February means the Felt supported <strong>Garmin/Slipstream Pro Cycling Team</strong> is competing in three major stage races on three different continents - <strong>The Amgen Tour of California</strong> (Feb 14-22), <strong>The Tour de Langkawi</strong> (Feb 9-15) and the <strong>Mediterranean Tour</strong> (Feb 11-15).</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Three-Major-Stage-Races-at-Once-.aspx
Come see Felt at the 2009 Amgen Tour of California!
2/10/2009
<div><em>tafe of California</em> - This coming Saturday marks the beginning of the <strong>2009 Amgen Tour of California</strong>, Feb 14-22. The country's premier pro cycling event, the 2009 edition of the ATOC has increased to nine stages beginning in Sacramento and ending in Escondido, and promises to be bigger and better than ever!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Come-see-Felt-at-the-2009-Amgen-Tour-of-California-.aspx
Sutton 2nd in Langkawi opening stage!
2/9/2009
<div><em>Langkawi, Malaysia</em> - Lead by Director Sportif <strong>Johnny Weltz</strong>, the <strong>Garmin/Slipstream </strong>squad of <strong>Ricardo van der Velde</strong>, <strong>Christian Meier</strong>, <strong>Cameron Meyer</strong>, <strong>Chris "CJ" Sutton</strong>, <strong>Lucas Euser </strong>and <strong>Timmy Duggan </strong>opened the Tour of Langkawi in fine form.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-2nd-in-Langkawi-opening-stage-.aspx
Dekker 4th On Last Day In Qatar
2/6/2009
<div><em>Qatar (Feb 6, 2009)</em> - Dutch speedster <strong>Hans Dekker</strong> finished the last day of Qatar just one place shy of the podium, taking fourth in today's furious bunch sprint finish.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dekker-4th-On-Last-Day-In-Qatar.aspx
Garmin/Slipstream wins TTT in Qatar!
2/1/2009
<div><em>Qatar (Feb 1, 2009)</em> - Putting their team time trial training to the test, Garmin-Slipstream won the opening event at the 2009 Tour of Qatar, a 6K team time trial. Bradley Wiggins crossed the finish first and will wear the gold leader’s jersey while Huub Duyn will wear the best young rider jersey.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-wins-TTT-in-Qatar-.aspx
Pro Track Team Hawk Relay on Felt!
1/29/2009
<div><em>January 29, 2008 (Los Angeles, CA)</em> – Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce the sponsorship of the <strong>Hawk Relay Cycling Team</strong>, a UCI professional Track trade team based in Los Angeles, CA. Hawk Relay Cycling Team members including 2-time World Pursuit Champion <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong>, 2-time US Olympian <strong>Adam Duvendeck</strong>, and Canadian National Champion <strong>Travis Smith</strong> (shown) have already begun using their new Felt frames.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Pro-Track-Team-Hawk-Relay-on-Felt-.aspx
Hesjedal Finishes 11th Down Under
1/25/2009
<div><em>Australia (Jan 26, 2009)</em> - Garmin/Slipstream's <strong>Ryder Hesjedal</strong> (CAN - shiown) finished the 2009 Tour Down Under in 11th overall as the week-long stage race concluded today in Adelaide.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-Finishes-11th-Down-Under.aspx
Happy Holidays from all of us at Felt Bicycles!
12/24/2008
<div>From all of us here at Felt Bicycles, we wish you - our friends, fans, supporters and onlookers - a very Happy Holiday season.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Happy-Holidays-from-all-of-us-at-Felt-Bicycles-.aspx
Joscha Forstreuter enters Guinness Book of World Records!
11/28/2008
<div><em>Beijing (Nov 26, 2008)</em> – Felt’s own <strong>Joscha Forstreuter </strong>and riding partner Timo Pritzel both were invited to participate in the recent Guinness World Record Show in China and each came home co-world record holders.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Joscha-Forstreuter-enters-Guinness-Book-of-World-Records-.aspx
2009 Garmin/Slipstream Launch!
11/24/2008
<div><em>Nov 23, 2008 (Boulder, CO)</em> - After a week of training, testing and overall "team building" in Boulder, the Garmin/Slipstream Pro Cycling Team was officially announced last Saturday to an enthusiastic crowd at the historic Boulder Theatre. In front of approximately 700 friends and fans, the riders were presented one-by-one, each greeted to a huge ovation.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/2009-Garmin-Slipstream-Launch-.aspx
The 2009 FELT International MTB Team Unveiled!
11/12/2008
<div>Felt Bicycles is very proud to announce the sponsorship of the newly expanded <strong>FELT International MTB Team</strong> in 2009. Just one year after the team`s first season as a Felt-supported program, the Tuscan-based professional cross-country squad has set their sights on becoming an international factor at the highest level of the sport, including participation in the 2009 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/The-2009-FELT-International-MTB-Team-Unveiled-.aspx
Emma Nails Noosa!
11/3/2008
<div><em>Nov 2, 2008</em> - On the heels of taking the Beijing Olympics gold medal, Felt's Australian triathlete <strong>Emma Snowsill</strong> kicked off the Aussie summer with a dominant performance at the Noosa Triathlon Sunday, winning in one hour, 59 minutes, 39 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Emma-Nails-Noosa-.aspx
Celebrate the new 2009 Team Garmin-Chipotle H3O!
10/22/2008
<div><em>Oct 22, 2008 (Boulder, CO)</em> - Join Slipstream Sports on Saturday, November 22 in Boulder, Colorado as they introduce the new Felt-sponsored 2009 Team Garmin-Chipotle H3O professional cycling team. Meet all the new talent and welcome back the heroes from a spectacular year of international success!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Celebrate-the-new-2009-Team-Garmin-Chipotle-H3O-.aspx
Garmin/Chipotle-H3O Delivers at Vuelta a Chihuahua Internacional
10/10/2008
<div><em>Divisadero, Mexico (October 10, 2008)</em>—<strong>Tom Peterson</strong> sits in fourth place overall following the individual time trial at the<strong> Vuelta a Chihuahua</strong>. With three stages to go the leader of the <strong>Garmin/Chipotle-H3O</strong> squad is displaying the same form that took him to the bronze medal at the <strong>U23 National Championship Road Race</strong> in August.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Chipotle-H3O-Delivers-at-Vuelta-a-Chihuahua-Internacional.aspx
Cam Zink 5th at Red Bull Rampage
10/10/2008
<div><em>Virgin, Utah (October 6, 2008)</em>—<strong>Cam Zink</strong> put together a crowd-silencing 360 and a ripcord drop down one of the steepest lines of the<strong> Red Bull Rampage: The Evolution</strong> to finish 5th in the event. After qualifying 9th, Cam put together two flawless runs to boost his final placing, though he couldn’t overcome the riders who tackled the event’s signature 60-foot gap jump.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Cam-Zink-5th-at-Red-Bull-Rampage.aspx
Lavelle Takes Life Time Fitness Series, Potts Gets Second
10/6/2008
<div><em>Dallas (October 6, 2008)</em>—<strong>Becky Lavelle</strong> took the<strong> Life Time Fitness Triathlon Series Toyota Cup</strong> for the second year in a row. At the series’ final stop in Dallas, Lavelle finished sixth to preserve her lead in the season-long competition.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lavelle-Takes-Life-Time-Fitness-Series-Potts-Gets-Second.aspx
Colby Pearce and Daniel Holloway: U.S. National Madison Champs!
10/5/2008
<div><em>Oct. 5, 2008, Carson, Calif—</em><strong>Colby Pearce </strong>teamed with <strong>Daniel Holloway</strong> to win the Madison at USA Cycling Elite Track Nationals at the ADT Event Center velodrome Sunday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Colby-Pearce-and-Daniel-Holloway-U-S-National-Madison-Champs-.aspx
Record Breaker! Phinney breaks 4,000-meter pursuit track record at Nationals
10/4/2008
<div><em>Oct. 4, 2008, Carson, Calif.—</em>The fact that Garmin-Chipotle H30 rider <strong>Taylor Phinney</strong> took his third national title in the 4,000 meter pursuit was impressive enough. He topped it Saturday by setting a new track record, clocking at time of four minutes, 23.514 seconds while defeating Daniel Harm.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Record-Breaker-Phinney-breaks-4-000-meter-pursuit-track-record-at-Nationals.aspx
Farrar Takes Lead at Franco-Belge
10/3/2008
<div><em>Poperinge, Belgium (October 3, 2008)</em>—<strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> moved into the overall lead of the <strong>Circuit Franco-Belge</strong> as a result of his second place finish in Stage 2. The <strong>Garmin/Chipotle-H3O</strong> rider took enough bonus seconds thanks to his fast finish to move 2 seconds clear of Tom Boonen in the overall classification.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Takes-Lead-at-Franco-Belge.aspx
Garmin/Chipotle-H3O Takes Team Pursuit at National Championships!
10/3/2008
<div><em>Carson, Calif. (October 3, 2008)</em>—The <strong>Garmin/Chipotle-H3O Team</strong> led by<strong> Kilo National Champion Taylor Phinney</strong> took the gold medal in the men’s<strong> Team Pursuit</strong>. The squad featured Phinney, <strong>Daniel Holloway</strong>, <strong>Colby Pearce</strong> and<strong> Dave Koesel</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Chipotle-H3O-Takes-Team-Pursuit-at-National-Championships-.aspx
Phinney, Blatchford Each Take National Championships!
10/2/2008
<div><em>Carson, Calif. (October 2, 2008)</em>—In the first afternoon of competition at the <strong>Elite Track National Championships Taylor Phinney </strong>scored gold by riding to victory in the Kilo. The 18-year-old from Boulder, Colo., turned in a time of 1:03.208, some 2 seconds faster than second place.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Phinney-Blatchford-Each-Take-National-Championships-.aspx
Zabriskie Claims Bronze at TT Worlds!
9/25/2008
<div><em>Sept. 25, 2008, Varese, Italy—</em>It was a long time coming after a setback earlier this year, but Team Garmin-Chipotle time trial specialist David Zabriskie returned to the podium in a UCI World Championship Thursday, claiming the bronze medal.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-Claims-Bronze-at-TT-Worlds-.aspx
Felt at Interbike-See the 2009 Bikes, meet the Team, and more!
9/18/2008
<div><em>Irvine, Calif. (September 18, 2008)</em>—It's here! Come see <strong>Felt</strong> at<strong> Interibke </strong>and the<strong> Outdoor Demo</strong> Sept. 22-26. Meet<strong> Christian Vande Velde</strong> (shown) and other<strong> Garmin/Chipotle-H3O</strong> athletes on both Wednesday and Thursday from 3:15 to 4:15 at the Felt booth (<strong>#609</strong>). They will signing a brand new Felt poster!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-at-Interbike-See-the-2009-Bikes-meet-the-Team-and-more-.aspx
Garmin/Chipotle-H3O Athletes Named to World’s Team
9/17/2008
<div><em>Colorado Springs, Colo. (September 17, 2008)</em>—<strong>USA Cycling</strong> has named six<strong> Garmin/Chipotle-H3O</strong> athletes to the Elite and U23 men’s squads for the <strong>World Championships</strong> Sept. 23-28 in Varese, Italy.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Chipotle-H3O-Athletes-Named-to-World-s-Team.aspx
Vande Velde Wins Tour of Missouri!
9/14/2008
<div><em>Sept. 14, 2008, St. Louis, MO—</em>With the remnants of Hurricane Ike dumping on St. Louis the evening prior and forcing organizers to detour and shorten the course around deluged areas, the peloton’s major players seemed content that the race was won by <strong>Team Garmin/Chipotle-H3O's Christian Vande Velde</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Vande-Velde-Wins-Tour-of-Missouri-.aspx
Lavelle Dominates at Malibu Triathlon
9/13/2008
<div><em>Sept 13, 2008, Malibu, Calif—</em>Felt-sponsored professional triathlete <strong>Becky Lavelle </strong>continues her unbelievable tear across the country this season, winning everything in sight. With wins at the Chicago Triathlon and Los Angeles Triathlon of late. Moving a few miles up the coast to take on the debut Olympic distance event at the famed Malibu Triathlon, could she make it three wins in a row?</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lavelle-Dominates-at-Malibu-Triathlon.aspx
Tour of Missouri, Stage 6: Vande Velde Maintans G.C. Lead
9/13/2008
<div><em>Sept. 13, 2008, St. Charles, MO—</em><strong>Team Garmin/Chipotle-H30</strong> rider<strong> Christian Vande Velde</strong> finished 10th in the main pack to preserve his overall lead at the <strong>Tour of Missouri</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tour-of-Missouri-Stage-6-Vande-Velde-Maintans-G-C-Lead.aspx
Tour of Missouri, Stage 3: Vande Velde Takes the Lead!
9/10/2008
<div><em>Sept. 10, 2008, Branson, MO—</em>Riding the swell of a season that includes a stellar Tour de France performance and a bronze at the US Pro Championships time trial, Team Garmin-Chipotle’s <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> scored a time trial victory in the third stage of the Tour of Missouri, vaulting into the race lead in the process.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tour-of-Missouri-Stage-3-Vande-Velde-Takes-the-Lead-.aspx
Stetina Takes Tour de l’Avenir Lead!
9/9/2008
<div><em>St. Flour, France, Sept. 9, 2008—</em>A 181.5k stage from Saint-Symphorien-sur-Coise to Saint-Flour was one to detonate the field, and it did just that.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Stetina-Takes-Tour-de-l-Avenir-Lead-.aspx
Tour of Missouri, Stage 1: Farrar Sprints to Second
9/8/2008
<div><em>Sept. 8, 2008, Kansas City, Mo.—</em>The grand depart for the 2008 Tour of Missouri started well for Team Garmin-Chipotle, with team sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> taking second in a field sprint.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tour-of-Missouri-Stage-1-Farrar-Sprints-to-Second.aspx
Tour of Britain, Stage 2: Dean, Sutton take second and third
9/8/2008
<div><em>Newbury, England, Sept 8, 2008—</em>Team Garmin-Chipotle’s <strong>Julian Dean</strong> finished second on Tour of Britain’s second stage, with teammate <strong>Chris Sutton</strong> taking third.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tour-of-Britain-Stage-2-Dean-Sutton-take-second-and-third-.aspx
Lavelle Wins, Potts Second at Los Angeles Triathlon
9/7/2008
<div><em>Sept 7, 2008, Los Angeles—</em>It’s been <strong>Becky Lavelle</strong>’s mantra during her run in the LifeTime Fitness Chase for the Toyota Cup series races: drill the bike, and let ‘em try to get her on the run.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lavelle-Wins-Potts-Second-at-Los-Angeles-Triathlon.aspx
Euser Wins Univest GP!
9/6/2008
<div><em>Sept. 6, 2008, Souderton, PA—</em>They may have been grey skies, but the sun shone upon <strong>Lucas Euser</strong> of Team Garmin-Chipotle as he scored his first career victory by outfoxing his breakaway companion in a sprint, winning the 160-kilometer race in 3:50:48.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Euser-Wins-Univest-GP-.aspx
Dean Third at Tour of Ireland!
9/1/2008
<div><em>Cork, Ireland, Aug. 31—</em>The final stage of the Tour of Ireland would be a tough test for Garmin-Chipotle’s <strong>Julian Dean</strong>. Set in second place throughout the weeklong race, he would face his toughest test, and assault on an overall podium placing—during what would be an arduous closing stage.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dean-Third-at-Tour-of-Ireland-.aspx
Caldwell Second at U.S. Road Nationals!
9/1/2008
<div><em>Greenville, S.C., Aug 31, 2008—</em>Team Garmin-Chipotle riders dominated the day at the USA Cycling Pro Championships Sunday, with <strong>Blake Caldwell</strong> taking second in a sprint finish with eventual winner Tyler Hamilton. Caldwell was followed by third-place finisher Danny Pate, with fourth going to<strong> Lucas Euster</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Caldwell-Second-at-U-S-Road-Nationals-.aspx
Felt Extends with Team Garmin-Chipotle presented by H30
9/1/2008
<div><em>Irvine, CA (Sep 1, 2008)—</em>Felt Bicycles has extended its sponsorship of Team Garmin-Chipotle presented by H30, the American pro cycling team dedicated to promoting ethical sporting and developing the next generation of champions, until 2011.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Extends-with-Team-Garmin-Chipotle-presented-by-H30.aspx
| rotterdam netherlands |
"You got peanut butter in my chocolate! You got chocolate in my peanut butter! Two great tastes that taste great together." was the advertising slogan for what product? | Win Marcel Kittel's Tour de France Cruiser and show off in your neighborhood!
7/2/2012
<div> <div><a href="http://feltbicycles.wufoo.com/forms/tour-de-france-a-win-a-felt-cruiser/" target="_blank"><img src="Resources/Image/Website_Gewinnspiel-Banner_V02(1).gif" alt="" /></a></div> <div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div>Follow this <a href="http://feltbicycles.wufoo.com/forms/tour-de-france-a-win-a-felt-cruiser/ ">LINK</a> to ensure your chance to win one!</div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Win-Marcel-Kittel-s-Tour-de-France-Cruiser-and-show-off-in-your-neighborhood-.aspx
Degenkolb Wins Tour de Picardie!
5/14/2012
<div> <p><strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> rider<strong> John Degenkolb</strong> <strong>dominated</strong> the three-day <strong>Tour de Picardie</strong> stage race in France over the weekend, winning two stages and taking the overall victory on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike. The 23-year-old German sprinter is on a hot streak, having also <strong>won two stages</strong> at the <strong>Four Days of Dunkirk</strong> the week before. </p> <p>Degenkolb opened up the May 11-13 Tour of Picardie with a win in the 166.5km stage from Clermont to Braine. He credited his Argos-Shimano teammates for controlling the race, chasing down a breakaway group, and setting him up for the sprint finale. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Wins-Tour-de-Picardie-.aspx
Bozzone Is Back With Win in Brazil
8/27/2012
<div><em>Brazil </em>-- New Zealand triathlete <strong>Terenzo Bozzone</strong> scored his <strong>biggest win </strong>of the <strong>2012 season</strong> Sunday, taking the top prize at the <strong>Ironman 70.3 Brazil</strong>. Bozzone, a <strong>five-time World Champion</strong> who has struggled with lower leg injuries over the past year, proved that he’s back on form. He overcame hot and windy conditions in Sao Paolo to win with a time of 3:52:53. <br /> <br /> Bozzone battled two Brazilians, Fabio Carvalho and Igor Amorelli, throughout the race. He swam well in the rough waters off Armacao Beach, then stayed in contention during the bike leg on his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA.</a> He made his winning move on the 21km run, taking the lead facing strong headwinds and winning by 1:08 over Carvalho.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-Is-Back-With-Win-in-Brazil.aspx
Evoe Scores First Ironman Win!
8/27/2012
<div><em>Louisville </em>-- <strong>Felt-sponsored </strong>triathlete <strong>Patrick Evoe</strong> completed his incredible transformation from out-of-shape office worker to Ironman champion with his <strong>first pro Ironman win</strong> at Sunday’s Ironman Louisville race in Kentucky. The 35-year-old scored the breakthrough victory with a super strong ride on his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA.</a> <br /> <br /> Evoe, who over the past 10 years worked his way up through the ranks, first as an amateur and then as a pro, has had several podium finishes including last year when he was runner-up at Louisville. <em>(Click "Read More" below to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Evoe-Scores-First-Ironman-Win-.aspx
Degenkolb Makes it Three at Vuelta!
8/24/2012
<div><em>Alcañiz, Spain</em> -- <strong>Argos-Shimano </strong>speedster <strong>John Degenkolb </strong>is sending a message loud and clear at this year’s Vuelta a España stage race. With <strong>three stage wins so far</strong>, including his latest in Friday’s Stage 7, the 23-year-old has emerged as one of the top sprinters in the sport. <br /> <br /> Riding his<a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1</a> team bike, Degenkolb has won each of the Vuelta’s sprint finishes in the first week of the season’s final grand tour. <em>(Click "Read More" to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Makes-it-Three-at-Vuelta-.aspx
Degenkolb Wins Again in Spain!
8/22/2012
<div><em>Logroño, Spain --</em><strong> Argos-Shimano </strong>rider John Degenkolb is on a hot streak in Spain. On Wednesday the young German powered his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> to his <strong>second stage win of the week </strong>at the <strong>Vuelta a España</strong>. He won the 168km Stage 5 in Logroño, a circuit race consisting of eight laps on a 21km circuit, with a blinding sprint in the final dash to the line. <br /> <br /> For Degenkolb, this has been a week to remember. He won Stage 2 in Viana on Sunday, and added a second win three days later. That brings his 2012 tally to <strong>seven total victories</strong>, but his wins at the Vuelta, the season’s final grand tour, rate as the biggest in his young career.<em> (Click "Read More" to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Wins-Again-in-Spain-.aspx
Degenkolb Wins Stage 2 in Spain!
8/20/2012
<div><em>Viana, Spain </em>-- <strong>John Degenkolb </strong>scored a <strong>huge win </strong>for the <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> squad Sunday, sprinting to a <strong>Vuelta a España stage victory </strong>on his<a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1</a> team bike. The 23-year-old German edged out Australian Allan Davis and Brit Ben Swift to win the 181km Stage 2 from Pamplona to Viana. <br /> <br /> After the win, Degenkolb gave credit to his Argos-Shimano team, saying they set him up perfectly to take the win. <em>(Click "Read More" to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Wins-Stage-2-in-Spain-.aspx
Higgins Wins U.S. Omnium Title!
8/20/2012
<div><em>Rock Hill, South Carolina </em>--<strong> Felt-sponsored</strong> rider <strong>Cari Higgins </strong>won the 2012 <strong>U.S. Elite Ominum Track National Championship </strong>in South Carolina, winning four of the six events that comprised the women’s competition over two days. <br /><br />Higgins started off strong on Friday, racing her <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Sprint.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> to <strong>wins </strong>in the <strong>flying lap</strong>, the <strong>points race</strong> and the <strong>elimination race.</strong> The next morning she started off by finishing second in the individual pursuit, which essentially locked up the title for her.<em> (Click "read more" below to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Higgins-Wins-U-S-Omnium-Title-.aspx
Argos-Shimano Aims For Vuelta Stage Wins
8/17/2012
<div>The <strong>Vuelta a España</strong> starts in Pamplona Saturday and is expected to be one of the most exciting editions of the Spanish stage race in recent memory. The season’s final grand tour kicks off with a 16.5km team time trial and will cover 3,360 kilometers over three weeks before finishing in Madrid on September 9. <br /> <br /> The <strong>Argos-Shimano </strong>squad will race their <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA time trial bikes</a> in the opening day’s team time trial. Following that, it will focus on stage wins. With 10 summit finishes, the 2012 Vuelta is expected to favor the climbers in the battle for the General Classification, and the Argos-Shimano squad plans to race aggressively. <em>(Click "read more" below to continue.)</em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Argos-Shimano-Aims-For-Vuelta-Stage-Wins.aspx
Olympic Recap: Felt Storms London
8/16/2012
<div> <div><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: #1a1718;">The <strong>2012 Olympic Games</strong> competition is now in the record books, and a look back shows the depth of Felt’s incredible lineup of cyclists in a variety of disciplines. <strong>Felt riders</strong> competed in<strong> road, TT, track and XC mountain bike</strong> events, scoring a<strong> handful of medals</strong> in various events. <br /> <br /> Leading the way for Felt in London was a pack of U.S. riders on the road and track. Of the four cycling medals won by the Americans, three were Felt riders.<em> </em></span><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: #1a1718;">(Click "read more" to continue)</span></em></div> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Olympic-Recap-Felt-Storms-London.aspx
Kittel Wins Again at Eneco Tour
8/10/2012
<div><em>The Netherlands -- </em><strong>Marcel Kittel</strong> of the<strong> Argos-Shimano</strong> team <strong>won his second stage </strong>of the <strong>2012 Eneco Tour </strong>Thursday, outsprinting Belgian Jurgen Roelandts and Italian Giacomo Nizzolo to win Stage 4 in Bergen op Zoom. <br /> <br /> The 24-year-old Kittel credited his teammates for delivering him to the line in the 213km race. They helped chase down a six-man breakaway in the final 10km, and then controlled the finish so Kittle could deliver the win on his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Wins-Again-at-Eneco-Tour.aspx
Hammer Wins Her 2nd Olympic Silver!
8/7/2012
<div><em>London -</em>- American <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> rode her <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Endurance.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1 </a>to a <strong>silver medal</strong> in the <strong>omnium event</strong> Tuesday at the <strong>London Olympics,</strong> narrowly missing gold by just 1 point in the two-day competition. <br /> <br /> In the second day of competition, Hammer <strong>won the individual pursuit </strong>and the <strong>scratch race,</strong> and entered the last event of the omnium, the 500-meter time trial, with a lead of 2 points over British rider Laura Trott.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-Her-2nd-Olympic-Silver-.aspx
Kittel Wins Eneco Tour Opener
8/6/2012
<div><em>Middelburg, The Netherlands</em> -- <strong>Marcel Kitte</strong>l of the <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> squad <strong>won the opening stage </strong>of the <strong>Tour of Eneco</strong> Sunday, powering his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> to a sprint victory in a windswept 204km stage. <br /> <br /> Winning the first stage of the seven-day WorldTour event in Belgium and The Netherlands marked a strong return to form for Kittel after he became sick and abandoned the Tour de France in July.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Wins-Eneco-Tour-Opener.aspx
USA Women Ride Felt to Olympic Silver!
8/4/2012
<div>The <strong>USA women’s team pursuit squad</strong> of <strong>Sarah Hammer, Dotsie Bausch, Jennie Reed</strong> and <strong>Lauren Tamayo </strong>rode their <a href="../../USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Endurance.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> bikes to a <strong>silver medal </strong>performance Saturday at the <strong>London Olympic Games. </strong><br /> <br /> Going against the deep and strong teams of Great Britain, Australia and Canada, the silver medal in the 3km team pursuit was a terrific result for the four American women. The lineup of Hammer, Bausch and Reed narrowly edged out Australia in the semifinal round with<strong> a time of 3:16.853, a new American record. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/USA-Women-Ride-Felt-to-Olympic-Silver-.aspx
Armstrong Wins Gold!
8/1/2012
<div><em>London </em>-- For two years <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> has been completely focused on one goal: <strong>Olympic gold</strong>. On Wednesday, in front of a huge crowd gathered at London's Hampton Court Palace, the American achieved that goal, <strong>winning Olympic gold for the second time in her career. </strong><br /> <br /> Putting the finishing touches on a stellar career, Armstrong powered her <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA </a>to a win in the Olympic time trial, successfully defending the gold medal she won in Beijing four years ago.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Wins-Gold-.aspx
Felt Olympians Aiming for Gold
7/26/2012
<div><em>London -- </em>The <strong>2012 London Olympics</strong> are underway this weekend, and 15 athletes from around the world are counting on <strong>Felt bicycles </strong>to give them an edge on the competition. Felt will be represented in most of the Olympic cycling disciplines, including<strong> road, time trial, track </strong>and <strong>triathlon </strong>events. <br /> <br /> The Olympic cycling competition starts off with a bang, the <strong>men’s Olympic road race</strong> on Saturday, July 28. Less than a week after the finish of the Tour de France in Paris, the world’s best pro road racers will compete in the streets of London on the opening day of the Games.</div> <div> </div> <div>Representing Felt in the men’s Olympic road race, a 250km circuit race that UCI President Pat McQuaid said could draw close to a million spectators, is...</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Olympians-Aiming-for-Gold.aspx
Armstrong on a Roll Ahead of Olympics!
7/23/2012
<div><em>Oregon </em>-- <strong>Exergy-TWENTY12</strong> rider<strong> Kristin Armstrong </strong>built up some terrific momentum ahead of her run at the <strong>London Olympics,</strong> <strong>winning three consecutive stages</strong> at the July 17-22 <strong>Cascade Cycling Classic</strong>. Armstrong won the two time trial stages and a road stage before packing it in to prepare for her trip to London. <br /> <br /> Armstrong, who suffered a broken collarbone in late May, proved that she’s back on track in her attempt to defend her <strong>gold medal </strong>in the Olympic time trial event. In her first race back after the injury, she won the opening 4.5km prologue on her <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA</a> and then repeated her domination in the next day’s road race. In a show of strength, Armstrong bridged up to a breakaway group, then attacked on her own to <strong>win the hilly 123km McKenzie Pass Road Race. </strong>Her teammate <strong>Andrea Dvorak</strong> joined her on the podium <em>(pictured)</em> with a <strong>third-place finish. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-on-a-Roll-Ahead-of-Olympics-.aspx
Gretsch Top-10 in Final Tour Stage
7/23/2012
<div> <div><strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> rider <strong>Patrick Gretsch </strong>finished off his<strong> Tour de France </strong>on a high note, scoring an impressive <strong>6th-place finish</strong> in the<strong> Stage 19 time trial,</strong> a tough 53.5km race from Bonneval to Chartres.</div> <div> </div> The 25-year-old German clocked a time of 1:04.13 on the mostly flat route, taking over the leader’s hot seat for nearly two hours before eventually finishing 1:16 down to eventual Tour winner Bradley Wiggins.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Gretsch-Top-10-in-Final-Tour-Stage.aspx
Armstrong Wins Cascade Opener
7/18/2012
<div><em>Bend, Oregon --</em><strong> Exergy TWENTY12 </strong>rider <strong>Kristin Armstrong </strong>got off to a strong start in the 33rd<strong> Cascade Cycling Classic</strong>, winning Tuesday’s 4.5km prologue on her <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx">Felt DA</a>. In her first race back after she suffered a broken collarbone in late May, Armstrong sent a clear signal that she’s on track for her goal of defending the gold medal at the upcoming London Olympics. <br /> <br /> The six-day Cascade Classic, which takes riders through the mountains of central Oregon, got started on a hilly 4.5km prologue course. Armstrong’s time of 5:24 put her in a league of her own against the competition. Alison Powers finished second, and Armstrong’s teammate, <strong>Jackie Crowell</strong>, was third.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Wins-Cascade-Opener.aspx
Big Win for Degenkolb at Tour of Poland!
7/16/2012
<div><em>Kraków, Poland </em>--<strong> Argos-Shimano </strong>rider <strong>John Degenkolb </strong>sprinted to <strong>victory</strong> at Monday’s final stage of the <strong>Tour of Poland</strong>. The 23-year-old German blasted past Sky sprinters Matthew Hayman and Ben Swift to take a dramatic victory during a rainstorm in Kraków. <br /> <br /> Degenkolb’s Argos-Shimano team helped chase down a breakaway in the mostly flat 131km stage, the final day in the seven-day <strong>UCI WorldTour event</strong>. The 12-man break gained a maximum lead of more than three minutes but were reeled in just 3km from the finish. The rain made for a hectic finale, but Degenkolb powered to the line on his <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx">Felt F1 </a>team bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Big-Win-for-Degenkolb-at-Tour-of-Poland-.aspx
McGrath Wins Exergy Twilight Crit
7/16/2012
<div><em>Boise, Idaho</em> --<strong> Kristin McGrath </strong>of the<strong> Exergy TWENTY12</strong> team delivered a big win in front of the sponsor's hometown crowd Saturday night, sprinting to a victory at the <strong>Exergy Twilight Criterium</strong> in Boise. McGrath was joined on the podium by teammate <strong>Theresa Cliff-Ryan in third. </strong><br /> <br /> Plan A for the Felt-sponsored Exergy TWENTY12 team was to set up its sprinter Cliff-Ryan for the win. McGrath covered an early move for the team, ending up in a four-rider breakaway with Megan Guarnier, Emily Collins and Olivia Dillon.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/McGrath-Wins-Exergy-Twilight-Crit.aspx
Tetrick Wins San Rafael Twilight Crit
7/9/2012
<div><em>San Rafael, California </em>- <strong>Alison Tetrick</strong> and <strong>Kaitie Antonneau</strong> of the <strong>ExergyTWENTY12 </strong>team lit up the San Rafael Twilight Criterium Saturday,<strong> finishing first and third</strong> in the circuit race held in California’s San Francisco Bay Area. <br /> <br /> With a successful track record at San Rafael, the team took the start with high hopes. The large crowd was treated to plenty of attacks in the 70-minute race. At 11 laps to go Antonneau crashed on her side, suffering significant road rash in the fall. Showing her toughness, Antonneau got back into the race, rejoining the pack a lap later.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tetrick-Wins-San-Rafael-Twilight-Crit.aspx
Kittel To Lead Argos-Shimano at TDF
6/19/2012
<div>The <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> team <strong>announced</strong> <strong>its lineup </strong>for the<strong> 2012 Tour de France today</strong>, with a solid squad built around world-class sprinter <strong>Marcel Kitte</strong>l. The 24-year-old German already has <strong>seven wins this year </strong>on his<a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-FC.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1,</a> and he’s not shy about his ambitions in his first-ever Tour de France. <br /> <br /> “I’m going to France to challenge [Mark] Cavendish,” Kittel told Cyclingnews.com, referring to the current world champion from Great Britain. “I’m looking forward to fighting against him. He is currently the best sprinter in the world.”</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-To-Lead-Argos-Shimano-at-TDF.aspx
Carey Wins Lumberjack 100
6/19/2012
<div><em>Wellston, Michigan</em> — <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> of the <strong>Kenda-Felt </strong>team <strong>extended her win streak</strong> in the <strong>National Ultra Endurance Series</strong>, scoring a big win in Sunday’s Lumberjack 100 by a crushing margin of more than 28 minutes. <br /> <br /> Carey said she crashed just 30 minutes into the 100-mile race that climbs nearly 10,000 feet and had to recover quickly. “I hit a patch of really slick dry leaves,” she said.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Lumberjack-100.aspx
Kittel Takes Two at Ster ZLM!
6/18/2012
<div><em>The Netherlands </em>- German sprinter <strong>Marcel Kittel</strong> of the<strong> Argos-Shimano</strong> team put on a dazzling display of finishing speed at the June 14-17 <strong>Ster-ZLM Toer </strong>stage race in The Netherlands, <strong>winning two of four stages </strong>against some of the world’s best sprinters.</div> <div> </div> <div>Kittel showed great form a few weeks before the start of his big goal for the season, the Tour de France. Aided by strong teamwork from his Argos-Shimano squad, he powered his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/AR-Series/AR1-Frame-Kit.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike to wins in Stage 1 and Stage 4.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Takes-Two-at-Ster-ZLM-.aspx
Felt Riders Storm Podiums at Nature Valley GP
6/18/2012
<div><em>Wisconsin </em>-- It was a successful week of racing in the U.S. for Felt-sponsored riders at the June 13-17 <strong>Nature Valley Grand Prix.</strong> Between the <strong>Exergy men’s team</strong> and the <strong>Exergy 2012 women’s team</strong>, riders took <strong>several stage wins and a GC podium. </strong><br /> <br /> The five-day Nature Valley Grand Prix stage race, part of USA Cycling’s <strong>National Racing Calendar</strong>, was held throughout central Minnesota and Western Wisconsin.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Riders-Storm-Podiums-at-Nature-Valley-GP.aspx
Litscher, Markt Shine at Euro MTB Races
6/18/2012
<div><em>Switzerland </em>- After undergoing surgery in May, <strong>Thomas Litscher </strong><em>(pictured) </em>of the <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic Team</strong> showed that he’s back in peak form with a strong ride at last weekend’s <strong>Swiss Cup </strong>event in Gränichen. <br /> <br /> A week after Litscher won a stage at Trans Germany stage race, the <strong>Under-23 world champion</strong> rode in the lead group with most of the top World Cup contenders in Switzerland, looking strong until he was slowed by technical problems late in the race.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Litscher-Markt-Shine-at-Euro-MTB-Races.aspx
Cooke Wins Tour de Beuce Queen Stage
6/18/2012
<div><em>Québec, Canada </em>- <strong>Matthew Cooke </strong>of the <strong>Exergy </strong>team <strong>won the queen stage</strong> of the June 12-17 <strong>Tour de Beauce</strong> stage race in Quebec, Canada, soloing to an impressive victory atop Mont-Mégantic on Stage 3. <br /> <br /> Cooke rode a strong, savvy race on the third stage of Canada’s biggest stage race, putting himself in a lead group that was whittled down from 25 to just eight riders with 3km to go in the 164km race from St. Georges to Mont-Mégantic.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Cooke-Wins-Tour-de-Beuce-Queen-Stage.aspx
Ryf Wins 5i50 Triathlon
6/12/2012
<div> <div> <div> <p><em>Austria</em> - <strong>Daniela Ryf</strong> of Switzerland <strong>won </strong>Sunday’s <strong>5i50 triathlon </strong>in Klagenfurt, Austria, edging out Brit Liz Blatchford by less than a minute. Ryf, a 2008 Olympian, blitzed the bike split, turning in the fastest time of the day, 1:07 over 40 kilometers. </p> <p>Ryf came out of the water in eighth position, 1:05 behind race-leader Blatchford, but the 25-year-old made up ground quickly on her <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA </a>bike. Ryf’s dominating ride put her ahead by 1:35 going into the 10km run, and she held her lead to the line, beating Blatchford by 46 seconds. </p> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Ryf-Wins-5i50-Triathlon.aspx
Shaw, Tetrick Dominate Mt. Hood Classic
6/11/2012
<div> <p><em>Hood River, Oregon -<strong> </strong></em><strong>Exergy Twenty12 </strong>rider<strong> Rhae Shaw</strong> dominated the three-day <strong>Mt. Hood Cycling Classic </strong>in Oregon over the weekend, <strong>winning three of four stages</strong> and taking home the overall title at the 10th running of the national-level U.S event. Shaw’s teammate <strong>Alison Tetrick </strong>finished third, giving the team two podium finishers at the end of a challenging three days of racing. </p> <p>Shaw and Tetrick got off to a strong start, finishing first and second respectively in the 138.5km Columbia Hills Road Race on day one. The duo escaped on their <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> road bikes and gained a gap of over two minutes on third-place finisher, mountain biker Kelli Emmett. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Shaw-Tetrick-Dominate-Mt-Hood-Classic.aspx
Carey Wins Mohican 100, Leads NUE
6/5/2012
<div> <p><em>Loudonville, Ohio — </em><strong>Amanda Carey </strong>of the <strong>Kenda-Felt</strong> team continued her dominance of the American XC marathon circuit with another <strong>win at the Mohican 100</strong> in Ohio. With a record 600-plus entrants in the 10<sup>th</sup> running of this Midwest classic, Carey was in a league of her own among the women.</p> <p>Racing in slightly wet, nearly ideal course conditions, Carey was the only woman to break the eight-hour mark, clocking a time of 7:42 on her <a href="../../USA/2012/Mountain/Nine-Series.aspx" target="_blank">Felt Nine </a>and beating her nearest competitor by 44 minutes. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Mohican-100-Leads-NUE.aspx
Carfrae Wins Rev3 Quassy Tri!
6/4/2012
<div> <p><em>Middlebury, Connecticut -- </em>Australian <strong>Mirinda Carfrae </strong>scored a <strong>big win</strong> in Connecticut over the weekend, coming from behind to take the <strong>Rev3 Quassy triathlon</strong> and the lion’s share of the $125,000 pro purse. Carfrae, the <strong>2010 Ironman World Champion</strong>, battled rivals Heather Jackson, winner of the recent Wildflower Triathlon in California, along with Canadians Heather Wurtele and Angela Naeth, to win a hard-fought battle that went down to the wire. </p> <p>With two previous wins and a second-place finish at previous editions of the Rev3 Quassy, Carfrae came into the race as one of the favorites. Riding her <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA bike</a>, Carfrae has shown big improvements on the bike this year.</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-Wins-Rev3-Quassy-Tri-.aspx
Fast Freddy 2nd in Philly
6/4/2012
<div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><em>Philadelphia </em>- <strong>Team Exergy</strong> rider <strong>Fred Rodriguez</strong> continued his amazing comeback with a<strong> podium finish</strong> at Sunday’s <strong>TD Bank Philadelphia International Championship</strong>, the highest-ranked one-day road race in America. Rodriguez, a <strong>three-time US Pro Champion </strong>who came out of retirement last year, last won the Philadelphia race back in 2001. Eleven years later, Fast Freddy nearly did it again, sprinting to second place on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Exergy team rode a solid tactical race, putting men in all the early breaks. After several larger early breaks, <strong>Andres Miguel Diaz </strong>was one of three survivors at the front as the race entered the final finishing circuits between Lemon Hill and Logan Hill. The 2012 edition of the race, which has been going since 1985, was shortened to 199.8km.</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Fast-Freddy-2nd-in-Philly.aspx
Armstrong Scorches Tour of CA TT!
5/18/2012
<div> <p><em>Bakersfield, California - </em><strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> of the <strong>Exergy-Twenty12</strong> team continued her tear through the elite women’s road racing ranks, <strong>dominating </strong>Thursday’s <strong>Amgen Tour of California Time Trial</strong> on a scorching hot day in Bakersfield. </p> <p>Armstrong, the <strong>defending Olympic Time Trial gold medalist</strong>, is trying to qualify for the 2012 Olympics in London. Riding her <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA </a>bike, she sent a message loud and clear that she has the form to be a medal contender again.</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Scorches-Tour-of-CA-TT-.aspx
Two Podiums for Felt at World Cup #3
5/13/2012
<div> <p>The <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic</strong> team had a successful outing at Round 3 of the <strong>World Cup Cross-Country Series </strong>in Nove Mesto, Czech Republic, scoring <strong>podium finishes</strong> in the <strong>Men’s Eliminator Sprint </strong>race and the <strong>Women’s XC race. </strong></p> <p>Australian<strong> Paul van der Ploeg</strong> <em>(pictured, left)</em> got things off to a strong start, posting the <strong>fastest qualifying time</strong> among pro men in the Eliminator event. He advanced to the finals and finished second behind Swiss rider Sepp Freiburghaus. It was the second podium appearance in as many races for “The Thunder from Down Under.” </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Two-Podiums-for-Felt-at-World-Cup-3.aspx
Armstrong Dominates Tour of the Gila
5/7/2012
<div><em>New Mexico </em>— <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> turned in a <strong>dominating performance</strong> at the <strong>SRAM Tour of the Gila</strong> stage race in New Mexico, winning the overall classification by nearly 7 minutes. The <strong>Exergy team captain won four of five stages </strong>in the May 2-6 stage race, outclassing the competition in both road and TT events. <br /> <br /> Armstrong, a <strong>2008 Olympic gold medalist,</strong> led the five-day race from start to finish. She came out swinging on Stage 1, a 151km race from Silver City to Mogollan, when she attacked on the final climb to Mogollon on her <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike. She rode solo to the line, gaining 2:18 on second-place Carmen Small.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Dominates-Tour-of-the-Gila.aspx
Degenkolb Wins Two at Dunkirk
5/7/2012
<div><em>France </em>— <strong>Argos-Shimano </strong>sprinter <strong>John Degenkolb</strong> scored his <strong>first two wins</strong> of the 2012 season at the <strong>Four Days of Dunkirk</strong> stage race in France. The 23-year-old German won Stages 1 and 2 of the May 4-8 race on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx">Felt F1</a> team bike, continuing his rise through the ranks as one of the sport's top young sprinters. <br /> <br /> Degenkolb’s first win of the week came in the 170km Stage 2 from Dunkirk to Nord-pas-del-Calais. He joined an elite selection of 10 riders in the hilly closing kilometers, then blasted ahead at the finish line for the win. The German then repeated in the following day’s 180km race, extending his lead in the General Classification.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Wins-Two-at-Dunkirk.aspx
Yukihiro Doi Crowned Japanese Road Champ
4/30/2012
<div> <p><em>Hachimantai, Japan --<strong> </strong></em><strong>Yukihiro Doi</strong> of the<strong> </strong>Felt-sponsored <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> team is the new <strong>national road champion </strong>in <strong>Japan</strong>. The 28-year-old rode his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> team bike to victory at last weekend’s championship race in the northern part of Japan’s Honshu region. </p> <p>Yukihiro has been racing in the European peloton since 2005. Last year, while racing for the Skil-Shimano team, he became the <strong>first Japanese rider to finish the Vuelta a España</strong>, one of the season’s three grand tours. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Yukihiro-Doi-Crowned-Japanese-Road-Champ.aspx
Carfrae Third at New Orleans Ironman 70.3
4/25/2012
<div> <p><em>New Orleans</em> -- Felt-sponsored triathlete <strong>Mirinda Carfrae</strong> finished a strong <strong>third </strong>at the April 23 weather-shortened Oschner<strong> Ironman 70.3 in New Orleans</strong>. High winds cancelled the swim portion of the race, so Carfrae and the rest of the elite women’s field started with a 2-mile run.</p> <p>Coming into T1 at the end of the opening run, Carfrae was part of a large lead group. On the 52-mile bike ride, American Sarah Piampiano gained a 1:55 gap over Heather Wurtele in second, with a large group including Carfrae more than 5 minutes back.</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-Third-at-New-Orleans-Ironman-70-3.aspx
Exergy Puts Two on Sea Otter Podium
4/24/2012
<p><em>Monterey, California — </em><strong>Morgan Schmitt </strong>and <strong>Matt Cooke</strong> of <strong>Team Exergy</strong> took <strong>two of three podium spots</strong> at the <strong>Sea Otter Stage Race</strong> in California. The two put their stamp on the four-day race in the Stage 2 road race, finishing first (Cooke) and second (Schmitt) on their <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bikes. </p> <p>The following day’s TT saw three Exergy riders finish in the top-10: Schmitt was fifth, Logan Loader was sixth and Andres Diaz was seventh. That put Schmitt second in general classification, 15 seconds behind race leader Andy Jacques-Maynes. </p> <div> </div> <p> </p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Exergy-Puts-Two-on-Sea-Otter-Podium.aspx
Argos-Shimano Invited to Tour!
4/6/2012
<div> <p><em>France — </em>The early-season successes of the <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> team did not go unnoticed by <strong>Tour de France </strong>organizers, who on Friday granted the <strong>Felt-sponsored team</strong> an <strong>invitation to the world’s most prestigious grand tour.</strong> Argos-Shimano was one of four teams granted a wildcard invitation to the three-week stage race in July. </p> <p>“It is a great reward for the hard work of all the cyclists and the entire staff, as well as for our partners’ faith in this ambitious cycling project,” said the team’s general manager<strong> Iwan Spekenbrink. </strong></p> </div> <div><strong><br /></strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Argos-Shimano-Invited-to-Tour-.aspx
Bell Wins Silver at Track Worlds
4/6/2012
<div> <p><em>Melbourne, Australia — </em>Canadian <strong>Zach Bell</strong> scored a <strong>silver medal</strong> in the omnium event at the 2012 <strong>UCI Track World Championships</strong>. Bell rode his <a href="../../USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Sprint.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> to his second career silver medal at Worlds, following his second-place finish in the same event in 2009. </p> <p>Bell waged a tight battle with Australian Glenn O-Shea in the two-day, six-event omnium competition. Bell was sitting second at the end of the first day, and moved into a first-place tie with O’Shea after the fifth of six competitions. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bell-Wins-Silver-at-Track-Worlds.aspx
Kittel Wins Scheldeprijs!
4/4/2012
<div> <p><em>Belgium — </em>German sprinter <strong>Marcel Kittel</strong> gave his team its first win under its new moniker, <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong>, with a <strong>huge victory</strong> at Wednesday’s <strong>100<sup>th</sup> edition </strong>of the <strong>Scheldeprijs</strong> race in Belgium. Kittel blasted past some of the best sprinters in the world, including American Tyler Farrar and Dutchman Theo Bos, on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> team bike to take the win. </p> <p>Kittel is having a breakout season. The 23-year-old joined an impressive list of former Sheldeprijs winners including current world champion Mark Cavendish, who won it last year, plus Farrar, Alessandro Petacchi and Tom Boonen. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Wins-Scheldeprijs-.aspx
Armstrong 2nd at Women's Tour of Flanders
4/2/2012
<div> <p><em>Belgium — </em><strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> turned in another strong result for her USA National Team at the <strong>Women’s Tour of Flanders</strong> Sunday, riding her <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>to a <strong>second-place finish.</strong> Armstrong conquered the steep cobblestone climbs of the 127.4km race through northern Belgium, repeating her second-place finish here in 2008. </p> <p>“It makes me feel good,” said Armstrong, who rides for the <strong>Exergy2012 </strong>team and has her sights set on the<strong> 2012 London Olympics</strong>. “I have to come in strong to show that I can race in Europe. This is just one more step towards selection.” </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-2nd-at-Women-s-Tour-of-Flanders.aspx
Geschke Podiums for Argos-Shimano
4/2/2012
<div> <p><em>The Netherlands — </em>One day after unveiling a new title sponsor and announcing a new team name, <strong>Simon Geschke </strong>scored the first podium appearance for a rider wearing the <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong> kit. The German finished second at Saturday’s Volta Limburg Classic in The Netherlands. </p> <p>Geschke was part of a five-man breakaway group that entered the final kilometer of the 197km race together. One of the riders in the break, Pavel Brutt, took the group by surprise when he attacked with 600 meters to go. The Russian was able to hold off the group for the win, while Geschke won the sprint for second on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 </a>team bike. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Geschke-Podiums-for-Argos-Shimano.aspx
Project 1t4i Welcomes Title Sponsor Argos
3/30/2012
<div> <p><em>Rotterdam, The Netherlands — </em>As of today, the Project 1t4i team has a new name: Team <strong>Argos-Shimano</strong>. The new sponsor, the Argos North Sea Group, was announced Friday at a presentation in Rotterdam. </p> <p>The Pro Continental team, which is also sponsored by Felt, has partnered with Argos in a three-year deal. The new team name, kit and bikes will be <strong>unveiled at</strong> this weekend’s <strong>Tour of Flanders</strong> race in Belgium. Felt’s <strong>Michael Mullmann </strong>attended the new sponsor presentation and expressed Felt’s excitement about working with the team in a long-term partnership. Riding Felt bikes, the team is already off to a successful start in 2012 and has big goals ahead. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Project-1t4i-Welcomes-Title-Sponsor-Argos.aspx
Kittel Scores Stage Win at De Panne!
3/28/2012
<div> <p><em>Belgium — </em><strong>Project 1t4i </strong>sprinter <strong>Marcel Kittel won </strong>Stage 2 of the March 27-29 <strong>Three Days of De Panne </strong>stage race in Belgium. The 23-year-old German had pegged the 216km stage from Zottegem to Koksijde as the one to aim for, and he delivered on his goal, hammering home to the win on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> team bike. </p> <p>“I was not sure until the last 100 meters if I could still do it,” Kittel told Cyclingnews.com after the win. “Luckily I had really good legs today in the sprint.”</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Scores-Stage-Win-at-De-Panne-.aspx
Geschke TT's to Podium in France
3/26/2012
<p><em>France — </em>The <strong>Project 1t4i</strong> squad had a busy weekend, highlighted by <strong>top-10 finishes</strong> and <strong>podium placings </strong>at major races in Belgium and France. </p> <p>The top result of the weekend went to German <strong>Simon Geschke</strong><em> (pictured, left)</em>, who finished <strong>third</strong> in the<strong> Stage 2 </strong>time trial at <strong>Critérium International</strong>. Geschke rode his <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA1</a> to a podium placing, just 1 second behind stage winner Cadel Evans, in the middle stage of French stage race. Also riding well for Project 1t4i at Critérium International was Frenchman <strong>Alex Geniez</strong>, who finished <strong>second overall </strong>in the <strong>Young Rider classification. </strong></p> <div><strong><br /></strong></div> <p> </p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Geschke-TT-s-to-Podium-in-France.aspx
Schmitt, Alzate Lead Exergy at Redlands
3/26/2012
<div> <p><em>Redlands, California — </em><strong>Team Exergy</strong> had a strong showing at the March 22-25 <strong>Redlands Bicycle Classic </strong>in Southern California, with<strong> three top-three stage finishes</strong> and a run at the GC that was only ended by an untimely flat tire. </p> <p>The three-day stage race began with a 5km prologue time trial. <strong>Morgan Schmitt </strong>came out swinging, finishing <strong>third </strong>in the stage, which climbed 213 meters to its finish on Sunset Drive. The next day, Stage 1, was for the sprinters, and Fast Freddy Rodriguez rode his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> to a second-place in a circuit race in the city of Beaumont. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Schmitt-Alzate-Lead-Exergy-at-Redlands.aspx
Van Der Ploeg 3rd at Oceanic Championships
3/19/2012
<div> <div>New Zealand - One week before this year’s opening UCI World Cup in South Africa, Felt ÖTZTAL X-BIONIC pro Paul van Der Ploeg claimed the bronze medal in Oceanic Cross Country MTB Championships at Whakarewarewa Forest, New Zealand.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-Der-Ploeg-3rd-at-Oceanic-Championships.aspx
Felt Athletes Land 4 Medals at Pan Ams!
3/9/2012
<div>It was a big week for <strong>Felt-sponsored</strong> athletes at the<strong> Panamerican Track Championships </strong>in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Athletes from three different nations rode Felt bikes to medals, including gold for <strong>Njisane Phillip</strong> of Trinidad and Tobago and the <strong>Project London 2012 team sprint squad</strong> from the U.S. <br /> <br /> Phillip, who rode his<a href="../../USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Sprint.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt TK1</a> and set a PanAm 200m record in qualifying, took a huge step forward in his dream to race the <strong>2012 London Olympics </strong>when he beat rival Hersony Canelon from Venezuela to take the <strong>match sprint gold.</strong> It was the first time Phillip has beat Canelon, and he did it in two straight in the best-of-three format.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Athletes-Land-4-Medals-at-Pan-Ams-.aspx
Degenkolb Podiums at Paris-Nice Stage 2
3/5/2012
<div><em>Orleans, France </em>— <strong>John Degenkolb </strong>of the <strong>Project 1t4i </strong>team scored a <strong>podium finish</strong> in Monday’s second stage of <strong>Paris-Nice</strong>. The 23-year-old German finished third on the day behind stage winner Tom Boonen and second-place finisher Jose Joaquin Rojas. <br /> <br /> On a tough day of racing, which saw heavy cross-winds decimate the field during the 185km stage from Mantes-la-Jolie to Orléans, Degenkolb did well to stay at the front on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> team bike. His aggressive riding put him in a lead group of just 21 riders, as many of the overall favorites in the eight-day race lost significant time.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Degenkolb-Podiums-at-Paris-Nice-Stage-2.aspx
Armstrong Wins TT at NZ Tour
2/28/2012
<div><strong></strong><em>New Zealand -</em><strong> Kristin Armstrong</strong> of the <strong>ExergyTWENTY12</strong> team started her season with a bang last week when she <strong>won</strong> the opening stage <strong>time trial</strong> at the<strong> Tour of New Zealand.</strong> Racing for the USA National Team, Armstrong rode her <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx">Felt F1</a> to a decisive victory on a rainy day, finishing the short, technical 7.1km course in 10:15. <br /> <br /> Armstrong’s teammate Evelyn Stevens finished the TT second, 17 seconds slower. That result would prove decisive in the end. After protecting her lead for three days, Armstrong happily relinquished the GC lead to Stevens on Stage 4. Stevens got into a breakaway on the 110km stage that gained more than 7 minutes on the main field.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Wins-TT-at-NZ-Tour.aspx
Hammer, Bell Shine at London World Cup
2/21/2012
<div><em>London </em>— American <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> rode her <a href="../../USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Endurance.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> to a<strong> gold medal </strong>in the<strong> omnium </strong>at the season's final <strong>World Cup Track </strong>event in <strong>London</strong>. Hammer, a four-time World Champion on the track, showed that she’s headed in the right direction toward her big goal for the season, the upcoming <strong>Summer Olympics</strong>, which will be held on the same track in London. <br /> <br /> The omnium tests track racers’ overall abilities, combining results from six different events. Hammer won with consistent performances, finishing third in the flying lap, ninth in the points race, eighth in the elimination, third in the individual pursuit, second in the scratch race and fifth in the time trial. The omnium will be one of five track events contested by women at the upcoming Olympics.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Bell-Shine-at-London-World-Cup.aspx
Gretsch Wins Andalucia Opener!
2/19/2012
<div><em>San Fernando, Spain</em> —<strong> Patrick Gretsch</strong> of the <strong>Project 1t4i</strong> team made Sunday a day to remember, giving the squad its<strong> second big win of the day</strong> after his teammate Marcel Kittel’s<strong> </strong>earlier stage win at the Tour of Oman. Gretsch hammered his <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA</a> to <strong>victory </strong>in the<strong> prologue</strong> stage at the<strong> Tour of Andalucia. </strong><br /> <br /> Gretsch flew through the 6km stage in San Fernando, Spain, clocking a time of 6:49, 2 seconds faster than Spaniard Markel Irizar.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Gretsch-Wins-Andalucia-Opener-.aspx
Kittel Wins Again in Oman!
2/18/2012
<div><em>Oman</em> — <strong>Project 1t4</strong>i sprinter <strong>Marcel Kittel</strong> scored his <strong>second stage win</strong> at the Tour of Oman, winning Sunday's finale with another powerful sprint. For the second time this week the young German upstaged some of the world’s top sprinters, powering his <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series/Frame-Kit-F1.aspx">Felt F1</a> team bike to a confident win at Matrah Corniche. <br /> <br /> “We know now that we can sprint against the top sprinters, as a team too, by staying in front and doing a really good lead-out,” Kittel told Cyclingnews.com after the win.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-Wins-Again-in-Oman-.aspx
Veelers 2nd in Stage 4 of Qatar
2/8/2012
<div>Dutch strongman Tom Veelers nabbed an impressive 2nd place in today's sprint finish of stage 4 of the marquee ASO event, Tour of Qatar. Tom finished just behind Belgian Tom Boonen, and was helped to the line by strong, smart racing from the entire Project 1T4i squad, including an impressive final effort by teammate Roger Kluge.</div> <div> </div> <div>Today's finish comes on the heels of a great Project 1T4i performance yesterday where John Degenkolb finished 5th in stage 3's sprint finish, again the result of smart aggressive racing by the whole team. The Tour of Qatar continues through Feb 10.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Veelers-2nd-in-Stage-4-of-Qatar.aspx
Kittel claims first Project 1T4i Win!
2/3/2012
<div>Marcel Kittel claimed Project 1t4i's first victory in 2012 by taking stage 2 of the French 5-day race, Etoile des Besseges, in a high-speed sprint finish. The German sensation edged out victory in front of Belgium's Kris Boeckmans and stage one winner Nacer Bouhanni.</div> <div> </div> <div>Like much of the race, the second stage proved very difficult due to severe winter weather that hit most of Europe including southern France. Snow and freezing temperatures forced the race organizers to cancel the first part of the route between Nîmes and Saint-Ambroix making for a shorter and more frantic stage and finish.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kittel-claims-first-Project-1T4i-Win-.aspx
Marcel Kittel claims the first victory for Project 1t4i in 2012
2/3/2012
<div>Marcel Kittel claimed the first victory for Project 1t4i. The sprinter of Project 1t4i edged the victory in the second stage of the French stage race Etoile des Besseges before Belgium Kris Boeckmans and stage one winner Nacer Bouhanni.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Marcel-Kittel-claims-the-first-victory-for-Project-1t4i-in-2012.aspx
World’s third-best team begins the Olympic season with a series of wins
2/2/2012
<div>The FELT ÖTZTAL X-BIONIC Worldcup Team started the season with a series of wins. At the team’s first official training camp, all the stars of the team competed against their international rivals in the Club La Santa 4-Stage race in Lanzarote and set a huge exclamation mark right from the beginning of the season.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/World-s-third-best-team-begins-the-Olympic-season-with-a-series-of-wins-.aspx
Felt Holiday Sale: Free Shipping!
12/1/2011
<div>With the holiday season here, Felt is offering a special promo with free shipping on any orders over $99. Shop our online store now for some great holiday gift items. From stocking stuffers like <a href="../../USA/2012/Parts/Accessories/Carbon-Bottle-Cage.aspx" target="_blank">bottle cages,</a> <a href="../../USA/2012/Clothing/Casual-Apparel/Flex-Fit-F-Wing-Hat.aspx" target="_blank">ball caps </a>and the popular Felt <a href="../../USA/2012/Parts/Accessories/Beernuts-Tool.aspx" target="_blank">Beernuts</a> tool to performance road and mountain bike parts or apparel, there’s something for every rider. Don’t forget to check out the <a href="../../USA/2012/clothing/Closeouts.aspx" target="_blank">closeout section </a>for some killer deals! <br /><br />This special promo lasts through December 19. Make your holiday shopping easy, do it today!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Holiday-Sale-Free-Shipping-.aspx
New Mobile Site is Live!
11/17/2011
<div>Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce the launch of its mobile version website. This new mobile version is currently live and has been tailored for modern mobile phones and tablets including the iPhone, iPad, Android and most other mobile platforms.<br /> <br /> Features on Felt’s new mobile-optimized site include the ability to view all products—bicycles, frames, parts and clothing—and their specifications; switch between color options; zoom in or out; swipe through product families; and even make purchases* using Felt’s online store. To complement the product menu, users can also geo-locate a Felt dealer using the simple, intuitive mobile-specific Dealer Search function.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/New-Mobile-Site-is-Live-.aspx
Injured Trebon Holds 2nd Overall at USGP
11/14/2011
<div><em>Louisville, Kentucky</em> -- <strong>Felt cyclocross rider Ryan Trebon</strong> made the best of a tough situation at the November 12-13 <strong>Derby City Cup </strong>event, which made up rounds 5 and 6 of the USGP series. Trebon came into the two-race weekend leading the series—but an untimely crash during his warm-up on Sunday put his standing in jeopardy. <br /><br />The crash left Trebon with a badly bruised knee, and he wasn't sure if he would be able to race at all. He took the start, however, and gutted it out to finish 10th on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1X</a>, which put him second overall, within 6 points of the series lead.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Injured-Trebon-Holds-2nd-Overall-at-USGP.aspx
Trebon, Mani Score Podiums at Cincy3
11/7/2011
<div><em>Cincinnati, Ohio </em>- <strong>Felt-sponsored</strong> cyclocross racers <strong>Ryan Trebon</strong> and <strong>Caroline Mani </strong>collected major UCI points at the<strong> Cincy3 Cyclocross Festival</strong> in Cincinnati, Ohio, over the weekend. Both scored <strong>multiple podiums</strong>, and <strong>Trebon won the second of three races</strong> in the Cincinnati area on his <a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1X </a>cyclocross bike. <br /> <br /> The Cincy3 event featured three straight UCI races, two C2 events and a C1. Trebon, the <strong>No. 1 ranked U.S. cyclocross racer, </strong>battled a strong group of American rivals, and Belgian Ben Berden at each of the races. He opened the weekend finishing third on a hilly, technical course with some mud sections at Devou Park in Covington, Kentucky.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Trebon-Mani-Score-Podiums-at-Cincy3.aspx
Felt Scores 3 Top-five finishes at Iceman
11/7/2011
<div><em>Traverse City, Michigan -</em> With more than 4,800 racers, the <strong>Bell’s Brewery Iceman Cometh </strong>in Traverse City, Michigan is the<strong> largest single-day point-to-point mountain bike race in North America.</strong> And of those 4,800 plus starters, <strong>three Felt riders </strong>finished<strong> </strong>with <strong>top-five finishes </strong>in the<strong> </strong>pro categories. <strong><br /> </strong><br /> In the men’s race, <strong>Mafia Racing </strong>team rider <strong>Tristian Schouten</strong> finished <strong>fourth</strong>. And in the women’s race, <strong>Kenda/Felt</strong> team riders <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> and<strong> Judy Freeman </strong><em>(pictured)</em> finished <strong>fourth and fifth respectively. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Scores-3-Top-five-finishes-at-Iceman.aspx
Felt Riders Named U.S. Cyclists of the Year
11/4/2011
<div><em>Colorado Springs, Colorado</em> - <strong>Felt-sponsored </strong>track racers <strong>Sarah Hammer, Dotsie Bausch, Jennie Reed </strong>and <strong>Lauren Tamayo</strong> have been chosen as <strong>USA Cycling’s 2011 Athletes of the Year</strong>. The four riders have led the U.S. women to unprecedented success at the international level, including <strong>setting a new world record </strong>in May 2010. <br /> <br /> Hammer, Bausch and Tamayo became the first women’s pursuit team to break the 3:20 barrier when they posted a time of 3:19.569 in 2010. At the<strong> 2011 World Championships</strong> in The Netherlands, Hammer, Bausch and Reed made it to the gold medal round and eventually earned the<strong> silver meda</strong>l—a first for American women at World Championhips.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Riders-Named-U-S-Cyclists-of-the-Year.aspx
Trebon, Mani Shine at Colorado CX Races
10/31/2011
<div><em>Boulder, Colorado </em>- <strong>Felt-sponsored</strong> cyclocross racers <strong>Ryan Trebon</strong> and <strong>Caroline Mani</strong> powered their way to <strong>podium performances </strong>on back-to-back UCI events October 29-20 in Boulder, Colorado. <br /> <br /> Trebon, the <strong>No. 1 ranked man in American ’cross racing</strong>, put in a dominating performance to<strong> win Saturday’s Colorado Cross Classic</strong>. Riding his <a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1X</a>, he joined a lead group early, then eventually powered away from a strong field including U.S. national champion Todd Wells, American Jamie Driscoll and Belgian Ben Berden. <br /> <br /> “It took me a while to find a rhythm, and once I did I was able to get an advantage over Todd and hold it to the finish,” Trebon told Cyclingnews.com after his win.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Trebon-Mani-Shine-at-Colorado-CX-Races.aspx
Carey Wins Boulder Cyclocross #3
10/26/2011
<div><em>Broomfield, Colorado </em>-<strong> Amanda Carey</strong> of the <strong>Kenda-Felt</strong> mountain bike team <strong>won</strong> the third round of the <strong>Boulder Cyclocross Series </strong>Sunday at Interlocken Park in Broomfield, Colorado. <br /> <br /> Carey, who specializes in endurance off-road events throughout the summer months, topped a field of 28 women on her<a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1X</a> ’cross bike, beating second-place finisher Alison Powers by 12 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Boulder-Cyclocross-3.aspx
Middaugh Top-5 at XTERRA Worlds
10/24/2011
<div><em>Kapalua, Maui </em>— <strong>Felt-sponsored</strong> multisport athlete <strong>Josiah Middaugh</strong> posted a strong <strong>top-five finish</strong> at the <strong>XTERRA World Championships </strong>in Maui, Sunday. Middaugh, a 33-year-old from Vail, Colorado, was the<strong> top American finisher in fourth</strong>, just over two minutes behind Austrian winner Michael Weiss. <br /> <br /> Middaugh, who won the XTERRA Mountain Championship earlier this summer in Beaver Creek, Colorado, used his <a href="../../USA/2012/Mountain/Nine-Series/Frame-Kit-Nine-LTD.aspx" target="_parent">Felt Nine LTD</a> carbon-fiber hardtail to conquer the Kapalua course, which featured a number of power climbs and tricky descents. It was a new course for the field of 675 racers.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Middaugh-Top-5-at-XTERRA-Worlds.aspx
Project London Shatters U.S. Track Record
10/18/2011
<div><em>Guadalajara, Mexico </em>— Three American riders from the Felt-sponsored<strong> Project London </strong>track program scored the silver medal at Monday’s<strong> Team Sprint</strong> event at the <strong>Pan American Games</strong> in Mexico. The U.S. squad of<strong> Michael Blatchford, Dean Tracy </strong>and <strong>Jimmy Watkins</strong> rode their <a href="../../USA/2012/Track/Track-Series/Frame-Kit-TK1-Sprint.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> bikes to second place behind the team from Venezuela, setting a new U.S. record in the team sprint. <br /> <br /> The U.S. team posted a time of <strong>44.036</strong>, eclipsing the old record and earning the silver medal.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Project-London-Shatters-U-S-Track-Record.aspx
Armstrong 2nd at Chrono des Nations TT
10/17/2011
<div><em>Les Herbiers, France </em>— <strong>Kristin Armstrong </strong>of the <strong>Peanut Butter & Co. - Twenty12</strong> team finished a close <strong>second </strong>in the <strong>Chrono des Nations Time Trial </strong>in France Sunday. Armstrong, the current <strong>defending Olympic champion </strong>in the time trial, posted a time of 28:07 on her <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/Frame-Kit-DA1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA TT </a>bike, 9 seconds off the winning mark set by a fellow American rider Amber Neben. <br /> <br /> Armstrong returned to the sport earlier this year after taking nearly two years off to start a family. She retired after winning gold at the 2009 TT World Championship. Shortly after the birth of her son in 2010 she announced she would return to competition. Now 38, Armstrong is focused on trying to qualify for next summer’s Olympic Games in London.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-2nd-at-Chrono-des-Nations-TT.aspx
Trebon, Mani Sweep Spooky Cross!
10/16/2011
<div><em>Irvine, California</em> - <strong>Felt </strong>cyclocross riders<strong> Ryan Trebon </strong>and <strong>Caroline Mani </strong>put on a show at the October 15-16 Spooky Cross event, dominating the two-day event with back-to-back wins on Saturday night and Sunday.</div> <div> </div> <div>Saturday’s <strong>Spooky Cross UCI C2 cyclocross race </strong>was the final race of the 2011 <strong>Cross After Dark</strong> series. With a crowd gathered under the lights on a pleasant evening at Hidden Valley park, just a few miles from Felt’s U.S. headquarters in Orange County, California, Trebon and Mani swept the pro men’s and women’s races. <br /> <br /> Mani, a French national champion who’s currently residing in and racing in the U.S., got off to a fast start and never looked back. She gapped the competition in the first lap and maintained a 10-second lead for most of the race. In the end, she soloed to victory.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Trebon-Mani-Sweep-Spooky-Cross-.aspx
Trebon Takes Command of US Gran Prix
10/10/2011
<div><em>Fort Collins, Colorado</em> - <strong>Felt-sponsored</strong> cyclocross racer <strong>Ryan Trebon </strong>took control of the <strong>U.S. Gran Prix cyclocross series </strong>with a <strong>commanding performance</strong> at the October 8-9 New Belgium Cup double-race weekend in Fort Collins, Colorado. <br /> <br /> Trebon showed both strength and skill as he piloted his <a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1X </a>bike to a <strong>victory </strong>and a <strong>second-place finish</strong> in back-to-back races that saw course conditions range from wet and sloppy to dry and fast. On Saturday athletes faced cold, muddy conditions. Trebon got off to a strong start, using his technical skills to chase down early leader Jeremy Powers on the second lap.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Trebon-Takes-Command-of-US-Gran-Prix.aspx
Carfrae 2nd at Ironman Worlds
10/9/2011
<div><em>Kona, Hawaii</em> - <strong>Felt </strong>triathlete<strong> Mirinda Carfrae</strong> put in an amazing effort at Saturday’s<strong> Ironman World Championship </strong>race in Kona, Hawaii, <strong>finishing second</strong> and setting a new record time in her run. In men’s competition <strong>Andi Bocherer </strong>had a great debut at Kona, <strong>finishing eighth </strong>on his <strong>Felt DA.</strong></div> <div> </div> <div>Carfrae, the defending women’s Ironman champion from Australia, waged an epic battle with Chrissie Wellington. The two former Ironman champions pushed each other, with Wellington eventually taking the win by 2:49. Carfrae’s final time of 8:57:57 was 39 seconds faster than her time from her 2010 win. It also marked the first time in history that two women broke the nine-hour mark.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-2nd-at-Ironman-Worlds.aspx
Felt Athletes Dominate US Track Nationals
10/3/2011
<div> <div><em>Carson, CA</em> - Felt athletes throughly dominated the 2011 U.S. Track Cycling National Championships which took place at the Home Depot Center over the weekend. This was a particularly competitive event with the opening UCI Track World Cup less than five weeks away, and the potentital for Olympic team selection already in motion.</div> <div> </div> <div>In the women's endurance events, it was 4-time World Champion <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> who won the Individual Pursuit title, and then, along with teammates <strong>Jennie Reed</strong> and <strong>Dotsie Bausch</strong> (all shown), not only won the Women's Team Pursuit title, but broke a four-year-old track record in the process.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Athletes-Dominate-US-Track-Nationals.aspx
Trebon Wins USGP Planet Bike Cup Day 1
9/26/2011
<div><em>Sun Prairie, Wisconsin</em> – LTS-Felt rider <strong>Ryan Trebon</strong> emerged victorious on Day 1 of the US Gran Prix Planet Bike Cup, taking a narrow victory on the challenging course. Trebon made the decisive move on the last lap and was able to hold on to the lead for the win. The victory is the first for Trebon this season, and was also the first major victory for the all new <a href="../../USA/2012/Cyclo-X/Cy/Frame-Kit-F1X.aspx">F1X</a> cross bike. <br /> <br /> Trebon was at the front of the race all day in a race that saw multiple breakaways and leaders. The course was technical and benefited a rider that could negotiate the obstacles efficiently. For 60 minutes, Trebon bided his time, calmly chasing down breaks and keeping himself in a solid position. On lap 5, a three rider group emerged including Trebon, Jeremy Powers, and former World Champ Bart Wellens. The trio powered away from the field and it became clear that the winner would come from that group.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Trebon-Wins-USGP-Planet-Bike-Cup-Day-1.aspx
Böcherer Wins IM 70.3 Cancun
9/19/2011
<div><em>Cancun, Mexico</em> - Felt triathlete <strong>Andi Böcherer</strong> claimed his third victory in a row at the Ironman 70.3 in Cancun, Mexico. After winning the European Championship title in Wiesbaden and Ironman 70.3 in Switzerland, Böcherer has won every 70.3 race that he has entered this season. In Mexico, he impressed everybody with his great performance in the final run, in spite of the high temperature and the burning sun. “I’m riding the wave of success this season,” said Böcherer to the press. Continuing to display great form, the 28-year-old German has every chance to keep up with the front runners in Kona.</div> <div> </div> <div>Andi Böcherer heads directly to Hawaii with a lot of self-confidence going into the race. “My goal is to enter the top 10 in Kona. It’s the highlight of the season and the timing fits perfectly for me. I never was stronger in my whole life and I will use every little weakness of my rivals to get to the top.”</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Boecherer-Wins-IM-70-3-Cancun.aspx
Carey Wins NUE Overall
9/19/2011
<div><em>Bend, Oregon</em> - Kenda-Felt rider <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> officially won the National Ultra Endurance Series over the weekend. Carey took wins at six of the NUE races this season with victories at Cohutta, Syllamo’s Revenge, Lumberjack, High Cascades, Pierre’s Hole, and the Park City Point 2 Point. Carey had mathematically secured the title several weeks ago, and was able to contest the U.S. Marathon National Championships without fear of losing her overall NUE title.<br /> <br /> At Nationals, both Carey and Kenda-Felt teammate <strong>Colin Cares</strong> delivered excellent performances. Carey took fourth in the women’s race while Cares took fifth in the men’s race. Throughout the year, Kenda-Felt riders competed aboard both the Felt <a href="../../USA/2012/Mountain/Nine-Series/Frame-Kit-Nine-LTD.aspx">Nine LTD</a> and the <a href="../../USA/2012/Mountain/Edict/Edict-LTD.aspx">Edict LTD</a>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-NUE-Overall.aspx
Felt to Supply Skil-Shimano Cycling Team
9/15/2011
<div> <div><em>Las Vegas, NV</em> - <strong>Felt Bicycles</strong> and <strong>Skil-Shimano</strong> professional cycling team have signed a multi-year sponsorship agreement, forming a partnership that is dedicated to competing at the highest levels of pro cycling. The sponsorship, announced today at Interbike, forms a powerful alliance that combines Felt’s advanced bicycle designs with Skil-Shimano’s world-class cycling program.</div> <div> </div> <div>As the official frame sponsor of Skil-Shimano, Felt Bicycles’ will supply all necessary road and TT framesets beginning in 2012 and through 2014. Skil-Shimano will begin the ‘12 season aboard Felt’s technologically advanced <a href="../../USA/2012/Road/F-Series.aspx">F-series</a> road race frames and the wind tunnel-engineered UCI-legal <a href="../../USA/2012/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/DA1-Di2.aspx">DA</a> time trial frame. These flagship models are built with Felt’s finest UHC Ultimate+Nano carbon fiber and each comes with a World Championship winning history.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-to-Supply-Skil-Shimano-Cycling-Team.aspx
Litscher is U23 XC World Champion
9/2/2011
<p><em>Champéry, Switzerland</em> – Felt X-Bionic’s Thomas Litscher has achieved the ultimate, and wrapped up the 2011 season with a Gold Medal in the U23 XC Race at the Mountain Bike World Championships in Champéry, Switzerland. This victory comes after a silver medal in the Team Relay race earlier in the week.</p> <p>Racing on home soil was beneficial for Litscher, who lead most of the race. As each lap passed, Litscher increased his gap on the field, so much so that he was able to dismount and walk across the finish line with his Felt Edict held above his head, saluting the crowd as he passed.</p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Litscher-is-U23-XC-World-Champion.aspx
Litscher Gets Silver in Team Relay
8/31/2011
<div><em>Champéry, Switzerland</em> - Felt X-Bionic’s <strong>Thomas Litscher</strong> began his 2011 World Championships with a Silver Medal in the Team Relay. The 22-year-old Swiss was the lead rider in the Team Relay and looked strong as he sharpens his form ahead of the U23 Race that takes place later this week.<br /> <br /> The Swiss team competing on home soil, was off to a strong start with Thomas Litscher riding into sixth place after the first lap. With each lap, Switzerland closed in on the podium, passing two riders on the final lap to claim Silver in front of an elated home crowd.</div> <div> </div> <div>For Litscher, the first leg also served as a preview to the battle with Kerschbaumer—one of Litscher’s biggest rivals for the U23 title. Both raced the first leg of the Team Relay, but it was Litscher who came out on top, besting his rival by 19 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Litscher-Gets-Silver-in-Team-Relay.aspx
Böcherer Is Ironman 70.3 Euro Champ
8/30/2011
<div> <div> <div> <div><em>Wiesbaden, Germany</em> – <strong>Andi Böcherer</strong> continued to add to his brilliant 2011 campaign, taking his second Ironman 70.3 at the Ironman 70.3 European Championship. The 28-year-old German took control of the race on the bike leg and never looked back, taking the win in his home country.</div> <div> </div> <div><span>B</span><span>ö</span><span>cherer was part of a 14 man lead group entering T1, and he quickly established a lead on the bike. The bike course, which had nearly 5000 feet of elevation gain, was covered with a light fog, so once riders were up the road, they were out of sight. B</span><span>ö</span><span>cherer utilized his aerodynamic position aboard the Felt DA to put time into the field on the downhill sections, and entered T2 as the leader and recording the fastest bike split of the day. <br /></span></div> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/B-cherer-Is-Ironman-70-3-Euro-Champ.aspx
Phillip Prevails at US Grand Prix
8/23/2011
<div> <div><em>Portland, Oregon</em> – Felt track racer <strong>Njisane Phillip</strong> had a huge weekend at the BMW US Grand Prix of Sprinting, taking the victory in both the Sprint and the Keirin. Additionally, US-based <strong>Project London</strong> took silver in the Team Sprint and Project London's <strong>Kevin Mansker</strong> broke a track record in the Flying Lap.<br /> <br /> Phillip began the weekend with the fastest time in the Sprint qualifying, recording a 9.91 in the flying 200m. The 20-year-old from Trinidad and Tobago raced through the first two rounds of elimination, never facing a repecharge round. Phillip then took the Sprint quarter-finals, the Sprint semi-finals, and the Sprint finals. In the Kierin, Phillip displayed a similar level of dominance, taking the win in all three Keirin rounds that he raced. With the Sprint and the Keirin victories, Phillip solidified his status as a legitimate contender on the international sprinting scene.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Phillip-Prevails-at-US-Grand-Prix.aspx
Felt Launches Custom Paint Program
8/23/2011
<div> <div><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt is pleased to announce the launch of its all-new <strong>Custom Paint Program</strong>. The Custom Paint Program allows customers to create their own paint and decal schemes for the high-performance Felt <strong>F1 frameset</strong>, and will later be offered for the Felt <strong>DA frameset</strong>. The custom paint options are accessible on the Felt Bicycles website where customers can design their own color combinations in an intuitive and user-friendly format.<br /> <br /> Felt will offer two levels of customization with varying degrees of personalization and cost. The <strong>Advanced Option</strong> allows consumers to select paint finish, frame color, and decal color and costs an additional $250. The <strong>Ultimate+ Option</strong> costs $500 and allows consumers to select paint finish, paint mask color, and decal color as well as to customize a top tube text panel. Consumers can choose from thirteen high-quality DuPont paints or raw carbon.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Launches-Custom-Paint-Program.aspx
Rivera and Canevari Take California Criterium Titles at Brentwood GP
8/8/2011
<div> <div><em>Brentwood, California</em> – Felt riders<strong> Coryn Rivera</strong> and <strong>Anthony Canevari</strong> took home the California Elite Criterium titles over the weekend at the Brentwood Grand Prix. Rivera, racing for Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 won the Women’s Elite race out of a select group of riders. CashCall Mortgage rider Canevari took second place in the Men’s Elite field sprint and, as the highest placed California, took the California Elite title.</div> <div> </div> <div>The race took place on a challenging criterium circuit in the heart of Brentwood. The one mile course featured 8 turns which made for aggressive racing. Rivera, who won this event in 2007, was at the front for the entirety of the race. Rivera was off the front for the entire race before being caught within the final few laps. From there, the pack had been whittled down to the strongest contenders.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Rivera-and-Canevari-Take-California-Criterium-Titles-at-Brentwood-GP.aspx
Two Wins for Kenda-Felt
8/8/2011
<div> <div><em>Alta, Wyoming</em> – <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> of Kenda-Felt continued her dominance of the National Ultra Endurance Series this weekend, taking the win at the Pierre’s Hole 100, and beating her nearest rival by over an hour and a half. Carey, the defending NUE Series Champion, covered the 100 mile course in 9:12 which would have gotten her a top ten in the men’s race.<br /> <br /> Carey, who lives in nearby Victor, Idaho, was able to capitalize on her knowledge of the Grand Targhee Resort. With nearly 4000 feet of climbing on each of the four laps, Carey was able to put significant time gaps on both the descents and the power sections. Taking the lead from the gun, Carey blasted away from her rivals, and began picking her way through the men’s field. With the win, Carey solidifies her bid for a second consecutive NUE overall title.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Two-Wins-for-Kenda-Felt.aspx
Litscher Third At Euro XC Champs
8/7/2011
<div> <div><em>Dohnany, Slovakia </em>– Felt Oetztal X-Bionic’s <strong>Thomas Litscher</strong> took third in the U23 race at the European Cross Country Championships despite suffering a mechanical on the last lap. Litscher, who won the Silver Medal at U23 Worlds last year, lost his saddle at the beginning of the last lap while riding in the lead group. Despite the setback, Litscher held on for the final podium spot. Litscher was also a member of the Swiss team that took silver in the Team Relay.<br /> <br /> Fellow X-Bionic Riders <strong>Blaza Klemencic</strong>, <strong>Adelheid Morath</strong>, and <strong>Karl Markt</strong> also secured prominent results at the European Cross Country Championships. In the women’s elite race, Klemencic took fifth place in a world-class field, an impressive comeback from her DNF at the Championships last year. Morath crossed the line tenth, which meet the Olympic standard for Germany. En route to the tenth place, Morath recorded the third fastest circuit time of all riders.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Litscher-Third-At-Euro-XC-Champs.aspx
Markt Third at Olympic Test Event
8/1/2011
<div> <div><em>Hadleigh Farm, England</em> – Felt Otztal X-Bionic rider <strong>Karl Markt</strong> once again proved himself as one of the elite talents in XC racing, finishing third in the Olympic Test Event over the weekend. Markt, who just won the Austrian National Championship two weeks ago, arrived on the podium alongside two former XC World Champions. The 31-year-old Austrian is putting together a fantastic season with X-Bionic, taking multiple UCI wins and podiums.<br /> <br /> The Olympic Test Event in Hadleigh Farm gave riders the opportunity to race the Olympic course for 2012. The racers completed seven laps of the rolling course in hot temperatures, which quickly separated the field. Markt, riding a full-suspension <a href="http://www.feltbicycles.com/USA/2011/Mountain/Edict/Edict%20LTD.aspx">Felt Edict LTD</a>, was among the top four riders throughout the race.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Markt-Third-at-Olympic-Test-Event.aspx
More Records for Project London
7/17/2011
<div> <div><em>Portland, Oregon</em> – Project London 2012 captured several track records this weekend at the Alpenrose Velodrome Challenge, en route to wins in the Kilo and Team Sprint. The American-based team has drawn immediate success since its formation just a few months ago, and has dominated the domestic track racing scene.<br /> <br /> <strong>Kevin Mansker</strong> set the tone in the Kilo, recording a new track record on Friday night with a scorching 1:07.79. That time bested the previous track record, held by Per Bjesse since 2009, by half a second. That track record is the second in month of July for Mansker, who also broke the flying 200m time at the Testarossa Challenge on his way to victory in the Sprint.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/More-Records-for-Project-London.aspx
Middaugh and Wealing 1-2 at XTERRA
7/17/2011
<div> <div><em>Beaver Creek, Colorado</em> – Felt triathlete <strong>Josiah Middaugh</strong> won the XTERRA Mountain Championship in record time. Middaugh covered the 22 mile course 19 seconds faster than fellow Felt triathlete <strong>Seth Wealing</strong> who took second place. <br /> <br /> Middaugh, who lives in Vail, Colorado, considers the Beaver Creek race his home course. Up until this edition, however, Middaugh had never been able to translate the home field advantage to a victory, finishing third in the past two events. For a moment, it looked as if Middaugh would have to wait another year for victory, as he came out of the water 1:47 behind Wealing. Middaugh’s strength on the bike paid off, gaining him the lead half way through the bike leg. Middaugh never looked back, and completed the race with the fastest time of the day and new course record of 2:12:05.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Middaugh-and-Wealing-1-2-at-XTERRA.aspx
Five National Titles for Baranoski
7/11/2011
<div> <div><em>Frisco, Texas</em> – Felt athlete <strong>Matt Baranoski</strong> was the class of the field at the U.S. Junior Track Nationals. The eighteen-year-old won each of the five races he entered, met two Junior Worlds qualifying standards, and set a new track record in a dominating performance. <br /> <br /> Baranoski’s first event was the Kilo where he delivered the fastest time in the men’s 17-18 division by nearly three seconds. Baranoski’s time (1:05.6) qualified him for Worlds was also established a new track record. Baranoski won the Sprint, Flying 200 (11.151), and Keirin. Baranoski then teamed up with Kaleb Koch and Ryan Gadow in the Team Sprint where they rode to a decisive victory.</div> <div> </div> <div>Baranoski’s next competition will be Moscow for Junior Track Worlds in August.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Five-National-Titles-for-Baranoski.aspx
Rivera Wins San Rafael
7/10/2011
<div> <div><em>San Rafael, California</em> – Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 racer <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> emerged victorious at the San Rafael Twilight Criterium. The nineteen-year-old American outsprinted her competitors to the line for her first win as the newly minted U23 National Criterium Champion. <br /> <br /> Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 demonstrated exceptional teamwork throughout the race, taking turns pushing the pace and executing a perfect leadout for Rivera. <strong>Alison Tetrick Starnes</strong> and <strong>Tayler Wiles</strong> kept the tempo high, wearing out many of Rivera’s rivals early in the race. Wiles, the U23 U.S. Time Trial Champion, took to the front in the last lap and pulled Rivera to the head of the field, where she could unleash her world-class sprint. From there, Rivera dashed to the front of the field, taking her second win at San Rafael in the past three years.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Rivera-Wins-San-Rafael.aspx
Cares Wins Firecracker 50
7/5/2011
<div> <div><em>Breckenridge, Colorado</em> – <strong>Colin Cares</strong> of Team Kenda/Felt emerged victorious at the Firecracker 50, defeating a formidable field of opponents. The victory is Cares’ first Firecracker 50 win and comes after several strong performances earlier this year. <br /> <br /> The Firecracker 50 course is renowned for being one of the most difficult circuits in North America. Racers completed two circuits of the course which consisted of almost entirely singletrack and included nearly 5,000 feet of climbing each lap. Record snow levels required a slight alteration to the course, making the circuit 27 miles instead of the usual 25.<br /> <br /> The twenty-three year old Boulder native was able to take advantage of the fast pace, distancing himself from the leaders on the second lap and holding on for the win.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Cares-Wins-Firecracker-50.aspx
Project London Sweeps Podium
7/3/2011
<div> <div><em>San Jose, California</em> – Project London riders <strong>Michael Blatchford</strong>, <strong>Kevin Mansker</strong>, <strong>Daniel Walker</strong>, and <strong>Jimmy Watkins</strong> dominated at the Testarossa Velodrome Challenge at the Hellyer Velodrome. The team took first, second, and third in the Sprint and Keirin. <br /> <br /> In the Sprint, the fireworks began in the qualifying round. Michael Blatchford kicked things off with a 10.82 flying 200, setting a new track record. That record would only stand for a few moments, as fellow Project London riders Jimmy Watkins and Kevin Mansker both went 10.73. Daniel Walker also qualified well, slotting in fifth place.</div> <div> </div> <div>In the Sprint semi finals, Mansker and Blatchford advanced making for an all Project London final.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Project-London-Sweeps-Podium.aspx
Alzate Wins Manhattan Beach GP
6/26/2011
<div> <div><em>Manhattan Beach, California</em> – <strong>Carlos Alzate</strong> of Team Exergy captured the team’s first NRC win at the Manhattan Beach Grand Prix. Alzate outsprinted a world-class field en route to the victory. The win is the biggest of Alzate’s 2011 campaign that includes strong performances at the Sea Otter Classic, the Callville Bay Classic, and the Roswell Criterium.</div> <div> </div> <div>The Manhattan Beach Grand Prix is one of the most storied races in the U.S., and is widely considered the most prestigious criterium in California. The 2011 race was the 50th edition, and the race lived up to the hype, with nearly 100 racers competing on the challenging course.</div> <div> </div> <div>Alzate was able to capitalize on the high speeds that shed many of the competitors from contention. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Alzate-Wins-Manhattan-Beach-GP.aspx
Silvia Felt Wins IM France
6/26/2011
<div><em>Nice, France</em> – Felt triathlete <strong>Silvia Felt</strong> was victorious at Ironman France, besting her nearest rival by over ten minutes. The victory is the first Ironman win for the 34-year-old German. Felt, no relation to company namesake Jim Felt, has had a fantastic 2011 with a third place at Ironman 70.3 Mallorca and a fourth place at Ironman South Africa. <br /><br />Felt was patient in the swim, keeping a comfortable pace but staying in contention. Felt entered T1 in eighth place, but was primed to make her move on the bike. Once aboard her <a href="../../USA/2011/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/DA.aspx">DA</a>, Felt was in her element. She posted the fastest bike split of all female competitors and passed six racers on the road. The prodigious bike effort brought Felt within seconds of the race lead. Three miles into the run, Felt passed the leader and never looked back.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Silvia-Felt-Wins-IM-France.aspx
Wiles and Rivera - U23 Champs
6/26/2011
<div><em>Augusta, Georgia</em> – The racers of Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 excelled at the USA National Championships. U23 riders <strong>Tayler Wiles</strong> and <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> collected National Titles in the U23 Time Trial and U23 Criterium respectively. <br /><br />Tayler Wiles had an impressive performance in the time trial, covering the 30 kilometer course 43 seconds ahead of her nearest rival. The rolling profile of the course made proper pacing a formidable prospect, but Wiles stayed within herself to capture her first national title. </div> <div> </div> <div>Coryn Rivera is no stranger to national titles. The talented 18-year-old has acquired dozens of career national titles, and has won a national championship every year that she has competed. The win in the criterium, however, was Rivera’s first as a U23 rider.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiles-and-Rivera-U23-Champs.aspx
Armstrong Takes Nature Valley Opener
6/15/2011
<div> <div><em>St. Paul, Minnesota</em> – Former World and Reigning Olympic Time Trial Champion <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> once again demonstrated her superb talents in the race of truth, taking the best time at the Nature Valley Grand Prix St. Paul Time Trial. Armstrong covered the course in 14:30, besting her nearest rival by 23 seconds. Armstrong’s Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 teammates were also strong on the day, with course record holder <strong>Allison Starnes</strong> taking third and <strong>Kristin McGrath</strong> taking fifth.</div> <div> </div> <div>The time trial course was a 6.1 mile out and back format with the final half mile charging up the climb on Ohio Street. The stage was made even more difficult by the cold and rainy conditions that lasted the length of the race. All riders used traditional mass-start legal road bikes for the time trial, with Peanut Butter & Co. riders racing aboard Felt <a href="../../USA/2011/Fit-Woman/ZW-Series.aspx">ZW</a> and <a href="../../USA/2011/Road/F-Series.aspx">F Series</a> bikes. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Takes-Nature-Valley-Opener.aspx
Carfrae Wins Ironman 70.3 Eagleman
6/12/2011
<div><em>Cambridge, Maryland</em> – Felt triathlete and reigning Ironman World Champion <strong>Mirinda Carfrae</strong> continued her solid 2011 campaign with a win at the Ironman 70.3 Eagleman. The 30-year-old Australian was once again untouchable on the run, recording the fastest run split en route to victory. <br /> <br /> Carfrae, who just took second place in the Revolution3 Quassy last week, was again strong from the beginning of the race. She achieved the third fastest split on the swim and on the bike, and was never too far away from the lead. On the run, Carfrae, caught fire. Her run split was the fastest of all female competitors by nearly five minutes and ensured Carfrae of the win.<br /><br />“I am so pleased to have backed up Quassy half's battle with the Dibmaster with a win here."</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-Wins-Ironman-70-3-Eagleman.aspx
Böcherer Wins IM 70.3 Switzerland
6/5/2011
<div><em>Rapperswil-Jona, Switzerland</em> – Felt Triathlete <strong>Andreas Böcherer</strong> won Ironman 70.3 Switzerland, recording the fastest time ahead of a world-class field. The 28-year-old German set a blistering pace on the bike, averaging nearly 27 miles per hour over the 56 mile bike course. Böcherer’s bike split ensured the victory, and netted Böcherer a new course record.<br /> <br /> Böcherer started the race cautiously, maintaining a comfortable pace in the water until about 500m from the transition. There, Böcherer established more than a minute lead over his principal rivals. On the bike, Böcherer was magic. Riding his <a href="../../International/2011/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/DA.aspx">2011 DA</a>, Böcherer recorded a 2:05:48 over the 56 mile course and extended his lead. On the run, Böcherer didn’t let up, recording the third fastest split on the day and taking the win by a margin of nearly five minutes.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Boecherer-Wins-IM-70-3-Switzerland.aspx
Felt Launches Tri-Centive Bonus Plan
6/1/2011
<div><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt Bicycles is very pleased to announce the creation and launch of <strong>Tri-Centive</strong>™, a multi-sport World Championship bonus plan specifically targeted to all age-group triathletes competing in this year’s Ironman 70.3 World Championships in Las Vegas, NV (September 11, 2011) and Ford Ironman World Championship in Kona, HI (October 8, 2011)<br /> <br /> The Tri-Centive plan provides a cash incentive to every non-professional age-group category for both men and women, for each of the two events. Any age-group winner on a Felt bicycle at the Ironman 70.3 World Championships in Las Vegas, NV will be rewarded with a $500.00 USD bonus from Felt. Any age-group winner on a Felt at the Ford Ironman World Championships in Kona, HI will earn $1000.00 USD.</div> <div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Launches-Tri-Centive-Bonus-Plan.aspx
Armstrong Victorious in Solvang
5/21/2011
<div> <div><em>Solvang, California</em> – Peanut Butter & Co. racer <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> claimed the victory at the Women’s International Time Trial Challenge in Solvang. Armstrong, the reigning Olympic TT Champion and two-time World TT Champion, bested the elite women’s field over the challenging 24.1 km circuit. The win is her second time trial victory since her return from retirement this year. </div> <div> </div> <div>The inaugural Women’s International Time Trial Challenge in Solvang is a component of the Amgen Tour of California that features female racers on the grandest stage of North American racing. Organizers invited 13 of the fastest women time trialists in the world to contest the event on legendary Solvang time trial course. Armstrong covered the course in a blistering time of 34:29</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Victorious-in-Solvang.aspx
FELT ÖTZTAL X-BIONIC Take Top Two Spots at Dalby
5/21/2011
<div> <div><em>Pickering, Great Britain</em> – Felt Ötztal X-Bionic took first and second at the Dalby Worldcup Eliminator, with <strong>Paul Van der Ploeg</strong> defeating his teammate and defending champion <strong>Thomas Litscher</strong> in the finals. The young Aussie was able to get a slight lead out of the gate in the final round, and stayed clear of Litscher for the victory.</div> <div> </div> <div>The event, held in the North Yorkshire town of Pickering, featured 42 racers from which the fastest 32 qualified for the elimination rounds. The course featured stairs and steep climbs that wound around the town’s center. From the beginning of the event, Litscher looked like the man to beat. The 22-year-old Swiss qualified with the fastest time and easily defeated his rivals in the first two rounds of elimination. Van der Ploeg also appeared strong early on, clearing his early rounds to secure a spot in the finals.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/FELT-TZTAL-X-BIONIC-Take-Top-Two-Spots-at-Dalby.aspx
Felt Introduces Shelby Cruiser
5/4/2011
<div> <div>Felt Bicycles is pleased to introduce the <a href="../../USA/2011/Cruiser/Men-s-3-Spd/Shelby-Cruiser.aspx">Shelby Cruiser</a>. Felt and Carroll Shelby Licensing have teamed up to design and develop a cruiser that pays homage to the iconic Shelby image. The Shelby Cruiser will be a limited edition offering and available worldwide. </div> <div> </div> <div>“Carroll is known for his determination to succeed and his passion for performance,” said Felt President Bill Duehring. “These attributes propelled Shelby to the pinnacle of auto racing and inspired a legion of fans. At Felt Bicycles, we share these same values and we are honored to be part of this project.”</div> <div> </div> <div>Felt designers worked hand-in-hand with the Shelby team to create a bike that exudes the Shelby image and culture.</div> <div> </div> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Introduces-Shelby-Cruiser.aspx
Carey Wins Cohutta 100
5/1/2011
<div> <div><em>Copperhill, Tennessee</em> – Team Kenda Felt rider <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> kicked off the National Ultra Endurance Series with a win at the Cohutta 100. Carey completed the grueling 100 mile mountain bike course in 7:33:42, nearly thirty minutes ahead of second place. </div> <div> </div> <div>The Cohutta 100 is the first race of the eleven race NUE series. Passing through the mountains of Tennessee and Georgia, the course demanded endurance and concentration. Carey, the defending Cohutta 100 and NUE Overall Series Champion established a lead early in the race and never looked back. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Cohutta-100.aspx
Armstrong Dominant at Sea Otter
4/17/2011
<div> <div><em>Monterey, California</em> – Peanut Butter & CO. TWENTY 12 rider <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong> dominated the four day Sea Otter Classic Stage Race, taking three consecutive stage wins en route to the overall victory. The former World Champion, who is returning to racing after a brief hiatus, was the class of the field in Monterey, taking the overall omnium win by a substantial margin. </div> <div> </div> <div>Armstrong, not typically, known as a sprinter, was able to take the Stage 1 criterium in the field sprint. The slight uphill finish rewarded the strongest riders, and Armstrong was able to stay on the gas long enough to pull off the victory. Teammate <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> took third on the stage.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Armstrong-Dominant-at-Sea-Otter.aspx
Felt Riders Shine at Sea Otter
4/15/2011
<div> <div> <div> <div><em>Monterey, California</em> – Peanut Butter TWENTY12 had a fantastic day at the Sea Otter Classic Stage Race, taking first and third in the stage 1 criterium. Two-time World Time Trial Champion <strong>Kristin Armstrong</strong>took the victory, her first since returning to racing in 2011, and 19-year-old <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> took third in a fast paced race. Armstrong and Team TWENTY12 will look to defend the leaders jersey throughout the race.</div> <div> </div> <div>In the men’s race, Team Exergy also was on the podium. <strong>Andres Diaz</strong> took second on the stage in a vicious sprint. Additionally, <strong>Carlos Alzate</strong> was out front nearly all day in a solo breakaway and took all three intermediate sprints to claim the sprinters jersey. </div> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Riders-Shine-at-Sea-Otter.aspx
Böcherer Second at IM South Africa
4/10/2011
<div> <p><em>Port Elizabeth, South Africa</em> – <strong>Andi Böcherer</strong> captured second place at Ironman South Africa, posting a blazing time of 8:08:36 hours. The time represents a personal best Ironman finish for the 28-year-old German. </p> <p>Böcherer’s FELT-racextract Team Manager Jörg Scheiderbauer was ecstatic after the race. It is “the biggest success of our young history,” commented Scheiderbauer. Böcherer owes his top result to a clever race tactic, as he revealed at the finish line. “I did not want to overdo it on the bike. I knew the race would be decided during the marathon and I was well prepared after intense winter training,” said Böcherer. </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Boecherer-Second-at-IM-South-Africa.aspx
Carfrae Wins Oceanside 70.3
4/3/2011
<div> <div><em>Oceanside, California</em> – Ironman World Champion <strong>Mirinda Carfrae</strong> kicked off her Ironman 70.3 season with a win at the Oceanside Ironman 70.3. The Australian took the lead in the final two miles of the run, taking the win by ten seconds! The win marks Carfrae’s third consecutive victory at Oceanside.</div> <div> </div> <div>Carfrae, who took <a href="../../International/Felt-News/Carfrae-and-Bozzone-Podium-at-IMNZ.aspx">Second</a> at Ironman New Zealand earlier this year, came to Oceanside as the defending champion and looking for a good result. Going into the run, Carfrae was in sixth place and trailed the leader by nearly five minutes. But Carfrae, known for her running prowess, motored past her competitors, making up 20-30 seconds per mile on the run. She took the lead with less than two miles to go and was able to hold on for the win. Carfrae finished in 4:26:18, including her remarkable half marathon time of 1:18:25.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-Wins-Oceanside-70-3.aspx
Hammer Wins 3rd Medal at Worlds
3/27/2011
<div> <div><em>Apeldoorn, Netherlands</em> – <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> captured her third medal at the UCI Track World Championships this weekend, making her the first American woman to win three medals at Track Worlds. Hammer took silver in the Women’s Omnium on Sunday to go with her Silver in Team Pursuit and Gold in the Individual Pursuit.</div> <div> </div> <div>Hammer, who won two of the UCI World Cup Omniums earlier this year, is continuing her transition to the multi disciplined event. The twenty-seven year old American was able to string together a solid series of races in the Omnium, eventually pulling into second place after the final event. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-3rd-Medal-at-Worlds.aspx
Hammer Wins 4th World Title
3/25/2011
<div> <div><em>Apeldoorn, Netherlands</em> – <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> will again wear the Rainbow Jersey in 2011 after taking the Individual Pursuit World Championship in dramatic fashion. Hammer, the defending Individual Pursuit World Champion, took her second medal of the 2011 Championships after leading the Team Pursuit to a Silver yesterday. The win is Hammer’s fourth Individual Pursuit World Championship.</div> <div> </div> <div>Hammer looked strong in the qualifying round, motoring to a 3:33.52. The time was the fastest in qualification, besting 2009 New Zealand’s Alison Shanks by .27 seconds. With Hammer and Shanks in the Gold Medal round, the stage was set for a battle between two Pursuit World Champions. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-4th-World-Title.aspx
USA Pursuit Team Takes Silver
3/24/2011
<div> <div><em>Apeldoorn, Netherlands</em> – The United States Women’s Pursuit Team took Silver in the 3000m Team Pursuit at theTrack World Championships. The team, consisting of <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong>, <strong>Dotsie Bausch</strong>, and <strong>Jennie Reed</strong> recorded the second fastest time in qualifying, and just missed Gold in the medal round.</div> <div> </div> <div>Sarah Hammer, the three-time Individual Pursuit World Champion, captained the team. Joining Hammer was Dotsie Bausch, who also raced with Hammer in the World Record-setting Team Pursuit at the Pan American Games last year. Former Keirin World Champion Jennie Reed, who is continuing to impress her comeback from retirement, completed the three woman team. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/USA-Pursuit-Team-Takes-Silver.aspx
Van der Ploeg Victorious at Oceania
3/23/2011
<div> <div> <div><em>Shepparton, Australia</em> – Felt Oetztal X-Bionic’s <strong>Paul Van der Ploeg</strong> once again proved himself at the Australia Mountain Bike National Series, taking the Overall Series Championship in the U23 Cross Country and Elite Short Track with a pair of strong races. Van der Ploeg secured the Titles with yet another dominating performance in both events.</div> <div> </div> <div>The UCI Oceania Mountain Bike Championships in Shepparton, Australia marked the final event of the Australia Mountain Bike National Series. Van der Ploeg entered the event with a commanding lead in the U23 XC standings and the Elite Short Track standings. </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-der-Ploeg-Victorious-at-Oceania-.aspx
Felt Signs Ryan Trebon
3/18/2011
<div> <div><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce that it will sponsor cyclocross and mountain bike star <strong>Ryan Trebon</strong> for the 2011 season. Felt will supply the four-time American National champion for both his cyclocross and mountain bike campaigns beginning with Sea Otter next month </div> <div> </div> <div>“I am thrilled to be with Felt this year, and can’t wait for the race season to begin,” said Trebon. “Felt was the perfect choice for me because of its technological approach to bike design and racing pedigree. I am already working with Felt’s engineers to fine tune my bikes for 2011, and we are all excited about the results.”</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Signs-Ryan-Trebon.aspx
Introducing Project London
3/16/2011
<p><em>Portland, Oregon</em> - Felt Bicycles is pleased to be a partner of Project London, an elite track cycling team, inspired, created and managed by Rubicon Cycling, LCC. Rubicon Cycling will carry on the mission of benefiting the LiveSTRONG organization while pursuing the development of young cyclists into champion professional athletes, fulfilling their dream of representing the United States of America in the Olympic Games.</p> <div> </div> <div>Athletes will compete in a multitude of events across the United States as a trade team and will also vie for slots on the USA National Team in international competition in the UCI World Cup, UCI World Championships, and the Olympic Games. The team will compete aboard Felt <a href="../../USA/2011/Track/Track-Series/TK1-Frame.aspx">TK1</a> track bikes. </div> <p> </p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Introducing-Project-London.aspx
DA Receives UCI Approval
3/9/2011
<div><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt Bicycles is proud to announce the UCI’s official authorization of the Felt DA Time Trial/Triathlon frameset for UCI races. The UCI’s new frame authorization process guarantees the DA frameset to be UCI legal and will be documented on each frame with the UCI’s new seal of race-legal approval. Graphic incorporation of the new UCI seal will be a running change and customers can expect to see these on DA’s later in the year.</div> <div> </div> <div>“The official certification of the 2011 DA TT/Tri frame under the new UCI qualification process once again demonstrates Felt Bicycles’ continued dedication to building the world’s fastest UCI legal bikes,” said Felt director of engineering, Jeff Soucek. “We are pleased to be one of the first manufacturers granted the new approval and we look forward to supplying our athletes and customers with the DA frameset.” </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/DA-Receives-UCI-Approval.aspx
Felt Oetztal X-Bionic Win Overall
3/7/2011
<div> <div><em>Amathous, Cyprus</em> – Felt Oetztal X-Bionic once again showed its strength at the Cyprus Sunshine Cup, with <strong>Karl Markt</strong> and <strong>Blaza Klemencic</strong> securing the overall series win on a pair of strong performances. The two have produced fantastic results over the three week competition, and appear to be in good form heading into World Cup season.</div> <div> </div> <div>In the Men’s race, Markt had essentially wrapped up the Orange Jersey with his wins over the past two weekends. He was looking to stay with the front riders as much as possible to honor the Orange Jersey, but was not required to cover any moves. U23 rider and X-Bionic teammate <strong>Thomas Litscher</strong> was looking for the win, and went on the attack at the first lap. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Oetztal-X-Bionic-Win-Overall.aspx
Carfrae and Bozzone Podium at IMNZ
3/6/2011
<div> <div><em>Taupo, New Zealand</em> – Felt triathletes <strong>Mirinda Carfrae</strong> and <strong>Terenzo Bozzone</strong> both claimed second place at Ironman New Zealand this weekend. New Zealand was the first Ironman distance race of the year for Carfrae and Bozzone, and the course proved to be challenging with rainy conditions plaguing the competitors all day. </div> <div> </div> <div>Defending IronmanWorld Champion Carfrae started the race well, getting to T1 with the leaders. However, bad luck bit Carfrae on the bike where she suffered two flats costing her over ten minutes. Leaving T2, the young Australian was 23 minutes down on the leader. On the run, Carfrae demonstrated the resolve of a World Champion, pulling back fellow pre-race favorite Joanna Lawn with only a few kilometers remaining and securing second place.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carfrae-and-Bozzone-Podium-at-IMNZ.aspx
Starnes Takes Merco Cycling Classic
3/6/2011
<div> <div><em>Merced, California</em> – Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 dominated the women’s stage race, taking overall victory as well as several individual stage podiums. <strong>Alison Starnes</strong> took the general classification after a convincing win in the individual time trial. <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> and <strong>Lauren Tamayo</strong> also collected podiums in the four event stage race.</div> <div> </div> <div>Stage One of the Merco Cycling Classic was an 82km road race. Starnes took second in the sprint for the line, heading up an impressive team finish. Teammates <strong>Tayler Wiles</strong> and <strong>Kristin McGrath</strong> took fifth and sixth respectively on the stage. </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Starnes-Takes-Merco-Cycling-Classic.aspx
Alzate Takes Final Stage and Overall
2/28/2011
<div> <div> <div> <div><em>Las Vegas, Nevada</em> - Team Exergy, competing in its first race as a professional team, dominated the Callville Bay Classic this weekend. <strong>Carlos Alzate</strong> took the stage win and overall lead on Stage One and went on to win the General Classification after taking second place in the time trial and winning the final stage. </div> <div> </div> <div>The four day stage race was comprised of four tough stages. Alzate took the win in a solo breakaway on stage one and secured a substantial time advantage in the General Classification. Alzate defended his lead in the uphill time trial, securing second place aboard his <a href="../../USA/2011/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/B2-Pro-Frame.aspx">B2 Pro</a>. The third stage took place in cold and rainy conditions and required the entire team to chase down breaks and set the pace at the front. In the final stage, Alzate once again bested the field, taking the criterium win and securing the Overall Classification in convincing fashion.</div> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Alzate-Takes-Final-Stage-and-Overall.aspx
X-Bionic Riders Dominate in Cyprus
2/28/2011
<div> <div><em>Macheras, Cyprus</em> – Felt Oetztal X-Bionic rider <strong>Karl Markt</strong> was victorious at the Cyprus Sunshine Cup #2 over the weekend, taking the overall win in the three stage event. Markt also won the Cyprus World Cup #1 the week prior. Fellow X-Bionic rider <strong>Blaza Klemencic</strong> took second place overall in the Women’s General Classification.</div> <div> </div> <div>The Sunshine Cup #2 consisted of three races, a short time trial, a point to point race, and a traditional XC circuit race. Markt completed the time trial on Day One in 16:34, just one second away from first place. The point to point race on Day Two proved to be the decisive race, and Markt rose to the challenge. Markt and one other rider escaped on a long single track section 9km from the finish, and had a twenty second lead at the summit. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/X-Bionic-Riders-Dominate-in-Cyprus.aspx
Alzate Wins Stage One at Callville Bay
2/25/2011
<div> <div><em>Las Vegas, Nevada</em> – Team Exergy rider <strong>Carlos Alzate</strong> claimed the team’s first win of the season, soloing to victory in Stage One of the Callville Bay Classic. Alzate bested a field featuring numerous domestic pros in warm and windy conditions. Fellow Exergy rider <strong>Eric Barlevav</strong> took second in the field sprint and third on the stage.</div> <div> </div> <div>Aggressive from the gun, Team Exergy went to the front immediately on the stage looking to take advantage of the windy conditions. Exergy’s <strong>Andres Diaz</strong> made a solo bid early in the race, and quickly amassed a 60 second advantage. However, Diaz was brought back by the field with 50km remaining.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Alzate-Wins-Stage-One-at-Callville-Bay.aspx
Van der Ploeg wins Australia XC Nats
2/25/2011
<div> <div><em>Adelaide, Australia</em> – Felt Oetztal X-Bionic rider <strong>Paul Van der Ploeg</strong> continued his strong mountain bike season in his native Australia, taking the U23 XC national championship. Van der Ploeg is showing good form prior to World Cup season after overcoming a patellar injury last season.</div> <div> </div> <div>Van der Ploeg has scored several prominent wins in the past few months, in the Australian Mountain Bike Series. He has consistently been at the front of the field, taking the U23 wins in Short Track and XC in You Yangs, Glenorchy, and Mt Buller.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-der-Ploeg-wins-Australia-XC-Nats.aspx
Hammer Wins World Cup Omnium
2/21/2011
<div> <div><em>Manchester, England</em> – Ouch Racing Team’s <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> won the UCI Track World Cup IV over the weekend, making her two for two in the competition this year. The American once again dominated the multi disciplined event after changing focus from the Individual Pursuit just a year ago.</div> <div> </div> <div>Like her previous World Cup, Hammer won nearly every race. She took first in the Flying Lap, Elimination Race, the Pursuit, and the Scratch Race. She also scored a second and third in the Points Race and 500m TT respectively. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-World-Cup-Omnium.aspx
Markt Wins Cyprus Sunshine Cup #1
2/21/2011
<div> <div><em>Oroklini, Cyprus</em> – Felt Oetztal X-Bionic Rider <strong>Karl Markt</strong> took the win at the Cyprus Sunshine Cup #1 on Sunday. The Austrian took the win with a time of 1:45:39, and finished 20 seconds ahead of second place on the rough course.</div> <div> </div> <div>The Cyprus Sunshine Cup is an International mountain bike series that kicks off the mountain bike season in Europe. The course was in excellent condition with sun and warm temperatures. 80 riders started the Men’s Race.</div> <div> </div> <div>Going into the final lap, Markt was in the lead group that had been whittled to just five riders. On the first climb, Markt went to the front and pushed the tempo, shedding two of his competitors from the group. That left just two Rabobank riders and Markt in the lead group. </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Markt-Wins-Cyprus-Sunshine-Cup-1.aspx
Kenda-Felt Set for 2011
1/28/2011
<div> <div> <div><em>Boulder, Colorado</em> – Kenda-Felt Professional Mountain Bike Team has announced its roster and schedule for 2011. The team returns all four of its riders from 2010 and will continue to be a force at elite mountain bike races across the U.S. The team is comprised of <strong>Colin Cares</strong>, <strong>Amanda Carey</strong>, <strong>Judy Freeman</strong>, and <strong>Andy Schultz</strong>.</div> <div> </div> <div>Kenda-Felt riders have collected impressive wins and podiums over the past several years among elite competition. Carey had a particular strong showing in 2010, winning the Iceman Cometh Challenge and the National Ultra Endurance Series overall.</div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kenda-Felt-Set-for-2011.aspx
Bell Takes World Cup Lead
1/24/2011
<div> <div><em>Beijing, China</em> - Canadian track cyclist <strong>Zach Bell</strong> moved into first place in the UCI Omnium World Cup standings with his second place in Beijing. The 28-year-old Canadian has strung together consistent performances in the multi disciplined Omnium and moved into a commanding lead. </div> <div> </div> <div>On day 1, Bell won the Flying Lap with a time of 13.233. He took 4th in the Points Race and 6th in the Elimination Race to finish day 1 in second place. Day 2 saw Bell finish 6th in the Individual Pursuit, 9th in the Scratch Race, and 4th in the Kilo, just missing the Omnium win by two points.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bell-Takes-World-Cup-Lead.aspx
Middaugh Wins Winter Nats
1/19/2011
<div> <div><em>Midway, Uta</em><em>h</em> – Felt Xterra Triathlete <strong>Josiah Middaugh</strong> won the USAT Winter Nationals Triathlon. The 32-year-old American posted the fastest bike split en route to victory.</div> <div> </div> <div>The Winter National Triathlon is unique event comprised of a 5k run, 10k mountain bike, and 8k cross country ski. Middaugh was pushed early in the race by two-time defending champion Brian Smith, who took off quickly at the gun. Middaugh pulled Smith back, and finished the run with a lead of 8 seconds. On the bike, Middaugh extended his lead to over a minute and recorded the fastest bike split of the day. Middaugh maintained his lead through the ski portion, and took the win by a margin of 45 seconds.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Middaugh-Wins-Winter-Nats.aspx
Kona Champ Mirinda Carfrae on Felt
1/3/2011
<p><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce it will sponsor 2010 Ironman World Champion <strong>Mirinda Carfrae</strong> in 2011 and beyond. The 29-year-old Australian will compete on the groundbreaking Felt DA triathlon bike through 2013.</p> <p>“I was very fortunate to have a number of bike sponsors pursuing me for the 2011 season,” said Carfrae. “Ultimately it came down to which company could provide me with the best combination of support and product to help me defend my World Championship. After meeting the team at Felt, studying the DA’s wind tunnel numbers, and considering their history in the sport of triathlon, the choice became obvious.”</p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kona-Champ-Mirinda-Carfrae-on-Felt.aspx
Snowsill and Ryf on Felt through 2013
12/29/2010
<p><em>Irvine, California - </em>Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce that Olympic and 3-time World Triathlon Champion <strong>Emma Snowsill</strong> (AUS) will be racing on Felt bikes through 2013. Snowsill, one of the most accomplished short distance triathletes of all time, will focus on ITU and non-draft legal triathlons in 2011 and look to defend her Olympic Triathlon title in 2012.</p> <p>“I am thrilled to know I will be riding and racing on a Felt for the next three years. I have known <strong>Jim (Felt)</strong> since 2003, and ridden his bikes since ‘04,” said Snowsill. “The team at Felt has supported me throughout my career and I am delighted to know I will have the equipment advantage that comes with such a superior brand.”</p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Snowsill-and-Ryf-on-Felt-through-2013.aspx
Hammer Wins World Cup Omnium, Bell takes Bronze
12/20/2010
<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><em>Cali, Columbia </em>- Team OUCH's<strong> Sarah Hammer</strong> took her first 2010-2011 World Cup Gold Medal with a win in the Women's Omnium. Hammer, a three time World Champion in the Individual Pursuit, has performed well in her transition to the multi-race event. Fellow Felt Athlete <strong>Zach Bell</strong> took Bronze in the Men's Omnium. The Canadian took Second Place in the Melbourne Men's Omnium two weeks prior, and retains his second place in World Cup rankings.</div> <div> </div> <div>Hammer, who just began competing in the Omnium this year, was the class of the field in Cali. The 27-year-old American won each of the first four events (Flying Lap, Points Race, Elimination Race, andIndividual Pursuit) on her way to Gold. </div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-World-Cup-Omnium-Bell-takes-Bronze.aspx
Van Der Ploeg Wins U23 Races In Australia
12/14/2010
<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><em>Hobart, Australia</em> - Felt Oetztal X-Bionic's <strong>Paul Van Der Ploeg</strong> won two U23 classifications at theAustralian National Mountain Bike Series over the weekend. The 21-year-old Victorian won both the U23 Cross Country race and U23 Short Track event, and finished 3rd overall in both races. Van Der Ploeg, who suffered a patellar tendon injury earlier this year, is continuing his build up to the World Cup season which beings April 23rd in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. </div> <div> </div> <div>In the XC race, Van Der Ploeg finished ahead of the 2nd Place U23 rider by nearly four minutes and was able to wheelie his <a href="../../International/2011/Mountain/Six-Series/Six%20LTD.aspx">Felt Six LTD</a> across the finish line. After the race, Van Der Ploeg was enthusiastic about his performance. "It's a technical track, so that suits me and I'm very happy I came in third against the elite guys," said Van Der Ploeg after the XC race. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-Der-Ploeg-Wins-U23-Races-In-Australia.aspx
Rivera Takes Silver at US CX Nationals U23, Carey Wins CX TT
12/13/2010
<div><em>Bend, Oregon</em> - Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 rider <strong>Coryn Rivera</strong> scored a Silver Medal in the US Cycling Nationals U23 Race this weekend. The 18-year-old multi-disciplined rider has had a solid year riding cyclocross primarily in California. Kenda/Felt rider <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> finished 9th overall in the Women's Elite, took 2nd in the Masters 30-34 Race, and won the Masters 30-34 CX Time Trial.</div> <div> </div> <div>The Nationals course made for a difficult race. Several inches of snow fell on Bend early in the week and by Sunday, the melted snow had saturated the course. There were multiple areas on the course where standing water was present, and riders were searching for firm lines during the entirety of the race.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Rivera-Takes-Silver-at-US-CX-Nationals-U23-Carey-Wins-CX-TT.aspx
Zach Bell Wins Silver Medal at UCI Track World Cup
12/3/2010
<div><em>Melbourne, Australia</em> – Canadian track cyclist <strong>Zach Bell</strong> won the Silver Medal in the Omnium at the UCI Track World Cup in Melbourne. The Canadian has excelled at the multi-disciplined Omnium, and just two weeks ago took silver at the Perth International Track Grand Prix.</div> <div> </div> <div>Bell had strong performances in the Flying Lap and Points Race on day 1, finishing third in both races, and ended day 1 in third place overall. On day 2, Bell won the Scratch Race, and had strong performances in the Pursuit and Time Trial, propelling him to the Silver Medal. Bell competed on a <a href="../../USA/2011/Track/Track-Series/TK1-Frame.aspx">TK1</a> in each event.</div> <div> </div> <div>Round 2 of the <strong>UCI Track World Cup</strong> will be December 16-18 in <strong>Cali, Columbia</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zach-Bell-Wins-Silver-Medal-at-UCI-Track-World-Cup.aspx
Felt Track Athletes Ready for UCI Track World Cup I
12/1/2010
<div> <div><em>Melbourne, Australia</em> - Felt track cyclists will be competing in the<strong> </strong>UCI Track World Cup in Melbourne December 2 through December 4. After setting the women's team pursuit world record at the Pan American Games earlier this year, the American pursuit team is looking to podium without their anchor, <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong>. The pursuit team includes Felt riders <strong>Lauren Tamayo</strong>, <strong>Cari Higgins</strong>, and <strong>Dotsie Bausch</strong>. </div> <div> </div> <div>Canadian <strong>Zach Bell</strong> will be racing in the endurance events after a finishing second in the points race at the Perth International Track Grand Prix two weeks ago. In the sprints, fellow Canadian racer <strong>Travis Smith</strong> will seek podiums in the sprint and keiren. </div> <div> </div> <div>All Felt track athletes will be competing aboard the <a href="../../USA/2011/Track/Track-Series/TK1-Frame.aspx">Felt TK1</a>.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Track-Athletes-Ready-for-UCI-Track-World-Cup-I.aspx
Amanda Carey Wins Iceman Challenge
11/8/2010
<div> <p><em>Traverse City, Michigan</em> -<strong> </strong>Kenda/Felt rider <strong>Amanda Carey</strong> took victory at the Iceman Cometh Challenge, outpacing second place by 2:39 and securing her second Iceman title. Carey previously won the race in 2008.</p> <p>The Iceman course is a 28 mile point-to-point MTB race spanning the Pere Marquette State Forest. The race begins in Kalkaska and finishes outside of Traverse City, Michigan. This year there were nearly 5000 participants and even more spectators. Carey soloed to victory on the <a href="../../USA/2011/Mountain/Nine-Series/Nine%20Team.aspx">Felt Nine Team</a>, completing the muddy course in 1:59:11. </p> <div>"This is the best mountain bike race of the year," Carey told cyclingdirt.com. "The crowds at the end are so inspiring. It's really exciting and super motivating to come out in race in front of crowds like this."</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Amanda-Carey-Wins-Iceman-Challenge.aspx
Felt To Sponsor Team Exergy Through 2012
11/3/2010
<div><em>Irvine, CA –</em> Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce it will be the official bike supplier to Team Exergy in 2011-12. As was recently reported, the Idaho-based elite men’s road team is expected to advance to UCI Continental status in 2011. The team’s international lineup includes a mix of returning pro’s such as <strong>Remi McManus</strong>, 2001 U.S. Elite Road Champion, and several new recruits including 2006 U.S. Elite Road Champion, <strong>Matt Cooke</strong>.<br /> <br /> “Felt has a storied history of supporting emerging teams and new talent, and in Team Exergy we feel as though they have the blueprint to be very successful,” said Felt’s Marketing Director, <strong>Doug Martin</strong>. “After a competitive run at the NRC and select international events this year, Team Exergy has put together the pieces to take their program to the next level and we are excited to be a part of it.”</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-To-Sponsor-Team-Exergy-Through-2012.aspx
Felt To Supply Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 Women's Pro Team
11/1/2010
<div><em>Irvine, CA</em> – Felt Bicycles is proud to announce a new partnership with the Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 Professional Cycling Team. For the next two years the U.S.-based elite women’s team, which won 55 races in 2010, will compete on Felt bikes at the world’s most prestigious road and track events with a clear target on the 2012 Olympic Games in London. <br /><br />“With such an amazing line of road, time trial, and track models, combined with their passion for racing excellence, Felt was an obvious fit for our team,” said <strong>Nicola Cranmer</strong>, general manager and founder of the team. “As our name indicates, our goals are to develop Olympic caliber talent that can compete internationally at the highest levels. We are delighted to have a bicycle partner that is as focused about this mission as we are.” </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-To-Supply-Peanut-Butter-Co-TWENTY12-Women-s-Pro-Team.aspx
Dan Martin Wins Japan Cup
10/25/2010
<div><strong>Utsunomiya, Japan</strong> - Irishman <strong>Dan Martin</strong> took an impressive win on Sunday at the <strong>Japan Cup Road Race</strong>. The Garmin-Transitions rider was able to gain an insurmountable lead with 37km to go and soloed to victory. Martin has already scored victories this year at the <strong>Tre Valli Varesine</strong> semi classic and at the <strong>Tour of Poland</strong>, where he also won the general classification.<br /> <br /> One of the final races of the year, the <strong>Japan Cup</strong> consisted of a challenging 151km circuit course that tested riders' late season form. Riders faced the 10 percent Kogashi climb a total of 11 times, and it proved to be the decisive feature of the race. </div> <div> </div> <div>Regarded as a fierce climber, Martin attacked on the Kogashi with three laps remaining. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dan-Martin-Wins-Japan-Cup.aspx
Millar Wins Chrono Des Nations Time Trial
10/18/2010
<div><strong>Les Herbiers, France</strong> – <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider <strong>David Millar</strong> continued his strong time trial form and added another victory to his palmarès with his win at the <strong>Chrono des Nations</strong>. Coming off <strong>Gold</strong> in the <strong>Commonwealth Games Time Trial</strong> and <strong>Silver</strong> at the <strong>World Championship Time Trial</strong>, Millar scored his 4th time trial victory of the year in dominant fashion, setting the course record, and beating his nearest rival by more than two minutes.<br /> <br /> The previous record, set by Laszlo Bodrogi in 2007, was 59:18 over the 49km course. Millar completed the same course in 58:53, besting the record by 25 seconds despite a headwind over the final 10km.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-Wins-Chrono-Des-Nations-Time-Trial.aspx
Millar Wins Commonwealth Games TT
10/13/2010
<div><strong>New Delhi, India</strong> - After scoring a Bronze in the Road Race, <strong>David Millar</strong> told the media that he wanted <strong>Gold</strong> in the <strong>Commonwealth Games Time Trial</strong>. On Wednesday, he accomplished his goal, covering the 40km course along the Noida Expressway in 47:19. Millar beat his nearest rival by 55 seconds, and won Scotland's fifth Gold Medal in the XIX Commonwealth Games.<br /> <br /> For David Millar, one of the top time trialists in the world, 2010 has been a career year. Millar won time trials in the <strong>Three Days of de Panne</strong> and <strong>Criterium International</strong> stage races, and podiumed in the <strong>Criterium du Dauphine</strong> time trial and the <strong>Tour de France</strong> Prologue. Just last week, Millar took Silver in the <strong>World Time Trial Championship</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-Wins-Commonwealth-Games-TT.aspx
Felt Podiums at Commonwealth Games
10/11/2010
<div><strong>Delhi, India</strong> – <strong> Felt Sponsored</strong> track rider <strong>Zach Bell</strong> and <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider <strong>David Millar</strong> scored podiums this week at the <strong>XIXth Commonwealth Games</strong>. Canada’s Zach Bell won bronze in the <strong>Men’s 20km Scratch Race</strong> aboard a <strong>Felt <a href="../../USA/2011/Track/Track-Series/TK1-Frame.aspx">TK1</a></strong>. In the qualifying heat, Bell was able to lap the entire field.<br /> <br /> Riding for Scotland, David Millar was able to score a bronze in the <strong>167 km Men’s Road Race</strong>. In a race that saw 78 of the 133 starters drop out, Millar was nearly able to take the win on his<strong> Felt <a href="../../USA/2011/Road/F-Series.aspx">F-Series</a></strong> bike. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Podiums-at-Commonwealth-Games.aspx
Danny Summerhill Wins UCI CX Race in California
10/4/2010
<div><strong>San Dimas, CA</strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> – Reigning U23 National Champion, <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Danny Summerhill</strong>, had a successful weekend at <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Krosstoberfest</strong>, taking 5<sup>th</sup> on Day 1 of and winning Day 2 aboard his Felt <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="../../USA/2011/Cyclo-X/Cy/F15X.aspx">F15X</a></strong>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The win on Day 2 marked his <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">UCI C2 win</strong> after being a dominant force in UCI U23 races in previous years.<br /></span></div> <div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <div> </div> <div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The racing on Day 1 was brutal from the start, with a fast pace set by the world class field. After morning rains saturated the course, the 1/2 race was a muddy affair. Summerhill was in contention for the podium the entire race until an incident in the final turn left him with a 5th place finish.</span></div> </span></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Danny-Summerhill-Wins-UCI-CX-Race-in-California.aspx
Sarah Hammer Crowned U.S. Omnium Champion
10/1/2010
<div><strong>Los Angeles, California</strong> - U.S. track star <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> dominated the <strong>U.S. Track Championship Omnium,</strong> winning 5 out of the 6 events and the National Championship. This is another in a string of great performances by the reigning World Champion.<br /><br /> <div> </div> <div>Once again riding the Felt <a href="../../USA/2011/Track/Track-Series/TK1-Frame.aspx">Tk1</a>, Sarah Hammer proved that she is at the top of the women's track racing scene. She scored victories in the Flying Lap (250m), Points Race, Elimination Race, Individual Pursuit (3000m), and Scratch Race and took Second in the Time Trial (500m). </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sarah-Hammer-Crowned-U-S-Omnium-Champion.aspx
Millar Scores Silver at Worlds TT!
9/30/2010
<div><strong>Australia </strong>— British veteran <strong>David Milla</strong>r rode his <a href="../../USA/2011/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/DA.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA</a> to a <strong>silver medal</strong> in the <strong>elite men’s time trial</strong> at the <strong>2010 UCI Road World Championships</strong> in Melbourne, Australia. <br /> <br /> Millar started his race strong, laying down the fastest opening spit on the 45.8-kilometer course. Starting fifth from last, he was the first rider to break the hour mark, with a time of 59:11.94. In the end, the Garmin-Transitions rider finished just over a minute behind Swiss rider Fabian Cancellara, who captured his fourth World Championship gold in the time trial.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-Scores-Silver-at-Worlds-TT-.aspx
Middaugh crowned U.S. XTERRA Champ
9/27/2010
<div><strong>Utah</strong> — <strong>Felt-sponsored </strong>multisport athlete <strong>Josiah Middaugh</strong> was crowned the <strong>2010 U.S. XTERRA Champion</strong> at the XTERRA USA Championships in Ogden, Utah. It was the final race of the off-road triathlon series' U.S. Pro Series.</div> <div> <div> </div> <div>"The pro field in Ogden was the strongest I have seen so far this year, and although the race felt like a struggle I pressed hard the whole way and was able to secure a top 3 finish for my 6th time in as many races," Middaugh said.</div> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Middaugh-crowned-U-S-XTERRA-Champ.aspx
Farrar Wins Vuelta Finale!
9/19/2010
<div> <p><em>Spain </em>— <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>sprinter<strong> Tyler Farrar</strong> scored a <strong>huge win </strong>on Sunday, outsprinting Mark Cavendish to emerge the champion of the final stage of the Vuelta a España in Madrid. </p> <p>Three weeks of intense racing concluded with a short, fast circuit race in front of a large crowd in central Madrid. Farrar put himself in position in the final corner and then launched ahead on his <a href="../../USA/2011/Road/F-Series/F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> with 100 meters to go. He powered away from Cavendish, who finished second, and Australian Allan Davis, who was third</p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Wins-Vuelta-Finale-.aspx
Farrar 2nd at Vuelta Stage 19
9/17/2010
<div><strong>Spain </strong>— <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>scored big points in the sprinters’ classification with a <strong>second-place </strong>finish in Friday’s<strong> Stage 19 of the Vuelta a España. </strong>Farrar powered across the line on his<a href="../../USA/2011/Road/F-Series/F1.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1 </a>just behind Belgian Philippe Gilbert in the 231km stage from Piedrahita to Toledo. The American now sits second overall in points with two days remaining in the season’s final grand tour.</div> <div> </div> <div>Farrar has been consistently near the front in the sprint stages of this year’s Vuelta and now trails points leader Mark Cavendish by 12 points (136 to 124). <br /> <br /> The Garmin-Transitions team’s <strong>GC leader Tom Danielson</strong> maintained his top-10 standing on Friday. The American, who rode well in the mountains and in Wednesday’s time trial, is eighth overall. <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-2nd-at-Vuelta-Stage-19.aspx
Ryder Just Misses Podium in Québec
9/10/2010
<div><em>Canada</em><strong> </strong>— <strong>Ryder Hesjedal</strong> accomplished his goal of animating Friday’s <strong>Grand Prix de Cycliste de Québec</strong>, a one-day ProTour race in Québec City, Canada. The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider just missed the podium, finishing fourth and taking the honor of being the <strong>top North American. </strong><br /> <br /> Hesjedal emerged as a top GC rider at this year’s Tour de France, where he finished seventh overall. He was motivated to put on a good show at two ProTour races in Canada, Friday's Grand Prix de Cycliste de Québec and the upcoming Grand Prix Cycliste de Montreal on Sunday. <br /> <br /> Hesjedal initiated a move in the final lap of the hilly circuit in Québec City, dashing ahead on his <a href="../../USA/2011/Road/F-Series/F1.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1.</a> He was joined by a small group, and Frenchman Thomas Voeckler took the win.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Ryder-Just-Misses-Podium-in-Qu-bec.aspx
MTB Star Litscher Will Ride Felt in 2011
9/8/2010
<div> <p><em>Germany</em> — The <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic</strong> World Cup mountain bike team announced today the signing of Swiss cross-country talent <strong>Thomas Litsche</strong>r for 2011. The 21-year-old won a <strong>silver medal </strong>in the <strong>Under-23 </strong>XC race at <strong>World Championships </strong>in Canada last week and is considered one of the sport’s rising stars. </p> <p>“We had great interest in him last year, however his commitments with the MIG team lasted through 2010,” said team director <strong>Jorg Scheiderbauer. </strong></p> <p>Scheiderbauer said he sees great potential in Litscher. In addition to winning silver at the Worlds in Mont-Sainte-Anne, Québec, last weekend, he was also part of the <strong>winning Swiss team </strong>in the team relay. </p> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/MTB-Star-Litscher-Will-Ride-Felt-in-2011.aspx
Wealing Rides Felt to XTERRA Mexico Win!
9/6/2010
<div><em>Mexico</em> — Felt-sponsored multisport athlete <strong>Seth Wealing won</strong> the <strong>XTERRA Mexico Championship</strong> on Saturday, repeating his 2009 win at the off-road triathlon in Valle de Bravo.</div> <div> </div> <div>Wealing, who lives in Boulder, Colorado, mastered the slippery, muddy bike course on his <strong>Felt Nine.</strong> He chased South African Dan Hugo, finishing 1 minute behind, and then surged ahead on the run to take the win. <br /><br />“The first lap [of the bike] was pretty hectic with Dan Hugo, Francisco Sorono and I racing tight,” Wealing said. “The second lap was incredibly slippery and muddy, and I focused on making sure to make no mistakes and avoid crashes.” <br /></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wealing-Rides-Felt-to-XTERRA-Mexico-Win-.aspx
Carey Captures NUE Title with Win in Virginia
9/6/2010
<div><em>Virginia </em>—<strong> Amanda Carey </strong>of the <strong>Kenda/Felt</strong> mountain bike team won the Shenandoah 100 off-road marathon race on Sunday, capping off an incredible 2010 season that saw her win four National Ultra Endurance races. <br /> <br /> Sunday’s win in Virginia gave Carey the overall title in the NUE series. She was four-for-four in the series, winning each of the races she entered. Carey faced all kinds of conditions throughout the year, riding her <strong>Felt Nine </strong>and <strong>Felt Virtue </strong>race bikes to wins on muddy courses and dry courses across the nation.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Captures-NUE-Title-with-Win-in-Virginia.aspx
Farrar Sprints to Victory at Vuelta!
9/1/2010
<div><em> <div><em>Spain </em>— <strong><span style="font-style: normal;">Tyler Farrar </span></strong><span style="font-style: normal;">sprinted to </span><strong><span style="font-style: normal;">victory i</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">n Stage 5 of the</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"> Vuelta a España </span></strong><span style="font-style: normal;">Wednesday, powering his </span><strong><span style="font-style: normal;">Felt F1 </span></strong><span style="font-style: normal;">past Koldo Fernandez and Mark Cavendish to take the win in the 199km stage from Guadix to Lorca. <br /><br />Farrar's seventh win of the season came a day after he was almost forced to abandon the race with a stomach bug. The win also made him a co-leader in the points competition; he is now tied with Spaniard Igor Anton. </span></div> <div><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></div> <div><span style="font-style: normal;">A breakaway formed early in the stage and was caught by the chasing sprinters’ teams, including Farrar’s Garmin-Transitions squad, in the approach to the finish. Cavendish made his move first in the final sprint, but Farrar rocketed past to take the win.</span></div> </em></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Sprints-to-Victory-at-Vuelta-.aspx
Smith, Bell Clean Up at Canadian Track Nationals
8/29/2010
<p>Felt riders had a major impact at the 2010 Canadian Track National Championships in Bromont, Quebec, this weekend, with <strong>Zach Bell</strong> and <strong>Travis Smith</strong> taking home a handful of national titles on their <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/TRACK/TRACK-Series/TK1-Frameset.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1</a> bikes.</p> <p>Bell, racing for Team British Columbia, <strong>won the omnium, </strong>taking home national titles in the <strong>individual pursuit</strong>, the <strong>points race,</strong> and the <strong>scratch race</strong> along the way. Bell also won a silver medal with his teammates in the team pursuit.</p>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Smith-Bell-Clean-Up-at-Canadian-Track-Nationals.aspx
Strong Ride for Klemenic at MTB World Cup Finals
8/29/2010
<div> <p><em>New York</em> —<strong> Blaza Klemencic </strong>of the <strong>Felt Otztal X-Bionic</strong> mountain bike team finished the 2010 UCI <strong>MTB World Cup Series </strong>on a high note, scoring a <strong>fourth-place</strong> finish at the finals on Saturday in Windham, New York. The Slovenian rode her <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/MOUNTAIN/SIX-Series/SIX-LTD.aspx" target="_blank">Felt Six</a> to her best World Cup finish of the year.</p> <div>The World Cup finals, the first mountain bike World Cup in the U.S. in five years, were held near Albany, New York, one week before the World Championships in Mont-Sainte-Anne, Quebec, Canada.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Strong-Ride-for-Klemenic-at-MTB-World-Cup-Finals.aspx
Garmin-Transitions Ready for Vuelta
8/26/2010
<div> <p><em>Spain </em>— The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team rolls into the final grand tour of the season, the three-week <strong>Vuelta a España</strong>, with a talented lineup including sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong>—on a roll after winning the recent Vattenfalls Classic—and fellow American <strong>Christian Vande Velde (pictured)</strong> who is looking to put injuries and bad luck behind him and finish the season on a high note.</p> <div>Both Farrar and Vande Velde were forced to abandon the Tour de France with injuries sustained in crashes. Vande Velde broke three ribs in a Stage 3 crash and Farrar fractured his wrist and eventually dropped out of the race on Stage 12. While Vande Velde, who also crashed out of the Giro d’Italia in May, says his form isn’t where it typically would be for a three-week tour, he’ll be looking for stage wins and to ride well in Spain. Farrar, too, will be looking to add to his tally of grand tour stage wins.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Georgia-NUE-Event-0.aspx
Carey Wins Georgia NUE Event
8/24/2010
<div> <p><em>Georgia —<strong> </strong></em><strong>Kenda/Felt </strong>mountain bike team rider <strong>Amanda Carey won her third </strong><strong>National Ultra Endurance</strong> series race of the season in Georgia over the weekend, putting her in contention to take the overall series title in less than two weeks.</p> <div>Facing heavy rain and tough, muddy conditions, Carey rode her <strong>Felt Nine </strong>to victory at the<strong> Fool’s Gold 100 in Dahlonega, Georgia</strong>. Heavy thunderstorms and rain turned the trails into sloppy Georgia clay, forcing race organizers to shorten the race. But Carey overcame the challenging conditions, extending her streak of winning every NUE race she has entered this season.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Carey-Wins-Georgia-NUE-Event.aspx
Bobridge Scores his First ProTour Win!
8/22/2010
<div> <div><em>The Netherlands </em>— <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>rider <strong>Jack Bobridge </strong>scored the biggest win of his career in <strong>Stage 5 of the eight-day Eneco Tour </strong>in The Netherlands on Sunday. The Australian joined a breakaway that lasted nearly all of the 204-kilometer stage and then launched a solo attack in the final 2km to win on his <strong>Felt F1. </strong></div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bobridge-Scores-his-First-ProTour-Win-.aspx
Martin On a Roll, Wins in Italy
8/17/2010
<div> <div><em>Italy —</em> <strong>Daniel Martin</strong> scored a brilliant <strong>win</strong> <strong>in Italy</strong> on Tuesday to give the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team two major victories in one day. Martin, who turns 24 on Friday, followed teammate<strong> Svein Tuft’s </strong>ProTour stage win at the Eneco Tour with a solo victory at the <strong>Tre Valli Varesine</strong> one-day race in Italy.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Martin-On-a-Roll-Wins-in-Italy.aspx
Tuft wins Eneco Tour Prologue!
8/17/2010
<div> <div><em>The Netherlands </em>—<strong> Svein Tuft </strong>of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions t</strong>eam threw down a <strong>convincing win</strong> in Tuesday’s opening time trial of the eight-day <strong>Eneco Tour</strong>. The Canadian National Time Trial Champion rode his all-new <strong>2011 Felt DA to </strong>his <strong>first ever ProTour stage win </strong>in the 5.2km prologue in Steenwijk, The Netherlands.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tuft-wins-Eneco-Tour-Prologue-.aspx
Farrar Repeats in Germany!
8/15/2010
<div> <div><em>Germany</em> — <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team <strong>sprinted to victory </strong>aboard his <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1</a> at the <strong>Vattenfalls Classic ProTour race </strong>Sunday in Hamburg, Germany. Farrar, who also won here last year, became the first rider in the event’s 15-year history to win two in a row.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Repeats-in-Germany-.aspx
Lee Makes History on Felt TK1
8/13/2010
<div> <div><em>Italy —</em> Korean track racer <strong>Hye Jin Lee</strong> scored a breakthrough <strong>victory </strong>on her <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/TRACK/TRACK-Series/TK1-Frameset.aspx" target="_blank">Felt TK1 </a>bike at the 2010 UCI Junior Track World Championships in Italy on Thursday. Lee won the women’s 500-meter Time Trial with a time of 0:35.479, not far off the mark of a world record.</div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lee-Makes-History-on-Felt-TK1.aspx
Tuft Wins Tour of Denmark TT
8/7/2010
<div> <div><em>Denmark</em> — Lightning struck twice for the<strong> Garmin-Transition</strong>s team on Saturday. After Dan Martin wrapped up his first ProTour win at the Tour of Poland stage race, <strong>Canadian Svein Tuft </strong>gave the team another major victory when he <strong>won the Stage 5 Time Trial at the Tour of Denmark. </strong></div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tuft-Wins-Tour-of-Denmark-TT.aspx
Martin Wins Tour of Poland!
8/7/2010
<div> <div><em>Poland </em>— <strong>Dan Martin</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team wrapped up his <strong>first ProTour win </strong>Saturday, protecting his lead in the final stage of the seven-day <strong>Tour of Poland. </strong></div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Martin-Wins-Tour-of-Poland-.aspx
Martin Takes Lead at Tour of Poland!
8/5/2010
<div> <div><em>Poland</em> — <strong>Dan Martin</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team took control of the <strong>Tour of Poland</strong> on Thursday, attacking on the final climb of Stage 5 to take the <strong>solo win and the overall race lead. </strong></div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Martin-Takes-Lead-at-Tour-of-Poland-.aspx
Binder Rides Felt to 2nd at TransAlp
7/27/2010
<div> <p class="MsoNormal"><em>Italy</em> — <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic </strong>team rider <strong>Natascha Binder,</strong> along with her teammate Bettina Dietzen, rode to a <strong>second-place overall finish </strong>in the women’s category at the grueling eight-day <strong>TransAlp race</strong>. The marathon off-road race started in Füssen, Germany, and finished in Riva, Italy.</p> <div><em><br /></em></div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Binder-Rides-Felt-to-2nd-at-TransAlp.aspx
Dean 3rd in Paris, Hesjedal 7th Overall
7/25/2010
<div><em>France</em> — The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team finished off a memorable <strong>Tour de France </strong>with a <strong>third-place finish </strong>by New Zealander <strong>Julian Dean</strong> in Sunday’s final stage in Paris. Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesjedal </strong>(pictured) finished safely in the main group, his impressive seventh-place overall placing intact. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dean-3rd-in-Paris-Hesjedal-7th-Overall.aspx
Ryder Time Trials to 7th Overall at Tour
7/24/2010
<div><em>France</em> — Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesjedal</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team continued his breakthrough Tour de France performance with another impressive showing on the penultimate stage. Hesjedal’s strong ride in the Stage 19 time trial—a tough 52km slog through the wind from Bordeaux to Pauillac—lifted him up to <strong>seventh place overall</strong> one day before the finish in Paris. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Ryder-Time-Trials-to-7th-Overall-at-Tour.aspx
Felt Riders Medal at Colorado Xterra
7/21/2010
<div><em>Colorado —</em> Felt-sponsored multisport athletes <strong>Seth Wealing </strong>and <strong>Josiah Middaugh</strong> took home two of the three pro men’s medals awarded at the July 17 <strong>Xterra Mountain Championship i</strong>n Avon, Colorado. Wealing and Middaugh, both riding <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/MOUNTAIN/NINE-Series/NINE-Team.aspx" target="_blank">Felt Nine </a>models, finished <strong>second and third</strong> respectively</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Riders-Medal-at-Colorado-Xterra.aspx
Hesjedal Climbs to Top-10 GC at Tour
7/20/2010
<div><em>France —</em> <strong>Ryder Hesjedal </strong>was supposed to be supporting <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team leader <strong>Christian Vande Velde </strong>on these long, difficult Pyrénéan mountain stages of the 2010 Tour de France, but Vande Velde’s Stage 2 crash and subsequent early exit from the race resulted in a change of plans. Hesjedal is now the team captain in the mountains, and every day the Tour marches toward its finish in Paris, the Canadian is proving more and more capable in the role.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-Climbs-to-Top-10-GC-at-Tour.aspx
Farrar Sprints to Third at Tour Stage 11
7/15/2010
<div> <p><em>France </em>— One day after suffering another team setback at the Tour de France—this time the loss of <strong>Robbie Hunter</strong> who broke a bone in his elbow in a Stage 10 crash—American sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> lifted the Garmin-Transitions team’s spirits again with a <strong>hard-fought third-place finish</strong> in Bourg-les-Valence. </p> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Sprints-to-Third-at-Tour-Stage-11-0.aspx
Bozzone Wins Another Ironman 70.3!
7/13/2010
<div><em>Rhode Island</em>— Felt triathlete <strong>Terenzo Bozzone </strong>continued his hot streak with another <strong>Ironman 70.3 win, </strong>this time in Providence, Rhode Island. Riding the <strong>all-new 2011 Felt DA</strong>, the New Zealander topped a competitive international pro men’s field to take the win with a time of 4:01:15.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-Wins-Another-Ironman-70-3-.aspx
Hesjedal Climbs to 3rd Overall at Tour
7/10/2010
<div><em>France</em> — The <strong>Tour de France </strong>entered the mountains Saturday and the<strong> Garmin-Transitions </strong>team’s top GC man <strong>Ryder Hesjedal</strong> proved up to the task of riding with the big guns. The Canadian finished the 165.5km Stage 7 from Tournus to Station des Rousses safely in an elite group of contenders and moved up to <strong>third place overall.</strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-Climbs-to-3rd-Overall-at-Tour.aspx
Dean Steps Up for Garmin-Transitions
7/7/2010
<div><em>France — </em>With super-sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> still nursing injuries sustained in a Stage 2 crash, Farrar’s lead-out man <strong>Julian Dean</strong> stepped up for the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team on Wednesday’s Stage 4 race from Cambrai to Reims and delivered an impressive <strong>second-place finish.</strong></div> <div><a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx" target="_blank"></a></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dean-Steps-Up-for-Garmin-Transitions.aspx
Hesjedal Lifts Garmin team with Gutsy Stage 3 Ride
7/6/2010
<div><em>France</em> — Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesjedal </strong>gave the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team a much-needed lift on Tuesday with a gutsy, aggressive ride through the fearsome, cobblestone-heavy third stage of the <strong>Tour de France</strong>. Hesjedal went hard from the start, joining a breakaway on his <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx" target="_blank">Felt F1 team bike </a>and staying strong all the way to the end of the brutal 213km stage from Wanze, Belgium, to Arenberg Porte du Hainaut in northern France.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-Lifts-Garmin-team-with-Gutsy-Stage-3-Ride.aspx
Millar Flies to 3rd at Tour Prologue
7/3/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands</em> – Veteran British rider <strong>David Millar</strong> got the Garmin-Transitions team off to a speedy start in the 2010 Tour de France, powering his <strong>Felt DA </strong>to a <strong>third-place</strong> finish in the 8.9-kilometer prologue time trial in Rotterdam.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-Flies-to-3rd-at-Tour-Prologue.aspx
Two Garmin Riders Bring Home National Titles
6/29/2010
<div> <p><strong>Canadian</strong> <strong>Svein Tuft</strong> <em>(pictured)</em> and <strong>Brazilian</strong> <strong>Murilo Fischer</strong> led the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team efforts at various National Championships around the world last weekend.</p> <p> </p> <div> </div> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Two-Garmin-Riders-Bring-Home-National-Titles.aspx
Farrar, Vande Velde to lead Garmin-Transitions Tour Team
6/26/2010
<div><em>France </em>– Americans <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> <em>(pictured)</em> and <strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>will lead a deep <strong>Garmin-Transitions squad</strong> at the upcoming <strong>Tour de France</strong>. The nine-man roster was announced for the July 3-25 stage race, and it’s clearly a team that can shoot for both stage wins and a high General Classification. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Vande-Velde-to-lead-Garmin-Transitions-Tour-Team.aspx
Snowsill scores ITU win in Iowa
6/14/2010
<div><em>Iowa</em> – Felt-sponsored triathlete <strong>Emma Snowsill</strong> surged past fellow Australian Emma Moffat to win the <strong>Hy-Vee ITU Triathlon Elite Cup</strong> in Des Moines, Iowa, Sunday. Snowsill put in a strong ride on her <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Fit-Woman/ZW-Series/ZW2.aspx" target="_blank">Felt ZW </a>bike and then a scorching run to win by 16 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Snowsill-scores-ITU-win-in-Iowa.aspx
Bozzone adds Eagleman 70.3 to list of wins
6/14/2010
<div><em>Maryland </em>– New Zealander <strong>Terenzo Bozzone</strong> continued his 2010 hot streak, scoring his <strong>latest wi</strong>n at Sunday’s <strong>Ironman 70.3 Eagleman</strong> in Cambridge, Maryland. The 25-year-old already has three major wins and a handful of podium finishes since partnering with <strong>Felt </strong>at the beginning of the season.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-adds-Eagleman-70-3-to-list-of-wins.aspx
Farrar wins Delta Tour Zeeland
6/13/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands</em> – American <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> showed he still has the sprinter’s form that carried him to two Giro d’Italia stage wins when he won this weekend’s <strong>Delta Tour Zeeland</strong> in The Netherlands. Farrar finished second in two stages, and his Garmin-Transitions team helped him defend the lead to win the overall on Sunday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-wins-Delta-Tour-Zeeland.aspx
Garmin-Transitions tackles Tour de Suisse
6/11/2010
<div><em>Switzerland</em> — With<strong> David Millar </strong>sitting fourth overall at the <strong>Critérium Du Dauphiné </strong>heading into the final two days of the eight-day stage race in France, the other half of the Garmin-Transitions squad is also poised to start another ProTour event, the <strong>June 12-20 Tour de Suisse. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-tackles-Tour-de-Suisse.aspx
Millar rides new DA to 2nd at Dauphiné TT!
6/9/2010
<div><em>France</em> – <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>rider <strong>David Millar</strong> put in a stellar solo effort on the <strong>all-new 2011 Felt DA</strong> to <strong>finish second</strong> in Wednesday’s 49km Stage 3 Time Trial at the <strong>Dauphiné Libéré</strong> stage race in France.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-rides-new-DA-to-2nd-at-Dauphin-TT-.aspx
DeBoom Wins Ironman 70.3 in Hawaii
6/6/2010
<div><em>Hawaii </em>— American triathlete <strong>Tim DeBoom</strong> scored a big win in Hawaii on Saturday, turning in a strong performance on his <strong>Felt </strong>bike to win the Rohto <strong>Ironman 70.3 Hawaii</strong>. DeBoom finished the bike split in pursuit of race leader Matt Lieto and Luke Bell, and then outran his two competitors to take the win.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/DeBoom-Wins-Ironman-70-3-in-Hawaii.aspx
Garmin-Transitions readies for Dauphiné Libéré
6/2/2010
<div><em>France </em>– The<strong> Garmin-Transitions</strong> team announced its lineup for the June 6-13 <strong>Dauphiné Libéré </strong>stage race in France, one of the key preparation events for the <strong>Tour de France</strong> in July.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-readies-for-Dauphin-Lib-r-.aspx
Dean sprints to second at Giro Stage 18
5/27/2010
<div><em>Italy</em> – With <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>double stage winner <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> out of the <strong>Giro d’Italia</strong> in the final days of the three-week race, Farrar’s lead-out man <strong>Julian Dean</strong> made the most of an opportunity to sprint for himself, finishing <strong>second in Stage 18. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dean-sprints-to-second-at-Giro-Stage-18.aspx
Hesjedal wins stage, Zabriskie takes 2nd overall in California
5/23/2010
<div><em>California – </em>The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team finished the <strong>Amgen Tour of California</strong> on a high note as Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesdjedal</strong> <strong>won</strong> a thrilling final stage in Westlake Village (pictured) and <strong>David Zabriskie</strong> hung tough to finish <strong>second overall. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-wins-stage-Zabriskie-takes-2nd-overall-in-California.aspx
Farrar wins again at Giro!
5/18/2010
<div><em>Italy</em> – <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> of the<strong> Garmin-Transitions </strong>team unleashed a powerful sprint on his <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx">Felt F1</a> team bike to <strong>win his second stage of the 2010 Giro d’Italia</strong> in Bitonto, Italy, on Tuesday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-wins-again-at-Giro-.aspx
Zabriskie makes it two big wins in one day!
5/18/2010
<div><em>California –</em> <strong>David Zabriskie </strong>capped off an incredible day for the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team when he <strong>won Stage 2 of the Amgen Tour of California</strong> and took over the race lead in Santa Cruz on Tuesday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-makes-it-two-big-wins-in-one-day-.aspx
Millar moves up to third in epic Giro stage
5/15/2010
<div><em>Italy</em> – Saturday’s epic Stage 7 of the <strong>Giro d’Italia</strong>, which subjected riders to rain and muddy roads in the Tuscany region of Italy, caused much damage to some of the race’s GC hopefuls, but <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider <strong>David Millar</strong> rode brilliantly, moving up to <strong>third place overall. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-moves-up-to-third-in-epic-Giro-stage.aspx
Hammer smashes pursuit world record!
5/12/2010
<div><em>Mexico</em> – American <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> set a new <strong>world record</strong> in the women’s 3,000-meter individual pursuit while competing at the 2010 <strong>Pan American Championships </strong>in Aguascalientes, Mexico.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-smashes-pursuit-world-record-.aspx
Vande Velde crashes, Millar moves up on hectic Giro stage
5/10/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands </em>– Stage 3 of the <strong>Giro d’Italia</strong> was a day of highs and lows for the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team. It was another chaotic stage in The Netherlands, and for the second day in a row crashes played a role in the outcome.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Vande-Velde-crashes-Millar-moves-up-on-hectic-Giro-stage.aspx
Frodeno, Ryf make it a Felt sweep at Seoul ITU!
5/9/2010
<div><em>Korea </em>– Felt triathletes <strong>Jan Frodeno</strong> and <strong>Daniela Ryf </strong>swept round 2 of the Dextro Energy Triathlon <strong>ITU World Championship Series</strong> in Seoul, Korea on Saturday, May 8.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Frodeno-Ryf-make-it-a-Felt-sweep-at-Seoul-ITU-.aspx
Farrar breaks through at Giro!
5/9/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands </em>– <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team survived a day of crashes, including one that took him down with less than 50 kilometers to go, to <strong>win a wild Stage 2 of the Giro d’Italia </strong>in The Netherlands on Sunday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-breaks-through-at-Giro-.aspx
Garmin-Transitions ready for Giro
5/5/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands </em>— The <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team is set to race the first grand tour of the season, the three-week <strong>Giro d’Italia</strong>, which kicks off in <strong>Amsterdam</strong> this Saturday, May 8. Look for the team to be where the action is from start to finish, contesting sprints, time trials and the high alpine stages on their <strong>Felt bikes</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-ready-for-Giro.aspx
Kenda-Felt pulls off weekend hat trick!
4/26/2010
<div>The <strong>Kenda-Felt Mountain Bike Team</strong> had an amazing weekend, scoring three wins in three states.<strong> Amanda Carey, Andy Schultz </strong>and <strong>Colin Cares</strong> all stood atop podiums after winning on their Felt bikes.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kenda-Felt-pulls-off-weekend-hat-trick-.aspx
Bozzone tops stacked field at Ironman 70.3 Texas
4/25/2010
<div><em>Texas </em>— Felt-sponsored triathlete <strong>Terenzo Bozzone </strong>scored his biggest win of the 2010 season, beating a stacked men’s field to <strong>take the title</strong> at Sunday’s <strong>Memorial Herrman Ironman 70.3 Texas </strong>in Galveston. As the inaugural U.S. Pro Ironman 70.3 Championship, the event featured many of the sport's top stars.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-tops-stacked-field-at-Ironman-70-3-Texas.aspx
Fairly scores solo win at Battenkill
4/19/2010
<div><em>New York —</em> <strong>Caleb Fairly</strong> of the <strong>Holowesko Partners-Felt </strong>Under-23 team scored a big win at the <strong>UCI-ranked Tour of the Battenkill </strong>race in New York on Sunday. The 23-year-old joined a small break and then powered his <strong>Felt F1 team bike </strong>to an impressive solo win, dropping former 2006 Tour de France winner Floyd Landis on the final climb to win the tough 124-mile race that includes plenty of rugged dirt roads in upstate New York.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Fairly-scores-solo-win-at-Battenkill.aspx
Hesjedal rides to 2nd at Amstel Gold
4/18/2010
<div><em>The Netherlands </em>— Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesjedal </strong>rode his <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx">Felt F1 SL</a> to an impressive second-place finish at the 257-kilometer <strong>Amstel Gold Race</strong>, the first of the three Ardennes Classics, on Sunday. It was the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>rider’s top finish ever at a Classic and the latest in a string of breakthrough performances that included his first grand tour stage victory in Spain last summer.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-rides-to-2nd-at-Amstel-Gold.aspx
Bozzone scores second at New Orleans 70.3
4/18/2010
<div><em>New Orleans — </em><strong>Terenzo Bozzone </strong>laid down a sizzling bike leg in the <strong>Oschner Ironman 70.3 in New Orleans </strong>on Sunday to finish <strong>second.</strong> A new addition to Felt’s stable of triathletes, Bozzone survived the hot, humid conditions to rack up another stellar result. He also finished second at Ironman New Zealand earlier this season.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-scores-second-at-New-Orleans-70-3.aspx
See you at Sea Otter!
4/16/2010
<div><em>California </em>— If you happen to be one of the eight thousand plus people flocking to Laguna Seca Raceway for this week's <strong>Sea Otter Classic </strong>in Monterey, California, this week, be sure to stop by the <strong>Felt booth</strong>. Check out the latest models or test ride a Felt road or mountain bike and receive a <strong>free Felt T-shirt. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/See-you-at-Sea-Otter-.aspx
Farrar On a Roll in Belgium!
4/7/2010
<div><em>Belgium</em>—<strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider<strong> Tyler Farrar </strong>kept his hot streak alive, sprinting to his<strong> second major win</strong> in Belgium in a week. Farrar powered past some of the world’s fastest sprinters on his<a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/F-Series/F1-SL.aspx" target="_blank"> Felt F1</a> to take the <strong>victory in the 98th Schelderprijs</strong>, a 204.5-kilometer midweek Semi-Classic.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-On-a-Roll-in-Belgium-.aspx
Farrar, Millar lead impressive Flanders showing
4/5/2010
<div><em>Belgium—</em>American <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> overcame two crashes and battled to a valiant<strong> fifth-place </strong>finish at Sunday’s <strong>Tour of Flanders </strong>Spring Classic in Belgium. Farrar’s top-five, his best-ever finish at Flanders, highlighted a great day of racing by the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Millar-lead-impressive-Flanders-showing.aspx
Big win for Farrar at De Panne!
4/1/2010
<div><em>Belgium —</em> <strong>Tyler Farrar,</strong> the star sprinter of the<strong> Garmin-Transitions</strong> team, made his first win of the 2010 season a big one, scoring a <strong>major victory on the cobblestone streets of De Panne,</strong> Belgium. Farrar outsprinted the field on his <strong>Felt F1 team bike </strong>to win the 112-kilometer Stage 3a at Three Days of De Panne.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Big-win-for-Farrar-at-De-Panne-.aspx
Millar completes Garmin sweep at De Panne!
4/1/2010
<div><em>Belgium— </em><strong>David Millar </strong>won the final stage time trial at the <strong>Three Days of De Panne</strong> stage race Thursday, completing an incredible day for <strong>Garmin-Transitions,</strong> in which they took <strong>three wins:</strong> <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> sprinted to victory in the morning’s road stage, then Millar won both the<strong> final stage</strong> and the <strong>overall. <br /></strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-completes-Garmin-sweep-at-De-Panne-.aspx
Millar battles to top-five at De Panne
3/31/2010
<div><em>Belgium —</em> A gutsy ride in terrible conditions at the <strong>Three Days of De Panne</strong> stage race put <strong>Garmin-Transitions rider David Millar</strong> in fourth place overall with one day to go in the three-day race. Millar fought off the rain and finished in a chase group 41 seconds behind the day’s winner, Frenchman Sebastian Turgot, and now sits poised to make a run at the overall win on Thursday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-battles-to-top-five-at-De-Panne.aspx
Kenda/Felt kicks off Pro XCT in California
3/29/2010
<div><em>Fontana, California — </em>The <strong>Kenda/Felt Mountain Bike Team</strong> kicked off its 2010 USA <strong>Cycling Pro XCT </strong>campaign in Southern California last weekend with some consistent top-20 finishes in the men’s race and women’s pro events at the U.S. Cup in Fontana.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Kenda-Felt-kicks-off-Pro-XCT-in-California.aspx
Millar wins Criterium International TT stage!
3/28/2010
<div><em>France — </em><strong>David Millar </strong>of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team proved he’s still one of the best riders in the world against the clock, powering his <a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/TT-TRI/TT-TRI-Series/DA.aspx" target="_blank">Felt DA TT bike</a> to victory at the final stage of <strong>Criterium International</strong> in Corsica Sunday. Millar beat two-time Tour de France champion Alberto Contador, who finished second, plus a long list of other top pros including American Lance Armstrong.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-wins-Criterium-International-TT-stage-.aspx
Hammer Wins Gold at Track Worlds!
3/24/2010
<div><em>Denmark - </em>American <strong>Sarah Hammer </strong>won the <strong>Women’s Individual Pursuit </strong>competition at the 2010 UCI Track <strong>World Championships </strong>in Copenhagen, Denmark, Wednesday. Hammer rode her <strong>Felt bike </strong>to a winning time of 3:28.601, crushing her nearest competitors by nearly 4 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-Wins-Gold-at-Track-Worlds-.aspx
Van der Ploeg Takes U-23 title at Oceania Championship
3/22/2010
<div><em>New Zealand </em>— Australian <strong>Paul Van der Ploeg </strong>of the <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic</strong> World Cup Mountain Bike Team made it two major wins in two consecutive weeks. A week after winning the Under-23 Australian Cross-country Series Championship, Van der Ploeg won the <strong>U-23 Oceania Continental XC Championship </strong>in Dunedin, New Zealand.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-der-Ploeg-Takes-U-23-title-at-Oceania-Championship.aspx
Van der Ploeg scores big win for Felt Ötztal X-Bionic MTB Team
3/16/2010
<div><em>Australia — </em>Australian <strong>Paul Van der Ploeg </strong>of the <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic World Cup Mountain Bike Team </strong>showed he’s in top form at last weekend’s<strong> Australian National Mountain Bike Series Finals.</strong> The 21-year-old scored a win in the <strong>Elite Men's Short Track event</strong>, which tied him with Olympian Dan McConnell atop the overall season standings.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Van-der-Ploeg-scores-big-win-for-Felt-tztal-X-Bionic-MTB-Team.aspx
Millar battles to maintain top-10 at Paris-Nice
3/13/2010
<div><em>France —</em> The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team’s <strong>David Millar </strong>put in another hard effort Saturday to maintain his top-10 GC position at the <strong>Paris-Nice</strong> stage race. The Scot’s teammates did the lion’s share of the work to pull back a dangerous break in the mountainous Stage 6, the hardest yet in the eight-day race that finishes in Nice on Sunday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-battles-to-maintain-top-10-at-Paris-Nice.aspx
Felt partners with Mafia Racing again in 2010
3/11/2010
<div><strong>Felt Bicycles </strong>is proud to announce it is continuing its sponsorship of the <strong>Mafia Racing off-road team</strong> in 2010. The Colorado-based Mafia Racing program started in 2007 and has grown each year to extend its reach to the national level while still remaining true to its grassroots community-based focus.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-partners-with-Mafia-Racing-again-in-2010.aspx
Strong start for Garmin-Transitions at Paris-Nice
3/7/2010
<div><em>France — </em>The <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>squad kicked off the most important stage race so far this season with British veteran <strong>David Millar</strong> scoring a top-10 in the prologue at <strong>Paris-Nice</strong>. Millar rode his <strong>Felt DA TT</strong> bike to a seventh-place finish in the 8-kilometer time trial outside of Paris.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Strong-start-for-Garmin-Transitions-at-Paris-Nice.aspx
Bozzone scores second place at Ironman New Zealand
3/6/2010
<div><em>New Zealand —</em> <strong>Terenzo Bozzone</strong> made his first Ironman competition on a<strong> Felt </strong>bike one to remember, finishing a strong second at Saturday’s <strong>Ironman New Zealand. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bozzone-scores-second-place-at-Ironman-New-Zealand.aspx
Hunter wins again, holds Tour of Murcia lead
3/4/2010
<div><em>Spain</em> — South African sprinter <strong>Robbie Hunter</strong> made it two-for-two, winning Thursday’s second stage of the <strong>Tour of Murcia</strong> in Spain, and keeping the leader’s jersey in the hands of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> squad for another day.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hunter-wins-again-holds-Tour-of-Murcia-lead.aspx
Hunter sprints to win in Spain!
3/3/2010
<div><em>Spain</em> — It didn’t take the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team’s newly signed sprinter <strong>Robbie Hunter</strong> long to make a splash. The 32-year-old South African delivered a big win to the team Wednesday, rocketing to <strong>victory </strong>at the opening stage of the <strong>Tour of Murcia </strong>on his Felt F1 SL team bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hunter-sprints-to-win-in-Spain-.aspx
Farrar scores podium at Het Nieuwsblad
2/27/2010
<div><em>Belgium —</em> <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>rider <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> kicked off his 2010 Spring Classics campaign with a strong third-place finish at <strong>Omloop Het Nieuwsblad (formerly Het Volk)</strong> on Saturday. Racing on Belgian cobblestones for the first time this season, Farrar charged to the front of a chase group near the end of the 204-kilometer race, scoring the final podium spot behind Spaniard Juan Antonio Flecha and German Heinrich Haussler.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-scores-podium-at-Het-Nieuwsblad.aspx
Meyer finishes strong at Tour of Oman
2/19/2010
<div><em>Oman</em>—Australian Time Trial National Champion <strong>Cameron Meyer</strong> showed off his considerable talent for racing against the clock with a <strong>third-place</strong> finish against some of the world’s top pros in Friday’s final stage of the <strong>Tour of Oman</strong>. The 22-year-old Garmin-Transitions rider finished just behind Time Trial World Champion Fabian Cancellara to take the final podium spot and move up to third place overall in the final GC standings.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Meyer-finishes-strong-at-Tour-of-Oman.aspx
Farrar second at Stage 2 in Oman
2/15/2010
<div><em>Oman—</em><strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> scored another second place on his <strong>Felt F1</strong> in the Persian Gulf Monday, this time at Stage 2 of the <strong>Tour of Oman</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-second-at-Stage-2-in-Oman.aspx
Farrar finishes strong at Tour of Qatar
2/12/2010
<div><em>Qatar—</em><strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> rider <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> finished the week strong at the <strong>Tour of Qatar </strong>stage race, barely missing the victory with a second-place in Friday’s final stage from Al Wakra to Doha Cornich.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-finishes-strong-at-Tour-of-Qatar.aspx
Felt, Garmin introduce limited edition AR5 with Garmin Edge 500
2/10/2010
<div><strong>Felt</strong> has partnered with <strong>Garmin</strong> on an exclusive new promotion. A limited edition <strong><a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/AR-Series/AR5.aspx" target="_blank">Felt AR5</a></strong> model—unavailable until now and available only through this promo—will be offered as a special package that includes the new <strong>Garmin Edge 500</strong> GPS-based cycling computer at no additional price.</div> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Garmin-introduce-limited-edition-AR5-with-Garmin-Edge-500.aspx
Felt partners with Kenda USA Mountain Bike Team
2/9/2010
<div><strong>Felt Bicycles</strong> has partnered with <strong>Kenda USA </strong>to become the official bike for the <strong>Kenda-Felt</strong> mountain bike team in 2010. The team’s four riders—<strong>Colin Cares, Amanda Carey, Judy Freeman</strong> (shown) and <strong>Andy Schultz</strong>—will compete in a variety of national and international cross-country and endurance events. The riders will have their choice of several different Felt models including the <strong>Nine Team, </strong>Felt’s flagship carbon fiber 29-inch hardtail.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-partners-with-Kenda-USA-Mountain-Bike-Team.aspx
Garmin-Transitions 2nd at Qatar opening TTT
2/7/2010
<div><em>Qatar —</em> The <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> squad opened the <strong>Tour of Qatar</strong> stage race on a high note, finishing second in Sunday’s <strong>Team Time Trial</strong>. On a typically blustery day in Qatar, which sits on the northern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, the team covered the 8.2-kilometer course in 9:49, 8 seconds behind the first-place Team Sky.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-2nd-at-Qatar-opening-TTT.aspx
Garmin-Transitions squad readies for sprinters' battle at Tour of Qatar
2/5/2010
<div><strong>Garmin-Transitions’</strong> lead sprinter, American <strong>Tyler Farrar,</strong> will test his early-season form in the Persian Gulf this week, as he kicks off his 2010 season with the <strong>Tour of Qatar </strong>stage race. The roads of this six-day race, which starts with a team time trial on Sunday, are mostly flat with the main challenge being the punishing winds that buffet this area on the northern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transition.aspx
Garmin-Transitions wraps up 2010 pre-season camp
2/1/2010
<div>January is training camp season for pro road teams, and the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>squad just wrapped up a two-week camp in Spain. Riders tested out <strong>new <span id="lw_1265049208_0" class="yshortcuts">Felt bikes</span></strong>, endured a bit of rain, and put in some long miles together as they got reacquainted before the 2010 season heats up.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-wraps-up-2010-pre-season-camp.aspx
Come See Felt at San Diego TriExpo
1/29/2010
<div>The winter’s biggest triathlon gathering is happening right now in San Diego, and Felt is here in full force. The first-ever <strong>TriExpo </strong>is being held at the <strong>Hilton San Diego Resort & Spa Friday and Saturday</strong> (hours below), so if you’re in the area stop by for a look at the latest Felt triathlon and road bikes and gear.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Come-See-Felt-at-San-Diego-TriExpo.aspx
Hammer awarded USOC Athlete of the Month
1/25/2010
<div>The <strong>United States Olympic Committee</strong> selected track cyclist <strong>Sarah Hammer </strong>as its female A<strong>thlete of the Month</strong> for December. Hammer, a two-time World Champion and Felt-sponsored rider, collected <strong>gold and silver medals</strong> at the UCI<strong> Track Cycling World Cup</strong> in Cali, Colombia, in December.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-awarded-USOC-Athlete-of-the-Month.aspx
Bell Scores Two Gold Medals in Beijing!
1/23/2010
<div>Canadian<strong> Zach Bell</strong> rode his <strong>Felt TK1</strong> to <strong>two wins </strong>at the final round of the <strong>UCI World Cup Track Series </strong>in <strong>Beijing.</strong> Bell, who just switched to Felt a few short weeks ago, won both the <strong>points race </strong>and the <strong>scratch race </strong>in Beijing.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Bell-Scores-Two-Gold-Medals-in-Beijing-.aspx
Hunter sprints to fourth Down Under
1/20/2010
<div><em>Australia — </em>The 2010 <strong>ProTour</strong> season is underway in Australia, and South African <strong>Robbie Hunter,</strong> a new recruit to the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team, was in the finishing mix in the first two stages of the <strong>Santos Tour Down Under.</strong> Hunter, picked up from the South African team Barloworld to give the team’s American sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>an ace lead-out man, <strong>finished fourth</strong> in Wednesday’s second stage in Australia.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hunter-sprints-to-fourth-Down-Under.aspx
Felt Ötztal X-Bionic signs two MTB marathon talents
1/14/2010
<div>The <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic</strong> World Cup mountain bike team announced two new athlete signings that will strengthen and diversify the team’s efforts to shine in all of the disciplines of off-road endurance racing. <strong>Caroline Schiff (GER) and Vladi Riha (CZE) </strong>specialize in the longer marathon events and will focus on races such as the European Marathon Championships.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-tztal-X-Bionic-signs-two-MTB-marathon-talents.aspx
Tri World Champ Bozzone signs with Felt
1/12/2010
<div><strong>Felt Bicycles </strong>is pleased to announce the addition of <strong>2008 Ironman 70.3 World Champion Terenzo Bozzone</strong> to its lineup of talented Olympic and World Champion triathletes. The 24-year-old New Zealander will ride Felt bikes, including the <strong>DA triathlon bike</strong> and <strong>AR aerodynamic road bike, in 2010 and beyond. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tri-World-Champ-Bozzone-signs-with-Felt.aspx
Meyer family strikes again: Travis wins Aussie Road Nats
1/10/2010
<div><em>Australia — </em>Four days after his brother Cameron won the Australian Time Trial National Championship, 20-year-old <strong>Travis Meyer</strong> pulled off an incredible win in the <strong>Men's Australian Road Championship</strong> to give the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team not just one, but two 2010 Aussie National Champs.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Meyer-family-strikes-again-Travis-wins-Aussie-Road-Nats.aspx
Meyer crowned Aussie TT Champ!
1/6/2010
<div><em>Australia — </em><strong>Cameron Meyer</strong> jump-started the <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team's 2010 season with a big win Wednesday at the <strong>Australian Time Trial Championship</strong>. Meyer rode his <strong>Felt DA</strong> to victory in Buninyong, Victoria, blitzing the 39-kilometer course with a time of 50:52. He beat second-place finisher John Anderson by 28 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Meyer-crowned-Aussie-TT-Champ-.aspx
Felt partners with UCI World Cycling Centre
1/5/2010
<div><strong>Felt Bicycles</strong> has partnered with the <strong>International Cycling Union (UCI)</strong>, the world governing body of cycling, to supply a full stable of road, time trial, track, mountain and BMX frames to the <strong>World Cycling Centre</strong> in <strong>Aigle, Switzerland.</strong> The architecturally renowned World Cycling Centre opened in 2002 and houses the offices of the UCI staff as well as elite training facilities for Olympic cycling hopefuls from around the world. The WCC also functions as a training center for national-level cycling coaches, team directors and other management roles within the sport.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-partners-with-UCI-World-Cycling-Centre.aspx
Hesjedal receives top honors from Canadian Cyclist
12/31/2009
<div><em>Canada —<strong> </strong></em><strong>Ryder Hesjedal </strong>of the <strong>Garmin-Transitions</strong> team took two major awards from the online publication <a href="http://canadiancyclist.com/dailynews.php?id=18063" target="_blank">Canadian Cyclist</a> last week. A <strong>stage winner</strong> at the<strong> 2009 Vuelta a España</strong>, Hesjedal was voted as <strong>Canadian Cyclist of the Year. </strong>On top of that, the former mountain bike champion was also named <strong>Canadian Cyclist of the Decade. </strong>Both awards were determined by a reader poll on CanadianCyclist.com.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-receives-top-honors-from-Canadian-Cyclist.aspx
Garmin-Transitions announces 2010 roster
12/27/2009
<div><em>Boulder, CO </em>-- The <strong>Garmin-Transitions </strong>team has officially announced its 2010 roster. Coming off a strong 2009 season, which saw the team place <strong>second overall</strong> in the <strong>Tour de France</strong> with two riders in the top 10, and score <strong>three stage victories at the Vuelta a España</strong>, plus success at the <strong>Tour of Britain</strong> and the <strong>Sun Tour,</strong> the team features <strong>10 Americans</strong> among <strong>a total of 27 riders from eight different countries. </strong>The team will once again race <strong>Felt bikes, </strong>including the <strong>DA time trial bike</strong>, plus team editions of the <strong>F, AR </strong>and <strong>Z series road bikes. <br /></strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Transitions-announces-2010-roster.aspx
Summerhill scores U-23 ’cross win in Europe
12/21/2009
<div><em>Belgium — </em>Recently crowned <strong>U.S. Under-23 National Cyclo-cross Champion Danny Summerhill</strong> continued his hot streak in Europe this weekend, winning Saturday’s U-23 category race at the <strong>Lichtervelde </strong>race in Belgium.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Summerhill-scores-U-23-cross-win-in-Europe.aspx
Hammer sets new U.S. pursuit record at Cali World Cup
12/12/2009
<div><em>Cali, Colombia</em> -- Two-time World Champion <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> made a successful return to international track racing with a <strong>win at Round 3 of the 2009-2010 UCI Track World Cup</strong> series in Colombia. Not only did Hammer win the women’s individual pursuit, she set a <strong>new U.S. record</strong> and also a new <strong>track record </strong>at the Cali velodrome.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-sets-new-U-S-pursuit-record-at-Cali-World-Cup.aspx
National Champ!
12/12/2009
<div><em>Bend, Oregon — </em><strong>Danny Summerhill</strong> of the <strong>Garmin-Felt</strong> team put in a brilliant ride Saturday to win the <strong>Under-23 title </strong>at the USA Cycling <strong>National Cyclo-cross Championships. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/National-Champ-.aspx
Brrrr… Chilly Cyclocross Nats Underway in Oregon
12/11/2009
<div><em>Bend, Oregon<strong> </strong></em>— A record number of racers and fans is gathering in Bend, Oregon, this weekend for the <strong>2009 USA Cycling Cyclo-cross National Championships</strong>. More than 1,600 racers will compete in sub-freezing, and possibly snowy, conditions</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Brrrr-Chilly-Cyclocross-Nats-Underway-in-Oregon-.aspx
Olympic Champ Frodeno sets new course record at Laguna Phuket
12/9/2009
<div><em><strong>Thailand -- </strong></em>2008 Beijing <strong>Olympic Champion Jan Frodeno </strong>of Germany won the <strong>Laguna Phuket “Race of Legends” </strong>triathlon in Thailand on Sunday. Frodeno set a new course record on his<strong> Felt DA</strong>, crushing the men’s field in what he called a great start to his 2010 season. He beat the old course record by 3:23.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Olympic-Champ-Frodeno-sets-new-course-record-at-Laguna-Phuket.aspx
Summerhill wins U-23 races at USGP Finals
12/7/2009
<div><em><strong>Portland - </strong></em><strong>Danny Summerhill</strong> of the <strong>Holowesko Partners-Felt</strong> team, the Under-23 arm of the Garmin-Slipstream organization, had an impressive weekend of cyclocross racing in Portland, winning the U-23 category in both events of the December 5-6 <strong>Portland Stanley Cup</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Summerhill-wins-U-23-races-at-USGP-Finals.aspx
Wells shows good form leading up to Cyclocross Nationals
12/2/2009
<div><strong>Mafia Racing’s Jake Wells </strong>continued his road to the Cyclocross National Championships with an impressive showing last weekend at the<strong> Jingle Cross Rock</strong> event in <strong>Iowa City, Iowa</strong>. Consistency was the name of the game as the Felt-sponsored racer pulled off a bit of a statistical oddity in Iowa: three sixth-place finishes.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wells-shows-good-form-leading-up-to-Cyclocross-Nationals.aspx
Garmin-Slipstream renamed Garmin-Transitions
11/30/2009
<div><strong>Transitions Optical</strong> has been named the newest sponsor of the <strong>Garmin-Slipstream </strong>ProTour team. The team, which will continue to ride <strong>Felt bikes</strong> in the 2010 race season, will now be named <strong>Garmin-Transitions.</strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-renamed-Garmin-Transitions.aspx
Wells scores podium finish at North Carolina GP
11/24/2009
<div><strong>Mafia Racing’s Jake Wells </strong>scored an impressive podium finish at Sunday's <strong>North Carolina Grand Prix UCI cyclocross race</strong> in Hendersonville, N.C. Wells fared well in the cold, muddy conditions, piloting his <strong>Felt F15X</strong> to third place behind Italian Davide Frattini and Brian Matter, first and second respectively.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wells-scores-podium-finish-at-North-Carolina-GP.aspx
Felt partners with Retül fit systems
11/19/2009
<div>Felt Bicycles<strong> </strong>has partnered with Retül, a state-of-the-art motion capture system that offers bike retailers and fit specialists the ultimate tool for a precision fit. Recognizing that proper fit is essential to attaining the best possible cycling experience for all cyclists, from competitive to recreational, Felt has chosen Retül to help accomplish its goal of offering every Felt customer a better fitting bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-partners-with-Ret-l-fit-systems.aspx
Felt Ötztal X-Bionic MTB team adds more talent for 2010
11/17/2009
<div>The <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic</strong> World Cup mountain bike team continues to sign top cross-country talent as it prepares for its debut in 2010. On Wednesday the team announced the signing of 19-year-old German <strong>Manfred Reis,</strong> one of the top young racers in Europe.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-tztal-X-Bionic-MTB-team-adds-more-talent-for-2010.aspx
Mafia overcomes mud, mechanicals at NACT Boulder
11/2/2009
<div>On a Halloween weekend that saw misfortune plague the Felt-sponsored <strong>Mafia Racing Team</strong> at every turn, the team’s riders persevered to earn top results at the<strong> North American Cyclocross Trophy</strong> races in Mafia’s home state of Colorado. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Mafia-overcomes-mud-mechanicals-at-NACT-Boulder.aspx
Mafia Racing gears up for wintry NACT Cyclocross event
10/28/2009
<div><em><strong>Boulder — </strong></em>The fourth weekend of the <strong>North American Cyclocross Trophy</strong> series lands in Boulder, Colorado—home of the Felt-sponsored <strong>Mafia Racing team</strong>—for two events this weekend, October 31-November 1. Weather is likely to play a factor after an early-season snowstorm dumped more than 12 inches of snow in the region, transforming the normally dry and dusty courses into snow-covered bogs.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Mafia-Racing-gears-up-for-wintry-NACT-Cyclocross-event.aspx
Felt Ötztal X-Bionic MTB team signs German Olympian
10/23/2009
<div>Less than a week after it revealed its first team rider, <strong>Sabrina Enaux</strong> of France, the <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic World Cup mountain bike team </strong>announced a second signing. <strong>Adelheid Morath</strong>,<strong> the 25-year-old German national marathon champion</strong>, is the latest addition to the team.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-tztal-X-Bionic-MTB-team-signs-German-Olympian-.aspx
Garmin extends team sponsorship
10/21/2009
<div><strong>Garmin</strong> announced on Tuesday that it has extended its sponsorship of the <strong>Garmin-Slipstream ProTour team </strong>by three years. Extending the current agreement, which lasts through 2010, Garmin will remain partners with Slipstream through 2013.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-extends-team-sponsorship.aspx
Felt-sponsored MTB team signs top French talent
10/21/2009
<div>The <strong>Felt Ötztal X-Bionic World Cup mountain bike team, </strong>announced last month at the Eurobike trade show, has revealed its first rider signing. The team announced on Wednesday that <strong>French talent Sabrina Enaux</strong> has signed a three-year contract with the team.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-sponsored-MTB-team-signs-top-French-talent.aspx
Wiggins wins overall at Herald Sun Tour!
10/17/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia</strong></em>—<strong>Bradley Wiggins </strong>put the finishing touches on the <strong>Garmin-Slipstream</strong> squad’s dominating performance throughout the Jayco Herald Sun Tour in Australia on Saturday. The Brit, who took over the lead after winning Friday’s time trial stage on his <strong>Felt AR</strong>, defended his lead on Saturday’s final stage in Melbourne to take the overall victory in the weeklong stage race.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-wins-overall-at-Herald-Sun-Tour-.aspx
Wiggins rides Felt AR to Herald Sun Tour win!
10/16/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia —</strong></em> As an Olympic medalist with a long list of major wins to his name when racing against the clock, <strong>Garmin-Slipstream rider Bradley Wiggins</strong> was expected to do some damage in Friday’s decisive time trial stage at the <strong>Jayco Herald Sun Tour</strong> in Australia. Sure enough, Wiggins delivered, employing a secret weapon—his <strong><a href="../../USA/2010-Product-Catalog/Road/AR-Series/AR1-Team-Issue.aspx" target="_blank">Felt AR</a>, </strong>the most aerodynamic road bike ever created—to take the win and the overall lead with one stage to go.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-rides-Felt-AR-to-Herald-Sun-Tour-win-.aspx
Sutton makes it three in a row Down Under!
10/15/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia — </strong></em><strong>Chris Sutton</strong> of the Garmin-Slipstream squad made it three in a row on Thursday, winning another stage at the <strong>Jayco Herald Sun Tou</strong>r and extending his hold on the leader’s jersey for another day.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-makes-it-three-in-a-row-Down-Under-.aspx
Sutton moves into lead at Herald Sun Tour
10/14/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia—</strong></em>Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Chris Sutton</strong> scored his second consecutive stage win at the Jayco Herald Sun Tour in Australia on Wednesday, taking over the lead in the seven-day stage race. The <strong>Garmin-Slipstream squad </strong>managed the 164km stage from Warrnambool to Apollo Bay perfectly, putting Sutton in the driver’s seat of the race and keeping GC contenders <strong>Bradley Wiggins</strong> and <strong>Svein Tuft</strong> in striking distance in third and fourth overall.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-moves-into-lead-at-Herald-Sun-Tour.aspx
Sutton Strikes Down Under!
10/13/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia — </strong></em>After narrowly missing victories at the first two days of the <strong>Jayco Herald Sun Tour in Australia</strong>, <strong>Garmin-Slipstream’s Chris Sutton </strong>broke through for the win on Tuesday’s Stage 2 in Warrnambool. Sutton outsprinted fellow Aussies Jonathan Cantwell and Matthew Wilson at the end of a tough 141km stage to take the win.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-Strikes-Down-Under-.aspx
Sutton in the hunt at Herald Sun Tour
10/12/2009
<div><em><strong>Australia—</strong></em>Team <strong>Garmin-Slipstream’s Chris Sutton </strong>narrowly missed victory at Stage 1 of the <strong>Jayco Herald Sun Tour</strong> in his home nation on Monday. The Aussie finished second, edged out at the line by Estonian Jaan Kirsipuu, a four-time stage winner at the Tour de France.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-in-the-hunt-at-Herald-Sun-Tour.aspx
Visit Felt at Outdoor Demo East
10/8/2009
<div><em><strong>Rhode Island — </strong></em><strong>Outdoor Demo East </strong>is underway in <strong>Providence, Rhode Island,</strong> and Felt Bicycles is out in full force. This year organizers of the event, which is entering its second year in Providence, have added two consumer days over the weekend, which will coincide with the <strong>Providence Cyclo-Cross Festival</strong> featuring a UCI-ranked pro race.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Visit-Felt-at-Outdoor-Demo-East.aspx
Farrar takes overall victory at Franco-Belge
10/4/2009
<div><em><strong>Begium—</strong></em>The professional road racing season may be winding down, but <strong>Garmin-Slipstream sprinter Tyler Farrar </strong>hasn’t slowed down a bit. On Sunday the American speedster added another major victory to his incredible 2009 season with a <strong>win at the four-day Franco-Belge stage race. </strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-takes-overall-victory-at-Franco-Belge.aspx
Watkins Scores Big Win in Colombia
10/4/2009
<div><em><strong>Colombia—</strong></em> Felt-sponsored track racer <strong>Jimmy Watkins </strong>scored a major win on Saturday at the <strong>Gran Caracol de Pista </strong>track event in Colombia. Watkins topped an international field to win the <strong>Men’s Keirin </strong>on Day Three of the race.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Watkins-Scores-Big-Win-in-Colombia.aspx
Ryf rocks LA Triathlon with third-place finish
10/4/2009
<div><em><strong>Los Angeles — </strong></em><strong>Felt-sponsored triathlete Daniela Ryf</strong> of Switzerland posted the latest in a string of impressive performances with a third-place finish at the Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Triathlon on Sunday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Ryf-rocks-LA-Triathlon-with-third-place-finish.aspx
Felt riders score two more U.S. track titles
10/3/2009
<div><em><strong>Los Angeles — </strong></em>Felt-sponsored athletes racked up <strong>two more national titles at the USA Cycling National Track Championships </strong>Friday night. On Day 3 of the competition, <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> scored her second 2009 title with a win in the 3000-meter Individual Pursuit, and <strong>Adam Duvendeck </strong>won the Men’s Match Sprint.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-riders-score-two-more-U-S-track-titles.aspx
Farrar wins again, leads Franco-Belge
10/2/2009
<div><em><strong>France — </strong></em><strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>is looking unbeatable after a <strong>second straight win at the Franco-Belge stage race</strong> on Friday. The 25-year-old <strong>Garmin-Slipstream</strong> rider won the bunch sprint—beating Alexandre Usov of Belarus and Jimmy Casper of France—to take Stage 2 and hold onto the yellow leader’s jersey.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-wins-again-leads-Franco-Belge.aspx
Hammer breaks U.S. team pursuit record at Nationals
10/2/2009
<div><em><strong>Los Angeles — </strong></em>Two-time world champion <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong> piloted her <strong>Felt </strong>track bike to another national title at the 2009 USA Cycling National Championships on Thursday. Hammer was part of the winning women’s team pursuit squad, which set a <strong>new national record </strong>on the velodrome at the Home Depot Center in Los Angeles.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hammer-breaks-U-S-team-pursuit-record-at-Nationals.aspx
Farrar kicks off October with a win in Belgium!
10/1/2009
<div><em><strong>France—</strong></em>Team Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> got back to his winning ways with a victory at the opening stage of the <strong>Franco-Belge stage race </strong>on Thursday. Farrar outsprinted Italian Danilo Napolitano and Belgian National Champion Tom Boonen to win the 213km stage from Templeuve to Mouscron, Belgium.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-kicks-off-October-with-a-win-in-Belgium-.aspx
Worlds win offers hint of things to come for Garmin-Slipstream
9/25/2009
<div>Wednesday’s Under-23 World Championship Time Trial race in Mendrisio, Switzerland, offered a glimpse of the future for the Garmin-Slipstream squad. <strong>Jack Bobridge, </strong>a 20-year-old Australian who will ride Felt as a member of <strong>Garmin-Slipstream</strong> next season, handily won the 33.2-kilometer race against the clock.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Worlds-win-offers-hint-of-things-to-come-for-Garmin-Slipstream.aspx
Jones Wins Ironman 70.3 Cancun
9/21/2009
<div>Just three weeks before the Hawaii Ironman World Championships, Australian <strong>Michellie Jones</strong> posted a major victory at the Ironman 70.3 Cancun. The Felt-sponsored Jones was unstoppable, start to finish, in what is considered an important tune-up race before Kona.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Jones-Wins-Ironman-70-3-Cancun.aspx
Millar wins Vuelta TT! Third stage win for Garmin-Slipstream
9/19/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain — </strong></em>Veteran <strong>David Millar </strong>won Stage 20 of the <strong>Vuelta a España</strong> on Saturday, giving Garmin-Slipstream its third stage win of the season’s final grand tour. Millar stormed to victory on his <strong>Felt DA </strong>team bike, covering the 27.8-kilometer course in Toledo with a time of 35:53.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-wins-Vuelta-TT-Third-stage-win-for-Garmin-Slipstream.aspx
Danielson, Garmin-Slipstream teammates to lead U.S. Team at Worlds
9/15/2009
<div>Felt Bicycles will be well represented with the U.S. team competing at the <strong>2009 UCI Road World Championships </strong>later this month in Switzerland. Four of the nine men selected for the elite men’s U.S. team are from the Felt-sponsored <strong>Garmin-Slipstream </strong>squad, including team leader <strong>Tom Danielson.</strong></div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Danielson-Garmin-Slipstream-teammates-to-lead-U-S-Team-at-Worlds.aspx
Zabriskie takes top honors in USA Cycling Professional Tour
9/15/2009
<div>Success at last week’s Tour of Missouri stage race helped propel Garmin-Slipstream’s<strong> David Zabriskie</strong> to the overall individual title in the season-long <strong>USA Cycling Professional Tour standings. </strong>Zabriskie, who won both a stage and the overall title at the Tour of Missouri last week, finished the season with 342 points, enough to best second-place finisher Levi Leipheimer of Team Astana.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-takes-top-honors-in-USA-Cycling-Professional-Tour.aspx
Sutton finishes 2nd at Tour of Britain Stage 4
9/15/2009
<div><strong><em>Great Britain — </em></strong>Midway through the weeklong Tour of Britain, Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Chris Sutton </strong>sits third overall, just 5 seconds behind race leader Kai Reus of The Netherlands.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-finishes-2nd-at-Tour-of-Britain-Stage-4.aspx
Zabriskie Wins Tour of Missouri!
9/13/2009
<div><em><strong>Kansas City, Missouri — </strong></em>Four-time U.S. Time Trial Champion <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> kept the Tour of Missouri title in the Garmin-Slipstream family, capturing the overall win in the seven-day stage race after his teammate and defending champion <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> was forced to abandon earlier in the week following a Stage 1 crash.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-Wins-Tour-of-Missouri-.aspx
Garmin-Slipstream keeps rolling! Sutton wins in Britain
9/12/2009
<div><em><strong>Great Britain —</strong></em> Garmin-Slipstream’s hot streak continues. Following major victories at the Tour of Spain and the Tour of Missouri in the U.S., <strong>Chris Sutton </strong>won Saturday’s opening stage at the Tour of Britain. Sutton battled to victory in a bunch sprint at the finish, besting second-place Italian Michel Merlo to win the 172-kilometer race from Scunthorpe to York.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-keeps-rolling-Sutton-wins-in-Britain.aspx
Another first! Hesjedal wins Vuelta stage
9/11/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain — </strong></em>Canadian <strong>Ryder Hesjedal</strong> rode a brilliant race in Spain on Friday, scoring a dramatic win atop the Alto de Velefique to give<strong> Garmin-Slipstream </strong>its second straight stage victory at the Vuelta a España. </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Another-first-Hesjedal-wins-Vuelta-stage.aspx
DZ wins Missouri TT, takes overall race lead!
9/11/2009
<div><em><strong>Missouri —</strong></em> Four-time U.S. Time Trial Champion <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> kept Garmin-Slipstream’s hot streak alive on Friday with a stage win at the <strong>Tour of Missouri.</strong> Zabriskie crushed the field in the hilly 30.5-kilometer time trial in Sedalia, beating second-place finisher Gustav Larsson of Sweden by 30 seconds. It was Garmin-Slipstream’s second major win on Friday, after Ryder Hesjedal’s mountaintop stage win at the Vuelta a España.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/DZ-wins-Missouri-TT-takes-overall-race-lead-.aspx
Come see Garmin-Slipstream stars Vande Velde, Zabriskie at Interbike Outdoor Demo!
9/10/2009
<div><strong>Garmin-Slipstream</strong> stars <strong>David Zabriskie</strong> and <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> (pictured) will be signing posters and autographs at the Felt Bicycles tent at the <strong>Interbike Outdoor Demo </strong>trade event<strong>, September 22 at 2 p.m.</strong> in Boulder City, Nevada.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Come-see-Garmin-Slipstream-stars-Vande-Velde-Zabriskie-at-Interbike-Outdoor-Demo-.aspx
Victory! Farrar lands grand tour stage win in Spain
9/9/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain —</strong></em> Garmin-Slipstream sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> reached a new level in his breakout season by checking off another major career first on Wednesday—his first Grand Tour stage victory. The 25-year-old American sprinted to victory in Stage 11 of the <strong>Vuelta a España</strong> on his <strong>Felt F1</strong> team bike, giving Garmin-Slipstream its first grand tour stage win of the season.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Victory-Farrar-lands-grand-tour-stage-win-in-Spain.aspx
Hesjedal Second at Vuelta Stage 10
9/8/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain — </strong></em>Garmin-Slipstream’s <strong>Ryder Hesjeda</strong>l narrowly missed his first-ever grand tour individual stage win at the Vuelta a España on Tuesday, finishing second after helping drive a successful breakaway to the Stage 10 finish in Murcia.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-Second-at-Vuelta-Stage-10.aspx
Wiggins wins British TT Championship
9/7/2009
<div>Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Bradley Wiggins </strong>put in a crushing performance to win the British Time Trial Championship on his <strong>Felt DA </strong>team bike on Sunday. Wiggins clocked a time of 1:02:15 in the three-lap race in Buckinghamshire, more than two minutes faster than second-place finisher Michael Hutchinson</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-wins-British-TT-Championship.aspx
Felt and Garmin-Slipstream storm Missouri!
9/6/2009
<div>The <strong>Garmin-Slipstream</strong> team and <strong>Felt Bicycles</strong> will be in full force at the seven-day <strong>Tour of Missouri </strong>Stage Race starting Monday in St. Louis. With two strong contenders—defending Tour of Missouri champion <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> <em>(pictured) </em>and recently crowned U.S. Time Trial Champion <strong>David Zabriskie</strong> —the Argyle Armada promises to be a big factor in the race from St. Louis to Kansas City.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-and-Garmin-Slipstream-storm-Missouri-.aspx
Millar second at Vuelta TT
9/5/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain — </strong></em>Garmin-Slipstream’s <strong>David Millar </strong>finished second in Stage 7 of the Vuelta a España on Saturday, posting an impressive ride in the rainy 30-kilometer time trial that started and finished on a Formula One motor racing circuit in Valencia.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-second-at-Vuelta-TT.aspx
One Step Closer!
9/4/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain —</strong></em> Tyler Farrar of the Garmin-Slipstream squad came a little bit closer to his first ever Grand Tour stage victory with a second-place finish in Stage 6 of the Vuelta a España on Friday. Farrar, who has been on a late-summer tear with a series of wins in major European races, finished just behind Friday’s winner Borut Bozic of Slovenia. The finish allowed Farrar to hold onto his fourth place GC standing after six stages.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/One-Step-Closer-.aspx
Lavelle leading Lifetime Fitness Triathlon Series
9/4/2009
<div>Felt-sponsored triathlete <strong>Becky Lavelle</strong> is on a late-summer roll. After winning the Lake Stevens 70.3 in Washington on August 16, she scored a third-place finish at the Chicago Triathlon on August 30. She now leads the Lifetime Fitness Triathlon Series after three of five events</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lavelle-leading-Lifetime-Fitness-Triathlon-Series.aspx
Farrar fourth after 5 stages at Vuelta
9/3/2009
<div><em><strong>Spain — </strong></em>Garmin-Slipstream sprinter Tyler Farrar racked up another top-five finish at the 2009 Vuelta a España on Thursday, finishing fourth in the 174-kilometer Stage 5 from Tarragona to Vinaros. The American now sits fourth overall in the season’s final grand tour, 21 seconds behind race leader Andre Greipel, the winner of Stage 5.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-fourth-after-5-stages-at-Vuelta.aspx
Garmin-Slipstream announces new riders for 2010
9/1/2009
<div>The Garmin-Slipstream team today announced six exciting new additions to its 2010 squad. The new team members consist of experienced veteran professionals and promising young up-and-comers including two-time Under-23 U.S. Time Trial Champion Peter Stetina (pictured above). Read more to find out the details on the talented riders who will be racing Felt bikes in 2010.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-announces-new-riders-for-2010-0.aspx
Farrar remains top-five in Vuelta with fifth-place finish in Stage 2
8/30/2009
<div>Garmin-Slipstream’s <strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>followed up his impressive third-place finish in the opening stage time trial of the Vuelta a España with a fifth place finish in Stage 2 on Sunday. Farrar battled it out with the top sprinters at the end of a 202km stage that was won by German Gerald Ciolek. The American’s fifth-place finish kept him near the top of the GC standings, and he’s now fourth overall, 12 seconds behind race leader Fabian Cancellara of Switzerland.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-remains-top-five-in-Vuelta-with-fifth-place-finish-in-Stage-2.aspx
Zabriskie wins U.S. Pro TT Championships!
8/30/2009
<div><em><strong>Greenville, SC</strong></em> - Aboard his Felt DA, the worlds fastest UCI-legal TT bike, <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong>, aka "Catpain America" rocketed to his fourth consecutive U.S. Pro Time Trial Championship today, his fourth in as many years. DZ crushed a stacked field of U.S. solo-effort specialists in the 33.4K event taking the win in a blistering 39min 37sec, a full 44sec in front of second place finisher Tom Zirbel.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-wins-U-S-Pro-TT-Championships-.aspx
Farrar Third in Vuelta's Opening TT
8/28/2009
<div>American <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong>, fresh off his string of four major race wins in less than a week's time, took an impressive thrid place in today's opening TT in the 2009 edition of the <strong>Vuelta a Espana</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Third-in-Vuelta-s-Opening-TT.aspx
Frodeno Scores World Championship Series Win in Japan!
8/23/2009
<div>Reigning Olympic Triathlon Champion <strong>Jan Frodeno </strong>won the seventh round of the Dextro Energy World Championship Series in Yokohama, Japan, on Sunday. The German made an aggressive attack on his Felt AR on the bike leg, and then surged late in the run to win by 18 seconds over Kris Gemmell of New Zealand and Javier Gomez, the current World Champion from Spain, in the run.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Frodeno-Scores-World-Championship-Series-Win-in-Japan-.aspx
Howes Wins Queen Stage in Utah!
8/22/2009
<div><strong>Alex Howes</strong> of the Felt-Holowesko Partners team is having an incredible summer. On Saturday Howes won the “Queen Stage” of the Tour of Utah, besting some of the world’s best professionals with a victory at the Snowbird Ski Resort in Park City.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Howes-Wins-Queen-Stage-in-Utah-.aspx
Farrar Wins Again! Stage 4 victory is his third in Eneco Tour!
8/22/2009
<div><strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> jetted to another win aboard his Felt F1 Garmin-Slipstream team bike at the Eneco Tour in Belgium on Saturday. It was the 25-year-old sprinting sensation’s third stage win of the eight-day race through Belgium and The Netherlands, and the victory allowed him to solidify his hold on the overall race lead.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Wins-Again-Stage-4-victory-is-his-third-in-Eneco-Tour-.aspx
Farrar Holds Onto Eneco Tour Lead
8/21/2009
<div>Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> maintained his overall lead at the Eneco Tour stage race in Belgium on Friday with a second-place finish in Stage 3. Farrar finished the day with a 10-second GC advantage over stage winner Tom Boonen, now second overall.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Holds-Onto-Eneco-Tour-Lead.aspx
Farrar Strikes Again!
8/20/2009
<div>Super-sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> racked up his second straight win for the <strong>Garmin-Slipstream </strong>squad Thursday at Stage 2 of the Eneco Tour in Belgium. Farrar kept hold of the race leader’s jersey, continuing an amazing week in which he has scored three wins in five days.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Strikes-Again-.aspx
Farrar Takes Over Eneco Tour Lead With Stage 1 Sprint Win!
8/19/2009
<div>Garmin-Slipstream rider Tyler Farrar kept his hot streak alive on Wednesday with a win at Stage 1 of the Eneco Tour stage race in Belgium. The stage win gave the 25-year-old American the overall leader’s jersey in the eight-day stage race through Belgium and The Netherlands.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Takes-Over-Eneco-Tour-Lead-With-Stage-1-Sprint-Win-.aspx
Zabriskie Off to a Strong Start in Utah
8/19/2009
<div>Dave Zabriskie is racing on home turf this week. The resident of Salt Lake City is competing in the Larry H. Miller Tour of Utah without his usual Garmin-Slipstream teammates, and he got off to a smashing start on Tuesday with a second-place finish in the opening stage, a 4.5-kilometer time trial.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-Off-to-a-Strong-Start-in-Utah.aspx
Farrar Second at Eneco Tour Prologue
8/18/2009
<div>Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> got off to a great start at the Eneco Tour stage race on Tuesday, finishing second in the 4.4-kilometer time trial. Farrar, coming off the biggest win of his career at the Vattenfall Cyclassics ProTour race in Germany on Sunday, finished the Eneco prologue in 4 minutes, 56 seconds—one second behind winner Sylvain Chavanel.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Second-at-Eneco-Tour-Prologue.aspx
Lavelle, Jones Finish First and Third at Lake Stevens Tri
8/18/2009
<div>Felt triathletes Becky Lavelle and Michellie Jones dominated the Ironman 70.3 race in Lake Stevens, Washington, over the weekend, finishing first and third respectively.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lavelle-Jones-Finish-First-and-Third-at-Lake-Stevens-Tri.aspx
Farrar Scores Huge Win in Germany!
8/16/2009
<div><em>Germany </em>-- Garmin-Slipstream rider Tyler Farrar scored a huge victory in Germany’s Vattenfall Cyclassics on Sunday, becoming the first American to ever win the international circuit race in Hamburg, Germany.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Scores-Huge-Win-in-Germany-.aspx
Stage win, Overall Podium in Spain Shows Return to Form for Danielson
8/10/2009
<div><em>Spain</em> -- Garmin-Slipstream rider <strong>Tom Danielson</strong> announced a return to form with a stage win and third-place General Classification finish in the five-day Vuelta a Burgos stage race in Spain this week. Danielson won Saturday’s Stage 4 Time Trial, completing the 15-kilometer course on his <strong>Felt DA</strong> team bike in 17:09. Danielson’s Garmin-Slipstream teammate <strong>Danny Pate</strong> finished the TT second, 10 seconds back.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Stage-win-Overall-Podium-in-Spain-Shows-Return-to-Form-for-Danielson.aspx
Felt-Holowesko Dominates U-23 Nationals
8/3/2009
<div>Led by double national champion Alex Howes, the Felt-Holowesko Partners team dominated the men’s Under-23 U.S. National Road Championships in Bend, Oregon, over the weekend. Howes won both the road race and the criterium, while his teammate Peter Stetina scored his second consecutive U23 national time trial title.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Holowesko-Dominates-U-23-Nationals.aspx
Howes Wins U23 U.S. Road Championship!
7/30/2009
<div>Alex Howes of the Felt-Holowesko Partners team sprinted to the Under-23 Men’s National Road Championship in Bend, Oregon, on Wednesday. Howes won the tough 162-kilometer race on a scorching day with temperatures topping 100 degrees.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Howes-Wins-U23-U-S-Road-Championship-.aspx
Watkins Strikes Gold at Pan Am Championships!
7/29/2009
<div>American track racer Jimmy Watkins won the kilometer time trial at the Pan American Championships in Mexico on Tuesday. Watkins put in an incredible time of 1:01.08 on his Felt TK1 track bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Watkins-Strikes-Gold-at-Pan-Am-Championships-.aspx
Garmin-Slipstream Concludes Supreme Tour in Paris
7/26/2009
<div>The Garmin-Slipstream team rolled into the finish of the 96th Tour de France in Paris on Sunday with a list of major accomplishments from the three-week grand tour. British rider Bradley Wiggins was the revelation of this year’s Tour with his incredible fourth-place finish in the general classification, and American Christian Vande Velde finished eighth, giving Garmin-Slipstream two top-10 finishes in the overall.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-Concludes-Supreme-Tour-in-Paris.aspx
Wiggins Fights for Fourth at Mont Ventoux
7/25/2009
<div><em>France </em>— Garmin-Slipstream rider Bradley Wiggins put on a spectacular show of courage to maintain his fourth place standing on the grueling penultimate stage of the Tour de France on Saturday. Wiggins battled with the world’s best climbers on the summit finish to Mont Ventoux, eventually finishing tenth on the stage with a slim 3-second advantage in the general classification over Luxembourger Frank Schleck.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Fights-for-Fourth-at-Mont-Ventoux.aspx
Wiggins Time Trials to Fourth Overal at Tour
7/23/2009
<div><em>France</em> —The Garmin-Slipstream squad put on an impressive display in Thursday’s time trial stage at the Tour de France. Riding their aerodynamic Felt DA TT bikes, three Garmin-Slipstream riders finished in the top-10 of Stage 18 in Annecy. Brits David Millar and Bradley Wiggins finished fifth and sixth respectively, and American David Zabriskie was tenth.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Time-Trials-to-Fourth-Overal-at-Tour.aspx
Wiggins Defends Third-Place Tour Standing
7/21/2009
<div><em>France </em>— A strong team performance by Garmin-Slipstream’s climbing squad helped team leader Bradley Wiggins hold onto his third-place standing in the Tour de France on a tough day in the Alps Tuesday. Wiggins finished the 159km Stage 16 from Martigny to Bourg-Saint-Maurice in the same group as Astana’s Alberto Contador and Lance Armstrong, first and second respectively in the overall. Spaniard Mikel Astarloza won the stage.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Defends-Third-Place-Tour-Standing.aspx
Wiggins Climbs to Third Overall in TDF!
7/19/2009
<div><em>Switzerland</em> — Garmin-Slipstream rider Bradley Wiggins surprised the contenders in the 2009 Tour de France with an incredible ride in Sunday’s tough Stage 15 race to a summit finish in Verbier, Switzerland. Wiggins finished fifth on the day, 1:06 behind stage winner Alberto Contador of Spain, a result that moved Wiggins up to third overall in the general classification.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Climbs-to-Third-Overall-in-TDF-.aspx
Maaskant Fourth in TDF Stage 14
7/18/2009
<div><em>France </em>— Garmin-Slipstream rider Martijn Maaskant finished fourth in a dramatic Stage 14 of the Tour de France that saw a breakaway group spoil the day for the sprinters. Maaskant, a 25-year-old second-year pro from The Netherlands, was part of a 13-man break that went away just 14km into the 199km stage from Colmar to Besancon.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Maaskant-Fourth-in-TDF-Stage-14.aspx
Movin' On Up
7/17/2009
<div><em>France</em> — Garmin-Slipstream’s two contenders for the overall standings endured a nasty day in the mountains Friday to solidify their top-10 positions in the Tour de France. Stage 13, a 200km race from Vittel to Colmar, was marked by rain and five categorized climbs.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Movin-On-Up.aspx
So Close!
7/15/2009
<div><em>France</em> — Garmin-Slipstream’s young American sprinter came one step closer to his first Tour de France stage victory, finishing just half a bike length behind Brit Mark Cavendish at the end of the 192 km Stage 11 from Vatan to Saint-Fargeau. It was Farrar’s fourth top-five finish in this year’s Tour.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/So-Close-.aspx
Farrar Third at Stage 10 of the Tour de France
7/14/2009
<div><em>France</em> — Proving once again that he has arrived as one of the fastest sprinters in the world, Garmin-Slipstream rider Tyler Farrar finished third in Stage 10 of the Tour de France. The American finished just behind Brit Mark Cavendish and green jersey points leader Thor Hushovd, who were first and second respectively.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Third-at-Stage-10-of-the-Tour-de-France.aspx
Jones Victory Highlights Big Weekend for Felt Athletes
7/12/2009
<div>Felt-sponsored athletes had a busy weekend, scoring wins and podium finishes in triathlons and stage races in the U.S. and Europe. While Garmin-Slipstream riders performed flawlessly in three tough mountain stages at the Tour de France, Felt triathletes posted their own successes in several key North American events.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Jones-Victory-Highlights-Big-Weekend-for-Felt-Athletes.aspx
Wiggins, Vande Velde Top 10 After Two Tough Tour Stages
7/11/2009
<div><em>France</em> – Garmin-Slipstream’s top GC riders Bradley Wiggins and Christian Vande Velde showed solid climbing form in the first two mountain stages of the Tour de France over the last two days. After two consecutive stages in the Pyrenees, Wiggins sat fifth overall and Vande Velde was eighth.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Vande-Velde-Top-10-After-Two-Tough-Tour-Stages.aspx
Millar Just Misses Dramatic Stage Win at Tour
7/9/2009
<div><em>Barcelona, Spain</em> – Garmin-Slipstream rider David Millar came within less than one kilometer of a daring solo victory in a rainy sixth stage of the Tour de France on Thursday. The 32-year-old British veteran helped initiate a four-man break on the day’s second climb, the Côte de Tossa de Mar, and gained a lead of four minutes that put him in the virtual yellow jersey during the 181.5km stage that ventured into Spain for the day.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Millar-Just-Misses-Dramatic-Stage-Win-at-Tour.aspx
Another Top-Five for Farrar at Tour
7/8/2009
<div><em>France</em> – Garmin-Slipstream sprinter Tyler Farrar finished fourth in Stage 5 of the Tour de France on Wednesday. The 25-year-old American contested the final sprint in the 196-kilometer stage from Le Cap d’Agde to Perpignan.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Another-Top-Five-for-Farrar-at-Tour.aspx
Garmin Finishes Second in Tour's Stage 4 Team Time Trial
7/7/2009
<div><em>France </em>– The Garmin-Slipstream team powered its way to an impressive second-place finish in Tuesday’s team time trial stage of the Tour de France. Riding their Felt DA time trial bikes, the Garmin squad completed the 39-kilometer stage in Montpelier in 46 minutes and 47 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Finishes-Second-in-Tour-s-Stage-4-Team-Time-Trial.aspx
Farrar 2nd in TdF Stage 2!
7/5/2009
<div><em>France</em> - <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (USA) took 2nd in the 2009 Tour de France's stage 2, a 187K stage from Monaco to Brignoles which ended in a high-speed bunch sprint. The Garmin team did a fantastic job of delivering Tyler to the line but he could not quite come around eventual stage winner, Mark Cavendish.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-2nd-in-TdF-Stage-2-.aspx
Wiggins 3rd in TdF Stage 1!
7/4/2009
<div><em>Monaco</em> - <strong>Bradley Wiggins (GBR), </strong>who is having a remarkable year by any measure, continued his hot streak with a brilliant 3rd place finish in the 2009 Tour de France's opening stage, a technical 15.5K individual time trial through the streets of Monaco.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-3rd-in-TdF-Stage-1-.aspx
It's Tour de France time!
7/2/2009
<div><em>Monaco</em> - The 2009 Tour de France had its formal team presentation today as the world's greatest sporting event is scheduled to begin this Saturday, July 4th in Monaco. Lead by <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> (USA - left), the Garmin boys were forced into a last minute roster change as Dan Martin was pulled due to a knee injury and replaced by Dutch powerhouse, <strong>Martijn Maaskant</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/It-s-Tour-de-France-time-.aspx
Thompson wins Philly! Snowsill, Frodeno & Ryf all medal in Hy-Vee ITU! Bronze for MJ in Atlanta!
6/29/2009
<div>What a weekend of tri racing! Beginning with Felt's <strong>David Thompson</strong> (USA-left) taking his 3rd consecutive Philly Tri, <strong>Michellie Jones</strong> (AUS) making the podoium in Atlanta, ending with Felt athletes <strong>Emma Snowsill</strong> (AUS), <strong>Daniela Ryf</strong> (SUI) and <strong>Jan Frodeno</strong> (GER) being present in every event at the Hy-Vee ITU World Championship Series event in Des Moines, it was simply spectacular.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Thompson-wins-Philly-Snowsill-Frodeno-Ryf-all-medal-in-Hy-Vee-ITU-Bronze-for-MJ-in-Atlanta-.aspx
Garmin's Tuft and Meier go 1-2 in Canadian National TT Championships!
6/27/2009
<div><em>ST-GEORGE-DE-BEAUCE, Quebec, Canada</em> - Aboard their Felt DA's, the world's fastest UCI-legal TT bike, Garmin strongmen <strong>Svein Tuft</strong> and <strong>Christian Meier</strong> took top honors in this weekend's Canadian Elite Natiional TT Championships.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-s-Tuft-and-Meier-go-1-2-in-Canadian-National-TT-Championships-.aspx
<div>Team Garmin-Slipstream today announced its much-anticipated Tour de France roster.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-s-2009-Tour-de-France-Roster-Set.aspx
Felt's Snowsill and Ryf both podium in Wash DC ITU World Championship Event
6/22/2009
<div><em>Washington DC</em> - Felt's <strong>Emma Snowsill</strong> (AUS - left) and <strong>Daniela Ryf</strong> (SUI) both earned well-deserved places on the podium in Sunday's ITU World Championship series event held in the US capitol. For Emma, the reigning Olympic Triathlete Champion and widely considered the best short distance triathlete in the world, it was a day where she lost time during a very rough swim and had to work hard to make up ground on the bike.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-s-Snowsill-and-Ryf-both-podium-in-Wash-DC-ITU-World-Championship-Event-0.aspx
Tour de Suisse concludes - Meyer Sixth in Final ITT; Vande Velde is back in Action
6/21/2009
<div><em>Switerland</em> - The 76th running of Pro Tour event the Tour de Suisse concluded today and while Garmin finished outside of the top-10, <strong>Cameron Meyer</strong> (left) did put together a very impressive 6th place finish in today's 39K ITT - just 8 seconds from 3rd - and for <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> the event marked a return to health and the pro peloton.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tour-de-Suisse-concludes---Meyer-Sixth-in-Final-ITT-Vande-Velde-is-back-in-Action.aspx
Three Felt athletes make Top-5 at Escape from Alcatraz Tri!
6/15/2009
<div><em>San Francisco</em> - Felt triathletes <strong>David Thompson</strong>, <strong>Becky Lavelle</strong> and <strong>Michellie Jones</strong> (both left) all raced extremely well at the NorCal multi-sport classic, Escape from Alcatraz over the weekend.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Three-Felt-athletes-make-Top-5-at-Escape-from-Alcatraz-Tri-.aspx
Tyler Farrar wins Delta Tour of Zeeland!
6/14/2009
<div><em>Holland</em> - <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (USA), now known as one of the fastest men in the world, has won the Dutch 3-day Delta Tour of Zeeland (UCI 2.1) in impressive fashion and with the help of some amazing teamwork.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tyler-Farrar-wins-Delta-Tour-of-Zeeland-.aspx
Thompson 4th at Rev3 Triathlon
6/9/2009
<div><em>Middlebury, CT </em>- <strong>David Thompson</strong> raced to an impressive 4th in the 2009 Revolution3 Triathlon on Sunday, a 70.3 affair that included a strong men's field. David had a particularly strong bike leg aboard his Felt DA and tells his tale like this:</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Thompson-4th-at-Rev3-Triathlon.aspx
Wiggins 2nd in Giro Finale!
5/31/2009
<div><em>Italy</em> - <strong>Bradley Wiggins</strong> (GBR), who has impressed the world as he transitioned from track specialist to Pro Tour road rider, took 2nd in the final stage of the 92nd Giro d'Italia, a 15.5K individual time trial through the streets of Rome.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-2nd-in-Giro-Finale-.aspx
Wiggins Top-10 in ITT Stage 12
5/21/2009
<div><em>Italy</em> - Just one day after yet another impressive finish by <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (USA) who came in 2nd in the Giro's Stage 11, <strong>Bradley Wiggins</strong> (GBR - <em>left) </em>uncorked a big ride in Stage 12, a grueling 60.6K individual time trial.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-Top-10-in-ITT-Stage-12.aspx
Farrar 2nd in Giro Stage 3 - 2nd Overall!
5/11/2009
<div><em>Italy</em> - <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (USA), who rode to very impressive 5th place finish in yesterday's Giro stage 2, backed it up today with a huge 2nd place in stage 3 of the Giro d'Italia, a 198K effort from Grado to Valdobbiadene. Tyler's 2nd place moved him up to 2nd in the overall, just 8 seconds behind leader Alessandro Petacchi (ITA), and put him in the coveted white "Best Young Rider" jersey.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-2nd-in-Giro-Stage-3---2nd-Overall-.aspx
Garmin 2nd in Giro's opening TTT
5/9/2009
<div><em>Italy</em> - <strong>Garmin/Slipstream</strong> finished 2nd in today's opening 20.5K TTT in this, the 92nd edition of the Giro d'Italia.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-2nd-in-Giro-s-opening-TTT.aspx
Snowsill wins ITU World Cup! Farrar 2nd on last day of Romandie! Stetina impressive at Gila!
5/3/2009
<div>In racing action spanning three continents, Felt athletes are doing what they do best - winning and showing up big! </div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Snowsill-wins-ITU-World-Cup-Farrar-2nd-on-last-day-of-Romandie-Stetina-impressive-at-Gila-.aspx
Up Next: Fleche Wallonne
4/21/2009
<div><em>Belgium</em> - With the sping classics now in full effect the Garmin/Slipstream boys can now look to Wednesday's 72nd edition of Belgian mainstay, <strong>Fleche Wallonne</strong> followed by Sunday's <strong>Liege-Bastone-Liege</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Up-Next-Fleche-Wallonne.aspx
Tough Day in Roubaix
4/12/2009
<div><em>France</em> - As the saying goes, the only thing predictable in bike racing is unpredictability. Going into the 103rd edition of the world-famous classic <strong>Paris-Roubaix</strong> Garmin had high hopes, especially in light of strong performances in Flanders and Gent-Wevelgem, but it wasn't to be. Team favorite and leader for the day <strong>Martijn Masskant</strong> (NED) rode extremely well, but with less than 70K to go was involved in an untimely crash and never re-connected as things were already in all-out mode.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tough-Day-in-Roubaix.aspx
Wiggins wins last day in De Panne!
4/2/2009
<div><em>Belgium</em> - On the eve of one of the biggest weeks in the pro racing calendar, Garmin/Slipstream's <strong>Bradley Wiggins</strong> (GBR) has won the final stage - a 14.75K individual time trial - in the prestigious 3-day 33rd edition of the KBC-Driedaagse De Panne-Koksijde. Teammate and <strong>Svein Tuft</strong> (CAN) put in a great ride to take 7th in the same stage. Garmin's one-day specialist <strong>Martijn Maaskant</strong> (NED) was the top finisher at 7th overall.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-wins-last-day-in-De-Panne-.aspx
Pate Takes 2nd in Criterium Internationale!
3/29/2009
<div><em>France</em> - Garmin's <strong>Danny Pate</strong> (USA) has taken 2nd overall in the 78th edition of the 2-day, 3-stage <strong>Criterium Internationale</strong>. This prestegious event holds 2.HC UCI status and was participated in by all the major pro teams.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Pate-Takes-2nd-in-Criterium-Internationale-.aspx
Felt Intl MTB Team takes 3rd Overall in Cape Epic!
3/28/2009
<div><em>South Africa</em> - The Felt Intl MTB team duo of <strong>Emil Lindgren</strong> and <strong>Andi Kugler</strong> finished the 6th edition of the Cape Epic in 3rd overall - a truely amazing finish in an event like non other.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Intl-MTB-Team-takes-3rd-Overall-in-Cape-Epic-.aspx
Zabriskie Finishes Castilla y Leon 3rd Overall!
3/27/2009
<div><em>Spain</em> - Reigning US Pro TT Champ and 2009 Tour of CA 3rd place finisher <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> added another big result to his coffer as he finished up the <strong>2009 Castilla y Leon</strong> 5-day stage race in 3rd overall. Dave is having a brilliant early season and his result in Spain certainlt reinforces that he is more then just a TT specialist. Next up for the Garmin boys is the famed <strong>Criterium Internationale</strong> (FRA) 2-day race, Mar 28-29.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-Finishes-Castilla-y-Leon-3rd-Overall-.aspx
Zabriskie 3rd in Castilla y Leon ITT; Moves into 3rd Overall
3/24/2009
<div><em>Palencia, Spain</em> - Garmin/Slipstream's <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> (USA), who is clearly having a great start to his 2009 season, uncorked a big 3rd place finish in today's Stage 2 of the Castilla y Leon, a 28.2K individual time trial.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-3rd-in-Castilla-y-Leon-ITT-Moves-into-3rd-Overall.aspx
Absa Cape Epic Stage 3
3/23/2009
<div><strong>Felt Team 5th overall! </strong>Stage 3 took the riders from Villiersdorp to Greyton, a 73km route with 1 976m of climbing</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Absa-Cape-Epic-Stage-3.aspx
Absa Cape Epic Stage 2
3/22/2009
<div><strong>Felt international MTB Team 3rd! </strong>The second stage of the most beautiful MTB race in the world started at 7am when it was still dark and with 76& humidity!!!!!! The murderous second stage was of 112 km and with the highest altitude gain of the whole event.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Absa-Cape-Epic-Stage-2.aspx
Martinez 3rd in opening Internazionali d'Italia XC; McConvey takes U23 Win
3/18/2009
<div><em>Città di Montichiari (ITA)</em> - With a third place for <strong>Miguel Martinez</strong> (FRA) in the pro/elite "Internazionali d'Italia" in Montichiari, and the third consecutive victory of <strong>Connor McConvey</strong> (IRL - left) in the U23 category, the FELT International Team posted an impressive early season performance. On the same day, teammate <strong>Paolo Alberati</strong> (ITA) also achieved a important win in his home race with a track record in the "Granfondo Castello di Monteriggioni."</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Martinez-3rd-in-opening-Internazionali-d-Italia-XC-McConvey-takes-U23-Win.aspx
Farrar 2nd in Tirreno-Adriatico's Final Stage; Hesjedal Finishes 8th Overall
3/17/2009
<div><em>San Benedetto del Tronto, ITA</em> - Garmin/Slipstream sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (USA) ended the 44th <strong>Tirreno-Adriatico</strong> with an impressive sprint finish taking second only to Mark Cavendish in today's finale. Tyler, who won Stage 3, has rapidly become a marked man when things get dialed-up and is now mentioned in the same breath as all of the world's fastest finishers.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-2nd-in-Tirreno-Adriatico-s-Final-Stage-Hesjedal-Finishes-8th-Overall.aspx
Farrar wins Stage 3 of Tirreno-Adriatico!!
3/13/2009
<div><em>Santa Croce sull'Arno, ITA</em> - Aboard his Felt F1 Sprint, Garmin/Slipstream’s <strong>Tyler Farrar </strong>won today’s 166K Stage 3 of the prestigious 44th edition of the 7-day Tirreno-Adriatico. Tyler took the sprint ahead of a world-class field including Mark Cavendish, Robbie McEwen and Tom Boonen. It is Tyler’s biggest career win to date and another tremendous victory for Garmin in ’09.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-wins-Stage-3-of-Tirreno-Adriatico-.aspx
Christian Vande Velde wins Stage 4 of Paris-Nice!!
3/11/2009
<div><em>Saint-Etienne, FRA</em> - <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> won today's Stage 4 of Paris-Nice after escaping from his breakaway group and riding solo for the last 20K of the 173.5K stage. It was brillant win for the Garmin/Slipstream pro, one he shared with his new baby daughter as you will se by his finish line celebration! Teammate <strong>David Millar</strong> finished with the group just behind Christian and sits 7th overall.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Christian-Vande-Velde-wins-Stage-4-of-Paris-Nice-.aspx
Wiggins 2nd in Paris-Nice Opening ITT; Millar 5th!
3/8/2009
<div><em>Amilly, FRA</em> - Reigning World and Olympic Pursuit Champion <strong>Bradley Wiggins</strong> (left) opening the <strong>2009 Paris-Nice</strong> in impressive fashion taking 2nd in the opening 9.3K time trial while fellow British countryman <strong>David Millar</strong> took 5th. Amidst a 159 man pro field and aboard their Felt DA's - the world's fastest UCI legal TT bike - the Garmin/Sliptream pros set the tone during a very wet first stage.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Wiggins-2nd-in-Paris-Nice-Opening-ITT-Millar-5th-.aspx
Zabriskie Finishes 2nd Overall in 2009 ATOC!
2/22/2009
<div><em>Escondido, CA</em> - In front of huge Southern California crowds the <strong>2009 Amgen Tour of California</strong> wrapped an amazing nine days of racing with Garmin/Slipstream's own <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> finishing 2nd overall, just 36 seconds down on winner Levi Leipheimer after almost 31-1/2 hours of total racing.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-Finishes-2nd-Overall-in-2009-ATOC-.aspx
ATOC Stage 7 - Vande Velde in winning break; Zabriskie still 2nd Overall!
2/21/2009
<div><em>Pasadena, CA</em> - Garmin/Slipstream's <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> (left) made the winning break today as ten men seperated themselves from the peloton mid way up the 4900ft climb in the Santa Clarita/Pasadena stage of the Tour of CA.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-7---Vande-Velde-in-winning-break-Zabriskie-still-2nd-Overall-.aspx
ATOC Stage 6 - Zabriskie 2nd; Moves to 2nd Overall!
2/20/2009
<div><em>Solvang, CA</em> - The individual time trial stage in Solvang has become a bit of an institution in the four short years the Amgen Tour of California has existed and today's event proved very exciting and fruitful for the Garmin/Slipstream squad. <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> started the day 3rd overall and in the 15mi "race of truth" aboard his Felt DA, the TT specialist put together a huge ride taking 2nd for the day and moving into 2nd overall!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-6---Zabriskie-2nd-Moves-to-2nd-Overall-.aspx
ATOC Stage 5 - Another Bunch Sprint; Next up Friday's ITT
2/19/2009
<div><em>Paso Robles</em> - The ATOC's longest stage - 135mi from Visalia to Paso Robles - fit the format of the last two days: A long breakaway, enough late action to reel it in at the end, and another high speed dash to the finish. While none of the Gamin/Slipstream boys contested the sprint, it was good enough to keep things in check and get ready for Friday's 15mi Individal Time Trial in Solvang.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-5-Another-Bunch-Sprint-Next-up-Friday-s-ITT.aspx
ATOC Stage 4 - Another Sprint Finish; DZ Remains in 3rd
2/18/2009
<div><em>Clovis</em> - Finally the Amgen Tour of CA experienced some sunshine. The 115mi stage from Merced to Clovis was raced under clear skies and cool weather, and after an active day including a long 3-man break which failed to stick it boiled down to another big rush to the line.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-4-Another-Sprint-Finish-DZ-Remains-in-3rd.aspx
ATOC Stage 3 - Farrar 4th; Zabriskie still 3rd Overall
2/17/2009
<div><em>Modesto, CA</em> - The 104mi ATOC stage from San Jose to Modesto was marked with more rain and cold weather, a small breakaway that got gobbled up in the very end and no significant changes in GC. Garmin/Slipstream sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> (center) grabbed an impressive 4th place in the dash for the finish line and <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> held serve to stay in 3rd overall, 28 seconds behind leader Levi Leipheimer.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-3-Farrar-4th-Zabriskie-still-3rd-Overall.aspx
ATOC Stage 2 - Peterson wins!!
2/16/2009
<div><em>Santa Cruz, CA</em> - Aboard his Felt Z1, Garmin/Slipstream’s <strong>Tom Peterson</strong> won today's stage 2 of the <strong>Amgen Tour of CA</strong>, a wet and windy 116mi affair from Sausalito to Santa Cruz! Tom was a part of a long 10-man breakaway that split just after going over the Golden Gate bridge and through San Francisco as the race headed south.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-2-Peterson-wins-.aspx
ATOC Stage 1 - Cold, Wet & Miserable!
2/15/2009
<div><em>Santa Rosa, CA</em> - When the pros come over from Europe and think about riding in California you can bet this is not what they had in mind. The 107mi Stage One from Davis to Santa Rosa was an epic marked by very cold, wet weather and ridden in full winter gear.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/ATOC-Stage-1-Cold-Wet-Miserable-.aspx
Martin finishes 3rd Overall in Med Tour!
2/15/2009
<div><em>France</em> - The <strong>2009 Medeterranean Tour</strong> (2.1 HC) finished up Sunday and defending Irish National Champ and Garmin/Slipstream pro <strong>Dan Martin</strong> walked away with 3rd overall and 1st in the Best Young Rider's competition! At just 22yrs old, most agree this young man has a huge future ahead of him! The whole team rode well to support Dan including <strong>Danny Pate</strong> who came in 5th overall!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Martin-finishes-3rd-Overall-in-Med-Tour-.aspx
Zabriskie 3rd in AToC Prologue
2/14/2009
<div><em>Sacramento, CA</em> - And just like that the <strong>2009 Amgen Tour of CA</strong> is underway! Garmin/Slipstream placed two riders in the top-10 of today's 3.9K Prologue as US National TT Champ <strong>Dave Zabriskie</strong> (left) grabbed 3rd and Olympic TT Silver medalist <strong>Svein Tuft</strong> took 9th. Provisional results below. Look for more soon!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-3rd-in-AToC-Prologue.aspx
Three Major Stage Races at Once!
2/13/2009
<div>So much going on right now!<strong><em></em></strong> In the old days, February meant pro cyclists were still gearing up with camps, 'cross, track racing and regiional events as they prepared for the spring classics. Not anymore. Today, February means the Felt supported <strong>Garmin/Slipstream Pro Cycling Team</strong> is competing in three major stage races on three different continents - <strong>The Amgen Tour of California</strong> (Feb 14-22), <strong>The Tour de Langkawi</strong> (Feb 9-15) and the <strong>Mediterranean Tour</strong> (Feb 11-15).</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Three-Major-Stage-Races-at-Once-.aspx
Come see Felt at the 2009 Amgen Tour of California!
2/10/2009
<div><em>tafe of California</em> - This coming Saturday marks the beginning of the <strong>2009 Amgen Tour of California</strong>, Feb 14-22. The country's premier pro cycling event, the 2009 edition of the ATOC has increased to nine stages beginning in Sacramento and ending in Escondido, and promises to be bigger and better than ever!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Come-see-Felt-at-the-2009-Amgen-Tour-of-California-.aspx
Sutton 2nd in Langkawi opening stage!
2/9/2009
<div><em>Langkawi, Malaysia</em> - Lead by Director Sportif <strong>Johnny Weltz</strong>, the <strong>Garmin/Slipstream </strong>squad of <strong>Ricardo van der Velde</strong>, <strong>Christian Meier</strong>, <strong>Cameron Meyer</strong>, <strong>Chris "CJ" Sutton</strong>, <strong>Lucas Euser </strong>and <strong>Timmy Duggan </strong>opened the Tour of Langkawi in fine form.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Sutton-2nd-in-Langkawi-opening-stage-.aspx
Dekker 4th On Last Day In Qatar
2/6/2009
<div><em>Qatar (Feb 6, 2009)</em> - Dutch speedster <strong>Hans Dekker</strong> finished the last day of Qatar just one place shy of the podium, taking fourth in today's furious bunch sprint finish.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dekker-4th-On-Last-Day-In-Qatar.aspx
Garmin/Slipstream wins TTT in Qatar!
2/1/2009
<div><em>Qatar (Feb 1, 2009)</em> - Putting their team time trial training to the test, Garmin-Slipstream won the opening event at the 2009 Tour of Qatar, a 6K team time trial. Bradley Wiggins crossed the finish first and will wear the gold leader’s jersey while Huub Duyn will wear the best young rider jersey.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Slipstream-wins-TTT-in-Qatar-.aspx
Pro Track Team Hawk Relay on Felt!
1/29/2009
<div><em>January 29, 2008 (Los Angeles, CA)</em> – Felt Bicycles is pleased to announce the sponsorship of the <strong>Hawk Relay Cycling Team</strong>, a UCI professional Track trade team based in Los Angeles, CA. Hawk Relay Cycling Team members including 2-time World Pursuit Champion <strong>Sarah Hammer</strong>, 2-time US Olympian <strong>Adam Duvendeck</strong>, and Canadian National Champion <strong>Travis Smith</strong> (shown) have already begun using their new Felt frames.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Pro-Track-Team-Hawk-Relay-on-Felt-.aspx
Hesjedal Finishes 11th Down Under
1/25/2009
<div><em>Australia (Jan 26, 2009)</em> - Garmin/Slipstream's <strong>Ryder Hesjedal</strong> (CAN - shiown) finished the 2009 Tour Down Under in 11th overall as the week-long stage race concluded today in Adelaide.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Hesjedal-Finishes-11th-Down-Under.aspx
Happy Holidays from all of us at Felt Bicycles!
12/24/2008
<div>From all of us here at Felt Bicycles, we wish you - our friends, fans, supporters and onlookers - a very Happy Holiday season.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Happy-Holidays-from-all-of-us-at-Felt-Bicycles-.aspx
Joscha Forstreuter enters Guinness Book of World Records!
11/28/2008
<div><em>Beijing (Nov 26, 2008)</em> – Felt’s own <strong>Joscha Forstreuter </strong>and riding partner Timo Pritzel both were invited to participate in the recent Guinness World Record Show in China and each came home co-world record holders.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Joscha-Forstreuter-enters-Guinness-Book-of-World-Records-.aspx
2009 Garmin/Slipstream Launch!
11/24/2008
<div><em>Nov 23, 2008 (Boulder, CO)</em> - After a week of training, testing and overall "team building" in Boulder, the Garmin/Slipstream Pro Cycling Team was officially announced last Saturday to an enthusiastic crowd at the historic Boulder Theatre. In front of approximately 700 friends and fans, the riders were presented one-by-one, each greeted to a huge ovation.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/2009-Garmin-Slipstream-Launch-.aspx
The 2009 FELT International MTB Team Unveiled!
11/12/2008
<div>Felt Bicycles is very proud to announce the sponsorship of the newly expanded <strong>FELT International MTB Team</strong> in 2009. Just one year after the team`s first season as a Felt-supported program, the Tuscan-based professional cross-country squad has set their sights on becoming an international factor at the highest level of the sport, including participation in the 2009 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/The-2009-FELT-International-MTB-Team-Unveiled-.aspx
Emma Nails Noosa!
11/3/2008
<div><em>Nov 2, 2008</em> - On the heels of taking the Beijing Olympics gold medal, Felt's Australian triathlete <strong>Emma Snowsill</strong> kicked off the Aussie summer with a dominant performance at the Noosa Triathlon Sunday, winning in one hour, 59 minutes, 39 seconds.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Emma-Nails-Noosa-.aspx
Celebrate the new 2009 Team Garmin-Chipotle H3O!
10/22/2008
<div><em>Oct 22, 2008 (Boulder, CO)</em> - Join Slipstream Sports on Saturday, November 22 in Boulder, Colorado as they introduce the new Felt-sponsored 2009 Team Garmin-Chipotle H3O professional cycling team. Meet all the new talent and welcome back the heroes from a spectacular year of international success!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Celebrate-the-new-2009-Team-Garmin-Chipotle-H3O-.aspx
Garmin/Chipotle-H3O Delivers at Vuelta a Chihuahua Internacional
10/10/2008
<div><em>Divisadero, Mexico (October 10, 2008)</em>—<strong>Tom Peterson</strong> sits in fourth place overall following the individual time trial at the<strong> Vuelta a Chihuahua</strong>. With three stages to go the leader of the <strong>Garmin/Chipotle-H3O</strong> squad is displaying the same form that took him to the bronze medal at the <strong>U23 National Championship Road Race</strong> in August.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Chipotle-H3O-Delivers-at-Vuelta-a-Chihuahua-Internacional.aspx
Cam Zink 5th at Red Bull Rampage
10/10/2008
<div><em>Virgin, Utah (October 6, 2008)</em>—<strong>Cam Zink</strong> put together a crowd-silencing 360 and a ripcord drop down one of the steepest lines of the<strong> Red Bull Rampage: The Evolution</strong> to finish 5th in the event. After qualifying 9th, Cam put together two flawless runs to boost his final placing, though he couldn’t overcome the riders who tackled the event’s signature 60-foot gap jump.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Cam-Zink-5th-at-Red-Bull-Rampage.aspx
Lavelle Takes Life Time Fitness Series, Potts Gets Second
10/6/2008
<div><em>Dallas (October 6, 2008)</em>—<strong>Becky Lavelle</strong> took the<strong> Life Time Fitness Triathlon Series Toyota Cup</strong> for the second year in a row. At the series’ final stop in Dallas, Lavelle finished sixth to preserve her lead in the season-long competition.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lavelle-Takes-Life-Time-Fitness-Series-Potts-Gets-Second.aspx
Colby Pearce and Daniel Holloway: U.S. National Madison Champs!
10/5/2008
<div><em>Oct. 5, 2008, Carson, Calif—</em><strong>Colby Pearce </strong>teamed with <strong>Daniel Holloway</strong> to win the Madison at USA Cycling Elite Track Nationals at the ADT Event Center velodrome Sunday.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Colby-Pearce-and-Daniel-Holloway-U-S-National-Madison-Champs-.aspx
Record Breaker! Phinney breaks 4,000-meter pursuit track record at Nationals
10/4/2008
<div><em>Oct. 4, 2008, Carson, Calif.—</em>The fact that Garmin-Chipotle H30 rider <strong>Taylor Phinney</strong> took his third national title in the 4,000 meter pursuit was impressive enough. He topped it Saturday by setting a new track record, clocking at time of four minutes, 23.514 seconds while defeating Daniel Harm.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Record-Breaker-Phinney-breaks-4-000-meter-pursuit-track-record-at-Nationals.aspx
Farrar Takes Lead at Franco-Belge
10/3/2008
<div><em>Poperinge, Belgium (October 3, 2008)</em>—<strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> moved into the overall lead of the <strong>Circuit Franco-Belge</strong> as a result of his second place finish in Stage 2. The <strong>Garmin/Chipotle-H3O</strong> rider took enough bonus seconds thanks to his fast finish to move 2 seconds clear of Tom Boonen in the overall classification.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Farrar-Takes-Lead-at-Franco-Belge.aspx
Garmin/Chipotle-H3O Takes Team Pursuit at National Championships!
10/3/2008
<div><em>Carson, Calif. (October 3, 2008)</em>—The <strong>Garmin/Chipotle-H3O Team</strong> led by<strong> Kilo National Champion Taylor Phinney</strong> took the gold medal in the men’s<strong> Team Pursuit</strong>. The squad featured Phinney, <strong>Daniel Holloway</strong>, <strong>Colby Pearce</strong> and<strong> Dave Koesel</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Chipotle-H3O-Takes-Team-Pursuit-at-National-Championships-.aspx
Phinney, Blatchford Each Take National Championships!
10/2/2008
<div><em>Carson, Calif. (October 2, 2008)</em>—In the first afternoon of competition at the <strong>Elite Track National Championships Taylor Phinney </strong>scored gold by riding to victory in the Kilo. The 18-year-old from Boulder, Colo., turned in a time of 1:03.208, some 2 seconds faster than second place.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Phinney-Blatchford-Each-Take-National-Championships-.aspx
Zabriskie Claims Bronze at TT Worlds!
9/25/2008
<div><em>Sept. 25, 2008, Varese, Italy—</em>It was a long time coming after a setback earlier this year, but Team Garmin-Chipotle time trial specialist David Zabriskie returned to the podium in a UCI World Championship Thursday, claiming the bronze medal.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Zabriskie-Claims-Bronze-at-TT-Worlds-.aspx
Felt at Interbike-See the 2009 Bikes, meet the Team, and more!
9/18/2008
<div><em>Irvine, Calif. (September 18, 2008)</em>—It's here! Come see <strong>Felt</strong> at<strong> Interibke </strong>and the<strong> Outdoor Demo</strong> Sept. 22-26. Meet<strong> Christian Vande Velde</strong> (shown) and other<strong> Garmin/Chipotle-H3O</strong> athletes on both Wednesday and Thursday from 3:15 to 4:15 at the Felt booth (<strong>#609</strong>). They will signing a brand new Felt poster!</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-at-Interbike-See-the-2009-Bikes-meet-the-Team-and-more-.aspx
Garmin/Chipotle-H3O Athletes Named to World’s Team
9/17/2008
<div><em>Colorado Springs, Colo. (September 17, 2008)</em>—<strong>USA Cycling</strong> has named six<strong> Garmin/Chipotle-H3O</strong> athletes to the Elite and U23 men’s squads for the <strong>World Championships</strong> Sept. 23-28 in Varese, Italy.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Garmin-Chipotle-H3O-Athletes-Named-to-World-s-Team.aspx
Vande Velde Wins Tour of Missouri!
9/14/2008
<div><em>Sept. 14, 2008, St. Louis, MO—</em>With the remnants of Hurricane Ike dumping on St. Louis the evening prior and forcing organizers to detour and shorten the course around deluged areas, the peloton’s major players seemed content that the race was won by <strong>Team Garmin/Chipotle-H3O's Christian Vande Velde</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Vande-Velde-Wins-Tour-of-Missouri-.aspx
Lavelle Dominates at Malibu Triathlon
9/13/2008
<div><em>Sept 13, 2008, Malibu, Calif—</em>Felt-sponsored professional triathlete <strong>Becky Lavelle </strong>continues her unbelievable tear across the country this season, winning everything in sight. With wins at the Chicago Triathlon and Los Angeles Triathlon of late. Moving a few miles up the coast to take on the debut Olympic distance event at the famed Malibu Triathlon, could she make it three wins in a row?</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lavelle-Dominates-at-Malibu-Triathlon.aspx
Tour of Missouri, Stage 6: Vande Velde Maintans G.C. Lead
9/13/2008
<div><em>Sept. 13, 2008, St. Charles, MO—</em><strong>Team Garmin/Chipotle-H30</strong> rider<strong> Christian Vande Velde</strong> finished 10th in the main pack to preserve his overall lead at the <strong>Tour of Missouri</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tour-of-Missouri-Stage-6-Vande-Velde-Maintans-G-C-Lead.aspx
Tour of Missouri, Stage 3: Vande Velde Takes the Lead!
9/10/2008
<div><em>Sept. 10, 2008, Branson, MO—</em>Riding the swell of a season that includes a stellar Tour de France performance and a bronze at the US Pro Championships time trial, Team Garmin-Chipotle’s <strong>Christian Vande Velde</strong> scored a time trial victory in the third stage of the Tour of Missouri, vaulting into the race lead in the process.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tour-of-Missouri-Stage-3-Vande-Velde-Takes-the-Lead-.aspx
Stetina Takes Tour de l’Avenir Lead!
9/9/2008
<div><em>St. Flour, France, Sept. 9, 2008—</em>A 181.5k stage from Saint-Symphorien-sur-Coise to Saint-Flour was one to detonate the field, and it did just that.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Stetina-Takes-Tour-de-l-Avenir-Lead-.aspx
Tour of Missouri, Stage 1: Farrar Sprints to Second
9/8/2008
<div><em>Sept. 8, 2008, Kansas City, Mo.—</em>The grand depart for the 2008 Tour of Missouri started well for Team Garmin-Chipotle, with team sprinter <strong>Tyler Farrar</strong> taking second in a field sprint.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tour-of-Missouri-Stage-1-Farrar-Sprints-to-Second.aspx
Tour of Britain, Stage 2: Dean, Sutton take second and third
9/8/2008
<div><em>Newbury, England, Sept 8, 2008—</em>Team Garmin-Chipotle’s <strong>Julian Dean</strong> finished second on Tour of Britain’s second stage, with teammate <strong>Chris Sutton</strong> taking third.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Tour-of-Britain-Stage-2-Dean-Sutton-take-second-and-third-.aspx
Lavelle Wins, Potts Second at Los Angeles Triathlon
9/7/2008
<div><em>Sept 7, 2008, Los Angeles—</em>It’s been <strong>Becky Lavelle</strong>’s mantra during her run in the LifeTime Fitness Chase for the Toyota Cup series races: drill the bike, and let ‘em try to get her on the run.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Lavelle-Wins-Potts-Second-at-Los-Angeles-Triathlon.aspx
Euser Wins Univest GP!
9/6/2008
<div><em>Sept. 6, 2008, Souderton, PA—</em>They may have been grey skies, but the sun shone upon <strong>Lucas Euser</strong> of Team Garmin-Chipotle as he scored his first career victory by outfoxing his breakaway companion in a sprint, winning the 160-kilometer race in 3:50:48.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Euser-Wins-Univest-GP-.aspx
Dean Third at Tour of Ireland!
9/1/2008
<div><em>Cork, Ireland, Aug. 31—</em>The final stage of the Tour of Ireland would be a tough test for Garmin-Chipotle’s <strong>Julian Dean</strong>. Set in second place throughout the weeklong race, he would face his toughest test, and assault on an overall podium placing—during what would be an arduous closing stage.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Dean-Third-at-Tour-of-Ireland-.aspx
Caldwell Second at U.S. Road Nationals!
9/1/2008
<div><em>Greenville, S.C., Aug 31, 2008—</em>Team Garmin-Chipotle riders dominated the day at the USA Cycling Pro Championships Sunday, with <strong>Blake Caldwell</strong> taking second in a sprint finish with eventual winner Tyler Hamilton. Caldwell was followed by third-place finisher Danny Pate, with fourth going to<strong> Lucas Euster</strong>.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Caldwell-Second-at-U-S-Road-Nationals-.aspx
Felt Extends with Team Garmin-Chipotle presented by H30
9/1/2008
<div><em>Irvine, CA (Sep 1, 2008)—</em>Felt Bicycles has extended its sponsorship of Team Garmin-Chipotle presented by H30, the American pro cycling team dedicated to promoting ethical sporting and developing the next generation of champions, until 2011.</div>
http://www.feltbicycles.com/Hong Kong/News/Felt-Extends-with-Team-Garmin-Chipotle-presented-by-H30.aspx
| i don't know |
As President of Congress, whose signature dominates the Declaration of Independence? | Who Signed The Declaration of Independence? » Independence Day » Surfnetkids
Surfnetkids » Independence Day » History » Who Signed The Declaration of Independence?
Who Signed The Declaration of Independence?
John Hancock’s famous signature on the Declaration of Independence.
The complete list of the signers of the Declaration of Independence include:
John Hancock (president of the Continental Congress), Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry, Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery, Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott, William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris, Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross, Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean, Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton, William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn, Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton.
There were 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence. Among some of the more well known facts about the people who signed the Declaration of Independence are that John Hancock’s signature was the largest, or that several future Presidents (John Adams and Thomas Jefferson to be exact) signed the Declaration. Samuel and John Adams were both signers of the document. These cousins were close friends and comrades in politics. But aside from the trivia it is important to remember the significance of the document.
The Declaration of Independence was just that, a declaration to the British that the American colonies were to be independent of their rule. The Declaration of Independence was the catalyst for the changes in government and the establishment of the freedoms we have today. America was to become the envy of all other nations because of our mission for the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration of Independence was much more than an opportunity for rebellious and political men to make a statement or to boost their own egos. It was a document that carried with it severe consequences as well as priceless gifts for future generations.
In signing their names to the Declaration of Independence, the signers were effectively signing away their protection and anonymity from British forces. John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress, probably had the most cause for fear as he was the leader of the revolution against the British. True, he was described as a flamboyant character who liked attention. But his large signature on the Declaration of Independence was not to boast his own ego. It was a powerful response to a decree that had been delivered from England in early 1776 offering a large reward for his capture and the capture of several leading figures. On signing the Declaration in his famously clear and obvious way he commented, “The British ministry can read that name without spectacles; let them double their reward.”
In the time following the signing of the Declaration of Independence we see that the British threats were serious, as five signers were captured by the British as traitors, and tortured before they died. This was done because at the time, the signing of the Declaration of Independent was an act by the signers to fight their own government. Twelve had their homes ransacked and burned, losing all of their earthly possessions. Two lost their sons serving in the Revolutionary Army; another had two sons captured. Nine of the fifty six fought and died from wounds or hardships of the Revolutionary War.
Yet with all of the risks, these 56 men knew that in order to create the nation of freedom that they dreamed of, they would need to take a stand. These men were influential, wealthy, popular, educated, and talented. They represented leading authorities in many professions. Thomas Jefferson alone was a lawyer, agronomist, musician, scientist, philosopher, author, architect, inventor, and statesman. These men had everything to lose and risked it all to declare that citizens of America would no longer be forced to be subject to the whims of unfair British rule. Because they did, we live in a nation with liberty and justice; a nation that is united and seeks to foster general welfare and justice for all of us who have the privilege of being Americans.
| John Hancock |
According to the nursery rhyme, who had a farm, ee-i-ee-i-o? | Signers of the Declaration of Independence | Daughters of the American Revolution
Signers of the Declaration of Independence
From the DAR Americana Collection
Among the wide variety of holdings in the DAR Americana Collection is a collection of all of the signatures of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. This exhibit includes a biography, signature, and portrait for each of the 56 signers.
Josiah Bartlett
Josiah Bartlett - New Hampshire: Josiah Bartlett was the first delegate to vote for independence and the second signer after John Hancock. Geography dictated the voting order among the delegates to the Second Continental Congress. New Hampshire delegates voted first because they were from the northernmost colony. Bartlett was born in Massachusetts in 1729. He became a physician and opened a medical practice in Kingston, New Hampshire in 1750. He was also interested in politics and served as an active, energetic member of his colony’s legislature. He earned a reputation as a principled lawmaker and accepted dismissal by the royal governor from some of his committee assignments rather than abandon his opposition to royalist policies. In 1775 he was elected to represent New Hampshire in the First Continental Congress but declined to accept the assignment. He did accept election to the Second Continental Congress and for a time was heavily burdened with committee work as the only member from New Hampshire. Although he returned to state service and was elected president, and then governor, of New Hampshire, Bartlett never lost his interest in medicine. In 1790 Dartmouth College awarded him an honorary medical degree and in 1791 he founded the New Hampshire Medical Society and served as its first president. Josiah Bartlett died in 1795 at age 65.
Josiah Bartlett
Josiah Bartlett - New Hampshire: Agreement between Josiah Bartlett and James Prince, dated May 9, 1788 allowing the Prince family use for six months of a house and 41 acres of farmland situated in Kingston, New Hampshire, which Prince Josiah Bartlett - New Hampshire: Agreement between Josiah Bartlett and James Prince, dated May 9, 1788 allowing the Prince family use for six months of a house and 41 acres of farmland situated in Kingston, New Hampshire, Josiah Bartlett - New Hampshire: Agreement between Josiah Bartlett and James Prince, dated May 9, 1788 allowing the Prince family use for six months of a house and 41 acres of farmland situated in Kingston, New Hampshire, which Prince and his wife had sold to Bartlett. Prince and his wife had sold to Bartlett. and his wife had sold to Bartlett.
Matthew Thornton
Matthew Thornton - New Hampshire: Matthew Thornton was one of the last delegates to sign the Declaration of Independence. He was granted permission to sign the document even though he arrived at the Second Continental Congress three months after the formal signing on August 2, 1776. Thornton was born in Ireland in about 1714. He emigrated with his parents to America when he was about four years old. He became a physician and maintained a successful medical practice in Londonderry, New Hampshire. In 1745 he served as a surgeon in the New Hampshire militia during the British expedition that captured Louisbourg, the French fortress in Nova Scotia. He was also active in New Hampshire politics and held royal commissions as justice of the peace and colonel of militia. In 1775 he drafted a plan of government that became New Hampshire’s first constitution. He continued to serve his colony as the first president of the New Hampshire House of Representatives and as a justice to the superior court. Matthew Thornton died in 1803 at about age 89.
Matthew Thornton
Matthew Thornton - New Hampshire: Deed recording the sale of land in the township of Bedford, Town of Merrimack, County of Hillsborough, New Hampshire by Robert and Jennet McCormick to Thomas Wilson, dated December 17, 1782 before Matthew Thornton, Justice of the Peace.
William Whipple
William Whipple - New Hampshire: William Whipple was born in Kittery in present-day Maine in 1730. An able seaman, he became a ship’s captain while still in his early twenties. A few years later he and his brother, Joseph, established a mercantile business in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He became involved with the patriot movement in 1775 when he was elected to represent his town at the provincial congress. He was elected to the Second Continental Congress in 1776. He served on both the marine and the commerce committees where his previous experience at sea and in business proved of use. Whipple was a tough-minded man who believed in a strong military and severe punishment for those loyal to the crown. He was a brigadier general in the New Hampshire militia and commanded troops both at Saratoga and in a Rhode Island campaign. After the war he served both as a state legislator and as an associate justice of the Superior Court of New Hampshire. William Whipple died in 1785 at age 55.
William Whipple
William Whipple - New Hampshire: Sailing orders dated Philadelphia, December 10, 1776 from Continental Congress’s marine committee to Captain Elisha Hinman, Commander of Continental Navy Brig Cabot, signed by William Whipple and four other signers of the Declaration of Independence.
John Adams
John Adams - Massachusetts: "May none but honest and wise Men ever rule under this roof." Those were President John Adams’s thoughts about the presidency and the White House in November 1800. Adams was born in Massachusetts in 1735. He attended Harvard College, was admitted to the bar, and began practicing law in 1758. He was an early convert to the cause for American independence and wrote both political protests and scholarly tracts in defense of American rights. Adams was a delegate to both the First and Second Continental Congresses. He served on the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence and enthusiastically advocated its cause in Congress. During and after the Revolutionary War he served as a diplomat in Europe, helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris, and served as America’s first ambassador to the Court of St. James’s. He returned to America and became the country’s first vice president in 1789. A vain, energetic, and highly intelligent man, Adams thought the vice presidency beneath him writing that he served in "the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived." Adams became the nation’s second president in 1797 and found he needed to direct much of his attention to achieving and preserving a peaceful relationship with France. He retired to Massachusetts after one term in office. John Adams died on the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence: July 4, 1826. Fellow president and signer Thomas Jefferson died on the same day.
John Adams
John Adams - Massachusetts: A ship’s pass, issued in French, Spanish, English, and Dutch for the schooner, ‘Hornet,’ of Baltimore bound for the Caribbean island Hispaniola. This document, dated May 17, 1797, bears the signature of President John Adams. Adams served as President of the United States from 1797 to 1801.
Samuel Adams
Samuel Adams - Massachusetts: Samuel Adams was an unsuccessful business man who failed at many ventures including losing the brewery he inherited from his father. He was born in Boston in 1722, graduated from Harvard College with a master’s degree, and quickly earned a reputation as a tireless revolutionary. His first love was politics and he became a behind-the-scenes agitator with his passionate writings against taxation of the colonists by Parliament. He was relentless in encouraging the Americans to resent British occupation of Boston. He also stirred the colonists to a number of acts of defiance including the Boston Tea Party. He helped found the notorious Sons of Liberty, inspired Boston and other towns to create committees of correspondence, and was the first to propose a continental congress to unite and organize the colonial resistance. He was considered so dangerous to British goals in the colonies that in April 1775 the royal governor sent troops to arrest him for treason. He fled Lexington on the night of April 18 and barely escaped arrest the night before American and British troops faced each other on Lexington Green. Adams served in the Continental Congress until 1781 and then continued to serve his new country in a variety of capacities in Massachusetts. Samuel Adams died in Boston in 1803 at age 81.
Samuel Adams
Samuel Adams - Massachusetts: Commission appointing Seth Morse Second Lieutenant of Cavalry in the Sixth Division of the militia of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, signed by Governor Samuel Adams, January 15, 1795. Samuel Adams served as governor of Massachusetts from 1794 to 1797.
Elbridge Gerry
Elbridge Gerry - Massachusetts: Elbridge Gerry was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts in 1744. He was a Harvard-trained businessman and merchant who put his skills to good use for the American cause. In 1774 when Parliament closed Boston Harbor in partial retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, Gerry helped to coordinate shipments as Marblehead became a major port of entry for supplies donated by patriots throughout the colonies for Boston’s relief. Gerry served his country in several capacities over the course of his career. He was a member of the Massachusetts general court on the committee of correspondence. He also served as a member of the Massachusetts provincial congresses on the council of safety. He barely eluded capture by British troops marching on Lexington and Concord in April 1775. He joined the Continental Congress in 1776. He returned to Congress in 1783 but, although he was experienced in military and financial matters, he lacked patience with the details of nation building. He served two terms as governor of Massachusetts beginning in 1810. Opposing politicians coined the term "gerrymander" to ridicule Gerry’s support of a redistricting measure intended to ensure his party’s domination of the state senate. In 1813 he became President James Madison’s vice president. He died in office in 1814 at age 70. Elbridge Gerry is the only signer of the Declaration of Independence buried in Washington, DC.
Elbridge Gerry
Elbridge Gerry - Massachusetts: A letter dated from Cambridge, Massachusetts on October 26, 1786 from Elbridge Gerry to a P. R. Gerry in Marblehead concerning financial dealings with James Fuller and a Mr. Gifford.
John Hancock
John Hancock - Massachusetts: John Hancock’s signature on the Declaration of Independence is so famous that now everyone’s signature is colloquially referred to as a “John Hancock.” The story that he signed his name larger than the others to irk King George III is unfounded. As president of the Second Continental Congress, Hancock was first to sign the document and thus had no perspective on the size of his signature. Nonetheless, few people associated with America’s founding were better known or more popular than Hancock. He was born in Braintree, Massachusetts in 1737. He was orphaned as a boy and raised by a childless uncle from whom he inherited a very prosperous shipping company. While traveling in England on business he witnessed both the funeral of King George II and the coronation of King George III. Hancock grew staunchly in favor of American independence from Britain even though his great wealth placed him among elite men who were mostly loyalists. A believer in the abilities of the common man and mentored by the firebrand Samuel Adams, Hancock tirelessly incited the people to revolt. He aided the Boston Tea Party, gave a public address commemorating the Boston Massacre, and became a popular hero in 1768 for attempting to smuggle a shipment of wine in his sloop ‘Liberty’ to avoid paying taxes on it. Riding a wave of popularity, Hancock was elected to the Continental Congress in 1774. In April 1775 he barely escaped arrest by British troops in Lexington. He assumed the presidency of the Second Continental Congress in 1776. In 1780 he was elected the first governor of Massachusetts. A victim of a lavish lifestyle and rich food that aged him prematurely, John Hancock died in Boston in 1793 at age 56.
John Hancock
John Hancock - Massachusetts: A letter dated from Boston, Massachusetts on October 19, 1779 by John Hancock to Captain Elisha Hinman. Hancock recommends a Captain Moore to serve on the ship under Hinman’s command and praises Moore’s good character.
Robert Treat Paine
Robert Treat Paine - Massachusetts: Robert Treat Paine was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1731. Family tradition dictated that he join the clergy and he did so after graduating from Harvard College in 1749. He tired quickly of religious life, however, and set out to improve his frail health by working onboard ship. He spent several years as a merchant marine before returning home to study law. He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1757. Paine served as a prosecuting attorney in the trials of the British officers accused in the Boston Massacre. Although he lost to the defense, led by John Adams, his arguments against Parliament’s right to quarter troops among civilians won him acclaim. He attended the First Continental Congress in 1774 and served on the committee that formed the rules of debate and the committee charged with acquiring gunpowder. He was the author of the final appeal to King George III, known as the Olive Branch Petition, in 1775. Paine was again elected to represent Massachusetts at the Second Continental Congress and came to be known in Congress as the "Objection Maker" because he so frequently objected to others’ proposals. He was elected attorney general of Massachusetts in 1777. He had a life-long interest in science and was one of the founders of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1780. He accepted an appointment to the state supreme court in 1796. Robert Treat Paine died in Boston in 1814 at age 83.
Robert Treat Paine
Robert Treat Paine - Massachusetts: A bill of legal costs associated with a case in the court of Common Pleas, Bristol, August 1767. The position of Robert Treat Paine’s signature on this document suggests he represented the plaintiff. In 1767 Robert Treat Paine was practicing law in Taunton, Massachusetts.
William Ellery
William Ellery - Rhode Island: The story goes that on the day of the formal signing of the Declaration of Independence, August 2, 1776, William Ellery positioned himself near the secretary so that he could watch the others as each signed his name to what might have been his death warrant. He was pleased to report a look of "undaunted resolution" on every face. Ellery was born in Newport, Rhode Island in 1727. He graduated from Harvard College at age 15 and then spent more than twenty years trying his hand at a variety of careers. He settled on the law in about 1770 and appeared to have finally found his calling. He was a member of the Rhode Island Sons of Liberty and was a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. He was a bit reticent in debates but he proved a very competent and diligent committee member. Ellery was active on committees regarding commercial affairs, foreign relations, and naval issues. In 1785 he declined an offer to serve as chief justice of the Rhode Island Superior Court to remain in Congress where he had attained impressive seniority. His fervent support of the cause of independence gained him the animosity of the British who burned his home in Newport in 1776. William Ellery died in Newport in 1820. He lived to be 92 years old; the second-longest-lived signer after Charles Carroll.
William Ellery
William Ellery - Rhode Island: Sailing orders from Continental Congress’s marine committee to Captain Elisha Hinman, Commander of Continental Navy Brig ‘Cabot’ dated Philadelphia, December 10, 1776, signed by William Ellery and four other signers of the Declaration of Independence.
Stephen Hopkins
Stephen Hopkins - Rhode Island: A very early critic of British tyranny, Stephen Hopkins originally was unwilling to advocate complete separation from England; however, eventually he saw American independence as inevitable. He was born in Scituate, Rhode Island in 1707 and is the second-oldest signer after Benjamin Franklin. He was a self-educated man who had expected to spend life as a farmer. Instead he became a surveyor, merchant, and shipbuilder before serving in several of the highest offices in Rhode Island including the governorship. He was one of the founders of the ‘Providence Gazette and Country Journal’ which supported the patriots’ cause. His own article "The Rights of the Colonies Examined" contested the legality of parliamentary taxation. He believed in the union of the colonies and represented Rhode Island in a variety of intercolonial meetings. In 1754 he was a delegate to the Albany Congress in New York where he befriended Benjamin Franklin and helped him draft a plan of colonial union which the congress passed but the colonies rejected. He attended both Continental Congresses. He was a productive delegate serving on the marine committee and helping to draft the Articles of Confederation. He left Congress in 1778 to return to Rhode Island and serve in its legislature. Stephen Hopkins died in Providence, Rhode Island in 1785 at age 78.
Stephen Hopkins
Stephen Hopkins - Rhode Island: Appointment of Ebenezer Cole as a Justice of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, County of Bristol, signed by Stephen Hopkins, governor of Rhode Island, May 9, 1763. Hopkins was serving his seventh year as governor of Rhode Island when he signed this document.
Samuel Huntington
Samuel Huntington - Connecticut: Samuel Huntington devoted nearly all his life to public service. He was born on a farm in Windham, Connecticut in 1731. He had only a rudimentary education as a child but he loved learning and was ambitious. He taught himself law using borrowed books and was admitted to the Connecticut bar in his early twenties. He served his colony in a number of capacities including justice of the peace and justice to the superior court. He was also a member of the Connecticut legislature. He served as King’s Attorney of the colony for a time before resigning for reasons of conscience in 1774, the same year he became active with the Sons of Liberty. Huntington served as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress in 1776. He was active in committee work and contended with topics as varied as Indian affairs, ordnance supply, and marine concerns. He served two terms as President of the Congress and was acting in that capacity when the Articles of Confederation were adopted in 1781. Huntington left Congress in 1783 to return to Connecticut where he was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1785. He was elected Governor in 1786 and was re-elected every term for the rest of his life. Always deeply interested in education even though he lacked a formal degree, he supported institutions of higher learning including Yale College. He was the recipient of honorary degrees from Princeton, Yale, and Dartmouth. Samuel Huntington died in 1796 at age 65.
Samuel Huntington
Samuel Huntington - Connecticut: Letter of Marque issued to Elisha Hinman, commander of the frigate ‘Deane,’ dated June 6, 1780 and signed by Samuel Huntington as President of the Congress of the United States of America. Samuel Huntington served as President of Congress from September 1779 until July 1781.
Roger Sherman
Roger Sherman - Connecticut: Hardworking and determined, Roger Sherman was a self-made man with a remarkably busy career. He was born in Newton, Massachusetts on April 19, 1721. His formal education was minimal so he read widely on his own, teaching himself law, science, literature, and politics. In 1743 he relocated to New Milford, Connecticut where he pursued a variety of interests including writing and publishing a series of popular almanacs. Sherman was admitted to the bar in 1754. He maintained a law practice while also serving as a justice of the peace, a county judge, and as a representative in the colonial legislature. In 1761 he closed his law practice and moved to New Haven where he spent many years serving as treasurer of Yale College. At the same time, he served as an associate judge of the Connecticut Superior Court. He was an early supporter of the patriot cause and served as a delegate to both Continental Congresses. He was an active committee member and several of his fellow delegates admired his work ethic. He was a member of the committees that drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. One of his greatest contributions was his authoring of the Great Compromise which provided for a dual legislative system whereby the people would be represented by proportion of population in the lower house and by equal representation in the upper house. Sherman was one of only two men who signed the three main founding documents of the nation: the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States. Roger Sherman died in 1793 at age 72.
Roger Sherman
Roger Sherman - Connecticut: Letter signed by Roger Sherman dated Philadelphia, October 20, 1778 written to the Reverend Benjamin Trumbull, New Haven, Connecticut. Sherman discusses various proposals, including taxation and foreign loans, for supporting the credit of the United States. Sherman’s interest in public financial policy dates to the 1750s when he published a work on paper money. In the Continental Congress he served on a number of committees concerned with finance.
William Williams
William Williams - Connecticut: William Williams so believed in the patriot cause that he contributed much of his own wealth to the war effort. He was born in 1731 in Lebanon, Connecticut. After he graduated from Harvard College in 1751 he studied with his father, a minister, with the intention to join the clergy. His plans changed after he participated in the British expedition to Lake George during the French and Indian War. His war experience taught him to resent British inattentiveness to the colonists’ needs. When he returned to Connecticut he established himself as a merchant and politician. Williams’s political career spanned more than fifty years and he held a number of state and local offices. He served as member, clerk, and speaker of the lower house of the colonial legislature and as a judge of the Windham County court. He was elected to the Second Continental Congress in 1776. He arrived too late to vote for Independence but he did sign the Declaration on August 2, 1776. He also served as a member of the committee that framed the Articles of Confederation. During the winter of 1780-81, while a French regiment was stationed in Lebanon, he moved out of his home and turned it over to the officers. In 1788 he attended the convention that ratified the Federal Constitution. William Williams died in 1811 at age 80.
William Williams
William Williams - Connecticut: Letter signed W[illiam] Williams, dated May 28, 1776 to Colonel Seymour, concerning a dating error in two documents apparently concerning military finances. At the time Williams penned this document he was a colonel in the Connecticut militia.
Oliver Wolcott
Oliver Wolcott - Connecticut: Oliver Wolcott was born in Windsor, Connecticut in 1726. He attended Yale College and immediately after graduating led a volunteer militia in the French and Indian War. He studied medicine for a time before taking up the practice of law and beginning a long and active political career. He was sheriff of Litchfield County for twenty years. He served in the colonial legislature and as a county judge. By 1774 he had risen to the rank of colonel in the militia. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775 and was appointed a Commissioner of Indian Affairs that same year. Throughout his time in Congress, Wolcott spent more time in the field leading Connecticut troops than in congressional sessions. He saw action in the defense of New York City and in the Saratoga campaign. He became ill during the summer of 1776 and returned home, missing both the vote for independence and the formal signing of the Declaration of Independence. He signed the document sometime after his return to Congress in October. During 1779, as a major general, he defended the Connecticut seacoast against the raids of William Tryon, Royal Governor of New York. After the Revolutionary War he continued to serve Connecticut as Lieutenant Governor, Governor, and as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Oliver Wolcott died in 1797 at age 71.
Oliver Wolcott
Oliver Wolcott - Connecticut: Account written in Oliver Wolcott’s hand and bearing his signature dated November 11, 1777 concerning expenses associated with the administration of the estate of Oliver Burr by Sarah Burr. Oliver Wolcott served as judge of the court of probate for Litchfield, Connecticut from 1772 to 1781.
Lewis Morris
Lewis Morris - New York: A fierce proponent of American independence, Lewis Morris signed the Declaration of Independence reportedly after stating: "Damn the consequences, give me the pen." The statement is a charged one as Morris, heir to a great fortune that included his father’s Westchester County estate, Morrisania, had more to lose than many of his fellow delegates. Morris was born in New York in 1726 into a world of privilege and wealth with strong family ties to the crown government. He graduated from Yale in 1746, returned home to help manage the family estate, and acquired Morrisania in 1762 at his father’s death. He became politically active at this time and, as a member of the royal government’s New York Assembly, protested both the Stamp Act and the royal governor’s order that the Assembly provide funds for local royal troops. Morris was sent to the Second Continental Congress in 1776. His committee service focused on the defense of his colony and Indian affairs. He returned mostly to local duties after 1777, serving both as a judge and as a state legislator. Much of his property was destroyed and his wealth lost in the Revolution and he spent many years rebuilding Morrisania. In 1784 he served on the first Board of Regents of the University of New York and in 1788 he strongly supported Alexander Hamilton’s successful bid for ratification of the United States Constitution. Lewis Morris died in 1798 at age 71.
Lewis Morris
Lewis Morris - New York: Letter dated March 17, 1792 written by Lewis Morris to his son, Colonel Lewis Morris, Charleston, South Carolina. The letter discusses a variety of family matters.
Francis Lewis
Francis Lewis - New York: Francis Lewis was among the most well-traveled of the signers. He was a successful merchant and frequently accompanied his cargo to foreign ports. Born in Wales in 1713 and orphaned at about four years of age, he was sent to London in the care of relatives where he attended the Westminster School. He apprenticed at a mercantile house in London before voyaging to America while still in his twenties to set up his own mercantile businesses in New York and Philadelphia. In 1756, while working as a clothing contractor for British troops at Fort Oswego during the French and Indian War, Lewis was taken prisoner and shipped to France. He returned to New York City after his release in 1763 and very quickly amassed a great fortune. He became active in politics and may have been a leader of the New York Sons of Liberty. Elected to the Continental Congress in 1775, he served for four years. His committee work naturally revolved around mercantile and shipping matters. Lewis endured great personal losses during the Revolutionary War. He spent a great amount of his considerable wealth to further the patriots’ cause. Worst of all, when the British destroyed his home on Long Island they took his wife, Elizabeth, prisoner. She was released as part of an exchange of wives of British officials; however, the hardships she suffered ruined her health and she died soon after her release in 1779. That same year, Lewis took a leave of absence from Congress and never returned. He lived in retirement with his sons and their families until his death in New York City in 1802 at age 89.
Francis Lewis
Francis Lewis - New York: Sailing orders from Continental Congress’s marine committee to Captain Elisha Hinman, Commander of Continental Navy Brig "Cabot" dated Philadelphia, December 10, 1776, signed by Francis Lewis and four other signers of the Declaration of Independence.
Phillip Livingston
Phillip Livingston - New York: An energetic humanitarian and philanthropist, political conservative Philip Livingston was initially opposed to American independence. He was born in Albany, New York in 1716 to a wealthy family. After graduating from Yale in 1737, he became a merchant and entered the import business in New York City. Although eventually he amassed a great personal fortune, Livingston believed in the importance of public service. He supported many organizations and causes important to his colony’s development including King’s College (later Columbia University), the New York Society Library, the New York Chamber of Commerce, and New York Hospital. He served as a New York City alderman in his first political office. In a decade of service which included membership in the colonial legislature, he was a proponent of political and religious freedom and supported those who opposed the royal leadership of the colony. However, although Livingston opposed the taxes imposed on the colonists by the crown, he believed in dignified protests and disapproved of the violent tactics of such groups as the Sons of Liberty. Livingston was a delegate to both the First and Second Continental Congresses. His committee service focused on marine, commerce, finance, military, and Indian matters. Between 1774 and 1778, he divided his time between Congress and the New York legislature. Both his home in New York City and his home in Brooklyn Heights were overrun and damaged by the British. Philip Livingston died suddenly while attending Congress in 1778 at age 62.
Phillip Livingston
Phillip Livingston - New York: Letter dated April 23, 1774 written by Philip Livingston to a Jillis Fonda concerning the financing and terms of a land purchase made by Livingston.
William Floyd
William Floyd - New York: William Floyd led his colony’s delegation in signing the Declaration of Independence even though he was not a particularly prominent figure in Congress and preferred to cede the floor to the other New York delegates during debates. Floyd’s family had emigrated to America from Wales in the 1650s and was established and wealthy by the time of his birth on Long Island in 1734. Floyd received no formal education and when both of his parents died within months of each other he was obligated to take over the family farm while still in his teens. Although he was involved in local civic matters, Floyd was typical of New York colonists in that he did not become active in the patriot cause until the 1770s. Floyd was chosen to represent New York in the First Continental Congress in 1774. In 1776, when the British occupied Long Island, Floyd’s wife and three children fled their property and began what became a seven-year period of exile in Connecticut. Floyd’s wife died there in 1781. The British used the Long Island house for a barracks, and when Floyd returned home with his children in 1783, he found both the house and the surrounding land severely damaged. Floyd served several terms in the New York legislature after the war. In 1789 he was elected to the first United States Congress under the new Constitution. In 1803 he gave his Long Island property to his son and relocated to spend the remainder of his life in a remote region of upstate New York where he had acquired a vast tract of land. William Floyd died in 1821 at age 86.
William Floyd
William Floyd - New York: Receipt dated June 27, 1808 signed by William Floyd acknowledging payment of rent he received from a George Braxton who acted for two men who leased land from Floyd.
Abraham Clark
Abraham Clark - New Jersey: Although he was probably never a member of the bar, self-educated attorney Abraham Clark came to be known as the "poor man’s counselor" for his willingness to provide free legal advice to farmers involved in land disputes. Clark was born on his father’s farm in New Jersey in 1726. When he was still very young it was determined that he was too frail to become a farmer; however, he had a natural gift for mathematics and worked for a time as a surveyor. His support for the patriot cause began sometime between 1774 and 1776. Clark’s public service included a term as sheriff for Essex County and service in the colonial legislature. He was elected to the Second Continental Congress in 1776. Although he served in Congress throughout the Revolutionary War, he was preoccupied with concerns about his home, which was located close to British-occupied areas, and his two soldier sons, who had been captured by the British. Clark’s boys were incarcerated for a time aboard the notorious prison ship, "Jersey," where they were mistreated by their captors. After the war, Clark continued his civil service career with a three-year tour in the state legislature. He returned to the Continental Congress from 1787 to 1789 but ill health prevented his attendance at the Constitutional Convention. Although Clark was opposed to the ratification of the United States Constitution because it lacked a Bill of Rights, he served as a representative to the Second and Third Congresses under the Constitution from 1791 until his death in 1794 at age 68.
Abraham Clark
Abraham Clark - New Jersey: Letter to a Colonel Drayton written by Abraham Clark in June 1782 explaining the actions in Congress that resulted in the postponing of an Elias Drayton's promotion. Abraham Clark was serving in Congress as one of the representatives from New Jersey when he signed this letter.
Francis Hopkinson
Francis Hopkinson - New Jersey: Francis Hopkinson was born in 1737, eldest of eight children, to a wealthy, prominent Philadelphia family with close ties to British culture and aristocracy. Hopkinson was a lawyer and judge by profession who had also been employed as a customs collector and a shopkeeper. His true talents, however, lay in artistic endeavors. Ranking among the better literary efforts of the Revolutionary and early Federal periods, Hopkinson’s essays include: "A Pretty Story," which was a skeptical examination of the relationship between the crown and the colonies; "Battle of the Kegs," which was a satiric taunting of the British; and "The Prophecy," which predicted the adoption of the Declaration of Independence months before that event. He was one of America’s first native composers and a talented artist who often relieved his boredom during congressional sessions by drawing caricatures of his colleagues. Wholeheartedly committed to the patriot cause by 1774, Hopkinson began a two-year term in the colonial legislature and was elected to the Second Continental Congress in 1776. Throughout the Revolutionary War, he continued to produce essays and pamphlets in support of the patriot cause. After the war, Hopkinson continued to write about political and social themes while actively advocating for ratification of the United States Constitution. His legal career continued to the end of his life as he was commissioned a Judge of Admiralty in 1780 and appointed a Federal Circuit Judge in 1790. Francis Hopkinson died suddenly in Philadelphia in 1791 at age 53.
Francis Hopkinson
Francis Hopkinson - New Jersey: Order dated July 10, 1780 by Francis Hopkinson, judge of the Admiralty Court of Pennsylvania, instructing the marshal of the court to sell the ship, "The Eleanor," and to divide the proceeds among the owners, officers, and crew of the privateer "Fair American."
John Witherspoon
John Witherspoon - New Jersey: The American colonies were "not only ripe for the measure but in danger of rotting for the want of it." Those were John Witherspoon’s thoughts on the adoption of the Declaration of Independence expressed during a speech in Congress on July 2, 1776. The only active clergyman among the signers, Witherspoon was born in Scotland near Edinburgh in 1723. By the time he was twenty years old he had earned master of arts and divinity degrees from the University of Edinburgh. Initially reluctant to emigrate from Scotland to America for personal reasons, he finally did so in 1768 to accept the presidency of the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University). His support of the American cause likely stemmed from a hatred of the English acquired in 1745 when Witherspoon participated in the Highlander’s Revolt and was imprisoned briefly by British troops. He was elected to the Second Continental Congress in 1776 and remained in Congress until 1782. A well-regarded orator, Witherspoon participated heavily in congressional debates. He was also very active in committee work and his assignments focused on military and foreign affairs. After the war, he devoted much of his time to rebuilding the college as the British destroyed parts of the campus after they invaded New Jersey late in 1776. The college flourished under Witherspoon’s leadership and he is remembered for increasing the school’s endowment and making positive changes to both the curriculum and to teaching methods. John Witherspoon died on his farm outside Princeton, New Jersey in 1794 at age 71.
John Witherspoon
John Witherspoon - New Jersey: Bill for carting timber, approved by John Witherspoon and dated May 1773. Witherspoon was serving as the president of the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) when he signed this document.
John Hart
John Hart - New Jersey: John Hart’s family moved to a farm near Hopewell, New Jersey shortly after his birth in Stonington, Connecticut circa 1711. Hart received no formal education and lived and worked on the family farm his entire life. Known to his neighbors as "Honest John," he enjoyed great success as a leader in his community in both business and politics. In addition to having acquired a significant amount of property including saw and grist mills, Hart was also an accomplished public servant. He was elected to a variety of offices including justice of the peace and county judge. In 1761 he was elected to the New Jersey Assembly and served there until it was dissolved in 1771. From 1774 to 1776 he attended the New Jersey Provincial Congress and was vice president as well as a member of the council of safety and the committee of correspondence. In the legislature’s dispute with the Royal Governor, Hart opposed parliamentary taxation and the stationing of British troops in the colony. He was sent as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress in 1776 just in time to vote in favor of independence. Returning to New Jersey in August 1776, he assumed the role of Speaker of the Lower House of the New Jersey legislature. Hart’s farm was destroyed when British troops invaded New Jersey in November 1776 and he was forced into hiding. When he emerged from exile after the American victories at Princeton and Trenton, he learned that his wife had died while he was gone. Hart became ill in 1778 and was forced to retire from public life. John Hart died at home on his farm in 1779 at about age 68.
John Hart
John Hart - New Jersey: One shilling (paper currency) issued by the colony of New Jersey on March 25, 1776 and signed by John Hart.
Richard Stockton
Richard Stockton - New Jersey: Although originally a political moderate who preferred a quiet life tending to both his prosperous law practice and his family estate, a series of British offenses against the colonies culminating in the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765 convinced Richard Stockton of the need for American independence. Born in 1730 near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of a wealthy landowner and judge, Stockton graduated from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) in 1748. He was admitted to the bar in 1754 and by the mid-1760s was recognized as one of the best attorneys in the middle colonies. Stockton served as a member of the executive council of New Jersey from 1768 to 1774 when he was appointed an associate justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. He was elected to the Second Continental Congress in 1776. Also in 1776 Stockton lost his bid for the governorship of New Jersey and turned down the chance to become the chief justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey to remain in Congress. When the British invaded the colony in November 1776, Stockton managed to move his family to safety but he was captured and imprisoned by the British. In poor health as a result of ill treatment in prison, Stockton returned home in 1777 to find that British troops had destroyed his property and burned his private papers. Richard Stockton died in 1781 at age 50.
Richard Stockton
Richard Stockton - New Jersey: Court document dated May 1765 filed by attorney Richard Stockton on behalf of his client, Benjamin Parker, concerning a debt owed Parker by a John Brearly. Appended to this paper is a copy of Brearly’s original promissory note.
George Read
George Read - Delaware: Although George Read was the only signer who voted against independence in the final congressional vote on July 2, 1776, either because he felt pressure from the strong Tory presence in Delaware or because he genuinely believed reconciliation with the crown was still possible, he willingly joined the delegates in favor of independence after the vote. Read’s family relocated to New Castle, Delaware soon after his birth in Maryland in 1733. He attended schools in Pennsylvania and studied law in Philadelphia. He returned to New Castle to practice law after he was admitted to the bar in 1753. Cautious and moderate, Read was willing to protect the colonists’ rights but he preferred nonimportation measures and dignified protests to the use of extreme measures. He served as crown attorney general for Delaware from 1763 to 1774. In 1765 he began a decade-long career in the colonial legislature. In 1776 he presided over the Delaware constitutional convention and then began a term as speaker which, in effect, made him vice president of Delaware. After the state president was captured by the British in 1777, Read assumed the presidency and held it for several months. As a delegate to the Constitutional Convention he defended the rights of the smaller states. He is one of six signers of the Declaration of Independence who also signed the United States Constitution. He served in the United States Senate from 1789 to 1793 and as chief justice of Delaware from 1793 until his death. George Read died in New Castle, Delaware in 1798, just three days after his 65th birthday.
George Read
George Read - Delaware: This letter, dated February 17, 1787, requests the Delaware state auditor of accounts to record a warrant signed by the Delaware state president authorizing a payment for George Read, signer of the letter. George Read was serving as judge of the court of appeals in admiralty cases at the time this document was written.
Thomas McKean
Thomas McKean - Delaware: Thomas McKean was the last delegate to sign the Declaration of Independence. He signed the document sometime after January 18, 1777. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1734. Although his father was both a farmer and a tavern keeper, McKean grew up to study law and was admitted to the bar in both Pennsylvania and Delaware by 1754. A diligent worker, he served Delaware in a variety of positions including sheriff, militia captain, trustee of the loan office of New Castle County, customs collector, deputy attorney general of Sussex County, and clerk and member of the legislature, including the speakership of the lower house. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1774 and except for the period December 1776 to January 1778, he stayed there until 1783 and even served as President for a few months in 1781. After the Revolution, he continued to hold offices in both Pennsylvania and Delaware. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention and eventually became a three-term governor of Pennsylvania. He was a strong, sure leader who believed in the advancement of education and internal improvements. Imperious by nature, he alienated many members of his own party. This, combined with an apparent penchant for nepotism (several family members and friends held prominent positions in his administration), resulted in a failed attempt to impeach him. Thomas McKean died at his home in Philadelphia in 1817 at age 83.
Thomas McKean
Thomas McKean - Delaware: Deed dated March 29, 1803, witnessed by Thomas McKean, governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, confirming a grant of land to a Christopher Bowman.
Caesar Rodney
Caesar Rodney - Delaware: A self-made man, Caesar Rodney received no formal education. He was born in 1728 on his family’s 800-acre plantation near Dover, Delaware. His father died when Rodney was a teenager and, as the oldest child, Rodney inherited the estate. In 1755 he was commissioned High Sheriff of Kent County Delaware under the royal government. In succeeding years he continued to serve his colony in a variety of offices including, but not limited to, justice of the Superior Court, registrar of wills, recorder of deeds, clerk of the orphan’s court, and justice of the peace. From 1761 to 1776 he was a member of the Delaware colonial legislature. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777; however, often he was away from Congress fulfilling his military responsibilities. On the evening of July 1, 1776, Rodney received an urgent message from fellow Delaware delegate Thomas McKean informing him that fellow Delaware delegate George Read had voted against independence that day and pleading with him to come to Philadelphia to break the tie. Rodney rode all night in a thunderstorm stopping only to change horses. He completed the 80-mile trip just in time to ensure Delaware’s vote for independence before returning to Dover to reassume command of the state militia. In 1778 Rodney was elected president of Delaware for a three-year term. Subsequently, he was elected to the national Congress in 1782 but declined to serve due to failing health. Caesar Rodney died at his plantation in Dover in 1784 at age 55.
Caesar Rodney
Caesar Rodney - Delaware: Commission as an ensign for a John Holland dated September 1, 1778 and signed by Caesar Rodney. Rodney served as Delaware’s president from 1778 to 1781.
George Clymer
George Clymer - Pennsylvania: Orphaned shortly after his birth in Philadelphia in 1739, George Clymer was raised by a wealthy uncle from whom he inherited a very prosperous mercantile business. Clymer was a staunch patriot and among the first prominent Americans to support independence. In 1773 he led a committee that forced the resignation of the Philadelphia tea consignees appointed by England under the Tea Act. He was elected to the Second Continental Congress in 1776 and, although he was reticent in debates, he worked hard on committees pertaining to finance, commerce, and military affairs. Clymer also served as one of the first two Continental treasurers and was so committed to the cause that he personally helped underwrite the war by exchanging all of his own specie for Continental currency. Undeterred when British soldiers occupied and destroyed much of his home in Philadelphia in September 1777, Clymer accepted the first of several appointments to help manage Indian affairs in the colonies. In 1787 Clymer was elected as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and was one of the few signers of both the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. He put his experience with national finance to use by accepting an appointment in 1791 from President Washington to serve as the United States Tax Collector in Pennsylvania. He was still serving in this capacity in 1794 when the tax revolt known as the Whisky Rebellion occurred. One of Clymer's sons was killed in the fighting. Clymer continued working for many years after retiring from public life in 1796. He served as first president of the Philadelphia Bank, first president of the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, and vice president of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society. George Clymer died in 1813 at age 73.
George Clymer
George Clymer - Pennsylvania: Letter written by George Clymer, dated October 1, 1801, to an Ebenger Bowman regarding payment of real estate taxes for the year 1796.
Robert Morris
Robert Morris - Pennsylvania: A fearless financial wizard, Robert Morris almost singlehandedly arranged for the funding the colonies needed to win independence. Born in England in 1734, he came to Maryland at age 13 to live with his father. After briefly attending school in Philadelphia, he was apprenticed to a shipping firm where he eventually became a partner and one of the wealthiest merchants in the colonies. Morris was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775. His committee work centered around raising funds and supplies for the Continental Army. When Congress gave him unlimited power to rescue the nation's disastrous finances, Morris tirelessly cajoled the colonies to contribute money and provisions, borrowed money against overwhelming odds, and even levied his personal fortune to fund the bid for independence. In 1781 he combined a loan from France with some of his own money and financed both the Yorktown campaign and a national bank. Named the Bank of North America, it gave stability to the fledgling American economy, financed the war effort, and eventually established the credit of the United States with other nations. Morris was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. He and Roger Sherman of Connecticut are the only two individuals who signed the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. In 1789 Morris turned down an appointment as Secretary of the Treasury to serve in the United States Senate. He retired in 1795 having never recovered his fortune. He lost his remaining funds to land speculation and was incarcerated in debtors prison in Philadelphia in 1798. He was released three years later but his health and spirits never recovered. Robert Morris died in 1806 at age 72.
Robert Morris
Robert Morris - Pennsylvania: Certificate held by Bird, Savage and Bird of London, for four shares of stock in the North American Land Company signed on March 16, 1795 by Robert Morris, President and James Marshall, Secretary. Morris was serving as a United States senator from Pennsylvania when he signed this document.
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Rush - Pennsylvania: Benjamin Rush was born in Pennsylvania in 1745. Equal parts scientist and politician, he was well educated, earning his medical degree at the University of Edinburgh in 1768. The following year Rush returned home, opened a private medical practice in Philadelphia, and was appointed professor of chemistry at the College of Philadelphia. He served briefly in Congress in 1776. In 1777 he was appointed surgeon general in the Middle Department of the Continental Army. Rush's military career was cut short after he became involved in the Conway Cabal, a secret movement to have General Washington removed from command. Although Rush was a staunch supporter of the ratification of the United States Constitution and served as treasurer of the United States Mint from 1797 to 1813, he is perhaps best remembered for his accomplishments as a physician and social reformer. He was a prominent advocate for the abolition of slavery and for scientific education of the masses, including women. He also supported educational and prison reform, condemned public and capital punishment, and encouraged temperance. Between 1783 and 1787 he helped organize Dickinson College, established the first free medical clinic in the United States to treat the poor, and aided in founding the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery. He was also a member of the American Philosophical Society and a cofounder and vice president of the Philadelphia Bible Society. Although he was wildly popular with his medical students, Rush's critics thought him a gossip and too confident in his own opinions and decisions. Benjamin Rush died in 1813 at age 67.
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Rush - Pennsylvania: "Prescription for Thomas W. Rogers" dated 1807, includes medicinal, dietary, and general health advice from Benjamin Rush. At this time, Rush was serving as a medical doctor in Philadelphia, a professor at the Philadelphia College of Physics, and treasurer of the United States Mint.
James Smith
James Smith - Pennsylvania: Thought of by his colleagues as witty and a good conversationalist if a bit eccentric, James Smith was born in northern Ireland circa 1719. He relocated with his family to York County, Pennsylvania in 1729 when he was about 10 years old. Smith attended the College of Philadelphia and then studied law in his brother's office before setting up his own law practice in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. This was frontier country and Smith took up surveying for a time because legal work was scarce. Eventually he returned to York to practice law exclusively. In 1774 Smith emerged in favor of the patriot cause with his attendance at a provincial assembly where he advocated both a boycott of English products and an intercolonial congress. Also in 1774 he organized a volunteer militia company in York. In provincial meetings in 1775 and 1776 Smith continued to call for independence. In 1776 he participated in drafting the Pennsylvania state constitution. That same year Smith was elected to the Second Continental Congress where he remained for two years. He continued his service to Pennsylvania after leaving Congress by serving in the state assembly and as a judge in the state court system. In 1782 Smith was appointed brigadier general of the Pennsylvania militia. He was reelected to Congress in 1785 but declined to serve citing his advancing age. He chose instead to turn his attention back to his law practice in his last years. James Smith died in 1806 at about age 87.
James Smith
James Smith - Pennsylvania: Legal document dated February 15, 1786 signed by James Smith and concerning a lawsuit by a John Robb against the estate of a Thomas Gowan for payment of a debt. Smith was the attorney representing Gowan's estate.
George Taylor
George Taylor - Pennsylvania: The only former indentured servant to sign the Declaration of Independence, George Taylor was born in northern Ireland in 1716. In 1736 he contracted himself to a Pennsylvania ironmaster and began work as a laborer at Warwick Furnace in Chester County. Intelligent and industrious, he was quickly promoted and eventually became bookkeeper and manager of nearby Coventry Forge, a business he acquired when he married the owner's widow. Taylor began his public life in 1747 when he took a commission as a captain in the Chester County militia. Devoted to the welfare of his colony, he was appointed justice of the peace for Bucks County and justice of the peace and a representative in the colonial legislature for Northampton County. Taylor served six years in the provincial assembly of Pennsylvania, attended a provincial Revolutionary convention, served on committees of safety and correspondence, and served as a colonel in the Bucks County and Northampton County militias. He was appointed to the Second Continental Congress in 1776. In 1777 he was elected to the Supreme Executive Assembly of Pennsylvania, but served only six weeks before retiring from public life. Taylor's greatest contribution to the patriot cause may have been through his work as an ironmaster. During the Revolution the company he had acquired with a partner in the mid-1750s, Durham Furnace, provided much ordnance to the Continental Army for which Taylor was not fairly compensated. In 1778 the state dispossessed him of his lease on Durham Furnace which was owned by a Philadelphia Loyalist. George Taylor died in 1781 at age 65.
George Taylor
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Two people who signed the Declaration of Independence went on to be president. For a point each, name them. | 9 Things You May Not Know About the Declaration of Independence - History in the Headlines
9 Things You May Not Know About the Declaration of Independence
July 4, 2012 By Elizabeth Harrison
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To many in the Continental Congress, war was unthinkable. So why did they finally create this revolutionary document?
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9 Things You May Not Know About the Declaration of Independence
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Independence Day, or the Fourth of July, celebrates the adoption by the Continental Congress of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. On the 236th birthday of the United States, explore nine surprising facts about one of America’s most important founding documents.
1. The Declaration of Independence wasn’t signed on July 4, 1776.
On July 1, 1776, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, and on the following day 12 of the 13 colonies voted in favor of Richard Henry Lee’s motion for independence. The delegates then spent the next two days debating and revising the language of a statement drafted by Thomas Jefferson. On July 4, Congress officially adopted the Declaration of Independence, and as a result the date is celebrated as Independence Day. Nearly a month would go by, however, before the actual signing of the document took place. First, New York’s delegates didn’t officially give their support until July 9 because their home assembly hadn’t yet authorized them to vote in favor of independence. Next, it took two weeks for the Declaration to be “engrossed”—written on parchment in a clear hand. Most of the delegates signed on August 2, but several—Elbridge Gerry, Oliver Wolcott, Lewis Morris, Thomas McKean and Matthew Thornton—signed on a later date. (Two others, John Dickinson and Robert R. Livingston, never signed at all.) The signed parchment copy now resides at the National Archives in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, alongside the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
2. More than one copy exists.
After the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, the “Committee of Five”—Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston—was charged with overseeing the reproduction of the approved text. This was completed at the shop of Philadelphia printer John Dunlap. On July 5, Dunlap’s copies were dispatched across the 13 colonies to newspapers, local officials and the commanders of the Continental troops. These rare documents, known as “Dunlap broadsides,” predate the engrossed version signed by the delegates. Of the hundreds thought to have been printed on the night of July 4, only 26 copies survive. Most are held in museum and library collections, but three are privately owned.
3. When news of the Declaration of Independence reached New York City, it started a riot.
By July 9, 1776, a copy of the Declaration of Independence had reached New York City. With hundreds of British naval ships occupying New York Harbor, revolutionary spirit and military tensions were running high. George Washington, commander of the Continental forces in New York, read the document aloud in front of City Hall. A raucous crowd cheered the inspiring words, and later that day tore down a nearby statue of George III. The statue was subsequently melted down and shaped into more than 42,000 musket balls for the fledgling American army.
4. Eight of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence were born in Britain.
While the majority of the members of the Second Continental Congress were native-born Americans, eight of the men voting for independence from Britain were born there. Gwinnett Button and Robert Morris were born in England, Francis Lewis was born in Wales, James Wilson and John Witherspoon were born in Scotland, George Taylor and Matthew Thornton were born in Ireland and James Smith hailed from Northern Ireland.
5. One signer later recanted.
Richard Stockton, a lawyer from Princeton, New Jersey, became the only signer of the Declaration of Independence to recant his support of the revolution. On November 30, 1776, the hapless delegate was captured by the British and thrown in jail. After months of harsh treatment and meager rations, Stockton repudiated his signature on the Declaration of Independence and swore his allegiance to King George III. A broken man when he regained his freedom, he took a new oath of loyalty to the state of New Jersey in December 1777.
6. There was a 44-year age difference between the youngest and oldest signers.
The oldest signer was Benjamin Franklin, 70 years old when he scrawled his name on the parchment. The youngest was Edward Rutledge, a lawyer from South Carolina who was only 26 at the time. Rutledge narrowly beat out fellow South Carolinian Thomas Lynch Jr., just four months his senior, for the title.
7. Two additional copies have been found in the last 25 years.
In 1989, a Philadelphia man found an original Dunlap Broadside hidden in the back of a picture frame he bought at a flea market for $4. One of the few surviving copies from the official first printing of the Declaration, it was in excellent condition and sold for $8.1 million in 2000. A 26th known Dunlap broadside emerged at the British National Archives in 2009, hidden for centuries in a box of papers captured from American colonists during the Revolutionary War. One of three Dunlap broadsides at the National Archives, the copy remains there to this day.
8. The Declaration of Independence spent World War II in Fort Knox.
On December 23, 1941, just over two weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the signed Declaration, together with the Constitution, was removed from public display and prepared for evacuation out of Washington, D.C. Under the supervision of armed guards, the founding document was packed in a specially designed container, latched with padlocks, sealed with lead and placed in a larger box. All told, 150 pounds of protective gear surrounded the parchment. On December 26 and 27, accompanied by Secret Service agents, it traveled by train to Louisville, Kentucky, where a cavalry troop of the 13th Armored Division escorted it to Fort Knox. The Declaration was returned to Washington, D.C., in 1944.
9. There is something written on the back of the Declaration of Independence.
In the movie “National Treasure,” Nicholas Cage’s character claims that the back of the Declaration contains a treasure map with encrypted instructions from the founding fathers, written in invisible ink. Unfortunately, this is not the case. There is, however, a simpler message, written upside-down across the bottom of the signed document: “Original Declaration of Independence dated 4th July 1776.” No one knows who exactly wrote this or when, but during the Revolutionary War years the parchment was frequently rolled up for transport. It’s thought that the text was added as a label.
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The Hershey's confection known as Mr. Goodbar is a mixture of chocolate and what other ingredient? | 9 Things You May Not Know About the Declaration of Independence - History in the Headlines
9 Things You May Not Know About the Declaration of Independence
July 4, 2012 By Elizabeth Harrison
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To many in the Continental Congress, war was unthinkable. So why did they finally create this revolutionary document?
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9 Things You May Not Know About the Declaration of Independence
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Independence Day, or the Fourth of July, celebrates the adoption by the Continental Congress of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. On the 236th birthday of the United States, explore nine surprising facts about one of America’s most important founding documents.
1. The Declaration of Independence wasn’t signed on July 4, 1776.
On July 1, 1776, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, and on the following day 12 of the 13 colonies voted in favor of Richard Henry Lee’s motion for independence. The delegates then spent the next two days debating and revising the language of a statement drafted by Thomas Jefferson. On July 4, Congress officially adopted the Declaration of Independence, and as a result the date is celebrated as Independence Day. Nearly a month would go by, however, before the actual signing of the document took place. First, New York’s delegates didn’t officially give their support until July 9 because their home assembly hadn’t yet authorized them to vote in favor of independence. Next, it took two weeks for the Declaration to be “engrossed”—written on parchment in a clear hand. Most of the delegates signed on August 2, but several—Elbridge Gerry, Oliver Wolcott, Lewis Morris, Thomas McKean and Matthew Thornton—signed on a later date. (Two others, John Dickinson and Robert R. Livingston, never signed at all.) The signed parchment copy now resides at the National Archives in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, alongside the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
2. More than one copy exists.
After the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, the “Committee of Five”—Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston—was charged with overseeing the reproduction of the approved text. This was completed at the shop of Philadelphia printer John Dunlap. On July 5, Dunlap’s copies were dispatched across the 13 colonies to newspapers, local officials and the commanders of the Continental troops. These rare documents, known as “Dunlap broadsides,” predate the engrossed version signed by the delegates. Of the hundreds thought to have been printed on the night of July 4, only 26 copies survive. Most are held in museum and library collections, but three are privately owned.
3. When news of the Declaration of Independence reached New York City, it started a riot.
By July 9, 1776, a copy of the Declaration of Independence had reached New York City. With hundreds of British naval ships occupying New York Harbor, revolutionary spirit and military tensions were running high. George Washington, commander of the Continental forces in New York, read the document aloud in front of City Hall. A raucous crowd cheered the inspiring words, and later that day tore down a nearby statue of George III. The statue was subsequently melted down and shaped into more than 42,000 musket balls for the fledgling American army.
4. Eight of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence were born in Britain.
While the majority of the members of the Second Continental Congress were native-born Americans, eight of the men voting for independence from Britain were born there. Gwinnett Button and Robert Morris were born in England, Francis Lewis was born in Wales, James Wilson and John Witherspoon were born in Scotland, George Taylor and Matthew Thornton were born in Ireland and James Smith hailed from Northern Ireland.
5. One signer later recanted.
Richard Stockton, a lawyer from Princeton, New Jersey, became the only signer of the Declaration of Independence to recant his support of the revolution. On November 30, 1776, the hapless delegate was captured by the British and thrown in jail. After months of harsh treatment and meager rations, Stockton repudiated his signature on the Declaration of Independence and swore his allegiance to King George III. A broken man when he regained his freedom, he took a new oath of loyalty to the state of New Jersey in December 1777.
6. There was a 44-year age difference between the youngest and oldest signers.
The oldest signer was Benjamin Franklin, 70 years old when he scrawled his name on the parchment. The youngest was Edward Rutledge, a lawyer from South Carolina who was only 26 at the time. Rutledge narrowly beat out fellow South Carolinian Thomas Lynch Jr., just four months his senior, for the title.
7. Two additional copies have been found in the last 25 years.
In 1989, a Philadelphia man found an original Dunlap Broadside hidden in the back of a picture frame he bought at a flea market for $4. One of the few surviving copies from the official first printing of the Declaration, it was in excellent condition and sold for $8.1 million in 2000. A 26th known Dunlap broadside emerged at the British National Archives in 2009, hidden for centuries in a box of papers captured from American colonists during the Revolutionary War. One of three Dunlap broadsides at the National Archives, the copy remains there to this day.
8. The Declaration of Independence spent World War II in Fort Knox.
On December 23, 1941, just over two weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the signed Declaration, together with the Constitution, was removed from public display and prepared for evacuation out of Washington, D.C. Under the supervision of armed guards, the founding document was packed in a specially designed container, latched with padlocks, sealed with lead and placed in a larger box. All told, 150 pounds of protective gear surrounded the parchment. On December 26 and 27, accompanied by Secret Service agents, it traveled by train to Louisville, Kentucky, where a cavalry troop of the 13th Armored Division escorted it to Fort Knox. The Declaration was returned to Washington, D.C., in 1944.
9. There is something written on the back of the Declaration of Independence.
In the movie “National Treasure,” Nicholas Cage’s character claims that the back of the Declaration contains a treasure map with encrypted instructions from the founding fathers, written in invisible ink. Unfortunately, this is not the case. There is, however, a simpler message, written upside-down across the bottom of the signed document: “Original Declaration of Independence dated 4th July 1776.” No one knows who exactly wrote this or when, but during the Revolutionary War years the parchment was frequently rolled up for transport. It’s thought that the text was added as a label.
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What is the common name for the upper incisors of the elephant? | Dentition
Did you know?
The tusks are actually upper incisors, not canines. They are the only incisors the elephant has...
Tusks are used for digging, ripping of bark, foraging, resting a heavy trunk, and as weapons
Tusks are fundamentally no different than ordinary teeth
Both sexes of the African elephant have tusks, but only the male sex of Asian elephants have tusks that protrude beyond the lips.
One of the elephant's tusks is often used more than the other
( i.e. the parallel in humans is right handed and left handed people)
Elephants are best known by many people in the world for their teeth. It is because of the human lust for ivory that thousands of people and countless elephants have been slaughtered for their teeth. Ivory is really only dentine and is no different from ordinary teeth. It is the diamond shaped pattern of the elephant's tusk looking from a cross-section which gives elephant ivory its distinctive lustre.
The tusks present at birth are only milk teeth which fall out after around one year of age (approximately 5 cm long). The permanent tusks begin to protrude beyond the lips of an elephant at around 2-3 years of age, and will continue to grow throughout its life. Were and elephant's tusks able to grow long enough they would be in the shape of a spiral (similar to the extinct woolly mammoth), because the tusk typically follows a sinusoidal curved growth pattern. The growth rate of tusks is at approximately 15-18 centimeters per year.
About one quarter of the tusk is hidden within the socket. Thus, the typical question of why people can not just cut off the elephant's tusks to ward off poachers is answered. There is still a large amount of ivory that is attached inside the head and attached to the skull, which has to be carved out of the head to be removed.
The actual base of the tusk is hollow and contains the pulp cavity. This usually extends quite far, and in males may reach beyond the lip line. The tusk grows from its base as fresh dentine is slowly deposited over the surface of the pulp cavity. Interestingly, for females this cavity begins to fill in with age. The pulp is composed of a highly vascular tissue (blood vessels and nerves), which is amongst unspecialized connective tissue.
Although both African elephant sexes have tusks, there are large differences in size and weight. Typically, the male tusk has a larger circumference in relation to its length, is stouter, and is much heavier. Interestingly, some elephants are born without tusks. This hereditary condition causes huge differences in the musculature and shape of the neck and the head. Also, the carriage of the head is different and the bones at the back of the skull are less developed. Interestingly, not all male Asian elephant elephants have tusks; approximately 40-50 percent of male Asian elephants are tuskless. These particular males are known as makhnas in India. Some likely reasons for the greater proportion of tuskless Asian elephants compared the African elephants may be due to strong selection in the past by humans killing the tusked male elephants and an gene in Asian elephants which is not as recessive.
When fully developed the Asian elephant's tusks does compare to the weight and size of the African elephant's tusks. The tusks of a male African elephant may exceed 200 kg for the pair although such weights are rare today because most of them have been murdered. The heaviest tusks recorded were 209 kg for the pair taken from an old bull shot in 1897 (British Museum of Natural History).
The working tusks that an elephant favours tends to be more worn down over the years. The tusks server a variety of functions for an elephant; this is for digging up soil at salt licks, ripping off bark from trees, for resting a heavy trunk, and as weapons.
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If you ordered a dish containing saag in an Indian restaurant, what must it contain? | Upper incisors | definition of Upper incisors by Medical dictionary
Upper incisors | definition of Upper incisors by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Upper+incisors
2. incisor tooth; see tooth .
in·ci·sor tooth
[TA]
a tooth with a chisel-shaped crown and a single conical tapering root; there are four of these teeth in the anterior part of each jaw, in both the deciduous and the permanent dentitions.
/in·ci·sor/ (I) (-si´zer)
1. adapted for cutting.
(ĭn-sī′zər)
n.
A tooth adapted for cutting or gnawing, located at the front of the mouth along the apex of the dental arch.
incisor
[insī′zər]
one of the four anterior teeth in each dental arch. Primary incisors appear during infancy and are replaced during childhood by secondary incisors. The crown of each incisor is chisel shaped and has a sharp cutting edge. Its labial surface is convex, smooth, and highly polished; its lingual surface is concave and, in many individuals, is marked by an inverted V-shaped basal ridge near the gingiva of the maxillary arch. The neck of an incisor is constricted, and the root is single, long, and conic. The upper incisors are larger and stronger than the lower and are directed downward and forward. Compare canine tooth , molar , premolar .
in·ci·sor tooth
(in-sī'zŏr tūth) [TA]
A tooth with a chisel-shaped crown and a single conic tapering root; there are four of these teeth in the anterior part of each jaw, in both the deciduous and the permanent dentitions (e.g., central and lateral teeth).
Synonym(s): dens incisivus [TA] , incisor .
incisor
One of the four central teeth of each jaw, with cutting edges for biting pieces off food. The incisors are situated immediately in front of the canine teeth.
incisor
a front, chisel-shaped tooth in mammals, normally used for cutting or gnawing purposes. In some species incisors continue to grow throughout life - for example, gnawing rodents and rabbits have ‘persistent pulps'where the pulp cavity remains open throughout life - while in other species they are modified as tusks.
in·ci·sor tooth
(in-sī'zŏr tūth) [TA]
Tooth with a chisel-shaped crown and a single conic tapering root; there are four of these teeth in anterior part of each jaw, in both deciduous and permanent dentitions.
Synonym(s): dens incisivus; incisor [TA] .
incisor(s) (insī´zur),
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Sunday saw the conclusion of which of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the oldest such tournament in the world? | US Open Tickets - Tennis | TicketIQ
$385.06
Founded in 1881, the United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the four tennis majors comprising the Grand Slam and one of the oldest and most prestigious tennis championships in the world. As such, US Open tennis tickets are sought after by tennis fans around the globe and have become some of the most difficult tickets to procure in all of professional sports The United States Open Tennis Championships is held annually during late August and early September, and is chronologically the fourth and final major tennis tournament. Tournaments held as part of the United States Open include men’s and women’s singles, men’s and women’s doubles, and mixed doubles. There are also tournaments held for senior, junior, and handicapped participants.
In 1881, the first version of the United States Open Tennis Championships was held in Newport, Rhode Island on the grass courts at Newport Casino. While US Open tennis tickets may be hard to come by today, it was even more difficult to get into the tournament back then with only a who’s who of the local elite in attendance. It was also quite difficult to get into the early US Open Tennis tournament as a competitor, as the first iteration was only open to members of the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA). Richard Sears won the inaugural event, and would defend his title thereafter for seven years. Sears’ seven US Open Championships tie him with Bill Larned and Bill Tilton as the most won by any individual in the history of the tournament. During the early years of the US Open tournament, then referred to as the US National Championship, it much easier to defend the championship than it was to steal it as a challenger. From 1884 until 1911, the US Open used a challenge system which meant that the defending champion would already be slotted into the championship, while the other players battled through the tournament for the chance to take the crown. Both Sears and Larned achieved their record seven US Open championships through this format. In 1915, after a few years of push for a relocation of the US National Championship, it finally moved from Newport to West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, New York. The argument in favor of this move was that more tennis clubs were located in New York, and as such, more players and fans of the game. With a move to New York for the US National Championship, it was believed that the sport could grow and there would be increased fan activity and demand for US Open tennis tickets.
During the first six years of the US National Championship, only men could compete. In 1887, the first official US Women’s National Singles Championship was held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club and was won by 17 year old local, Ellen Hansell. The US Women’s National Singles Championship was accompanied by tournaments for women’s doubles and mixed doubles. The five tennis tournaments (Men’s and Women’s Singles, Men’s and Women’s Doubles, and Mixed Doubles) would not merge to form the modern US Open until 1968. That year, the first official “US Open” was held at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills. Fans lucky enough to procure US Open tennis tickets for the inaugural US Open of the Open Era were able to see American legend Arthur Ashe capture his first career major championship. In 1997, Ashe was honored by the opening of Arthur Ashe Stadium, which replaced Louis Armstrong Stadium as the central venue of the US Open tournament. Arthur Ashe Stadium is the largest outdoor tennis-only venue in the world, with a capacity of 22,547 individual seats offering plenty of available US Open tennis tickets, albeit at a premium to many other tennis events.
Following the beginning of the Open Era, the 1970’s were a period of great innovation for the US Open. In 1970, the US Open added a unique twist in that it became the first Grand Slam tournament to use a deciding tiebreak in 6-6 sets. To this day, the US Open remains the only major to use a tiebreak in the deciding set rather than continuing play until a two-game lead is achieved. For the first four years of the tiebreak system, the US Open used best of nine sudden-death tiebreaker. In 1975, the US Open moved to the ITF best of twelve system.
In 1973, the US Open became the first Grand Slam tournament in which the Men’s and Women’s champions earned equal pay, symbolizing a great step forward in gender equality within tennis. The championship purse that year was $25,000 dollars. Today, US Open tennis tickets to one of the 90 luxury boxes at Arthur Ashe Stadium can cost more than the inaugural equal pay purse.
Two years later in 1975, the addition of floodlighting to West Side Tennis Club enabled night-time play for the first tie in US Open history. However, the tournament would relocate soon thereafter in 1978, to the far bigger USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens. This switch enabled to a larger venue enabled increase sales of US Open tennis tickets, allowing for more fans to attend the event thus growing the popularity of tennis.
With the move to the USTA National Tennis Center began a period of American dominance in the US Open. From 1978 to 1984, all seven US Opens were won by either Jimmy Connors or John McEnroe, with McEnroe taking four titles and Connors taking three during that period. However, in 1985, Czechoslovakian Ivan Lendl avenged his three consecutive finals losses by defeating McEnroe en route to winning three consecutive US Open titles before losing two more in 88-89. Although he went 3-5, Lendl’s stretch of 8 consecutive US Open finals appearances is one of the most dominant stretches in US Open history.
In 1990, Pete Sampras would recapture the US Open for America when he defeated fellow American Andre Agassi. The two would go on to become the two most well-known and iconic tennis players of the 1990s, although Sampras was able to outduel Agassi in all three of the US Open championship duels. Agassi would go on to win two US Opens of his own, but his success pales in comparison to Sampras’ Open-era record five US Open titles, a record which he shares with Jimmy Connors and Roger Federer.
Sampras would win his final US Open title in iconic fashion, defeating Agassi in 2002. Andy Roddick, another American, would defend the US Open crown the following year. However, it has now been nine years since an American has captured the title. Following Roddick’s victory, Swiss native Roger Federer rattled off an unprecedented five consecutive US Open victories, before being defeated by Argentinian Juan Martin del Potro in 2009. The past four US Opens have been won by nationals of four different countries, and no American has made an appearance in the finals during this timeframe. Subsequently, in recent years, US Open tennis tickets have grown in popularity within international markets, and the event continues to grow successfully to this very day.
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The inaugural United States Open Tennis Championship was held in 1881 on the grass courts at Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. At the time, Newport was a hotbed for tennis culture, housing numerous clubs for the vacationing elite possessing summer homes in the posh costal Rhode Island town. Newport Casino housed the US Open, at the time referred to as the Tennis National Championships, from its inauguration in 1881 until 1915. Today, there is still an active grass-court tennis club as well as an indoor club at Newport Casino, which unlike its moniker would suggest, has never housed a public gambling venue.
By the turn of the century, there was already a push among the governing bodies of tennis as well as the players to relocate the event to New York, where there were more tennis clubs located and greater accessibility to the game for tennis fans and enthusiasts. This also meant that more US Open tennis tickets could be sold to the public, and the game could further grow in popularity. In 1915, relocation efforts finally became a reality as the US Open moved to West Side Tennis Club at Forest Hills, New York. While there was a brief relocation of the US Open to Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia from 1921-1923, West Side Tennis Club hosted the event during every other year between 1915 and 1977.
It turned out that the governing bodies of tennis were correct, and the game’s popularity soared upon the US Open’s move to New York. By 1923, the success of the US Open catalyzed the construction of a new venue at the West Side Tennis Club. The 14,000 horseshoe-shaped West Side Stadium still stands today, and greatly grew fan access to the tournament via the increase in available US Open tennis tickets. However, by 1978, the US Open Tournament would outgrow even West Side Tennis Club.
Since 1978, the United States Open Tennis Championships has been held at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center located in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in Queens, New York. The complex is home to 22 courts, with 11 additional courts in the adjacent part. The USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center possesses three stadiums which are among the largest in the world, with the premier Arthur Ashe Stadium sitting atop the list at a capacity of over 23,000… that’s a lot of US Open tennis tickets to sell!
The 33 tennis courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center all possess the DecoTurf composite surfaces, which are comprised of a combination of acrylic, rubber, and silica, among other materials, on top of a hard base (typically asphalt or concrete). Because the center is a public park, when the US Open is not taking place at the complex for 11 months of the year, the courts are open for public play so long as there are no other tournaments taking place at that time.
Arthur Ashe Stadium, the crown jewel stadium of the US Open, was constructed as part of a major overhaul project for the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center back in 1995, in response to rumors that the tournament could be relocated to San Diego. In 1997, the newly constructed stadium replaced the older Louis Armstrong Stadium as the central court for the US Open. The Stadium is of course named after Arthur Ashe, the man who won the inaugural 1968 US Open as part of the Grand Slam era in which professional tennis players could compete.
The massive stadium cost $254 million dollars to build, and has done wonders to promote the sport of tennis in America through housing America’s premier tennis tournament. Arthur Ashe Stadium features 22,547 individual seats to go along with 90 luxury suites, restaurants, and lounges. With all sorts of amenities and an impressive aura as the world’s largest outdoor tennis venue, it is no wonder that US Open tennis tickets at Arthur Ashe Stadium command a significant premium over other tournaments in America.
U.S. Open Tennis Championship News
9-9-15: It was a night that saw a trio of superstars take the court in Flushing, Queens, and both Serena Williams and Novak Djokovic have advance to the Semifinals of the 2015 US Open. Serena took down sister Venus while Djokovic inched past Feliciano Lopez in what was easily the most expensive session thus far. The two other semifinalists will advance by nightfall, as Stan Wawrinka takes on Kevin Anderson and followed by Richard Gasquet against No. 2-ranked Roger Federer. The average price for US Open Session 20 tickets is now $609.10 on the secondary market. The cheapest available ticket is listed for $110.
9-8-15: History will be made in Flushing tonight as Serena and Venus Williams face each other in the 2015 US Open Women's Quarterfinals. The siblings will match up for the 27th time in their professional careers, and ticket prices are skyrocketing for the landmark match. According to TicketIQ, the average price for Session 19 US Open tickets is now $826.01 on the secondary market, easily making it the most expensive single session of the tournament thus far. Fans will also be treated to the second Men's Quarterfinals match immediately following Venus and Serena. No. 1-ranked Novak Djokovic will look to earn his spot in the Semifinals with a win over Feliciano Lopez tonight. Serena is looking to become just the fourth female player in tennis history to achieve the calendar year Grand Slam with a US Open win this year. The last to do so was Steffi Graf in 1988. The 33-year-old is 15-11 all-time against Venus and has gone 8-5 against her in Grand Slam events.
9-1-15: The 2015 US Open is officially underway, and ticket prices aren’t letting up on the secondary market. According to TicketIQ the average secondary price for 2015 US Open tickets over the tournament’s remaining 22 sessions is now $470.39. Kei Nishikori was arguably the biggest upset during Monday’s opening two rounds, as last year’s finalist was eliminated by Benoit Paire. The average secondary price for Session 3 tickets is now $254.78 and the cheapest available is listed for $80. Tonight’s session owns a secondary ticket average of $173.54 and $38 get-in price.
8-26-15: The best tennis players in the world will head to Flushing, New York beginning next week when the 2015 US Open launches at Arthur Ashe Stadium. Over the 24 sessions between August 31 and September 13, the average price for US Open tickets is now $395.33 on the secondary market. Men’s Final tickets currently own a secondary market average of $862.25 and $176 get-in price. One day prior, Women’s Final tickets average $858.03 and get-in price starts at $146.
8-24-15: Just one week remains before the 2015 US Open Tennis Championship begins. The tournament is being fueled by Serena Williams’s attempt at the history books as she looks to become just the fourth female player to ever win all four Grand Slam titles in a single calendar year. Over the 24-session tournament, the average price for 2015 US Open tickets is now $394.45 on the secondary market. Women’s Final tickets on September 12 now average $865.31 and get-in price starts at $145. The following day, Men’s Final tickets own a secondary market average of $855.75 and a $184 get-in price.
8-21-15: Just over a week remains before the 2015 U.S. Open Tennis Championship begins in Queens, New York. This year’s tournament is filled with intriguing storylines, none of which is bigger than Serena Williams’ pursuit of four Grand Slam wins in the same calendar year. Only three other female players have accomplished the feat in history, with Steffi Graf being the most recent in 1988. Over the 24 sessions scheduled between August 31 and September 13, the average price for U.S. Open tickets is now $383.16. That marks a 25.9% jump over last year’s average of $304.35.
8-20-15: 11 days now remain before the 2015 U.S. Open Tennis Championship begins in Queens. Session 1 U.S. Open tickets now own a secondary average of $198.83 and the get-in price is $78. Session 2, which will also be held on August 31, has a secondary ticket average of $172.32 and a $32 get-in price.
8-18-15: Less than two weeks separate the 2015 U.S. Open Tennis Championship from beginning at Arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing, Queens. According to TicketIQ the average price for Session 1 U.S. Open tickets is now $200.33 and the cheapest available is listed for $55. Session 2 will be held the same day – August 31 – and owns a slightly lower ticket average of $183.32 on the secondary market. The cheapest Session 2 U.S. Open tickets are listed for $32. Men’s Final tickets on September 13 now average $888.96 and get-in price is $187 while Women’s Final tickets the night prior average $845.63 and have a get-in price of $146.
8-14-15: Just over one week remains before the 2015 U.S. Open Tennis Championship kicks off in Queens, New York. Over the 24-session affair between August 30 and September 30, the average secondary price for U.S. Open tickets is now $378.22. Session 1 tickets own a median price of $194.63 and the cheapest ticket price is $55. Session 2 will be held on the same day (August 30) and tickets for that session average $177.70. The cheapest ticket to that session is now $26.
8-12-15: Ticket prices are beginning to increase for Session 1 of the 2015 U.S. Open Tennis Championship on August 31. On Monday tickets owned a secondary market average of $178.45. Two days later, the average secondary price for Session 1 tickets is now $185.47. The cheapest available ticket to the opening session of 2015’s tournament is $55. Men’s Final tickets on September 13 are also increasing in price, rising from their $878.21 average on Monday to $904.21 today.
8-10-15: Three weeks remain before the 2015 U.S. Open Tennis Championship begins. According to TicketIQ, the average price for Session 1 U.S. Open tickets on August 31 is now $178.46 on the secondary market. The cheapest available ticket is listed for $55. Later that day, Session 2 will be held at Arthur Ashe Stadium and the average secondary price for tickets is $167.33. The get-in price for Session 2 tickets now starts at $55. In regards to pricing for the Men’s and Women’s Finals, ticket prices are beginning to decrease for the Men’s Final. Men’s Final tickets now average $878.21 and get-in price is $184. On the Women’s side, however, tickets average $781.13 and get-in price starts at $125.
8-6-15: Less than three weeks remain before the 2015 U.S. Open Tennis Championship kicks off at Arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing, New York. Ticket prices on the secondary market have remained firm, however, and the average secondary price for U.S. Open Session 1 tickets on August 31 is now $175.71 with a get-in price of $69. Session 2 will be held the same day, with tickets owning a secondary average of $165.38 and get-in price starting at $28. The Men’s Final will be held on September 13 and tickets are currently averaging $913.97 with a $195 get-in price. One day earlier, the Women’s Final is averaging a $761.55 ticket and $125 get-in price.
8-4-15: There is a teeter-totter trend appearing on the secondary market for tickets to this year's U.S. Open Men and Women's Final. Yesterday the average price for U.S. Open Men's Final tickets was $908.56. Tickets now own a secondary average of $894.18, marking a 1.6% drop on average day-over-day. Conversely, the Women's Final one day prior has seen ticket prices increase on average, climbing .6% from yesterday's average of $695.76 to its current median price of $700.12.
8-3-15: Four weeks remain before the U.S. Open Tennis Championship kicks off at Arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing, Queens. According to TicketIQ the average price for August 31 U.S. Open tickets is now $170.77 and the cheapest available ticket is $68. The same day, Session 2 U.S. Open tickets average $162.42 and the get-in price starts at $28. The Men's Final will be held on September 13, and tickets own a secondary average of $908.56 and get-in price starts at $163. The Women's Final will be held one day prior. U.S. Open Women's Final tickets average $695.76 and the cheapest available ticket is $138.
7-31-15: The U.S. Open is officially one month away from beginning at Arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing, New York. Featuring the best tennis players in the world, the fourth and final installment of the 2015 Grand Slam will take place between August 31 and September 13. According to TicketIQ, Session 1 U.S. Open tickets now average $189.83 and the get-in price starts at $62. Session 2, which will also be held on August 31, owns a secondary ticket average of $166.89 and a $25 get-in price.
7-29-15: The U.S. Open continues to inch closer to its August 31 start date, and ticket prices remain firm on the secondary market. According to TicketIQ the average price for Men’s First Round U.S. Open tickets on the tournament’s opening day is now $175.22 and the cheapest ticket is listed for $62. The Men’s Final will be held at Arthur Ashe Stadium on September 13, where tickets currently average $973.65. The cheapest available ticket is now listed for $163. The Women’s Final will be held one day prior and is averaging $732.59. Get-in price for that day is $138.
7-27-15: Session 1 of the 2015 U.S. Open is now just three weeks away from beginning at Arthur Ashe Stadium in Queens, New York. The average price for Session 1 U.S. Open tickets is now $178.35 and the cheapest available is $60 on the secondary market. If searching for Men’s Finals tickets on September 13, the average secondary price is currently $1,014.53. The get-in price for the Men’s Final is $163. Serena Williams will be looking to complete a sweep of this year’s Grand Slam after winning the French Open, Australian Open and Wimbledon earlier this year.
7-23-15: Ticket prices for the U.S. Open have remained firm since Tuesday on the secondary market. According to TicketIQ, the average secondary price for U.S. Open Men’s Final tickets is now $1001.93 and the cheapest available ticket is $176. On the Women’s Final side, tickets average $698.45 and the get-in price is $119. Serena Williams is looking to win her fourth straight Glam Slam final with a win at the U.S. Open after winning the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon earlier this year. Novak Djokovic carries his momentum from Wimbledon into Flushing, New York in hopes of dethroning Marin Čilić, who won the tournament last year.
7-21-15: Ticket prices have continued to skyrocket for the 2015 U.S. Open, which officially kicks off at Arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing, New York on August 31. Wimbledon wins by Novak Djokovic and Serena Williams are likely the reason behind the price jump. The average price for 2015 U.S. Open Men’s Final tickets on September 13 is now $1,009.44 and the cheapest available ticket is $176. One day prior will welcome the Women’s Final, where tickets average $711.19 and the get-in price starts at $119.
7-17-15: Just over six weeks remain before the 2015 U.S. Open kicks off at Arthur Ashe Stadium in Queens, New York. According to TicketIQ, the average price for 2015 U.S. Open tickets over the 24-session tournament is now $388.39 on the secondary market. The tournament’s Final, which will be held on September 13 and feature the Men’s Final and Women’s Doubles Final now averages at $1,006.23 and the get-in price is $157.
7-15-15: Arthur Ashe Stadium will once again host the U.S. Open Tennis Championship this August, which will house the sport’s best players in the Grand Slam’s fourth and final tennis tournament. Ticket prices remain firm on the secondary market as well, with little-to-no movement since the start of the week. According to TicketIQ, the average secondary price for 2015 U.S. Open Tennis Tournament tickets across all 24 sessions is now $378.85, down less than $4 from Monday’s average of $382.72. Session 24, which will be held on September 13 and feature the Men’s Final and Women’s Doubles Final, now owns a secondary ticket average of $1,010.13 and the cheapest available ticket is listed for $157.
7-13-15: Exactly seven weeks remain before the 2015 U.S. Open kicks off at Arthur Ashe Stadium in Queens, New York. Featuring some of tennis’ most established and brightest stars, the tournament will run through September 13 at the prestigious sporting venue. According to TicketIQ, the average price for 2015 U.S. Open Tennis Tournament tickets is currently $382.72 at Arthur Ashe Stadium on the secondary market. Unsurprisingly, the tournament’s most expensive day will be its last on September 13, when the Men’s Final and Women’s Double Final are held. The average secondary price for U.S. Open Men’s Final tickets is currently $989.65 and the cheapest available ticket is listed for $157.
8-21-14: The qualifying round for the US Open is already underway, with the tournament set to start August 25. Draws for the first round of the tournament were made today with notable match ups including
Roger Federer (2) vs. Marinko Matosevic, David Ferrer (4) vs. Damir Dzumhur and Novak Djokovic (1) vs. Diego Schwartzman for Men’s Singles.
For the Women’s Singles there’s Serena Williams (1) vs. Taylor Townsend, Petra Kvitova (3) vs. Kristina Mladenovic and Maria Sharapova (5) vs. Maria Kirilenko.
8-18-14: In an interesting turn of events, defending champion Rafael Nadal has been forced to withdraw from the 2014 US Open due to a wrist injury, as per the official US Open twitter account. This opens up the field of competition to various newcomers. Nadal was previously making headlines by announcing his return to the sleeveless look for the tournament.
8-11-14: The link between tennis and fashion continues, as fan favorite Rafael Nadal has announced he'll return to his famous sleeveless look during the US Open tournament later this month. It will be the first sleeveless tournament for Nadal since the 2009 Australian Open. Thus far, US Open tickets average $317.58 on the secondary market.
8-8-14: The average ticket price for the US Open is currently $317.90, with the cheapest being Session 2, currently down 7% this week. The same session has remained the most expensive since hitting the resale market – Session 24. Prices are actually up 2% this week and currently feature an average asking price of $860.60
8-6-14: Without Rafael Nadal in the US Open, Roger Federer has an opportunity to close the gap in the ATP Rankings. Federer is currently ranked number 3. Overall, Nadal leads the all-time series with Federer 23-10. With just under three weeks until the opening matches, US Open tickets average $316.80 on the secondary market.
8-4-14: With tickets as low as $21, the opening sessions of the US Open continue to be the cheapest of the tournament. Overall, US Open tickets average $323.81 with the most expensive session coming September 6th and featuring the Men's semifinals and Women's Doubles Finals. The cheapest available ticket for that date is $147.
7-31-14: Thus far, tickets for Session 2 of the US Open are the cheapest of the bunch. The average price on the resale market is $131.96 with a get-in of $26. To little surprise, the final sessions are the most expensive. More specifically, Session 24 featuring the Men's semifinals and Women's doubles finals averages $845.67 on the re-sale market.
8-28-13: 17-year-old American Victoria Duval orchestrated the first major upset of the 2013 US Open Open by defeating 2011 champion Sam Stosur in the first round onTuesday. The 296th ranked teenager beat Stosur 5-7, 6-4, 6-4. It was just Duval's second Grand Slam match of her career. It was also the first time she was facing a top-20 opponent.
The 2013 US Open Tennis Championships will be held from August 26th thru September 9th in Flushing Meadows.
Price by Session (as of July 31st)
Session 1: $180/$49
| The Championships, Wimbledon |
Deriving its name from an old Icelandic word meaning erupt, what name is given to a natural hot spring that intermittently ejects steam and water into the air? | Wimbledon 2016: Reid, Watson and Whiley join Murray in quartet of Grand Slam champions | Tennis | The Sport Review
Wimbledon 2016: Reid, Watson and Whiley join Murray in quartet of Grand Slam champions
Andy Murray was not the only Brit to taste success on the final day of Wimbledon 2016
By Marianne Bevis at Wimbledon Monday 11 July 2016, 13:16 UK
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The day belonged, without a doubt, to one of Great Britain’s most admired athletes, Andy Murray.
After all, the world No2 had won a second Wimbledon title to add to his US Open title, Olympic gold and the Davis Cup. And so long has it been since the home nation produced such a men’s champion that most would have no memory of Fred Perry before the Second World War, let alone former champions from another era a century ago.
But final Sunday at Wimbledon this year would prove to be a day to celebrate not only one Briton. In its 130th iteration, The Championships saw no fewer than four British winners by the time the day was done, and had already crowned one of them with a fifth title the day before.
First up were the wheelchair champions, for whom 2016 was a special year. For the first time, Wimbledon added wheelchair singles tournaments to the doubles that it debuted for the men a decade ago and for the women seven years ago.
That GB already boasted Grand Slam champions in wheelchair tennis made it a big draw here last year, but this year, such was the enthusiasm that it became part of the BBC’s broadcast schedule too—and it proved impossible to get anywhere near Court 17 during matches.
Two of the chief reasons for the home support were Gordon Reid and Jordanne Whiley, both just 24 years old, are both multiple Major champions.
Reid, ranked No3 in singles and No1 in doubles, won his first singles Major in Australia this year, but is also reigning doubles champion at the US and French Opens.
Whiley is ranked No3 in singles and No4 in doubles, is two-time defending Wimbledon doubles champion, has five further doubles titles, and is reigning US Open singles champion. No wonder both were so delighted to have the chance of adding Wimbledon singles to their trophy cabinets.
Reid said: “I’ve always grown up watching Wimbledon on TV, mainly the singles event. It was always a dream of mine to play singles here. To now have that opportunity to be a part of the first field of players that’s going to go down in history is a massive opportunity.
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“The Slams are the biggest tournaments in the calendar. For us to be here, be involved in singles as well now, it’s a huge milestone for our sport. It’s another brilliant opportunity for us to raise the profile of wheelchair tennis. Every time we’ve come here in the past and played doubles, the support we’ve had from the British public, from the people here at Wimbledon, has been spectacular.”
Whiley explained why this was such an important year for her and many others: “I think for me it’s just sport completely changed my life from when I was a young girl. I was very insecure, didn’t have many friends. I was born with my disability. I was in and out of hospital constantly. When I got into tennis, I became confident, like, I really believed in something, which made me believe in myself. I know it can really change your life. For me it’s really important that young people do see that.”
Unfortunately Whiley did not make Saturday’s singles final, but Reid reached the doubles final with 18-year-old Alfie Hewett, and the duo beat Stephane Houdet and Nicolas Peifer in a thrilling comeback, 4-6, 6-1, 7-6(6).
Into another new environment, Wimbledon’s main press conference room, Hewett grinned: “It’s just been mental, hasn’t it? Wheelchair tennis was trending on Twitter. That’s not bad.”
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Reid added: “To be a part of that, helping our sport like that, that’s a massive achievement in itself. I think when you get given an opportunity like that, you have to grab it with both hands.”
One down, two to go. Sunday, Reid played solo against Stefan Olsson, and the Scottish left-hander dominated with some spectacular tennis from the word go, 6-1, 6-4.
He did a lap of honour with the first Wimbledon singles trophy, shaking hands with each and every man, woman and child who lined the court.
“It’s incredible to have the opportunity to play singles here. It’s something I’ve dreamed of for a long time. To come here and win it in front of all the people that I love, and all my friends and family and my coaching team, and so much support, it’s unbelievable and I’m never going to forget this moment.”
Last up was Whiley, seeded No1 with her long-term partner Yui Kamiji in women’s doubles They, too, dominated the Dutch No2 seeds from start to finish, 6-2, 6-2, to score their eighth Grand Slam doubles title and their third at Wimbledon.
Naturally both now look ahead to Rio and the Olympics. Whiley and British partner Lucy Shuker won Bronze in London 2012, and could, of course, face Kamiji in Rio: “I think for both of us, obviously Rio is very important. We could potentially be opponents because we can’t play together. We’re both aiming for gold medals there, but just separately!”
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Reid said during the draw ahead of the tournament that he had two aims at Wimbledon this year, aside from trying to win a title: “First one, if any kids or young people with disabilities get the opportunity to see us playing sport at a high level, then they can be inspired to do a similar thing, know there’s a lot in life you can achieve when you’re in a chair. At the same time I think it’s important that young people without disabilities can see that people in chairs are real people, can be incredible athletes… There’s still a little bit of stigma in some places about disability. As much as we can bring that barrier down, get that message across to young people, it’s really important.”
Judging from the reception during Wimbledon’s final weekend, job done.
But even after Murray’s record-making victory on Sunday afternoon, and a tear-stained presentation ceremony, there was more to come on Centre Court.
Few expected at the start of the fortnight, when a downcast Heather Watson lost an oh-so-close match against Annika Beck in the first round of the women’s draw, 6-3, 0-6, 10-12, that she would end the fortnight as a Grand Slam champion.
She had never played with Finn Henri Kontinen before—their plans to join forces at Roland Garros had been dashed because her ranking was too low. But here, they blended their skills as though they had been together for years.
For a start, they beat defending champions Martina Hingis and Leander Paes in the third round from a set down, and they would not drop a set all the way to the final, where they beat Robert Farah and Anna-Lena Gronefeld, 7-6(5), 6-4.
Watson could not get the smile off her face: “Who would have thought we’re here as champions, for me, after such a horrible first‑round loss. I made it to the last day of Wimbledon, which has always been one of my goals, to reach just the second week of a Slam. I couldn’t have chosen anybody better than with Henri. He made our time on court so fun. Yeah, I’m just so freaking happy!”
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As she should be: the last time that two Britons won two senior titles at Wimbledon was in 1937, and the last Briton to win a mixed doubles title was Jamie Murray in 2007, with Jelena Jankovic.
Watson summed up just what it meant to her, but her words make a fitting conclusion for all four of the British champions and their five titles this week.
“It’s a great week. I’ll remember this forever. It’s been a dream of mine since I was little to be a Grand Slam champion. I would take anything—singles, doubles, mixed doubles… Now we’re Grand Slam champions, Wimbledon champions.”
| i don't know |
When a jeweler refers to a diamond’s “cut,” he is describing what aspect of the gem? | ACA Gem Laboratory
Describing diamond beauty -
assessing the optical performance of a diamond
Abstract:A diamond's "optical performance" is a human visual interaction with the diamond reflecting and refracting surrounding light to its viewer in a sparkling mosaic pattern. It is this "light performance" of the diamond that results in its beauty. This work advances the idea that the best diamond cuts "evolved" to have the highest optical performance in a variety of typical viewing and illumination circumstances.
Current and historical descriptors of diamond beauty and performance are reviewed. The rationale is put forward for the need to augment the current, single, quantitative measure of brilliance - light return intensity or "brightness" with the qualitative aspect of "contrast brilliance." Contrast brilliance is explained, and illustrated with diamond photography. The relationship between contrast brilliance and scintillation is examined.
Introduction
When a gemologist or appraiser evaluates a diamond, it is rated in four categories: cut, colour, clarity, and carat weight. Known as the "4 C's", these are the characteristics that are assessed when valuing a diamond based upon its beauty and rarity.
Of the four C's there is general agreement that cut has the greatest influence on the diamond's beauty. The term cut may bring to mind any of three features of a polished diamond.
Shape such as round, rectangular, pear, oval, or cushion.
Style of facet pattern such as radiant, step cut or princess cut.
The angles and proportions of a particular style and shape.
This article confines the meaning of cut to the angles and proportions of a particular shape and style of a diamond, such as the familiar, 57-facet round brilliant. There are several elements to the quality of a diamond's cut.
Judgments of the elements of cut fall in two distinct categories.
The first category is craftsmanship. Examples of measures of craftsmanship are assessments of perfection of polish, facet meet points, facet alignment, symmetry, facet angles and proportions. Most grading of diamond cut being done today makes judgments that fall within this category. There is the implicit assumption that a diamond with superior craftsmanship will have superior optical performance or beauty. From their knowledge and experience, diamond cutters know that a high level of craftsmanship in cutting and polishing a diamond to specific angles and proportions results in superior performance and beauty.
The second category, more recently introduced, is a "direct assessment" of the performance aspects of diamond beauty. Direct performance assessment contrasts with the indirect assessment of cut quality in the first category, because it is an actual rather than implied measure of aspects of diamond beauty. The main aspects of diamond beauty assessed are brilliance, fire and sparkle. This category of direct performance assessment evaluates the extent to which all the various factors of craftsmanship have or have not actually resulted in a beautiful diamond. Direct performance assessment augments and validates the traditional category of craftsmanship.
Diamond beauty - brilliance, fire and sparkle
The quantity together with the "quality" of the light returned from a diamond to the eye of the viewer is critical to the viewer's judgment of the diamond's performance and beauty.
A well-cut diamond has the ability to reflect colours and light from a broad range of surrounding directions and angles. A well-cut round brilliant reflects and refracts the surrounding panorama of light to the viewer's eyes in a mosaic, even artistic, composition possessing vibrancy and vitality.
This article refers to the visual interaction of the diamond reflecting and refracting the surrounding light to the viewer as the diamond's "optical performance" or "light performance". This optical performance results in the diamond's beauty. The beauty that results from this unique performance has stirred emotions and engendered devotion unsurpassed by any other gemstone.
Historical and contemporary terms describing diamond beauty
The historical words, brilliance and fire, and the more recent word, scintillation, are three terms that have evolved to describe diamond beauty. These are the words widely used in the diamond industry by gemologists, diamond cutters and sellers to convey aspects of diamond beauty with simplicity and clarity.
The most beautiful diamonds have "the most vivid fire and the greatest brilliancy" proclaimed Marcel Tolkowsky, the historically influential Belgian diamond cutter and mathematician. Both he and his contemporaries used these two terms, brilliance and fire, to describe the beauty of a diamond.
The third descriptor of diamond beauty called scintillation has since been added. Combined with "contrast brilliance", a related fourth aspect of diamond beauty introduced by this article, the jeweler is armed with the necessary vocabulary to convey the beauty of one diamond cut compared to another.
Brilliance
The Diamond Dictionary (Gaal, 1977) defined brilliance as: "the intensity of the internal and external reflections of white light to the eye from a diamond or other gem in the face-up position."
It is important to note here that brilliance was defined as the "intensity of light return". This "brightness" measure, which is a single value, lacks any detail of important variations in intensity across the diamond. This intensity variation or "contrast" is needed to complete the picture of the historical meaning of brilliance.
Fire
Called the diamond's "fire", an important aspect of the quality of light return is the ability of a diamond to disperse white light into the rainbow colors of its spectrum.
Scintillation or Sparkle
Characterization of diamond beauty by fire and brilliance leaves all features other than fire as aspects of brilliance. A definition of brilliance narrowed to the single quantitative measure of average brightness necessitates additional descriptors of other quality aspects of diamond brilliance.
Scintillation is one such descriptor. Scintillation is the word used to describe a quality aspect of brilliance historically referred to as the diamond's "life". It is the diamond's sparkle occasioned by movement of the diamond, the illumination or the observer. This quality of light return is the sharp, on-off, bright-dark sparkle or flashes of light "dancing" from the crown of the diamond.
The three terms used today to describe diamond beauty - brilliance, scintillation and fire were the respective qualities in this quote by Tolkowsky from Diamond Design, 1919, p.24. "The general trend of European diamond polishing is the constant search for greater brilliancy, more life, a more vivid fire in the diamond, regardless of the loss of weight". These are the qualities that diamond cutters of Tolkowsky's day were seeking in their quest for the most beautiful diamond cut. Maximizing these qualities of diamond beauty has remained the goal of diamond cutters from that time to the present.
Contrast quality of brilliance
In addition to scintillation, another descriptor is needed to augment the single, quantitative definition of brilliance as average brightness.
Human perception of brilliance goes beyond the brightness of the light returned from the crown of a diamond. Intensity variation or contrast in light and dark areas across the diamond gives it an aspect of brilliance that has been described as "snappy", "lively" and by Bruton (1978, p.227) as "hard" or "sharp". These descriptions are the opposite of "watery" and "glassy" used in The Diamond Dictionary (Gaal, 1977) to describe the weak appearance of a poorly cut, "fish eye" diamond.
The term "contrast brilliance" is adopted to describe this aspect of brilliance. Contrast brilliance is the intensity variation or contrast in light and dark areas across the diamond.
The term is needed because this aspect of diamond beauty influences our judgment of which diamond cuts are the most brilliant. Recognizing this contrast aspect of brilliance gives us a means for explaining why one diamond cut may be perceived as less brilliant than another even though it may have had equal or greater average brightness.
It is worth noting that an emerald cut diamond is normally perceived to be less brilliant than the round brilliant cut mainly because it has poorer contrast brilliance even though it may have similar brightness.
A second need for the introduction of this aspect of brilliance that will become apparent involves its relationship to scintillation. Scintillation will be shown to be the dynamic form of contrast brilliance. Because of its dynamic nature, scintillation eludes measurement, but contrast can be measured from static diamond images. The relationship between contrast and scintillation enables an assessment of both, through the characteristics they have in common.
Simultaneous contrast
The contrast aspect of brilliance is linked to the property of human vision called "simultaneous contrast".
When a bright reflection is close to a darker one, our vision enhances the perception of the difference, and the bright reflection looks brighter because of its proximity to the darker reflection. The greater the contrast, the brighter the diamond appears to our eye.
One consequence of the phenomenon of simultaneous contrast is our attention to variation or contrast in a scene. For example, we are generally attracted to greater contrast in a picture. Note the example in Figures 1 and 2. Most people would agree that the greater contrast in Figure 2 makes the photograph more appealing.
Figure 1. Photograph of a scene printed with less contrast.
Figure 2. Photograph of Figure 1 printed with greater contrast.
The following experiment is designed to illustrate and support the idea that contrast in a diamond influences the perception and judgment of brilliance. The diamond image in Figure 3 was printed with maximum contrast. The same diamond image in Figure 4 was printed with less contrast between the bright reflections and the adjacent dark reflections.
Using the current quantitative definition of "brightness", the Figure 4 image would emerge as having the greater brilliance. However, we would probably all perceive the Figure 3 diamond image as more brilliant. The perception of greater brilliance in Figure 3 is due to the white reflections in that diamond appearing brighter and more intense because of greater contrast with the dark reflections. Actually, the white reflections in both Figures 3 and 4 have the same intensity.
Figure 3. Diamond image printed with maximum contrast but a lower light-return intensity.
Figure 4. Diamond image printed with less contrast but a greater intensity of light return.
This demonstration illustrates and supports the influence and importance of contrast to the perception and judgment of brilliance.
Dependence of diamond beauty upon viewing and illumination circumstances
Both the brightness and contrast aspects of brilliance depend not only upon the cut of the diamond, but also upon its illumination and viewing circumstances.
Figure 5. Diamond exhibiting high average "brightness" but low "contrast brilliance".
Figure 6. Same diamond exhibiting high contrast brilliance.
Figures 5 and 6 are two photographs of the same diamond illuminated in different ways. In Figure 5 the diamond was uniformly illuminated from above with no obstruction from the presence of a viewer. This resulted in a diamond image with high light return brightness but low contrast. This type of uniform illumination, lacking contrast, results in an unfamiliar and undesirable diamond appearance, which also lacks contrast.
The illumination of the diamond in Figure 6 consisted of high contrast lighting. As a result this well cut diamond exhibited a high contrast aspect of brilliance.
Figures 5 and 6 have demonstrated that both the brightness and contrast aspects of brilliance are interrelated with the diamond's illumination. It is often overlooked that the perception of diamond beauty in all its aspects is greatly influenced by the character of the illumination.
Evolution of Excellence in Diamond Cutting
This brings us to the important point that the perception of superior beauty in a diamond derives from the ability of its cut to take greatest advantage of the lighting under which it is being viewed and judged.
The development of diamond cutting judged most beautiful evolved through "cut and try" experimentation. Because success was judged under standard or typical illumination, (discussed below), which was not uniform, the finest cutting inevitably evolved to have the greatest beauty in those typical viewing and non-uniform illumination circumstances.
This article advances the idea that diamond cuts judged to have superior optical performance and beauty possess brighter, more numerous and evenly distributed, both large and small, higher contrast reflections in that variety of typical illumination circumstances.
The worth of a measure of diamond beauty depends upon how well it agrees with human judgment. --- "Perception of beauty is everything." --- To be meaningful, measurements of diamond beauty should be made in illumination typical of circumstances in which human judgment of that beauty is made.
Measurements of beauty in atypical lighting can give high scores to cuts that have lower scores in typical illumination. For example, measurements of brilliance in uniform lighting (such as that illuminating the diamond in Figure 5) can give high brilliance scores to cuts that have lower perceived brilliance in typical illumination.
Typical Illumination and Viewer Obstruction
There is a short list of key characteristics of typical viewing conditions that have influenced the evolution of the most beautiful and highest performing diamond cuts. A key, ever-present feature in typical illumination circumstances is the influence of the presence of the viewer on the diamond's illumination. Although this "viewer obstruction" at first sounds disadvantageous, in well-cut diamonds it most often adds contrast to the illumination that is favorable to beauty. That same viewer obstruction results in poor optical performance in a badly cut diamond.
For example, in Figures 7, 9 and 10, where there is open sky illumination, it is viewer obstruction that introduces contrast to otherwise diffuse illumination. This illumination is seen mirrored in the ring's prong in Figure 8. The prong acts as a convex mirror reflecting the entire panorama of illumination. The prong mirrors the overcast sky,which is partially obscured by the silhouette of the viewer's head, torso and outstretched hand and arm. As the ring's prong reveals, it is obstruction by the viewer that introduces contrast to the otherwise diffuse illumination.
Figure 7. Face-up photograph of a 2.25ct diamond exhibiting brilliance and blue fire occasioned by bright, overcast sky partially obscured by the viewer's silhouette.
Figure 8. The illumination of the diamond in Figure 7 as seen mirrored in the ring's prong. Notice that the overcast sky is partially obscured by the silhouette of the viewer's head, torso and outstretched hand and arm.
The dark appearance of the viewer in the prong is the factor providing the primary contrast in illumination. It is the synergy of the diamond's cut taking advantage of this contrast in illumination that produces both the contrast and fire present in the diamonds in Figures 7,9 and 10. Without contrast in its illumination the best diamond cut will lack both contrast brilliance and fire, as Figure 5 demonstrates. In typical viewing circumstances that always include the viewer's presence, the superior beauty of the best-cut diamonds becomes apparent.
The factors that characterize the contrast quality of brilliance are the sharpness, number, sizes, and uniformity of the distribution of the diamond's mosaic-appearing pattern of reflections.
How can we assess this new quality of contrast brilliance?
The answer that derives from the previous discussion is straight forward. All these aspects may be observed and evaluated from stationary images or "snapshots" of a diamond under a representation of typical viewing and illumination circumstances. Because diamonds are most often viewed in the face-up position, the most important snapshot to examine for contrast brilliance is this normal, face-up view (See Figure 10). Snapshots at other angles of observation representing usual tilts of the diamond also need to be examined.
Figure 9. Tilted round brilliant cut diamond displaying fire and contrast brilliance under the partially obscured illumination of bright, overcast, sky.
Figure 10. Face-up view of a round brilliant cut diamond displaying fire and contrast brilliance under the partially obscured illumination of bright, overcast, sky.
Relationship between the contrast quality of brilliance and scintillation
What is the difference between contrast brilliance and scintillation? Clearly, the diamond's mosaic pattern of reflections has aspects common to both contrast and scintillation (i.e. aspects such as sharpness, number, sizes, and uniformity of distribution of the reflection pattern). However, the contrast quality of brilliance is the diamond's "static contrast", whereas scintillation is the "dynamic contrast" due to movement. Contrast brilliance is one frame or snapshot of the moving picture of scintillation. In fact, the change in contrast brilliance with movement from one moment to the next IS scintillation. Contrast brilliance and scintillation are perceptually and mathematically related in this way. (Mathematicians may identify scintillation as the partial derivative of contrast brilliance with respect to movement)
Conclusions
These examples, illustrations and photographs support the need for the additional descriptor of contrast brilliance. Contrast brilliance complements the brightness or intensity aspect of brilliance, which is the current widely used definition.
Recognizing the contrast aspect of brilliance gives us a means for explaining why one diamond cut may be perceived as more brilliant even though it had less overall brightness or intensity of light return.
The established language for describing diamond beauty is in terms of brilliance, fire and scintillation or sparkle. Contrast brilliance adds another dimension to the measure of brilliance, which is currently confined to the average brightness or intensity of light return. Evaluation of contrast in snapshots of diamonds gives us a "handle" on the more difficult to measure, dynamic aspect of scintillation.
Recognition and judgment of this additional quality aspect of brilliance helps complete the picture of why one diamond cut is preferred over and is seen as more beautiful than another.
References
Bruton E. (1978) "Diamonds", Chilton Book Co., PA, 532 pp.
Gaal R. (1977) "The Diamond Dictionary", Gemological Institute of America, California, 342 pp.
Tolkowsky M. (1919) "Diamond Design", Spon & Chamberlain, New York, 104 pp.
| Shape |
Who went up the hill to fetch a pail of water? | God’s Diamond in the Rough : Prevail Magazine
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God’s Diamond in the Rough
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Have you ever known an individual who on the surface seemed shy, modest, and ordinary, but behind it all was the most loving, gracious person you’ve ever met? They abound in exceptional talent and good works; yet, they are your typical unsung hero. They rise to the occasion in a time of need and shine best in trial’s darkest hour and seasons of severe tests. Such a person is one whom we would call a diamond in the rough. Like naturally occurring diamonds, they appear quite ordinary, even rough on the outside, but their beauty and worth comes from the extreme pressure under which they are formed and the harsh process of cutting and polishing that are used to reveal their inner beauty and value.
Every one of us is a potential diamond in the rough. Embedded within each person are diamond-like qualities waiting to be mined bringing joy to our Maker, others, and ourselves. Are we willing to endure the pressure, the cutting, and the polishing of the Master Jeweler to bring out the diamond within us? Most of us are not. But, for those of you who really want your diamond to break out in magnificent radiance and stunning beauty, read on!
Let’s take a look at diamonds and see how their formation and qualities parallel the lives of true believers.
A diamond is just carbon (essentially the same thing as charcoal) in a very concentrated form. Yet, when mined, cut, and polished, it becomes the most precious gemstone in the world. Diamonds are formed about 161 km (100 miles) below the Earth’s surface, when carbon is subjected to a temperature of at least 400°C (752°F) and 435,113 pounds per square inch (psi) or 30 kilobars of pressure. Where diamonds are formed, the pressure exceeds 700,000 psi and temperatures over 1200°C (2192°F).
As we try to imagine the extreme temperature and pressure under which diamonds are formed, it brings to mind the fiery trials which children of God must undergo to develop true godly character.
1 Peter 1:6-7 describes the beautiful outcome of being tested by God’s fire:
“In this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while, if need be, you have been grieved by various trials, that the genuineness of your faith, being much more precious than gold that perishes, though it is tested by fire, may be found to praise, honor, and glory at the revelation of Jesus Christ.”
The conditions of high pressure and temperature way beneath the Earth’s crust must be ideal for carbon to form into diamond. Slightly less than this, we end up with graphite (a soft black mineral) instead of the extremely hard, clear crystal we know as diamond. That’s why we have to be willing to endure the pain of trials and godly discipline if we want God’s character to be perfected in us. James puts it this way:
“My brethren, count it all joy when you fall into various trials, knowing that the testing of your faith produces patience. But let patience have its perfect work, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking nothing” (Jas. 1:2-4).
A diamond is the hardest known mineral. It’s so hard that it can only be scratched by another diamond. It’s the unique molecular structure of the carbon atoms that makes a diamond very hard. As we allow Christ to live in us we will have His diamond-hard strength to withstand the pressures of life and not be easily scratched or wounded by the words or deeds of others.
Shaping Diamonds
Before diamonds become beautiful jewels, they must be cut and polished by hand or machine using steel or diamond blades or laser. The cut diamond is then polished by a rotating wheel coated with an abrasive diamond powder. God’s purpose is to refine and perfect us. He will use whatever means necessary to bring us to the point of being “a perfect man, to the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ” (Eph. 4:13).
A Diamond’s Worth and Beauty
Diamonds are judged according to the four C’s:
Cut – the geometric shape into which it has been cut
Clarity – a measure of its flaws, or inclusions that can be seen in the diamond
Carat – the weight of the diamond (in milligrams)
Colour – ranging from icy white transparent to light yellow.
Here, too, we can see some similarities with the life of the believer.
Cut
The more we come under the sharp edge of God’s Word and allow it to pierce and shape us, the more valuable we will be for His Kingdom. Someone once said that God cannot use us until He has first wounded us. This wild human nature and spirit must be broken in order for God to effectively use us. His desire is that our lives be transparent and flawless. We must be sincere and true (1 Cor. 5:8).
Clarity
As the apostle Paul says, we must not have “spot or wrinkle or any such thing,” but rather “be holy and without blemish” (Eph. 5:27). Like flawless diamonds we must reflect and disperse light because we are the light of the world to disperse the darkness of this evil age (Matt. 5: 14-16).
Carat and Colour
God’s diamonds will be judged, not by the colour or roughness of their exterior, but by the content and quality of their interior, in a word, by their character.
This character is developed, not inherited. It cannot be bought, it must be earned. It cannot be achieved by avoiding God’s divine process. We must be willing to endure the Master Jeweller’s refining process. It is this process that will shape and refine us from being diamonds in the rough to become sparkling jewels. A verse from the old hymn, How Firm A Foundation puts it very beautifully:
“When through fiery trials thy pathway shall lie,
My grace, all-sufficient, shall be thy supply.
The flames shall not hurt thee; I only design.
Thy dross to consume and thy gold to refine.”
The world’s biggest and most prized diamonds adorn the Royal Sceptre and Imperial State Crown of the British Monarchy. These precious gems are worth an incredibly vast sum. But even these cannot be compared to those who will shine like diamonds in the Heavenly Father’s realm on that day when He makes up His jewels (Mal. 3:17).
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A falling object which ceases to accelerate due to the forces of drag and gravity being equal reaches what rate of descent (speed)? | Falling Body with Air Resistance
Falling Body with Air Resistance
Assume that a body of mass m is dropped from a great height above the surface of the earth. Our task is to answer the following
Analyze the forces of gravity and air resistance.
Use Newton's Law force = mass x acceleration to write down an equation that relates vertical speed with vertical acceleration. This will be a simple kind of differential equation .
Do some calculus magic to find an explicit formula for the vertical speed ---here we use stuff from differential calculus (Math 251) to solve the differential equation.
Introduce some new calculus magic to answer the important question---this material is discussed in Section 5.1 of your text; it involves the introduction of a rectangle approximation technique to estimate the area under the speed graph.
Gravity
Gravity makes the object fall. It was Galileo who offered the hypothesis that the acceleration due to gravity near the Earth's surface is essentially constant. Newton's law, force = mass x acceleration, then implies that
Fgrav = mg
where m is the mass of the object kilograms and g is the gravitational acceleration near the earth's surface, which is about 10 m/sec2. The basic unit of force in the metric system is the newton, which is one kg*m/sec2. Both m and g are taken to be positive.
Air Resistance
Let s(t) be the downward speed of the object t seconds after it is dropped, measured in m/sec. So we are assuming that s(0) = 0. One hypothesis governing air resistance is the following:
"Linear" Air Resistance Hypothesis
The force due to air resistance is proportional to the speed, and is applied in the direction opposite to motion. Look at it this way, as the object moves through the air, it collides with air molecules, displacing them as it falls. The faster the object moves, the more collisions and so the greater the overall force due to air resistance. An alternative hypothesis is that the force due to air resistance is proportional to the square of the speed...this might be more reasonable, for example, at very high speeds. But we will stick with the linear assumption.
This linear hypothesis means that there is a positive constant k such that
Fair = -ks(t)
for all t. The positive constant k is the constant of proportionality and its units are kg/sec; the numerical value of k depends upon the shape of the object being dropped and the density of the atmosphere.
Total Force, Acceleration, and Speed
We now see that the total force acting on the falling object at any time t is given by
Ftot = Fgrav + Fair = mg - ks(t)
Now comes the first real conclusion involving calculus. Remember that acceleration is the rate of change of speed. (Actually it's better to think of acceleration as the rate of change of velocity, but we can identify the two concepts in this example since the object only moves in one direction.) Thus, if a(t) is the acceleration on the object at time t, then a(t) = s'(t). Now we use Newton's Law to conclude that Ftot = ma(t), or more precisely, we obtain the following relationship between speed s(t) and acceleration s'(t).
Differential Equation
for Speed at Time t
s(t) = (mg/k)(1 - e(-k/m)t)
A Neat Thing to Notice: Terminal Velocity
Observe that under our assumptions (the forces acting are gravity and "linear" air resistance) we discover the phenomenon of terminal velocity. This comes about by asking for the limit of speed at time goes to infinity. As t goes to infinitey, the term e(-k/m)t goes to zero since k and m are positive. So we find
terminal velocity = limt-->infty s(t) = mg/k
The phenomenon of terminal velocity is thus discovered as a consequence of our force assumptions. (!!!)
A Sample Graph of Speed vs Time
Using the specific values g = 10 m/sec2, m = 1 kg, and k = 0.1 kg/sec, the formula for the speed function and its graph look like this:
| Terminal velocity (disambiguation) |
The young of what animal are known as fawns? | BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Falling objects
Objects falling through a fluid eventually reach terminal velocity, when the resultant force acting on them is zero and they are moving at a steady speed. Weight is a force exerted on an object because of a gravitational force.
Falling objects
You should be able to describe the forces affecting a falling object at different stages of its fall. Usually, you need to think about two forces:
The weight of the object. This is a force acting downwards, caused by the object’s mass the Earth's gravitational field
Air resistance. This is a frictional force acting in the opposite direction to the movement of the object.
Three stages of falling
When an object is dropped, we can identify three stages before it hits the ground:
At the start, the object accelerates downwards because of its weight. There is no air resistance. There is a resultant force acting downwards.
As it gains speed, the object's weight stays the same, but the air resistance on it increases. There is a resultant force acting downwards.
Eventually, the object's weight is balanced by the air resistance. There is no resultant force and the object reaches a steady speed, called the terminal velocity.
Check your understanding of this by studying the parachutist animation:
Terminal velocity
What happens if you drop a feather and a coin together? The feather and the coin have roughly the same surface area, so when they begin to fall they have about the same air resistance.
As the feather falls, its air resistance increases until it soon balances the weight of the feather. The feather now falls at its terminal velocity. But the coin is much heavier, so it has to travel quite fast before air resistance is large enough to balance its weight. In fact, it probably hits the ground before it reaches its terminal velocity.
On the Moon
An astronaut on the Moon carried out a famous experiment. He dropped a hammer and a feather at the same time and found that they landed together. The Moon's gravity is too weak for it to hold onto an atmosphere, so there is no air resistance. When the hammer and feather were dropped, they fell together with the same acceleration.
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On what type of surface is the Wimbledon tournament held? | Grass Courts - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM
- 54 million grass plants on Centre Court (rough calculation according to a formula)
- 77 total hours played on Centre Court
The grass
The grass plant itself has to survive in this dry soil. Expert research has again shown that a cut height of 8mm (since 1995) is the optimum for present day play and survival.
Courts are sown with 100 per cent Perennial Ryegrass (since 2001) to improve durability and strengthen the sward to withstand better the increasing wear of the modern game.
Independent expert research from The Sports Turf Research Institute in Yorkshire, UK, proved that changing the grass seed mix to 100 per cent perennial ryegrass (previously 70 per cent rye/30 per cent creeping red fescue) would be the best way forward to combat wear and enhance court presentation and performance without affecting the perceived speed of the court.
Perceived speed of a court is affected by a number of factors such as the general compacting of the soil over time, as well as the weather before and during the event.
The ball will seem heavier and slower on a cold damp day and conversely lighter and faster on a warm dry day.
The amount a ball bounces is largely determined by the soil, not the grass. The soil must be hard and dry to allow 13 days of play without damage to the court sub-surface.
To achieve the required surface of even consistency and hardness, the courts are rolled and covered to keep them dry and firm. Regular measurements are taken to monitor this.
There have been no changes to the specification of the ball since 1995, when there was a very minimal alteration in compression.
Lines and dimensions
Total area of grass on each of Centre and No.1 Courts is 41m x 22m.
Singles Court is length 23.77m (78’) x width 8.23m (27’).
Doubles Court is length 23.77m (78’) x width 10.97m (36’).
Paint is not used to mark the lines on the court. A transfer wheel marker is used to apply a white compound (500 gallons used yearly) containing titanium dioxide to make it durable.
| Grass |
When applied to (sparkling) wine, what does brut mean? | The Championships, Wimbledon
The Championships, Wimbledon
US Open
The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly referred to as Wimbledon, is the oldest major championship in tennis .
Held annually between late June and the beginning of July for two weeks (usually ending, at the latest, on the second Sunday of July) at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London , England , the tournament is the third Grand Slam event played each year, preceded by the Australian Open and the French Open , and followed by the U.S. Open . The tournament duration is subject to extensions for rain.
Separate tournaments are simultaneously held, all at the same venue, for Gentlemen's Singles, Ladies' Singles, Gentlemen's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles. Youth tournaments – Boys' Singles, Girls' Singles, Boys' Doubles and Girls' Doubles – are also held. Additionally, special invitational tournaments are held: the 35 and over Gentlemen's Doubles, 45 and over Gentlemen's Doubles, 35 and over Ladies' Doubles and wheelchair doubles.
History
Sébastien Grosjean takes a shot on Court 18 during the 2004 championships
The Championships were first played under the control of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in 1877 at a ground near Worple Road, Wimbledon; the only event held was Gentlemen's Singles. In 1884 , the All England Club added Ladies' Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles. Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles were added in 1913 . The Championships moved to their present location, at a ground near Church Road, in 1922 . As with the other three Grand Slam events, Wimbledon was contested by top-ranked amateur players until the advent of the open era in tennis in 1968. Britons are very proud of the tournament, though it is a source of national anguish and humour – no British man has won the singles event at Wimbledon since Fred Perry in 1936 , and no British woman since Virginia Wade in 1977 . The Championship was first televised in 1937.
Events
There are five main events held at Wimbledon: Gentlemen's Singles, Ladies' Singles, Gentlemen's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles. In addition, four events are held for juniors: Boys' Singles, Girls' Singles, Boys' Doubles and Girls' Doubles. (The Mixed Doubles event is not held at the junior level.) Finally, four invitational events are held: the 35 and over Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles, the 45 and over Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles, the 35 and over Ladies' Invitation Doubles and the Wheelchair Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles.
Matches in the Gentlemen's Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles competitions are best-of-five sets; matches in all other events are best-of-three sets. Most events are single-elimination tournaments; in other words, a player who loses a single match is immediately eliminated from the tournament. However, the 35 and over Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles and the 35 and over Ladies' Invitation Doubles are both round-robin tournaments.
Up through 1921, the winners of the previous year's competition (except in the Ladies Doubles and Mixed Doubles) were automatically granted byes into the final round (then known as the challenge round). This led to many winners retaining their titles for successive years, as they were able to rest while their opponent competed from the start of the competition. From 1922, the title holders played through from the start of the championships.
Each year, the tournament begins on the Monday falling between 20 and 26 June (six weeks before the first Monday in August). It is held two weeks after the Queen's Club Championships, which are considered the major warm-up period for Wimbledon for male players. Another important warm-up tournament for the men is the Gerry Weber Open, which is held in Halle, Germany at about the same time as the Queen's Club Championships. The other grass-court male tournaments before the Championships are currently 's-Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands (which also organises an event for women), and Nottingham in Britain. To adapt to the fast green surface there are also two more competitions for women, the places to host these are Birmingham and Eastbourne (both in the UK). Wimbledon usually lasts for two weeks; the main events span both weeks, but the junior and invitational events are for the most part held during the second week. Traditionally, there is no play on the "Middle Sunday", which is considered a rest day. However, rain has forced play on the Middle Sunday three times in the Championship's history: in 1991 , 1997 , and 2004 . On each of these occasions, Wimbledon has staged a "People's Sunday", with unreserved seating and readily available, inexpensive tickets, allowing those with more limited means to sit on the show courts. Additionally, if the tournament is not completed by the end of the second Sunday, all the remaining matches are postponed until "People's Monday". The grass-court season comes to an end each year after the Championships, when the short tournament of Newport invites male players to its grounds in the U.S.
Players and seeding
A total of 128 players feature in each singles event, 64 pairs in each single-sex doubles event, and 48 pairs in Mixed Doubles. Players and doubles pairs are admitted to the main events on the basis of their international rankings, with consideration also given to their previous performances at grasscourt events. Currently (since 2001) 32 male and female players are given seedings in the Gentlemen's and Ladies' singles while 16 teams are seeded in the doubles events.
The Committee of Management and the Referee evaluate all applications for entry, and determine which players may be admitted to the tournament directly. The committee may admit a player without a high enough ranking as a wild card. Usually, wild cards are players who have performed well during previous tournaments, or would stimulate public interest in Wimbledon by participating. The only wild card to win the Gentlemen's Singles Championship was Goran Ivanišević ( 2001 ). Players and pairs who neither have high enough rankings nor receive wild cards may participate in a qualifying tournament held one week before Wimbledon at the Bank of England Sports Ground in Roehampton. The singles qualifying competitions are three-round events; the same-sex doubles competitions last for only one round. There is no qualifying tournament for Mixed Doubles. No qualifier has won either the Gentlemen's Singles or the Ladies' Singles tournaments. The furthest that any qualifier has progressed in the main draw of a Singles tournament is the semi-final round: John McEnroe in 1977 and Vladimir Voltchkov of Belarus in 2000 (Gentlemen's Singles), and Alexandra Stevenson in 1999 (Ladies' Singles).
Players are admitted to the junior tournaments upon the recommendations of their national tennis associations, on their International Tennis Federation world rankings and, in the case of the singles events, on the basis of a qualifying competition. The Committee of Management determines which players may enter the four invitational events.
The Committee seeds the top players and pairs (thirty-two players in each main singles events, and sixteen pairs in each main doubles event) on the basis of their rankings. However, the Committee does also change the seedings due to a player's previous grass court performance. A majority of the entrants are unseeded. Only two unseeded players have ever won the Gentlemen's Singles Championship: Boris Becker in 1985 and Goran Ivanišević in 2001 . (In 1985 there were only sixteen seeds - Becker was ranked 20th at the time; Ivanišević, however, was as low as 125th.) No unseeded player has captured the Ladies' Singles title; the lowest seeded female champion was Venus Williams, who won in 2007 as the twenty-third seed, beating her own record from 2005, when Williams won as the fourteenth seed. Unseeded pairs have won the doubles titles on numerous occasions; the 2005 Gentlemen's Doubles champions were not only unseeded, but also (for the first time ever) qualifier.
Grounds
The order of play for all courts is displayed on boards around the grounds
The nineteen courts used for Wimbledon are all composed purely of rye grass. The speed of 100% rye grass is much slower than the 80% rye grass mix previously used for the courts. This means that serve and volley players are no longer dominant on the surface which now favours baseliners, and has seen Wimbledon fall from being the fastest Grand Slam to the 3rd fastest, behind the U.S. Open and Australian Open. Among women, the serve and volley strategy has been less common since around 1980.
The main show courts, Centre Court and No. 1 Court, are normally used only for two weeks a year, during the Championships, but play can extend into a third week in exceptional circumstances. The remaining seventeen courts are regularly used for other events hosted by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. The show courts will, however, be pressed into action for the second time in three months in 2012 as Wimbledon will host the tennis events of the 2012 Olympic Games.
Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event played on grass courts. At one time, all the other Grand Slam events were played on grass. The French Open abandoned grass for its current red clay in 1928 , while the U.S. and Australian Opens stayed with grass for decades longer. The U.S. Open abandoned grass for a synthetic clay surface in 1975 and changed again to a hard surface ( DecoTurf) with its 1978 move to its current venue. The Australian Open abandoned grass for Rebound Ace, a different type of hard surface, in 1988 , and switched to yet another type of hard surface, Plexicushion, in 2008.
The main court, Centre Court, was opened in 1922 when the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club moved from Worple Road to Church Road. This change of venue was due to the huge crowd pressure at Worple Road to see the French phenomenon Suzanne Lenglen, and for which it proved completely inadequate.
Due to possibility of rain during Wimbledon, a retractable roof is planned for the court, which is expected to be completed in 2009. The retractable roof is said to be designed to close/open in under 10 minutes and will be closed primarily to protect play from inclement (and, if necessary, extremely hot) weather during The Championships. Also, during the time of its opening/closing, play will be suspended. The court has a capacity of almost 14,000. At its south end is the Royal Box, from which members of the Royal Family and other dignitaries watch matches. Centre Court usually hosts the finals and semifinals of the main events, as well as many matches in the earlier rounds involving top-seeded players or local favourites.
No.1 Court
The second most important court is No. 1 Court. The court was constructed in 1997 to replace the old No. 1 Court, which was adjacent to Centre Court. The old No. 1 Court was demolished because its capacity for spectators was too low. The court was said to have had a unique, more intimate atmosphere and was a favourite of many players. The new No. 1 Court has a capacity of approximately 11,000. The third-largest court, No. 2 Court, has been dubbed the "Graveyard of Champions" due to its reputation as the court on which many seeded players have been eliminated during the early rounds. Famous players who have lost on the Graveyard during early round play include John McEnroe , Boris Becker , Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras , Martina Hingis, Venus Williams, and Serena Williams. The court has a capacity of about 3,000. There are plans to build a brand new 4,000 capacity No. 2 Court where No. 13 Court currently stands in time for the 2009 Championships.
At the northern end of the grounds is a giant television screen on which important matches are broadcast. Fans watch from an area of grass officially known as the Aorangi Terrace, but more commonly called Henman Hill. The "hill" takes its name from local favourite Tim Henman , who many fans once hoped would become the first British man to win the tournament since Fred Perry did so in 1936 . When other British players do well at Wimbledon, the hill attracts fans for them, and is often re-named by the press for them: Greg Rusedski's followers convened at "Rusedski Ridge", and the young Scotsman Andy Murray has had the hill nicknamed "Murray Mound", "Mount Murray", or "Murray Field" (after the Scottish rugby stadium).
Traditions
Court 10 - on the outside courts there is no reserved seating
Evening on the first Friday of the 2004 championships
Colours and uniforms
Dark green and purple (sometimes also referred to as mauve) are the traditional Wimbledon colours. Green clothing was worn by the chair umpire, linesmen, ball boys and ball girls through the 2005 Championships; however, beginning with the 2006 Championships, officials, ball boys and ball girls were outfitted in new navy blue and cream coloured uniforms from American designer Ralph Lauren. This marked the first time in the history of the Championships that an outside company was used to design Wimbledon clothing. As of June 2006, Wimbledon's contract with Ralph Lauren is set to last until 2009.
Players
The All England Club requires players to wear "almost entirely white" clothing during matches (used as an excuse by a young Andre Agassi for not playing the tournament in 1990, although his decision may have had more to do with his game at the time being unsuited to grass; he later won the competition). No other Grand Slam tournament has such a strict dress code for players. During matches, female players are always referred to by the title "Miss" or "Mrs"; married female players were formally referred to by their husband's names: for example, Chris Evert-Lloyd appeared on scoreboards as "Mrs. J. M. Lloyd" during her marriage to John M. Lloyd. This custom has been abandoned; the title "Mr" is never used for male players.
Royal Family
Previously, players bowed or curtsied to members of the Royal Family seated in the Royal Box upon entering or leaving Centre Court. In 2003 , however, the President of the All England Club, HRH The Duke of Kent, decided to discontinue the tradition. Now, players are required to bow or curtsy only if the Queen or the Prince of Wales is present.
Strawberries and cream
For the spectators, strawberries and cream is the traditional snack at Wimbledon. Approximately 62,000 pounds of strawberries and 1,540 gallons of cream are sold each year during the Championships.
Radio Wimbledon
Since 1992, Radio Wimbledon – an on-site radio station with a studio in the Centre Court building – has broadcast commentary, music and speech from 8am to 10pm daily throughout the championship. They also broadcast the draw on the Friday prior to the start of the tournament. Radio Wimbledon can be heard within a five-mile radius on 87.7 FM, and also online. It operates under a Restricted Service License and is arguably the most sophisticated RSL annually in the UK. The main presenters are Sam Lloyd and Nick Dye. Typically they work alternate four hour shifts. Reporters and commentators include Gigi Salmon, Nick Lestor, Rupert Bell, Nigel Bidmead, Guy Swindells, Lucie Ahl, Nadine Towell and Helen Whitaker. Often they will report from the "Crow's Nest", an elevated building housing the court 2 and 3 scoreboards which affords views of most of the outside courts. Regular guests include Sue Mappin. In recent years Radio Wimbledon acquired a second low-power FM frequency (within the grounds only) of 96.3 FM for uninterrupted Centre Court commentary, and, from 2006, a third for coverage from No. 1 Court on 97.8 FM. Hourly news bulletins and travel (using RDS) are also broadcast.
Television Coverage
For over 60 years, the BBC has broadcast the tournament on television in the UK, splitting time for the many matches it covers between its two main terrestrial channels, BBC One and BBC Two. During the days of British Satellite Broadcasting, its sports channel carried extra coverage of Wimbledon for subscribers, and the BBC annually distributes its commercial-free feed to outlets worldwide. Americans have made a tradition of NBC's "Breakfast at Wimbledon" specials on the weekends, where live coverage starts early in the morning (the US being a minimum of 5 hours behind the UK) and continues well into the afternoon, interspersed with commentary and interviews from Bud Collins, whose tennis acumen and (in)famous patterned trousers are well-known to tennis fans in the USA. Collins was fired by NBC in 2007, but was promptly hired by ESPN, the cable home for The Championships in the States.
Wimbledon was also involved, unintentionally, in a piece of television history, on 1 July 1967 . That was when the first, official, colour broadcast took place in the UK. Four hours live coverage of Wimbledon was shown on BBC2 (then the only colour channel in the UK), and although footage of that historic match no longer survives, the men's final that year is still held in the BBC archives, for it was the first men's final transmitted in colour.
From 2007, the most anticipated Wimbledon matches are transmitted in High Definition, on the BBC's free-to-air channel BBC HD, with continual live coverage during the tournament of Centre Court and Court No. 1 as well as an evening highlight show ( Today at Wimbledon).
Tickets
Wimbledon is the only major grand slam where fans without tickets for play that day can queue up and still get seats on Centre Court, Court 1 and Court 2. Usually there are 2 queues and each are allotted about 250 seats for each court. Fans are handed vouchers when they arrive in their queue with a number on it and the following morning when the line moves towards the Grounds, stewards come through the line and hand out wristbands that are colour coded to the specific court. The voucher is then redeemed at the ticket office for the ticket.
To get into the show courts, fans will normally have to queue overnight at Wimbledon. This is done by fans from all over the world and is considered part of the Wimbledon experience in itself. Tennis enthusiasts planning to queue overnight for the Championships are advised to bring along a tent and a sleeping bag. Times to queue up vary according to the weather, but anyone queueing up before 9PM on a weekday should be able to get a show court ticket. Queuing for the show courts end after the quarter finals have been completed.
Trophies and prize money
The Ladies' (top) and Gentlemen's singles trophies.
The Gentlemen's Singles champion receives a silver gilt cup 18.5 inches (about 47 cm) in height and 7.5 inches (about 19 cm) in diameter. The trophy has been awarded since 1887 and bears the inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World." The Ladies' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the " Venus Rosewater Dish", or simply the "Rosewater Dish". The salver, which is 18.75 inches (about 48 cm) in diameter, is decorated with figures from mythology. The winners of the Gentlemen's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles, and Mixed Doubles events receive silver cups. The runner-up in each event receives an inscribed silver plate. The trophies are usually presented by the President of the All England Club, The Duke of Kent, and by his wife, the Duchess of Kent.
At Wimbledon, more prize money was traditionally awarded in the Gentlemen's events than in the Ladies' events. However, as of 2007 prize money is equal at all levels (in part in response to a powerful protest by tennis player Venus Williams). This makes Wimbledon policy identical to that of the Australian Open, US Open, and most recently the French Open. In 2005, Wimbledon prize money exceeded a total of £10 million (£10,085,510) total for the first time. The sums awarded to the winners of each of the main events in 2007 are as follows (the amounts shown for the doubles events are per pair):
Gentlemen's Singles Winner £700,000 (US $1,408,181.53)
Ladies' Singles Winner £700,000 (US $1,408,181.53)
Gentlemen's Doubles Winners £222,900 (US $448,405.23)
Ladies' Doubles Winners £222,900 (US $448,405.23)
Mixed Doubles Winners £90,000 (US $181,051.91)
This was the first year that both the Gentlemen's and Ladies' Singles had the same prize money. Total prize money at Wimbledon 2007 was nearly 9% more than in 2006.
Champions
Roger Federer at the 2005 championships
Among the four major titles, Wimbledon is the one that generates the most anxiety for the British. This is due to the fact that not only has no British player won a Wimbledon singles title since 1977, but no Brit has even been in the singles finals since then. Therefore, all the British (especially the English) usually will rally around a single countryman to bring back the glory. In the recent past, the retired Tim Henman was the most prominent hope. Andy Murray has become the next hope to rally around.
Gentlemen's Singles
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July 12th marks the anniversary of the first ever concert of the moderately famous band known as The Rolling Stones. In what year did this concert take place? | July in London 2016 | London Events 2016 | LondonTown.com
July in London 2016
© Hamish Brown
The Royal Academy of Arts displays intimate portraits by David Hockney, Florence and the Machine, Take That and Beyonce perform live, and the Museum of London marks the 350th anniversary of the Great Fire of London in July 2016.
The trip hop pioneers perform against LED screens set up by longtime collaborators United Visual Artists.
Massive Attack Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Concerts
Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge, London, W2 2UH
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The reformed trip hop duo, who originally started in Bristol in 1988, perform a provocative audio-visual show as part of British Summer Time at Hyde Park . Innovative Bristolian pioneers Massive Attack - Robert '3D' Del Naja and Grant 'Daddy G' Marshall - renowned for fusing together a wide range of styles, from punk to reggae to R&B, continues to win fans with their latest EP, Ritual Spirit, and a recent sold-out tour. The Hyde Park gig has been designed by Robert Del Naja and longtime collaborators United Visual Artists who wire up the band's trademark LED screens flashing up facts, figures and headlines. Support comes from special guests Patti Smith, TV On The Radio, Warpaint and Ghostpoet.
Anthony Neilson returns to the Royal Court Theatre, creating a play in the rehearsal room.
Unreachable Royal Court Theatre, Sloane Square London, SW1W 8AS Theatre
Royal Court Theatre, Sloane Square, London, SW1W 8AS
Dates: 01st July - 06th August 2016
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Known for his pioneering and imaginative work, Anthony Neilson returns to the Royal Court Theatre in 2016 with Unreachable , a play about a film director on an obsessive quest to capture the perfect light. We can't say anymore than that at the moment as the play will be created in the rehearsal room, with a cast of actors to be announced.
Barclaycard presents British Summer Time Hyde Park Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Concerts
Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge, Hyde Park, London, W2 2UH
Dates: 30th Jun to 6th Jul 2017
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British Summer Time Hyde Park is back for a fourth year in 2016 with another impressive line-up. This year will see Florence & the Machine , Kendrick Lamar, Jamie XX share the bill while Mumford & Sons and Take That headline on Friday 8th and Saturday 9th July. Now a firm fixture for summer in London, the extravaganza features live music, comedy acts and film screenings and a mini village of cafes, bistros and independent food stalls, themed pubs and cocktail bars across Hyde Park. Themed zones, each with its own installations and refreshments, provide laid back entertainment from Monday to Thursday while big name bands pump out the hits on the weekends.
David Hockney RA: 79 Portraits and 2 Still Lifes
Celia Birtwell and Barry Humphries are among Hockney's portraits of friends and art world figures.
David Hockney RA: 79 Portraits and 2 Still Lifes Royal Academy of Arts, Burlington House London, W1J 0BD Exhibitions
Royal Academy of Arts, Burlington House, London, W1J 0BD
Dates: 02nd July - 02nd October 2016
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In 2012 David Hockney's A Bigger Picture filled the Royal Academy of Arts with vast landscapes in the year London hosted the Olympics. Now, a mere four years later, those "overblown" (Evening Standard) landscapes have been set aside for more intimate portraits. Hockney, who once said he prefers to only paint people he knows, has been working on a series of portraits of friends and art world figures since 2013, all of whom sit in the same chair against the same backdrop, painting over the course of three days. Around 70 of these new equal-sized portraits are displayed including fashion designer Celia Birtwell, Dame Edna Everage's alter ego Barry Humphries, the Californian artist John Baldessari and Hockney's older sister Margaret.
Florence & The Machine, Kendrick Lamar, Jamie XX Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Concerts
Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge, London, W2 2UH
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They've headlined at Glastonbury, won at the BRITs, had huge success with 2009 debut album Lungs, now Florence and The Machine head to Hyde Park for British Summer Time . Joining Florence Welch and her band is platinum-selling, multiple Grammy winner musician hip-hop artist Kendrick Lamar. The Compton, California native has been compared to Bob Dylan by Pharrell Williams who has also credited Kendrick with re-energising hip hop. Also on the bill for 2nd July is Jamie XX, founding member of Mercury Prize winning band The xx, and Blood Orange, the latest musical project by British singer and producer Dev Hynes who toured with Florence The Machine in 2012 and who collaborated with Welch on 'Lungs'.
Beyonce: The Formation World Tour Wembley Stadium, Wembley London, HA9 0WS Concerts
Wembley Stadium, Wembley, London, HA9 0WS
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Queen of Pop Beyonc� comes to Wembley for one night in 2016 as part of her Formation World Tour. Known for her surprises and unexpected releases, the star announced her tour, delivered a political performance at the Super Bowl, and released her surprise new single, Formation, all within 36 hours, with her global tour kicking off in two months. Her first solo tour since the ambitious 2013 Mrs Carter Show World Tour, it's sure to be another spectacular affair. Tickets go on general sale on Tuesday 16th February and will no doubt be snapped right up - Queen B will also be stopping by Sunderland, Cardiff, Manchester, Glasgow and Dublin if you fail to snap up London tickets.
The seven-time Grammy Award winning singer performs her classic Motown hits.
Gladys Knight Royal Albert Hall, Kensington Gore London, SW7 2AP Concerts
Royal Albert Hall, Kensington Gore, London, SW7 2AP
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Her music career started in the 1950s when she performed alongside her brother, sister and cousins in 'The Pips' and, sixty years on, Gladys Knight is still able to sell out the Royal Albert Hall . The seven-time Grammy Award winning singer will be performing all her classic hits including 'Midnight Train To Georgia', one of the most famous Motown records to this day, 'You're The Best Thing' (that ever happened to me), and that classic Bond film track 'Licence To Kill'. As well as old favourites like 'The Way We Were' and 'Baby Don't Change Your Mind' Gladys will be singing tracks from her latest album 'Where My Heart Belongs'.
The singer whose life is immortalised in the West End musical Beautiful comes to Hyde Park.
Carole King Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Concerts
Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge, London, W2 2UH
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Performing her first concert in London in almost three decades influential Californian pop and soft rock singer-songwriter Carole King, whose life is immortalised in the West End musical Beautiful , steps back in time to the 1970s to performs her landmark album Tapestry from beginning to end for the first time including the hits It's Too Late and You've Got A Friend. Support comes from another classic songwriter from the California scene, Don Henley,drummer, co-lead vocalist and driving force behind The Eagles. Carole's daughter Louise Goffin, an acclaimed recording artist in her own right, also performs live.
400th Anniversary of The Queen's House The Queen's House, Park Row London, SE10 9NF Exhibitions
The Queen's House, Park Row, London, SE10 9NF
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A stunning example of Inigo Jones's work, The Queen's House , the first classical building in the country, reopens on 4th July 2016 with refurbished galleries and new displays to mark its 400th anniversary . Designed in 1616 for the wife of James I, Anne of Denmark, the Queen's House is a masterpiece of 17th-century architecture. Within it, the King's Presence Chamber and the Tulip Stairs have been restored to their former glory while new galleries chart the changing relationship between the Queen's House, the people who created it and those who lived and worked there, from royalty and courtiers to the Navy. As well as the new displays, Orazio Gentileschi's painting of Joseph and Potiphar's Wife returns, shown in its original surroundings for the first time since 1650.
The inspiration behind the new-look London Underground uniform.
Wayne Hemingway: Talk London Transport Museum, 39 Wellington Street London, WC2E 7BB Exhibitions
London Transport Museum, 39 Wellington Street, London, WC2E 7BB
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Wayne Hemingway, the designer behind Red or Dead and the man tasked with designing the new London Underground uniform, talks with BBC London's Robert Elms about the inspirations behind the design, and the challenges he faced designing a practical, fit-for-purpose uniform for such a large work force. The talk at the London Transport Museum 's Upper Deck cafe bar includes money off cocktails and other drinks and the chance to hear from one of the great names in fashion.
The acclaimed adaptation of The Trojan Women is staged in the UK for the first time.
Queens of Syria The Young Vic, 66 The Cut London, SE1 8LZ Theatre
The Young Vic, 66 The Cut, London, SE1 8LZ
Dates: 05th - 09th July 2016
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An acclaimed adaptation of Euripides's The Trojan Women, Queens of Syria comes to the UK for the first time, being staged at the Young Vic Theatre for a three-week run before going on a UK tour. First performed in Jordan in 2013, the show sees an all-female cast of Syrian refugees explore parallels between the ancient Greek tragedy and the catastrophe of today's civil war. Set against the backdrop of Yasmin Fedda's award-winning documentary, the moving production will present a first-hand experience of a country in turmoil.
A modern day Medea, this drama follows an unapologetic single mother.
Fury Soho Theatre, 21 Dean Street London, W1D 3NE Theatre
Soho Theatre, 21 Dean Street, London, W1D 3NE
Dates: 05th - 30th July 2016
Billed as a chilling and powerful modern Medea, Fury at the Soho Theatre is about motherhood and class, following an unapologetic single mother who is judged before she's even opened her mouth. Sam is a Londoner born and bred and has made mistakes, but who can blame her? Tom rents the flat above, the one Sam cleans, and he bribes her with the threat of calling the Social. Is Tom a monster? Or are Sam's kids better off without her? A decision needs to be made. Directed by Hannah Hauer-King, Fury has been shortlisted for the Verity Bargate Award and also won the Soho Theatre Young Writer's Award.
RHS Hampton Court Palace Flower Show Hampton Court Palace, East Molesey, Surrey London, KT8 9AU Exhibitions
Hampton Court Palace, East Molesey, Surrey, London, KT8 9AU
Dates: 4th to 9th Jul 2017
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Held within the grounds of Henry VIII's palace - where he built one of the finest gardens in the world - the Hampton Court Palace Flower Show is a highlight of London's summer calendar. Returning in July this year, notable activities for 2016 include the Butterfly Dome, where you can wander through thousands of free-flying butterflies from Indonesia and South America; the Show Gardens, a favourite each year with a spectacular selection to provide garden-envy; Family Saturday, packed with activities such as sowing seeds, a fun trail, story-telling and cookery classes; and the Flower Marquee, where you can pick up tips from floral exhibitors and specialist nurseries.
A four-day series of al fresco concerts.
Greenwich Music Time Old Royal Naval College, King William Walk London, SE10 9LW Concerts
Old Royal Naval College, King William Walk, London, SE10 9LW
Dates: 05th - 10th July 2016
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Set within the grounds of the Old Royal Naval College , Greenwich Music Time is a four-day series of al fresco concerts. Returning for its third year, this year's festival welcomes Croatian sensations 2CELLOS, 'Kiss From a Rose' singer Seal, American blues rock guitarist, singer and songwriter Joe Bonamassa, '80s pop duo Roxette, '70s rock outfit 10cc and UK jazz icon Jamie Cullum as its headliners. Concerts take place in the magnificent surroundings of Sir Christopher Wren's twin-domed riverside masterpiece, over looking the Thames, lit by the big city lights of Canary Wharf.
Tate Modern reassesses the abstract artist's place in the canon of modern art.
Georgia O'Keeffe Tate Modern, Bankside Power Station, 25 Sumner Street London, SE1 9TG Exhibitions
Tate Modern, Bankside Power Station, 25 Sumner Street, London, SE1 9TG
Dates: 06th July - 30th October 2016
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The first large-scale, monographic show on Georgia O'Keeffe in the UK for more than twenty years, this ambitious Tate Modern overview reassesses her place in the canon of modern art. Widely considered a founding figure of American modernism, the exhibition charts her progression from early abstract experiments to late work in the 1970s when she was claimed as an important pioneer by feminist artists. This exhibition relates her spiritual engagement with the landscape to the American tradition of landscape painting, examines her relationship with photographer, art promoter and her husband Alfred Stieglitz, and positions her flower works in the context of abstraction.
Somerset House Summer Series Somerset House, Strand London, WC2R 1LA Concerts
Somerset House, Strand, Covent Garden, London, WC2R 1LA
Dates: 07th - 17th July 2016
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Laura Mvula, Everything Everything and house music pioneer St Germain are the stand-out acts at this year's Somerset House Summer Series. Jack Savoretti, James Morrison, and two-time Grammy Award nominated Hiatus Kaiyote are also dropping by the central courtyard of Somerset House for the eleven day Summer Series, an idyllic, intimate, calming, escapist location for a concert on a summer's evening. As a breeze drifts in off the Thames you'll forget the city bustle outside and tune into some great music, surrounded by one of eighteenth century London's most spectacular buildings. Paul Heaton & Jacqui Abbott, formerly of The Beautiful South, north Londoner Benjamin Clementine, Courtney Barnett, and seven-piece Parisian band Caravan Palace complete the line up.
The band rock Hyde Park with support from Alabama Shakes, Mystery Jets and Nick Mulvey.
Mumford & Sons Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Concerts
Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge, London, W2 2UH
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The multi-platinum selling London-based indie-folk outfit led by singer Marcus Mumford, Mumford & Sons, performs at Hyde Park for what is sure to be a highlight of the British Summer Time shows this July. Three years since the band co-headlined Glastonbury along with the Rolling Stones, the "leaders of the folk revival" have beefed up their rock credentials - their third album, Wilder Mind, was the bestselling rock debut since Coldplay's Ghost Stories a year before. Support comes from special guests Alabama Shakes, Wolf Alice, Mystery Jets, Nick Mulvey, Baaba Maal, The Very Best, BORNS, Beatenberg and Baio.
A showcase of grand stage illusions and up-close magic.
Impossible Noel Coward Theatre, St Martin's Lane London, WC2N 4AU Theatre
Noel Coward Theatre, St Martin's Lane, London, WC2N 4AU
Dates: 08th July - 27th August 2016
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A showcase of grand stage illusions, up-close magic, death-defying escapology and trickery, Impossible returns to the Noel Coward Theatre in 2016. "The biggest magic show in decades", the show features a modern-day Houdini, daredevil and TV escapologist Jonathan Goodwin, mind-reader Chris Cox, boundary breaking magician Ben Hart, break-dancing street magician Magical Bones and more. If watching Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell on the box has stirred up your interest in magic, this is a chance to see it live with no TV trickery.
Calvin Harris, The 1975 and Sigma perform.
Wireless Festival 2016 Finsbury Park, Endymion Road London, N4 1EE Concerts
Finsbury Park, Endymion Road, London, N4 1EE
Dates: 08th - 10th July 2016
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Wireless 2016 doesn't disappoint with the likes of Calvin Harris, The 1975, Chase & Status, Sigma, Miguel and Jess Glynne all on the line-up. With the festival returning to Finsbury Park for the third year, further performances will also come from Kygo, Martin Garrix, J.Cole, Boy Better Know and Kwabs. Since its first outing back in 2005 Wireless has firmly established itself as one of London's major large scale live music events, attracting crowds of over 20,000 for each of the three days.
The festival comes to Blackheath for the first time.
Foodies Festival, Blackheath Blackheath Common, Shooters Hill Road London, SE3 0UA Foodie Events
Blackheath Common, Shooters Hill Road, London, SE3 0UA
Dates: 08th - 10th July 2016
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The Foodies Festival comes to Blackheath for the first time this summer for three days of culinary fun. The UK's biggest celebration of food and drink, Foodies is known for its packed programmes and this festival will be no different with chefs such as celebrity chef Rosemary Shrager, Michelin starred Adam Simmonds, Will Stayner of York & Albany, Guy Betteridge of Heddon Street Kitchen and Paul Shearing of the Bread Street Kitchen all attending. There will also be a drinks theatre, a section on feel good and superfoods, a street food avenue, artisan producers market, tea room, chilli eating challenge and children's cookery school. The Foodies Festival also comes to Syon Park and Alexandra Palace in 2016.
Gary Barlow, Howard Donald and Mark Owen perform a spectacular live show in Hyde Park.
Take That Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Concerts
Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge, London, W2 2UH
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The original boy band, Take That come to Hyde Park for the first time this summer as presents British Summer Time Hyde Park returns for a fourth year. Five have become three following Jason Orange's departure but the band is still selling out arenas around the world. Gary Barlow, Howard Donald and Mark Owen perform old favourites like 'Relight My Fire', 'Everything Changes But You' 'Could It Be Magic' and 'A Million Love Songs' as well as new songs from their most recent album 'III' which went straight to Number One at the end of 2014. The band is renowned for its spectacular live productions with aerialists, circus performers, holograms and robots, and this show will be no different. Support acts are Olly Murs, Ella Eyre, Jamie Lawson and Nathan Sykes who found fame in boyband The Wanted before going solo.
The festival returns for a third year.
Festival of Love Southbank Centre, Belvedere Road London, SE1 8XX Exhibitions
Southbank Centre, Belvedere Road, London, SE1 8XX
Dates: 3rd June to 28th August 2017
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Returning for a third year, Southbank Centre 's summer-long Festival of Love celebrates love in all its guises. Last year saw different types of human love explored and the project continues in 2016 with installations, performances and free events, including the second Big Wedding Weekend on the August Bank Holiday weekend when 100 couples are invited to marry in mass ceremonies in the Royal Festival Hall. This year's programme includes a one-off performance by Marc Almond singing nostalgic and atmospheric songs of lost and unrequited love. Jeppe Hein's Appearing Rooms fountain returns, as does the Queen Elizabeth Hall Roof Garden , the urban beach beside the river, and the weekly Southbank Centre Market every Friday to Sunday throughout the summer.
Wimbledon Finals Weekend
The climax of the world famous tennis tournament.
Wimbledon Finals Weekend Wimbledon: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Church Road London, SW19 5AE Sporting Events
Wimbledon: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Church Road, London, SW19 5AE
Dates: 09th - 10th July 2016
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Can Andy Murray do it again? The home crowd will be hoping he can and will be expecting to see the Scot in the finals again this year, aiming to regain the title he won in 2013, a year after he won Olympic gold. The Wimbledon Finals Weekend, a highlight of the sporting year in London, begins with the ladies' final on Saturday, followed by the men's match on Sunday, both played out on Centre Court, now covered by a roof so there's no risk of seeing Cliff Richard entertaining the crowds when the weather refuses to play ball. Tickets are like gold dust but anyone can get tickets via the ballot - enter before December to be in with a chance.
Performing his Grammy Award-winning 1976 album Songs In The Key Of Life in its entirety.
Stevie Wonder Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Concerts
Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge, London, W2 2UH
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Stevie Wonder, the prodigious singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, performs his Grammy Award-winning 1976 album Songs In The Key Of Life in its entirety 40 years after the Motown Records recording was first released. The tour of the album - which Elton John says he always takes a copy of, wherever he goes - comes to the UK for the first time with a set list which includes the hits Sir Duke, Isn't She Lovely and I Wish. The Hyde Park concert, one of six British Summer Time gigs to be held in the central London park, has already sold out - proving the popularity of the singer who gave us such memorable classics as 'Ebony and Ivory' and 'I Just Called to Say I Love You'. And there's strong support from Pharrell Williams, Corinne Bailey Rae and KING, making for a memorable day of soul and R&B.
A new stage musical of the 1993 film.
Groundhog Day Old Vic Theatre, 103 The Cut London, SE1 8NB Theatre
Old Vic Theatre, 103 The Cut, London, SE1 8NB
Dates: 11th July - 17th September 2016
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Based on the 1993 comedy starring Bill Murray, a new stage musical of Groundhog Day will be given its world premiere at the Old Vic in 2016. Part of Matthew Warchus's inaugural season, who takes over from Kevin Spacey, the musical sees the creative team behind hit musical Matilda work together once again, with composer and lyricist Tim Minchin, choreographer Peter Darling and designer Rob Howell team up with writer Danny Rubin. The story follows miserable TV weather man Phil Connors, who gets sent to cover the annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania and becomes stuck in a time loop and has to live the same day over and over.
Simply Red, Will Young, the Gipsy Kings and Jools Holland are live at Kew.
Kew the Music Kew Gardens (Royal Botanic Gardens), Kew, Richmond London, TW9 3AB Concerts
Kew Gardens (Royal Botanic Gardens), Kew, Richmond, London, TW9 3AB
Dates: 12th - 17th July 2016
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Simply Red, Will Young, the Gipsy Kings and Jools Holland and his Rhythm and Blues Orchestra are on the Kew the Music line-up when it returns for more summer concerts in July 2016. The series of outdoor picnic concerts set against the backdrop of the Victorian Temperate House at Kew Gardens has been running for five years now and its sixth year is set to be just as magical. For the ultimate package there is also the option to VIP your evening with picnic hampers, a BBQ at the Pavilion Restaurant and reserved seating.
A liberating dark comedy about modern relationships.
Some Girl(s) Park Theatre, 11 Clifton Terrace London, N4 3JP Theatre
Park Theatre, 11 Clifton Terrace, London, N4 3JP
Dates: 13th July - 06th August 2016
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Written by the Tony Award-nominated Neil Labute, Some Girl(s) is a liberating dark comedy about modern relationships. Guy is hoping to clear his conscience before he gets married to his beautiful fianc� so he embarks on a journey across America to make amends with four old flames. But, as he sets off on the psychological and physical trip, he wonders if there is something, or someone, he's missing. Adapted into a film in 2013, the production now comes to London's Park Theatre .
Just For Laughs London Russell Square, Bloomsbury London, WC1B 5BE Comedy
Russell Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1B 5BE
Dates: 13th - 24th July 2016
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From the creators of the world's largest multi-venue comedy festival, Just For Laughs in Montreal, Just For Laughs London is a brand new experience coming to Russell Square this summer. The eleven-day festival brings together street performers, stand-up comedians, cabaret, magicians and art installations. Cult comedian Jim Jefferies headlines while further acts on the line-up include British sporting hero Eddie the Eagle, Bethnal Green's very own Gina Yashere and spectacular illusion show the Champions of Magic. Further highlights include a world exclusive from Whose Line Is It Anyway? star Colin Mochrie, intriguing hypnosis show Hyprov and music from The Church.
The true story of award-winning journalist David Holthouse.
Stalking the Bogeyman Southwark Playhouse, 77-85 Newington Causeway London, SE1 6BD Theatre
Southwark Playhouse, 77-85 Newington Causeway, London, SE1 6BD
Dates: 13th July - 06th August 2016
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Gerard McCarthy, one of the better actors in Hollyoaks (in the role of Kris Fisher) and who also played Kevin McSwain in The Fall starring Gillian Anderson, takes on the lead role in Stalking the Bogeyman, the true story of award-winning journalist David Holthouse. The drama reveals how the investigative journalist came up with a secret plot to murder the man who raped him when he was seven years old. McCarthy leads a strong cast which includes Glynis Barber - familiar to most as Glenda Mitchell in EastEnders - as David's mother, Nancy Holthouse.
Jukebox, Jewkbox! A Century on Shellac and Vinyl
Walk through the history of vinyl and watch music videos in the 'Jewtube' lounge.
Jukebox, Jewkbox! A Century on Shellac and Vinyl Jewish Museum, Raymond Burton House, 129-131 Albert Street London, NW1 7NB Exhibitions
Jewish Museum, Raymond Burton House, 129-131 Albert Street, Camden Town, London, NW1 7NB
Dates: 14th July - 16th October 2016
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In 1887 German-Jewish emigrant Emil Berliner patented his gramophone and changed the world. The Jewish Museum London takes this moment in history as its starting point and explores the history of Jewish inventors, musicians, composers, music producers and songwriters and our experience of them in the 20th century through shellac and vinyl. The exhibition opens with technology and the record business, including early examples of gramophones and shellac records, and the hugely popular Dansette, a fashionable record-player which doubled as a stylish piece of furniture. Over 40 audio stories and close to 500 record sleeves are included in the interactive exhibition where visitors can hang out in the 'Jewtube' lounge and watch music videos.
A new production of the rock opera, 45 years after it was first staged.
Jesus Christ Superstar Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park, Inner Circle, Regent's Park London, NW1 4NR Theatre
Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park, Inner Circle, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4NR
Dates: 15th July - 27th August 2016
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Celebrating 45 years since Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar was first staged, Timothy Sheader directs a new production of the show for the 2016 Regent's Park Open Air Theatre season. Audiences will once again be able to enjoy legendary scoring such as I Don't Know How to Love Him, Gethsemane and Superstar, but this time it will be in the unique surroundings of the Open Air Theatre. Musical direction comes from Tom Deering and choreography by Drew McOnie.
Major Lazor and LCD Soundsystem headline this year.
Lovebox 2016 Victoria Park, Grove Road, Tower Hamlets London, E3 5SN Concerts
Victoria Park, Grove Road, Tower Hamlets, London, E3 5SN
Dates: 15th - 16th July 2016
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Lovebox, London's answer to Glastonbury, is back for 2016 with one incredible line-up. Taking place in Victoria Park , this year's two-day bonanza welcomes Major Lazor, and LCD Soundsystem to headline while further appearances will come from Run the Jewels, Jungle, Jack Garratt, Mike Snow, Diplo, Kano, Steve Lewler and Stromzy - just to name a very few. Vicky Park is a great festival venue, with loads of space and a sympathetic council who let them turn the music up really loud - the perfect excuse to sack off work on Friday and make it a long weekend.
The show returns with Beverley Knight for a limited six-month run.
The Bodyguard Dominion Theatre, 268-269 Tottenham Court Road London, W1T 7AQ Theatre
Dominion Theatre, 268-269 Tottenham Court Road, Covent Garden, London, W1T 7AQ
Dates: 15th July 2016 to 7th January 2017
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The Bodyguard returns to the West End for a limited six month run from summer 2016 with Beverley Knight playing the title role. A huge hit in London when it first premiered in 2012, it played to a packed house for two years ago. Based on the Oscar-nominated movie starring Whitney Houston as pop-singing superstar Rachel Marron and Kevin Costner as former Secret Service agent Frank Farmer, the pair are brought together when Frank is hired to protect Rachel from an unidentified stalker. As the danger heightens, so do emotions and the couple eventually fall madly in love. This musical drama adaptation is choreographed by Arthur Pita and directed by Thea Sharrock, accompanied by unforgettable Whitney classics: One Moment in Time, I Have Nothing, I Wanna Dance with Somebody and singer's greatest hit, I Will Always Love You, which spent a record amount of time at the top of the charts in 1992. NOTE: At Monday evening and Wednesday matinee performances the role of Rachel Marron will be played by Carole Stennett.
Sherlock Holmes: The Experience Madame Tussauds, Marylebone Road London, NW1 5LR Theatre
Madame Tussauds, Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5LR
Dates: From 15th July 2016
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The world of Sherlock Holmes is brought to life this summer at Madame Tussauds in new immersive attraction, Sherlock Holmes: The Experience. Created in partnership with the Olivier-nominated Les Enfants Terribles, the team behind Alice's Adventures Underground, it will be a permanent attraction that invites visitors to don the great detective's deerstalker to help Dr Watson find Sherlock. Staged in the atmospheric basement of the Marylebone attractions, the interactive theatrical experience fuses storytelling, multi-textured theatrical sets, illusion, actors and sound effects. Visitors will be taken into the detective's drawing room, along lamp-lit Victorian streets and to the dark moors where the infamous demon hound lurks. Alongside the permanent attraction will be evening show The Game's Afoot, running for a limited period. In the separately ticketed event visitors will play detective and are tasked with solving a case worthy of the detective himself.
Up-and-coming artisans, artists, fashion designers and jewellery designers.
Embankment Summer Market Victoria Embankment Gardens, Victoria Embankment, Villiers Street London, WC2N 6PB Shopping
Victoria Embankment Gardens, Victoria Embankment, Villiers Street, London, WC2N 6PB
Dates: 15th - 17th July 2016
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Presented by the creators of the Soho Flea Market, the Embankment Summer Market is back after a successful debut in 2015 and brings up-and-coming artisans, artists, fashion designers and jewellery designers to Victoria Embankment Gardens . Alongside more than 180 stalls there will be street food, a bar, bands, musicians and lawn games like giant jenga and croquet. It all adds up to a mini boutique festival and a great day out in a wonderful, scenic location on the north bank of the Thames next to Embankment Station, by the Royal Courts of Justice and Somerset House.
Arguably the most popular season of classical music the world over.
The BBC Proms 2016 Royal Albert Hall, Kensington Gore London, SW7 2AP Concerts
Royal Albert Hall, Kensington Gore, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AP
Dates: 15th July - 10th September 2016
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Held yearly at the Royal Albert Hall , the Proms is arguably the most popular season of classical music the world over, featuring a varied but accessible programme of 90 or so concerts in eight weeks, concluding on the fabled Last Night where seas of Union flag-waving Brits belt out classics such as Jerusalem and the national anthem. The aim, for the past 120 years, has been to mix the popular and familiar with the surprising and innovative, so if you go to a concert to hear some favourite piece, you may leave having discovered a whole new composer. Between 500 and 1,400 standing tickets are available for each Prom on the door for just five pounds, so top international orchestras and soloists, programmes that mix the adventurous and the accessible, and a real sense of fun can all be had for half the price of a central London cinema ticket. There are also chamber music concerts and Saturday matinees in nearby Cadogan Hall and outdoor events throughout the country. The world-famous Last Night of the Proms brings everything to a thrilling finale - and tickets are like gold dust. Alternatively, join Michael Ball and thousands of revellers in the annual Proms in the Park closing party in Hyde Park.
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Not so much a sporting occasion as a celebration of buffoonery and ineptitude, orchestrated by The Chap magazine for gentlemen (and gentlewomen) of good taste, The Chap Olympiad is a spiffing non-sporting event. Bedford Square Gardens , centred on one of the best preserved set pieces of Georgian architecture in London, is a fitting backdrop for such a distinguished gathering. All events can all be entered by members of the public - as long as they're not sporting sportswear. The Chap Olympiad includes zany showdowns like Umbrella Jousting, using bicycles and brollies instead of horses and lances, and the Tug of Hair in which a rope is substituted for a lengthy handlebar moustache. Yikes! There will of course also be sandwiches and lashings of Pimm's.
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The countryside comes to South London for a weekend, cows and all, as the leafy expanse of Brockwell Park welcomes herds of hairy visitors, accompanied by brilliant live music. The annual Lambeth Country Show is a weird and very entertaining mixture: city kids get to soak up a taste of rural England - falconry shows, jousting, sheep dog displays, a fruit and veg competition, steam engines and the like - then restore their urban cool with two days of top ska, soul and reggae with music from some of Brixton's finest soundsystems. Local acts feature on the main stage while over on the Village Green stage you'll find acoustic and folk music followed by some jazz and classical groups. A fantastic free family festival and a tribute to the enduring spirit of London's liveliest borough.
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Since 1987 Walpole Park in Ealing has played host to a festival of Blues which returns to the west London park each summer. The location is an appropriate one to host such a festival, being the birthplace of British Rhythm and Blues, a scene that started in Ealing in 1962. They often have a high calibre of perfomers and listening to the Blues & Rock and Boogie Woogie musicians perform in the beautiful surroundings of Walpole Park is an appealing prospect on a lazy summer's day. Host band of The Ealing Blues Festival, The Guv'nors usually close the show with the popular Festival Closing Jam Session. The festival is organised by The Ealing Club (or Ealing Jazz Club), one of Ealing's legendary venues where the British Rhythm and Blues Boom of the 1960s kicked off.
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From the Olivier nominated creators of Alice's Adventures Underground comes The Game's Afoot, an immersive detective experience where 40 people in a room are tasked with solving two unique cases. Travel back to Victorian London and delve into the world of Sherlock Holmes, the subject of a new exhibition at Madame Tussauds. Don the deerstalker and become Baker Street's famous detective using your powers of deduction to solve the case before the time runs out. As the newest recruits of Scotland Yard, you'll make your own deductions by interviewing suspects, reading reports and searching for hidden clues in this free roaming, multi-sensory and intricate world.
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The National Theatre marks the centenary of the Easter Rising this summer with a revival of Sean O'Casey's The Plough and the Stars. Set between November 1915 and Easter 1916, as the rebellion built to a climax, the play follows the disparate residents of a Dublin tenement as they go about their daily lives, half a mile away from the action. The play, which will be tackled by Howard Davies after he brought O'Casey's The Silver Tassie to the NT in 2014, places a fixed lens on a dozen vivid characters as they come and go, with selflessness and desperate turns while the heroic myth of Ireland is fought elsewhere.
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Back for a fourth year, London Beach Rugby takes place in Finsbury Square again this year. Creating a special sand pitch, 5-a-side teams play for seven minutes with players allowed up to three touches/tackles before the ball is turned over to the opposition - and given the size of the pitch (just 25m by 18m, and surrounded by an inflatable perimeter) it's very much a game of skill, attrition, tactics and speed - as well as a good way to raise money for charity. Sponsored by the delightful refreshing Cornish ale Doom Bar, the tournament is free for the public to watch and also includes a sports stand and the Doom Bar Experience where you can race on rowing machines or just sample some beer.
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A road-closing celebration of cycling, with more than 95,000 cyclists expected to take part, the annual two-day Prudential RideLondon encompasses five separate events for top level pros, keen cyclists and fund-raising, fun-loving two-wheelers. The two-day festival includes: the Prudential RideLondon Grand Prix, and Prudential RideLondon-Surrey Classic - where top cyclists compete in the 200 kilometre race - both for professionals. The Prudential RideLondon Handcycle Classic and the open-to-all Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 . 25,000 riders are expected to participate in the 100-mile event which finishes on The Mall in front of Buckingham Palace and which raised more than �10 million for charity last year. If 100 miles sounds too far, there's always Saturday's FreeCycle event - a more leisurely eight-mile loop through central London over traffic-free roads.
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The annual Brompton World Championship comes to central London for the second time, tying in with the Prudential RideLondon cycling festival. The London event takes the form of a Le Mans style start as 575 smartly-dressed competitors (strictly no Lycra) make a mad dash to unfold their bikes before setting off on the 16 km circuit which starts on The Mall, takes in Horse Guards Parade and Buckingham Palace before finishing back on The Mall. Given the cult-like nature of these much loved folding British Brompton bikes, this promises to be a hugely enjoyable and somewhat eccentric event with prizes for fastest team, best veteran riders and the best dressed cyclists.
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Athletic apparel brand Lululemon hosts its first-ever London festival, Sweatlife. Taking place at Tobacco Dock this July, the one-day festival invites all fitness fans, yoga devotees and anyone that loves getting sweaty to embark on a number of classes and workshops led by top teachers from across the globe. The festival will also feature some of London's favourite studios such as Core Collective, Frame, Gym Class, KOBOX and Xtend Barre, as well as an area dedicated to food and drink with goods from the likes of Grind, Press, Neat Nutrition and Well Happy. As the sun goes down, Lululemon's global ambassador, Gloria Latham, will host a mass yoga rave.
To start the celebrations early and to mark Canada Day, Lululemon will also be hosting a pre-party pop-up this weekend. Running from 1st-3rd July, it will include yoga sessions from the likes of Mind Body Bowl and SteffyWhiteYoga as well as meditation, a Beyonce dance class and foose ball competition.
| 1962 |
What was the name of the character who owned Mayberry's only barber shop on The Andy Griffith Show? | The Rolling Stones | IfOnly
The Rolling Stones
Rock Band
Ever since their first gig at the Marquee Club in London on July 12, 1962, The Rolling Stones have been unstoppable. Their self-titled debut album was just the beginning of what would become an iconic sound. Between 1968 and 1972, they entered their golden age with a string of albums “Beggars' Banquet,” “Let It Bleed,” “Sticky Fingers,” and “Exile on Main St.” In 1986, they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and in 1995, they won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album for “Voodoo Lounge.” They have sold over 250 million albums and in 1989, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, they came in number four in a list for the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time" by Rolling Stone magazine.
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Paul McCartney
The Beatles, Wings
When the Beatles first burst onto the scene in 1960, the quartet of Liverpool mop-tops had one among them who would go on to outperform nearly every other rock musician of his generation. Critics called him "the cute one", but little did they know he would soon become one of the best-selling musicians of all time. Sir Paul McCartney has sold over 100 million albums, written 32 number one hits, including some of the most recognizable songs in modern music, and influenced countless other musicians and artists across nearly every artistic medium. Not only was he a founding member of the most famous band in the history of pop music, but he has continued to excel as a solo artist for well over five decades.
Paul Supports
Meghan Trainor
Singer, Songwriter
Meghan Trainor is bringing doo-wop back to the 21st century. The 21-year-old singer-songwriter makes the sort of blue-eyed soul that would hook any fan of oldies pop, but with the bite and humor of today’s best music. Despite releasing two albums, it wasn’t until the debut of her single "All About That Bass" that Meghan found stardom. The massive hit topped charts around the world, reaching #1 in the U.S., Australia, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The body-positive anthem is the U.K.’s longest-running #1 song by a female act in 2014.
Meghan Trainor Supports
Lady Gaga
Singer-songwriter
International superstar Lady Gaga has had a tremendously successful career that has already solidified her place in pop culture history. In 2008, her debut album The Fame featured two international chart toppers, “Just Dance” and “Poker Face.” Her 2009 follow up The Fame Monster kept the Gaga fire stoked with two hit singles. The accompanying Monster Ball Tour became one of the highest grossing concert tours ever. Part recording artist, part performance artist, her eccentricities draw our attention. That attention paired with world-class talent has launched her to the top of the pop world.
To stay up-to-date and connect with Lady Gaga, join her on LittleMonsters.com
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Rick Springfield
Musician, Singer, Songwriter, Actor, Author
Whether he's playing a heartthrob doctor on television or singing one of the biggest radio hits of the '80s, Rick Springfield has made a career out of capturing both eyes and ears. Since 1972 he has released 17 studio albums and 34 singles, including the worldwide number one hit "Jessie's Girl," which earned him an outstanding music achievements award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance in 1981. Rick is also an accomplished actor and author. He has written two best sellers and starred in a daytime medical drama soap opera. His autobiography Late, Late at Night was on a top pop culture magazine's list of "The 25 Great Rock Memoirs of All Time" and his new novel Magnificent Vibration came out to critical acclaim in May.
Rick Supports
Chris Cornell
Rock Musician
Chris Cornell remains one of the best rock voices of all time. Achieving multi-platinum success with three legendary bands, Soundgarden, Temple Of The Dog, and Audioslave, he has forged his own unique identity over three decades as an outstanding music achievements award-winning, film excellence accolade-nominated singer, songwriter, guitarist, composer and lyricist, selling over 30 million records worldwide.
The HIGHER TRUTH tour celebrates his fifth album as a solo artist. Although he is often called the ‘chief architect of the grunge movement’, this latest acoustic-led album shows a different side to his artistry. Indeed, a top pop culture magazine said these new songs have the "balance of power and intimacy Cornell has always wanted his solo music to have", displaying his evolution and growth as a master craftsman songwriter.
Usher
Singer, Songwriter, Actor, Businessman
Usher ranks among music’s most successful performers, but his prowess as a businessman and producer has secured his perennial spot in the peak echelons of his field. He rose to prominence in the late ‘90s with his six-time platinum album My Way and to date he has sold over 65 million albums making him one of the best-selling American artists in history. Usher has also found great success in other industries including numerous turns as an actor in major films, and business ventures ranging from restaurants to a stake in the Cleveland Cavaliers team. After living most of his young life in the spotlight, Usher has remained one of music’s most beloved performers, most respected entrepreneurs, and a beacon of style.
Usher Supports
Rob Thomas
Lead Singer of Matchbox Twenty
After three Grammys and over 80 million albums sold, it's safe to say Rob Thomas is one of the most successful songwriters of the last decade. As the singer of Matchbox Twenty, whose seminal 1996 album Yourself or Someone Like You has become a classic of alternative rock, Rob fronted one of the biggest rock acts of the '90s. He has also led an accomplished solo career. "Smooth," a collaboration with guitarist Santana, won the 1999 Grammy for Song of the Year and ranks #1 on Billboard's Top Hot 100 Rock Songs of all time. In 2004 Rob was presented the first ever "Starlight Award" from the Songwriters Hall of Fame, given to young songwriters who have already made a significant contribution to music.
Rob Supports
Farm Aid
Benefit Concert
Farm Aid's mission is to build a vibrant, family farm-centered system of agriculture in America. Farm Aid artists and board members Willie Nelson, John Mellencamp, Neil Young and Dave Matthews host an annual concert to raise funds to support Farm Aid's work with family farmers and to inspire people to choose family farm food. Since 1985, Farm Aid, with the support of the artists who contribute their performances each year, has raised more than $50 million to support programs that help farmers thrive, expand the reach of the Good Food Movement, take action to change the dominant system of industrial agriculture and promote food from family farms.
Farm Aid Supports
Michael Franti & Spearhead
Band
Few artists are able to successfully combine as many musical genres as Michael Franti & Spearhead. Hip hop, reggae, soul, funk, rock - the band pulls exotic rhythms from world music and synthesizes them into something local and familiar. Since their first album, Home, Franti & Spearhead have embedded powerful, politically charged lyrics into their music. They are advocates for human rights, environmentalism, and global peace, and have earned high praise for keeping the message as important as the melody. Recently the band has fine-tuned a pop-folk sound for the wildly successful album The Sound of Sunshine and are regularly playing to packed houses in support of their eighth album release, All People.
Lionel Richie
Singer, Songwriter
Lionel Richie is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. From his early days as a member of the Motown group The Commodores to his success as a solo R&B artist in the '80s and '90s, Lionel’s career includes 10 studio albums, 42 singles (five of them number-one hits), two Grammys, an Academy Award, and legendary duets with the likes of Diana Ross, Michael Jackson, and Kenny Rogers. He is also an accomplished actor and philanthropist, having raised millions for cancer awareness. His most recent album, “Tuskegee,” peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, solidifying his legacy as a paragon of pop music.
Twenty One Pilots
Band
The fact that Twenty One Pilots defy simple description is a testament to their incredible songwriting abilities. Making use of synthesizers as much as dancy drum beats and harmonized vocal backings, the band can drift from poetic pop ballads to rap in the blink of an eye, making them true innovators of new forms of sound. Since forming in Columbus, Ohio in 2009, the band has released four full-length albums, the last of which, "Blurryface," was released in 2015 to critical and commercial success. They are currently on a coast-to-coast tour of the US.
Twenty One Pilots Support
R5
Band
It wouldn’t be an overstatement to describe the rise of pop rock family band R5 as meteoric. In 2013, the group’s first album, “Louder,” scored a top 30 debut on the Billboard 200 charts. This year, they hit the road for a worldwide tour to promote that album and have been regularly playing to packed houses of screaming fans. The Disney Channel's Austin and Ally star Ross Lynch fronts the group, which is composed of his siblings – Riker, Rydel, Rocky – and their good friend Ellington Ratcliff. With adorable good looks, legions of devoted fans, and acting deals, the talented young band continues to hit the right formula for pop rock success.
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Billy Joel
Singer, Songwriter
The accolades for Billy Joel began in 1973, when he wrote the hit song “Piano Man” and began a career for the ages. In all, Billy wrote 33 Top 40 hits and won six Grammy awards while selling over 150 million records, the third most of any musical act in the United States. With a library that includes timeless classics such as “She’s Always a Woman,” “New York State of Mind” and “It’s Still Rock and Roll to Me,” Billy was an easy selection for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1999.
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Kenny Chesney
Artist
One of country music’s most successful artists, Kenny Chesney worked his way up from Nashville’s honky tonk bars to the top of the charts, releasing 16 studio albums, 14 of which have been certified gold. Beginning with his album “Me and You,” the Knoxville-born singer and songwriter has recorded more than 40 top 10 singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs and sold more than 30 millions albums. In 2005 he received the first of four consecutive Entertainer of the Year awards from the Academy of Country Music Awards. Among his numerous charitable efforts, Kenny is a regular performer at Farm Aid, an organization that supports family farms.
Kenny Supports
Demi Lovato
Singer, Actress
Multi-platinum singer, songwriter, actress, and model, Demi Lovato debuted as a child star on “Barney & Friends” before obtaining teen fame in the Disney Channel TV movie “Camp Rock.” This was followed by the release of her first album, “Don’t Forget,” which debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200. By 2011 Demi had quickly outgrown her mouse ears. She showed off a more mature sound on her third album “Unbroken.” Its lead single "Skyscraper" became her first platinum song. In October 2016 Demi released her fifth studio album, “Confident,” to critical and commercial success. A dynamic performer with powerful pop vocals, Demi has headlined several tours, most recently the international Demi World Tour.
Demi Lovato Supports
Neil Young
Singer, Songwriter
Rock ‘n’ roll genius Neil Young is largely regarded as one of the most influential guitarists and songwriters of all time. For almost 50 years, the Canadian native’s blend of folk, country, rock, and grunge has kept fans captivated, making him a chart-topping rock hero. His songs are full of intimate confessions and passionate stories, which have helped hits like “Old Man” and “Harvest Moon” transcend generations. Neil has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame not once, but twice – first as a solo artist, and a few years later as a member of Buffalo Springfield. An outspoken environmentalist and activist, Neil co-founded the Farm Aid concert in 1985 to advocate for the welfare of small farmers.
Neil Supports
Little Big Town
Country Band
Powered by four tornado-strength voices, Little Big Town is an American country band with big city aspirations. Karen Fairchild, Kimberly Schlapman, Jimi Westbrook, and Phillip Sweet — all original members of the band since it formed in 1998 — take turns singing in the sweetly harmonic quartet, presenting pop country fans with hits like “Bring It On Home,” “Little White Church,” and the Grammy Award-winning single “Pontoon.” Last October, Little Big Town’s sixth studio album, “Painkiller,” debuted at #7 on the Billboard 200. This summer the band will headline The Painkiller Tour with special guests Brett Eldredge & Brothers Osborne.
Little Big Town Support
Brad Paisley
Country Music Artist
One of the best-selling country music artists of all time, Brad Paisley has been on the top of the charts for over 15 years. Starting with his 1999 debut album “Who Needs Pictures,” the country great is admired for his guitar playing and personality — this crooner is funny, real, and deep. His first five records went platinum and he has 13 number one country singles. After three Grammy Awards, 14 Academy of Country Music Awards, 14 Country Music Association Awards, and 12 million albums sold, Brad continues to light up the radio. His most recent album, “Moonshine in the Trunk,” became his eighth number one record on Billboard 's Top Country Albums chart.
Brad Supports
Dave Matthews Band
Band
Powered by a core of acclaimed musicians and a fan base that rivals any in the world, the Dave Matthews Band have led arguably the most successful career of any musical act in the 21st century. Starting with 1994's seminal album “Under the Table and Dreaming,” the rock and jazz fusion band has sold over 31 million records worldwide and is the only group to have six consecutive studio albums debut at #1. For fans, DMB's annual summer tours are legendary. Marked by breathtaking light shows and unheard renditions of classic hits, their shows highlight a band that lives for crafting a complete musical experience.
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New Kids on the Block
Pop Band
With more than 80 million albums sold and almost 30 years spent touring around the world, New Kids on the Block have set the standard for how to make it as a boy band. The group’s smooth ballads, danceable love songs, and electric live performances propelled them to superstardom in the early ‘90s, turning their albums “Hangin’ Tough” and “Step By Step” into classics of the decade. Now the Kids are back and ready to prove they still have the “Right Stuff.” NKOTB will join Paula Abdul and Boys II Men for the Total Package summer tour, which kicks off in Columbus, OH on May 12th.
New Kids on the Block Supports
The American Red Cross - Get Prepared California!
Pitbull
Singer
The son of first-generation Cuban immigrants, Miami rapper Pitbull developed his lyrical flair influenced by Miami bass music and the words of revolutionary poet José Martí. In 2002, he received the attention of crunk rapper Lil Jon, who went on to produce Pitbull’s debut album “M.I.A.M.I.” Once the track “Oye” appeared in the film “2 Fast 2 Furious,” audiences en masse took note of the suave, white-suit-clad rapper. Mr. Worldwide has since sold five million albums and 60 million singles and scored No. 1 hits in more than 15 countries. He continues to match his talents with numerous collaborators among them Jennifer Lopez, Enrique Iglesias, Ne-Yo, and Kesha.
Pitbull Supports
Stevie Wonder
Singer, Songwriter
From child prodigy to Motown hit-maker to R&B legend, Stevie Wonder has had an incomparable influence on modern pop music. With more than 30 U.S. top ten hits, 22 Grammy Awards (the most ever awarded to a male solo artist) and over 100 million albums sold, he is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. His sunny pop and funk hits crossed radio genres for decades, and he is widely regarded as one of the most accomplished solo artists to ever step on stage. Recently, Stevie announced he will be embarking on the highly-anticipated Songs in the Key of Life Tour, his first US tour in over five years.
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Willie Nelson
Singer, Songwriter
Willie Nelson is one of the most recognized and prolific artists in music history. Considered one of the main figures of outlaw country, Willie started his career as a songwriter for stars like Patsy Cline, but the Texas native came into his own with hits such as "On the Road Again" and "Always on my Mind.” With 11 Grammy Awards and more than 60 albums under his belt, there’s no doubt that Willie is a country music icon, but he’s also an author, poet, actor, and activist. Partnering with Neil Young and John Mellencamp, Willie founded Farm Aid in 1985 in the hopes of assisting and raising funds for small farms across America.
Willie Supports
OneRepublic
Band
OneRepublic makes rock anthems and piano-backed ballads that fill stadiums around the world. The band's breakout single "Apologize", off their 2007 debut album Dreaming Out Loud, went platinum five times over and peaked at number one globally, spending eight consecutive weeks on the Billboard Pop 100 chart. It ranks as one of the most successful songs of the decade. Native, the band's third studio album, was released last year to commercial and critical success. In September 2015, OneRepublic concluded their 40-city "Native Summer" tour. They were nominated for Favorite Band at the upcoming 2014 People's Choice Awards.
One Republic Supports
Tim McGraw
Musician
As one of the most successful singers in modern music, Tim McGraw has been a staple atop the country music charts for the last 20 years. He has 25 number one singles -- including the super hit "Live Like You Were Dying" -- three Grammys, almost two dozen country music awards, and over 40 million album sales. His Soul2Soul II Tour with wife Faith Hill is the highest grossing tour in country music history (and the fifth highest grossing tour ever). McGraw has built a second career as an actor, appearing in films like The Blind Side, Friday Night Lights, and Country Strong. In January he released the song "Lookin' for That Girl," the first single off his upcoming 13th studio album.
Tim Supports
Backstreet Boys
Boy Band
The Backstreet Boys may have grown up, but the pop quintet continues to find new fans with the smooth harmonies and romantic ballads that made them the best selling boy band of all time. Formed amid the teen idol craze of the mid-90s, BSB quickly rose above the rest with a string of top ten hits like "As Long As You Love Me," "Larger Than Life," and "I Want It That Way." 1999's Millenium, the classic R&B album that defined sing-along pop for a generation, is certified 13x Platinum, making it one of the best selling albums of all time. Now, 20 years and 130 million album sales later, Backstreet's back for you to catch them live on tour.
The Backstreet Boys Support
Fitz and the Tantrums
Band
The genre-defining band Fitz and the Tantrums formed in Los Angeles in 2008 and have taken the music world by storm ever since. Band frontman and founder Michael Fitzpatrick (aka Fitz) describes their dance-inspiring sound as “soul-influenced indie pop.” The band played their first gig in Hollywood less than a week after forming and got their first bit of success in 2009 opening for bands such as Flogging Molly and Maroon 5. Now with hits such as “MoneyGrabber,” “Out of My League,” and “The Walker” under their belts, Fitz and the Tantrums will be have a featured spot in the 2015 Coachella lineup closing out the weekend on the Outdoor Stage.
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MusiCares
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Carly Rae Jepsen
Carly Rae Jepsen’s 2012 single "Call Me Maybe" was more than just a hit song, it was an international cultural phenomenon. The track drew more than half-a-billion (yes, billion with a “B”) views on YouTube and inspired tribute videos from fans all over the world – including more than a few Olympic athletes. The Canadian singer has already scored her second certified platinum single with the release of “Good Time” which she produced with collaborator "Owl City". Her sustained success and delightfully disarming public persona have vaulted her into the elite echelons of pop music.
Carly Rae Jepsen Supports
Coldplay
Band
Since forming in 1996, Coldplay has become one of the greatest bands of all time. Their universal songs about love and loss feature unforgettable piano chords and uplifting synths. Beginning with their breakout single “Yellow” in 2000, the band has achieved worldwide fame and critical success. Throughout their 20 year career, Coldplay have sold more than 80 million records worldwide and won 62 awards, including seven Grammys. The band members have been active supporters of various social and political causes and have donated their time to numerous benefit concerts. They are currently on tour for their seventh feature-length album, “A Head Full of Dreams.”
Coldplay Support
Sammy Hagar
Van Halen
With his wild flame of red hair, power metal guitar riffs and stadium-filling vocals, Sammy Hagar is one of the most recognizable musicians in rock ‘n’ roll. A professional journeyman, the Red Rocker has played in several of the biggest bands in music, first as the front man for 70’s heavy rock band Montrose. After a successful solo career, Sammy replaced David Lee Roth as the lead singer of Van Halen in 1985, and for the next ten years he lead what many describe as the greatest band in rock history. Outside of music, Sammy is also a celebrated philanthropist and entrepreneur.
Sammy Supports
311
Band
Earning a massive grassroots following with their infectious sound and underlying message of positivity, 311 has sold over 9 million albums. The band from Omaha, which fuses rock with hip-hop and reggae grooves, is made up of Nick Hexum, SA Martinez, Tim Mahoney, Chad Sexton and P-Nut. 311 have released eleven studio albums. Their last nine albums have reached the Top 10 on Billboard's Top 200 Album Chart...and nine of their singles have reached the Top 10 on Billboard's Alternative-Rock Radio Chart (including the #1 singles Down, Love Song & Don't Tread On Me - along with Amber, All Mixed Up, Come Original, Creatures For Awhile, Hey You and Sunset in July). 311 are currently writing and recording their 12th studio album for release in 2017. Singer Nick Hexum ends each show with the words, “Stay positive and love your life.”
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98 Degrees
Music Group
Unlike many of their contemporaries, 98 Degrees was no cookie-cutter boy band. The group formed all on their own, with no label bigwig or record exec pulling the strings, and they personally wrote most of their own music. Consisting of singers Nick and Drew Lachey, Justin Jeffre, and Jeff Timmons, the quartet first broke through in 1997 when they signed with Motown Records (a testament to the band’s R&B legitimacy) and soon delivered a successful self-titled debut album. The band’s second album, “98 Degrees and Rising,” solidified them as a leader in the pop-R&B sound of the early 2000s. Powered by massive hit singles like “Because of You” and “The Hardest Thing,” the album would go on to be certified 4x platinum. In 2012, 98 Degrees reunited for a one-time performance at the Mixtape Festival in Hershey, PA, which eventually led to a brand new album. This summer the boys will turn up the heat once again for the first ever MY2K Tour, with guests Ryan Cabrera, O-Town, and Dream.
Aaron Carter
Singer- Songwriter
Aaron Carter is a singer, actor, and dancer who became one of pop music’s most recognizable teen idols in the late ‘90s and early 2000s. Performing since he was just 7 years old, Aaron hit worldwide stardom after opening for his brother Nick Carter and The Backstreet Boys. His second album, “Aaron’s Party (Come Get It),” sold three million copies and was certified platinum three times over. In 2001, he followed up his success with “Oh Aaron,” which reached #7 on the Billboard 200. After several years of one-off performances, in 2015 Aaron announced he had begun work on his highly anticipated fifth studio album, “LØVË.”
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Adam Lambert
Singer
As vocally gifted as he is dazzling to watch on stage, Adam Lambert used a boost from reality television to become an international pop sensation. In 2009 Adam finished as the runner-up on the eighth season of “American Idol.” His first studio album reached #3 on the Billboard 200. Adam’s explosive glam-rock anthems first drew comparisons with artists like Queen, David Bowie, and Led Zeppelin. But now the “Mad World” rocker is carving out a style that is all his own with his third album The Original High featuring the hit song "Ghost Town".
Adam Lambert Supports
Alan & Marilyn Bergman
Songwriters
Few American lyricists have experienced the sustained success of Alan and Marilyn Bergman. Married for over 60 years and writing music together for over 50, the duo has created themes to numerous acclaimed TV shows, musicals, and films. Their original compositions have been sung by the likes of Frank Sinatra, Rosemary Clooney, Tony Bennett, and Fred Astaire. Alan and Marilyn have won three Academy Awards for Best Original Song, including for 1974’s “The Way We Were" made famous by Barbra Streisand. It was ranked No. 8 on AFI's list of the top 100 greatest songs in American cinema. In 1980 they were inducted together into the Songwriters' Hall of Fame.
Alan & Marilyn Bergman Support
Alexander Jean
Singer-Songwriter Duo
Alexander Jean is the moniker of BC Jean and Mark Ballas, a singer-songwriter duo from Los Angeles. The latter is a musician and two-time champion on “Dancing with the Stars,” and the former famously wrote Beyonce’s hit single “If I Were A Boy.” Together, Alexander Jean is making some of the most sincere music in pop today. The group recently released their debut EP “Head High,” which opened at number one on the iTunes chart. Their first single, the power pop ballad “Roses and Violets,” hit number one on the same chart and landed in the Top 20 on Billboard’s Hot 100 “Bubbling Under” chart. This summer they’ll wrap up their highly successful Head High tour.
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All-Star Jam
Concert
On July 18, 2015, over two dozen of rock’s most accomplished musicians gathered for one epic night of music. The All-Star Jam rocked the Redballs Rock And Roll Pizza in Los Angeles with performances from Bon Jovi guitarist Phil X, former Megadeth drummer Nick Menza, Ace Frehley drummer Matt Starr, original Anthrax vocalist Neil Turbin, Dennis DeYoung guitarist August Zadra, and more. Money was raised for the Rock Against MS Foundation, helping to provide daily care, quality of life needs, and emergency funding for people with multiple sclerosis.
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ALT 98.7 Summer Camp Concert
Concert
The second annual ALT 98.7 Summer Camp Concert kicks off on August 5, 2016, at the world-famous Santa Monica Pier. Featuring the most talked-about new artists from indie rock to electronic, this year’s event brings together performances from The Naked and Famous, The Strumbellas, Lewis Del Mar, Bishop Briggs, JR JR, Declan McKenna, and Grace Mitchell.
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Ariana Grande
Singer, Actress
Few teen stars emerge from their early successes as self-driven and naturally gifted as Ariana Grande. After breaking out as Cat Valentine on the Nickelodeon show “Victorious” (and its spinoff “Sam & Cat”), Ariana found her calling as a pop diva. And what a voice it is — and when synced with her blend of electronic dance music and contemporary soul, they put fans into a dance frenzy. Last year Ariana’s second album, “My Everything,” spent 34 continuous weeks in the top ten of Billboard Hot 100 and had the most Top 10 singles of any artist in 2014.
Ariana Supports
Barbra Streisand
Singer- Songwriter- Actress
One of the most influential artists of all time, Barbra Streisand used her theatrical talents and operatic voice to woo a global music audience hungry for something other than rock ‘n’ roll. She is a once-in-a-generation talent and one of only two artists in history to win an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, Tony, and Peabody Award. Beginning with her 1963 self-titled album, she has released 50 studio records, nearly all of them with Columbia Records. She has starred in several notable films, including the 1968 romantic comedy classic “Funny Girl” as well as “Hello Dolly,” “A Star is Born,” and “The Prince of Tides.” This August, more than 50 years after her career began, Barbra will release the brand new album “Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway,” featuring duets with stars Anne Hathaway, Hugh Jackman, and Jamie Foxx.
Barbra Streisand Supports
Becky G
Latin-Pop Singer
Becky G is a singer, actress, and rapper who turned her early success on YouTube into a Billboard-topping career in pop music. After gaining a devoted fan base online with remixes of songs from artists like Kanye and Justin Bieber, the Inglewood-born starlet connected with producer Dr. Luke to write her first Billboard Hot 100 entry, "Shower.” The pop-rap hit peaked at No. 1 on the US Heatseekers Chart and went certified double platinum. In 2015 Becky landed a role on Fox’s hit series “Empire” as Valentina, the vivacious lead singer of an all-girl group. In the fall of 2015, it was announced Becky would play the role of Trini, The Yellow Ranger, in a reboot film of “Mighty Morphin Power Rangers.” Becky G’s debut album is expected to be released sometime in 2016.
Ben Lee
Singer- Songwriter
Ben Lee is an Australian singer-songwriter, musician, and actor, who has been performing since the age of 14. First with the band Noise Addict and then as a solo artist, Ben’s buoyant pop rock has evolved over several albums. His most successful record, 2005’s “Awake is the New Sleep,” went platinum twice over and featured a pair of Top 40 singles: "Gamble Everything for Love" and "Catch My Disease." In 2010 the album was listed at #93 in The 100 Best Australian Albums. This October Ben will release his highly anticipated 11th studio album "Freedom, Love & the Recuperation of the Human Mind.”
Ben Lee Supports
BET Experience
Concert Event
The BET Experience is a four-day concert event featuring a jam-packed lineup of music’s hottest artists. Benefitting Heart of LA and the Ronald McDonald House, this year’s BETX will feature performances from Lil Wayne, Usher, 2 Chainz, Fetty Wap, A$AP Ferg, Ty Dolla $ign, and many more. There will also be a highly anticipated Free Fan Fest, Celebrity Basketball Game, live comedy from Katt Williams and Mike Epps, plus live Q&As with hip-hop titans. The 2016 BET Experience runs June 23-25 at Staples Center in Los Angeles.
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Beyoncé
Performer
Her fans often say it’s Beyoncé’s world, and we’re just living in it. One of the best-selling artists of all time, Queen Bey has sold over 150 million records, first with her group Destiny’s Child and later as a solo performer. Her 2003 album “Dangerously in Love” achieved multi-platinum status, and it would be the first of six albums that has defined her pop music reign. After stealing the show with her cameo performance at Super Bowl 50, the hard-working diva surprised fans with the release of an under-wraps album “Lemonade” and the announcement of her Formation World Tour. Beyoncé is also a dedicated supporter of charitable organizations, including Oxfam, Feeding America, the Boys & Girls Clubs of America, and the Global Poverty Project.
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Black Sabbath
Band
Black Sabbath is credited with creating heavy metal, according to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The success of their first two albums “Black Sabbath” and “Paranoid” marked a paradigm shift in the world of rock. Black Sabbath has sold over 70 million albums. In 2006 the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Black Sabbath reunited in 2013 to record a new studio album “13,” which gave them their first number-one ever. Black Sabbath is currently on their final tour entitled “The End.”
Brothers Osborne
Band
Since debuting their single “Let's Go There” in 2013, The Brothers Osborne have injected a fresh blue-collar voice to Nashville's music scene. Their biggest hit so far has been the passionate ballad “Stay a Little Longer,” which reached number four on the U.S. Country chart and became one of the most popular songs of the summer. The brothers followed up their breakout hit with their first full-feature release “Pawn Shop” in early 2016, which was produced by legendary country music hitmaker Jay Joyce. Just a few months later The Brothers Osborne would stun the music world by winning Vocal Duo of the Year at the Country Music Awards.
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Bruce Hornsby
Singer- Songwriter
Bruce Hornsby’s work displays a creative iconoclasm that’s been a constant in the artist’s two-and-a-half decade recording career. His commercial stock soared early on, when “The Way It Is”–the title track of his 1986 debut album–became one of the most popular songs on American radio. Despite his early mainstream successes, Hornsby has pursued a more personal, idiosyncratic musical path, focusing on projects that sparked his creative interest, including collaborations with the Grateful Dead, Spike Lee, Ricky Skaggs, Don Henley, Ornette Coleman, Bob Dylan, Bela Fleck, Bonnie Raitt, Pat Metheny, and Robbie Robertson. Hornsby’s performance will offer a glimpse of a restless spirit who continues to push forward into exciting new musical terrain.
Cage the Elephant
Rock Band
Cage the Elephant can’t be tamed. The Kentucky-bred rock band plays an eclectic amalgam of classic rock, pop, punk, and blues. Their raucous performances often end with band members scattered among their fans. Singer Matthew Shultz and company came onto the scene in 2008 with their self-titled debut album, which was powered to gold status by the #1 alternative single “In One Ear” and the track "Ain't No Rest for the Wicked." Cage the Elephant’s subsequent albums found the band evolving their sound, incorporating influences from iconic grunge punk groups like Nirvana and The Pixies. This December, Cage the Elephant released their fourth album “Tell Me I’m Pretty,” produced by The Black Keys singer Dan Auerbach.
Cassadee Pope
Singer- Songwriter
From pop punk singer to country music sweetheart, Cassadee Pope began singing as a teenager in West Palm Beach, Florida. Discovered by Fall Out Boy’s Pete Wentz, she was the lead vocalist for pop rock band Hey Monday. In 2012, Cassadee launched a solo career with her self-titled solo debut EP. That same year she would become the very first female winner on the reality singing competition “The Voice.” In 2013 Cassadee released her debut country album, “Frame by Frame.” It peaked at number one on the Top Country Albums chart with 43,000 copies sold in its first week.
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Charlie Puth
Singer-Songwriter
Charlie Puth began as a YouTube wunderkind, whose acoustic covers attracted the attention of superfan Ellen DeGeneres. In 2015, the Berklee College of Music graduate signed with Atlantic Records and released his debut single “Marvin Gaye,” which features guest vocals from Meghan Trainor. The doo-wop-inspired song topped charts in the UK and Australia and peaked at #21 on the Billboard Hot 100. Charlie also appeared on the “Furious 7” soundtrack with “See You Again,” a tribute to the late Paul Walker. In January, he released his debut album “Nine Track Mind.”
Charlie Puth Supports
Colbie Caillat
Singer/Songwriter
In 2007, Colbie Caillat released her debut album, “Coco,” which included the hits “Bubbly” and “Realize.” Previously, she was MySpace’s most popular singer, receiving an astounding 14 million hits. She was immediately recognized for her talent and received the “Rising Star” award at the 2008 Billboard Music Awards. In 2009, her second album “Breakthrough” was nominated for a Grammy. In 2010, she won a Grammy for her Jason Mraz duet “Lucky.” In the same year she was nominated for her background vocals and writing on Taylor Swift's “Fearless” album. The daughter of Ken Caillat, the music producer of the legendary group Fleetwood Mac, music has always been in her blood.
Colbie Supports
Conrad Sewell & Grace
Singer-Songwriter Duo
Standing at the crossroads of electronic music, soul, and hip-hop is the Australian singer-songwriter duo Conrad Sewell and Grace. The Brisbane-born siblings are two of the hottest up-and-coming acts in music with entirely separate career trajectories. Conrad is best known for his vocals on Kygo's "Firestone," a top-ten hit in over 25 countries. At the 2015 ARIA Music Awards, he won Song of the Year for his hit single "Start Again." Grace, meanwhile, first turned heads with her dynamic cover of the 1963 Lesley Gore song "You Don't Own Me." Her debut album, produced by Puff Daddy and Quincy Jones, will be released in 2016.
Culture Club
Rockband
Boy George’s New Wave band, Culture Club played a leading role in the British pop explosion of the 1980s. With Boy George on vocals, Roy Hay on guitar, Mikey Craig on bass, and Jon Moss on drums, the band released a string of six top-ten singles in the U.S., including "Karma Chameleon," "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me," "I'll Tumble 4 Ya," and "Church of the Poison Mind." Their second album “Colour by Numbers” was ranked number 96 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the ‘80s. In all, the band has sold over 50 million records. On February 20, 2016, Boy George and Culture Club will headline the IHeart80s Party at the Forum in Los Angeles.
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Dan + Shay
Country Duet
Singers of polished pop music with a country twist, Dan + Shay are a songwriting duo from Nashville. Their debut album “Where It All Started” (2014) supplied three Top 40 singles on the Hot Country Songs chart. This included the #1 hit “Nothin' Like You." After being nominated for Best Vocal Duo at last year’s Country Music Association Awards, Dan + Shay will hit the road this summer for their Where It All Began tour. Their second studio album “Obsessed” will be released on June 3, 2016.
Dan + Shay Support
Dar Williams
Singer
Dar Williams sings the kind of folk songs that have become rare in mainstream pop music. Drawing from personal experiences, her recordings are observant, poetic, and without a shred of insincerity. Perhaps that’s why The New Yorker has described her as "one of America’s very best singer-songwriters.” Beginning with her 1993 debut “Honesty Room,” Dar has released nine studio albums. She is also a progressive activist who has earned heavy praise for being an early champion of LGBT rights. Next year, Dar will embark on a highly anticipated cross-country tour in celebration of the 20th anniversary of her landmark album “Mortal City.”
Dar Williams Supports
Darius Rucker
Country Singer
Whether he’s selling out stadiums as the lead singer of Hootie & the Blowfish or playing bars as a solo country artist, Darius Rucker has been a genre pioneer. As the frontman of Hootie & the Blowfish, Darius sold more than 21 million albums worldwide. The band’s debut record “Cracked Rear View Mirror” is the 16th-highest-selling album in history. Now the South Carolina native has embraced his country roots. His last four solo albums have all reached #1 on the Billboard Country Albums chart, spawning six #1 singles. In 2009, he became the first African-American person to win the New Artist Award from the Country Music Association. This March, Darius released his fifth studio album “Southern Style.”
Darius Rucker Supports
Daughtry
Band
When Chris Daughtry was voted out as a semifinalist on the fifth season of “American Idol,” the North Carolina native could not have known that it was a blessing in disguise. Soon Chris would form his own band Daughtry and score the best-selling album of 2007. Fans fell hard for Daughtry’s rock anthems and emotionally raw vocals. Their self-titled debut featured four Top 20 singles, including songs like “Home” and “It’s Not Over,” and became the fastest-selling debut rock album in Soundscan history. Four albums later the band is still churning out big arena-sized anthems. Their highly anticipated fifth studio album, as yet unnamed, is expected sometime next year.
Daughtry Support
David Nail
Singer- Songwriter
Over the course of three Top 20 albums, the Missouri-born country singer has combined the perceptiveness of an artful songwriter with powerful vocals. His efforts have resulted in seven entries on the Hot Country Songs chart, including the number-one singles "Let It Rain" (featuring Sarah Buxton) and "Whatever She's Got." The latter, a staple of pop country radio in the summer of 2013, was certified platinum after selling over one million copies. This July, David will release his highly anticipated fourth studio album, “Fighter.”
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Desert Trip 2016
Concert
This October, six of the greatest artists in rock ‘n’ roll history will converge in the desert for an event promoted as “the concert of the century.” For two straight weekends, the Empire Polo Club in Indio, California, will welcome performances from The Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney, Neil Young, Roger Waters, and The Who. With shows starting after sunset, each artist will play a full set, serving up three unforgettable nights of music. Desert Trip 2016 is the only place to see all of these iconic artists, all on the same stage, for a rock concert of a lifetime.
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Dierks Bentley
Singer- Songwriter
Dierks Bentley combined a love for bluegrass country with modern pop music to become one of country’s best-selling artists. After signing to Capitol Records in 2003, he released his self-titled debut album to critical and commercial success. His first single "What Was I Thinkin'" reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. Eight albums and several hits later, Dierks continues to thrill fans with his crossover country and pop sound. His newest album “Black” was released in May 2016.
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DJ Khaled
DJ
DJ Khaled is a radio host, producer, deejay, and record label executive. He has released eight studio albums, beginning with 2006’s “Listennn… the Album.” His influential presence in hip hop has resulted in frequent collaborations with stars like Kanye West, Lil Wayne, Pitbull, and John Legend. In 2009, DJ Khaled became the president of record label Def Jam South. His 2010 album “Victory” featured the single “All I Do Is Win,” the biggest hit of his career. The sports-ready anthem peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and has since been certified platinum three times over. In 2015 DJ Khaled released his eighth studio album “I Changed A Lot.”
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DNCE
Electro-Pop Group
After the Jonas Brothers went their separate ways in 2013, Joe Jonas formed the band DNCE, a boisterous electro-pop group with Jack Lawless, JinJoo Lee, and Cole Whittle. Their debut single, last year’s hit “Cake by the Ocean,” reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100. They were also nominated for Favorite New Artist at the 2016 Kids' Choice Awards. Their brand new single “Toothbrush” features a buzz-worthy appearance by model Ashley Graham. This summer DNCE will join Selena Gomez on her much-anticipated Revival Tour.
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Elvis Costello
Singer-Songwriter
Born Declan Patrick McManus and known to the world as Elvis Costello, the British musician is often considered one of the greatest pop music artists of the 20th century. Beginning with his debut album “My Aim Is True” in 1976, Elvis straddled the pub rock, punk, and new wave movements on his way to releasing 24 studio albums over the course of over 40 years in music. His first three albums, including landmark releases “This Year’s Model” and “Armed Forces,” all appeared on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2003 Elvis Costello and his band The Attractions were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Outside of music, he is dedicated to several humanitarian causes. He currently sits on the advisory board for the Jazz Foundation of America and has contributed to Amnesty International, Bridge School, and Feeding America.
Elvis Costello Supports
Garbage
Band
Garbage is Shirley Manson, Duke Erikson, Steve Marker and Butch Vig. After forming in Madison, WI, Garbage released their self-titled debut album in 1995. The band's unique sound and provocative visual aesthetic, inspired massive worldwide attention and success. Their follow up album, Version 2.0, released in 1998, topped charts all over the world and garnered multiple Grammy Award nominations including Album Of The Year. Garbage went on to release two more albums: 2001's Beautiful Garbage and 2005's Bleed Like Me, the latter of which earned the band its highest chart position with a No. 4 on the Billboard Top 200 Album Chart. After a 7-year hiatus, the band released their fifth studio album Not Your Kind of People in 2012 on their independent record label, Stunvolume. The album was named one of Rolling Stone magazine's Top 50 Albums of 2012 and was hailed as the "alternative to everything," by Pitchfork. Garbage has sold over 12 million albums worldwide and performed in over thirty-five countries. Last year the band celebrated its 20th anniversary with their Sold Out '20 Years Queer' world tour and the release of a special 20th anniversary edition of their debut album, re-mastered and featuring previously unreleased material.
Garbage Support
Garth Brooks
Country Music Singer
With a flair for stadium performances and down-to-earth songwriting, Garth Brooks is credited with pushing country music into the pop mainstream. The Tulsa-born singer achieved international stardom in the early ‘90s with a string of wildly successful albums, six of which have sold at least 10 million copies each. His landmark 1990 album “No Fences,” with its rock-inspired twang on songs like “Friends in Low Places,” went platinum 17 times and is widely considered a forerunner to the current wave of pop country. With more than 136 million records sold, Garth is the best-selling solo artist in U.S. music history. In 1999 Garth founded the Teammates for Kids Foundation which provides financial aid to charities for children through sports programs.
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Gary Clark Jr.
Musician
Is Gary Clark Jr. the future of rock ‘n’ roll? President Barack Obama believes so. That was his assessment of the young musician after hearing him play at the White House, and it’s a sentiment expressed by a growing number of fans. Born in Austin, Texas, Gary began playing the guitar at age 12, which quickly led to stage performances. Pretty soon his unique playing style and distinctive blend of rock, blues, soul, and R&B earned him praise from music legends from Buddy Guy to Jimmy Page to the Rolling Stones. In 2012, Gary’s major-label debut “Blak and Blu” peaked at number six on the Billboard 200, eventually earning him a Grammy for his song "Please Come Home.” In September, fresh off the festival circuit, Gary released his highly anticipated fourth album “The Story of Sonny Boy Slim.”
Gary Clark Jr. Supports
Gavin DeGraw
Singer- Songwriter
Ever since he began singing and playing the piano at the age of 8, Gavin DeGraw knew he wanted to perform. The New York-born singer-songwriter has released several hit singles, first with the pop-rock song "I Don't Want to Be.” It climbed to number one on Billboard’s U.S. Pop Songs chart after being selected as the theme song for The CW’s teen drama “One Tree Hill.” Gavin’s most recent album “Make a Move” saw the artist experience a creative renaissance. Fans were delighted to first hear the galloping up-tempo rhythm of his Top 100 single “Best I Ever Had.” Gavin and Grammy-nominated singer Andy Grammer just completed their 2016 cross-country co-headlining tour.
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Good Charlotte
Alternative Rock Band
Good Charlotte’s exuberant pop punk made them one of the most important rock acts of the early 2000s. Formed by twin brothers Joel and Benji Madden while they were in high school, the band shot to fame in 2002 with their second album, “The Young and the Hopeless.” The album’s breakout single "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" topped both pop and rock charts around the globe, helping the album to achieve triple platinum certification. After ten million records sold and a hiatus that lasted nearly half a decade, Good Charlotte are reuniting for a brand new album. “Youth Authority,” the band’s much-anticipated sixth album, drops July 15, 2016.
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Grace Potter
Singer- Songwriter
Grace Potter has a ferocity that’s become a rarity in pop music. A singer-songwriter whose powerful vocals have been compared to Bonnie Raitt and Janis Joplin, Grace honed her heavy blues-rock sound first as the lead singer for Grace Potter and the Nocturnals and later as a solo artist. Her debut solo album “Midnight” was released on August 14, 2015. She has also collaborated with country music star Kenny Chesney, most notably on the Grammy nominated hit “You and Tequila.” Throughout her career, Grace has championed the Alzheimer’s Association in honor of her paternal grandfather's battle with the disease.
Grace Potter Supports
Green Day
Band
Formed in 1986, Green Day entered the punk scene in Berkeley, California, playing at 924 Gilman Street club, but it wasn’t until 1994 with their major label breakout debut “Dookie” that they transformed a new generation into raging punk fans. Featuring Billie Joe Armstrong on vocals and guitar, Mike Dirnt on bass and vocals, and Tre’ Cool on drums, the outfit is critically and commercially acclaimed, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide. In 2010, the trio brought their Grammy-winning record “American Idiot” to the stage. Over their career, Green Day has reaped in numerous accolades, including five Grammys and induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2015. Their 12th album “Revolution Radio” was released on October 7, 2016.
Green Day Support
Gwen Stefani
Singer- Songwriter
Gwen Stefani rose to prominence as the lead vocalist of the band No Doubt. Their breakthrough album “Tragic Kingdom” defined the ‘90s even as grunge dominated the airwaves. The singles "Don't Speak,” "Hey Baby,” and "It's My Life” introduced the mainstream to their unique ska-inflected pop. In 2004, Gwen released her debut solo album “Love. Angel. Music. Baby,” which inspired her clothing line by the same name. Over her music career, Gwen has sold over 30 million records and has won three Grammys. She was a judge on seasons nine and 11 of NBC’s “The Voice.” In March 2016, she released her third solo record “This Is What the Truth Feels Like.”
Herbie Hancock
Jazz Musician
Long before he became a household name in jazz music, Herbie Hancock was a piano prodigy. The Chicago-born musician began playing at age seven, accompanied the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at age 11, and released his seminal first album “Takin' Off” for Blue Note Records at 22. He would soon be personally selected by Miles Davis to play the piano on the legendary trumpeter’s Second Great Quintet. Since then Herbie has released dozens of albums and hundreds of compositions, including jazz-funk staples like "Cantaloupe Island" and "Watermelon Man," and is widely credited with transforming the blues rhythm soundscape. He has won 14 Grammys, an Academy Award, and in 2013 he received Kennedy Center Honors from President Barack Obama.
Herbie Hancock Supports
iHeart80s Party
Concert
Slip into your hottest neon tights and put on a fresh coat of Aqua Net: the 1980s live on at the iHeart80s Party! An annual concert festival from iHeartRadio, the show brings together some of the decade’s biggest icons all on one stage. This year the party rolls into San Jose’s SAP Center with live performances from New Kids on the Block, Rick Astley, UB40, Colin Hay of Men At Work, Starship, Eddie Money, and Night Ranger. The show will be hosted by iconic MTV personality Martha Quinn, who helms the iHeart80s Radio's weekday morning show.
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iHeartCountry Festival
Music Festival
The iHeartCountry Festival brings Country music’s most celebrated artists together on a single stage for an unforgettable experience. Broadcast radio group iHeartCountry is heard by nearly 100 million people on 140 broadcast radio stations across the country. Held right in the heart of Austin, this year’s iHeartCountry Festival boasts a stellar lineup featuring Florida Georgia Line, Brett Eldredge, Sam Hunt, Thomas Rhett, Cole Swindell, Miranda Lambert, Lee Brice, Chris Young, Keith Urban, Zac Brown Band, and more. The 2016 iHeart Country Festival will be held at the Frank Erwin Center in Austin, Texas, on April 30.
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iHeartRadio Music Festival
Music Festival
Since 2011, the iHeartRadio Music Festival has brought some of the biggest music acts to Las Vegas for a two-day concert unlike any other. Held at the T-Mobile Arena, right in the heart of The Strip, the festival features a main stage with internationally renowned bands and performers as well as an outdoor village presenting music’s hottest up and comers. This year’s main stage lineup is packed with headlining acts, including U2, Drake, Britney Spears, Sting, Usher, Ariana Grande, Pitbull, Florida Georgia Line, Tears for Fears, Cage The Elephant, and Twenty One Pilots. The 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival kicks off Saturday, September 24.
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iHeartRadio Music Festival
Music Festival
Since 2011, the iHeartRadio Music Festival has brought some of the biggest music acts to Las Vegas for a two-day concert. Held at the the MGM Grand Garden Arena in the heart of the famed Strip, the festival features a main stage with internationally renowned bands and performers as well as an outdoor village hosting music’s hottest up-and-comers. While the main stage performance lineup will be announced later this summer, the village lineup includes Sam Hunt, Panic! At The Disco, Alessia Cara, Troye Sivan, Hailee Steinfeld, Good Charlotte, Lissie, Cold War Kids, Daya, Cage the Elephant, Jeremih, and more. The 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival kicks off Saturday, September 24.
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Jackson Browne
Singer-Songwriter
Jackson Browne is a singer-songwriter whose blend of folk rock, profound lyrics, and pop guitar melodies made him an iconic figure in the ‘70s and ‘80s. As an 18-year-old living in Greenwich Village in 1967, Jackson was heavily involved in the early days of New York City’s folk rock movement. He has since written and recorded several classic songs like "Running on Empty," "The Pretender," "Lawyers in Love", “Somebody’s Baby,” "Doctor My Eyes", and the Eagles’ hit "Take It Easy." He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004 and the Songwriter's Hall of Fame in 2007. Jackson Browne is also known for his advocacy on behalf of the environment, human rights, and arts education. He is a co-founder of the groups Musicians United for Safe Energy (MUSE) and Nukefree.org.
Jackson Browne Supports
Jake Owen
Singer- Songwriter
Jake Owen mixes laid-back pop-rock vibes with a classic country sound. The Florida-born singer-songwriter found immediate success with the release of his debut album “Startin’ with Me” in 2006. The album featured three singles that charted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs, including the up-tempo party anthem “Yeehaw.” Jake’s newest album “American Love” finds the singer evolving to a more polished sound. Powered by the Top 10 single "American Country Love Song," the album is being praised for its nuanced storytelling and catchy hooks. This fall, Jake will hit the road in support of “American Love” on a cross-country tour of North America.
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James Bay
Singer-Songwriter
English singer-songwriter James Bay has captivated audiences with his soulful melodies. His debut album “Chaos and the Calm” reached number one on the UK charts and peaked at number 15 on the U.S. with the album’s first single “Hold Back the River” reaching platinum. The musician’s popularity is matched by critical acclaim: James won the Critics’ Choice Award at the 2015 Brit Awards and received three 2016 Grammy nominations. His ascent to stardom feels all the sweeter by his humble musical beginnings. Republic Records signed him after a rep noticed a fan-uploaded YouTube video of one of James’ open mic performances.
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James Taylor
Singer-Songwriter
After more than four decades as America’s singer-songwriter laureate, James Taylor is regarded as one of the most important musician-poets of his generation. The folk rock icon achieved breakthrough success in the early ‘70s with confessional, unadorned songs about his personal struggles — an introspective style that would come to be a hallmark of the singer-songwriter movement. Since 1967 James has released 16 studio albums and sold more than 100 million records worldwide. The 1970 single “Fire and Rain,” his most popular song to date, was ranked number 227 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest songs of all time. James was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. Last year, he released his first number-one album “Before This World.”
James Taylor Supports
Jana Kramer
Singer- Songwriter
A talented actress with a voice like honey, Jana Kramer began a successful career in television before topping the charts as a country music artist. After appearing on numerous television shows including “All My Children,” “CSI,” and “Friday Night Lights,” Jana scored her breakout role as Alex Dupre on The CW’s hit series “One Tree Hill.” In 2012, she released her debut song “Why Ya Wanna.” The single peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Last October, Jana hit the country airwaves once again with her second studio album “Thirty One.” The album’s lead single “I Got the Boy” landed on the New York Times list of Best Songs of 2015.
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Jason Derulo
Singer-Songwriter
Jason Derulo was a prolific songwriter long before he became a solo R&B singer. The southern Florida-born star drafted hits for the likes of Lil Wayne, P. Diddy, and Cash Money Records’ co-founder Birdman. His first album “Jason Derulo” was released in early 2010 with the Billboard number-one single "Whatcha Say.” It would be the first of 11 career platinum singles, including “Talk Dirty,” “In My Head,” and the low-key booty ode “Wiggle” with Snoop Dogg. In all, Jason has sold over 50 million singles. In 2015 he served as a judge on the 12th season of “So You Think You Can Dance.” Later that year he released his fourth studio album “Everything is 4.”
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Jason Flom
Record Executive
With a preternatural gift for finding the next big sound, Jason Flom is a legend among music label executives. The former head of Atlantic Records is credited with discovering artists like Katy Perry, Jewel, and Hootie & the Blowfish. After founding Lava Records in 1995, Jason orchestrated a string of high-profile signings with major bands including Matchbox 20 and Kid Rock that turned Lava into a first destination for up-and-coming artists. Jason is also a leading philanthropist in the music business. He currently serves on the boards of several charitable organizations, including the Innocence Project, The Legal Action Center, and The Drug Policy Alliance.
Jason Flom Supports
Jill Sobule
Singer- Songwriter
First on tongue-in-cheek pop hits and later with deeply introspective folk rock, Jill Sobule has proven herself to be a singer-songwriter of the highest order. Her 1995 self-titled album included the oft-banned single “I Kissed A Girl” as well as the satirical pop-rocker “Supermodel,” which was featured on the hit soundtrack of the film “Clueless.” In all, Jill has released eight studio albums. Many of these showcase a command of character development, irony, and emotive language that have earned her comparisons to songwriters such as Warren Zevon and Harry Nilsson. In 2014 Jill released “Dottie’s Charms,” a brand new collection of music written in collaboration with some of her favorite authors.
Jill Sobule Supports
Jimmy Eat World
Band
Pioneers in emocore, Jimmy Eat World have reunited to record their ninth album, “Integrity Blues.” In 2014, after a successful tenth anniversary tour, the band members (Jim Adkins, Tom Linton, Rick Burch, and Zach Lind) went their separate ways before coming back together for their latest album, which was released in October 2016. Formed in 1994, the quartet from Mesa, Arizona encountered their breakthrough commercial success seven years later with their album “Bleed American” (2001). Four singles from the album charted within the top 20 positions of the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart with "The Middle" reaching number one. Jimmy Eat World's followup album “Futures” (2004) featured number-one song “Pain.” The band's sixth album “Chase This Light” (2007) became the band's highest charting album, peaking at number five on the Billboard 200.
Jimmy Eat World Support
Jingle Ball 2016
Concert
Every year, iHeartRadio’s Jingle Ball Tour brings the hottest acts in music together for one night in major cities across the country. This year is no different. Coming to a stadium arena near you, 2016’s lineup includes Bruno Mars, Justin Bieber, Britney Spears, Diplo, Meghan Trainor, Backstreet Boys, Fifth Harmony, DNCE, Lukas Graham, Charlie Puth, Ariana Grande, Fifth Harmony, Tove Lo, and many more. See your favorite bands all on the same stage for an unforgettable holiday experience!
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Joan Jett
Singer- Songwriter
Joan Jett is a singer, guitarist, record producer, songwriter, and pioneer of female-led hard rock. In 1976 at just 14 years old, Joan and The Runaways released their self-titled debut album featuring the classic song “Cherry Bomb.” The punk prodigy showed off the band’s simple, stripped down heavy rock sound that she would maintain throughout her career. Her next band, Joan Jett & The Blackhearts, would be even bigger. Their 1981 record “I Love Rock ‘n’ Roll” sold over 10 million copies. The title track, now a staple of classic rock radio, spent seven straight weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. As the founder of Blackheart Records, Joan became the first female artist to own and have direct control over an independent record company. She has produced albums for iconic riot grrrl bands like Bikini Kill and L7. In 2015 Joan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
John 5
Guitarist
John William Lowery, otherwise known as John 5, is an accomplished guitarist who has worked with some of rock’s biggest stars. First as a session musician and later as a lead guitarist, John showcased a virtuosic guitar-playing that caught the attention of Kiss legend Paul Stanley. This quickly led to gigs, playing alongside artists like K.D. Lang, Van Halen frontman David Lee Roth, Meatloaf, and Rob Halford of Judas Priest. Beginning in 1998, John became the guitarist for Marilyn Manson, accompanying the controversial artist on several international tours. In 2005, he has served as a lead guitarist on multiple albums with cult rock singer Rob Zombie. As of 2014 John has released seven critically acclaimed solo instrumental records.
John 5 Supports
John Doe
Punk Rocker
John Doe is part of one of the last original punk bands, the Los Angeles-based X. While formed in 1977, they continue to tour, most recently with Blondie and Pearl Jam. In the ‘90s, John launched his solo career, shifting his sound from punk to country, and released eight full-length albums. Concurrently, he developed a prolific career as an actor and has appeared in over fifty films and television productions, including “Road House,” “Great Balls of Fire,” “Boogie Nights,” and “Roswell.” John is also the author of memoir Under the Big Black Sun: A Personal History of L.A. Punk, which was published in April of 2016. His most recent album “The Westerner” was also published that spring.
John Doe Supports
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John Mayer
In 2001, John Mayer released his debut full-length album “Room for Squares,” which achieved multi-platinum status and earned him a Grammy Award for the single "Your Body Is a Wonderland." Five records later, John has sold over 20 million albums worldwide. Since melting hearts as a sensitive balladeer, winning multiple Grammys, and sliding from acoustic singer-songwriter to blues-rock riffer, one thing remains constant throughout John Mayer’s career: deep down he’s just a guy with a guitar. He is currently traveling with Bob Weir and the remaining members of the Grateful Dead on their highly anticipated reunion tour.
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John Wesley Harding
Singer-Songwriter
John Wesley Harding (real name Wesley Stace) is an English singer-songwriter and author whose 18 studio albums have earned immense praised for their incisive lyrics, humor, and moving folk-pop melodies. He is also the host of the NYC variety show “Wesley Stace’s Cabinet of Wonders,” which the New Yorker called “one of the finest nights of entertainment this city has to offer.” In addition to his music, Wesley has written four bestselling novels. He has also taught at Princeton and Swarthmore Universities.
John Wesley Harding Supports
JoJo Wright
DJ
JoJo Wright is a producer, actor, DJ, paranormal investigator, and radio host of KIIS FM’s “JoJo On The Radio,” one of the most popular radio programs in Los Angeles. JoJo can be heard Monday through Friday, 7pm-10pm, keeping listeners glued to 102.7 with the hottest new music as well as hit segments like “Stunt Team” and “9 at 9.” The show is currently syndicated in more than 60 markets around the country. In 2018, JoJo will celebrate 20 years at KIIS FM.
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Judy Collins
Singer-Songwriter
Judy Collins, affectionately known as "Judy Blue Eyes," is an American singer and songwriter who became prominent for her eclectic covers (which have included folk music, show tunes, pop music, rock ‘n’ roll, and standards). Her debut album “A Maid of Constant Sorrow” was released in 1961, but it was her cover of Joni Mitchell's "Both Sides Now," the lead single from her 1967 album “Wildflowers,” that gave Judy international prominence and garnered her a Grammy. Eight years later she scored a mega-hit with Stephen Sondheim’s “Send in the Clowns.” The wistful song stayed on Billboard’s Hot 100 for 27 nonconsecutive weeks in 1975 and won a Grammy for Song of the Year. In 2016 Judy released her 27th studio album “Silver Skies Blue” with singer-songwriter Ari Hest.
Judy Collins Supports
k.d. Lang
Singer- Songwriter
Beginning with her platinum-certified debut “Shadowland” in 1988, k.d. lang amassed a dedicated following of fans around the world. The Canadian singer-songwriter scored the biggest hit of her career with “Constant Craving,” a pop ballad off her second album “Ingenue.” It reached number two on Billboard’s adult contemporary chart in 1993 and won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. After 25 years as a solo artist, k.d. partnered with singers Neko Case and Laura Veirs to form case/lang/veirs, an alt-country supergroup. A longtime activist, k.d. continues to be a champion for gay rights, animal rights, and other social causes.
k.d. Lang Supports
Keith Urban
Country Singer
He may be Australian by birth, but Keith Urban is downright Nashville in sound. The four-time Grammy winner debuted on US country radio waves as a session guitarist for headlining artists like Garth Brooks, Toby Keith, and the Dixie Chicks. After gaining prominence in the industry for his virtuoso guitar skills, Keith broke out on his own with a self-titled album in 1999, which earned him his first #1 single, "But for the Grace of God." Eight studio albums and 17 #1 singles later, Keith continues to meld pop rock and country music with chart-topping results. In 2006 he was named the Country Music Association's Entertainer of the Year. Now Keith can also be seen on TV as a vocal coach on the Australian version of “The Voice” and as a judge alongside Jennifer Lopez and Harry Connick Jr. on “American Idol.”
Keith Urban Supports
Kenny Loggins
Singer- Songwriter
Kenny Loggins is a singer and guitarist whose soft rock hits and movie soundtracks were mainstays of Top 40 radio in the ‘80s and ‘90s. First as one half of the folk rock duo Loggins and Messina and later as a successful solo artist, Kenny has released 20 albums, several of which have gone platinum. His 1980 hit "What a Fool Believes," co-written with Michael McDonald, won the 1980 Grammy for Song of the Year. He would also contribute now-classic songs to numerous soundtracks, including “Danger Zone” from “Top Gun,” “I’m Alright” from “Caddyshack,” and the title track to “Footloose.” Kenny’s most recent release, the children’s album “All Join In,” debuted in 2009 on Walt Disney Records.
Kenny Loggins Supports
KMEL Summer Jam
Concert
For nearly 30 years, the KMEL Summer Jam concert festival has brought hip hop’s biggest acts together under one roof. From the early days with headliners like MC Hammer and Mariah Carey to current day lineups featuring hyphy, trap, and gangsta rap, the Summer Jam series is the Bay Area’s most anticipated hip-hop party. This year’s lineup will feature performances from Fetty Wap, YG, DJ Mustard, Rae Sremmurd, Yo Gotti, Kehlani, and more. The 2016 KMEL Summer Jam, presented by Bud Light, kicks off June 12 at Oracle Arena in Oakland.
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Kyle Patrick
Singer- Songwriter
Kyle Patrick is a singer, songwriter, and producer who entered the spotlight as the former lead singer of the pop rock band The Click Five. Sporting shaggy mop-top haircuts and sharp suits, The Click Five channeled The Beatles with a healthy dose of pop punk. Joining the band in 2007, Kyle helped steer The Click Five down a fresh alternative direction. With a brand new look and sound, they achieved surprise success in Asia, winning the “Knockout Award" at MTV Asia Awards 2008. Following the band’s breakup in 2011, Kyle embarked on a solo career. His second EP, “Kyle Patrick,” was released in 2012. He is currently producing and writing music out of his private studio in Brooklyn.
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Leonard Cohen
A literary giant among pop dilettantes, Leonard Cohen was widely regarded as one of the most influential singer-songwriters of his generation. His enigmatic personality, prolific musical output, intelligent and contemplative lyrics, and existential melancholy earned him the nickname “godfather of gloom.” But throughout his 60-year career, which included 14 studio albums, several novels and books of poetry, painting, and even a long seclusion at a Buddhist monastery, Leonard remained the very embodiment of artistic creativity. He was a member of both the Rock and Roll and Songwriters Hall of Fame and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. On November 10, 2016, about a month after releasing "You Want It Darker," which would be his final album and the one he felt was his best record, Leonard passed away.
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Lollapalooza
Music Festival
Lollapalooza is the alternative fan’s Woodstock. Founded by singer Perry Farrell in 1991 as a farewell concert for his band Jane’s Addiction, Lollapalooza features a mind-boggling lineup of artists ranging from alternative rock and heavy metal to hip hop and electronic dance music, as well as dance and comedy performances and craft booths. More than 160,000 people attend the festival annually. After touring the country as a mobile concert series in the early 2000s, Lollapalooza set down roots in Chicago, where it has remained since 2008. Late 2015 it was announced the event will expand to four days in celebration of the festival’s upcoming 25th anniversary. Headliners this past year included Radiohead, Red Hot Chili Peppers, LCD Soundsystem, Lana Del Rey, and J. Cole. Lollapalooza 2016 was held July 28-31 in Chicago’s Grant Park.
Lollapalooza Support
Lucinda Williams
Singer-Songwriter
Lucinda Williams’ music combines the rough with the smooth to produce an unforgettable sound filled with dark beauty and poetic detail. The Louisiana-born singer-songwriter is widely respected for her delta-infused style of country music. Her honeyed voice and bluesy guitar have evolved over the course of 12 studio albums, melding genres of rock, blues, country, folk, and spoken word. After receiving major praise from critics early in her career, Lucinda found commercial success with the release of her fifth album “Car Wheels on a Gravel Road” in 1998. The seminal record won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album and was ranked number 304 on Rolling Stone’s list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. This February Lucinda released her latest album “The Ghosts of Highway 20.”
Lucinda Williams Supports
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Lukas Graham
Effortlessly blending pop, soul, and R&B, Lukas Graham is Denmark’s breakout act of 2016. The band, led by the powerful voice of singer Lukas Forchhammer, have been hometown heroes in Copenhagen since the release of their self-titled debut album in 2012. Its massive success attracted the attention of Warner Bros. Records who co-signed them just a year later. Lukas Graham’s highly-anticipated U.S. debut featured the hit pop-ballad “7 Years,” which peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart. This was the highest position by a Danish act in over 50 years. In the fall of 2016, Lukas Graham will embark on their first-ever headlining tour of North America.
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Macklemore & Ryan Lewis
Hip Hop Duo
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis are a Seattle-based hip-hop duo from Seattle, Washington. Their first single “Thrift Shop” released in 2013 became one of the greatest sleeper hits of all time. The frugality-advocating anthem has sold over ten million copies in the U.S. alone, making it one of the best-selling digital singles ever. In 2014, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis won four Grammys, including Best New Artist and Best Rap Album (“The Heist”). The pair have also received critical acclaim for their social activism in the single “Same Love,” whose lyrics champion marriage equality for same-sex couples. On February 26, Macklemore and Ryan Lewis will drop their highly anticipated second album “This Unruly Mess I've Made.”
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Support
Mariah Carey
Singer, Actress
Soaring on the strength of her preternatural vocal abilities, Mariah Carey dominated the pop charts throughout the ‘90s and early aughts. Her self-titled debut album became an instant classic with its mix of R&B ballads and dance hits like “Vision of Love,” “Love Takes Time,” and “Someday.” The album remained at #1 on the Billboard 200 chart for eleven consecutive weeks and was certified platinum nine times. She has scored 18 number-one singles, more than any other American solo artist, and has garnered several top awards including five Grammys and the World Music Awards' Best Selling Female Artist of the Millennium. In 2012, Mariah was ranked second on VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Women in Music.”
Mariah Carey Supports
Marky Ramone
Drummer
A musician whose credits include several of punk rock’s seminal albums, Marc Steven Bell better known as Marky Ramone played drums for the Ramones, recording and touring from 1978 to 1983 and again from 1993 to 1996. He played on 10 of the band’s studio albums and appeared in the rock comedy “Rock ‘n’ Roll High School.” He is the only surviving member of the Ramones inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Marky also played drums for pioneering New York City group Richard Hell & the Voidoids on their hugely influential first album “Blank Generation.” In 2015, Marky released his autobiography Punk Rock Blitzkrieg: My Life As a Ramone.
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Marshall Crenshaw
Singer
Marshall Crenshaw, who is best known for his Top 30 single “Someday, Someway,” is a singer, producer, and actor whose songcraft has earned him comparisons to everyone from Buddy Holly to Elvis Costello. His likeness to the former secured him the role as the ‘50s singer in the 1987 Ritchie Valens biopic “La Bamba.” Over his 35-year career in music, Marshall has produced 10 studio albums and has evolved his sound with every album. His most recent release came in 2015 with the EP “Grab the Next Train.” He is planning a cross-country tour in 2017.
Marshall Crenshaw Supports
Maxwell
Singer- Songwriter
Exuding soul and undeniable charisma, Maxwell took the torch from legends like Marvin Gaye and Prince to become one of the ’90s most popular R&B artists. His debut album, “Maxwell’s Urban Hang Suite,” is considered a masterpiece medley of funk, jazz, and R&B that opened the gates to a neo-soul resurgence. The album was named one of the year's 10 best by several publications including Rolling Stone, Time, and USA Today. Looking to further cement his legacy as an R&B auteur, Maxwell released his fifth studio album “blackSUMMERS'night” on July 1, 2016.
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Meg Myers
Singer- Songwriter
Originally from Tennessee’s Smoky Mountains, Meg Myers moved to Los Angeles in her early 20s, playing small venues and waiting tables until she was noticed by producer Andy Rosen, otherwise known as Doctor Rosen Rosen. Together they released Meg’s 2012 debut EP “Daughter in the Choir.” Critics and fans fell in love with her dark, intimate lyrics laid over hard rock riffs, which led to opening gigs for established bands including The Pixies and Alt-J. In 2015, Meg released her full-length debut album “Sorry,” featuring the single “Lemon Eyes.”
Meg Myers Supports
Melissa Etheridge
Singer- Songwriter
Melissa Etheridge led the surge of female singer-songwriters in the ‘90s. A vocalist, guitarist, and breast cancer survivor, Melissa was born in Kansas before moving to Boston to attend the Berklee College of Music. Her 1988 self-titled debut album, featuring the Grammy nominated single “Bring Me Some Water” reached #22 on the Billboard 200. Melissa’s raspy vocals and confessional lyrics were made for her country-influenced rock, a pairing that she perfected on her breakthrough album “Yes I Am.” The album featured three Top 40 hits, including "I'm the Only One" and "Come to My Window,” the latter which earned her a second Grammy. Since coming out in 1993, Melissa has been an advocate of gay rights. She also supports the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the Family Equality Council, and the ACLU.
Melissa Etheridge Supports
Moby
Singer- Songwriter
Moby (Richard Melville Hall) is a DJ, singer-songwriter, music producer, and writer who is widely considered to be one of the most influential artists in electronic and dance music. His first hit single, the “Twin Peaks”-sampling “Go,” introduced listeners to Moby’s signature mash of house music, ‘90s breakbeat, and textured loops of classic soul. But it was his fifth album “Play” that made him into a techno icon. Released in 1999, the seminal record achieved platinum status in 20 countries and eventually sold over 12 million copies worldwide. In 2003 Rolling Stone ranked it No. 341 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Since then Moby has released eight studio albums, collaborating with and remixing work from artists like David Bowie, Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, and Metallica. In 2016 Moby released his autobiography, Porcelain: a Memoir.
Moby Supports
Nathan Sykes
Singer- Songwriter
The Gloucester-born singer has been performing since he was just six years old. At 10 he earned the right to kiss Britney Spears after winning her Karaoke Kriminals competition. Following a lengthy auditioning process, Nathan joined The Wanted in 2009 as the youngest member of the British boy band. The quartet would go on to become one of the best-selling groups in pop, eventually starring in their own reality series “The Wanted Life.” After the band's hiatus in 2014, Nathan embarked on a solo career. In July, his debut single "Kiss Me Quick" reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart.
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OK Go
Rock Band
OK Go are very clever at creating catchy pop songs. The LA-based quartet, consisting of singer Damian Kulash, bass player Tim Nordwind, drummer Dan Konopka, and keyboardist Andy Ross, self-released two EPs before signing to Capitol Records in 2001. The band’s second album, 2005’s “Oh No,” rose to number two on the iTunes Music Store album sales charts. It also introduced the world to OK Go’s epic music videos. From paint-filled airplane parties to ingeniously designed Rube Goldberg contraptions, the band’s choreographed videos are guaranteed viral hits. Their first video, a low-budget treadmill dance routine for the single “Here It Goes Again” has over 50 million views on YouTube.
Olivia Holt
Singer-Actress
Olivia Holt is a singer and actress whose breakout role as Lindy Watson on the Disney Channel series “I Didn’t Do It” catapulted her to fame. Born in Tennessee, Olivia appeared in several commercials as a child actor before landing the role of Kim in Disney XD's martial arts comedy “Kickin' It.” In 2012 she played the lead in the Disney Channel original film “Girl vs. Monster.” After signing with Hollywood Records, Olivia released her debut single “Phoenix” on May 13. This fall Olivia will kick off her much anticipated “Rise of a Phoenix” tour in support of her brand new EP, “Olivia.”
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Paul Simon
Singer-Songwriter
Over the course of 50 years in music, first as one half of folk-rock duo Simon & Garfunkel and later as a solo performer, Paul Simon has earned praise for his intelligent yet accessible songwriting and for introducing elements of world music to American listeners. His songs defined a generation and gave hope to people during the tumultuous ‘60s. Simon & Garfunkel often found themselves in the No. 1 spot on the U.S. singles charts with hits like "The Sound of Silence," "Mrs. Robinson," and "Bridge Over Troubled Water." After the duo split in 1970, Paul recorded a string of highly acclaimed solo albums, most notably 1986’s “Graceland.” Paul has earned 12 Grammys, including a Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2001, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Pearl Jam
Rock Band
Grunge would never have reached the heights it did without Pearl Jam. The Seattle rock band pushed the alt-rock sound to the top of mainstream charts with their 1991 debut album “Ten.” The critically lauded album has been certified 13 times platinum and was ranked #205 on Rolling Stone’s list of the Greatest Albums of All Time. Comprised of singer Eddie Vedder, guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, bass player Jeff Ament, and drummer Matt Cameron, the band released several landmark albums and became one of the most dominant musical forces of the ‘90s and aughts. Throughout their career Pearl Jam has been a major contributor to progressive causes. The band regularly performs benefits for charities, including Habitat for Humanity, the American Red Cross, and campaigns to combat world hunger.
Phil X
Musician
Phil X is a musician and current lead guitarist for Bon Jovi. After performing in several hard rock acts throughout the ‘80s and ‘90s, Phil earned a reputation as a prolific session musician. He has since recorded with rock stars of numerous sub-genres, including Tommy Lee, Kelly Clarkson, Adam Lambert, Rob Zombie, Avril Lavigne, and Alice Cooper. After filling in for original Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora in 2013, Phil became an official member of the band in 2016. This year Phil and Bon Jovi released their long-awaited 13th studio album, “This House is Not for Sale.”
Phil X Supports
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Rock Band
With punk attitudes and funk grooves, Red Hot Chili Peppers became an unstoppable rock success throughout the ‘90s and early aughts. Led by singer Anthony Kiedis, bass player Flea, and guitarist John Frusciante, the band’s wild and unpredictable live shows often performed in the buff created pre-Internet buzz that led to a huge following. RHCP released several now classic albums including “Blood Sugar Sex Magik" (1991) and “Californication” (1999). They became one of the best-selling bands of all time with over 80 million records sold worldwide and have been nominated for 16 Grammy Awards. In 2012, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Fans are looking forward to their eleventh studio album “The Getaway” on June 17, 2016.
Rick Astley
Musician
From bestselling pop star to internet sensation and back again, Rick Astley has led the kind of career most music artists only dream of. In 1987, his signature song "Never Gonna Give You Up" hit #1 in 25 countries and became the most successful single of the year. It was the first of eight songs to reach the UK Top Ten. After retiring in 1993, Rick made a surprise return to the spotlight in 2007 when a brand new generation fell in love with his adorably sunny dance-pop. The viral meme of “rickrolling” was born, and so was Rick’s incredible comeback. In 2016 he released his eighth studio album “50,” putting Rick at #1 on the UK albums chart once again.
Rick Astley Supports
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Robert Knight
Robert Knight, who was one of the first photographers to shoot Jimi Hendrix, is one of music’s most sought-after photographers. Over a distinguished career that began in the late ‘60s, he has captured iconic images of Led Zeppelin, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Carlos Santana. Robert has published several books, including 50 Rock Guitarists (1995) and Led Zeppelin: The Photographers (1996). In 2009 Robert became the subject of the documentary film “Rock Prophet,” which chronicles his fascinating life as a renowned photographer.
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Foundation
For over 30 years the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation has honored the musicians that have defined the genre. Based in New York City, the Foundation was created in 1983 by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. It has now inducted over 300 artists. The 2016 class includes Cheap Trick, Chicago, Deep Purple, Steve Miller, and N.W.A. The organization also operates the Hall of Fame Museum in Cleveland, which archives priceless memorabilia and historical artifacts of bands from ABBA to ZZ Top.
Rudy Sarzo
Musician
As one of music’s premier bass players, Rudy Sarzo is a rock ‘n’ roll journeyman who has played in several iconic heavy metal bands. He has recorded, toured, and performed with the likes of Ozzy Osbourne, Whitesnake, Dio, Blue Öyster Cult, and Quiet Riot. Some of Rudy’s most notable riffs can be heard on Ozzy’s 1982 classic “Speak of the Devil” and Quiet Riot’s “Metal Health,” the first heavy metal album to reach number one on the Billboard 200. In 2006 Rudy released his autobiography Off the Rails, which chronicles his time with influential guitarist and friend Randy Rhoads.
Rudy Sarzo Supports
Ryan Cabrera
Singer- Songwriter
Ryan Cabrera is a Platinum Selling singer-songwriter and guitarist whose acoustic stylings have won over countless fans of melodic pop-rock. After signing with Atlantic Records in 2001, Ryan released his debut single “On the Way Down.” The song quickly became a radio success and reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Ryan’s debut album “Take It All Away” hit number eight on the Billboard 200 albums chart and was eventually certified double platinum. Under his current collaborative side project Beyond The Sky, new single "Whatever, Whenever" will be released on August 19th. This year Ryan also joins a super lineup of early aughts acts, including 98 Degrees, O-Town, and Dream for the highly anticipated MY2K Tour.
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Sabrina Carpenter
Singer- Actress
At just 17 years old, Sabrina Carpenter is already an accomplished singer and actress. Born in Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania, Sabrina got her acting start with a guest appearance on NBC’s hit show “Law & Order: SVU.” She is best known for her roles as Chloe Goodwin in “The Goodwin Games” and as Maya Hart, best friend to main character Riley Matthews, on the Disney Channel series “Girl Meets World.” After signing to Hollywood Records in 2014, Sabrina released her debut album “Eyes Wide Open” which opened at No. 43 on the US Billboard 200 chart. This Spring, Sabrina released “Smoke and Fire,” the first single off her upcoming second studio album.
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Seether
Rock Band
Carrying the torch for grunge rock into the new millennium, Seether took a cue from bands like Nirvana and Alice in Chains. Singer Shaun Morgan, bass player Dale Stewart, and drummer John Humphrey make distortion-heavy songs that straddle heavy metal and radio rock. This mix, first heard on their breakout #1 single “Fine Again,” is partly why the South African band’s last four albums have all been in the Top 10 of the Billboard 200 chart. Their latest record “Isolate and Medicate” debuted at No. 4 in July. In 2012, Seether started The Rise Above Fest, the annual music festival to benefit Suicide Awareness Voices of Education (SAVE).
Seether Support
Shout! Factory
Audio & Video Company
For 13 years Shout! Factory has been the premier independent audio and video company. Founded by former Rhino Records principals Bob Emmer, Garson Foos, and Richard Foos, the retro pop culture label specializes in cult classic feature films, documentaries, animation, and live music and comedy specials. In 2004 it paved the way for television on DVD with the release of the comedy hit “Freaks And Geeks,” a decision which allowed Shout! Factory to become a successful multi-platform media company. The company now owns and operates Timeless Media Group, Biograph Records, Majordomo Records, HighTone Records, and Video Time Machine.
Shout! Factory Supports
Silversun Pickups
Alterative Rock Band
One of the early forebears of the Silver Lake rock scene, Silversun Pickups is an alternative rock band composed of singer Brian Aubert, bass player Nikki Monninger, drummer Christopher Guanlao, and keyboardist Joe Lester. Beginning with the release of their 2006 debut album “Carnavas” on the indie label Dangerbird Records, Silversun Pickups has released three critically and commercially acclaimed albums, each more successful than the last. Their most recent album, 2012’s “Neck of the Woods,” peaked at #1 on the US Alternative Albums chart. For their upcoming fourth studio release, the band created their own label New Machine Recordings. The new album “Better Nature” drops on September 25.
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Simple Plan
Pop Punk Band
Simple Plan is an internationally renowned pop punk band originally from Montreal. After their performance at the Vans Warped Tour in 2001, the band’s popularity spread quickly through word of mouth, but it wasn’t until early 2003 with the release of their seminal album “No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls” that they enjoyed mainstream success. The record, created with input from Good Charlotte's Joel Madden and Mark Hoppus of blink-182, sold over four million copies worldwide and went platinum twice over. The powerhouse punk band has also played at the 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2016 NHL Winter Classic. In February of 2016, the quintet returned to the studio and released their fifth full-length album “Taking One for the Team.”
Simple Plan Support
Smashing Pumpkins
Alternative Rock Band
Alt-rock iconoclasts. Gothic pop dreamers. “Big Music” rebels. The Smashing Pumpkins have been called all sorts of epithets in their nearly 30-year trailblazing career. Formed in 1988 by singer Billy Corgan and guitarist James Iha, The Pumpkins had their breakout moment with their second album, 1993's “Siamese Dream.” For their critically acclaimed third album, “Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness,” the band pushed their densely layered guitar sound and Billy’s raw, cathartic lyrics even further. The record debuted at #1 on the Billboard charts and was nominated for seven Grammy Awards. In 2016 the band announced their In Plainsong Tour, featuring an acoustic-electro exploration of their iconic song catalog.
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Steve Earle
Singer- Songwriter
Rock, country, and folk converge in Steve Earle’s music. From the moment he moved to Nashville at the age of 19 in 1974, Steve knew he had a different sound. Combining outlaw country with heartland rock, Steve’s debut album “Guitar Rock” hit number one on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart in 1986. Thirty years later Rolling Stone would put it at #482 on its list of the “500 Greatest Albums of All Time.” Since then Steve has released 15 studio albums, won three Grammy Awards, and his music has been covered by artists such as Johnny Cash, Emmylou Harris, and Waylon Jennings. This summer, Steve hits the road with folk singer Shawn Colvin for an international concert tour.
Steve Earle Supports
Steven Tyler
Singer-Songwriter
From the sky-high screeches of “Dream On” to the low rumbles heard in “Janie’s Got a Gun,” Steven Tyler has one of the most distinctive voices in rock music. Nicknamed the “Demon of Screamin',” Steven is the longtime frontman for Aerosmith, rock ’n' roll’s bad boys from Boston. The band first rose to fame in the ‘70s on his soaring vocals in hits like “Sweet Emotion” and “Walk This Way.” They have since sold more than 150 million records worldwide, making them the most successful American hard rock band of all time. As one of the industry’s most colorful singers, Steven was the perfect candidate to serve as a judge on Fox’s “American Idol” in which he did a two-season gig. Following the debut of his brand new single “RED, WHITE & YOU,” he announced the release of his first ever solo album in early 2016.
Steven Tyler Supports
Sting
Musician
Sting is an English singer, multi-instrumentalist, and philanthropist best known as the lead singer of the British new wave rock band The Police. As a solo artist and a member of The Police, Sting has 16 combined Grammys, a Golden Globe, an Emmy, and three Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song. Multiple songs written by Sting, such as “Roxanne” and “Every Breath You Take” appear on Rolling Stone 's list of 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. His music, often combining elements of jazz, reggae, and worldbeat, has been praised for introducing new influences to mainstream pop. In 2002 Sting was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and in 2003, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police. In 2014, he made his Broadway debut in the musical The Last Ship. On November 11, 2016, Sting will release "57th & 9th," his first album in over a decade.
Tamar Davis
Singer- Songwriter
Ashley Támar Davis is a singer, actress, and reality television star who is best known for her work with the legendary singer Prince. After hearing her demo tape in the early ‘90s, Prince invited her to sing on his Grammy-nominated song “Beautiful, Loved and Blessed.” She would soon become a close friend and tour with him on his 3121 tour in 2006. A decade later, Támar made waves on her own after appearing on season 10 of NBC’s talent competition “The Voice.” She has also worked closely with director Tyler Perry, starring in stage productions of Madea Gets a Job and Madea’s Big Happy Family.
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Tegan and Sara
Pop Duo
Identical twins from Calgary, Tegan and Sara are a Canadian duo whose infectious indie pop has earned them worldwide acclaim. The band broke out locally in 1998 after winning the Calgary “Garage Warz” competition, which led to the release of their self-produced debut album “Under Feet Like Ours.” After signing with Neil Young’s Vapor Records, Tegan and Sara released “This Business of Art.” The band has since sold over one million albums, won three Juno Awards, and earned a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video for “Get Along.” Recently the duo appeared with The Lonely Island on the song “Everything Is Awesome,” which was featured in “The Lego Movie.” In June of 2016, Tegan and Sara released their highly anticipated eighth studio album “Love You to Death.”
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The Foo Fighters
Rock band
In the two decades since the 1995 release of The Foo Fighters' self-titled debut, Dave Grohl, Taylor Hawkins, Nate Mendel, Chris Shiflett, and Pat Smear have grown into one of the greatest American stadium rock bands of all time. They have raked in 11 Grammys, sold 25 million records worldwide, and spawned anthems like “Everlong," "Monkey Wrench," "My Hero," "Learn To Fly," "All My Life," "Best Of You," "The Pretender," and “Walk." The band's eighth studio album "Sonic Highways" was released in November 2014 and shares its title with HBO's four-time, Emmy-nominated docuseries also directed by Dave.
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The Lumineers
Rock Band
The folk-rock revival has few standard-bearers more authentic than The Lumineers. Americana at their core, the band was actually borne of tragedy as a creative outlet for drummer Jeremiah Fraites following the tragic death of his younger brother. Soon the band was perfecting their sound, culminating in their 2012 self-titled debut album. The record’s first single "Ho Hey" reached #1 for 18 non-consecutive weeks on the Billboard rock songs chart and was named the 26th best song of 2012 by Rolling Stone. On April 8, 2016, The Lumineers will release their highly anticipated second studio album “Cleopatra.”
The Real Show
Concert
Real 92.3’s hip-hop concert The Real Show launched in 2015 and in its inaugural year, the Los Angeles-based station welcomed some of the biggest names to The Forum. Kendrick Lamar, Fetty Wap, Rae Sremmurd, and Ty Dolla Sign, along with host Big Boy, for the ultimate one-day rap festival. For its sophomore followup, The Real Show returns to The Forum on November 5, 2016 with a hard-hitting roster that includes Usher, Kid Ink, Desiigner, Kap G, Bryson Tiller, Belly, Ty Dolla $ign, Chance The Rapper, and Kehlani.
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The Weeknd
Hip Hop, R&B Artist
The summer of 2015 belonged to The Weeknd. With critical acclaim from nearly every major media outlet, success on music streaming services, and raw talent to match the hype, the Toronto-born singer and record producer found his groove with fans of alternative R&B. Building off the success of his 2013 debut album “Kiss Land,” The Weeknd released his second album “Beauty Behind the Madness” this August to widespread success. The album’s first three singles — “Can’t Feel My Face,” “The Hills,” and “Earned It” — simultaneously held the top three spots on the Billboard Hot R&B Songs chart, making him the first artist in history to do so.
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Todd Rundgren
Multi-instrumentalist
An innovative artist, instrumentalist, and record producer, Todd Rundgren has had a lasting impact on virtually every facet of pop music. In 1973 he co-founded the pop group Utopia, considered an influential precursor to countless prog rock bands. Since then he has written and recorded 25 solo albums, produced music for artists like Patti Smith and Meat Loaf, scored music for TV shows like “Pee Wee’s Playhouse,” and developed sound mixing technology. Several of his songs, including “Hello It’s Me” and the novelty song “Bang the Drum All Day,” which continues to receive heavy airplay. In 2013 Todd founded Spirit of Harmony, a nonprofit that provides music education for disadvantaged youth.
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Tom Morello
Musician
Tom Morello is best known for his guitar solos which feature heavy-metal distortion infused with hip-hop sounds. His scratch-like riffs coupled with politically charged lyrics were the catalysts for one of the most influential bands of the 1990s, Rage Against The Machine. In 2001 after the band disbanded, it retooled with Soundgarden frontman Chris Cornell and released several albums as Audioslave before splitting up in 2007 and giving way to a second Rage Against The Machine stint. Tom currently performs a solo act called The Nightwatchman, described as his “political folk alter ego.” No stranger to acclaim, Tom was tabbed as one of the top 30 greatest guitarists by Rolling Stone in 2003. Off stage, he formed a non-profit called Axis of Justice, which focuses on bringing fans together to fight for social injustice.
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Tom Waits
Singer- Songwriter
With his gravel-throated yelp and creative fascination with outsiders, Tom Waits has earned his reputation as a master storyteller of the dirty and downtrodden. Over 16 studio albums, the iconic singer-songwriter has fiddled with an intoxicating mix of blues, vaudeville, jazz, folk, and back-alley trash can rock. He has won two Grammy Awards, been nominated for an Oscar, and had his songs covered by everyone from Bruce Springsteen to The Eagles. Tom’s most recent album, “Bad as Me,” received near universal acclaim from critics. The AV Club praised it as “a fun reminder of Waits' ability to be a badass when necessary." In 2011 Tom was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
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Tori Kelly
Singer-Songwriter
Tori Kelly is a singer and multi-instrumentalist, who wrote, produced, and recorded her first EP “Handmade Songs” in her bedroom and released it on her very own label. It climbed the top 10 of the Heatseekers Albums chart and was followed by the album “Unbreakable Smile” in 2015. It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and eventually earned Tori a Grammy nomination for Best New Artist. Over the past year and a half, Tori headlined a 32-city, sold-out U.S. tour, and supported Ed Sheeran and Sam Smith on tour. Combined, her songs and albums have sold nearly 1.5 million in the U.S. Next up, Tory will lend her talents to NBC’s “The Voice” as a music advisor.
Van Dyke Parks
Musician
A true studio musician with a healthy disdain for fame, Van Dyke Parks is behind some of popular music’s most well-known masterpieces. As a composer, record producer, session artist, and singer-songwriter, Van Dyke has provided original compositions and songwriting for several major artists throughout his 50+ year career. His self-described “counter-counterculture” attitude toward the music business has endeared him to artists like Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys, as well as singers Frank Sinatra, Randy Newman, and Harry Nilsson. More recently Van Dyke has worked with artists as varied as rock legends U2 and electronic music DJ Skrillex.
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Weezer
Rock Band
With a sound that falls on the spectrum somewhere between The Beach Boys and KISS, Weezer redefined indie rock in the ‘90s. The band’s seminal debut “The Blue Album” included classics like “Say It Ain’t So” and “The Sweater Song” that pushed it to triple platinum certification and a place among the greatest albums of the decade. After almost 25 years and millions of albums sold worldwide, singer Rivers Cuomo and company continue to push their music to new levels. Weezer’s tenth studio album, known as The White Album, saw the band return to the beach grunge sound of their early records. It debuted in spring 2016 to critical and commercial acclaim.
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YG
Rapper
Keenon Jackson, or YG to fans of the rapper, actor, and co-founder of record label Pu$haz Ink, debuted his party-friendly hip hop on his album “My Krazy Life” in 2014. The album’s biggest single My Hitta” climbed to number 19 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was named one of the best songs of the year by Complex magazine. This summer, the Compton native dropped his critically acclaimed second album “Still Brazy,” tinged with political and social commentary, including an anti-Donald Trump track, “FDT.”
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Ziggy Marley
Singer- Songwriter
Reggae runs in Ziggy Marley’s bones. Born in Kingston, Jamaica, the eldest son of reggae singers Bob Marley and Zizzy Marley continues his family’s quest to bring people together through music. Ziggy began his career at just 11 years old as a singer in The Melody Makers, a band with his three siblings. Their bestselling album “Conscious Party” won the 1989 Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album with hits like “Tumblin’ Down” and “Tomorrow People.” He would win another Grammy for his 2006 solo album “Love is My Religion.” Ziggy is the founder of Unlimited Resources Giving Enlightenment (URGE), a nonprofit organization that strives to support education, health, and the environment in efforts to improve the communities where children live and grow.
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Wango Tango
Concert
No one puts on a concert like Ryan Seacrest and KIIS FM. Now the partners are putting on the newest version of their magnum opus: the annual Wango Tango festival. Wango Tango is the place to hear music's hottest acts, in one place, for an all-day concert in Los Angeles. The party enters its 19th year when it kicks off at the StubHub Center on May 14 with Gwen Stefani, Ariana Grande, Zayn, Demi Lovato, Meghan Trainor, Fifth Harmony, Iggy Azalea, DNCE, and more.
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Zac Brown Band
Three-time GRAMMY winners and multi-platinum artists Zac Brown Band have become one of music's most heralded acts. Their latest gold-certified album JEKYLL + HYDE, out now on Southern Ground Artists/John Varvatos Records/Big Machine Label Group/Republic Records, marks the band’s third consecutive #1 debut on the Billboard 200 chart. Together with their three platinum-selling albums, Uncaged, You Get What You Give, and The Foundation, and their 2013 project The Grohl Sessions Vol. 1, the band has sold over eight million albums to date. On the road, Zac Brown Band set out on their largest North American Stadium Tour to date in 2015, which included two history making performances - a first ever sold-out, three-night run at Fenway Park, and the first-ever concert at Coors Field along with performances at Wrigley Field, Nationals Park, Citi Field, Comerica Park and Citizen's Bank Park.
Zac Brown Support
Shania Twain
Country Artist
Shania Twain is arguably the biggest pop phenomenon to come out of the country music scene in the late ‘90s. Rightfully dubbed the Queen of Country Pop, Shania has sold well over 75 million albums worldwide, making her the most successful female country artist of all time. Shania is also the only female artist in history to have three consecutive albums certified Diamond. After winning five Grammys and 27 BMI Songwriter Awards, Shania retired from performing in 2004 only to return to the stage eight years later in her critically acclaimed show Still the One, seen exclusively at The Colosseum at Caesar’s Palace in Las Vegas. Shania is currently at work on her fifth studio album.
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Nick Jonas
Singer, Actor
Nick Jonas has come a long way since his days as a teen heartthrob on the Disney Channel. As one-third of the Jonas Brothers he won a Grammy for Best New Artist, sold 17 million albums, and was part of one of the biggest bands in the world. Now the 23-year-old singer is all grown up. He is an established actor, appearing this year in the DirectTV drama series “Kingdom” and has a new musical style. "Jealous," the first single off last year’s self-titled album, reveals an edgier side. Next summer Nick is hitting the road to show off his mature new look and will join fellow Disney alum Demi Lovato for the joint 40-city “Future Now” tour.
Nick Supports
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What can be a Greek god, a fashion house, and a fictional bureaucrat? | Hestia, Greek Goddess of Hearth and Home
Hestia, Greek Goddess
of Hearth and Home
Hestia, Greek Goddess of the sacred fire, was once known as "Chief of the Goddesses" and "Hestia, First and Last". She was the most influential and widely revered of the Greek goddesses.
Though the goddess Hestia was once the most important of the Greek goddesses, she (like her counterpart, the Roman goddess Vesta) is virtually unknown today. Her name means �the essence�, the true nature of things.
Scholars often refer to the goddess Hestia as "the forgotten goddess". Because of the her association with hospitality, the word Hestia can mostly be heard today used in the names of inns and restaurants, making some people wonder if �Hestia� is the name of a franchise.
Unlike the other Greek goddesses, Hestia does not have a "story" . . . there were few adventures to record about her. She simply "is".
Few images of the goddess Hestia exist. A very "private person", her symbols, the sacred flame and the circle, are usually used to represent Hestia in works of art.
Hestia's brief stories, retold here, are too scanty to instruct us. It is her traits, not her actions, that most define her. These virtues define the goddess Hestia: mild, gentle, forgiving, peaceful, serene, dignified, calm, secure, stable, welcoming, and, above all else, well-centered.
Of all the Olympian gods and goddesses, Hestia was the first born. And also the last. This takes some explaining . . .
Her parents were the Titans, Cronus & Rhea. She was their first child. But Cronus, made fearful by a prophecy that one of his children would grow up to usurp his throne, quickly swallowed the infant Hestia (as he did the brothers and sisters that followed) in order to prevent the fulfillment of the prophecy.
Later, following the birth of Zeus, the grieving goddess Rhea tricked her husband into swallowing a rock wrapped in swaddling instead of the infant, causing him to vomit up all the babies he had swallowed. First in, Hestia was the last to be disgorged.
Hence, the goddess was often called "Hestia, First and Last".
The goddess Hestia grew in grace and beauty and soon caught the attention of the gods Apollo and Poseidon who both sought her hand in marriage.
But Hestia wasn't having any of it . . . saying that Aphrodite's ways (romance and marriage) were not her ways, she placed her hand on Zeus' brow and swore an oath that she would not marry.
More than anything else, she wanted to follow a path that was true to her nature and was of her own choosing.
She didn't require the trappings of power or adventure (like Athena and Artemis, the other virgin, i.e. unmarried, goddesses). She was perfectly content and fulfilled, being "Aunt Hestia", and enjoyed being of service to her family and community.
Zeus, grateful that Hestia�s announcement had averted the possibility of war between the rival suitors, not only supported Hestia�s wish to remain single but decreed that Hestia�s name should be mentioned first in any prayer and that she should receive the first portion of any sacrifice and be honored in the temples of each of the Olympian deities.
So delighted was he with Hestia's decision, that Zeus handed her the keys to the family home (Mount Olympus) and offered her the position of manager, and with it the responsibility of running this vast estate while the rest of the gods and goddesses wandered about in the larger world having all sorts of adventures.
True to her nature, Hestia stayed at home, never leaving Mount Olympus, always there to welcome the others and enjoy their �homecomings�.
The goddess Hestia never involved herself in the fights and machinations of the other gods and goddesses, somehow managing to stay above the fray.
Non-judgmental and forgiving, her �unconditional love� and calm acceptance inspired the love and trust of others in return. Dependable and caring, Hestia was always there for them and helped them to manage their lives which were certainly more exciting than her own.
One of Hestia�s most important responsibilities as the estate-manager was as �Keeper of the Reserves�, seeing to it that all their clothing and equipment was in good repair and the the pantry always full so there would be ample food and wine on hand when any of the gods and goddesses returned from their adventures.
As keeper of the key to all the supplies, Hestia efficiently managed the large household, pleasing all with her practical dependability.
One of the few myths of Hestia tells how the lustful Priapus attempted to rape her as she slept.
As he approached her bed, a donkey (long since a symbol of lust) began to bray loudly, awakening the slumbering Hestia. Her screams awoke all the other gods and goddesses and sent the embarrassed Priapus falling all over himself as he tried to flee.
Hestia is also known as the originator of the concept of �sanctuary�. It was an offense to Hestia to refuse hospitality to a stranger. That those in need were to be sheltered and protected from ill-treatment was recognized by Hestia�s followers as a sacred obligation.
Special emphasis was placed on the requirement to not �take advantage� of a female guest, presumably as a result of Hestia�s experience with Priapus.
Hestia is often spoken of in conjunction with her friend and neighbor Hermes, the god of communication and travel. They were polar opposites in terms of personality�Hestia spoke little and stayed at home, while the outgoing Hermes had the �gift of gab� and traveled to the far ends of the world.
Though a marriage of such disparate characters clearly could not have succeeded, they shared strong bonds of friendship. They are remembered together in the Homeric Hymns (edited by H.G. Evelyn-White):
��be favorable and help us you [Hermes] and Hestia, worshipful and dear. Come and dwell in this glorious house of friendship together, for you two, well knowing the noble actions of men, aid their wisdom and strength.�
The circle symbolized Hestia (and her counterpart, the Roman Goddess Vesta) as the "complete" goddess, the goddess who was whole, "one complete within herself". Hestia was seen as, not only psychologically "centered", but also as representing the center, the center of the home and family, the city, and even the world itself.
The source of Hestia�s sacred fire was believed to be the molten lava that burns at the center of the earth, connected by an �umbilical cord� called the Oomphalos to the city of Delphi, a place of great wisdom and spiritual energy.
The town hall, a meeting place for citizens to discuss the community's affairs (a forerunner of western democracy), was built around a hearth that honored Hestia.
The living flame of Hestia was tended constantly and never allowed to die out, for it represented the energy of all life and to let the flame extinguish was to invite a cold and barren existence. When new �subdivisions� were developed, fire was carried from the town�s hearth to light the fire of the new community, assuring its prosperity.
The Olympic Torch is just one example of the living flame that has survived to modern times, though it is seldom recalled that it originally honored the Greek goddess Hestia.
The ritual of a bride and groom lighting a candle together from the flames of two candelabra to symbolize the creation of the �new� family from their two �old� families derived from the ancient practice of bringing Hestia�s flame from the bride�s mother�s home in order to assure Hestia�s blessing on the union.
Every home had a hearth that was dedicated to the goddess, and each day began and ended with a ritual requesting that she protect and nurture the family within.
As the Goddess of Architecture, Hestia intended that homes should be built from the center out, with the center being a hearth that contained her sacred flame.
As part of the naming ritual, all infants were carried in a circle around the altar of Hestia to secure her blessings. There was an altar to Hestia in the center of every home . . . it was the fireplace, the hearth, where the family gathered.
Hestia's vision of a house was that it should truly be a home, a place where one's body, spirit, and relationships would be nurtured and replenished. . . a place to "come home to" after exposure to the cold and chaos of the external world.
Hestia is associated with the warmth and comfort of the welcoming fireplace. Just as the flames glowing from the hearth soothe us with their warmth and glowing light, the goddess Hestia gives us security, peace, and comfort and helps us accept the truth of our lives with inner grace.
| Hermes |
What was the name of the Greenpeace ship, the former fishing trawler Sir William Hardy, that was sunk in Auckland harbor by French Secret Service agents to prevent it interfering with planned nuclear tests? | By Georgette Gouveia
Westchester (N.Y.) Journal News
Colin Farrell's gritty party-boy image is part of his Hollywood mystique, and it's as marketable as it is maverick. Rebels are part of our pop-culture psyche.
Advertiser library photos
Former President Bill Clinton used a roguish ploy to charm a fellow law school classmate who eventually became his first lady.
On "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" recently, Colin Farrell "the rogue with a brogue" flirted with $183 million lottery winner Bernadette Gietka. The middle-aged Maryland bachelorette allowed the Irish actor to stroke her hand, even as she confessed to a crush on Richard Chamberlain until he came out of the closet, that is.
"Hey, for $183 million, he might change," Farrell observed.
Ooh, the bad boy quick with a quip, lusting after ladies and ready to rebel, or at least mix it up.
"They're the straw that stirs the drink," says Michael Easton, who plays the beautifully tattooed, bloodsucking Caleb on ABC's supernatural soap "Port Charles."
Easton's vampire is among the fictional bad boys of this summer, who include Cal Trask, the charismatic Cain of Oprah's Book Club selection "East of Eden"; and Ryan Atwood, the James-Dean-style delinquent at the heart of Fox's new drama "The O.C."
But real-life bad boys abound as well. Bill Clinton has returned as a smooth-talking, red-headed Viking in Hillary Clinton's best-selling "Living History" (Simon and Schuster, $28) price), while domesticated daredevils Johnny Depp, Russell Crowe and Charlie Sheen (perfectly type-cast as a jingle-writing playboy on CBS' sharp fall sitcom "Two and a Half Men") have made headlines for trading their rakish ways for brides and babies.
And then there's Farrell, star of the new film "S.W.A.T.," who seems delightedly determined to drink, smoke, curse and fool around enough to make up for them.
It is one thing to play a bad boy on screen, or in the media. It is quite another to find yourself cast as the bad guy in real life, as Kobe Bryant and his fans are discovering. Regardless of what happens with the sexual assault charge Bryant faces, the basketball star has admitted to lying and adultery, observes Beverly Hills psychiatrist Carole Lieberman, co-author of "Bad Boys: Why We Love Them, How to Live With Them and When to Leave Them" (Signet/Penguin Putnam, 1997). A seeming good guy has left us to wonder who he really is.
Not so the bad boy. With him, you know where you stand, even if you don't like what he stands for. "There's a very honest quality to the bad boy," says Michael Easton, who plays Caleb in "Port Charles" as a creature driven by his need to feed and his passion for one woman. "The really bad person pretends to be what he is not."
The bad boy is not a hypocrite, says Dr. Robert Catenaccio, an associate clinical professor of psychiatry at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. But this doesn't mean he's above fudging facts or bending rules to get what he wants.
Witness "fudger-in-chief" Bill Clinton's first encounter with his future wife, Hillary Rodham, as described in her memoirs. Bill fibs about having to register for the next semester's classes at Yale Law School so he can walk Hillary to the registrar's office. Then he persuades a guard to let them into the closed Yale art gallery in exchange for picking up the litter in the courtyard.
"We had the entire museum to ourselves," Rodham Clinton writes. "We wandered through the galleries talking about (Mark) Rothko and 20th-century art. I admit to being surprised at his interest in and knowledge of subjects that seemed, at first, unusual for a Viking from Arkansas. We ended up in the museum's courtyard, where I sat in the large lap of Henry Moore's sculpture 'Draped Seated Woman' while we talked until dark."
The can-do confidence of the bad boy, experts say, is made headier when you are its primary recipient.
"One of the big attractions of bad boys is that no one is going to get the better of them, and they can be protective of you," says Dr. Mark Goulston, a Santa Monica, Calif., psychiatrist. "Girls perceive them as champs."
And because they appear to be winners who can take what they want, being selected by a bad boy can make the beloved feel all the more special.
"He's a pet tiger," Catenaccio says. "But he's your pet tiger."
The appeal of the bad boy lies not only in his power and protection but in his vulnerability and need to be protected. This, experts say, is his paradox: His nature is both his Achilles' heel and shield.
The bad boy, Catenaccio notes, "is endlessly redeemable."
And he has to be saved, experts say, because often he is the product of a dysfunctional family, that favorite source of friction in fiction.
Antwone Fisher (Derek Luke), the title character in the 2002 film, is "a classic bad boy in the James Dean tradition," says Nicolaus Mills, professor of literature at Sarah Lawrence College in Yonkers, in that he is a decent young man put through hell by childhood trauma. In his therapist (Denzel Washington), he finds not only a surrogate father but a doorway to understanding, forgiveness and finally, transcendence.
Whether bad boys can grow up to become good guys instead of remaining as they are or turning into grumpy old men may depend on finding a trustworthy partner to whom they can open up and recognizing the shallow loneliness of their lives, Lieberman says. Fatherhood, too, may be a defining moment that separates the men from the boys, Goulston adds.
The jury is still out on how impending fatherhood will affect Colin Farrell: Model Kim Bordenave is expecting his son in early September. But for reformed hotel-room trasher Johnny Depp, a stable life in southern France with singer Vanessa Paradis and their two children has been a transformative experience.
"It gave me everything," he says in the current issue of GQ magazine, "a reason to live ... a reason to learn, a reason to breathe, a reason to care. ... Oh man, I wasted so much time."
On the other hand, he is marvelously loopy as a sea wolf in search of his land legs in the summer hit "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl."
So maybe bad boys don't die; they just rechannel their energies. And that, some observers say, is a good thing, particularly in our conservative times.
"We need that little spark of rebellion," Catenaccio says.
Adds Mills: "Despite all that has been done to them, bad boys have resilience. It's not a turn-the-other-cheek kind of thing, but something hopefully that can stand in opposition to official society."
Bad boys: Past, present and fictional
Bad Boys Hall of Fame
Marlon Brando
Bad Boys Flying Under the Radar
Leonardo DiCaprio
Reformed Bad Boy Who Has Utterly Disavowed His Former Bad Boyishness
George W. Bush
Cal Trask in "East of Eden"
Don Juan
Heathcliff (the cat and the Emily Bronte antihero of "Wuthering Heights")
Hermes (the Greek god, not the fashion house)
Huckleberry Finn
Congenitally Incapable of Being A Bad Boy
Tom Hanks
Congenitally Incapable of Being A Bad Boy (Even Though He's No Saint)
Tom Cruise
He Only Plays A Bad Boy Onscreen
Brad Pitt
Too Boring To Be A Bad Boy
Ben Affleck
Too Nerdy To Be A Bad Boy
Jayson Blair and Stephen Glass, purveyors of fictional journalism
Too Opaque To Be A Bad Boy
Ashton Kutcher
The New York Yankees (except for bad-boy ace David Wells).
Source: Westchester (N.Y.) Journal News
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July 12, 1862 saw the creation of what decoration, the highest military medal able to be awarded? | Medal of Honor News
CONNECTICUT SENATOR BLUMENTHAL'S LEGISLATION HELP CLEAR WAY FOR AIR FORCE SERGEANT KILLED IN AFGHANISTAN TO RECEIVE MEDAL OF HONOR
Thursday, December 8, 2016
[WASHINGTON, DC] – U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal (D-CT), a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee and the Conference Committee for the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), released the following statement today after a measure he backed to waive the statutory time limitation for the Medal of Honor in certain cases currently under review by the Department of Defense passed as part of the NDAA’s passage. The Secretary of Defense is currently considering Windsor Locks-raised Air Force Sergeant John Chapman posthumously for the Medal of Honor. If the President decides to award the Medal of Honor to Sgt. Chapman for his ultimate sacrifice in March 2002, this provision would provide the authority to waive the five-year statutory time limitation for Sgt. Chapman to receive the award.
“Sergeant John Chapman is a hero,” said Blumenthal. “He made the ultimate sacrifice protecting fellow war fighters while fearlessly fighting for our country after the tragic events on September 11 and I vow to continue to support his candidacy for the Medal of Honor. This provision, rightfully included in the NDAA, is a helpful step. We will never fully be able to repay Sergeant Chapman and his loved ones for his extraordinary sacrifice in Afghanistan, but we can honor his unparalleled heroism to the highest degree.”
Air Force Sgt. John Chapman, 36, graduated from Windsor Locks High School in 1983. During Operation Anaconda – a March 2002 mission in the eastern mountains of Afghanistan – Sergeant Chapman was killed while serving as an Air Force technical sergeant radioman embedded with SEAL Team Six. Sergeant Chapman was posthumously awarded the Air Force Cross in 2003 for his heroism when trying to rescue his fallen team member. If his nomination for the Medal of Honor is approved, he will be the first from the Air Force to receive this distinction since the Vietnam War.
Blumenthal has been a steadfast supporter of Sgt. Chapman’s candidacy. In addition to fighting for the NDAA provision, Blumenthal led letters from the Connecticut congressional delegation and Congressman Jeff Miller ( R-FL.) to the Secretary of Defense and the Armed Services Committees in September 2016, which advocated for Sgt. Chapman’s heroism and candidacy.
President Eisenhower speaking to the 210 Medal of Honor recipients at the White House May 30, 1958.
Photo credit National Park Service
President Eisenhower places the Medal of Honor on the casket of the Unknown Serviceman of the Korean War, Arlington Cemetery, May 30, 1958.
Master Sergeant Homer L. Wise of Stamford CT was one of seven recipients of the Medal of Honor who served as honorary pall bearers.
Photo credit National Park Service
MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS MEMORIAL DAY MAY 30, 1958 PRIOR TO THE
DEDICATION OF THE TOMB OF THE UNKNOWNS, AT ARLINGTON CEMETERY
LEFT TO RIGHT, Homer L. Wise, Stamford, CT, World War II, William J. Crawford, Pueblo,
CO, World War II, Jerry K. Crump, Forest City, NC, Korean War, Paul B. Huff, Cleveland, TN,
World War II, Ronald E. Rosser, Crooksville, OH, Korean War, Donald E. Rudolph,
Minneapolis, MN, World War II and Ernest R. Kouma, Dwight, NB, Korean War.
photo Ronald E. Rosser collection
Medal of Honor Citation - Homer L. Wise
While his platoon was pinned down by enemy small-arms fire from both flanks, he left his position of comparative safety and assisted in carrying 1 of his men, who had been seriously wounded and who lay in an exposed position, to a point where he could receive medical attention. The advance of the platoon was resumed but was again stopped by enemy frontal fire. A German officer and 2 enlisted men, armed with automatic weapons, threatened the right flank. Fearlessly exposing himself, he moved to a position from which he killed all 3 with his submachinegun. Returning to his squad, he obtained an Ml rifle and several antitank grenades, then took up a position from which he delivered accurate fire on the enemy holding up the advance. As the battalion moved forward it was again stopped by enemy frontal and flanking fire. He procured an automatic rifle and, advancing ahead of his men, neutralized an enemy machinegun with his fire. When the flanking fire became more intense he ran to a nearby tank and exposing himself on the turret, restored a jammed machinegun to operating efficiency and used it so effectively that the enemy fire from an adjacent ridge was materially reduced thus permitting the battalion to occupy its objective.
Medal of Honor Citation - William J. Crawford
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy near Altavilla, Italy, 13 September 1943. When Company I attacked an enemy-held position on Hill 424, the 3d Platoon, in which Pvt. Crawford was a squad scout, attacked as base platoon for the company. After reaching the crest of the hill, the platoon was pinned down by intense enemy machinegun and small-arms fire. Locating 1 of these guns, which was dug in on a terrace on his immediate front, Pvt. Crawford, without orders and on his own initiative, moved over the hill under enemy fire to a point within a few yards of the gun emplacement and single-handedly destroyed the machinegun and killed 3 of the crew with a hand grenade, thus enabling his platoon to continue its advance. When the platoon, after reaching the crest, was once more delayed by enemy fire, Pvt. Crawford again, in the face of intense fire, advanced directly to the front midway between 2 hostile machinegun nests located on a higher terrace and emplaced in a small ravine. Moving first to the left, with a hand grenade he destroyed 1 gun emplacement and killed the crew; he then worked his way, under continuous fire, to the other and with 1 grenade and the use of his rifle, killed 1 enemy and forced the remainder to flee. Seizing the enemy machinegun, he fired on the withdrawing Germans and facilitated his company's advance.
Medal of Honor Citation - Jerry K. Crump
Cpl. Crump, a member of Company L, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and outstanding courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. During the night a numerically superior hostile force launched an assault against his platoon on Hill 284, overrunning friendly positions and swarming into the sector. Cpl. Crump repeatedly exposed himself to deliver effective fire into the ranks of the assailants, inflicting numerous casualties. Observing 2 enemy soldiers endeavoring to capture a friendly machine gun, he charged and killed both with his bayonet, regaining control of the weapon. Returning to his position, now occupied by 4 of his wounded comrades, he continued his accurate fire into enemy troops surrounding his emplacement. When a hostile soldier hurled a grenade into the position, Cpl. Crump immediately flung himself over the missile, absorbing the blast with his body and saving his comrades from death or serious injury. His aggressive actions had so inspired his comrades that a spirited counterattack drove the enemy from the perimeter. Cpl. Crump's heroic devotion to duty, indomitable fighting spirit, and willingness to sacrifice himself to save his comrades reflect the highest credit upon himself, the infantry and the U.S. Army.
Medal of Honor Citation - Paul B. Huff
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty, in action on 8 February 1944, near Carano, Italy. Cpl. Huff volunteered to lead a 6-man patrol with the mission of determining the location and strength of an enemy unit which was delivering fire on the exposed right flank of his company. The terrain over which he had to travel consisted of exposed, rolling ground, affording the enemy excellent visibility. As the patrol advanced, its members were subjected to small arms and machinegun fire and a concentration of mortar fire, shells bursting within 5 to 10 yards of them and bullets striking the ground at their feet. Moving ahead of his patrol, Cpl. Huff drew fire from 3 enemy machineguns and a 20mm. weapon. Realizing the danger confronting his patrol, he advanced alone under deadly fire through a minefield and arrived at a point within 75 yards of the nearest machinegun position. Under direct fire from the rear machinegun, he crawled the remaining 75 yards to the closest emplacement, killed the crew with his submachine gun and destroyed the gun. During this act he fired from a kneeling position which drew fire from other positions, enabling him to estimate correctly the strength and location of the enemy. Still under concentrated fire, he returned to his patrol and led his men to safety. As a result of the information he gained, a patrol in strength sent out that afternoon, 1 group under the leadership of Cpl. Huff, succeeded in routing an enemy company of 125 men, killing 27 Germans and capturing 21 others, with a loss of only 3 patrol members. Cpl. Huff's intrepid leadership and daring combat skill reflect the finest traditions of the American infantryman.
Medal of Honor Citation - Donald Rudolph
2d Lt. Rudolph (then T/Sgt.) was acting as platoon leader at Munoz, Luzon, Philippine Islands. While administering first aid on the battlefield, he observed enemy fire issuing from a nearby culvert. Crawling to the culvert with rifle and grenades, he killed 3 of the enemy concealed there. He then worked his way across open terrain toward a line of enemy pillboxes which had immobilized his company. Nearing the first pillbox, he hurled a grenade through its embrasure and charged the position. With his bare hands he tore away the wood and tin covering, then dropped a grenade through the opening, killing the enemy gunners and destroying their machinegun. Ordering several riflemen to cover his further advance, 2d Lt. Rudolph seized a pick mattock and made his way to the second pillbox. Piercing its top with the mattock, he dropped a grenade through the hole, fired several rounds from his rifle into it and smothered any surviving enemy by sealing the hole and the embrasure with earth. In quick succession he attacked and neutralized 6 more pillboxes. Later, when his platoon was attacked by an enemy tank, he advanced under covering fire, climbed to the top of the tank and dropped a white phosphorus grenade through the turret, destroying the crew. Through his outstanding heroism, superb courage, and leadership, and complete disregard for his own safety, 2d Lt. Rudolph cleared a path for an advance which culminated in one of the most decisive victories of the Philippine campaign.
Medal of Honor Citation - Ronald E. Rosser
Cpl. Rosser, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry above and beyond the call of duty. While assaulting heavily fortified enemy hill positions, Company L, 38th Infantry Regiment, was stopped by fierce automatic-weapons, small-arms, artillery, and mortar fire. Cpl. Rosser, a forward observer was with the lead platoon of Company L, when it came under fire from 2 directions. Cpl. Rosser turned his radio over to his assistant and, disregarding the enemy fire, charged the enemy positions armed with only carbine and a grenade. At the first bunker, he silenced its occupants with a burst from his weapon. Gaining the top of the hill, he killed 2 enemy soldiers, and then went down the trench, killing 5 more as he advanced. He then hurled his grenade into a bunker and shot 2 other soldiers as they emerged. Having exhausted his ammunition, he returned through the enemy fire to obtain more ammunition and grenades and charged the hill once more. Calling on others to follow him, he assaulted 2 more enemy bunkers. Although those who attempted to join him became casualties, Cpl. Rosser once again exhausted his ammunition obtained a new supply, and returning to the hilltop a third time hurled grenades into the enemy positions. During this heroic action Cpl. Rosser single-handedly killed at least 13 of the enemy. After exhausting his ammunition he accompanied the withdrawing platoon, and though himself wounded, made several trips across open terrain still under enemy fire to help remove other men injured more seriously than himself. This outstanding soldier's courageous and selfless devotion to duty is worthy of emulation by all men. He has contributed magnificently to the high traditions of the military service.
Medal of Honor Citation - Ernest Kouma
M/Sgt. Kouma, a tank commander in Company A, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. His unit was engaged in supporting infantry elements on the Naktong River front. Near midnight on 31 August, a hostile force estimated at 500 crossed the river and launched a fierce attack against the infantry positions, inflicting heavy casualties. A withdrawal was ordered and his armored unit was given the mission of covering the movement until a secondary position could be established. The enemy assault overran 2 tanks, destroyed 1 and forced another to withdraw. Suddenly M/Sgt. Kouma discovered that his tank was the only obstacle in the path of the hostile onslaught. Holding his ground, he gave fire orders to his crew and remained in position throughout the night, fighting off repeated enemy attacks. During 1 fierce assault, the enemy surrounded his tank and he leaped from the armored turret, exposing himself to a hail of hostile fire, manned the .50 caliber machine gun mounted on the rear deck, and delivered pointblank fire into the fanatical foe. His machine gun emptied, he fired his pistol and threw grenades to keep the enemy from his tank. After more than 9 hours of constant combat and close-in fighting, he withdrew his vehicle to friendly lines. During the withdrawal through 8 miles of hostile territory, M/Sgt. Kouma continued to inflict casualties upon the enemy and exhausted his ammunition in destroying 3 hostile machine gun positions. During this action, M/Sgt. Kouma killed an estimated 250 enemy soldiers. His magnificent stand allowed the infantry sufficient time to reestablish defensive positions. Rejoining his company, although suffering intensely from his wounds, he attempted to resupply his tank and return to the battle area. While being evacuated for medical treatment, his courage was again displayed when he requested to return to the front. M/Sgt. Kouma's superb leadership, heroism, and intense devotion to duty reflect the highest credit on himself and uphold the esteemed traditions of the U.S. Army.
Medal of Honor Citations of the Medal of Honor Society
Hero Of Okinawa and Medal of Honor Recipient Desmond Doss Featured in new Movie
Medal of Honor recipient Desmond Doss is featured in a new movie.
Doss, who saved 75 men during one of the bloodiest battles of World War II without firing or carrying a gun. As a conscientious objector, Doss believed killing was wrong and refused to carry a weapon. He served as a medic, saving countless lives singlehandedly.
Medal of Honor Citation
He was a company aid man when the 1st Battalion assaulted a jagged escarpment 400 feet high As our troops gained the summit, a heavy concentration of artillery, mortar and machinegun fire crashed into them, inflicting approximately 75 casualties and driving the others back. Pfc. Doss refused to seek cover and remained in the fire-swept area with the many stricken, carrying them 1 by 1 to the edge of the escarpment and there lowering them on a rope-supported litter down the face of a cliff to friendly hands. On 2 May, he exposed himself to heavy rifle and mortar fire in rescuing a wounded man 200 yards forward of the lines on the same escarpment; and 2 days later he treated 4 men who had been cut down while assaulting a strongly defended cave, advancing through a shower of grenades to within 8 yards of enemy forces in a cave's mouth, where he dressed his comrades' wounds before making 4 separate trips under fire to evacuate them to safety. On 5 May, he unhesitatingly braved enemy shelling and small arms fire to assist an artillery officer. He applied bandages, moved his patient to a spot that offered protection from small arms fire and, while artillery and mortar shells fell close by, painstakingly administered plasma. Later that day, when an American was severely wounded by fire from a cave, Pfc. Doss crawled to him where he had fallen 25 feet from the enemy position, rendered aid, and carried him 100 yards to safety while continually exposed to enemy fire. On 21 May, in a night attack on high ground near Shuri, he remained in exposed territory while the rest of his company took cover, fearlessly risking the chance that he would be mistaken for an infiltrating Japanese and giving aid to the injured until he was himself seriously wounded in the legs by the explosion of a grenade. Rather than call another aid man from cover, he cared for his own injuries and waited 5 hours before litter bearers reached him and started carrying him to cover. The trio was caught in an enemy tank attack and Pfc. Doss, seeing a more critically wounded man nearby, crawled off the litter; and directed the bearers to give their first attention to the other man. Awaiting the litter bearers' return, he was again struck, this time suffering a compound fracture of 1 arm. With magnificent fortitude he bound a rifle stock to his shattered arm as a splint and then crawled 300 yards over rough terrain to the aid station. Through his outstanding bravery and unflinching determination in the face of desperately dangerous conditions Pfc. Doss saved the lives of many soldiers. His name became a symbol throughout the 77th Infantry Division for outstanding gallantry far above and beyond the call of duty.
Pittman received the Medal of Honor for his heroism on July 24, 1966.
He was 71 years old.
Richard A. Pittman
(Photo Medal of Honor Society?)
Medal of Honor Citation
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. While Company 1 was conducting an operation along the axis of a narrow jungle trail, the leading company elements suffered numerous casualties when they suddenly came under heavy fire from a well concealed and numerically superior enemy force. Hearing the engaged marines' calls for more firepower, Sgt. Pittman quickly exchanged his rifle for a machinegun and several belts of ammunition, left the relative safety of his platoon, and unhesitatingly rushed forward to aid his comrades. Taken under intense enemy small-arms fire at point blank range during his advance, he returned the fire, silencing the enemy position. As Sgt. Pittman continued to forge forward to aid members of the leading platoon, he again came under heavy fire from 2 automatic weapons which he promptly destroyed. Learning that there were additional wounded marines 50 yards further along the trail, he braved a withering hail of enemy mortar and small-arms fire to continue onward. As he reached the position where the leading marines had fallen, he was suddenly confronted with a bold frontal attack by 30 to 40 enemy. Totally disregarding his safety, he calmly established a position in the middle of the trail and raked the advancing enemy with devastating machinegun fire. His weapon rendered ineffective, he picked up an enemy submachinegun and, together with a pistol seized from a fallen comrade, continued his lethal fire until the enemy force had withdrawn. Having exhausted his ammunition except for a grenade which he hurled at the enemy, he then rejoined his platoon. Sgt. Pittman's daring initiative, bold fighting spirit and selfless devotion to duty inflicted casualties, disrupted the enemy attack and saved the lives of many of his wounded comrades. His personal valor at grave risk to himself reflects the highest credit upon himself, the Marine Corps, and the U.S. Naval Service.
| Medal of Honor |
Negev, Atacama, and Namib are all types off what? | Combat Infantryman Badge & Medal of Honor
Over the years the military has developed a pyramid of honors, a
listing of awards, medals and decorations for its members, in an effort
to recognize the G.I. for a job well done, service rendered, and for valor.
One of the first Medals established was during the civil war, the highest
the country can bestow on its members for valor "above and beyond"..
The Medal of Honor. The history of this award is as long and interesting
as its misuse starting with the awarding of it to an entire Regiment who
guarded Washington D.C. in the Civil War. Over the years many who should
have been recommended for the Medal of Honor have not, or were passed over
because of bias or other political considerations; while others have receive it only
because of these very same reasons.
In 1995 a major effort was started to set right these wrongs with the retroactive
awarding of five medals of honor and the up-grading of the Distinguished Service
Cross to the MOH. Of these awards none were given to whites, four were black Americans and
one of Spanish decent. It took an executive presidential order to set the records straight and have
the awards presented to them, some posthumously.
This is only the renewed effort of other issues which are still in need of action. The worse of this is it attaches itself to two awards: the Bronze Star and the C.I. B.: Combat Infantryman Badge.
The C.I.B. is one of the most respected awards a soldier can receive and most
honored, even more so than the Medal of Honor. It has been said that the CIB is the only award worn above the ribbon of the Medal of Honor on the Army uniform. Many holders of the Medal of Honor have not also been bestowed the CIB. Yet it's also one of the most talked about and controversial awards the Army has.
The C.I.B. was established, and back dated, to 6th of December 1941 for action under hostel fire while engaged with an enemy of the United States of America, when the United States is not the belligerent party.
In general that is what the first criteria stated. Since then this wording has changed and been interpreted a 100 different ways, and there in lies the problem. That and several other facts one being the effort, well meaning as it may be, to use it to make up for the missed acts of "Valor" and service while "under fire". Consequently the Army has made it possible for a soldier who received the CIB or the Bronze Star Medal to be eligible for the other, there-by getting both.
In an attempt to right this wrong the Army has gone further and changed the basic criteria and has extended the time for which one can apply if he wants the award(s). The general interpretation of "under fire" in some cases has meant a quick trip out of HQ and fast pass near the front lines.
Then there is the issue of the Tanker not attached to an Infantry Regt. or other line unit, i.e. 6th Tk Ban Korea, the only Tank Ban for the entire Corps. in the early part of the Korean War.. To the best of my knowledge none of its members got the CIB (as tankers) because they did not have an Infantry MOS.
Then there is the Artillery FO who gets volunteered for days to spot for the Infantry units and is under fire all the time, not attached and no CIB. The Army Medic who gets the CMB (Combat Medical Badge) and returns for a second or third tour as an Infantryman and again is under fire does not get the CIB. Why? Because he got the CMB, not the same MOS. Why not ??
The line 2nd Lt. who sticks his neck out and lasts for a big 30 sec. or the young
1st Lt. who finds himself as CO of a rifle Company because his Capt. is KIA.
gets the CIB and rightly so. He's done his job and then some. But the Battalion
Commander who sits several 1000 yards or more away from the fire fight and
directs the operations and the Regimental Commander who flies over the area
in a scout plane to see how his unit is doing still get the CIB, "combat zone"
"under fire". Tell that to the GI in the fox-hole with mud up to his you know where.!
Now what to do?
Well many a GI has taken the matter into his own hands and if the truth be known, not just one GI,
but many and units too. Here in is a list of Combat Awards that are identified in name and design
to fit the type of the branch within the Army.
All are front line combat troops and see some of the same action as their brother Infantrymen,
many in direct support of the infantry.(Ground combat Forces).
Or are like the tankers that helped the men of the 34th Inf. Regt. out of Taejon where they were
getting shot at by the very same people. Or the Armor Cav. units in Vietnam that flew many a mission and dropped out of choppers into a hot LZ. Or the Combat Engineers that blew up bridges over the Rhine in Germany and the Naktong Rivers in Korea and then gave supporting fire while the infantry pulled back.....
To add more salt to the wounds of the army, my research has shown that the Navy and Marine Corps and Coast Guard have “Combat Action Ribbons”. The Air Force for the most part uses the Air Medal in the same manner. These awards denote active participation in ground or air combat. If the participant is in more than one such action they can place a “bronze star device” on the ribbon for every action. For more than five such actions a “silver star device” and from then on subsequent ones with no limit. (except in the placement criteria when it limits the amount worn at one time on the same ribbon), (bronze or silver oak leaf for USAF).
Until something is done they will have their own award, unauthorized it may well be. The Tankers have the CAB, Combat Armor Badge, where the rifle sits in the CIB there is a Tank with crossed Cavalry Sabers and the backing is yellow not blue. The CCB, Combat Cavalry Badge, is almost the same as the tankers but with just the crossed sabers. The CAB, Combat Artillery Badge, (also know a CFAB:Combat Field Artillery Badge) is the same but with crossed cannons and on a red background. I have not seen the one for Engineers. I am told that its red background with the Engineer Corps design in center. There are also some for 2nd awards for Medics who were both Medics and one of the above.
Along with this comes the total CIB's one can be awarded.
The rules to date* state one per armed conflict or war. It has been extended to
include some of the US's most recent actions, like Bosnia. It also was extended from 1954 to date for Korea, although the criteria has again changed. Now it's counted in hours and days under fire in a combat zone. It can be awarded to a Command Sgt. Maj.. if he meets the right criteria and the same goes for the Col. in command of a Regt/RCT or whatever. This being true then, the 1st Award (no star) for WWII, 2nd Award (one star) for Korea, 3rd Award (two stars) for Vietnam, can there be a fourth, fifth, sixth or more ??
They're out there and some have and are wearing them. The 4th Award is with
3 stars on top of the wreath, 5th Award Gold wreath blue background, and 6th Award one star on top of wreath, 7th Award two stars on top of gold wreath and the 8th Award 3 stars on the gold wreath.*
Now, no matter how you count that, if a GI could be in the Infantry or attached
to same, he'd been in six wars since and including WWII. OK ? Count along;
WWII=1, Korea=2, Vietnam=3, Grenada=4,Pamna=5, and Desert Storm=6***, now you add in Somalia and Bosnia and you have 8 !!! and now Afganastine and Iraqi . But who lives that long
anyway ?? and as an Infantryman, I don't think so, him I'd like to meet !!!
The point to all this is, as long as the door is open to reconsider the up-grading for the DSC to the MOH, for some (8) eight men in 1995 and more since, this has set a precedence to review all awards and their criteria along with the act and the dates (window) in which they can be recommended and awarded. Can we, should we, overlook still more who have served their country with honor. Let's support any and all efforts that will over turn the old rules and write new ones to right the wrongs of the past and set the records straight. That is, if in fact the records can be found, which as I am sure you all know many millions were destroyed in a fire in St. Louis MO a few years ago. We all know someone who is deserving of this award and possibly many more.
*Note: information taken from several resources one of which:
Army Regulation 672-5-1 Chp#5 Sections #1 and #2, items 5-1 to 5-8.
August 1989 and updates of this regulations. New regulations as of 25 Feb. 1995
now add these actions and places. Laos, Dominican Republic, and Special Operations named such as the MAAG- Teams in Laos and the Army supported DEA teams to name two such operations. These are now eligible for the C.I.B. This would now bring the count to 10 (ten) or over. But wait ................
There is now a newer revision which states that the maximum that can be awarded is three C.I.B.s no matter how many conflicts the G.I. has been in and
met the criteria. Yet the Navy and Marine Corps and Coast Guard and Air Force member who participates in these same actions can place another “star device on their “combat action ribbon” or oak leaf on their Air Medal.....Some deal !!!!
*** There were some 3,000 CIBs awarded in Desert Storm!
Article @ 1998 David Baillie *
These newer rules/regulatiuons come via; Frank C. Schoch via
Center for Career Management Field and as part of 13 pages
from the Army's Institute of Heraldry: 06/03/2000
The Expert Infantryman Badge is a proficiency badge and is not awarded for combat action. In my day (1950's -1980's ) you had to be an E-4 or above NCO to take the course, and be recommended to take it.
The Blue metal badge with the silver rifle in the center without the silver wreath is NOT in any way connected to any type of combat action. It is a very select intense course for E-4 and up with Inf. MOS's and you have to be recommended to attend, only a few out of the class reach scores or grades high enough to earn the badge: ( around 10% make it )
( click on EIB for more information, which has details of the course one must pass. @ 1999 )
The Expert Infantryman Badge; EIB. It is a highly sought after award among career NCO's. To the best of my knowledge it is worn below all ribbons on the left breast pocket, above all marksmanship awards, on Army uniform.
(It is worn below all the ribbons on Army uniform at all times,
(and above marksmanship medals etc., no matter how many (ribbons are worn and can be worn at same time as C.I.B..)*
*These uniform regs may have changed over the years so consult your newest regs.
The CIB; Combat Infantryman Badge, is awarded for combat action under a given criteria which has changed since it was established on 6th Dec 1941 with it being awarded retroactively for action back to that date.
| i don't know |
Known as The Sunshine State, what was the 27th state to join the union on March 3, 1845? | Community Connection – Florida is the 27th state to join the Union
By klahr @ 03/03/09 in March
March 3, 1845
Named after the Spanish Easter festival of Pascua Florida, Florida was one of the first regions in America to be explored by Europeans. St. Augustine was one of the earliest permanent European settlements in the country, and the Spanish held a strong foothold in Florida for over two centuries. Original claims to Florida lay with many tribes of Native Americans known collectively as the Seminoles, who were either exterminated or forced to move west during the three Seminole Wars. Between those wars, Florida achieved statehood in 1845, and Americans rushed south to its fertile lands to raise cotton and tobacco. Florida was thus a staunchly Southern state: it allowed slavery and was third to secede during the Civil War. Beginning in the late 19th century, Americans began a tradition of flocking to Florida during winter months, and today, tourism is Florida’s biggest industry. The state is home to sandy beaches, the Everglades, and attractions like Walt Disney World, the largest resort on the planet. The Sunshine State also boasts an enormous citrus industry, and as its license plate bears, beautiful, delicious oranges.
Why do you think wars like the Seminole and Civil Wars were unproductive and expensive?
| Florida |
What does the giant ape use as weapons against Jumpman in the original, 1981 Donkey Kong game? | All About Florida | TheHomeSchoolMom
All About Florida
by Mary Ann Kelley
State Facts
Florida was the 27th state to join the union. It became a state on March 3, 1845.
Capital - Tallahassee
Motto - "In God we trust."
Song - "Swanee River"
Area - approximately 65,758 square miles
Websites for studying about Florida
Addison Blockhouse Historic State Park
This site houses the ruins of a 19th century plantation owned by John Addison, which thrived from 1816 to 1836 when it was burned in the Seminole wars. The small coquina rock blockhouse was originally an outside kitchen. After the plantation was burned, the Carolina Regiment of Volunteers fortified the abandoned building for defense against further Seminole attacks. Although the foundation is from the 19th century, the upper part of the blockhouse was added in the 1920s. The site also contains the ruins of a house foundation with tabby (a mixture of lime, sand, shells, and water) floors, and a well constructed of coquina rock. Addison Blockhouse Historic State Park is currently inaccessible, with exception of a landing along the west bank of the Tomoka River.
| i don't know |
The 14th of July marks what major holiday for the French? | Bastille Day, 14 July, French National Day, Public Holidays
Metric Unit Conversion
Bastille Day in France
Celebrated on July, 14, Bastille Day is the French national day and the most important bank holiday in France! Setting the storming of the Bastille in 1789 as an essential part of the French History. The 14th July has become a major public holiday, traditionally considered as the symbol of the French Revolution.
The French Bastille Day is definitely a joyous national day that causes popular celebrations in the streets as well as political events. The best way to experience the 14 July bank holiday - widely known as Le 14 Juillet - is to go to Paris , more precisely on the Champs Elysees. Expect military parades, public speeches and fireworks, but also convivial gatherings in all cafés and restaurants!
Every single town in France actually commemorates the Bastille Day with excitement and pride as this national day represents the first step to the French Revolution which eventually led France to Republic. On July, 14, patriotic feelings break out throughout the country, French people wear blue, white and red, "tricolore" clothes or make-up and sing the typical Marseillaise (the French anthem) after one - or more! - glasses of Champagne!
Bastille Day in Paris...
Beginning in the morning of the 14th July, on the Champs Elysées in Paris, Bastille Day is the opportunity to admire the French military. Saint Cyr and Polytechnique cadets parade, along with official troops, whilst the French Air Force, Patrouille de France, carry out flying in the sky.
A popular custom on Basttille day in Paris is going for a friendly picnic in a public park, socialising, enjoying French food and wine, before watching the fireworks from the Place de la Concorde for example.
In many French villages, people traditionally get together on July, 13 to enjoy a typical Barbecue and sing and dance all night long - taking the advantage of the relaxing public holiday the day after!
The President of the Republic normally attends all the Parisian festivities and ends the 14th July ceremonies with a public interview from the Elysée (Predisent's official residence).
French National Day
The well-known storming of the Bastille has become a benchmark in terms of Revolt and Liberty all over the world!
Referring to July 14 1789, when a massive crowd of Frenchmen rose up and invaded the prison, Bastille Day is considered the beginning of the French Revolution. Capturing this prison, a symbol of the Ancient Regime, indeed marked the end of Louis XVI's absolute and arbitrary power and led France to the three ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Bastille Day has been known and celebrated as the creation of the Sovereign Nation and what would be the "First" Republic of France (in 1792).
Bastille Day became the National Holiday in 1790, originally called Fête de la Fédération ("federation feast"), to celebrate the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille and the end of the French Revolution.
| Bastille Day |
Three musicians make a trio, while 4 comprise a quartet. How many musicians are there in a nonet? | Bastille Day - French Moments
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The military parade on Bastille Day © Craig Rettig
Bastille Day
French History , French Traditions , Île-de-France , National Symbols of France , Paris , Public Holidays , Summer
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Bastille Day is the French national holiday and is celebrated on the 14th July each year. It is called “Fête Nationale” in France and also more commonly “le quatorze juillet”.
The Storming of the Bastille
Bastille Day commemorates the 1790 “Fête de la Fédération”, held on the first anniversary of the dismantlement of the Bastille fortress on 14 July 1789. The Storming of the Bastille was an important symbol of a new era in the country and preceded the First Republic.
The Storming of the Bastille took place on the morning of the 14th July 1789 by a revolutionary mob from the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Attacking the Bastille represented a symbolic act against royal authority in central Paris. By late afternoon its seven prisoners were freed. This first act of the French Revolution quickly became a major date in French history.
The fortified prison was dismantled between the 14th July 1789 and the 14th July 1790 and its stones partly used to build the Pont de la Concorde. 83 of its stones were carved into small Bastille replicas before being sent to the provinces. It was situated in the site of the present-day Place de la Bastille .
La Fête de la Fédération
In fact Bastille Day or ‘la Fête Nationale’ does not directly commemorate the storming of the Bastille but the ‘Fête de la Fédération’ which took place on the Champ de Mars on the 14th July 1790. On that day, tens of thousands of Parisians gathered to celebrate the unity of the new French Nation and the national reconciliation of its people.
It was the National Assembly who organised a ‘general federation’ based on the suggestion of the Commune of Paris.
On that occasion, Jean Sylvain Bailly, mayor of Paris declared: “We suggest that this meeting (…) be sworn on the next 14 July, which we shall all see as the time of liberty: this day shall be spent swearing to uphold and defend it“.
Charon, President of the Commune of Paris, stated the famous motto: “Frenchmen, we are free! Frenchmen, we are brothers!“.
In 1790 the Champ-de-Mars was quite far outside the centre of Paris and a vast stadium was set up with the help of thousands of volunteers from the region. On each side of the field were built earth steps for 100,000 spectators. The recently-built Ecole Militaire (military school) was used to welcome members of the National Assembly. Right in front of it was set up a huge tent to house the king’s step. On the other side of the Champ-de-Mars (where the Eiffel Tower now stands), was built a triumphal arch. An altar for the celebration was set up at the centre of the Champ-de-Mars. Called ‘Autel de la Patrie’ (the Nation’s Altar), it was a symbol of civility and of the nation during the French Revolution.
A delegation from the United States was present at the Champ-de-Mars led by John Paul Jones, founder of the US Navy. It was the first time in history that the US flag was flown outside the United States.
Despite a strong rain, a large number of persons gathered together. The mass was celebrated by Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, bishop of Autun (who did not hide the fact that he was atheist!) and 300 priests. The king Louis XVI arrived from the castle of Saint-Cloud.
The marquis de La Fayette, captain of the National Guard, came riding a white horse. Once on the altar he was the first to take an oath in the name of the Federated National Guards:
“Nous jurons de rester à jamais fidèles à la nation, à la loi et au roi, de maintenir de tout notre pouvoir la Constitution décrétée par l’Assemblée nationale et acceptée par le roi et de protéger conformément aux lois la sûreté des personnes et des propriétés, la circulation des grains et des subsistances dans l’intérieur du royaume, la prescription des contributions publiques sous quelque forme qu’elle existe, et de demeurer unis à tous les Français par les liens indissolubles de la fraternité.”
We swear forever to be faithful to the Nation, to the Law and to the King, to uphold with all our might the Constitution as decided by the National Assembly and accepted by the King, and to protect according to the laws the safety of people and properties, transit of grains and food within the kingdom, the public contributions under whatever forms they might exist, and to stay united with all the French with the indestructible bounds of brotherhood.
Following the statement of the President of the National Assembly, the king took an oath of allegiance to the constitution:
“Moi, roi des Français, je jure d’employer le pouvoir qui m’est délégué par la loi constitutionnelle de l’État, à maintenir la Constitution décrétée par l’Assemblée nationale et acceptée par moi et à faire exécuter les lois.”
I, King of the French, I swear to use the power given to me by the constitutional law of the State, to maintain the Constitution as decided by the National Assembly and accepted by myself, and to enforce the laws.
Then the crowd cheered and sang ‘Te Deum’. The celebration continued in many parts of Paris with balls where people danced, sang and toasted.
It was only from 1880 that the 14th July became the National Day of France at the suggestion of Benjamin Raspail.
The military parade
Among the festivities which are held the morning of 14 July, the largest is the military parade on the Champs-Elysées in Paris which dates back to 1880. 4,000 soldiers, 240 horses and 460 vehicles and some 100 aircrafts parade down the Champs-Elysées, from the Arc de Triomphe to the Place de la Concorde , in front of the President of the Republic, the French government, foreign Paris-based ambassadors and other officials.
For many, the French parade is by far the largest and the oldest of that kind in the world. Surely, the setting of the Champs-Elysées contributes to its popularity as the avenue is large and long enough to host such an event.
Many of Paris’ world-famous landmarks also add a ‘magic touch’ to it: the Arc de Triomphe with a very large French flag floating under its arch, the Place de la Concorde with the traditional Presidential platform set up for the occasion, the Grande Arche de la Défense … and the Eiffel Tower which is never far away!
The parade is opened by cadets from the most prestigious French military schools (Ecole Polytechnique, Saint-Cyr and Ecole Navale). The future officers are then successively followed by military infantry troops, including the French Foreign Legion troops, motorised and armoured troops. One of the most awaited moment that delights old and young alike is the aerial parade in which hundreds of aircrafts and helicopters participate, especially the “Patrouille de France”. The impressive flypast is a unique event in the sky of Paris, as flying over the city is forbidden for security matters.
Parallel to the foot parade, the ceremonial flight of aircrafts perform along a straight line following the “ Historical Axis ” (La Défense, the Champs-Elysées and the Tuileries).
Since Mitterand’s presidential mandate, it has become a tradition to invite guest military troops from other allied nation-states of France: Morocco in 1999, the USA in 2002, the United Kingdom in 2004 (for the centenary of the Entente Cordiale), Brazil in 2005. In 1994, Mitterand’s invitation to German troops stirred up some memories as it was the first time German soldiers had paraded in France since World War 2! Another great occasion of reconciliation occurred in 2007 – President Sarkozy’s first parade – delegations from the 26 member-states of the European Union passed down the Champs-Elysées. Never before had such a gathering of European army delegations been organised, with the European flag flown and the European anthem played.
In 2015, Mexico will be the guest of honour for the parade with Mexican troops walking down the Champs-Élysées. The military parade will commemorate the 70th anniversary of the end of World War 2.
The Paris parade is arguably one of the most popular events in France to be broadcasted on French TV. It is an event when the French National Anthem ( La Marseillaise ) is proudly sung.
Beyond the parade: c’est la fête !
Until 2009, right after the Parade, a garden party was held at the Elysée Palace, hosted by the French President. In 2008, some 8,000 guests were invited from all over the country to join the party at the Presidential Palace.
At night, an amazing firework display sets off the festivities with the Eiffel Tower as the general focus.
But of course, Paris is not the only place to celebrate Bastille Day in France. From every city to every village, the “Fête Nationale” is the occasion for Bals Dansants, firework shows, local parades, or large-scale picnics.
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What can be a medical condition caused by inadequate oxygen consumption, a suspension component, and a WNBA team? | Methadone - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses
Methadone
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WARNING: ADDICTION, ABUSE, AND MISUSE; LIFE-THREATENING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION; ACCIDENTAL INGESTION; LIFE-THREATENING QT PROLONGATION; NEONATAL OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; and TREATMENT FOR OPIOID ADDICTION
Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
Methadone hydrochloride tablets expose patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. Assess each patient’s risk prior to prescribing Methadone hydrochloride tablets, and monitor all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors or conditions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )].
Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets. Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of Methadone hydrochloride tablets or following a dose increase [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )].
Accidental Ingestion
Accidental ingestion of even one dose of Methadone hydrochloride tablets, especially by children, can result in a fatal overdose of Methadone [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )].
Life-Threatening QT Prolongation
QT interval prolongation and serious arrhythmia (torsades de pointes) have occurred during treatment with Methadone. Most cases involve patients being treated for pain with large, multiple daily doses of Methadone, although cases have been reported in patients receiving doses commonly used for maintenance treatment of opioid addiction. Closely monitor patients for changes in cardiac rhythm during initiation and titration of Methadone hydrochloride tablets [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )].
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
Prolonged use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )].
Conditions for Distribution and Use of Methadone Products for the Treatment of Opioid Addiction
For detoxification and maintenance of opioid dependence, Methadone should be administered in accordance with the treatment standards cited in 42 CFR Section 8, including limitations on unsupervised administration [see Indications and Usage ( 1 )].
Indications and Usage for Methadone
Methadone hydrochloride tablets are indicated for the:
Management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate.
Limitations of Use
Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, and because of the greater risks of overdose and death with long-acting opioids, reserve Methadone hydrochloride tablets for use in patients for whom alternative analgesic treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics or immediate-release opioid analgesics) are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain.
Methadone hydrochloride tablets are not indicated as an as-needed (prn) analgesic.
Detoxification treatment of opioid addiction (heroin or other morphine-like drugs).
Maintenance treatment of opioid addiction (heroin or other morphine-like drugs), in conjunction with appropriate social and medical services.
Conditions for Distribution and Use of Methadone Products for the Treatment of Opioid Addiction
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42, Sec 8
Methadone products when used for the treatment of opioid addiction in detoxification or maintenance programs, shall be dispensed only by opioid treatment programs (and agencies, practitioners or institutions by formal agreement with the program sponsor) certified by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and approved by the designated state authority. Certified treatment programs shall dispense and use Methadone in oral form only and according to the treatment requirements stipulated in the Federal Opioid Treatment Standards (42 CFR 8.12). See below for important regulatory exceptions to the general requirement for certification to provide opioid agonist treatment.
Failure to abide by the requirements in these regulations may result in criminal prosecution, seizure of the drug supply, revocation of the program approval, and injunction precluding operation of the program.
Regulatory Exceptions To The General Requirement For Certification To Provide Opioid Agonist Treatment: During inpatient care, when the patient was admitted for any condition other than concurrent opioid addiction (pursuant to 21 CFR 1306.07(c)), to facilitate the treatment of the primary admitting diagnosis.
During an emergency period of no longer than 3 days while definitive care for the addiction is being sought in an appropriately licensed facility (pursuant to 21 CFR 1306.07(b)).
Methadone Dosage and Administration
Important General Information
The peak respiratory depressant effect of Methadone occurs later and persists longer than its peak therapeutic effect.
A high degree of opioid tolerance does not eliminate the possibility of Methadone overdose, iatrogenic or otherwise. Deaths have been reported during conversion to Methadone from chronic, high-dose treatment with other opioid agonists and during initiation of Methadone treatment of addiction in subjects previously abusing high doses of other agonists.
With repeated dosing, Methadone is retained in the liver and then slowly released, prolonging the duration of potential toxicity.
Methadone has a narrow therapeutic index, especially when combined with other drugs.
Initial Dosing for Management of Pain
Methadone hydrochloride tablets should be prescribed only by healthcare professionals who are knowledgeable in the use of potent opioids for the management of chronic pain.
Consider the following important factors that differentiate Methadone from other opioid analgesics:
There is high interpatient variability in absorption, metabolism, and relative analgesic potency. Population-based equianalgesic conversion ratios between Methadone and other opioids are not accurate when applied to individuals.
The duration of analgesic action of Methadone is 4 to 8 hours (based on single-dose studies) but the plasma elimination half-life is 8 to 59 hours.
Steady-state plasma concentrations, and full analgesic effects, are not attained until at least 3 to 5 days on a dose, and may take longer in some patients.
Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient’s prior analgesic treatment experience and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating therapy with Methadone hydrochloride tablets [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )].
Use of Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets as the First Opioid Analgesic
Initiate treatment with Methadone hydrochloride tablets with 2.5 mg orally every 8 to 12 hours.
Conversion from Other Oral Opioids to Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets
Discontinue all other around-the-clock opioid drugs when Methadone hydrochloride tablets therapy is initiated. Deaths have occurred in opioid-tolerant patients during conversion to Methadone.
While there are useful tables of opioid equivalents readily available, there is substantial inter-patient variability in the relative potency of different opioid drugs and products. As such, it is safer to underestimate a patient’s 24-hour oral Methadone requirements and provide rescue medication (e.g., immediate-release opioid) than to overestimate the 24-hour oral Methadone requirements which could result in adverse reactions. With repeated dosing, the potency of Methadone increases due to systemic accumulation.
Consider the following when using the information in Table 1:
This is not a table of equianalgesic doses.
The conversion factors in this table are only for the conversion from another oral opioid analgesic to Methadone hydrochloride tablets.
The table cannot be used to convert from Methadone hydrochloride tablets to another opioid. Doing so will result in an overestimation of the dose of the new opioid and may result in fatal overdose.
Table 1: Conversion Factors to Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets
Total Daily Baseline Oral
< 5 %
To calculate the estimated Methadone hydrochloride tablets dose using Table 1:
For patients on a single opioid, sum the current total daily dose of the opioid, convert it to a Morphine Equivalent Dose according to specific conversion factor for that specific opioid, then multiply the Morphine Equivalent Dose by the corresponding percentage in the above table to calculate the approximate oral Methadone daily dose. Divide the total daily Methadone dose derived from the table above to reflect the intended dosing schedule (i.e., for administration every 8 hours, divide total daily Methadone dose by 3).
For patients on a regimen of more than one opioid, calculate the approximate oral Methadone dose for each opioid and sum the totals to obtain the approximate total Methadone daily dose. Divide the total daily Methadone dose derived from the table above to reflect the intended dosing schedule (i.e., for administration every 8 hours, divide total daily Methadone dose by 3).
For patients on a regimen of fixed-ratio opioid/non-opioid analgesic products, use only the opioid component of these products in the conversion.
Always round the dose down, if necessary, to the appropriate Methadone hydrochloride tablets strength(s) available.
Example conversion from a single opioid to Methadone hydrochloride tablets:
Step 1: Sum the total daily dose of the opioid (in this case, Morphine Extended Release Tablets 50 mg twice daily)
50 mg Morphine Extended Release Tablets 2 times daily = 100 mg total daily dose of Morphine
Step 2: Calculate the approximate equivalent dose of Methadone hydrochloride tablets based on the total daily dose of Morphine using Table 1.
100 mg total daily dose of Morphine x 15% (10% to 20% per Table 1) = 15 mg Methadone hydrochloride tablets daily
Step 3: Calculate the approximate starting dose of Methadone hydrochloride tablets to be given every 12 hours. Round down, if necessary, to the appropriate Methadone hydrochloride tablets strengths available.
15 mg daily / 2 = 7.5 mg Methadone hydrochloride tablets every 12 hours
Then 7.5 mg is rounded down to 5 mg Methadone hydrochloride tablets every 12 hours
Close observation and frequent titration are warranted until pain management is stable on the new opioid. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal or for signs of over-sedation/toxicity after converting patients to Methadone hydrochloride tablets.
Conversion from Parenteral Methadone to Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets
Use a conversion ratio of 1:2 mg for parenteral to oral Methadone (e.g., 5 mg parenteral Methadone to 10 mg oral Methadone).
2.3 Titration and Maintenance of Therapy for Pain
Individually titrate Methadone hydrochloride tablets to a dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes adverse reactions. Continually reevaluate patients receiving Methadone hydrochloride tablets to assess the maintenance of pain control and the relative incidence of adverse reactions, as well as monitoring for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse. Frequent communication is important among the prescriber, other members of the healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family during periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration. During chronic therapy, periodically reassess the continued need for the use of opioid analgesics.
Because of individual variability in the pharmacokinetic profile (i.e., terminal half-life (T1/2) from 8 to 59 hours in different studies [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]), titrate Methadone hydrochloride tablets slowly, with dose increases no more frequent than every 3 to 5 days. However, because of this high variability, some patients may require substantially longer periods between dose increases (up to 12 days). Monitor patients closely for the development of potentially life-threatening adverse reactions (e.g., CNS and respiratory depression). Patients who experience breakthrough pain may require a dose increase of Methadone hydrochloride tablets, or may need rescue medication with an appropriate dose of an immediate-release medication. If the level of pain increases after dose stabilization, attempt to identify the source of increased pain before increasing the Methadone hydrochloride tablets dose.
If unacceptable opioid-related adverse reactions are observed, the subsequent doses may be reduced and/or the dosing interval adjusted (i.e., every 8 hours or every 12 hours). Adjust the dose to obtain an appropriate balance between management of pain and opioid-related adverse reactions.
Discontinuation of Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets for Pain
When a patient no longer requires therapy with Methadone hydrochloride tablets for pain, use a gradual downward titration, of the dose every two to four days, to prevent signs and symptoms of withdrawal in the physically-dependent patient. Do not abruptly discontinue Methadone hydrochloride tablets.
Induction/Initial Dosing for Detoxification and Maintenance Treatment of Opioid Addiction
For detoxification and maintenance of opioid dependence Methadone should be administered in accordance with the treatment standards cited in 42 CFR Section 8.12, including limitations on unsupervised administration.
Administer the initial Methadone dose under supervision, when there are no signs of sedation or intoxication, and the patient shows symptoms of withdrawal. An initial single dose of 20 to 30 mg of Methadone hydrochloride tablets will often be sufficient to suppress withdrawal symptoms. The initial dose should not exceed 30 mg.
To make same-day dosing adjustments, have the patient wait 2 to 4 hours for further evaluation, when peak levels have been reached. Provide an additional 5 to 10 mg of Methadone hydrochloride tablets if withdrawal symptoms have not been suppressed or if symptoms reappear.
The total daily dose of Methadone hydrochloride tablets on the first day of treatment should not ordinarily exceed 40 mg. Adjust the dose over the first week of treatment based on control of withdrawal symptoms at the time of expected peak activity (e.g., 2 to 4 hours after dosing). When adjusting the dose, keep in mind that Methadone levels will accumulate over the first several days of dosing; deaths have occurred in early treatment due to the cumulative effects. Instruct patients that the dose will “hold” for a longer period of time as tissue stores of Methadone accumulate.
Use lower initial doses for patients whose tolerance is expected to be low at treatment entry. Any patient who has not taken opioids for more than 5 days may no longer be tolerant. Do not determine initial doses based on previous treatment episodes or dollars spent per day on illicit drug use.
Short-Term Detoxification
For a brief course of stabilization followed by a period of medically supervised withdrawal, titrate the patient to a total daily dose of about 40 mg in divided doses to achieve an adequate stabilizing level. After 2 to 3 days of stabilization, gradually decrease the dose of Methadone hydrochloride tablets. Decrease the dose of Methadone hydrochloride tablets on a daily basis or at 2-day intervals, keeping the amount of Methadone hydrochloride tablets sufficient to keep withdrawal symptoms at a tolerable level. Hospitalized patients may tolerate a daily reduction of 20% of the total daily dose. Ambulatory patients may need a slower schedule.
Titration and Maintenance Treatment of Opioid Dependence Detoxification
Titrate patients in maintenance treatment to a dose that prevents opioid withdrawal symptoms for 24 hours, reduces drug hunger or craving, and blocks or attenuates the euphoric effects of self-administered opioids, ensuring that the patient is tolerant to the sedative effects of Methadone. Most commonly, clinical stability is achieved at doses between 80 to 120 mg/day.
Medically Supervised Withdrawal After a Period of Maintenance Treatment for Opioid Addiction
There is considerable variability in the appropriate rate of Methadone taper in patients choosing medically supervised withdrawal from Methadone treatment. Dose reductions should generally be less than 10% of the established tolerance or maintenance dose, and 10 to 14-day intervals should elapse between dose reductions. Apprise patients of the high risk of relapse to illicit drug use associated with discontinuation of Methadone maintenance treatment.
Risk of Relapse in Patients on Methadone Maintenance Treatment of Opioid Addiction
Abrupt opioid discontinuation can lead to development of opioid withdrawal symptoms [see Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.3 )]. Opioid withdrawal symptoms have been associated with an increased risk of relapse to illicit drug use in susceptible patients.
Considerations for Management of Acute Pain During Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Patients in Methadone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence who experience physical trauma, postoperative pain or other acute pain cannot be expected to derive analgesia from their existing dose of Methadone. Such patients should be administered analgesics, including opioids, in doses that would otherwise be indicated for non-Methadone-treated patients with similar painful conditions. When opioids are required for management of acute pain in Methadone maintenance patients, somewhat higher and/or more frequent doses will often be required than would be the case for non-tolerant patients due to the opioid tolerance induced by Methadone.
Dosage Adjustment During Pregnancy
Methadone clearance may be increased during pregnancy. During pregnancy, a woman’s Methadone dose may need to be increased or the dosing interval decreased. Methadone should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 )].
Dosage Forms and Strengths
Methadone hydrochloride tablets are available in 5 mg and 10 mg dosage strengths. The 5 mg tablets are white to off-white, modified rectangle shaped convex tablets and are debossed with a score between “57” and “55” on one side and
on the other side. The 10 mg tablets are white to off-white, modified rectangle shaped convex tablets and are debossed with a score between “57” and “71” on one side and
on the other side.
Methadone hydrochloride tablets are contraindicated in patients with:
Significant respiratory depression
Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment
Known or suspected paralytic ileus
Hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis) to Methadone [see Adverse Reactions ( 6 )]
Warnings and Precautions
Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
Methadone hydrochloride tablets contain Methadone, a Schedule II controlled substance. As an opioid, Methadone hydrochloride tablets expose users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9 )]. As long-acting opioids such as Methadone hydrochloride tablets have pharmacological effects over an extended period of time, there is a greater risk for overdose and death.
Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed Methadone hydrochloride tablets and in those who obtain the drug illicitly. Addiction can occur at recommended doses and if the drug is misused or abused.
Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing Methadone hydrochloride tablets, and monitor all patients receiving Methadone hydrochloride tablets for the development of these behaviors or conditions. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol addiction or abuse) or mental illness (e.g., major depression). The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the prescribing of Methadone hydrochloride tablets for the proper management of pain in any given patient. Patients at increased risk may be prescribed long-acting opioids such as Methadone hydrochloride tablets, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets along with the intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse.
Abuse or misuse of Methadone hydrochloride tablets by crushing, chewing, snorting, or injecting the dissolved product will result in the uncontrolled delivery of the Methadone and can result in overdose and death [see Overdosage ( 10 )].
Opioid agonists such as Methadone hydrochloride tablets are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing Methadone hydrochloride tablets. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on the proper disposal of unused drug [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17 )]. Contact local state professional licensing board or state controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.
Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of long-acting opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression from opioid use, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on the patient’s clinical status [see Overdosage ( 10 )]. Carbon dioxide (CO2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.
While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy or following a dose increase. The peak respiratory depressant effect of Methadone occurs later, and persists longer than the peak analgesic effect, especially during the initial dosing period. Closely monitor patients for respiratory depression when initiating therapy with Methadone hydrochloride tablets and following dose increases.
To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of Methadone hydrochloride tablets are essential [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 , 2.3 )]. Overestimating the Methadone hydrochloride tablets dose when converting patients from another opioid product can result in fatal overdose with the first dose.
Accidental ingestion of even one dose of Methadone hydrochloride tablets, especially by children, can result in respiratory depression and death due to overdose of Methadone.
Life-Threatening QT Prolongation
Cases of QT interval prolongation and serious arrhythmia (torsades de pointes) have been observed during treatment with Methadone. These cases appear to be more commonly associated with, but not limited to, higher dose treatment (> 200 mg/day). Most cases involve patients being treated for pain with large, multiple daily doses of Methadone, although cases have been reported in patients receiving doses commonly used for maintenance treatment of opioid addiction. In most patients on the lower doses typically used for maintenance, concomitant medications and/or clinical conditions such as hypokalemia were noted as contributing factors. However, the evidence strongly suggests that Methadone possesses the potential for adverse cardiac conduction effects in some patients. The effects of Methadone on the QT interval have been confirmed in in vivo laboratory studies, and Methadone has been shown to inhibit cardiac potassium channels in in vitro studies.
Closely monitor patients with risk factors for development of prolonged QT interval (e.g., cardiac hypertrophy, concomitant diuretic use, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia), a history of cardiac conduction abnormalities, and those taking medications affecting cardiac conduction. QT prolongation has also been reported in patients with no prior cardiac history who have received high doses of Methadone.
Evaluate patients developing QT prolongation while on Methadone treatment for the presence of modifiable risk factors, such as concomitant medications with cardiac effects, drugs that might cause electrolyte abnormalities, and drugs that might act as inhibitors of Methadone metabolism.
Only initiate Methadone hydrochloride tablets therapy for pain in patients for whom the anticipated benefit outweighs the risk of QT prolongation and development of dysrhythmias that have been reported with high doses of Methadone.
The use of Methadone in patients already known to have a prolonged QT interval has not been systematically studied.
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
Prolonged use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets during pregnancy can result in withdrawal signs in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available.
Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 )].
Interactions with Central Nervous System Depressants
Hypotension, profound sedation, coma, respiratory depression, and death may result if Methadone hydrochloride tablets are used concomitantly with alcohol or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants (e.g., sedatives, anxiolytics, hypnotics, neuroleptics, other opioids).
When considering the use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets in a patient taking a CNS depressant, assess the duration of use of the CNS depressant and the patient’s response, including the degree of tolerance that has developed to CNS depression. Additionally, evaluate the patient’s use of alcohol or illicit drugs that cause CNS depression. If the decision to begin Methadone hydrochloride tablets is made, start with Methadone hydrochloride tablets 2.5 mg every 12 hours, monitor patients for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, and consider using a lower dose of the concomitant CNS depressant [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )].
Use in Elderly, Cachectic, and Debilitated Patients
Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients as they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients. Monitor such patients closely, particularly when initiating and titrating Methadone hydrochloride tablets and when Methadone hydrochloride tablets are given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )].
Use in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease
Monitor patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and patients having a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression for respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy and titrating with Methadone hydrochloride tablets, as in these patients, even usual therapeutic doses of Methadone hydrochloride tablets may decrease respiratory drive to the point of apnea [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )]. Consider the use of alternative non-opioid analgesics in these patients if possible.
Hypotensive Effect
Methadone hydrochloride tablets may cause severe hypotension including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients. There is an increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (e.g., phenothiazines or general anesthetics) [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )]. Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating the dose of Methadone hydrochloride tablets.
Use in Patients with Head Injury or Increased Intracranial Pressure
Monitor patients taking Methadone hydrochloride tablets who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention (e.g., those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors) for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy with Methadone hydrochloride tablets. Methadone hydrochloride tablets may reduce respiratory drive, and the resultant CO2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure. Opioids may also obscure the clinical course in a patient with a head injury.
Avoid the use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets in patients with impaired consciousness or coma.
Use in Patients with Gastrointestinal Conditions
Methadone hydrochloride tablets are contraindicated in patients with paralytic ileus. Avoid the use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets in patients with other gastrointestinal obstruction.
The Methadone in Methadone hydrochloride tablets may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis, for worsening symptoms. Opioids may cause increases in the serum amylase.
Use in Patients with Convulsive or Seizure Disorders
The Methadone in Methadone hydrochloride tablets may aggravate convulsions in patients with convulsive disorders, and may induce or aggravate seizures in some clinical settings. Monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during Methadone hydrochloride tablets therapy.
Avoidance of Withdrawal
Avoid the use of mixed agonist/antagonist (i.e., pentazocine, nalbuphine, and butorphanol) and partial agonist (buprenorphine) analgesics in patients who have received or are receiving a course of therapy with a full opioid agonist analgesic, including Methadone hydrochloride tablets. In these patients, mixed agonists/antagonist and partial agonist analgesics may reduce the analgesic effect and/or may precipitate withdrawal symptoms [see Drug Interactions ( 7.4 )].
When discontinuing Methadone hydrochloride tablets, gradually taper the dose [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 )]. Do not abruptly discontinue Methadone hydrochloride tablets.
Driving and Operating Machinery
Methadone hydrochloride tablets may impair the mental or physical abilities needed to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating machinery. Warn patients not to drive or operate dangerous machinery unless they are tolerant to the effects of Methadone hydrochloride tablets and know how they will react to the medication.
Adverse Reactions
The following serious adverse reactions are discussed elsewhere in the labeling:
Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]
Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )]
QT Prolongation [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )]
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )]
Interactions with Other CNS Depressants [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]
Hypotensive Effect [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )]
Gastrointestinal Effects [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.10 )]
Seizures [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.11 )]
The major hazards of Methadone are respiratory depression and, to a lesser degree, systemic hypotension. Respiratory arrest, shock, cardiac arrest, and death have occurred.
The most frequently observed adverse reactions include lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. These effects seem to be more prominent in ambulatory patients and in those who are not suffering severe pain. In such individuals, lower doses are advisable.
Other adverse reactions include the following:
Body as a Whole: asthenia (weakness), edema, headache
Cardiovascular: arrhythmias, bigeminal rhythms, bradycardia, cardiomyopathy, ECG abnormalities, extrasystoles, flushing, heart failure, hypotension, palpitations, phlebitis, QT interval prolongation, syncope, T-wave inversion, tachycardia, torsades de pointes, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia
Central Nervous System: agitation, confusion, disorientation, dysphoria, euphoria, insomnia, hallucinations, seizures, visual disturbances
Endocrine: hypogonadism
Gastrointestinal: abdominal pain, anorexia, biliary tract spasm, constipation, dry mouth, glossitis
Hematologic: reversible thrombocytopenia has been described in opioid addicts with chronic hepatitis
Metabolic: hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, weight gain
Renal: antidiuretic effect, urinary retention or hesitancy
Reproductive: amenorrhea, reduced libido and/or potency, reduced ejaculate volume, reduced seminal vesicle and prostate secretions, decreased sperm motility, abnormalities in sperm morphology
Respiratory: pulmonary edema, respiratory depression
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue: pruritus, urticaria, other skin rashes, and rarely, hemorrhagic urticaria
Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in Methadone hydrochloride tablets. Advise patients how to recognize such a reaction and when to seek medical attention.
Maintenance on a Stabilized Dose: During prolonged administration of Methadone, as in a Methadone maintenance treatment program, constipation and sweating often persist and hypogonadism, decreased serum testosterone and reproductive effects are thought to be related to chronic opioid use.
Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets for the Detoxification and Maintenance Treatment of Opioid Dependence
During the induction phase of Methadone maintenance treatment, patients are being withdrawn from illicit opioids and may have opioid withdrawal symptoms. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms including: lacrimation, rhinorrhea, sneezing, yawning, excessive perspiration, goose-flesh, fever, chilling alternating with flushing, restlessness, irritability, weakness, anxiety, depression, dilated pupils, tremors, tachycardia, abdominal cramps, body aches, involuntary twitching and kicking movements, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal spasms, and weight loss and consider dose adjustment as indicated.
Drug Interactions
CNS Depressants
The concomitant use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets with other CNS depressants including sedatives, hypnotics, tranquilizers, general anesthetics, phenothiazines, other opioids, and alcohol can increase the risk of respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma and death. Monitor patients receiving CNS depressants and Methadone hydrochloride tablets for signs of respiratory depression, sedation and hypotension.
When combined therapy with any of the above medications is considered, the dose of one or both agents should be reduced [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )].
Deaths have been reported when Methadone has been abused in conjunction with benzodiazepines.
Drugs Affecting Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes
Methadone undergoes hepatic N-demethylation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, principally CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and to a lesser extent by CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )].
Inhibitors of CYP3A4 and 2C9
Because the CYP3A4 isoenzyme plays a major role in the metabolism of Methadone, drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 activity may cause decreased clearance of Methadone which could lead to an increase in Methadone plasma concentrations and result in increased or prolonged opioid effects. These effects could be more pronounced with concomitant use of CYP 2C9 and 3A4 inhibitors. If co-administration with Methadone hydrochloride tablets is necessary, monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals and consider dose adjustments until stable drug effects are achieved [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )].
Inducers of CYP3A4
CYP450 3A4 inducers may induce the metabolism of Methadone and, therefore, may cause increased clearance of the drug which could lead to a decrease in Methadone plasma concentrations, lack of efficacy or, possibly, development of a withdrawal syndrome in a patient who had developed physical dependence to Methadone. If co-administration with Methadone hydrochloride tablets is necessary, monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal and consider dose adjustments until stable drug effects are achieved [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )].
After stopping the treatment of a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, Methadone plasma concentration will increase which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic and adverse effects, and may cause serious respiratory depression. If co-administration or discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inducer with Methadone hydrochloride tablets is necessary, monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal and consider dose adjustments until stable drug effects are achieved [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )].
Paradoxical Effects of Antiretroviral Agents on Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets
Concurrent use of certain antiretroviral agents with CYP3A4 inhibitory activity, alone and in combination, such as abacavir, amprenavir, darunavir+ritonavir, efavirenz, nelfinavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, telaprevir, lopinavir+ritonavir, saquinavir+ritonavir, and tipranvir+ritonavir, has resulted in increased clearance or decreased plasma levels of Methadone. This may result in reduced efficacy of Methadone hydrochloride tablets and could precipitate a withdrawal syndrome. Monitor Methadone-maintained patients receiving any of these antiretroviral therapies closely for evidence of withdrawal effects and adjust the Methadone dose accordingly.
Effects of Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets on Antiretroviral Agents
Didanosine and Stavudine: Experimental evidence demonstrated that Methadone decreased the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak levels for didanosine and stavudine, with a more significant decrease for didanosine. Methadone disposition was not substantially altered.
Zidovudine: Experimental evidence demonstrated that Methadone increased the AUC of zidovudine, which could result in toxic effects.
Potentially Arrhythmogenic Agents
Monitor patients closely for cardiac conduction changes when any drug known to have the potential to prolong the QT interval is prescribed in conjunction with Methadone. Pharmacodynamic interactions may occur with concomitant use of Methadone and potentially arrhythmogenic agents such as class I and III antiarrhythmics, some neuroleptics and tricyclic antidepressants, and calcium channel blockers.
Similarly, monitor patients closely when prescribing Methadone concomitantly with drugs capable of inducing electrolyte disturbances (hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia) that may prolong the QT interval, including diuretics, laxatives, and, in rare cases, mineralocorticoid hormones.
Mixed Agonist/Antagonist and Partial Agonist Opioid Analgesics
Mixed agonist/antagonist (i.e., pentazocine, nalbuphine and butorphanol) and partial agonist (buprenorphine) analgesics may reduce the analgesic effect of Methadone hydrochloride tablets or precipitate withdrawal symptoms. Avoid the use of mixed agonist/antagonist and partial agonist analgesics in patients receiving Methadone hydrochloride tablets.
Antidepressants
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors: Therapeutic doses of meperidine have precipitated severe reactions in patients concurrently receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors or those who have received such agents within 14 days. Similar reactions thus far have not been reported with Methadone. However, if the use of Methadone is necessary in such patients, a sensitivity test should be performed in which repeated small, incremental doses of Methadone are administered over the course of several hours while the patient’s condition and vital signs are carefully observed.
Desipramine: Blood levels of desipramine have increased with concurrent Methadone administration.
Anticholinergics
Anticholinergics or other drugs with anticholinergic activity when used concurrently with opioids may result in increased risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when Methadone hydrochloride tablets are used concurrently with anticholinergic drugs.
Laboratory Test Interactions
False positive urine drug screens for Methadone have been reported for several drugs including diphenhydramine, doxylamine, clomipramine, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, quetiapine, and verapamil.
USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Clinical Considerations
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, such as poor feeding, diarrhea, irritability, tremor, rigidity, and seizures, and manage accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )].
Teratogenic Effects - Pregnancy Category C
There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Methadone hydrochloride tablets should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Methadone has been shown to be teratogenic in the hamster at doses 2 times the human daily oral dose
(120 mg/day on a mg/m2 basis) and in mice at doses equivalent to the human daily oral dose (120 mg/day on a mg/m2 basis). Increased neonatal mortality and significant differences in behavioral tests have been reported in the offspring of male rodents that were treated with Methadone prior to mating when compared to control animals. Methadone has been detected in human amniotic fluid and cord plasma at concentrations proportional to maternal plasma and in newborn urine at lower concentrations than corresponding maternal urine.
Dosage Adjustment during Pregnancy
The disposition of oral Methadone has been studied in approximately 30 pregnant patients in 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Total body clearance of Methadone was increased in pregnant patients compared to the same patients postpartum or to non-pregnant opioid-dependent women. The terminal half-life of Methadone is decreased during 2nd and 3rd trimesters. The decrease in plasma half-life and increased clearance of Methadone resulting in lower Methadone trough levels during pregnancy can lead to withdrawal symptoms in some pregnant patients. The dosage may need to be increased or the dosing interval decreased in pregnant patients receiving Methadone to achieve therapeutic effect [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.10 )].
Effects on the Neonate
Babies born to mothers who have been taking opioids regularly prior to delivery may be physically dependent. Onset of withdrawal symptoms in infants is usually in the first days after birth. Monitor newborn for withdrawal signs and symptoms including: poor feeding, irritability, excessive crying, tremors, rigidity, hyper-active reflexes, increased respiratory rate, diarrhea, sneezing, yawning, vomiting, fever, and seizures. The intensity of the neonatal withdrawal syndrome does not always correlate with the maternal dose or the duration of maternal exposure. The duration of the withdrawal signs may vary from a few days to weeks or even months. There is no consensus on the appropriate management of infant withdrawal [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )].
Human Data
Reported studies have generally compared the benefit of Methadone to the risk of untreated addiction to illicit drugs; the relevance of these findings to pain patients prescribed Methadone during pregnancy is unclear. Pregnant women involved in Methadone maintenance programs have been reported to have significantly improved prenatal care leading to significantly reduced incidence of obstetric and fetal complications and neonatal morbidity and mortality when compared to women using illicit drugs. Several factors, including maternal use of illicit drugs, nutrition, infection and psychosocial circumstances, complicate the interpretation of investigations of the children of women who take Methadone during pregnancy. Information is limited regarding dose and duration of Methadone use during pregnancy, and most maternal exposure appears to occur after the first trimester of pregnancy.
A review of published data on experiences with Methadone use during pregnancy by the Teratogen Information System (TERIS) concluded that maternal use of Methadone during pregnancy as part of a supervised, therapeutic regimen is unlikely to pose a substantial teratogenic risk (quantity and quality of data assessed as “limited to fair”). However, the data are insufficient to state that there is no risk (TERIS, last reviewed October, 2002). A retrospective case series of 101 pregnant, opioid-dependent women who underwent inpatient opioid detoxification with Methadone did not demonstrate any increased risk of miscarriage in the 2nd trimester or premature delivery in the 3rd trimester. Recent studies suggest an increased risk of premature delivery in opioid-dependent women exposed to Methadone during pregnancy, although the presence of confounding factors makes it difficult to determine a causal relationship. Several studies have suggested that infants born to narcotic-addicted women treated with Methadone during all or part of pregnancy have been found to have decreased fetal growth with reduced birth weight, length, and/or head circumference compared to controls. This growth deficit does not appear to persist into later childhood. Children prenatally exposed to Methadone have been reported to demonstrate mild but persistent deficits in performance on psychometric and behavioral tests. In addition, several studies suggest that children born to opioid-dependent women exposed to Methadone during pregnancy may have an increased risk of visual development anomalies; however, a causal relationship has not been assigned.
There are conflicting reports on whether Sudden Infant Death Syndrome occurs with an increased incidence in infants born to women treated with Methadone during pregnancy. Abnormal fetal non-stress tests have been reported to occur more frequently when the test is performed 1 to 2 hours after a maintenance dose of Methadone in late pregnancy compared to controls.
Animal Data
Methadone did not produce teratogenic effects in rat or rabbit models. Methadone produced teratogenic effects following large doses, in the guinea pig, hamster and mouse. One published study in pregnant hamsters indicated that a single subcutaneous dose of Methadone ranging from 31 to 185 mg/kg (the 31 mg/kg dose is approximately 2 times a human daily oral dose of 120 mg/day on a mg/m2 basis) on day 8 of gestation resulted in a decrease in the number of fetuses per litter and an increase in the percentage of fetuses exhibiting congenital malformations described as exencephaly, cranioschisis, and “various other lesions.” The majority of the doses tested also resulted in maternal death. In another study, a single subcutaneous dose of 22 to 24 mg/kg Methadone (estimated exposure was approximately equivalent to a human daily oral dose of 120 mg/day on a mg/m2 basis) administered on day 9 of gestation in mice also produced exencephaly in 11% of the embryos. However, no effects were reported in rats and rabbits at oral doses up to 40 mg/kg (estimated exposure was approximately 3 and 6 times, respectively, a human daily oral dose of 120 mg/day on a mg/m2 basis) administered during days 6 to 15 and 6 to
18, respectively.
Published animal data have reported increased neonatal mortality in the offspring of male rodents that were treated with Methadone prior to mating. In these studies, the female rodents were not treated with Methadone, indicating paternally-mediated developmental toxicity. Specifically, Methadone administered to the male rat prior to mating with Methadone-naïve females resulted in decreased weight gain in progeny after weaning. The male progeny demonstrated reduced thymus weights, whereas the female progeny demonstrated increased adrenal weights. Behavioral testing of these male and female progeny revealed significant differences in behavioral tests compared to control animals, suggesting that paternal Methadone exposure can produce physiological and behavioral changes in progeny in this model. Other animal studies have reported that perinatal exposure to opioids including Methadone alters neuronal development and behavior in the offspring. Perinatal Methadone exposure in rats has been linked to alterations in learning ability, motor activity, thermal regulation, nociceptive responses and sensitivity to drugs.
Additional animal data demonstrates evidence for neurochemical changes in the brains of Methadone-treated offspring, including changes to the cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Studies demonstrated that Methadone treatment of male rats for 21 to 32 days prior to mating with Methadone-naïve females did not produce any adverse effects, suggesting that prolonged Methadone treatment of the male rat resulted in tolerance to the developmental toxicities noted in the progeny. Mechanistic studies in this rat model suggest that the developmental effects of “paternal” Methadone on the progeny appear to be due to decreased testosterone production. These animal data mirror the reported clinical findings of decreased testosterone levels in human males on Methadone maintenance therapy for opioid addiction and in males receiving chronic intraspinal opioids.
Additional data have been published indicating that Methadone treatment of male rats (once a day for three consecutive days) increased embryolethality and neonatal mortality. Examination of uterine contents of Methadone-naïve female mice bred to Methadone-treated mice indicated that Methadone treatment produced an increase in the rate of preimplantation deaths in all post-meiotic states.
Labor and Delivery
Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression in neonates. Methadone hydrochloride tablets are not for use in women during and immediately prior to labor, when shorter acting analgesics or other analgesic techniques are more appropriate. Opioid analgesics can prolong labor through actions that temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilatation, which tends to shorten labor.
Nursing Mothers
Methadone is secreted into human milk. At maternal oral doses of 10 to 80 mg/day, Methadone concentrations from 50 to 570 mcg/L in milk have been reported, which, in the majority of samples, were lower than maternal serum drug concentrations at steady state. Peak Methadone levels in milk occur approximately 4 to 5 hours after an oral dose. Based on an average milk consumption of 150 mL/kg/day, an infant would consume approximately 17.4 mcg/kg/day which is approximately 2 to 3% of the oral maternal dose. Methadone has been detected in very low plasma concentrations in some infants whose mothers were taking Methadone. Cases of sedation and respiratory depression in infants exposed to Methadone through breast milk have been reported. Caution should be exercised when Methadone is administered to a nursing woman.
Advise women who are being treated with Methadone and who are breastfeeding or express a desire to breastfeed of the presence of Methadone in human milk. Instruct breastfeeding mothers how to identify respiratory depression and sedation in their babies and when it may be necessary to contact their healthcare provider or seek immediate medical care. Breastfed infants of mothers using Methadone should be weaned gradually to prevent development of withdrawal symptoms in the infant.
Pediatric Use
The safety, effectiveness, and pharmacokinetics of Methadone in pediatric patients below the age of 18 years have not been established.
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of Methadone did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently compared to younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. In general, start elderly patients at the low end of the dosing range, taking into account the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy in geriatric patients. Closely monitor elderly patients for signs of respiratory and central nervous system depression.
Renal Impairment
Methadone pharmacokinetics have not been extensively evaluated in patients with renal insufficiency. Since unmetabolized Methadone and its metabolites are excreted in urine to a variable degree, start these patients on lower doses and with longer dosing intervals and titrate slowly while carefully monitoring for signs of respiratory and central nervous system depression.
Hepatic Impairment
Methadone has not been extensively evaluated in patients with hepatic insufficiency. Methadone is metabolized by hepatic pathways; therefore, patients with liver impairment may be at risk of increased systemic exposure to Methadone after multiple dosing. Start these patients on lower doses and titrate slowly while carefully monitoring for signs of respiratory and central nervous system depression.
Drug Abuse and Dependence
Controlled Substance
Methadone is a mu-agonist opioid with an abuse liability similar to other opioid agonists and is a Schedule II controlled substance. Methadone can be abused and is subject to misuse, addiction, and criminal diversion [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )].
Abuse
All patients treated with opioids for pain management require careful monitoring for signs of abuse and addiction, since use of opioid analgesic products carries the risk of addiction even under appropriate medical use.
Drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of an over-the-counter or prescription drug, even once, for its rewarding psychological or physiological effects. Drug abuse includes, but is not limited to the following examples: the use of a prescription or over-the-counter drug to get “high”, or the use of steroids for performance enhancement and muscle build up.
Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and include: a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal.
“Drug-seeking” behavior is very common in addicts and drug abusers. Drug-seeking tactics include emergency calls or visits near the end of office hours, refusal to undergo appropriate examination, testing or referral, repeated claims of lost prescriptions, tampering with prescriptions and reluctance to provide prior medical records or contact information for other treating physician(s). “Doctor shopping” (visiting multiple prescribers) to obtain additional prescriptions is common among drug abusers and people suffering from untreated addiction. Preoccupation with achieving adequate pain relief can be appropriate behavior in a patient with poor pain control.
Abuse and addiction are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance. Physicians should be aware that addiction may not be accompanied by concurrent tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence in all addicts. In addition, abuse of opioids can occur in the absence of true addiction.
Methadone hydrochloride tablets, like other opioids, can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels of distribution. Careful record-keeping of prescribing information, including quantity, frequency, and renewal requests, as required by state law, is strongly advised.
Risks Specific to Abuse of Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets
Abuse of Methadone hydrochloride tablets poses a risk of overdose and death. This risk is increased with concurrent abuse of Methadone and alcohol or other substances. Methadone hydrochloride tablets are for oral use only and must not be injected. Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV.
Proper assessment and selection of the patient, proper prescribing practices, periodic re-evaluation of therapy, and proper dispensing and storage are appropriate measures that help to limit abuse of opioid drugs.
Dependence
Both tolerance and physical dependence can develop during chronic opioid therapy. Tolerance is the need for increasing doses of opioids to maintain a defined effect such as analgesia (in the absence of disease progression or other external factors). Tolerance may occur to both the desired and undesired effects of drugs, and may develop at different rates for different effects.
Physical dependence results in withdrawal symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug. Withdrawal also may be precipitated through the administration of drugs with opioid antagonist activity, e.g., naloxone, mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine), or partial agonists (buprenorphine). Physical dependence may not occur to a clinically significant degree until after several days to weeks of continued opioid usage.
Methadone hydrochloride tablets should not be abruptly discontinued [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 )]. If Methadone hydrochloride tablets are abruptly discontinued in a physically dependent patient, an abstinence syndrome may occur. Some or all of the following can characterize this syndrome: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, and mydriasis. Other signs and symptoms also may develop, including irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate, or heart rate.
Infants born to mothers physically dependent on opioids will also be physically dependent and may exhibit respiratory difficulties and withdrawal symptoms [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )].
Overdosage
Clinical Presentation
Acute overdosage of Methadone is manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, maximally constricted pupils, skeletal-muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, and sometimes, bradycardia and hypotension. In severe overdosage, particularly by the intravenous route, apnea, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest, and death may occur.
Treatment of Overdose
In case of overdose, priorities are the re-establishment of a patent and protected airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation if needed. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen, vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life support techniques.
The opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. Opioid antagonists should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to Methadone overdose. Such agents should be administered cautiously to patients who are known, or suspected to be, physically dependent on Methadone hydrochloride tablets. In such cases, an abrupt or complete reversal of opioid effects may precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome.
Because the duration of reversal would be expected to be less than the duration of action of Methadone in Methadone hydrochloride tablets, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably re-established. If the response to opioid antagonists is suboptimal or not sustained, additional antagonist should be given as directed in the product’s prescribing information.
In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of an opioid receptor antagonist may precipitate an acute withdrawal. The severity of the withdrawal produced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered. If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be begun with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist.
Methadone Description
Methadone hydrochloride is chemically described as 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-hepatanone hydrochloride. Methadone hydrochloride is a white, crystalline material that is water-soluble. Methadone hydrochloride has a melting point of 235°C, and a pKa of 8.25 in water at 20°C. Its octanol/water partition coefficient at pH 7.4 is 117. A solution (1:100) in water has a pH between 4.5 and 6.5.
It has the following structural formula:
Each Methadone Hydrochloride Tablet contains 5 or 10 mg of Methadone hydrochloride, USP and the following inactive ingredients: lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and silicon dioxide.
Methadone - Clinical Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Methadone hydrochloride is a mu-agonist; a synthetic opioid analgesic with multiple actions qualitatively similar to those of morphine, the most prominent of which involves the central nervous system and organs composed of smooth muscle. The principal therapeutic uses for Methadone are for analgesia and for detoxification or maintenance in opioid addiction. The Methadone withdrawal syndrome, although qualitatively similar to that of morphine, differs in that the onset is slower, the course is more prolonged, and the symptoms are less severe.
Some data also indicate that Methadone acts as an antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The contribution of NMDA receptor antagonism to Methadone’s efficacy is unknown. Other NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to produce neurotoxic effects in animals.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Following oral administration the bioavailability of Methadone ranges between 36 to 100% and peak plasma concentrations are achieved between 1 to 7.5 hours. Dose proportionality of Methadone pharmacokinetics is not known. However, after administration of daily oral doses ranging from 10 to 225 mg, the steady-state plasma concentrations ranged between 65 to 630 ng/mL and the peak concentrations ranged between 124 to 1255 ng/mL. Effect of food on the bioavailability of Methadone has not been evaluated.
Distribution
Methadone is a lipophilic drug and the steady-state volume of distribution ranges between 1.0 to 8.0 L/kg. In plasma, Methadone is predominantly bound to α1-acid glycoprotein (85% to 90%). Methadone is secreted in saliva, breast milk, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord plasma.
Metabolism
Methadone is primarily metabolized by N-demethylation to an inactive metabolite, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidene (EDDP). Cytochrome P450 enzymes, primarily CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C19 and to a lesser extent CYP2C9 and CYP2D6, are responsible for conversion of Methadone to EDDP and other inactive metabolites, which are excreted mainly in the urine. Methadone appears to be a substrate for P-glycoprotein but its pharmacokinetics do not appear to be significantly altered in case of P-glycoprotein polymorphism or inhibition.
Excretion
The elimination of Methadone is mediated by extensive biotransformation, followed by renal and fecal excretion. Published reports indicate that after multiple dose administration the apparent plasma clearance of Methadone ranged between 1.4 and 126 L/h, and the terminal half-life (T1/2) was highly variable and ranged between 8 to 59 hours in different studies. Methadone is a basic (pKa=9.2) compound and the pH of the urinary tract can alter its disposition in plasma. Also, since Methadone is lipophilic, it has been known to persist in the liver and other tissues. The slow release from the liver and other tissues may prolong the duration of Methadone action despite low plasma concentrations.
Drug Interactions
Cytochrome P450 Interactions
Methadone undergoes hepatic N-demethylation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, principally CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and to a lesser extent by CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. Coadministration of Methadone with CYP inducers may result in more rapid metabolism and potential for decreased effects of Methadone, whereas administration with CYP inhibitors may reduce metabolism and potentiate Methadone’s effects. Although antiretroviral drugs such as efavirenz, nelfinavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, lopinavir+ritonavir combination are known to inhibit some CYPs, they are shown to reduce the plasma levels of Methadone, possibly due to CYP induction activity [see Drug Interactions (7.2)]. Therefore, drugs administered concomitantly with Methadone should be evaluated for interaction potential; clinicians are advised to evaluate individual response to drug therapy.
Cytochrome P450 Inducers
The following drug interactions were reported following coadministration of Methadone with known inducers of cytochrome P450 enzymes:
Rifampin: In patients well-stabilized on Methadone, concomitant administration of rifampin resulted in a marked reduction in serum Methadone levels and a concurrent appearance of withdrawal symptoms.
Phenytoin: In a pharmacokinetic study with patients on Methadone maintenance therapy, phenytoin administration (250 mg twice daily initially for 1 day followed by 300 mg daily for 3 to 4 days) resulted in an approximately 50% reduction in Methadone exposure and withdrawal symptoms occurred concurrently. Upon discontinuation of phenytoin, the incidence of withdrawal symptoms decreased and Methadone exposure increased to a level comparable to that prior to phenytoin administration.
St. John’s Wort, Phenobarbital, Carbamazepine: Administration of Methadone with other CYP3A4 inducers may result in withdrawal symptoms.
Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors
Since the metabolism of Methadone is mediated primarily by CYP3A4 isozyme, coadministration of drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 activity may cause decreased clearance of Methadone.
Voriconazole: Repeat dose administration of oral voriconazole (400 mg every 12 hours for 1 day, then 200 mg every 12 hours for 4 days) increased the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and AUC of (R)-Methadone by 31% and 47%, respectively, in subjects receiving a Methadone maintenance dose (30 to 100 mg daily). The Cmax and AUC of (S)-Methadone increased by 65% and 103%, respectively. Increased plasma concentrations of Methadone have been associated with toxicity including QT prolongation. Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to Methadone is recommended during coadministration. Dose reduction of Methadone may be needed [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )].
Antiretroviral drugs:
Although antiretroviral drugs such as efavirenz, nelfinavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, telaprevir, lopinavir+ritonavir combination are known to inhibit some CYPs, they are shown to reduce the plasma levels of Methadone, possibly due to CYP induction activity.
Abacavir, amprenavir, darunavir+ritonavir, efavirenz, nelfinavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, telaprevir, lopinavir+ritonavir, saquinavir+ritonavir, tipranvir+ritonavir combination: Coadministration of these antiretroviral agents resulted in increased clearance or decreased plasma levels of Methadone [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )].
Didanosine and Stavudine: Methadone decreased the AUC and peak levels for didanosine and stavudine, with a more significant decrease for didanosine. Methadone disposition was not substantially altered [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )].
Zidovudine: Methadone increased the AUC of zidovudine which could result in toxic effects [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )].
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenesis
The results of carcinogenicity assessment in B6C2F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats following dietary administration of two doses of Methadone HCl have been published. Mice consumed 15 mg/kg/day or 60 mg/kg/day Methadone for two years. These doses were approximately 0.6 and 2.5 times a human daily oral dose of 120 mg/day on a body surface area basis (mg/m2). There was a significant increase in pituitary adenomas in female mice treated with 15 mg/kg/day but not with 60 mg/kg/day. Under the conditions of the assay, there was no clear evidence for a treatment-related increase in the incidence of neoplasms in male rats. Due to decreased food consumption in males at the high dose, male rats consumed 16 mg/kg/day and 28 mg/kg/day of Methadone for two years. These doses were approximately 1.3 and 2.3 times a human daily oral dose of 120 mg/day, based on body surface area comparison. In contrast, female rats consumed 46 mg/kg/day or 88 mg/kg/day for two years. These doses were approximately 3.7 and 7.1 times a human daily oral dose of 120 mg/day, based on body surface area comparison. Under the conditions of the assay, there was no clear evidence for a treatment-related increase in the incidence of neoplasms in either male or female rats.
Mutagenesis
There are several published reports on the potential genetic toxicity of Methadone. Methadone tested positive in the in vivo mouse dominant lethal assay and the in vivo mammalian spermatogonial chromosome aberration test. Additionally, Methadone tested positive in the E. coli DNA repair system and Neurospora crassa and mouse lymphoma forward mutation assays. In contrast, Methadone tested negative in tests for chromosome breakage and disjunction and sex-linked recessive lethal gene mutations in germ cells of Drosophila using feeding and injection procedures.
Fertility
Published animal studies show that Methadone treatment of males can alter reproductive function. Methadone produces a significant regression of sex accessory organs and testes of male mice and rats.
How Supplied/Storage and Handling
Storage and Handling
Methadone hydrochloride tablets contain Methadone which is a controlled substance. Like fentanyl, morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone, Methadone is controlled under Schedule II of the Federal Controlled Substances Act. Methadone hydrochloride tablets may be targeted for theft and diversion by criminals [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )].
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container (as defined in USP) with a child-resistant closure.
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
How Supplied
Each 5 mg Methadone Hydrochloride Tablet USP contains 5 mg Methadone hydrochloride USP. It is available as a white to off-white, modified rectangle shaped convex tablet, one side debossed with a score between “57” and “55”;
on the other side.
Bottles of 100 ...................NDC 0406-5755-01
Unit Dose (10 x 10)...........NDC 0406-5755-62
Each 10 mg Methadone Hydrochloride Tablet USP contains 10 mg Methadone hydrochloride USP. It is available as a white to off-white, modified rectangle shaped convex tablet, one side debossed with a score between “57” and “71”;
on the other side.
Bottles of 100 ...................NDC 0406-5771-01
Unit Dose (10 x 10)...........NDC 0406-5771-62
DEA order form required.
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide)
Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
Inform patients that the use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose or death [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. Instruct patients not to share Methadone hydrochloride tablets with others and to take steps to protect Methadone hydrochloride tablets from theft or misuse.
Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting Methadone hydrochloride tablets or when the dose is increased, and that it can occur even at recommended doses [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )]. Advise patients how to recognize respiratory depression and to seek medical attention if breathing difficulties develop.
Accidental Ingestion
Inform patients that accidental ingestion, especially in children, may result in respiratory depression or death [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )]. Instruct patients to take steps to store Methadone hydrochloride tablets securely and to dispose of unused Methadone hydrochloride tablets by flushing the tablets down the toilet.
Symptoms of Arrhythmia
Instruct patients to seek medical attention immediately if they experience symptoms suggestive of an arrhythmia (such as palpitations, near syncope, or syncope) when taking Methadone.
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
Inform female patients of reproductive potential that prolonged use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )].
Interactions with Alcohol and Other CNS Depressants
Inform patients that potentially serious additive effects may occur if Methadone hydrochloride tablets are used with alcohol or other CNS depressants, and not to use such drugs unless supervised by a healthcare provider.
Important Administration Instructions
Instruct patients how to properly take Methadone hydrochloride tablets, including the following:
Use Methadone hydrochloride tablets exactly as prescribed to reduce the risk of life-threatening adverse reactions (e.g., respiratory depression)
Do not discontinue Methadone hydrochloride tablets without first discussing the need for a tapering regimen with the prescriber
Hypotension
Inform patients that Methadone hydrochloride tablets may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope. Instruct patients how to recognize symptoms of low blood pressure and how to reduce the risk of serious consequences should hypotension occur (e.g., sit or lie down, carefully rise from a sitting or lying position).
Driving or Operating Heavy Machinery
Inform patients that Methadone hydrochloride tablets may impair the ability to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating heavy machinery. Advise patients not to perform such tasks until they know how they will react to the medication.
Constipation
Advise patients of the potential for severe constipation, including management instructions and when to seek medical attention.
Anaphylaxis
Inform patients that anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in Methadone hydrochloride tablets. Advise patients how to recognize such a reaction and when to seek medical attention.
Breastfeeding
Instruct nursing mothers using Methadone hydrochloride tablets to watch for signs of Methadone toxicity in their infants, which include increased sleepiness (more than usual), difficulty breastfeeding, breathing difficulties, or limpness. Instruct nursing mothers to talk to the baby’s healthcare provider immediately if they notice these signs. If they cannot reach the healthcare provider right away, instruct them to take the baby to the emergency room or call 911 (or local emergency services).
Disposal of Unused Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets
Advise patients to flush the unused tablets down the toilet when Methadone hydrochloride tablets are no longer needed.
Mallinckrodt, the “M” brand mark, the Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals logo and
are trademarks of a Mallinckrodt company.
© 2016 Mallinckrodt.
Hazelwood, MO 63042 USA
Issued: 04/2016
An electronic copy of this medication guide can be obtained from www.mallinckrodt.com/Medguide/L20M28.pdf or by calling 1-800-778-7898 for alternate delivery options.
MEDICATION GUIDE
Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets USP, CII
(METH a done HYE droe KLOR ide)
Methadone hydrochloride tablets are:
A strong prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid (narcotic) that is used to manage pain severe enough to require daily around-the-clock, long-term treatment with an opioid, when other pain treatments such as non-opioid pain medicines or immediate-release opioid medicines do not treat your pain well enough or you cannot tolerate them.
A long-acting opioid pain medicine that can put you at risk for overdose and death. Even if you take your dose correctly as prescribed you are at risk for opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse that can lead to death.
Not for use to treat pain that is not around-the-clock.
Also used to manage drug addiction.
Important information about Methadone hydrochloride tablets:
Get emergency help right away if you take too much Methadone hydrochloride tablets (overdose). When you first start taking Methadone hydrochloride tablets, when your dose is changed, or if you take too much (overdose), serious or life-threatening breathing problems that can lead to death may occur.
Never give anyone your Methadone hydrochloride tablets. They could die from taking it. Store Methadone hydrochloride tablets away from children and in a safe place to prevent stealing or abuse. Selling or giving away Methadone hydrochloride tablets is against the law.
Do not take Methadone hydrochloride tablets if you have:
severe asthma, trouble breathing, or other lung problems.
a bowel blockage or have narrowing of the stomach or intestines.
Before taking Methadone hydrochloride tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of:
head injury, seizures
heart rhythm problems (Long QT syndrome)
abuse of street or prescription drugs, alcohol addiction, or mental health problems.
liver, kidney, thyroid problems
pancreas or gallbladder problems
Tell your healthcare provider if you are:
pregnant or planning to become pregnant. Prolonged use of Methadone hydrochloride tablets during pregnancy can cause withdrawal symptoms in your newborn baby that could be life-threatening if not recognized and treated.
breastfeeding. Methadone passes into breast milk and may harm your baby.
taking prescription or over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or herbal supplements. Taking Methadone hydrochloride tablets with certain other medicines may cause serious side effects.
When taking Methadone hydrochloride tablets:
Do not change your dose. Take Methadone hydrochloride tablets exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider.
Do not take more than your prescribed dose in 24 hours. If you take Methadone hydrochloride tablets for pain and miss a dose, take Methadone hydrochloride tablets as soon as possible and then take your next dose 8 or 12 hours later as directed by your healthcare provider. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.
If you take Methadone hydrochloride tablets for opioid addiction and miss a dose, take your next dose the following day as scheduled. Do not take extra doses. Taking more than the prescribed dose may cause you to overdose because Methadone builds up in your body over time.
Do not crush, dissolve, snort or inject Methadone hydrochloride tablets because this may cause you to overdose and die.
Call your healthcare provider if the dose you are taking does not control your pain.
Do not stop taking Methadone hydrochloride tablets without talking to your healthcare provider.
After you stop taking Methadone hydrochloride tablets, flush any unused tablets down the toilet.
While taking Methadone hydrochloride tablets DO NOT:
Drive or operate heavy machinery, until you know how Methadone hydrochloride tablets affect you. Methadone hydrochloride tablets can make you sleepy, dizzy, or lightheaded.
Drink alcohol or use prescription or over-the-counter medicines that contain alcohol. Using products containing alcohol during treatment with Methadone hydrochloride tablets may cause you to overdose and die.
The possible side effects of Methadone hydrochloride tablets are:
constipation, nausea, sleepiness, vomiting, tiredness, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain. Call your healthcare provider if you have any of these symptoms and they are severe.
Get emergency medical help if you have:
trouble breathing, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, chest pain, swelling of your face, tongue or throat, extreme drowsiness, light-headedness when changing positions, or you are feeling faint.
These are not all the possible side effects of Methadone hydrochloride tablets. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. For more information go to dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
Manufactured by: Mallinckrodt Inc., Hazelwood, MO 63042 USA, www.Mallinckrodt.com or call 1 - 800 - 778 - 7898
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Revised: April 2015
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July 16, 1917 saw the death of what leader, Emperor of Russia, Grand Prince of Finland, and titular King of Poland, and his children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei? | CST - StudyBlue
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CST
Following each surgical case, the post-operative clean-up procedures include which of the following activities:
the sharps are placed in a puncture-proof container.
When supplies are prepared for steam sterilization, the maximum size and weight of a linen pack are :
12x12x20 inches; 12 pounds.
Which of the following electrical energy concepts is measured in amps?
amperes
Which of the following correctly describes a type of fracture?
A compound fracture is the same as an open fracture and occurs when the bone protrudes through the skin.
Bacteria are classified by shape. Which of the following is true about the shape of bacteria?
cocci are spherical in shape
Wounds can heal in three ways. Which correctly describes healing by third intention?
wound which has been left open due to infection, brought back to surgery for secondary closure, and two surfaces of granulation tissue are approximated
Who was known for his gentle tissue handling practices, his silk suturing technique, and the introduction of rubber gloves to the operating environment?
William Halstead
Which of the following is a plasma expander and is used as artificial plasma when blood is not yet available?
Dextran
Which of the following local anesthetic agents is for topical use only and is not injected?
cocaine hydrochloride (Cocaine)
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed in the:
choroid plexus.
A primagravida is a/an: woman in her first pregnancy.
woman in her first pregnancy.
Which of the following anesthetic agents is given intravenously and is used for a quick induction?
propofol (Diprivan)
Which of the following sutures would be used to make tonsil knots and to suture the subcutaneous layer?
Plain gut
Excessive scar formation is known as a/an:
keloid
Which of the following is a sponge used on delicate tissue such as the brain and mucous membranes?
cottonoid
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When using a pneumatic tourniquet, all of the following precautions are taken except which one?
With the extremity elevated, an Esmarch bandage may be applied from proximal to distal to esanguinate the limb prior to tourniquet inflation.
Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation?
proliferation
Which surgical position involves lowering the head of the table, which improves visualization of pelvic structures?
Trendelenburg
Which of the concepts of electrosurgery (ESU) electrical energy flow is correct?
During the use of bipolar electrical energy, the energy passes through the tissue and returns through the same instrument used to deliver the current.
An electrical fire should be extinguished with which type of extinguisher?
Class C
Which of the following drugs is an osmotic diuretic used during a craniotomy to reduce cerebral edema?
mannitol (Osmitrol)
During a Suprapubic Prostatectomy, the surgeon uses what to enucleate the prostate gland?
the surgeon’s finger
A Transphenoidal Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of which structure?
pituitary gland
Which of the following is not good aseptic technique?
Sterile persons may grasp the edge of the draped back table to move it into position.
The surgical scrub should:
include the subungual area, which should be cleaned with a nail cleaner under running water.
If the autoclave temperature reads 270 degrees F, what is the pressure?
27-30 psi
Requirements for an individual operating room include all of the following except
built-in systems of oxygen from a blue hose and nitrous oxide from a green hose.
Which of the following drugs is an enzyme added to a local anesthetic to enhance infiltration?
Hyaluronidase (Wydase)
an abnormal softening of bone.
Which of the following is the name of the incision made to perform an Appendectomy?
McBurney, made in the right lower quadrant
The sterilizing agent that is limited to commercial sterilization of supplies is:
cobalt 60.
A nosocomial infection is one which:
occurred as a result of being in a hospital or health care facility.
The electrical energy device that uses a stream of argon gas to deliver the electrical current to the target tissues using a “no-touch” technique is the:
argon-enhanced coagulator.
When a patient is placed in the prone position, he or she is log-rolled onto chest rolls with the weight born by the:
iliac crest and acromion process.
Prior to performing a cervical biopsy, the surgeon may paint the cervix with which of the following solutions?
Lugol’s solution
All of the following are neuromuscular blocking agents except:
Narcan.
If the surgeon ordered tetracaine (Pontocaine) two gtts OU stat, the circulator would give:
two drops in both eyes immediately.
Following the surgical case, instruments may be cleaned in a machine that uses high-frequency sound waves to dislodge debris by the process of cavitation. This cleaning device is the: ultrasonic cleaner.
ultrasonic cleaner.
A test performed daily on the pre-vacuum sterilizer to ensure complete removal of air is called the:
Bowie Dick test.
A Meckel’s diverticulum is located at the:
distal ileum
Which of the following is a correct procedure when working with a plaster cast?
The plaster roll should be removed from the bucket of water when the bubbles cease.
The next six questions relate to the following scenario: Anita M. age 72, is scheduled for a Total Hip Replacement. What is the most common reason for performing this procedure?
osteoarthritis.
What is another name for this procedure?
arthroplasty
Anita would be placed in which of the following positions?
lateral
Which of the following draping materials would not be used on this case?
extremity sheet
All of the following instruments and supplies may be used except
Kerrison rongeur.
Post-operatively, what would be used to immobilize the joint?
abduction pillow
The lungs are covered in a serous membranous sac called the
visceral pleura
The passageway for foods and liquids into the digestive system, and for air into the respiratory system is the
pharynx
The vocal cords are located in the
larynx
The fuction of the trachea is to
conduct air TO AND FROM the lungs
The nasal cavity is divided into two portions by the
septum
The bones of the palm of the hand are referred to as
metacarpals
The muscles important in respiration are
intercostal
The thick, fan-shaped muscle that lies on the anterior chest is the
pectoralis major
The triangular uscle of the shoulder that ABDUCTS the arm is the
deltoid
Which of the abdominal muscles orginates at the pubic bone ad ends in the ribs
rectus abdominis
One of the principal muscles of the pelvic floor is the
levator ani
The gastrocnemius is the chief muscles of the
calf of the leg
A connective tissue band that holds bones tovether is called
ligament
The two bones taht form the side walls the rood of the cranium are the
parietal bones
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is located
along the side of the neck
The medial bone of the forearm, which is located on the small-finger side of the hand, is called the
ulna
The bone that is shaped like a butterfly and forms the anterior portion of the base of the cranium is the
sphenoid
The bone that forms the posterior portion of the skull is the
occipital
The lower jawbone is the
mandible
The bone located in the neck between the madible and the larynx, which suports the tongue and provides attachement for some of the its muscles, is the
hyoid bone
The adult vertebral column has
26 bones
How many cervical vertebrae are there
7
The bone is the axial skeleton that does not articulate with any other bone is the
hyoid
The number of pairs of ribs is
12
A slender, rodlike bone that is located at the base of the neck and runs horizontally is the
clavicle
A connective tissue band that holds bones together is called
ligament
A connective tissue that holds bone to muscle is a
tendon
The medial bone of the forearm, which is located on the small-finger side of the hand, is called the
ulna
A connective tissue band that holds bones together is called
ligament
The bones that is shaped like a butterfuly and forms the anterior portion of the base of the cranium is the
sphenoid
The bones that is shaped like a butterfuly and forms the anterior portion of the base of the cranium isthe
sphenoid
A connective tissue that holds bone to muscle is a
tendon
THe bone that forms the posterior portion of the skull is the
occipital
The medial bone of the forearm, which is located on the small-finger side of the hand, is called the
ulna
A connective tissue band that holds bones together is called
ligament
The bones that is shaped like a butterfuly and forms the anterior portion of the base of the cranium isthe
sphenoid
THe bone that forms the posterior portion of the skull is the
occipital
A connective tissue band that holds bones together is called
ligament
A connective tissue band that holds bones together is called
ligament
A connective tissue that holds bone to muscle is a
tendon
A connective tissue that holds bone to muscle is a
tendon
A connective tissue that holds bone to muscle is a
tendon
The medial bone of the forearm, which is located on the small-finger side of the hand, is called the
ulna
The bones that is shaped like a butterfuly and forms the anterior portion of the base of the cranium is the
sphenoid
The bones that is shaped like a butterfuly and forms the anterior portion of the base of the cranium isthe
sphenoid
The medial bone of the forearm, which is located on the small-finger side of the hand, is called the
ulna
The medial bone of the forearm, which is located on the small-finger side of the hand, is called the
ulna
THe bone that forms the posterior portion of the skull is the
occipital
The bones that is shaped like a butterfuly and forms the anterior portion of the base of the cranium isthe
sphenoid
The bones that is shaped like a butterfuly and forms the anterior portion of the base of the cranium isthe
sphenoid
THe bone that forms the posterior portion of the skull is the
occipital
THe bone that forms the posterior portion of the skull is the
occipital
The bone that forms the posterior portion of the skull is the
occipital
The lower jawbone is the
mandible
The bone located in the neck between the mandible and the larynx, thich supports the tongue and provides attachment for some of the its muscles, is the
Hyoid bone
A slender, rodlike bone that is located at the base of the neck and runs horizontally is the
clavicle
The nucleus pulposus is the
cushioning mass within an intervertebral disk
The upper, flaring portion of hipbone is the
ilium
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes is the
foramen magnum
The larger, weigt-bearing bone of the lower leg is the
tibia
The bone that fits into the acetabulum, forming a joint, is the
femur
Another name for the kneecap is
patella
The membranes that line closed cavities within the body are called
serous membranes
the longest bone in the body is the
femur
A rounded protuberance found at a point of articulation with another bone is called a
condyle
An infection of the bone is
osteomyelitis
Oil glands of the skin are called
sebaceous
The periosteum is
the membrane that covers bone
A transparent structure that permits the eye to focus rays to form an image on the retina is the
lens
The purpose of the iris is to
regulate the amount of light entering the eye
The structure that is seen from the outside as the colored portion of the eye is the
iris
The nerve that carries visual impulses to the brain is the
optic nerve
the white outer layer of the eyeball is the
sclera
A jelly-like substance in the eye's posterior cavity is called POSTERIOR cavity is called
vitreous humor
The watery substance in the anterior and posterier cavity is
aqueous humor
The structure that connects the middle ear and the throat, allowing the eardrum to vibrate freely, is the
eustachian tube
covering of the anterior globe except the cornea
The number of pairs of spinal nerves is
31
The great sensory nerve of the face and head is the
trigeminal
The crainial nerve that contains special sense fibers for hearing as well as for balance is
VIII acoustic
The part of the brain responsible for maintenance of balance and muscle tone, as well as coordination of voluntary muscle, is the
cerebellum
The frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes are divisions of the
cerebrum
The area of the brain that controls the respiratory center is the
medulla oblongata
The largest part of the brain is the
cerebrum
The outermost covering of the brain and spinal cord is the
dura mater
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates freely in the
subarachnoid space
The brain contains four fluid-filled spaces called the
ventricles
The following structure transmits sound vibrations to the inner ear
tympanic membrane
The winding, cone-shaped tube of the inner ear is the
cochlea
determines suitability of donor by mixing donor RBCs with recipient serum
The highly specialized blood cell whose funciton is oxygen transportation is
red blood cell with protein hemoglobin
A differential count provides an estimate of
the percentage of each type of white cell
Mixing of incompatible bloods may result in
agglutination
Platelets are essential for
coagulation of blood
In the normal adult, the average number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter of circulating blood is
5000-10000
A large superficial vein in the lower etremity, which begins in the foot and extends up the medial side of the leg, the knee, and the thigh, is called the
greater saphenous
The vein in the bend of the elbow that is commonly used as a site for venipuncture is the
median cubital vein
The artery at the back of the knee is the
popliteal
The superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply the
intestines
The vein that drains the veins of the chest wall and empties into the superior vena cava is the
azygos
The veins of the head and neck are drained by the
jugular veins
Which arteries supply the heart
right and left coronary
The atrioventricular AV node causes
ventricular contraction
Why would an aspirated foreign body be more likely to enter the right bronchus rather than the left bronchus?
the right bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left
The spleen filters
blood
Circulation that is established through an anastomosis between two vessels supplying or draining two adjacent structures is called
collateral circulation
Which artery supplies the head and neck?
carotid
The circle of Willis is lcated
at the base of the brain
The circle of Willis is located
at the base of the brain
The branch of the external iliac artery that is located in the thigh is called the
femoral artery
The descending aorta terminates at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra, dividing into
two common iliac arteries
The contractions of the heart are synchronized and regularted by the pacemake of the heart, called the
sinoatrial node
Tiny blood vessels that permeate and nourish tissue are called
capillaries
The wall or partition dividing the heart into right and left sides is called the
septum
The heart valve that closes at the time the right ventricle begins pumping, preventing blood from returning to the right atrium, is the
tricuspid
The inner lining of the heart, composed of smooth, delicate membrane, is called the
endocardium
in the left hypochondriac region
All of the following are parts of the lymphatic system
tonsils spleen thymus
The s-shaped bend in the lower colon is called the
sigmoid
The reabsorption of water and electrolytes is the main function of the
large intestine
The terminal portion of the large intestine is
anal canal
The first portion of the large intestine is the
cecum
The appendix is attached to the
cecum
The primary function of the gallbladder is
storage of bile
When the gallbladder contracts, bile is ejected into the
duodenum
The area in the duodenum where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct empty is called
the ampulla of Vater
Which structure is also known as the "fatty apron"?
greater omentum
The common bile duct is the union of the
cystic duct and hepatic duct
The yellow tinge in the skin symptomatic of obstructive jaundice is caused by the accumulation of what substance in the blood and tissue?
bilirubin
The head of the pancreas is located
in the curve of the duodenum
the sphincter at the junction of the small and large intestines is the
ileocecal sphincter
The portion of the small intestine that receives secretions from the pancreas and the liver is the
duodenum
The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum is the
pylorus
a double-layered peritoneal structure shaped like a fan
The large central portion of the stomach is called the
body
The muscle serving as a valve to prevent regurgitation of food from the intestine back into the stomach is known as the
pyloric sphincter
The digestive passageway that begins at the pharynx and terminates in the stomach is the
esophagus
The point at which the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm is called the
hiatus
cluster of capillaries located on one end of the nephron
The tubes or cuplike extensions that project from the renal pelvis are called
calyces
Urine is transported along the ureters to the bladder by
peristaltic waves
The smooth, triangular area at the bottom of the bladder that contains three opening is called the
trigone
The kidneys are positioned
retroperitoneally
The kidney structure that filtures blood, returns useful sustances to blood, and removes substances form blood that are not needed
nephron
Blood is supplied to the kidney by means of the renal artery, which arises from the
abdominal aorta
The indentation in the kidney through which all structures must pass as they enter or leave the kidney is the
hilus
The outer layer of the kidney is known as the
cortex
The portion of the male urethra that passes through the pelvic floor is called the
membranous portion
A lack of voluntary control over micturition is called
incontinence
Urine empties from the bladder through a tube called the
urethra
the area between the vagina and the anus
The kidneys are positioned
retroperitoneally
The kidney structure that filtures blood, returns useful sustances to blood, and removes substances form blood that are not needed
nephron
Blood is supplied to the kidney by means of the renal artery, which arises from the
abdominal aorta
The indentation in the kidney through which all structures must pass as they enter or leave the kidney is the
hilus
The outer layer of the kidney is known as the
cortex
The portion of the male urethra that passes through the pelvic floor is called the
membranous portion
A lack of voluntary control over micturition is called
incontinence
Urine empties from the bladder through a tube called the
urethra
the area between the vagina and the anus
The small, sensitive structure of the female homologous to the male penis is the
clitoris
Ova are swept into the fallopian tubes by small, fringelike extensions of the distal ends of the tubes called
fimbriae
The inner lining of the uterus is called the
endometrium
The ligament that attaches the overies to the pelvic wall is the
suspensory
The supporting structure of the male reproductive system is the
spermatic cord
The loose skin covering the glans penis like a sheath is called the
prepuce
In a male, the structure surrounding the entrance to the urethra just below the urinary bladder is
the prostate gland
The following are structures of the male urethra
membranous, prostatic, penile
This structure stores sperm and propels them toward the urethra during ejaculation
vas deferens
The long, coiled tube in which sperm mature is the
epididymis
The English surgeon who began the age of chemical control of the atmosphere was
Lister
Passage of fluid through a cell membrane is called
osmosis
Oxygen-dependent bacteria are said to be
aerobic
The destruction of bacteria by white cells during the inflammatory process is called
phagocytosis
to inhibit growth of microorganisms
Staphylococcus aureus would most likely be transmitted by
nose and mouth
Microbial death occurs when an organisms is
no longer capable of reproduction
What immune protection is available to the fetus
natural passive
The clinical syndrome characterized by microbial invasion of the bloodstream is
septicemia
A laboratory procedure useful in classifying bacteria using a staining procedure is
Gram stain
A dulminating infection arising from necrotic tissue and spreading rapidly is
gas gangrene
Which bacteria is commonly found in soil?
Clostridium tetani
The bacteria that causes rheumatic fever is
Streptococcus
A severe allergic reaction possibly resulting in death is called
anaphylactic shock
What organism is responsible for a boil?
Staphylococcus aureus
The organism most frequently found in burns is
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
A bacterial pathogen most frequenly invading damaged skin is
Staphlococcus aureus
Which type of wound would favor the development of gas gangrene?
necrotic
Gas gangrene is caused by
Clostridium perfringens
The bacteria highly resistant to sterilization and disinfection is
spores
A bacteria found in the intestinal tract is
Escherichia coli
The burn classification that is characterized by a dry, pearly white, or charred-appearing surface is
third
OSHA is a governmental regulating agency whose aim is to
execute requirements designed to prevent transmission of blood-borne pathogens in the work environment
Inflammation is characterized by pain, redness, heat, swelling, and loss of function. The redness can be attributed to
vasodilation bringing more blood to the area
Removal of contaminated debris from a wound is called
debridement
The space caused by separation of wound edges is called
dead space
If tissue is approximated too tightly it can cause
ischemia
Tensile strength of a wound refers to
ability of tissue to resist rupture
The substance that unites with thrombin to form fibrin, the basic structural material of blood clots is
fibrinogen
supraspinatous function
abduction, external rotation, most commonly torn
A CDC guidleline that addresses the care of "sharps" includes ALL of the following EXCEPT: a. needles should always be recapped b. needles should not be bent or broken by hand c. needles should not be removed from disposable syringes d. needles should be discarded in puncture-resistant containers for disposal
a
A CDC guidleline that addresses the care of "sharps" includes ALL of the following EXCEPT: a. needles should always be recapped b. needles should not e bent or broken by hand c. needles should not be removed from disposable syringes d. needles should be discarded in puncture-resistant containers for disposal
a
The type of wound healing that requires debridement is
third
To promot healing, a surgical wound must have all of the following requisites EXCEPT a. suture closure of dead space b. drains to removed fluid or air c. a moderately tight dressing d. tight sutures to create tension
d
Wound healing that employs a technique allowing the wound to heal from the bottom up is called
second intention
Which body fluid is least likely to transmit HIV?
saliva
A band of scar tissue that binds together two anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other is called
adhesion
A drug that interferes with the blood-clotting mechanism is
heparin
A mg is a measurement of
weight
The solutions used IV to replace plasma when plasma is not available is
Dextran
An inch equals how many cm?
2.54cm
How many millilters are in 1 ounce?
30ml
An absorbable gelatin hemostatic agent that is often soaked in thrombin or opinephrine solution is
Gefoam
Each of the following agents must be applied using dry gloves or instruments EXCEPT a. gelfoam b. collastat c. avitene d. helistat
a
An anticoagulant given subcutaneously, intravenously, or as a flush is
heparin
A drug that decreases the tendency of blood platelets to clot is
warfarin sodium
An antibiotic used intraoperatively is
Gentamicin
A topical antibiotic is
Bacitracin
Which item is used on cut edges of bone to seal off oozing of blood? a. electrocautery b. silver nitrate c. bone wax d. epinephrine
bone wax
The most common diurectic is
Lasix
An osmotic diurectic agent used to decrease cerebral edema and intraocular edema is
mannitol
A systemic agent used to control uterine hemorrhage is
pitocin
reduction of tissue inflammation and swelling
Solu-Medrol is an
Tubal patency may be tested by the installation of ______ into the uterine cavity
methylene blue
A mydriatic drug., Neo-Synephrine, is used to
dilate the pupil
Immobility of the eye, along with lowered intra-ocular pressure is facilitated by the use of
Retrobulbar block
Miochol is a
miotic
An agent that keeps the cornea moist during surgery and is used for irrigation as well is
BSS
An artificial plasma-volume expander is
dextran
An anticoagulant used in vascular surgery is
heparin
Heparin effects are reversed by
protamine sulfate
The universal donor blood that may be given in extreme emergencies until the patient can be typed and crossmatched is
O
Normal saline is used for laparotomy pack moistening and for intraperitoneal irrigation because it is
isotonic
restores and maintains blood pressure
A drug used to treat metabolic acidosis is
sodium bicarbonate
The last sensation to leave the patient during general anesthesia induction is
hearing
An ultrashort acting drug useful during intubation to produce paralysis and also to produce muscle relaxation when used in a dilute solution is
Anectine
Neuroleptoanalgesia combines
a tranquilizer and narcotic
A sedative-tranquilizer used to reduce anxiety and apprehension of the pre-op patient and as an adjunct to general anesthesia to reduce the amount and concentration of other more potent agents is
Valium
Anesthesia given in combination of several agents to obtain optimum results is called
balanced anesthesia
a dose injected all at once, IV
A drug used to soothe and relieve anxiety is
sedative
anesthesia to a distal portion of an extremity
Which inhalation agent is used for short procedures requiring no muscle relaxation?
nitrous oxide
The most frequently used barbiturate for IV anesthesia is
pentothal
Halothan is also called
Fluothane
A method of anesthesia in which medication is injected into the subarachnoid space, affecting a portion of the spinal cord, is called a
spinal block
The indication for an epidural would be
anorectal, vaginal, perineal, and obstetric procedures
Compazine is
Pontocaine is
tetracaine HCL
Which technique can be employed to prevent pain during an operative procedure or to relieve chronic pain
nerve block
The most widely used local anesthetic is
lidocaine
Another name for adrenalin is
epinephrine
A vasocontrictor that, when added to a local anesthetic agent, extends its life is
epinephrine
The purpose of an LMA is
to establish and maintain a patent airway
A drug used to reverse hypotension is
Levophed
Blood or fluid can be quickly delivered to a patient via
rapid infusion pump
Blood oxygenation can be monitored during surgery by means of a
pulse oximeter
A drug that could be used to reverse the effect of muscle relaxants is
Prostigmin
Arterial blood gases (ABGs) are commonly obtained by accesssing the
radial artery
Which piece of equipment is of extreme importance when anesthesia induction begins?
suction
The minimum distance a nonsterile person should remain from a sterile field is
1 foot
Identify whoch of the following is NOT safe practice a. discard opened sterile bottles b. sterile persons drape first toward themselves, than away c. sterile persons face sterile areas d. sterile tables may be covered for later used
d. NOT safe to covere sterile tables for later use
Tables are considered sterile
At the end of the case, drapes should be
check for instruments, rolled off, and placed in a hamper
If a solution soaks through a sterile drape
cover wet area with impervious sterile drape or towel
The pounds of pressure necessary in a steam sterilizer set at 250F is
15-17psi
Positive assurance that sterilization conditions have been achieved can only be obtained through
biologic control test
A wrapped tray of instruments is sterilized in a gravity displacement sterilizer at 250F for
30 min
The minimum exposure time for unwrapped instruments in a flash sterilizer that is set at 270F is
3 min
When steam is used to sterilized a rubber tubing or catheter
a residual of distilled water should be left inside the lumen
To be sterilized effectively, a linen pack must not weigh more than
12 pounds
Gravity displacement utilizes _____ to destroy microorganisms
steam
The process called cavitation occurs in the
ultrasonic cleaner
All of the following statments regarding instrument sets are true EXCEPT a. instruments must be placed in perforated trays b. heavy instruments are placed on the bottom c. all instruments must be close d. all detachable parts must be disassembled
c is false because all instruments must be OPEN
All of the following statements regarding steam sterilization are true EXCEPT a. flat packages are placed on the shelf on edge b. small packages, placed one on top of the other, are criss-crossed c. basins are placed on their sides d. solutions may be autoclaved along with other itmes as long as they are on a shelf alone
d is false because solutions are sterilized alone on a slow-exhaust cycle to prevent them from boiling over. The pressure gauge must read 0F before opening the door. This is so the caps will not pop off
Wrapped basin sets may be sterilized by steam under pressure at 250F for a minimum of
20 min
Which of the following statements regarding the sterilization of basin sets is true?
basins must be separated by a porous material if they are nested
Why would gas sterilization be chosen over steam sterilization
it is less damaging to items
The chemical agent used in gas sterilization is
ethylene oxide
What chemical system uses peracetic acid as the sterilant?
steris
The lumen of a tubing undergoing ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization is
dried thoroughly
Why is thylene oxide diluted with an inert gas such as chlorofluorocarbon?
it provides flame retardation
The commerical name for glutaradehyde is
Cidex
A 30 min, single use, sterilization system useful for endoscopes is
Steris
Which of the following is essential when using activated glutardehyde for sterilization?
items must be rinsed thoroughly in sterile water before use
What is the shelf life of Cidex?
between 14-28 days
In which procedure would the use of a high-level disinfectant be acceptable instrument preparation
cystoscopy
In a high-speed flash sterilizer, unwrapped instruments are exposed for a minimum of
3 min
To kill spores, an item must be immersed in a 2% aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde for
10 hours
When placing tubing in an activated glutaraldehyde solution, one should
be certain that the interior of the tubing is completely filled
What is the role of moisture in EO sterilization?
dried spores are resistant to the gas, so they must be hydrated
"Slow exhaust" in a gravity displacement steam sterilizer is used for
solutions
Oil is best sterilized by
convection hot air
What is the function of an aerator in EO sterilization?
it is a separate unit used to decrease the aeration time
Ethylene oxide destroys cells by
interfering with the normal metabolism of the protein and reproductive processes
Activated glutaraldehyde is used to disinfect endoscopes for
20 minutes
When using a high-level disinfectant, always
rinse items with sterile distilled water before using
The chemical sterilant used in the STERIS method of sterilizing is
peracetic acid
The Endoflush ststem
initially cleans reusable channeled instruments
Which of the following is not an acceptable wrapper for gas sterilization? a. nylon b. muslin c. paper d. plastic
a. nylon is not acceptable because of inadequate permeability; however, muslin, nonwoven fabric, paper, and plastic are safely used. Items wrapped for gas sterilization should be tagged to avoid inadvertent steam sterilization
Which of the following is the only acceptable plastic taht can be used for a steam sterilization wrapper? a. polyethylene b. polypropylene c. polyamide d. polyvinyl chloride
b. polypropylene - polypropylene film of 1-3mm thickness is the only plastic acceptable for steam sterilization. It is used in the form f pouches presealed on two or three sides. The open sides are then heat sealed
All of the foloowing statments regarding muslin wrapper are true EXCEPT a. muslin must be laundered, even if unused, in order to rehydrate it b. a 140-thread count of unbleached muslin is used for wrappers c. muslin is flexible and easy to handle d. small holes can be repaired by stitching on a patch
d. is false because small holes can only be heat sealed with double-vulcanized patches, they never can be stitched bc they will leave needle holes in the muslin
Packages wrapped in muslin must have
four thicknesses
The maximum storage life for a muslin-wrapped item in a closed cabinet is
30 days
An item dropped on the floor is considered safe only if
it is enclosed in an impervious material
When using a pour solution
the contents must be used or discarded after the bottle is opened
What is the standard safety margin on package wrappers
1 inch or more
When opening a wrapper, the circulator should open the top flap
away from self
When the scrub nurse opens an inner sterile wrapper
the side nearest the body is opened first
When flipping a sterile item onto the field, the circulator may
project item without reaching over the sterile field
The room temperature in an operating room OR should
between 68 and 76F
If an OR staff member wears eyeglasses
the glasses should be wiped with an antiseptic solution before each operation
Each statement regarding OR attire is true EXCEPT a. lab coats worn out of the OR suite should be clean, closed, and knee length b. scrub suits are always changed upon re-entry to the OR suite c. scrub suits may be worn out of the OR uncovered, if they are changed upon OR re-entry d. nonprofessional personnel and visitors must wear approved attire in the OR
c. is false
The most effective protection from the radiation of x-rays is a
lead apron
It is considered good technique to
handle the mask only by the strings
Sterile gloves
should be wiped off after donning to remove lubricant
Electrical cords should be
removed from pathways so equipment is not rolloed over them
Scatter radiation effects are directly related to
amount of radiation and length of exposure time
When using a patient roller, how many people are necessary to move the patient safely and efficiently?
4
When moving the patient from the OR table, who is responsible for guarding the head and neck from injury?
anesthesiologist
To move the patient from the transport stretcher to the OR table
one person stands next to the stretcher, one adjacent to the OR table, while the patient moves over
When moving a patient with a fx in the OR, all of the following are true EXCEPT a. extra personnel are necessary b. support of the extremity should always be from below the site of fracture c. lifters on the affected side support the fx d. the surgeon should be present
b. is false, because, fx should be supported from both above and below the fx site when moving the patient
The safety strap is ____ inches above the knee, not too tight but secure
2 inches
A patient with a fractured femur is being moved to the OR table. Who is responsible for supporting and protecting the fx site?
The physician
Crossing the patient's arms across his or her chest may cause
interference with respiration
A precaution always taken when the patient is in the supine position is to
protect the heels from pressure on the OR table
During lateral positioning, a
pillow is placed between the legs
To prevent strain to the lumbosacral muscles and ligaments when the patient is in the lithotomy position
The buttocks must not extend beyong the table edge
The lithotomy position requires each of the following
1. Legs raised simultaneously by two people who grasp the sole of a foot in one hand and support the knee area with the other 2. sturrups must be of equal height and approprate for the size of the patient's leg 3. patient's buttocks rest along the break between the body and leg sections of the table
All off the following are requirements of the Kraske position
1. patient is prone with hips over the break of the table 2. a pillow is placed under lower legs and ankles 3. a padded knee strap is applied 2 inches above the knees 4. table is flexed to acute angle and small rolled towel is under each shoulder
When using an armboard, the most important measure is to
avoid hyperextension of the arm
Anesthetized patients should be moved slowly to
allow the circulatory system to adjust
If the patient is in a supine position, the circulator must always
see the that ankles and legs are not crossed
Extreme positions of the head and arm can cause injury to the
brachial plexus
Ulnar nerve damage could result from
placing an arm on an unpadded table egde
In the prone position, the thorax must be elevated from the OR table to prevent
compromised respiration
The anesthesiologist closes the eyelids of a general anesthetic patient for all of the following reasons
1. prevent drying of the eye 2. prevent eye trauma 3. protect the eye from anesthetic agents - they may remain open if protected with opthalmic ointment
Diastolic blood pressure refers to
the relaxation phase between heartbeats
Systolic blood pressure represents
the greatest force caused by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
Tachycardia is a
heartbeat over 100 beats per minute
The most common artery used to feel the pulse is the
radial artery
The body temp in 98.6F, what is it in Celsuis?
37C
Which term indicated low or decreased blood volume?
hypovolemia
If the surgeon wants to assess the patient's ability to void voluntarily via the urethra, yet sees the need for urinary drainage, he could use a
Bonanno suprapublic catheter
the tip of the catheter must be kept sterile
In which burn classification are the skin and subcutaneous tissue destroyed?
third
Uncontrolled increased positive pressure in one side of the thorax causes collapse of the opposite side, which is called
mediastinal shift
Why is the obese patient at greater surgical risk than one of normal weight?
because fat has poor vascularity
The patient has received preop meds. The action to be taken when this patient complains of dry mouth and request water would be to
restrict fluids completely and explain the reason for action of medication
When drawing a blood sample for arterial blood gases (ABGs), what is considered a safe time lapse between blood drawing and analysis?
10 minutes
A patient is on anticoagulant drugs. Which of the following tests may be done to check the clotting time of his or her blood?
prothrombin time
The preoperative UA done on a patient indicates that the specific gravity is 1.050. This is
above normal range and he or she is dehydrated
A type and crossmatch is done
if the surgeon anticipates in advance of the operation that blood loss replacement may be necessary
A patient scheduled for surgery has a hematocrit reading of 40% of whole blood volume. This is
within normal range
Inherited deficiencies of coagulation in which bleeding occurs spontaneously after minor trauma is
hemophilia
should be done on all surgical patients
An electrocardiogram is
an electrical recording of heart activity
After being scheduled in the OR for a routine tonsilectomy, the nurse checking the chart of a patient notes that the hemoglobin is 9.0g. This reading is
below te normal range
A microscopic blood exam that estimates the percentages of each type of white cell is called a
differential blood count
Which procedure is NOT absolutely necessary in patient identification?
identification by the scrub before the procedure begins
Operative records documenting all aspects of perioperative care are required by
JCHO
Except for endotracheal tube installation, basic life support cannot be interrupted for more than
5 seconds (and CPR should not be suspended for more than 30 seconds)
External cardiac compression
provides oxygen to vital tissues
During intraoperative CPR effort the scrub's role is to
remain sterile, keep track of counted items, and assist as necessary
A patient was burned on the lip with a hot mouth gag. Which of the following actions would have prevented this incident?
the scrub nurse cooled the itme in a basin with sterile water
A patient signs a permission form for surgery, but because of a language barrier he or she does not fully understand what she or he has signed. This could constitute a liability case for
assault and battery
If a patient falls because he or she was left unattended, the OR team member could be cited in a lawsuit for
abandonment
Which is NOT considered a safe procedure when caring for dentures inadvertently sent to the OR?
wraping in a plastic bad and atch to the patient's chart
A lack of care or skill that any nurse or technician in the same situation would be expected to use is the legal definition of
negligence
The lefal doctrine that mandates every professional nurse and technician to carry out their duties according to national standards of care practiced throughout the country is the
doctrine of Reasonable Man
The doctrine of Respondeat Superior refers to
employer liability for employee's negligent conduct
Liability is a legal rule that
holds each individual responsible for his or her own acts
A criteria that identifies, measures, monitors, and evaluates patient care is
quality assurane programs
Each of the following applies to an incident report EXCEPT: a. notation is made on the patient's OR record b. statement should be factual and non-interpretive c. description includes action taken d. details are complete and accurate
a. is false bc you would NOT make a record on the chart
In which way could a patient's response to impending surgery exhibit itself?
tension, axiety, fear, suspicion, anger and hostility
Excessive exposure to radiation can affect the
reproductive organs
Radiation exposure of the staff is monitored with
film badges
Ionizing radiation protection is afforded by the use of
lead
A potential safety hazard associated with laster sugery is
eye injury
An OR hazard that has been linked to incrased risk of spontaneous abortion is female OR employees is exposure to
waste anesthetic gas
Which virus can be trasmitted by a needle puncture or splash in the eye
Hep B
While usuing this mixture, a scavenging system is used to collect and exhaust or absorb its vapors. It is called
methyl methacrylate
Room temp for infants and children should be maintained as warm as
85 degrees
Areas needing special cleaning attention on a WEEKLY or MONTHLY routine would include
Weekly or Monthly: AC grills and walls Daily: Ceiling and wall mounted fixtures and tracks Between cases/end of day: furniture, kick buckets
A glass suction bottle should ideally be
cleaned with a disinfectant solution and autoclaved before reuse
Storage shelves must be cleaned with a germicide
each week
While a surgical case is in progress, doors should
remain closed
When cleaning the floor between cases
1. a clean mop head must be used each time 2. a two-bucket system, one detergent and one clear water, is used 3. buckets must be emptied and cleaned between each case
A dropped sterile tiem may only be used if the
wrapper is impervious and contact area is dry
In the event that a child needs emergency surgery, and the parents cannot be located to sign the permission
a written consultation by two physicians other than the surgeon will suffice
The patient is scheduled for an appendectomy. After completing this procedure the surgeon decides to remove a mole from the shoulder while the patient is still under anesthesia. No permisison was obtained for this. The circulating nurse should
report it to the supervisor or proper administrative authority
The surgical consent form can be witnessed by each of the following EXCEPT a. the surgeon b. a nurse c. an authorized hospital employee d. the patient's spouse
d. the patient's spouse CAN NOT witness the surgical consent
The patient is premedicated and brought to the OR for a cystoscopy and an ORIF of wrist. Upon arrival in the OR, it is observed that the patient has only signed for the cysto. The correct procedure would be to
cancel surgery until a valid permission can be obtained
A general consent form is
a form authorizing all treatments or procedures, this is NOT another name for a OR permit
The ultimate responsibility for obtaining consent lies with the
surgeon
The surgical consent is signed
before administration of preoperative medications
An informed consent
protects patient from unratified or unwanted procedures AND protects the surgeon and the hospital from claims of an unauthorized operation
Implied consent
is allowed by law in emergencies when no other authorized person may be contacted
Which statment regarding the withdrawal of a consent by a patient is NOT true? a. the surgeon informs the patient of the dangers if the procedure is not carried out b. the surgeon informs the hospital administration of the patient's refusal c. the surgeon obtains a written refusal from the patient d. the surgeon may do the procedure if he docutments that it is necessary as a lifesaving measure
d. is NOT true because the consent has been WITHDRAWN
Which position would be the most desirable for a pilonidal cystectomy or a hemorrhoidectomy?
Kraske
A position often used in cranial procedures is called
Fowler's
In positioning for laminectomy, rolls or bolsters are placed
longitudinally to support the chest from axilla to hip
The position used for a patient in hypovolemic shock is
modified Trendelenburg
A Mayfield table would be used for which type of surgery?
neurologic
Good exposure for thyroid surgery is ensured by all of the following EXCEPT a. modified dorsal recumbent with shoulder roll b. hyperextension of the neck c. utilization of the skin-stay sutures d. firm retraction of the laryngeal nerve and surrounding structures
d is false because we are careful to preseve the laryngeal nerve
A procedure requiring the patient to be positioned supine in modified lithotimy is
APR abdominoperineal resection
In which procedure may the patient be placed in a supine position with the right side slightly elevated by a wedge to tilt the patient to the left?
C section
The position for most open bladder surgery would be
supine, bolster under pelvis
In which circumstance could the patient sustain injury to the pudendal (mixed somatic and autonomic nerve inthe pelvic region , large branch of sacral plexus) nerve?
positioned on the fracture table
Which factor is important to consider when positioning the aging patient?
skeletal changes, limited range of motion of joints, tissue fragility
When positioning the patient for a procedure, which of the following provides maximum pt safety and maximum surgical site exposure?
patient's body does not touch metal on table, equipment, Mayo stand, or personnel are not resting on the pt, and bony prominences are padded
When preparing a patient for a breast bx a breast scrub is either elminated or done very gently because of
dispersal of cancer cells
The ideal place to do the shave prep is the
holding area of the OR
Any area that is considered contaminated
should be scrubbed last or separately
In preparation for surgery, skin should be washed and painted
from the incision site tothe periphery in a circular motion
Preliminary preparation of the patient's skin begins with
a preop shower
Suction tubing is attached to the drapes with a
nonperforating clamp
All of the following statments regarding sterility are true
wrapper edges are unsterile, instruments or sutures hanging over the table edge are discarded, sterile persons pass each other back to back, and a sterile person does NOT face a nonsterile person when passing
When draping a table, the scrub nurse should drape
front to back
A seamless, stretchable material often used to cover extremities during draping is
stockinette
Drapes are
placed on a dry area, NOT passed across the table, NOT adjusted, NOT unfolded
True or false: during the draping process, gloved hands may touch the skin of the patient
False
A dead drape consists of
medium sheet, towel, towel clip
Gowns are considered sterile only from
only in front from chest to sterile field level, and sleves from elbow to cuffs
An acceptable action when drying the hnads and arms after the surgical scrub is to
dry thoroughly, CLEANEST area first
All of the following statements regarding gowning another person are true EXCEPT a. opend the hand towel and lay it on the person's hand b. hand the folded gown the the person at the neckband c. keep hands onthe outside of the gown under a protective cuff d. release the gown once the person touches it
b. is false because you should unfold the gown first
Which statement regarding the scrub procedure is NOT true? a. reduces the microbial count b. leaves a antimicrobial residue c. render the skin aseptic d. removes skin oil
c. is NOT true because the skin can never be sterile (aseptic). It is considered surgically clean
If the scrub nurse needs to change a glove during an operation
the circulator pulls the glove off
Which statement regarding the removal of gown and gloves does NOT meet safe criteria? a. the gloves are removed before the gown b. the gown is pulled off inside-out c. the gown is untied by the circulator d. the gloves are removed inside-out
a. is NOT safe criteria
An effective surgical scrub procedure is
the time method or brush-stroke method
Regarding the surgical scrub, which statment would VIOLATE acceptable practice? a. fingernails should not reach beyond fingertip b. nail polish may be worn if freshly applied c. anyone iwth a cut, abrasion, or hangnail should not scrub d. a non-oil-based hand lotion may be used to protect the skin
b. nail polish may NOT be worn
Eyewear, goggles, and/or faceshields should be worn
on every case
mechanical washing and chemical antisepsis of the skin
Scrub technique ends
2 inches above the elbow
Which statement regarding the surgical scrub indicates INAPPROPRIATE preparation by the scrub?
NO fingernail polish may be worn!!
Which statement best describes an effective surgical hang scrub? a. time, no anatomical sequence b. number of strokes, no anatomical sequence c. time or number of strokes, hand to elbow sequence
c
The brush-stroke method of scrubbing prescribes the number of strokes required. indicate the number for each: nails, fingers, hand (back and palm) and arms
30 nails 20 per side of finger (80 times total) 20 per side of hand 20 per side of arms
A surgical treatment for scoliosis could employ the use of
Harrington rods
What is a Lebsche used for
to open the sternum
A rongeur used extensively in surgery of the spine and in neurosurgery is the
Kerrison
In a tonsillectomy, the mouth is retracted open with a self-retaining retractor such as a
Jenning's mouth gag
The instrument used to retrieve a needle bx from either thyroid, liver, kidney or prostate is
Silverman
This instrument is used in corrective rhinoplasty to undermine the skin of the nose and free the periosteum and perichondrium
Freer elevator
A cholecystOSTOMY is establishment of an opening into the gallbladder to permit drainage of the organ and removal of stones. It is selected for high-risk patients. A purse-string suture encircles the gallbladder fundus and a trocar is placed in it.
Suction tubing is attached to the trocar sheath and the gallbladder contecnt are aspirated. The contaminated trocar and sheath are discarded. Stone removal may then take place.
This instrument is an adjustable ring-shaped abdominal retractor with two lateral blades permanently attached. There are three detachable blades as well. It is self-retaining.
O'Sullivan-O'Connor
This instrument is an intestinal clamping forceps that comes straight or curved.
The Doyen
This instrument is also known as a loop retractor. It is used to retract the sternocleidomastoid muscle during thyroidectomy
The Green goiter retractor
A _____________ rongeur is part of a major bone setup. It is used to bit off sharp irregular bone edges.
Stille-Luer Duckbill
A _________ is a scapula retractor. It is found in a thorocotomy set.
Davidson
The ______ is lung-grasping forcep and is included in the instrumentation for lobectomy and pneumonectomy
Duval
The ______ and _________ are vascular clamping instruments. The ________ are vascualr scissors.
Satinsky DeBakey Potts Smith
A ________ is a cross action clamp, straight or curved. It is used for occlusion of major peripheral arteries. They come in several sized
DeBakey bulldog
A _________ is a hysterectomy forceps. It has double serrated jaws with cross grooves
Heaney
In an exploration of the common bile druct, a _________ is placed into the common bile duct. It is used to confirm sucesful evactuation and patency of the ducts and stays in place as a drain.
drainage T-tube
Stapedectomy requires all of the following items EXCEPT a. small microsuction b. speculum c. prosthesis d. autograft
d. autograft is NOT used - prosthetic devices are of stainless steel and Teflon. Microsuctions are used. A speculum provides view.
Cochlear implants utilize an electrode device
to restore hearing, the device emits electrical impulses into the cochlea and along the acoustic nerve
All of the following are required for repair of a nasal FRACTURE except a. boyonet orceps b. Ballenger swivel knife c. splint d. Asch forceps
b. Ballenger swivel knife is used in nasal surgery but not fracture **For a fx you would need, anesthesia setup, boyonet forceps, an Asch septum-straightening forceps, a straight hemostat, impregnated gauze, packng, a splint, and adhesive tape
A forceps used in nasal surgery is a
bayonet
All of the following instruments can be found on a nasal setup EXCEPT a. Freer elevator b. bayonet forceps c. Potts d. Frazier suction tub
c. potts are not used
One which setup would bougies (esophageal dilators) be found?
esophagoscopy
All of the following can be found on a tonsilectomy setup EXCEPT a. Yankauer suction b. Hurd dissector and pillar retractor c. tongue depressor d. Jameson hook
d. a Jameson hook is used in eye surgery - The Yankauer suction, Hurd dissector and pillar retractor, and tongue depressor are all found in a tonsil set
Tissue expanders are used in
breast reconstruction
The fracture treated with arch bars is
mandibular
Rib removal for surgical exposure of the kidney requires all of the following EXCEPT a. Alexander periosteotome b. Doyen raspatory c. Heaney clamp d. Stille shears
Heaney clamp
Sonte forceps on a kidney set are
Randall
A Sarot is a
bronchus clamp
Which item would NOT be included on a setup for a transvenous (endocardial) pacemaker? a. tunneling instrument b. intra-aortic balloon pump c. fluoroscopy d. defibrillator
b. intra-aortic balloon pump would NOT be used -Fluoroscopy and a defibrillator are required plus vascular dissecting instruments, tunneling instrument, pacemaker and electrodes, introducer set, and an external pacemaker
The most frequent conditions requiring the use of a permanent pacemaker are
heart block, bradyarrhythmia - A permanent pacemaker initiates atrial or ventricular contraction or both
Which setup would include distraction and compression components
Harrington rods
Traction applied directly on bone via pins, wires, or tongs is
skeletal
Skeletal traction of the lower leg is accomplished iwth the use of a
Kirschner wire
In orthopedic surgery, the viewing of the progression of a procedure on a television screen is known as
image intensification
A neurologic study in which a radiopaque substance is injected into the subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture is called a
myelogram
A neuro headrest skull clamp is called a
Mayfield
Maintenance of acceptable blood pressure and prevention of the development or air emboli in the neurosurgical patient can be effected by preoperative utilization of
an antigravity suit
A ______ is a mouth gag
Dingman
Specialized instruments for a cleft lip repair would include
Logan's bow
Cloward instrumentation would be included for surgery of the
cervical spine
On which setup would a Beaver knife handle be found?
eye
Which procedure requires a sterile setup? a. manual skin traction b. skin traction c. skeletal traction d. closed reduction
skeletal traction
A craniotomy may employ the use of a _________ for exposure
Leyla-Yasargil
On which setup would either a Pereyra or a Stamey needle be found?
urologic
Disintegration of kidney stones through a liquid medium is accomplished with a
extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor
A urology perineal retractor system is called
Omni-Tract
Which procedure would utilize a Mason-Judd retractor?
bladder
A Furlow inserter is used in
penile implantation
On which case would a boomerang be found?
prostate
Which graft must be obtained with a dermatome?
split-thickness mesh graft
A Cavitron unit is used for
phacoemulsification
The power source for Hall power equipment is
nitrogen
A neurosurgical drill used for precision cuting, shaping, and repair of bone is the
Air Drill 100
In what surgery would a small fragment compression set be used
olecranon fracture
A premanent pacemaker operates on a pulse generator powered by
lithium
The power source for Hall power equipment is
nitrogen
A neurosurgical drill used for precision cuting, shaping, and repair of bone is the
Air Drill 100
Which item is an air drill? a. Reese b. Padgett-Hood c. Hall d. Brown
Hall
Hypothermia is employed in cardiac surgery
to reduce oxygen consumption
In what surgery would a small fragment compression set be used
olecranon fracture
A premanent pacemaker operates on a pulse generator powered by
lithium
Which item is NOT a component of a cardiopulmonary bypass system? a. oxygenator b. heat exchanger c. ventricular fibrillatorr d. pump
c. ventricular fibrillator is NOT part of a CPB system
Which item is an air drill? a. Reese b. Padgett-Hood c. Hall d. Brown
Hall
Which movement in a power instrument drills holes or inserts screws, wires, or pins? a. rotary b. reciprocating c. oscillating d. alternating
rotary movement
Hypothermia is employed in cardiac surgery
to reduce oxygen consumption
The power instrument that is small, lightweigh, free of vibration, and easy to handle for pinpoint accuracy at high speed is
air-powered
The power source for the Air Drill 100 is
compressed nitrogen
Which item is NOT a component of a cardiopulmonary bypass system? a. oxygenator b. heat exchanger c. ventricular fibrillatorr d. pump
c. ventricular fibrillator is NOT part of a CPB system
Which movement in a power instrument drills holes or inserts screws, wires, or pins? a. rotary b. reciprocating c. oscillating d. alternating
rotary movement
The power instrument that is small, lightweigh, free of vibration, and easy to handle for pinpoint accuracy at high speed is
air-powered
The power source for the Air Drill 100 is
compressed nitrogen
The power source for Hall power equipment is
nitrogen
A neurosurgical drill used for precision cuting, shaping, and repair of bone is the
Air Drill 100
In what surgery would a small fragment compression set be used
olecranon fracture
A premanent pacemaker operates on a pulse generator powered by
lithium
Which item is an air drill? a. Reese b. Padgett-Hood c. Hall d. Brown
Hall
Hypothermia is employed in cardiac surgery
to reduce oxygen consumption
Which item is NOT a component of a cardiopulmonary bypass system? a. oxygenator b. heat exchanger c. ventricular fibrillatorr d. pump
c. ventricular fibrillator is NOT part of a CPB system
Which movement in a power instrument drills holes or inserts screws, wires, or pins? a. rotary b. reciprocating c. oscillating d. alternating
rotary movement
The power instrument that is small, lightweigh, free of vibration, and easy to handle for pinpoint accuracy at high speed is
air-powered
The power source for the Air Drill 100 is
compressed nitrogen
The power source for Hall power equipment is
nitrogen
A neurosurgical drill used for precision cuting, shaping, and repair of bone is the
Air Drill 100
In what surgery would a small fragment compression set be used
olecranon fracture
A premanent pacemaker operates on a pulse generator powered by
lithium
Which item is an air drill? a. Reese b. Padgett-Hood c. Hall d. Brown
Hall
Hypothermia is employed in cardiac surgery
to reduce oxygen consumption
Which item is NOT a component of a cardiopulmonary bypass system? a. oxygenator b. heat exchanger c. ventricular fibrillatorr d. pump
c. ventricular fibrillator is NOT part of a CPB system
Which movement in a power instrument drills holes or inserts screws, wires, or pins? a. rotary b. reciprocating c. oscillating d. alternating
rotary movement
The power instrument that is small, lightweigh, free of vibration, and easy to handle for pinpoint accuracy at high speed is
air-powered
The power source for the Air Drill 100 is
compressed nitrogen
The power source for air-powered dermatomes is
compressed nitrogen or air
Suction tubing should be processed in the following way
residual of distilled water in lumen, steam sterilize, tubing coiled
The suction tip that is right angled and is used for small amounts of fluid such as in brain surgery is
Ferguson-Frazier
Which suction tip has an angle and is used in the mouth or throat
Yankauer
Each of the following steps can assist inthe immediate determination of intraoperative blood loss
1. visual inspection of blood in sponges 2. measurement of blood in sponges by weighing 3. estimation of blood in suction container
When using a cellsaver for autologous blood transfusion, the blood is suctioned through a double lumen tubing and is
heparinized
During orthopedic surgery the suction tubing should be
cleared frequently
Which type of surgery would require several patent suction cannulas and suction often controlled by a foot pedal?
ENT
When suctioning in neurosurgery a precausiton taken is to
avoid applying vacuum directly on brain or neural tissue
A tourniquet is utilized
only when hemorrhage is not controlled by other methods
The proper setting for a tourniquet applied to an arm is
250-300mm Hg
Exsanguination of a limb before tourniquet inflation is accomplished with wrapping the elevated extremity with
Esmarch
The amount of pressure used to inflate a tourniquet depends on all of the following EXCEPT a. patient's age b. size of extremity c. depth of incision d. systolic blood pressure
c. depth has nothing to do with it
A regional block that uses the tourniquet is a
Bier block
The tourniquet is contraindicated if
patient's circulation to distal part of extremity is poor
Which action drains venous blood during tourniquet application?
elevate extremity before tightening tourniquet
At what point should the surgeon be informed of the time of tourniquet application?
after 1 hour, then every 15 minutes
When would the use of Esmarch be contraindicated
patient has had recent injury, patient has had recent cast
Which is NOT used ot inflate a pneumatic tourniquet a. nitrous oxide b. air c. oxygen d. freon
a. nitrous oxide is NOT used
A precaution necessary when using a pneumatic tourniquet is
solutions must be prevented from pooling under tourniquet
In which procedure would a tourniquet be contraindicated? a. tendon repair, child b. arthroscopy, adult c. bunionectomy d. gangrenous toe amputation
d. gangrenous toe amputation
The following statements regarding a grounding plate for electrosurgery are true EXCEPT a. the plate must have good contact with the patient's skin b. the plate must be lubricated with electrosurgical gel c. the plate must be placed directly over a body prominence d. the grounded pathway returns the electrical current to the unit after the surgeon delivers it to the operative site
c. is FALSE, the plate should NEVER be placed directly over a bondy prominence
A grounding pad is not required for the electrocautery in
a bipolar unit
The inactive electrode of the cautery is the
ground pad
The electrical circuit of the electrocautery is ehn
current flows TO the generator TO active electrode, through tissue, and back TO generator via the inactive electrode
Why must the electrocautery tip be kept clean?
to ensure electrical contract effectiveness
In electrosurgery, "buzzing" refers to
coagulation of vessel via a metal instrument touching the active electrode
Which electrosurgical unit provides precise control of the coagulated area?
bipolar
Which condition is MOST acceptable when using electrocautery?
ground pad placed close to operative site
The active electrode on the electrocautery is the
tip
The cautery would not be used: a. when Betadine skin prep is used b. in cases requiring irrigation c. in neck or NP surgery if NO is used d. in hernia repair if an epidural is used
in neck or nasopharynx surgery if nitrous oxide is used
Why are only moist sponges utilized during electrocautery use?
to prevent fire
If the electrocautery is used through the collonoscope, carbon dioxide should be available to flush out the colon because
gases normally in colon could cause explosion
Fulguration is utilized primarily in __________ surgery.
transurethral resection and prostate operations
When working in the bladder why is more or higher electrical current necessary during cautery use?
more current is needed when working in solution
Fulguration via the resectoscope is accomplished by the use of an _________ tip
electrode
A direct visualization of the common bile duct is done by means of a
choledochoscope
Complications can occur during endoscopy, such as
bleeding, and perforation
An endoscopy procedure that does not require a sterile set up is
bronchoscopy
All are precautions when handling fiberoptic cable EXCEPT a. light cables should be dropped or swing free when carried b. cables are coiled loosely, no kining c. heavy items are not laid on calbes d. cables are only gas sterilized
d. cables are normally autoclaved but only according to manufacturer recommendations
When using a fiberoptic, burns and fires are prevented by
1. cable kept away from drapes when disconnected from endoscope 2. peronnel should not lean on cable 3. cable end is kept on a moist towel
An economical, practical, and effective way to clean reusable channeled endoscopic instruments initially is with the
Endoflush
A sterilant that is used on endoscopes that is bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicial in 20-30 minutes processing time is
peracetic acid
Which statement is TRUE regarding a STERIS system for endoscop sterilization? a. only one scope or a few instruments can be processed in a cycle b. it is not sporicidal c. the processing time is lengthy d. it is very costly
a. is the only TRUE statement
The endoscope that provides a view of the middle of the thorax, betwee, the two pleural sacs is
mediastinoscop
Resolving power of an operating microscope means
the ability to discern detail
Which item in the optical lens system is responsible for magnification?
oculars and objective lens
The range of focal length of the objective lenses in the operating microscope is
100-400 mm
A continuously variable magnification system is afforded to the eye surgeon by the
zoom lens with foot control
The purpose of the "slit" lamp in eye surgery is
defining depth perception
The operating microscope that visually employs fiberoptics for its light source is
coaxial illuminators
Care of the microscope would include all of the following EXCEPT a. damp dust external surfaces with detergen-disinfectant before use b. damp dust lenses with detergent-disinfectant before use c. enclose in an antistatic plastic cover when not in use d. clean casters before each use
b. is false, never wipe the lenses
The purpose of the beam splitter in an operating microscope is to
coincide the assistant's field of view withthe surgeon's
The colpomicroscope affords a view of the
cervix
The procedure employing the use of a self-retaining layrngoscope and microscope is called a
suspension microlaryngoscopy
The binocular microscope provides stereoscopic vision. This refers to
the view afforded by double eyepieces
Which magnifying powers are available for the microscope eye pieces?
10x, 12.5x, 16x, and 20x
Which procedure is inappropriate when caring for optic lenses? a. blood, water, and irrigating solutions are removed with cotton tipped applicators and distiled water b. lens is always cleaned in a circular motion, beginning at the center c. oil or fingerprints are removed by soaking in solvent for 10 min and drying with a cotton ball d. lint or dust are removed with a lens brush or rubber bulb syringe
c. is INAPPROPRIATE, never SOAK!
The OR bed may have a metal crossbar between the two upper section which may be raised to elevate the
kidnay and gallbladder
Which item is also known as an "airplane support"?
double arm board
Operative accessibility in thyroid sugery may be aided by the use of a
shoulder bridge
In which position would shoulder braces be indicated?
extreme Trendelenburg
A precaution necessary when using the kidney rests is
1. to press firmly but not too tightly against body 2. to pad well 3. to place the longer rest beneath iliac crest
Chest rolls (bolsters)
Bakelite orthopedic table attachments are sometimes used because
they do not interfere with radiographic studies
Sponges and towels used near the laser tissue impact site are kept wet in order to
prevent ignition of these materials by relected beam
A laser plume is composed of
carbonized particles, water, and odor
When using lasers, nonreflective instrumentation decreases
accidental direct reflection
Which laser emission is primarily absorbed in tssue by hemoglobin or melanin?
argon
The fire extinguisher of choice for a laser fire is a
Halon
In a surgical procedure employing the use of the laser, prep solution on the patient's skin should be pat-dried because
pooled fluids can retain laser heat and subsequently burn tissue
Laser surgery performed in the rectal aera should be preceded by
suctioning of lower bowel to remove methan gas
Ebonization refers to
coating of instruments to decrease reflectivity
The use of each of the following items are measures employed to reduce laser-induced injuries EXCEPT a. ebonized instruments b. anodized instruments c. plastic vaginal and rectal speculums d. reflective drapes
c. they could melt!
When utilizing the laser, occupational exposure to surgical smoke via the skin, eye, and mucous membranes is best minimized by the use of
universal precautions
Which specialty would employ the use of a slit lamp and the laser?
ophthalmic
The laser used primarily for port-wine stain lessons of the skin is the
ruby
People who are near the CO2 laser impact area can guard against corneal injuries by
wearing clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards
Argon and YAG lasers will be absorbed by the
retina
Argon requires _____ tinted lens filter
amber
CO2 requires ______ glass or plastic with side shields
clear
YAG requires _______ tinted lens filter
green
CO2 laser is absorbed by the
cornea
Each of the following are measures used to control the effects of the laser plum
smoke evacuators, suctions, high filtration masks
Which endotracheal tube is contraindicated during laser surgery?
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube because it can be easily ignited - acceptable would be: flexible metal tube with external cuff attached, red rubber tube wrapped with reflecting tape, and commercial laser endotracheal
What item should be on the scrub person's instrument table while the laser is in use?
basin of sterile water or saline
The following statements regarding lasers are true EXCEPT a. laser unit is protected from bumping against walls during movement b. flammable materials should not be used near laser impact site c. water or other solutions should not be placed on laser unit d. laser unit is in "on" position during entire case
d. is false, the laser should be placed in standby mode
The laser used most commonly for retinal detachment, tear, or hole is
argon
The tunable dye laser used to disintegrate kidney stones is the
candela - tunable pulse-dyed system that has the ability to disintegrate stones without damaging soft tissue Gas lasers are: CO2, Argon Solid laser: Nd:YAG Semiconductor crystal is a dioxide
A device used to correct and counteract internal bleeding conditions and hypovolemia is a
MAST - The medical antishock trouser is a garment designed to correct an counteract internal bleeding conditions and hypovolema. It creates an encircling pressure around both legs and abdomen. It slows or stops arterial bleeding, forces any available blood from the lower body to the heart, brain, and other vital organs, and it prevents the return of available circulating blood volume to the lower extremities
Placement of a Levin tube would be in the
stomach - A Levin tube is a #16 French, plastic catheter used in gastric intubation that has a closed weghted tip and an opening on the side
A sponge used in brain surger is a
cottonoid patty - cottonoid patties are compressed rayon or cotton sponges that are used moist on delicate structures such as nerves, brain, and spinal cord
The dressing used after nasal surgery is
a moustache
Seamless tubular cotton that stretches to fit a contour and is used for padding is called a
stockinette
Which case would require the use of cottonoid strips?
laminectomy
An item used for padding that has smooth and clingy layers is called
Webril
Rectal packing is made of
petroleum-treated gauze
An elastic adhesive bandage is
elastoplast
A dissecting sponge that is a small roll of heavy cotton tape is a
Kitner - hold these in forceps
A dissecting sponge made of gauze that is used to dissect or absorb fluid is called a
peanut
A temporary biologic dressing is
porcine - "pigskin" is used as a temporary biologic dressing to cover large body surfaces denuded of skin
A temporary boilogic dressing is
porcine - "pigskin" is used as a temporary biologic dressing to cover large body surfaces denuded of skin
Which procedure would not require a pressure dressing? a. plastic surgery b. knee surgery c. radical masterectomy d. hysterectomy
hysterectomy
A sponge that is cotton-filled gauze with a cotton thread attached is a
tonsil
Which of the following can be a supplement to a subcuticular closure?
skin closure tapes
A protective skin coating is accomplished with
tincture of benzoin - a protective coating substance frequently applied to the skin before adhesive dressings are used
A dressing that is held in place by long suture ends crisscrossed and tied is called a
stent
The smallest diameter on a French scale is a
3 - Instruments and catheters are measured on a French scale; the diameter (in mm) is multiplied by 3. The smallest is 1 mm in diameter times 3, or 3 French
A stab wound is a separate small incision
close to operative site
A tube placed into the tympanic membrane to facilitate aeration is the
myringotomy tube
A common size chest tube is a
30 Fr.
What type of catheter would facilitate the removal of small gallstones?
Fogarty - It can also demonstrate patency of the common bile duct to the duodenum
A catheter commonly used in a gastrostomy is a
mushroom -Mushroom, Malecot, or Foley catherters are frequently used in the anterior gastric wall and are held in place by a purse-string suture
Which of the following is NOT a type of ureteral cather tip? a. whistle b. olive c. Braasch bulb d. Pezzar
d. is NOT a type of ureteral catheter tip - A Pezzar or mushroom catheter is for drainage of body cavities. The others are commonly used ureteral catheter tips
The drain that has a reservoir creating negative pressure to facilitate drainage is a
hemovac
All of the following statements are true of ureteral catheters EXCEPT that they: a. are made of flexible woven nylon or plastic b. range in caliber from size 3 - 14 Fr c. have graduated markings in centimeters d. provide direct visualization of the bladder
D. they do not provide direct visualization of the bladder
Long-term or temporary ureteral drainage can be accomplished with a
stent
A central venous catheter is usually inserted into the
external jugular vein
An indwelling catheter used for chemotherapy administration is a
Tenckhoff
Which of the following is NOT used for urethral dilation? a. McCarthy dilator b. VanBuren sound c. Hegar dilator d. Phillips filliform and followers
Hegar dilators are cervical dilators, the rest are urethral dilators
A closed-wound suction system works by
negative-pressure vacuum
Why is a 30cc bag Foley used after a transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate?
hemostasis
The tube that collects bronchial washing is
Lukens
Balloon angioplasty is accomplished with the use of a
Gruntzig catheter - It is used for balloon angioplasty to dilate occluded vessels
A Pezzer is a
mushroom catheter - A Pezzar or mushroom is a self-retaining catheter and is straight or angulated with a large single channel with the tip in the shape of a mushroom. This catheter is used primarily to drain the bladder suprapubically.
The three lumens of a Foley are used for inflation, drainage, and
continuous irrigation
converts the x-ray beam into a fluoroscopic optical image
Extracorporeal circulation refers to circulation
of blood outside of the body
The scoring system that assesses an infant's condition after birth is called
Apgar
Which procedure records the electrical activaity of the brain?
electroencephalogram EEG
An x-ray's photographic image is called a
roentgenogram
Immobilization of the hip joints after surgery is accomplished by the use of
abduction pillow
All of the following are true of disposable chest drainage units EXCEPT: a. provides drainage collection from intrapleural space b. maintains a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity c. provides suction control determined by water level d. aids in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space
d. is false
Which factor is not accomplished by chest drainage? a. drains fluid and air from pleural cavity b. provides water seal for gravity drainage c. suction controlled by level of water d. positive pressure re-establishment
d. positive pressure is NOT accomplished by chest drainage
A cast applied from the hips to the head, which is used to immobilized cervical fractures is a
Minerva jacket
A motorized device whose action prevents venous stasis and reduces risk of deep-vein clotting in high risk patients is
sequential pneumatic compression boots
Which synthetic mesh may be used in the presence of infection?
Prolene
can be steam sterilized once, if unused but not soiled
A common donor site for an autogenous bone graft is
ilium
The patient coming to the OR with rupture of esophageal varices may have a __________ in place to control bleeding.
Sengstaken-Blakemore
Either a Foley, Mallecot, Pezzer, or Mushroom catheter can be inserted for
gastrostomy - A temporary or permanent opening in the stomach for decompression or alimentation is accomplished with either a Foley, Mallecot, Pezzer, or Mushroom catheter
The risks of cone biopsy are minimized by using the
CO2 laser
Stereotactic surgery takes place in the
brain
A blood flow detector is a
Doppler
A secondary video monitor is referred to as a
"slave"
Which catheter facilitates the infusion chemotherapeutic drugs? a. Hickman b. Dorsey c. Silverman d. Huber
Hickman
An Ambu bag is a
breathing bad
A blood warmer is used
to maintain 89-105F temperature
Which is the most necessary item for a blood transfusion?
blood filter
Each are measures to prevent heat loss in newborn, infant, or children in the OR EXCEPT; a. hypothermia blanket is prepared b. water mattress is warmed c. webril is wrapped on extremities d. solutions for skin prep and intraoperative use are warmed
a. is false bc a HYPERthermia blanket is prepared
A setupthat would include a 1000cc bag of normal saline, sterile IV tubing, an IV pole, and a pressure bag
choledochoscopy - Choledochoscopy is direct visualiation of the common bile duct requiring distention of the common bile duct for better visualization. This is done by irrigation the ducts with saline via a pressure bad (300Hg) around an IV (saline) bag. Sterile tubing is passed off-field and attached to saline. Scrub nurses attach the distal end of IV tubing to irrigating stopcock on choledochoscope.
A laminaria tent is used to
dilate cervix
In which procedure would be a radiant warmer be found?
cesarean section
The C-arm employs the use of
fluoroscope
Equate the radiation exposure in fluoroscopy as comparaed to that of a single x-ray
10:1
that the count be done aloud by circulator and scrub
If a sponge pack contains an incorrect number of sponges, the circulating nurse should
isolate the pack, do not use it
In an instrument count
all instruments and parts must be counted
Which of the following statements concerning sponges are true
1. only radiopague sponges should be used on the sterile field 2. sponges should be counted from the folded edge 3. a pack containing an incorrect number of sponges is discarded
The following statements regarding counts are true
1. all counts are verified before person being relieved leaves room 2. persons taking final count are held accountable 3. persons taking final count must sign the count record
During the closure count a discrepancy
is reported to surgeon
If a sponge is intentionally left in the patient
a notation is placed on the operative record
The following statements regarding counting sponges are true
1. sponges are counted at folded edge 2. shake pack to separate sponges 3. separate each sponge and number aloud while placing it in a pile on table
During the sponge count procedures, which action would constitute an UNACCEPTABLE technique? a. soiled sponges are separated, stacked, and counted in multiples b. soiled sponges used for prep remain in kick bucket and are not part of count c. sponges are not added or removed from operative field during count d. sponges are counted before being moistened or used
b. is false
In a gastrointestinal closure, the mucosa of the intestinal tract is closed with
chromic 4-0 or 3-0
Which type of suture would be used to invert the stump of the appendix
purse-string
Why are bumpers or bolsters used on retention sutures?
to prevent the suture from cutting into the skin surgace
A Nissen Fundoplication procedure is done to correct
antireflux disease - The three most frequently performed procedures are Nissen, Hill, and Belsy Mark IV
A dissecting sponge that is a small roll of heavy cotton tape is a
Kitner
Peanuts and dissecting sponges are generally
moistened with saline
Intraabdominally, lap pads are most often used
moistened with saline
A catheter commonly used in a gastrostomy is a
mushroom
Before handing a Penrose drain to the surgeon
moisten it in saline
A closed-wound suction system works by
negative-pressure vacuum
Which condition regarding sterile technique is NOT recommended? a. sterile tables are set up just before the operation b. sterile tables may be set up and safely covered until time of surgery c. once sterile packs are open, someone must remain in the room to maintain vigilance d. sterile persons pass each other back to back
b. is NOT recommended
Which of the following conditions is not an acceptable aseptic technique? a. scrub nurse standing on a platform or standing stool b. scrub nurse keps hands below shoulder level c. scrub nurse fold arms with hands at axillae d. scrub nurse's hands are at or above waist level
c. is not acceptable aseptic technique
The disposable circular staple designed to hold two tubular structures together after resection is known as
EEA
When a sterile item is hanging or extending over the sterile table edge, the scrub nurse
does not touch the part hanging below table level
In which situation should sterility be questioned? a. if a sterilized pack is found in an unsterile workroom b. if the surgeon turns away from the sterile field for a brown wipe c. if the scrub drapes a nonsterile table, covering the edge nearest the body first d. if the lip of a pour bottle is held over the basin as close to the edge as possible
a. sterility should be questioned
Transduodenal sphincterotomy referes to the incision made into the ________ to relieve stenosis
sphincter of Oddi
When handing skin towels to the surgeon, where should the scrubperson stand in relation tothe surgeon?
On the same side of the table
Irrigating fluid used to flush the organ between harvest and transplantation of a liver is known as
Collin's
Each of the following actions by a scrubperson prevents wounds and punctures, according to CDC guidelines
1. use an instrument to remove blades 2. account for each needle as surgeon finishes with it 3. protect sharp blades, edges, and tips
The following are acceptable technique when draping
1. hold the drapes high until directly over the proper area 2. protect the gloved hands by cuffing the end of the drape over them 3. place the drapes on a dry area
The procedure to follow if a hair is found on the operative field is to
remove it with a clamp, cover over area
Cancer technique in surgery refers to
the discarding of instruments coming in contact with tumor after each use
Why are gowns, gloves, drapes, and instruments changed following a breast biopsy and before incision for a mastectomy?
to protect margins of healthy tissue from tumor cells
A postoperative complication attributed to glove powder entering a wound is
granulomata
The correct procedure for sterile dressing application is
apply dressing before drape removal
When drop technique for an intestinal procedure is utilized
contaminated instruments are discarded, floves are changed
If the floor or wall becomes contaminated with organic debris during a case, the curculator
decontaminates promptly
The Sengstaken-Blakemore tube is used for
esophageal hemorrhage
A specially treated form of sugical gauze that has a hemostatic effect when buried in tissue is
Oxycel
An enzyme extract from bovine blood used as a topical hemostatic agent is
thrombin
A common complication of extubation is
hypoxia
The desirable position for better visualiation in the loer abdomen or pelvis is
Trendelenburg
Another name for the Kraske position is
jackknife
All of the following are helpful in keeping accurate account of sponges EXCEPT a. keep sponges separate fom linen and instruments b. keep needles separate from sponges c. keep all sponges and tapes in a basin or close together on the field d. keep a mental count of the number of sponges on the field at any given time
c. is NOT helpful
Dark blood in the operative field may indicate that the patient is
hypoxia
In an extreme emergency, a sponge count
may be omitted
are passed off the sterile field into a bag or container held by the circulator
How is a frozen section sent to the lab?
dry
Which of the following specimens is NOT placed in preservative solution?
stones
The term transduodenal sphincterotomy indicates surgery of the
distal end of the common bile duct
McBurney is an incision used for
appendectomy
The simplest abdominal incision offering good exposure to any part of the abdominal cavity is the
vertical midline
During an appendectomy, a purse-string suture is placed around the appendix stump to
invert the stump of the appendix
Gastrointestinal technique is required in all of the following procedures EXCEPT a. cholecystectomy b. low anterior colon resection c. appendectomy d. hemicolectomy
a. NOT required for a cholecystectomy
A hernia occurring in Hesselback's trangle is called
direct
Pathologic enlargement of the male breast is called
gynecomastia
Sutures placed in a wound to prevent wound evisceration are called
retention
Surgical enlargement of the passage between the prepylorus of the stomach and the duodenum is a
pyloroplasty
A Whipple operation is surgically termed a
pancreatoduodenectomy
A left subcostal incision indicates surgery of the
spleen
A lower oblique incision is an
inguinal
The curved transverse incision used for pelvic surgery is
Pfannenstiel
Which breast procedure removes the entire breast and axillary contents but preserves the pectoral muscles?
modified radical mastectomy
The breast procedure performed to remove extensive benign disease is a
simple mastectomy
What incision is indicated for an esophagogastrectomy?
thoracoabdominal
In which incision could retention sutures be used
vertical midline
In which hernia is the blood supply of the trapped sac contents compromised and in danger of necrosing
strangulated
In which hernia does the herniation protrude into the inguinal canal but NOT the cord?
direct
Which hernia leaves the abdominal cavity at the internal inguinal ring and passes with the cord structures down the inguinal canal?
indirect
An abdominal wall defect may be reconstructed using
Gore-Tex patch
In a cholecystectomy, which structures are ligated and divided?
cystic duct and cystic artery
All of the following statements refer to pilonidal cyst surgery EXCEPT a. it is performed with an elliptical incision b. the wound frequently heals by granulation c. probes are requires on setup d. the cyst is removed, but the tract remains
d. is false because the cyst AND sinus tract must be completely removed to prevent recurrence
An important consideration during cholangiogram is to
remove all air bubbles form the cholangiocath
An instrument used to elevate the thyroid lobe during surgical excision is a
Lahey
The intestinal layer in order, from inside to outside, is
mucosa, submucosa, serosa
A common postoperative patient complaint following a laparoscopic procedure is
shoulder pain
A subphrenic abscess occurs in the
liver
Portal pressure measurement is indicated in
hepatic resection
Which organ is removed either because of trauma, a blood condition, or as a staging procedure for malignancy?
spleen
petroleum gauze packing is placed in the anal canal
A benign anal wall "slit" type of lesion requiring excision is an
anal fissure
Which gallbladder procedure ALWAYS requires intraoperative x-rays?
cholangiogram
In a pilonidal cystectomy, the defect frequently is too large to close and requires use of a
packing and pressure dressing
The instrument most commonly used to grasp the mesoappendix during an appendectomy is a
Babcock
Vaporization and coagulation of hemorrhoidal tissue can be accomplished with
CO2 laser
An entire tumor/mass removal is termed
excisional biopsy
A surgical procedure performed to relieve esophageal obstruction caused by cadiospasm is an
esophagomyotomy
Thrombosed vessels of the rectum are known surgically as
hemorrhoids
A procedure done to give the colon a rest and is then reverse is
temporary colostomy
A device that may obviate the need for an abdominoperineal resection because a low anterior anastamosis can be performed is an
end-to-end anastomosis (EEA) - stapling device that allows a very low anastomosis and thus avoids a colostomy
An advanced inflammation of the bowel could be conservatively treated with which procedure?
temporary colostomy
Blunt dissection of the gall bladder from the sulcus of the liver requires the use of a
peanut or Kitner -employed when removing the gallbladder from the infundibulum up to the fundal region
Direct visualization of the common bile duct is accomplished with a
choledochoscipe
"Scratch" marking is done in surgery of the
thyroid
Fogarty biliary catheters are used to
facilitate stone removal
In laparoscopy, tubal patency is checked by
injecting methylene blue into the cervicdal canal
In a thyroidectomy, a loop retractor retracts the
sternocleidomastoid muscle
Which sturcture are identified and preserved in thyroid surgery?
parathyroid glands
Which item retracts the spermatic cord structure in herniorrhaphy?
penrose drain
After utuerus removal in a hysterectomy
cervical and vaginal instruemtns are isolated from the instruent set in a discard basin
An irreducible hernia whose abdominal contents have become trapped in the extraabdominal sac is called a
incarcerated hernia
Which type of endoscopy camera produces the truest color
three-chip
White balancing a video camera in endoscopy requires the scrub person to focus the camera on
a white sponge, a white wall, a glove wrapper
Defogging the video camera is usually the responsiblity of the
camera operator
A palliative invasive procedure done to prevent malnutrition or starvation is known as
gastrostomy
The use of noninvasive high-energy shock waves to pulverize gallstones into small fragments for easy passage through the common bile duct and out of the body is called
cholelithotripsy
Intraoperative cholangiograms can be performed either through open abdominal or laparoscopic procedures using a contrast medium directly into the common bile duct through a
cholangiocath
Intra-abdominal pressure durging the instilliation of CO2 for creation of pneumoperitoneum is 8-10mm Hg. A pressure reading higher than this may indicate that the needle may be
buried in fatty tissue, burined in the omentum and/or in a lumen of intestines
The proper method of removing the gallbadder specimen after complete dissection and irrigation of the operative site in a laparoscopic cholecystectomy is to
utilize and endobag, pull gallbladder through the largest port, decompress the gallbladder by suctioning the bile before removal
All of the following are recommendations for actions necessary to support the aseptic principle of "confine and contain" EXCEPT a. restrict patient contacts to an area 3 feet around the patient b. discard sponges into plastic-lined pails c. clean spills immediately with broad-spectum disinfectant d. all launddry should be discarded into impervious bags
d. is NOT a recoommendation. The use of fluid-impervious bags eliminates potential contamination from wet linen soaking through. All linens from open packs, whether soiled or not, should be discarded in fluid-impervious bags
During a laparoscopic cholecystectomy the surgeon generally stands
at the left side of the patient
gastrointestinal decompression during a general surgical procedure can be effected by the use of a
Levine tube and Vari-Dyne - Both the Levine tube and the Miller-Abbot tube effect gastrointestinal decompression. The Levine tube is placed through the nasal passageway into the stomach, while the Miler-Abbot tube reaches into the small intestines
A selected alternative to a conventional ileostomy that denies spontaneous stool exiting from the stome and requires catheterization of the stoma daily to evacuate the contents is a
Kock pouch
When both direct and indirect hernias occur in the same inguinal area, the defect is termed
pantaloon
An inguinal hernia containing a Meckel's diverticulum is called a
Littre's
All of the following are designated options fo laparoscipic hernia repair EXCEPT a. TAPP b. ERCP c. IPOM d. LEP
b. ERCP is a view of biliary system
Which muscles are incised in the midline of the neck once the skin flaps are completed druring a thyroidectomy?
strap
Which bone is transected with bone-cutting forceps before removal of a thyroglossal cyst?
hyoid
Drainage of an incision following a simple or modified radical mastectomy is accomplished by a
closed-wound drainage
During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the camera operator usually stands
to the right of the first assistant
The maximum pressure allowed to preent the possible intraoperative complications of bradycardia, blood pressure changes, or potential gas emboli during a laparoscopic procedure is
15 mm Hg
may be removed and discarded as long as the area is covered with sterile linen
As grossly soiled instruemtns are returned to the scrub, they should be
wiped of with a sponge moistened with water or soaked in a basin of sterile distilled water
Which of the following actions by the scrub person is NOT an acceptable sterile technique principle? a. discarding tubing that falls below sterile field edges without touching the contaminated part b. reaching behind sterile team members to retrieve instruments so they do not collect on the patient c. facing sterile areas when passsing them d. stepping away from the sterile field if contaminated
b. reaching behind is NOT acceptable sterile technique
When the scrubperson is draping a nonsterile table, he or she must
cuff the drape over his or her gloved hands
When covering a Mayo stand, the scrubperson should
use a side cuff
If a sterile field becomes moistened during a case
extra drapes are added to area
The main purpose of the skin prep is to
remove dirt, oil, and microbes, and to reduce the microbial count
Which is the antiseptic solution of choice for a skin prep?
povidone-iodine
When are counts done inthe OR?
before beginning of case, at beginning of wound closure, and at skin closure
Soiled sponges are
never touched with bare hands
Specimens may be passed off the sterile OR table by the scrub person on all of the following items EXCEPT a. sponge b. towel c. basin d. paper
a. NEVER a sponge!
keep the endometrial and the endocervical curettings separate
Labor can be induced using
Pitocin (oxytocin)
The needle used to instill the gas during a laparoscopy is a
Verres
A Hulka forceps is used in
gynecologic surgery
Which drug is given to aid in placental expulsion?
oxytocin (Pitocin)
A Humi cannula is used in
gynecologic surgery
The aim of stress incontinence operations includes all of the following EXCEPT a. to improve performance of a dislodged vesical neck b. to restore normal urethral length c. to tighten and resotre the anteriorurethral vesical angle d. to repair a congenital defect
d. is NOT a reason
A procedure done on young women who evidence benign uterine tumors but who wish to preserve fertility is a
myomectomy
A procedure to prevent cervical dilatation that results in release of uterine contents is a
Shirodkar
An endoscopic investigation of the uterus and tubes is a
hysteroscopy
Sterility can be accomplished by all of the following procedures EXCEPT a. laparoscopy b. minilaparotomy c. posterior colpotomy d. culdoscopy
d. cannot be used for this purpose
A scheduled procedure whose ultimate surgical goal involves abdominal, perineal, and groin dissection is a
radical vulvectomy and lymphadenectomy
An endoscopic approach to pelvic and intraabdominal examination is
pelviscopy
The procedure that provides visualization of the internal contour of the uterus is a
hysteroscopy - Hysteroscopy is an endoscopic visualization of the uterine cavity and tubal orifices (internal)
Extrauterine pregnancies can occur in the
abdominal cavity and tube - a salpingostomy done before rupture may preserve the tube
What gynecologic setup would include various sizes of sterile cannulas?
suction curettage
A Foley catheter is placed into the presurgical hysterectomy patient to
avoid injury to the bladder
What would an anterior and posterior repair accomplish
repair of cystocele and rectocele
Reconstruction of the cervical canal is called
trachelorrhaphy
An incision made during normal labor to facilitate delivery with less trauma to the mother is an
episiotomy
Cervical carcinoma in situ can be classified as
limited to the epithelial layer, noninvasive
The fallopian tube is grasped with a
Babcock
Reconstruction of the fallopian tube setup would include
Bowman lacrimal probes
To confirm the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, it is sometimes necessary to perform a
culdocentesis
Cervical conization is acomplished using all of the folowwing EXCEPT a. scalpel b. cautery c. laser d. chemical ablation
d. can not use chemical ablation
The most commonly identified ovarian cyst is the
follicle
A herniation of the cul-de-sac at the Pouch of Douglas is an
enterocele
A vesicourethral abdominal suspension is known as a
Mashall-Marchetti
A condition causing leakage of urine into the vagina is a
vesicovaginal fistula
What special technique is employed during a hysterectomy?
discard intruments used on cervix and vagina
Papanicolaou indicates
cytologic study of cervical smear
A technique employed for cervical bx is
multiple punches at 3, 6, 9, and 12 o'clock
In a cesarean birth, the uterus is opened with a knife and extended with a
bandage scissor
At which point in a cesarean is a bulb syringe used?
when the fetal head is delivered
Oxytocics are given in a cesarean after the baby's shoulders are delivered
to contract the uterus
When closing a uterus in a cesarean, the edges of the uterine incision are clamped with which of the following? a. allis b. kocher c. pennington d. babcock
pennington
Intraoperative chromotubation can be eeffected by all of the following surgical cannulaes EXCEPT a. Humi b. Rubinc c. Hui d. Hulka
d. Hulka
What suture would be placed into the wall of a large ovarian cyst before aspiration of its contents and final removal?
purse-string
What is the preferred procedure for recurrent or persistent carcinoma of the cervix after radiation therapy has been completed?
pelvic exenteration
Which of the following intruments would be used to grasp the anterior cervix of the uterus just before dissection from the baginal vault during a total abdominal hysterectomy?
Allis
Laparoscopic tubal occlusion may utilize all of the following methods of effecting sterilization EXCEPT a. bipolar coagulation b. Silastic bands c. Surgitie ligating loop d. spring clip
c. is a preknotted suture loop used to ligate pedicle tissues
A holding instrument not found in a vaginal procedure is a a. jacobs b. lahey c. staude d. skene
b lahey culsellum clamp is used to elevate the thyroid lobe during dissection
Conization of the cervix may be accomplished by all of the following EXCEPT a. scalpel b. Thomas uterine curette c. laser d. electrosurgery
b. Thomas uterine curette is used to remove endocervical and well as endometrial tissue scrapings from the internal lining of the uterus. All other options can be used to remove the endocervical cone to treat diseased tissue and preserve fertility
An enterocele differs diagnostically from a rectobcele by its contents and its position in the perineum. Its location is in the
Pouch of Douglas
Pelviscopy differs from laparoscopy in the
utilization of a larger trocar and scope, and utilization of a 30 degree angled scope
A Stamey endoscopic procedure is performed to
suspend the vesicle neck
What is the name given to a radiacal vaginal hysterectomy?
Schauta
What surgical procedure provides obliteration of the vagina by denuding and approximating the anterior and posterior walls of the vagina?
copocleises
The hysteroscope may be used to identify or remove all of the following EXCEPT a. fallopian adhesions b. lost IUDs c. intrauterine adhesions d. submucosa fibroids
a. fallopian adhesions are NOT identified this way - the hysteroscope can also be used for endometrial ablation
Needle aspiration of the cul-de-sac is surgically termed
culdocentesis
An alternative to abdominal hysterectomy utilizating an endoscope is surgically termed a
LAVH laparopscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy and PAVH pelviscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy
What procedure cannot be performed through a pelviscope? a. ovarian cystectomy b. hysterectomy c. oophorectomy d. adhesiolysis
hysterectomies can not be performed because of the size of the viscus
Endometrial ablation is performed to correct
menorrhagia
Endoscopic visualization of the uterine cavity is called
hysteroscopy
Marsupialization of a Bartholin cyst involves the
suturing the posterior wall of the cyst to the skin edges, removal of anterior wall of cyst
What is the self-retaining retractor used in vaginal procedures?
Graves
Extrauterine disease of the female reproductive system may utilize any of the following lasers via a colposcope or laparoscope EXCEPT a. CO2 b. Nd: YAG c. Candela d. argon
Candela; however, it is valuable to disintegrate stones in the urinary tract because it is tunable, and the wavelength can be adjusted. - THe CO2, argon, and Nd:YAG are used to treat pelvic endometriosis, cervical dysplasia, condylomata, and premalignant disease of the vulva and the vagina
A sponge used in brain surgery is a
cottonoid patty
A sponge that is cotton-filled gauze with a cotton thread attached is a
tonsil
In cataract surgery, a vesicoelastic drug sometimes used to occupy space in the posterior cavity of the eye is
Healon
What topical anesthetic is used most frequently for preoperative ocular instillation?
tetracaine
The drug added to a local ophthalmic anesthetic to increase diffusion is
hyaluronidase
A solution used for eye irrigation is
BSS, balanced salt solution
A synthetic local anesthetic that is effective on the mucous membrane and is used as a surface agent in ophthalmology is
tetracaine
Dilating eye drops are called
mydriatics
Which of the following uses ultrasonic energy to fragment the lens in extracapsular cataract extraction?
phacoemulsifier
A chalazion is chronic inflammation of the
meibomian gland - Removal of a chalazion is the incision and curettage of a chronic granulomatous inflammation of one or more of the meibomian glands of the eyelid
What procedure is done for chronic dacrocystitis?
dacrocystorhinostomy
A procedure to treat retinal detachment is
scleral buckling
Sagging and eversion of the lower lid is
ectropion
Removal of the entire eyeball is
enucleation
A noninvasive process to treat glaucoma by means of a slit lamp is an
argon or Nd: YAG laser
Removal of a portion of an ocular muscle with reattachment is called
resection
Opacity of the vitreous humor is treated by performing
vitrectomy
Miocol solution is prepared for a cataract procedure no more than _____ min before actual instillation
30 min
Molteno implants are used surgically to reduce intraocular pressure during
trabeculectomy
A drug used as a lubricant and as vesicoelastic support to maintain separation of tissues before removal of lens during cataract surgery is
sodium hyaluronate
A drug used to contract the sphincter of the iris during an intracapsular cataract extraction is
Miocol
What procedure accomplishes correction of myopia?
keratophakia and keratotomy
An enzymatic drug commonly used with anesthetic solutions to increase tissue diffusion is
Wydase
Injection of anesthetic solution into the base of the eyelids or behind the eyeball to block the ciliary ganglion and nerves is known as
retrobulbar
A fleshy, trieangular encroachment onto the cornea is surgically termed a
pterygium
A procedure performed wen the cornea is thickened or opacified is called a
keratoplasty
What is the procedure used to correct accidental vitreous loss during a cataract extraction?
anterior vitrectomy
A surgical treatment for chronic wide angle-closure glaucoma that re-establishes communication between the posterior and anterior chamber of the eye is
iridectomy
Which of the following hyperosmotic drugs is given preoperatively solely by oral administration to induce osmotic pressure and thereby reduce intraocular pressure in surgery?
glycerol
What eye disease uses the argon slit lamp with a noninvasive procedure, which if successful, prevents the need for more invasive surgery
glaucoma
Which dressing is sed after nasal surgery
moustache
What combination of lasers are particularly useful in surgery of the larynx and vocal cords
CO2 and helium0neon
The most common topical anesthetic agent used in ENT surgery is
cocaine
Irrigation is used with the ear drill
to minimize transfer of heat from burr to surrounding structures
A surgical schedule would describe the procedure to treat acute otitis media as a
myringotomy
In myringotomy, the tube to facilitate drainage is placed into the tympanic membrane with an
alligator forceps
A perforated eardrum is corrected by
tympanoplasty
Severe vertigo may be relieved by
labyrinthectomy
Middle ear ventilation is facilitated by
mryingotomy
Cholesteatoma is treated by doing a
mastoidectomy
A benign tumor arising from the eighth cranial nerve, which may grow to a size that produces neurologic symptoms is an
acoustic neuroma
Facial nerve trauma can be decreased by use of
computerized nerve monitor
Another name for submucous resection is
septoplasty
Surgical correction of a deviated septum is known as a
submucous resection
A forceps used in nasal surgery
bayonet
Which sinus is entered during an intranasal antrostomy (antral window)?
maxillary
Nasal polyps are removed with either a polyp forceps or a
nasal snare
Which of the following medication would be used as a topical anesthetic before nasal surgery?
cocaine
Which surgery requires an incision under the upper lip above the teeth?
Caldwell-Luc
To establish a tracheostomy, a midline incision is created in the neck, below the
cricoid cartilage
Which medication is found on a tracheostomy setup to reduce the coughing reflex at tube insertion?
lidocaine 1%
When a tracheostomy tube is inserted, the obturator is quickly removed and the trachea is suctioned with a
catheter
The majority of benign salivary gland tumors occur in which gland?
parotid
Which position is used following a tonsillectomy
on side, horizontally
Total laryngectomy includes all of the following EXCEPT a. soft palate b. strap muscles c. hyoid bone d. larynx
soft palate
What mode would be utilized to maintain drainage postoperatively in radical neck surgery?
Hemovac
A trifurcate neck incision is done for a
radical neck dissection
During ear surgery, pledgets generally used to control bleeding are soaked in
epinephrine
In cochlear implantation, the receiver is placed into which bone of the skull to gether impulses and send it along to the cerebral cortex?
mastoid
Facial nerve decompression is designed to identify as area of compression often seen in
Bell's palsy
Which of the following endotracheal tubes can prevent a fire
stainless steel
Lesion of the larynx and vocal cords can be addressed surgically using which laser?
CO2
Which degree endoscope is used ONLY in maxillary sinus surgery?
120 degrees
What is the instrument used to effect removal of the septal cartilage in a rhinoplasty?
Jansen-Middleton forceps
After the anterior pillar of a tonsil is incised with a #12 blade, the tonsil is freed from its attachments with a
Hurd dissector
What is the most effective barrier to stop laser energy from penetrating healthy tissue?
moist padding of surrounding tissue
A safer alternative laser retardant endotracheal tube used for CO2 laser surgery of the larynx is made of
copper and stainles steel
A continuous suture placed beneath the epidermal layer of the skin in short lateral stitches is called a
subcuticular suture
An item used for padding that has smooth and clingy layers is called
Webril
A temporary biologic dressing is
porcine
Which of the following is NOT a reason for a pressure dressing
conforms to body contour is not a reason
A dressing that is held in place by long suture ends criss-crossed and tied is called
stent
When local anesthetic is passed to the surgeon
state kind and percentage of solution
Which procedure is followed if the scrub is pricked with a needle?
discard needle, change glove
All of the following statements regarding the preparation for a skin graft are true EXCEPT a. the dermatome is placed on the recipient table b. the donor site is prepared with a colorless antiseptic agent c. separate setups are necessary for skin preparation of recipient and donor sites d. items used in preparation of the recipient site must not be permitted to contaminate the donor site
a. the dermatome should always be placed SEPARATELY
When using a sterile syringe, the scrub nurse should
never touch the plunger except at the end
Which of the following is the LEAST desirable method for needle accountability? a. insert needle into original packet b. collect needles in a medicine cup c. place on an adhesive or magnetic board d. return to needle rack
b. collecting needles in a medicine cup is the least desirable method
Colorless prep solution may be indicated for
plastic surgery
A graft containing epidermis and only a portion of the dermis is called a
split-thickness graft
A progressive disease of the palmar fascia is termed
Dupuytren's contracture
Microtia refers to
absence of the external ear
Good contact between a skin graft and the recipient site is facilitated by use of a
stent dressing
Syndactyly refers to
webbing of the digits
A penile defect in which the urethra ends on the ventral surface of the penile shaft or in the perneum is termed
hypospadias
A face lift is termed a
rhytidectomy
The intraoperative use of bone allografts requires all of the following responses from the scrub team EXCEPT a. culture before implant b. wash with an antibiotic solution c. completely thaw
c. do NOT let the allograft completely thaw
Bulky dressings added to the intermediate layer of a three-layer dressing are used to
eliminate dead space, and immobilize a body part they are NOT used to concentrate pressure in one area
All of the following rules cover handling of prosthetic devices during plastic surgery procedures EXCEPT a. powder must be wiped from gloves before handling b. prosthesis must be dried completely before implant c. gloves must be used to prevent skin oils from causing inflammatory response d. prosthesis must be placed on lint-free surface to sterilize
b is flase
Adherent occlusive dressigns that are used when slight or no drainage is expected are transparent polyurethan film such as
Bioclusive and Opsite
A method of applying dressings to an unstable area, such as the face or neck, utilizing long sutures tied over the dressing for stability is known as
stent
Free jejunal tissue transfers are frequently sucessfull as adjunct surgical revisions following
laryngoesophagectomy and esophagectomy
What is the most commonly used donor tendon for a free flexor tendon graft?
palmaris longus and plantaris tendon
What bandage effects the process of exsanguination of a limb prior to the use of a tourniquet?
Eschmarch
Which muscle is utilized to effect a TRAM flap in breast reconstruction?
transrectus abdominis
The most widely used method of scar revision next to scar removal is
Z-plasty
The Pereyra needle is used in which specialty area of surgery?
urology
Which ureteral catheter is used to dilate the ureter?
Garceau tapered tip
The used of distilled water during a highly invasive genitourinary procedure such as a TURP is prohibited for irrigation because of the potential for
hemolysis of RBC
Why is a 30cc bag Foley used after a TURP?
hemostasis
The three lumens of a Foley are used for inflation, drainage, and
continuous irrigation
The purpose ofthe kidney elevator is to
increase the space between the lower ribs and iliac crest
Why is the table straightened before closing a kidney incision
to create better approsimation of tissues
Nonmalignant enlargement o the prostate is termed
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Urethral strictures can be dilated by use of each of the following EXCEPT a. Philips filiform and followers b. Van Buren sounds c. Braasch bulb d McCarthy dilators
c. Braasch builb are NOT used for dilation, it is used to occulde the ureteral orifice during x-ray study.
A staghorn stone is one that lodges and continues to grown in the
renal calyx
In cystoscopy, the irrigating solution is
distilled water
Which of the following is NOT considered a permanent urinary diversion? a. ileal conduit b. ureterocystostomy c. cutaneous ureterostomy d. nephrostomy
d. a nephrostomy is NOT a permenant urinary diversion because it temporarily drains the kidney with a Malecot or Pezzar catheter. In an ileal conduit, the erueter is implanted into the ileum, and an ilial stome is created. The ureter diverted to the skin of the lower abdomen is a cutaneous ureterostomy. Repositioning the ureter is a ureterocystostomy.
Rib removal for surgical expposure of the kidney requires all of the following EXCEPT a a. Alexander periosteotome b. Doyen raspatory c. Heaney clamp d. Stille shears
c. the heaney is used in GYN
Penile condylomata are muost successfully removed by
laser
Removal of a testis or the testes is called
orchiectomy
Which solution is NOT used during a TURP?
NORMAL SALINE is not used.
Temporary diversion of urinary drainage by means of an external catheter that drans the renal perlvis is called
pyelostomy
The procedure to treat organic sexual impotence is
penile implant
Which anomaly is corrected by the MAGPI procedures?
chordee specifically PROXIMAL hypospadias with chordee
Microscopic reversal of the male sterilization procedure is termed
vasovasostomy
A needle biopsy of the prostate may be accomplished with a
Tru-cut needle
When the male penis is curved ventrally with the meatus and the glans in close proximity to each other it is called
chordee
An endoscopic procedure to treat stress incontinence is a
Stamey procedure
Continuous irrigation following TURP is accomplished by use of a
30cc three-way Foley catheter
Bladder drainage that diverts urine away from the urethral vaginal area is a
cystostomy
When the prostate gland is removed through an abdominal incision into the anterior prostatic capsule, it is called a ______ prostatectomy
retropubic
Kidney stones are sent to the lab in
dry state
A Pereyra procedure is done for
stress incontinence, a Pereyra procedure is a bladder neck suspension involving urethrovesical suspension with vaginourethroplasty
A percutaneous nephrolithotomy utilizes all of the following EXCEPT a. ultrasound wand b. flexible nephroscope c. lithotriptor d. lithotriptor tub
d. does not use lithotriptor tub, it is used in ESWL
Orchiopexy can be defined as
fixation of a testicle
Abdominal resection of the prostate gland through an incision into the bladder is known surgically as a
suprapubic prostatectomy
A lumbar or simple flank incision for ureter or kidney surgery may include removal of which ribs?
11 and 12
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the scrotum
hydrocele
What is the alternative approach to surgical TURP that has resulted from advances in radiologic techniques and balloon catheter technology
urethroplasty
Bladders stones are crushed with a
lithotrite
Urethral meatal stenosis is corrected by a
meatotomy
In a penile implant the inflation pump is located in the
scrotum
Exceision of the tunica vaginalis is a
hydrocelectomy
An alternative approach to surgical TURP utilizing a cystoscopic setup as its base is
transcstoscopic urethroplasty
The laser used to destroy small recurrent bladder tumors is the
Nd: YAG
In creating a continent urinary diversion post-cystectomy, all of the following procedures are options for diversion EXCEPT a. Kock pouch b. Indiana pouch c. "Le bag" d. ileal conduit
d. ileal conduit is NOT used postcystectomy for diversion. Ileal conduit is a cutaneous urinary diversion exteriorizing the urinary tract by creating a stoma.
In creating a continent urinary diversion post-cystectomy, all of the following procedures are options for diversion EXCEPT a. Kock pouch b. Indiana pouch c. "Le bag" d. ileal conduit
d. ileal conduit is NOT used postcystectomy for diversion. Ileal conduit is a cutaneous urinary diversion exteriorizing the urinary tract by creating a stoma.
Stones removed during surger should be sent to the laboratory
dry
Stones removed during surger should be sent to the laboratory
dry
Following anastomosis of a ureter during a ureteral reimplantation procedure, ______ is left in place to ensure free drainage of the kidney postoperatively
soft stent
Following anastomosis of a ureter during a ureteral reimplantation procedure, ______ is left in place to ensure free drainage of the kidney postoperatively
soft stent
The combined correction of a redundant renal pelvis and resection of a stenotic portion of the ureteropelvic junctions is known as
Foley Y-V procedure
The combined correction of a redundant renal pelvis and resection of a stenotic portion of the ureteropelvic junctions is known as
Foley Y-V procedure
A reverse sterilization procedure in the amle is called
vasovasostomy and epididymovasostomy
A reverse sterilization procedure in the amle is called
vasovasostomy and epididymovasostomy
Before insertion of a penile implant, the insertion site, as well as the implant itself, is irrigated with
Kanamycin and Bacitracin
Before insertion of a penile implant, the insertion site, as well as the implant itself, is irrigated with
Kanamycin and Bacitracin
To prevent thrombi from forming in the walls of the renal vein during transfer from the donor to the recipient, _____ is geven just before clamping of the renal vessels
heparin
To prevent thrombi from forming in the walls of the renal vein during transfer from the donor to the recipient, _____ is geven just before clamping of the renal vessels
heparin
The drug of choice for adequate duiresis of a living donor before, during, and postremoval of the kidney is
mannitol
The drug of choice for adequate duiresis of a living donor before, during, and postremoval of the kidney is
mannitol
All of the following are ideal requirements of cadaver donors EXCEPT a. any age b. free of infection or malignancy c. normotensive up until death d. under ospital observation before death
a. because the ideal donor should be young
All of the following are ideal requirements of cadaver donors EXCEPT a. any age b. free of infection or malignancy c. normotensive up until death d. under ospital observation before death
a. because the ideal donor should be young
Cooling and flushing of pancreas, liver, and kidneys of dadaver donors is accomplished by cannulation of the organ and infusion of large amounts of cold
Ringer's lactate solution
Cooling and flushing of pancreas, liver, and kidneys of dadaver donors is accomplished by cannulation of the organ and infusion of large amounts of cold
Ringer's lactate solution
Nonconducting, isomotic glycine irrigating soluting must be used in the surgial presence of a
resectoscope
All of the following procedures may be completed through a cystoscope EXCEPT a. biopsy of bladder tumor b. removal of foreign body in bladder c. total removal of bladder tumor d. cystogram for diagnostic studies
c. total removal of badder is NOT done through a cystoscope
After incision is made into the scrotum, during a vasectomy, the forceps used to grasp the vas and bring it to the surface fore surgery is the
Allis
ESWL disintegrates stones by introducting shock waves into the body through the medium of
water
Laser lithotripsy utilizes the tunable pulse-dyed laser known as
Candela
The tube that collects bronchial washingsis
Lukens
The procedure of choice for removal of a foreign body in a child's tracheobronchial tree is
bronchoscopy
A cytologic specimen collector used in bronchoscopy is
Lukens
All of the following are true regarding disposable chest drainage units EXCEPT a. provides drainage collection from intrapleural spcae b. maintians a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity c. provides suction control determined by water level d. aids in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space
d. is false because we want NEGATIVE pressure
Compression of the subclavian vessels and the brachial plexis usually caused by the first rib is surgically known as
thoracic outlet syndrome
A reduction in negative pressure on one side of the thoracic cavity that causes the negative pressure on the normal side to pull in an effort to equalize pressure is called
mediastinal shift
Surgical removal of fibrinous deposits onbthe visceral and parietal pleura is called
decortication of the lung
What substance is introduced through a thoracoscope to deal with recurrent pleural effusion attributable to advanced cancer?
talc
What instrumetn is used to reapproximate the ribs following an open thoracotomy?
Bailey
What cold solution is used to preserve a donor lung before transplant into a recipient?
Collin's
How many anastomoses must be completed to effect a single-lung transplant?
three
Which of the following would be the suture of choice for a graft-to-tissue anastomosis in vascular surgery?
Ti-Cron
Which suture would be used on an aortic valve replacement?
polypropylene
In which procedure could a Fogarty catheter be utilized?
embolectomy
wrapped and refrigerated in the morgue
An anticoagulant given for its antagonistic effect on heparin is
Protamine sulfate
The action to be followed if a patient is experiencing a cardiac arrhythmia, specifically a ventricular fibrillation, would to
defibrillate
Dextran is used parenterally to
expand blood plasma volume
Which drug can be added to saline for irrigation during a vascular procedure?
heparin
The intraoperative diagnostic test that measures tissue perfusion is
ABG
Passage of a sterile catheter into the heart via the brachial or femoral artery for the purpose of image intensification is called
cardiac catheterization
Hypothermia is employed in cardiac surgery
to reduce oxygen consumption
Which vessels are harvested for a coronary artery bypass?
saphenous vein and internal mammary artery
If a knitted graph is preclotted, it
minimizes bleeding
The term used to denote the function accomplished by the cardiopulmonary bypass machine is
perfusion
The term used to denote the function accomplished by the cardiopulmonary bypass machine is
perfusion
A cardiopulmonary technique that employs the principle of counterpulsation tat increases cardiac output is
IAPP
The antagonist to heparin sodium is
Protamine sulfate
Pedal pulses are assessed with a
Doppler
Heparin is utilized during vascular surgery
to prevent thrombosis
The prime consideration in a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy is
hemorrhage control
In which surgery would a tunneler by used? a. aaa b angioplasty c. embolectomy d. femoral-popliteal bypass
d. femora-popliteal bypass
In balloon angioplasty, the dilating balloon is inflated with
diluted solution of contrast media
Which piece of equipment would be placed on an embolectomy setup for the purpose of removing clots through an arteriotomy?
Fogarty
What instrument is used to reapproximate the ribs following an open thoracotomy?
Bailey
The goal of a carotid endarteretomy is to
remove plaque
Decompression of the portal circulation can be achieved by all of the following EXCEPT a. splenorenal shunt b. portocaval anastomosis c. arteriovenous shunt d. mesocaval shunt
c. arteriovenous shunt is NOT used for portal circulation it is used for dialysis
Plaque removal froma vessel is termed
endarterectomy
Placement of a vascular graft proximal to and inclusive of the common iliac vessels will necessitate the use of a
bifurcated graft
The most common vessels used for access procedures to facilitate hemodialysis are
radial artery and cephalic vein
Migrating clots taht have formed inthe lower extremities can be intercepted onthe way to the heart of lungs be a
Greenfield Filter
Retraction of finstructures and blood vessles during vascular surgery is accomplished by use of
vessel loop
Fluoroscopy is required for all of the following vascular procedures EXCEPT a. Greenfield filter b. endocardial pacing electrode c. myocardial pacing electrode d. A-V fistula creation
c. myocardial pacing electrode requires a thoracotomy and direct visualization
A drug used intraoperatively for its antispasmodic effect on the smooth muscle of the vessel wall is
papaverine hydrochloride
Compression of subclavian vessels and brachial plexus at the superior aperture of the thorax is
pectus excavatum
In vascular surgery, the term in situ graft references the use of an
autogenous graft
The surgery schedules as"Greenfield filter insertion" indicates a diagnosis of
emboli formation
The intraoperative endoscopic visualization of internal vessels is known as
angioscopy
During a vascular procedure, monitoring the activated clotting time intraoperatively provides useful data for jueging the need for reversal or addition of
heparin
A low-molecular-weight protein that, when combined with heparin, causes a loss of anticoagulant activity postoperatively is
Protamine sulfate
What is the purpose for the surgical creation of an arteriovenous fistula?
hemodialysis
Conservative treatment of occlusive disease involving recanalization to restore the lumen of a vessel is called
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA)
What catheter is used to remove thrombi or emboli from vascular structures?
Fogarty
What procedure is used intraoperatively and postoperatively to determine blood flow in a vessel
Doppler ultrasound
Removal of artherosclerotic plaque from a major artery is termed
endarterectomy
An abnormal localized dilatation of an artery resulting from mechanical pressure of blood on a weakened wall is called
aneurysm
What is the treatment of choice for capturing emboli that arise from the pelvis or lower extremities?
Greenfield filter
What intraoperative test determines the needed reversal or addition of heparin?
ACT activated clotting time
What drug is used intraoperatively in a topical manner for its direct effect on the muscle of the vessel wall?
papaverine hydrochloride
The technique applied to the patient who is unable to be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass is
IAPB and VADs
What is the most common acquired valvular lesion?
mitral stenosis
What drug is used to effect coronary thrombosis in the cardiac catheterization laboratory?
tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase
The term in situ graft represents the use of an
autograft
Which sutre is commonly used to attach tendon to bone?
wire
Seamless tubular cotton that stretches to fit a contour and is used for padding is called
stockinette
What is the proper wrapping procedure utilizaing an Esmarch bandage?
start at the distal end of the extremity
Fracture of the patella may be repaired with all of the following hardware EXCEPT a. buttress plate b. bone screws c. tension band d. circumferential loop
a. buttress plate
A variation of bunionectomy, in which the surgeon includes resection of the proximal third of the phalanx and possible silicone implant is called a
Keller arthroplasty
Baker's cysts are found in the
popliteal fossa
Benign outpouchings of synovium from intercarpal joints are called
ganglia
Compression of the median nerve at the volar surface of the wrist is known as
carpal tunnel syndrom
A fixation device that provides maximum holding and rigid fixation of a fracture by tightening bone fragments together is called a
compression plate and screws
In a total hip replacement, which structure is reamed?
acetabulum
A dorsal angulated fracture of the distal radius is commonly called a
Colles' fracture
The ideal condidate for a noncemented total hip arthroplasty is
young and healthy person
A total hip replacement would be indicated when the patient has
degenerative hip joint disease
All of the following are frames used to attain the prone position during orthopedic sureger EXCEPT a. Alvarado b. Wilson c. Andres d. Hastings
a. Alvarado is NOT used
Which hardware could not be used to repair a tibial plateau fracture?
Ambi compression plate
A flexion deformity at the proximal joint of the four lateral toes is called
hammer toe
Joint reconstruction is known as
arthroplasty
Wat is the name of a shoulder positioning device used to position a shoulder for surgery?
McConnell
Osteaogenesis or bone growth can be induced by
electrical stimulation
An infection in bone is termed
osteomyelitis
A surgical procedure designed to stiffen or fuse a joint is called `
arthrodesis
A lateral curvature of the spine is
scoliosis
Harrington rods are used to treat
scoliosis
A rotator cuff repair is called a
Bankart
The congenital deformity known as clubfoot is surgically referred to as
talipes varus (inversion of the forefoot)
The most frequent site of cartilage tears in the knee joint are at the
medial meniscus
An abduction pillow would be used to
immobilize hip joints after hip surgery
A Free Lock compression screw system is _____ fracture
hip
Decreased bone mass results in a condition called
osteoporosis
Place the stages of fracture healing in order:
1. hemaoma formation 2. fibrin network formation 3. invasion of osteoblasts 4. callus formation 5. remodeling
An olecranon fracture occurs in the
elbow
All ofthe following are considered good methods of maintaining strict asepsis within an orthopedic surgical suite EXCEPT a. isolation units b. laminar flow rooms c. charcoal masks d. isolation bubble systems
c. charcoal masks are not used
Water temperature for paster cast application is
70-75 degrees
is done under sterile conditions
Limb exsanguination is accomplished by using
Esmarch
In orthopedic surgery, the viewing of the progression of a procedure on a television screen is known as
image intensification
Surgery on the medial malleolus would be of the
tibia
Plaster is ready for application
when air bubbles cease to rise
Which fracture most commonly occurs in childhood?
greenstick
Which of the following is added to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), chemically siilar to Plexiglas, to it to make it possible to assess distribution and changes at a later time?
barium sulfate
Which orthopedic hip procedure is indicated for patients with degenerative joint disease or rheumatoid arthritis?
total hip arthroplasty
Which total joint arthroplasty utilizes the Miller-Galante joint replacement prosthesis?
knee
Which of teh following is a disadvantage of arthroscopic sugery?
scarrring of articular surface
The proper positioning for a patient undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery is
degree flexion of foot of table
What skeletal traction requires the use of sterile supplies for application of a traction appliance?
Crutchfield
Anterior spinal fusion is accomplished by use of which of the following instrumentations?
Isola
An infectious musculoskeletal condition affecting the bone and marrow is
osteomyelitis
An immobilization device used after total hip arthroplasty is
abduction pillow
Electrical stimulation is artificially applied postoperative electrical current that influences
osteogenesis
All of the following are indications for external fixation EXCEPT a. infected joints b. clean long-bone fractures c. highly comminuted closed fractures d. major alignmentand length deficits
b. clean long-bone fx are not indications for external fixation
A procedure done to correct recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder that involves reattachment of the rim of the glenoid fossa is called a
Bankart
The most commonly fractured carpal bone is the
scaphoid
All of te following are intramedulallary nails or rods EXCEPT a. Ender nail b. Sampson rods c. Harrington rods d. Russell-Taylor rods
c. Harrington rods are for the back
Compression force of the distal femur upon the tibia produces varying types of fractures of the
tibia plateau
Fracture of the lateral malleolus can be treated with a
Rusch rod
Surgery that requires incision of the long extensor tendon of teh interphalaneal joint of the four lateral toes and subsequent fusion is called
hammer toe correction
To maintain hydrostatic pressure against the joint wall during irrigation of an arthroscopic procedure the solution must be kept above the joint
3 feet
A prosthetic implant that allows gliding and shifting motions resembling normal range of motion is generally termed a
nonconstrained implant
Total wrist replacement indicates use of which of the following implants to replace the radiocarpal joint in the wrist?
silicone rubber
The rare use of laser during orthopedic surgery may be seen in the use of the CO2 laser dring a revision arthroplasty to
remove a cementeed implant
After surgery on a shoulder, the arm may be bound against the side of the arm for
immobilization
To provide decompression of the spinal roots and vertebral alignment following a thoracolumbar spinal fusion, which of the following may be used for fixation?
Harrington rods and Luque rods
The most commonly used implants in hand surgery are made of flexible
Silastic
The procedure indicated by which of the following named prostheses tells one that a total hip arthroplasty is scheduled?
Miller-Galant
Before the insertion of cement into the femoral medually canal during a total hip arthroplasty, which of the following is placed with an inserter to occludethe canal?
cement restrictor
Femoral prostheses such as Austin Moore and Thompson are used to correct all of the following dx EXCEPT a. avascular necrosis b. nonunion fx c. displaced femoral neck fx d. rheumatoid artritis
d. rheumatoid arthritis
Before sterilizing unsterile Silastic or Teflon implants, they should be
washed with mild soap
Orthopedic implants are covered by all of the following rules EXCEPT a. different metals should not be mixed because they may react chemically b. If the implant is driven by force, a driver with a metal head must be used c. a template must be used for sizing purposes d. handle as little as possible before insertion
b. if the implant is driven by force, a driver with a metal head must be used
Galvanic corrosion is a process that occurs postoperatively because of
mixed use of metals for implant
Raney clips are
Which of the following are tongs providing skeletal traction for cervical fracture/dislocation?
Crutchfield
A surgical procedure used most frequently to control intractable pain of terminal cancer is called a
cordotomy
Which operative procedure facilitates the draining of a subdural hematoma?
burr holes
Hemostatis in neurosurgery is achieved by using Gelfoam saturated with saline solution or
topical thrombin
A tumor arising from the covering of the brain
meningioma
Which of the following is used to control bleeding beneath the skull and around the spinal cord?
cottonoid
A large encapsulated collection of blood over one or both cerebral hemispheres that produces ICP is known as
subdural hematoma
A surgical procedure in which a nerve is freed from binding adhesion for relieft of pain and restoration of function is termed a
neurolysis
Surgical creation of a lesion in treatment of a disease such as Parkinson's is called
cryosurgery
During neurosurgical procedures, venous stasis in the lower extremities and maintenance of blood pressure may be aided by all of the following EXCEPT a. Esmarch bandage wrapped groin to toe b. elastic bandages wrapped toe to groinc. sequential compression devices c. sequential compression devices d. TED stockings
a. esmarch bandage wrapped groin to toe is F
Which of the following diseases CANNOT be treated by a sympathectomy? a. intractable nerve pain b. vascular extremity disorders c. hyperhydrosis d. neuroma
d. neuroma CANNOT be treated by a sympathectomy
All of the following are used for hemostsis in neurosurgical procedure EXCEPT a. bone wax b. compressed cotton strips c. bipolar coagulation d. monopolar coagulation
d. monopolar is NOT used
All of the following are permanent aneurysm clips EXCEPT a. Scoville b. McFadden c. Heifitz d. Olivecrona
b
Upon craniotomy closure, the bone flap is sutured on with
stainless steel suture
Removal of an anterior cervical disc with accompanying spinal fusion is termed a
Cloward procedure
In a laminectomy, herniated disc fragments are removed with a
pituitary ronguer
When using the perforator to create burr holes, heat is counteracted by
irrigating drill site as hole is drilled
A ventriculoperitoneal shunt treats
The advantage of using a Javid Shunt during a carotid endartherctomy is
continuous cerebral blood flow
Metal suction tips used during neurosurgery are used continuously to keep the field dry. They may be all of the following EXCEPT a. Cone b. Sacks c. Frazier d. Yankeur
d. Yankeur
Neurosurgical sponges soaked in solution are placed within the reach of the surgeon and displayed on a
inverted emesis basin and plastic drape
All of the following statements are true about knee-chest positioning for laminectomy EXCEPT a. decreased bleeding b. better exposure of laminae c. increased operating time d. increased ease of ventilation
c. increased operating time is F
What is the most common congenital lesion encountered, requiring neurosurgical intervention?
meningomyelocele
To effect hemostasis during a neuro surgical procedure, small pieces of Gelfoam are cut into several different sizes and soaked in
topical thrombin
What instrument is used to excise the laminae overlying the herniated disc during its removal in a laminectomy procedure?
Schwartz-Kerrison
Malabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and resultant hydrocephalus are corrected by a neurosurgical
VP shunt and VA shunt
Neurosurgical procedures done for the purpose of locating and destroying target structures in the brain are called
stereotactic
What is the incisional approach use to effect a transsphenoidal hyphysectomy?
middle of the upper gum
Dorsal sympathectomy entails removal of which of following chains of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
cervicothoracic
A Hakim shunt is used to
treat hydrocephalus
The invagination of the proximal intestine into the lumen of the distal intestine is called
intussusception
An imperforation or closure of a normal opening is called an
atresia
Failure of the intestines to encapsulate within the peritoneal cavity of the newborn is called
omphalocele
A congential malformation of the chest wall with a pronounced funnel-shaped depression is called
pectus excavatum
Newborn vomiting, free of bile and projectile in nature, is indicative of
pyloric stenosis
The increased metabolic rate of a surgical pediatric patient establishes the need for all of the following EXCEPT a. oxygen b. caloric intake c. blood transfusion d. fluids
c. blood transfusions
Hirschsprung's disease is synonymous with
congenital aganglionosis
The condition evidenced by incomplete closure of the verteral arches in newborns is
spina bifida
The condition involving premature closure of infant cranial suture lines is referred to as
transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
An imperforate anus means
anal opening is absent
Geriatric patients aremore prone to each of the following EXCEPT a. infection b. poor wound healing c. cardiovascular problems d. gallbladder disease
b. NOT more prone to ppor wound healing
A Wilms' tumor, the most common intraabdominal childhood tumor is known as a
nephroblastoma
Incomplete closure of paired vertebral arches that can be treated surgically is known as
spina bifida
Nonclosure at birth of the duct that carries blood from the pulmonary artery directly to the aorta is termed
patent dutus arteriosus
The most common congenital cardiac anomaly in the cyanotic group is
tetralogy of Fallot
The mechanical strength of a weak eye muscle due to strabismus in a pediatric patient can be corrected by all of teh following EXCEPT a. tucking b. advancement c. recession d. resection
c. recession
A cardiac procedure used primarily for anomalies associated with excessive pulmonary flow due to large intracardiac left-to-right shunt is called
pulmonary bonding
An abnormal communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery of an infant is termed
patent ductus arteriosus
Failure of the abdominal viscera to become encapsulated within the peritoneal cavity during fetal development is known as an
omphalocele
What surgery is performed to treat otitis media?
myringotomy
What problem is most commonly seen in the pediatric postoperative patient?
airway impairment
Which of the following is the primary indication for total joint arthroplasty of the hip and knee in elderly persons?
osteoARTHRITIS (degenerative) and rheumatoid arthritis (long-term disease)
What is the predominant reason for urological surgery in elderly men?
BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy
An emergency drug useful in ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia is
Inderal
An emergency drug that increases myocardial contractility is
calcium chloride
The action of sodium bicarbonate in an advanced life support effort is to
counteract metabolic acidosis
Xylocaine is used intravenously for
treatment of cardiac arrhythmias
If cardiac arrest occurs in the OR, who is responsible for handling artificial ventilation?
the anesthesiologist
Sudden shortness of breath in a postoperative patient may be indicative of
pulmonary embolism
Which pulse is checked during a cardiac arrest effort?
carotid
left in place until the patient breathes normally
An anesthetic complication characterized by progressive elevation of body temperature is known as malignant
hyperthermia
ALl of the following are results from aspiration of gastric contents during anesthesia EXCEPT a. impeded blood gas exchange b. impaired lung function c. gastric decompression d. chemical pneumonitis
c.
A telethermometer monitors the body temperature during surgery. It can be placed in all of the following areas EXCEPT the a. rectum b. esophagus c. axilla d. tympanic area
c. axilla
Dark blood in the operative field may indicated that the patient is
hypoxic
The first and most important step for successful resuscitation in cardiac arrest is
immediate opening of the airway
The responsibiliyty of the scrub nurse in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is to
give attention to the sterile field and the surgeon's needs
A safety precaution used when a patient is being shocked with the defibrillator is
no one is to touch the patient or anything metallic in contact with the patient
When handing a sytinge of medication to the surgeon for a local anesthetic, the scrub nurse should
state the kind and percentage of the solution
When cardiac arrest occurs, resuscitative measures must begin within
3-5 minutes
Who is responsible for recording all medications given during CPR in the OR?
the circulating nurse
CPR is instituted if
there is no pulse, respiration, or blood pressure, and the pupils are fixed and dilated
The first action to be taken in the event of a cardiac arrest in teh OR is to
alert the OR supervisor and personnel
Intraoperative and postoperative emergency procedures require the scrub person to
maintain sterile Mayo with instruments
The following rules apply to needle use at the field EXCEPT a. give needles to surgeon on an exchange basis b. use needles and needleholders as a unit c. keep needles away from sponges and laps d. keep used needles in a medicine cup
d. NO!
What is the disposition of all sharps that have been passed off the field intraoperatively?
keep off the field for rinal resolution of count
A washer-decontaminator, used after instruments are presoaked, uses which of the following processes to remove blood and protein?
impingement
What is the first step in handling the used and unused instruments after a case is completed?
presoaking in a basin
Question
Answer
What is the best shielding against gamma rays? A. Tin B. Lead C. Steel D. Rubber
B. Lead
Which of the following is an acceptable placement area for the electrosurgical ground pad for a patient in the lithotomy position? A. Upper arm B. Upper buttock C. Anterior thigh D. Posterior shoulder
C. Anterior thigh
What is the position of choice for breast surgery? A. Prone B. Dorsal Recumbent C. Lateral D. Lithotomy
B. Dorsal Recumbent
When an anesthetized patient's position is changed from lithotomy to supine, the patient's legs should be lowered slowly to prevent: A. Hypertension B. Laryngospasm C. Respiratory Distress D. Circulatory depression
D. Circulatory depression
Hair removed during preparation for cranial surgery should be: A. discarded B. sent to pathology C. saved for possible transplant D. saved because it is personal property
D. saved because it is personal property
Which of the following increases air contamination in the operating room? A. Restricting traffic B. Damp dusting with a germicidal solution C. Air pressure less than in the outside hall D. Air pressure greater than in the outside hall
C. Air pressure less than in the outside hall
What is the purpose of changing to scrub clothes to enter the operating room? A. Uniform standardization B. Prevention of cross- contamination C. Identification of operating room personnel D. Prevention of contamination of personal clothing
B. Prevention of cross- contamination
What is the standard temperature in an operating room? A. 15 -19 degrees C (59-66 degrees F) B. 20-24 degrees C (68-75 degrees F) C. 25-29 degrees C (77-84 degrees F) D. 30-34 degrees C (86-93 degrees F)
B. 20-24 degrees C (68-75 degrees F)
The lower leg of a patient in the lateral position for kidney surgery should be: A. Flexed B. Extended C. Abducted D. Externally Rotated
A. Flexed
What is the position of choice for dilation and curettage? A. Sims B. Supine C. Kraske D. Lithotomy
D. Lithotomy
What is a fenestrated drape? A. Drape with an opening that allows exposure of the operative site B. Drape split in the middle, resulting in two tails C. Drape used to cover the operating table, instrument table, and body regions D. Self-adhering plastic drape used to cover an extremity
A. Drape with an opening that allows exposure of the operative site
The scrub cap is applied by operating room personnel: A. after application of the scrub suit B. after application of the mask C. before application of the scrub suit D. before entering an unrestricted area
C. before application of the scrub suit
Which item is required when setting up for a D&C? A. Stirrups B. Cell-saver unit C. Cassette holder D. Electrosurgery unit
A. Stirrups
What is the usual position chosen for hemorrhoidectomy? A. Lateral B. Jack-knife C. Knee-chest D. Supine
B. Jack-knife
When donning gloves using the open-gloving technique, which of the following with the ungloved hand touch? A. Under the cuff of the glove B. Outer side of the sterile glove C. Cuffed edge nearest the glove palm D. Folded edge of the cuff of the glove
D. Folded edge of the cuff of the glove
What is the position of choice for a transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)? A. Sims B. Lateral C. Lithotomy D. Supine
C. Lithotomy
Which of the following is a normal adult white blood cell count? A. 1000 to 2000 B. 5000 to 9000 C. 12,000 to 15,000 D. 20,000 to 25,000
B. 5000 to 9000
Which of the following is the ideal immediate preoperative environment for a patient? A. Room dimly lighted and quiet B. Room brightly lighted and quiet C. Overhead light on and door open D. Cool room, patient covered with wool blanket
A. Room dimly lighted and quiet
Which of the following items should be used to transport a patient in traction? A. Bed B. Stretcher C. Wheelchair D. Fracture table
A. Bed
If the adult patient refuses a blood transfusion, the hospital SHOULD: A. give no blood B. give blood only in an emergency C. give blood only after sedation D. perform no operation that may require a transfusion
A. give no blood
Which of the following is the most common straight catheter used prior to laparoscopic gynecological surgery in the OR? A. Foley B. Pezzer C. Malecot D. Robinson
D. Robinson
Which of the following techniques is NOT acceptable for draping the patient? A. Hold the drapes high until directly over the patient B. Protect the gloved hands by cuffing the drapes C. Readjust the drapes as necessary after placement D. Place the drapes on a dry area
C. Readjust the drapes as necessary after placement
Which of the following procedures is proper for an informed consent? A. The patient is asked to sign the operative permit after the surgeon has explained the procedure B. The circulator is ultimately responsible for obtaining the signed consent C. The patient is asked to read the entire form after signing it D. The operative permit is witnessed by one member of the patient's family
A. The patient is asked to sign the operative permit after the surgeon has explained the procedure
What area of the body is prepped for an ORIF of the humerus? A. Leg, foot to knee B. Leg, foot to hip C. Arm, fingers to shoulder D. Arm, fingers to elbow
C. Arm, fingers to shoulder
Which item may be used in positioning a patient for a total hip replacement? A. Stirrups B. Wilson frame C. Andrews frame D. Beanbag
D. Beanbag
What protective devices must be worn when an argon laser is in use? A. Laser mask and goggles with clear lenses B. Laser mask and goggles with amber-tinted lenses C. Laser mask and goggles with green-tinted lenses D. Laser mask and goggles with blue-tinted lenses
B. Laser mask and goggles with amber-tinted lenses
The surgical technologist circulator should use the open glove technique to perform which of the following procedures? A. Catheterization and tying sterile team member's gown B. Counting sponges and catheterization C. Preoperative skin prep and catheterization D. Preoperative shave and prep
C. Preoperative skin prep and catheterization
The one sterile item used with an electrosurgical unit is the: A. Power unit B. Grounding pad C. Electrosurgical pencil D. Grounding cable
C. Electrosurgical pencil
Instruments that touch the appendix during an appendectomy should be: A. Placed in a separate basin B. Wiped with a saline sponge C. Returned to the Mayo stand D. Wiped with an alcohol sponge
A. Placed in a separate basin
A Russian tissue forcep is used to: A. cut B. grasp C. clamp D. retract
B. grasp
In which procedure is a microscope used? A. Tracheostomy B. Radial neck C. Tonsillectomy D. Stapedectomy
D. Stapedectomy
What action should be taken first if a countable item is lost? A. The patient's wound is reopened. B. X-ray of the operative site is ordered immediately. C. X-ray of the operative site is ordered in the post-anesthesia recovery room. D. A count is repeated immediately.
D. A count is repeated immediately
Which procedure would indicate the use of a tourniquet? A. Patellectomy B. ORIF hip C. Arthroscopy of shoulder D. Femoral popliteal bypass
A. Patellectomy
Which of the following is used to cross-clamp bowel during resection? A. Allen B. Lahey C. Heaney D. Buildog
A. Allen
Bellucci scissors are used in which of the following specialties? A. Gynecology B. Otorhinolaryngology C. General D. Plastic and reconstructive
B. Otorhinolaryngology
In strabismus surgery, what is the first tissue layer that must be incised? A. Iris B. Cornea C. Sclera D. Conjunctiva
D. Conjunctiva
Which of the following would MOST likely be used to stabilize a cervical fracture? A. Harrington rod B. Hoffman device C. Steinmann pins D. Crutchfield tongs
D. Crutchfield tongs
A device used to measure fluid pressure is known as a: A. Urometer B. Manometer C. Spirometer D. Thermometer
B. Manometer
Which of the following procedures is the removal of the entire orbital contant, including the periosteum? A. Recession B. Resection C. Evisceration D. Extenteration
D. Extenteration
Bleeding during a transurethral resection prostate (TURP) is controlled by: A. Gelfoam B. Irrigation C. Cauterization D. Suture ligature
C. Cauterization
What is the suturing technique in which short lateral stitches are taken beneath the epithelial layer of skin? A. Purse-string B. Traction C. Mattress D. Subcuticular
D. Subcuticular
Which of the following is a monofilament suture? A. Silk B. Cotton C. Dacron D. Polypropylene (Prolene)
D. Polypropylene (Prolene)
To revascularize the heart muscle, a graft may be anastomosed between which of the following two vessels? A. Aorta and coronary artery B. Aorta and superior vena cava C. Carotid artery and pulmonary vein D. Pulmonary artery and coronary artery
A. Aorta and coronary artery
What is the PRIMARY purpose of chest tubes? A. Irrigate the chest B. Eliminate chest leaks C. Prevent pulmonary emboli D. Re-establish negative pressure
D. Re-establish negative pressure
Which of the following is applied as a nonadherent dressing? A. Adaptic B. Collodion C. Steri-strip D. Elastoplast
A. Adaptic
Which of the following catheters is used for embolectomies? A. Foley B. Fogarty C. Malecot D. Angiocath
B. Fogarty
What procedure should be followed when dealing with counts in a true emergency situation? A. All counts must be done B. Omit counts, but document on the operative record C. Only an initial count is required D. The circulator should request anesthesia to count
B. Omit counts, but document on the operative record
Which of the following instruments is used to grasp the base of the hemorrhoid during a hemorrhoidectomy? A. Allis B. Allen C. Kocher D. Mosquito
A. Allis
In which of the following prostatic approaches is a resectoscope used? A. Perineal B. Suprapubic C.Retropubic D. Transurethral
D. Transurethral
Which of the following clamps has no teeth? A. Heaney B. Kelly C. Allis D. Kocher
B. Kelly
Which of the following instruments should be on a set-up for a TURP? A. Lithotrite B. Urethrotome C. Resectoscope D. Gaylor biopsy forceps
C. Resectoscope
Which of the following arteries is MOST commonly used in taking a blood pressure reading? A. Radial B. Femoral C. Brachial D. Popiteal
C. Brachial
Which of the following retractors may be used during a cholecystectomy? A. Senn B. Bennett C. Jennings D. Harrington
D. Harrington
What type of incision is usually used for an open cholecystectomy? A. McBurney's B. Pfannenstiel C. Lower Midline D. Right Subcostal
D. Right Subcostal
Which procedure requires an incision in the suprasternal notch? A. Laparoscopy B. Bronchoscopy C. Esophagoscopy D. Mediastinoscopy
D. Mediastinoscopy
Anitembolism stockings are used to: A. Slow circulation B. Prevent thrombus C. Immobilize extremities D. Keep legs warm
B. Prevent thrombus
The diagnostic procedure that examines the interior surface of the trachea and bronchi is: A. Bronchoscopy B. Laryngoscopy C. Esophagoscopy D. Mediastinoscopy
A. Bronchoscopy
Immidiately before a hemorrhoidectomy, which of the following procedures might be performed on the patient in the operating room? A. Cystoscopy B. Culdoscopy C. Proctoscopy D. Laparoscopy
C. Proctoscopy
Sponges that have been added to the sterile field after a procedure is in progess is counted by the: A. Circulator only B. Scrub person only C. Surgeon D. Circulator and scrub person
D. Circulator and scrub person
When can a specimen be passed to the circulator from the sterile field? A. When a surgeon grants permission B. Immediately after excision C. Immediately after it is placed in a bowl of formalin D. Whenever the circulator requests the specimen
A. When a surgeon grants permission
When a hernia is strangulated, which of the following instrument sets is added to the general abdominal set-up? A. Rectal set B. Gallbladder set C. Common duct set D. Gastrointestinal set
D. Gastrointestinal set
Removing a cataract by ultrasonic vibration and aspiration is called: A. laser surgery B. phacoemulsification C. extracapsular extraction D. intracapsular extraction
B. phacoemulsification
Which surgical treatment is used to repair a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm? A. Endarterectomy B. Debridement with irrigation C. Excision with graft placement D. Portacaval shunt
C. Excision with graft placement
What is the procedure for the removal of excess skin in the face and neck? A. Rhinoplasty B. Rhytidectomy C. Cheiloplasty D. Blepharoplasty
B. Rhytidectomy
Which of the following rongeurs is used to expand the antrostomy in a Caldwell-Luc procedure? A. Cushing B. Bethune C. Kerrison D. Stille-Leur
C. Kerrison
How are kidney stones sent to the lab? A. In a dry container B. In formalin C. In alcohol D. In saline
A. In a dry container
When can a specimen be passed to the circulator from the sterile field? A. When the surgeon grants permission B. Immediately after excision C. Immediately after it is placed in a bowl of formalin D. Whenever the circulator requests it
A. When the surgeon grants permission
Which of the following is a specimen container used in a flexible or rigid bronchoscopy? A. Ellik B. Chest bottle C. Luken's D. Suction canister
C. Luken's
Which of the following procedures is used for an embolectomy? A. Endarterectomy B. Balloon catheterization C. Aneurysmectomy D. Fasciotomy
B. Balloon catheterization
Which of the following instruments may be used to extend the arteriotomy during femoral-femoral bypass? A. Straight Mayo B. Potts-Smith C. Jorgenson D. Stevens tenotomy
B. Potts-Smith
A pneumatic tourniquet may be used for extremity surgery in order to: A. reduce pain by compressing the nerve to the affected area B. allow the surgeon more operating room time C. reduce blood loss by restricting circulation to the operative site D. create topical anesthesia to the affected area
C. reduce blood loss by restricting circulation to the operative site
Which of the following should be included on an orthopedic set-up? A. Smith perforator B. Potts-Smith scissors C. Periosteal elevator D. Heaney needle holder
C. Periosteal elevator
Which of the following instruments has teeth? A. Allis B. Mixter C. Babcock D. Mosquito
A. Allis
The Mayo stand should: A. remain sterile until the patient leaves the room. B. be pulled away from the sterile field by the circulator after skin closure C. be completely emptied immediately after skin closure D. be considered unsterile once the dressing is applied
A. remain sterile until the patient leaves the room.
Which of the following procedures is used to visualize the cystic, hepatic, and common ducts? A. Barium enema B. Cholangiography C. Intravenous pyelography D. Upper gastrointestinal series
B. Cholangiography
The instrument used to remove the laminate during a laminectomy is a (n) A. gouge B. cutter C. rongeur D. elevator
C. rongeur
Which of the following items would be used for sponging around the spinal cord? A. Cottonoids B. Gauze sponges C. Peanut dissector D. Laparotomy sponges
A. Cottonoids
Which of the following is the active electrode on the electrosurgical unit? A. Wall plug B. Grounding pad C. Pencil D. Voltage intensity dial
C. Pencil
Which of the following instruments would be used for a common bile duct exploration? A. Fogarty clamp B. Randall forceps C. Pennington clamp D. Forester ring forceps
B. Randall forceps
Glove powder is normally wiped from the gloved hand because it has the potential to cause: A. dehiscence and/or evisceration B. infections C. adhesions and/or granulomas D. contamination
C. adhesions and/or granulomas
When a cholecystectomy is performed, what anatomical structures must always be preserved? A. Cystic duct B. Cystic vein C. Common duct D. Cystic artery
C. Common duct
How should the surgical technologist respond if the circulator declines to perform a sponge count during preparation for laparoscopy? A. Ask the surgeon if he or she desires a count B. Accept the circulator's decision and continue with case set-up C. Insist that an initial count be performed D. Count sponges with the other scrubbed surgical technologists
C. Insist that an initial count be performed
Once the spinous process is exposed during a laminectomy, the next instrument needed to remove the process is the: A. Kerrison rongeur B. pituitary rongeur C. double-action rongeur D. periosteal elevator
A. Kerrison rongeur
Kelly clamps are primarily used for: A. grasping B. crushing C. exposure D. hemostasis
D. hemostasis
In order to prevent a loop colostomy from sliding back into the abdominal cavity, it may be supported with a (n): A. Stone clamp B. adaptic gauze C. Montgomery strap D. plastic or glass rod
D. plastic or glass rod
Which of the following operations is performed to correct hearing loss due to defects in the eardrum? A. Otoplasty B. Myringotomy C. Mastoidectomy D. Tympanoplasty
D. Tympanoplasty
In preparation for a cranial aneurysm, which of the following pieces of equipment would MOST likely be used? A. Microscope B. Cryoprobe C. Jordan Day drill D. Crutchfield tongs
A. Microscope
A perforator is used for which of the following procedures? A. Cordotomy B. Craniotomy C. Laminectomy D. Spinal fusion
B. Craniotomy
What is the most common complication of a strangulated hernia? A. Shock B. Necrosis C. Infection D. Hemorrhage
B. Necrosis
A resectoscope is used to resect the: A. ovaries B. prostate C. vas deferens D. fallopian tubes
B. prostate
In the application of arch bars, which of the following would the surgeon most likely use between the teeth and around the bar? A. 0-1 Dexon B. 5-0 to 6-0 Vicryl C. 25 or 26 gauge stainless steel wire D. 35 or 40 gauge stainless steel wire
C. 25 or 26 gauge stainless steel wire
Retention sutures are advantageous when the patient is: A. a child B. athletic C. thin D. obese
C. thin
Which of the following retractors would be used during a femoral embolectomy? A. Weitlander B. Skin hook C. Harrington D. Balfour
A. Weitlander
A three-way Foley catheter is inserted following a transurethral prostate resection (TURP) in order to: A. irrigate and facilitate hemostasis B. prevent the patient from getting out of bed C. keep accurate input and output records D. keep the perineal area dry
A. irrigate and facilitate hemostasis
An instrument used for placement of cottonoid strips during craniotomy is: A. Bayonet forceps B. Russian forceps C. Kelly clamp D. Angled DeBakey clamp
A. Bayonet forceps
In an autoclaved pack, an internal indicator is used to: A. show that moisture entered the pack B. guarantee the sterility of the pack C. verify that the pack was properly wrapped D. confirm that the pack has been exposed to the sterilization process
D. confirm that the pack has been exposed to the sterilization process
How must basins be positioned when sterilized in the autoclave? A. Upside down B. Right side up C. On their sides D. Tightly stacked
C. On their sides
What has the most accurate method of checking the effectiveness of an autoclave? A. Heat indicators B. Swab culture tests C. Heat-sensitive tape D. Biological controls
D. Biological controls
The spore-forming organism used to test the proper functioning of steam autoclave is: A. Bacillus subtillis B. Clostridium perfingens C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis D. Bacillus stearothermophilus
D. Bacillus stearothermophilus
Which of the following destroys vegetative organisms and spores? A. Germicide B. Antiseptic C. Sterilizing agent D. Bacteriostatic agent
C. Sterilizing agent
Which of the following solutions should be used for disinfecting endoscopic instruments? A. Iodophors B. Ethyl alcohol 70% C. Phenolic compounds D. Activated glutaraldehyde
D. Activated glutaraldehyde
Which of the following is MOST resistant to sterilzation processes? A. Virus B. Spore C. Spirochete D. Tubercle bacillus
B. Spore
Bacteria can be reduced in the operating room by: A. aeration of rooms overnight B. daily damp dusting of all surfaces C. reducing air exchange in the room D. maintaining humidity level above 70%
B. daily damp dusting of all surfaces
The most common method for decontaminating OR floors at the end of each case is: A. damp mop or wet vacuum with a viricidal solution B. wet vacuum with a viricidal solution C. damp mop or wet vacuum with a detergent-disinfectant solution D. dry vacuum, then damp mop with a detergent-disinfectant solution
C. damp mop or wet vacuum with a detergent-disinfectant solution
For completely effective steam sterilization, the surface of the instrument should be: A. free of oil and grease B. oiled before sterilization C. dry before placing them in the autoclave D. moistened before placing them in the autoclave
A. free of oil and grease
The safest method for placing blade on a knife handle is with a: A. mixter B. gloved hand C. needle holder D. tissue forceps
C. needle holder
What is the MINIMUM exposure time in a flash sterilizer for unwrapped instruments: A. 1 minute B. 3 minutes C. 5 minutes D. 7 minutes
B. 3 minutes
One factor affecting ethylene oxide sterilization is: A. indirect contact B. gravity displacement C. humidity D. saturated steam
C. humidity
On which of the following would an antiseptic be used? A. Skin surface B. Anesthesia masks C. Intravenous tubing D. Operating room table
A. Skin surface
Between operations, decontamination of walls involves washing: A. only areas that have been splashed with blood or debris B. all walls with a disinfectant solution C. all walls from the floor up to a 5-foot level with a disinfectant solution D. all walls from the floor up to a 5-foot level with a viricidal solution
A. only areas that have been splashed with blood or debris
The time of exposure to achieve sterilization may be decreased if the: A. instruments are wet B. pressure is decreased A. only areas that have been splashed with blood or debris D. drying cycle is eliminated
A. only areas that have been splashed with blood or debris
Which of the following variables influences the aeration time necessary following ethylene oxide sterilization? A. Time of exposure to the gas B. Porosity of the item sterilized C. Temperature of the gas used D. Concentration of the gas in the sterilizer
B. Porosity of the item sterilized
If two basins are wrapped together for sterilizing, how should they be packaged? A. With one basin stacked inside the other and separated by impervious material B. With one basin on its side and the other upside down C. With one basin stacked inside the other and wrapped in a towel D. With one basin stacked inside the other and separated by a towel
D. With one basin stacked inside the other and separated by a towel
The destruction of organisms in an autoclave is accomplished by the: A. division of the nucleus B. dessication of the nucleus C. coagulation of cell protein D. destruction of the cell membrane
C. coagulation of cell protein
When a flank approach is used for a nephrectomy, which muscles are involved? A. Serratus anterior and trapezius B. Gluteus maximus and pectoralis major C. Latissmus dorsal and internal oblique D. Transverse abdominis and rectus abdominis
C. Latissmus dorsal and internal oblique
Which of the following types of connective tissue fastens muscle to the bone? A. Tendon B. Ligament C. Cartilage D. Areolar
A. Tendon
Which of the following types of muscle is found in the walls of the viscera? A. Smooth B. Cardiac C. Striated D. Skeletal
A. Smooth
A major function of the colon is to: A. Reabsorb water B. Secrete hormones C. Secrete digestive enzymes D. Absorb the products of digestion
A. Reabsorb water
Herniation of the rectum through a weakened posterior vaginal wall is known as: A. Rectocele B. Cystocele C. Variocele D. Enterocele
A. Rectocele
A fluid-filled sac or cavity that prevents friction within a joint is known as a: A. Bursa B. Tendon C. Ganglion D. Ligament
A. Bursa
Cancer cells MOST often migrate to other parts of the body through which of the following systems? A. Skeletal B. Lympathic C. Endocrine D. Respiratory
B. Lympathic
The vermiform appendix originates from the: A. cecum B. ileium C. sigmoid colon D. ascending colon
A. cecum
In what congenital anomally does the urethra open on the underside of the penis? A. Chordee B. Epispadius C. Phimosis D. Hypospadius
D. Hypospadius
What lies between the lung and the chest wall? A. Mediastinum B. Aortic arch C. Pleura D. Pericardial cavity
C. Pleura
The gastrocnemius is located in the: A. arm B. calf C. back D. thigh
B. calf
What is the opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes? A. Foramen ovale B. Foramen magnum C. Mental foramen D. Obturator foramen
Foramen magnum
Growth in the length of a long bone occurs at the: A. diaphysis B. medullary canal C. epiphyseal plate D. articular cartilage
C. epiphyseal plate
The oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells is a function of: A. albumin B. hemoglobin C. hematocrit D. prothrombin
B. hemoglobin
The parathyroid gland regulates: A. protein B. calcium C. sodium D. bicarbonate
B. calcium
Which of the following pathological conditions may be caused by an excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain? A. Hydrocephalus B. Encephalocele C. Cranial bifida D. Craniosynostosis
A. Hydrocephalus
Hepatitis B (serum hepatitis) is caused by a: A. Yeast B. Virus C. Protozoan D. Bacterium
B. Virus
Aerobic organisms are BEST characterized as: A. Pathogenic B. Nonpathogenic C. Oxygen-requiring D. Non-oxygen-requiring
C. Oxygen-requiring
Which of the following is associated with secondary intention wound healing? A. Suture line B. Delayed healing C. Wound dehiscence D. Healing without complication
B. Delayed healing
When a break aseptic technique occurs, the scrub should: A. Notify the circulator and leave the decision to him/her B. Notify the person who broke the technique and correct the problem C. Notify the OR supervisor and leave the decision to him/her D. Say nothing
B. Notify the person who broke the technique and correct the problem
An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a disease is a: A. fomite B. vector C. carrier D. arthopod
A. fomite
During a procedure, the surgical technologist touches an unsterile item with a sterile glove. What should be done? A. Change the glove at once B. Break scrub and rescrub C. Wait until closing to change the glove D. Ask the circulator what to do
A. Change the glove at once
When two individuals in sterile attire pass one another in the sterile field, they should: A. pass back-to-back B. both face the wall C. pass side-to-side D. both face the sterile field
A. pass back-to-back
What is the local tissue reaction of the body to injury? A. Fever B. Infection C. Inflammation D. Immune reaction
C. Inflammation
Which of the following characterizes bacteria of the genus Clostridum? A. Aerobic B. Anaerobic C. Coagulase-negative D. Nonspore-forming
B. Anaerobic
Which of the following organisms normally found on the skin can cause wound infections? A. Bacillus botulinum B. Staphylococcus aureus C. Diplococcus pneumonia D. Streptococcus penumoniae
B. Staphylococcus aureus
Cleaning the operating room prior to the first scheduled procedure of the day should: A. include flat surfaces of tables and equipment B. be done with a dry towel C. be done with an antiseptic D. concentrate on anesthetic equipment
A. include flat surfaces of tables and equipment
Which of the following methods of oxygen administration provides the HIGHEST concentration of oxygen? A. Tent B. Face Mask C. Nasal catheter D. Endotracheal tube
D. Endotracheal tube
For a patient recovering from general anesthesia, which of the following complications of vomiting would be considered the MOST dangerous? A. Pain B. Aspiration C. Dehydration D. Wound disruption
B. Aspiration
Sodium bicarbonate is administered to treat which of the following? A. Acidosis B. Alkalosis C. Hypotension D. Hypertension
A. Acidosis
In an emergency, which of the following drugs may be used to raise the patient's blood pressure? A. Morphine sulfate B. Procaine (Novocain) C. Succinylcholine (Anectine) D. Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
D. Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
Which of the following drugs neutralizes the action of heparin? A. Calcium chloride B. Protamine sulfate C. Lidocaine (Xylocaine) D. Neostigmine (Prostigmin)
B. Protamine sulfate
What is the route of administration of thrombin? A. Local infiltration B. Topical application C. Intravenous injection D. Intrmuscular injection
B. Topical application
A form of contrast media used within the body that is visible when exposed to x-ray is: A. exogenous B. radiopaque C. radiolucent D. endogenous
B. radiopaque
Which of the following vasoconstrictors is used to prolong the action of local anesthetics? A. Heparin B. Ergonovine (Ergotrate) C. Lidocaine (Xylocaine) D. Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
D. Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
Which of the following solutions is used to identify diseased areas for the cold conization of the cervix? A. Lugol's B. Fluorescein C. Methylene blue D. Indigo carmine
A. Lugol's
Question
Answer
To revascularize the heart muscle of a patient with heart disease, a graft may be anastomosed between which of the following two vessels? A. internal mammary artery to affected coronary artery B. subclavian artery to affected coronary artery C. internal mammary artery to aorta D. subclavian artery to aorta
A. The internal mammary artery is the preferred vascular conduit to revascularize the myocardium.
The drug most commonly used to treat ventricular tachycardia is A. epinephrine (Adrenalin). B. nitroglycerin (Nitrostat). C. lidocaine (Xylocaine). D. norepinephrine (Levophed).
C. lidocaine (Xylocaine).
An ideal environment for holding the preoperative patient is a A. dimly lit, quiet room. B. brightly lit, quiet room. C. warm, busy room. D. cool, busy room.
A. dimly lit, quiet room.
Which of the following procedures treats a congenital obstructed lesion found at the distal end of an infant's stomach? A. gastrotomy B. Nissen fundoplication C. Heller myotomy D. pyloromyotomy
D. pyloromyotomy
A cardiac arrest occurs during a procedure, and the surgeon is resuscitating the patient. What is the responsibility of the surgical technologist in the scrub role during this time? A. Hand the surgeon a loaded needle holder and forceps for closing. B. Break scrub and call for help. C. Remain sterile and maintain the sterile field. D. Move the electrosurgical unit (ESU) away from the operating table.
C. Remain sterile and maintain the sterile field.
Which of the following is the definition of instrument sterilization? A. surgical cleaning with an antiseptic B. manual decontamination C. destruction of microorganisms D. reduction of bacteria
C. destruction of microorganisms
A preference card indicates a surgeon prefers a large paper gown and size 7.5 gloves and the surgeon's assistant prefers an XL cloth gown and size 8 gloves. The assistant usually scrubs in first. In which order should the surgical attire (PPE) be stacked, from top to bottom? A. towel, XL cloth gown, size 7.5 gloves, towel, large paper gown, size 8 gloves B. size 7.5 gloves, XL cloth gown, towel, size 8 gloves, large paper gown, towel C. towel, XL cloth gown, size 8 gloves, towel, large paper gown, size 7.5 gloves D. towel, large paper gown, size 7.5 gloves, towel, XL cloth gown, size 8 gloves
C. towel, XL cloth gown, size 8 gloves, towel, large paper gown, size 7.5 gloves
Which of the following types of anesthetic is injected during a Bier block? A. bupivacaine (Marcaine) B. lidocaine (Xylocaine) with epinephrine C. bupivacaine (Marcaine) with epinephrine D. lidocaine (Xylocaine)
D. lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Aerobic organisms are BEST characterized as A. pathogenic. B. nonpathogenic. C. oxygen-requiring. D. non-oxygen-requiring.
C. oxygen-requiring.
When positioning a patient in the lithotomy position, the stirrup height should be adjusted according to the A. height of the first assistant. B. manufacturer's recommendations. C. height of the surgeon. D. length of the patient's legs.
D. length of the patient's legs.
Which of the following is applied as a nonadherent dressing? A. adaptic B. collodion C. steri-strip D. elastoplast
A. adaptic
Which of the following conditions is triggered by an injection of succinylcholine (Anectine) and causes an unusually high fever? A. osteomyelitis B. sepsis C. malignant hyperthermia D. appendicitis
C. malignant hyperthermia
When performing a dilation and curettage, which of the following instruments is used to grasp the cervix? A. Simms B. Auvard C. Schroeder D. Bozeman
C. Schroeder
The Sterrad sterilization system MOST commonly uses which of the following chemical solutions? A. hydrogen peroxide B. glutaraldehyde C. peracetic acid D. carbon dioxide
A. hydrogen peroxide
Which of the following should be visualized on an x-ray to determine if a long bone is still growing? A. periosteum B. diaphysis C. medullary canal D. epiphyseal plate
D. epiphyseal plate
What type of incision is typically used for an open cholecystectomy? A. McBurney's B. Pfannenstiel C. midline D. subcostal
D. subcostal
Which of the following should be removed LAST by the surgical technologist in the scrub role in order to prevent contamination at the end of a surgical procedure? A. patient's drapes B. surgical gloves C. surgical mask D. Mayo stand drape
C. surgical mask
A chemical solution used to sterilize instruments by immersing them for at least 10 hours is A. activated glutaraldehyde. B. sodium hypochlorite. C. aqueous formaldehyde. D. methyl phenol.
A. activated glutaraldehyde.
Heaney clamps are used for a A. hysterectomy. B. lobectomy. C. cystectomy. D. gastrectomy.
A. hysterectomy.
Which of the following is done FIRST when performing a myringotomy? A. insertion of a drainage tube B. incision of the tympanic membrane C. suctioning of fluid from the middle ear D. removal of cerumen from the ear canal
D. removal of cerumen from the ear canal
A circlage procedure is performed for which of the following conditions? A. Bartholin's cyst B. ectopic pregnancy C. incompetent cervix D. placenta previa
C. incompetent cervix
A laparotomy drape has been placed on a patient and unprepped skin on the operative site is exposed. Which of the following is the BEST next step? A. Apply drapes over unprepped skin. B. Reposition the drapes closer together. C. Remove drapes and re-prep. D. Cover with an adhesive drape.
C. Remove drapes and re-prep.
Which of the following catheters is MOST commonly used to perform an embolectomy? A. Robinson B. Fogarty C. Malecot D. Angiocath
B. Fogarty
Which of the following should be the MINIMUM exposure time in a flash sterilizer for unwrapped instruments? A. 1 minute B. 3 minutes C. 5 minutes D. 7 minutes
B. 3 minutes
Traction sutures are used on common duct explorations to A. ligate the duct. B. permanently close the duct. C. hold the duct open. D. seal the stones inside.
C. hold the duct open.
Which of the following anesthetic agents is administered intravenously? A. enflurane (Ethrane) B. nitrous oxide C. propofol (Diprivan) D. methoxyflurane (Penthrane)
C. propofol (Diprivan)
A patient's dentures are removed in the operating room. Which of the following is the proper procedure for the care of the dentures? A. Return them to the patient's unit and leave them at the nurses' station. B. Place them in a labeled denture cup and keep them with the patient's chart. C. Wrap them in a paper towel and give them to the anesthesiologist. D. Ask the circulator to return them to the patient's room.
B. Place them in a labeled denture cup and keep them with the patient's chart.
Which of the following is responsible for the proper care and handling of an intraoperative specimen? A. surgical technologist in the scrub role and anesthetist B. surgical technologist in the scrub role and the circulator C. surgical technologist in the first assistant role and the surgeon. D. surgical technologist in the circulator role and anesthetist
B. surgical technologist in the scrub role and the circulator
A surgical technologist sees a neighbor being admitted. How should the surgical technologist respond? A. Acknowledge the neighbor. B. Reassure the neighbor that everything will be fine. C. Do not acknowledge the neighbor unless greeted first. D. Ignore the neighbor, even if greeted.
C. Do not acknowledge the neighbor unless greeted first.
Which of the following is MOST resistant to sterilization processes? A. virus B. spore C. spirochete D. fungus
B. spore
A tourniquet is used in which of the following procedures? A. patellectomy B. ORIF hip C. shoulder arthroscopy D. Bankart repair
A. patellectomy
Which of the following wounds is most likely in the inflammatory phase of wound healing? A. a Bankart repair, one week post procedure B. a laparotomy incision with a cicatrix C. an open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of a finger, two weeks post procedure D. an abdominal incision, 20 minutes post-closure
D. an abdominal incision, 20 minutes post-closure
Which of the following procedures is used for removal of an embolus? A. endarterectomy B. balloon catheterization C. aneurysmectomy D. fasciotomy
B. balloon catheterization
During a craniotomy, which of the following types of bone is entered? A. flat B. round C. long D. irregular
D. irregular
Which of the following instruments is found in a basic laparotomy setup? A. Castroviejo needle holder B. Mayo scissors C. Dandy clamp D. Raney clip applier
B. Mayo scissors
Which of the following is the correct order, from the outermost to the innermost layer, of the tissues that compose the wall of the stomach and small intestine? 1. submucosa 2. muscularis 3. serosa 4. mucosa A. 1, 4, 2, 3 B. 3, 2, 1, 4 C. 1, 2, 4, 3 D. 3, 4, 2, 1
B. 3, 2, 1, 4
A power saw is not functioning. Which of the following is the mostly likely cause? A. It is not plugged into the electrical outlet. B. The battery has not been adequately charged. C. It has not been joined to the foot pedal. D. The arthroscopy shaver motor is not connected.
B. The battery has not been adequately charged.
Which of the following instruments may be used to extend the arteriotomy during femoral-femoral bypass? A. straight Mayo B. Potts-Smith C. Jorgenson D. Stevens tenotomy
B. Potts-Smith
Which of the following classifications of disinfection is used to kill all bacteria, viruses, and fungi? A. low-level B. intermediate-level C. high-level D. antiseptic
C. high-level
In a steam autoclave set on pre-vacuum, the minimum temperature that must be reached is A. 200°. B. 230°. C. 250°. D. 270°.
D. 270°.
The PRIMARY consideration in selecting an appropriate anesthetic agent is the A. physiologic condition of the patient. B. length of the procedure. C. type of the procedure. D. anxiety level of the patient.
A. physiologic condition of the patient.
Which of the following positions is used for mastopexy? A. Kraske B. dorsal recumbent C. lateral Simms D. Fowler's
B. dorsal recumbent
Surgery to repair a Colles' fracture is performed on which of the following types of bone? A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular
A. long
The surgical technologist in the scrub role should remain sterile following which of the following surgical procedures? A. laparoscopic cholecystectomy B. carotid endarterectomy C. total hip arthroplasty D. tympanoplasty
B. carotid endarterectomy
Which of the following is a monofilament suture? A. silk B. cotton C. Ethibond D. Prolene
D. Prolene
A circumferential bandage should be applied to an extremity A. proximal to distal. B. distal to proximal. C. ventral to dorsal. D. dorsal to ventral.
B. distal to proximal.
A patient has arrived in the operating room for a bilateral mastectomy. She is crying unconsolably. The surgical technologist can best console her by saying which of the following? A. "I am sure we will be able to remove all of the cancer." B. "Everything will be fine." C. "Your surgeon is the best in the hospital." D. "We are going to give you the best care possible."
D. "We are going to give you the best care possible."
If an adult patient refuses a blood transfusion, the surgical staff should A. not administer blood to the patient. B. administer blood only in an emergency. C. administer blood only after sedation. D. not perform any procedure that may require a transfusion.
A. not administer blood to the patient.
The surgeon asks a surgical technologist to place a drop of a mydriatic solution in OD. As a result of this medication, the pupil of the A. right eye will dilate. B. left eye will dilate. C. right eye will constrict. D. left eye will constrict.
A. right eye will dilate.
Which of the following is the opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes? A. foramen ovale B. foramen magnum C. foramen rotundum D. foramen of Bochdalek
B. foramen magnum
Herniation of the rectum through a weakened posterior vaginal wall is known as a A. rectocele. B. cystocele. C. varicocele. D. enterocele.
A. rectocele.
Which of the following verifies that autoclave sterilization has occurred? A. chemical indicator B. julian date C. heat-sensitive tape D. biological indicator
D. biological indicator
A resectoscope is used in which of the following prostatic approaches? A. perineal B. suprapubic C. retropubic D. transurethral
D. transurethral
Which of the following is reshaped during a total hip arthroplasty? A. fibula B. acetabulum C. iliac crest D. tibia
B. acetabulum
Which of the following is a sign of cardiac arrest? A. edema B. convulsion C. cyanosis D. hypertension
C. cyanosis
Which of the following anticoagulants should be given during a vascular procedure to prevent normal blood clotting? A. heparin sodium B. protamine sulfate C. atropine D. epinephrine
A. heparin sodium
Which of the following procedures should be followed when performing counts in an emergency situation? A. All counts must be done. B. Omit counts, but document on the operative record. C. Only an initial count is required. D. Only count laparotomy sponges.
B. Omit counts, but document on the operative record.
Place the following phases of wound healing by first intention in correct order from first to last: I. proliferation II. remodeling III. inflammatory A. I, II, III B. II, I, III C. III, I, II D. III, II, I
C. III, I, II
Which of the following supplies is part of the standard set-up for a diagnostic knee arthroscopy? A. Poole suction tip B. irrigation tubing C. #20 blade D. 3000-ml bag glycine
B. irrigation tubing
Where is the gastrocnemius muscle located? A. arm B. calf C. back D. thigh
B. calf
Which of the following lies between the lung and the chest wall? A. mediastinum B. peritoneum C. pleura D. pericardium
C. pleura
At which abdominal layer is the first closing count performed? A. skin B. fascia C. peritoneum D. subcutaneous
C. peritoneum
When preparing the Sterrad sterilization system for use in the surgical area, which of the following outlets must be available? A. suction B. oxygen C. nitrogen D. electrical
D. electrical
During a laser laryngoscopy, which of the following supplies must be available? A. wet cottonoids and water B. microscope, sterile water, and bronchoscope C. sterile water, thyroid tray, and methylene blue D. tracheotomy tray and tube, bronchoscope, and sterile water
A. wet cottonoids and water
When utilizing a laparoscopic setup, potential hazards associated with the equipment include A. non-ionizing radiation. B. nitrogen embolus. C. pneumoperitoneum. D. fiberoptic beam fire.
D. fiberoptic beam fire.
Between each surgical procedure, decontamination of walls involves washing A. only areas that have been splashed with blood or debris. B. all walls with a disinfectant solution. C. all walls from the floor up to a 5-foot level with a disinfectant solution. D. all walls from the floor up to a 5-foot level with a viricidal solution.
A. only areas that have been splashed with blood or debris.
Which of the following types of sponges is used directly on the structures of the brain? A. RAY-TEC B. cherry C. Weck-cel D. cottonoid
D. cottonoid
The appendiceal stump, when inverted, is held in place by which of the following types of suture? A. mattress B. traction C. interrupted D. purse-string
D. purse-string
Which of the following does NOT result after dipping a bloody RAY-TEC sponge into irrigation solution? A. The solution is tainted. B. Lint is released into the solution. C. The solution is diluted. D. Cellular components are released into the solution.
B. Lint is released into the solution.
During a tympanoplasty, which of the following is the best choice for graft material? A. temporal bone B. temporalis fascia C. vestibular membrane D. a Teflon graft
B. temporalis fascia
The primary reason padding is used in positioning a patient is to A. ensure the patient's comfort. B. facilitate the surgeon's approach. C. prevent injury to pressure points. D. maintain the position during surgery.
C. prevent injury to pressure points.
If a sponge is missing, which of the following actions should be taken FIRST? A. The patient's wound should be reopened. B. An x-ray of the operative site should be ordered intraoperatively. C. An x-ray of the operative site should be ordered in the recovery room. D. The count should be repeated.
D. The count should be repeated.
During an anterior cervical fusion, a bone graft is taken in order to fuse the vertebral A. body. B. disk. C. spinous process. D. transverse process.
A. body.
Which of the following is necessary for ethylene oxide sterilization to occur? A. indirect contact B. gravity displacement C. humidity D. steam
C. humidity
Which of the following retractors may be used during an open cholecystectomy? A. Simms B. Bennett C. Jennings D. Harrington
D. Harrington
Which of the following arteries is MOST commonly used for taking a blood pressure reading? A. radial B. femoral C. brachial D. popliteal
C. brachial
Sponges that have been added to the sterile field after a procedure has begun should be counted by the A. circulator and surgeon. B. surgical technologist in the scrub role and surgical first assistant. C. surgeon and surgical first assistant. D. surgical technologist in the scrub role and the circulator.
D. surgical technologist in the scrub role and the circulator.
The required number of air exchanges per hour in an operating room is A. 1 to 5. B. 6 to 10. C. 11 to 14. D. 15 to 20.
D. 15 to 20.
A Javid shunt is used for which of the following procedures? A. carotid endarterectomy B. femoral-popliteal bypass C. abdominal aneurysmectomy D. saphenous vein ligation
A. carotid endarterectomy
Which of the following instruments is NOT used in otorhinolaryngology surgery? A. Rosen B. Baron C. Frazier D. Poole
D. Poole
For which of the following procedures is Gelfoam MOST commonly used? A. repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) B. extraction of a cataract C. transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) D. craniotomy for subdural hematoma
D. craniotomy for subdural hematoma
Which of the following structures are separated first when a paramedian incision is performed for a gastrectomy? A. peritoneum B. transverse abdominis C. external oblique D. rectus abdominis
D. rectus abdominis
Which of the following destroys bacterial spores? A. germicide B. antiseptic C. sterilant D. fungicide
C. sterilant
A sterile item used with an electrosurgical unit is the A. generator. B. patent return electrode. C. active electrode. D. foot pedal.
C. active electrode.
In a sterilized package, a chemical indicator is used to A. show that moisture entered the package. B. guarantee the sterility of the package. C. verify that the package was properly wrapped. D. confirm that the package was exposed to sterilization.
D. confirm that the package was exposed to sterilization.
A Pereyra needle is used for which of the following types of surgery? A. hysterectomy B. prostatectomy C. bladder neck suspension D. anterior colporrhaphy
C. bladder neck suspension
Which of the following instruments should be included in a TURP set up? A. lithotrite B. urethrotome C. resectoscope D. Randall
C. resectoscope
If a Kelly clamp is left in a patient who underwent a cholecystectomy, which of the following legal charges can be filed? A. misdemeanor B. res ipso loquitur C. extension doctrine D. intentional tort
B. res ipso loquitur
When performing a urinary bladder catheterization, it is essential to A. place the patient in Sim's position. B. keep the catheter tip sterile. C. inflate the balloon in the urethra. D. shave the pubis.
B. keep the catheter tip sterile.
Immediately before a hemorrhoidectomy, which of the following procedures might be performed on the patient in the operating room? A. cystoscopy B. culdoscopy C. proctoscopy D. laparoscopy
C. proctoscopy
Which of the following patients is MOST likely to acquire a nosocomial infection? A. a healthy female patient who is 45 years of age B. a female patient in labor and delivery C. a healthy male patient who is 45 years of age D. a male patient who has diabetes
D. a male patient who has diabetes
If unexpected heavy blood loss occurs during a surgical procedure, the surgical technologist should request additional A. suction tubing. B. Babcocks. C. Kitners. D. cottonoids.
A. suction tubing.
In order to remove a portion of the kidney, the surgeon must enter which of the following? A. synovial membrane B. Gerota's fascia C. Hesselbach's triangle D. suprapleural membrane
B. Gerota's fascia
List in order the sequence of induction for general anesthesia: 1. leads placed on the patient 2. induction agent is give through an IV 3. patient is prompted to breath 100% oxygen 4. patient is intubated 5. anesthetic gas agent is selected and applied A. 1, 3, 5, 4, and 2 B. 5, 2, 3, 1, and 4 C. 1, 3, 2, 4, and 5 D. 4, 2, 3, 1, and 5
C. 1, 3, 2, 4, and 5
During a procedure, the surgical technologist touches an unsterile item with a sterile glove. Which of the following should be done? A. Change the glove at once. B. Break scrub and rescrub. C. Wait until closing to change the glove. D. Ask the surgeon what to do.
A. Change the glove at once.
During strabismus surgery, which of the following is the first tissue layer that must be incised? A. iris B. cornea C. sclera D. conjunctiva
D. conjunctiva
Which of the following is the primary purpose for changing into operating room attire? A. to standardize uniforms B. to prevent the of spread of microorganisms C. to identify operating room personnel D. to avoid damage to personal attire
B. to prevent the of spread of microorganisms
A lumbar meningocele involves removal of A. cerebrospinal fluid. B. lumbar disc. C. meninges. D. a fluid-filled sac.
D. a fluid-filled sac.
Which of the following procedures requires a microscope? A. rhinoplasty B. pyeloplasty C. tympanoplasty D. blepharoplasty
C. tympanoplasty
Hair removed during preparation for cranial surgery should be A. discarded by the circulator. B. sent to pathology. C. used for potential reimplantation. D. saved because it is personal property.
D. saved because it is personal property.
The safest method for placing a blade on a knife handle is with a A. Mixter. B. gloved hand. C. needle holder. D. tissue forceps.
C. needle holder.
Which of the following procedures is used to visualize the cystic, hepatic, and common ducts? A. barium enema B. cholangiography C. intravenous pyelography D. upper gastrointestinal series
B. cholangiography
A specimen obtained for frozen section is generally removed from the sterile field intraoperatively because it A. needs to be labeled by the circulator. B. is sent to pathology immediately. C. will contaminate the sterile field. D. needs to be placed in formalin solution.
B. is sent to pathology immediately.
When performing a right hemicolectomy, the surgeon will most likely remove portions of which of the following? A. jejunum and duodenum B. ascending and transverse colon C. transverse and descending colon D. sigmoid and rectum
B. ascending and transverse colon
The tissue that covers bones and provides movement to the skeletal system is A. nerve. B. cartilage. C. muscle. D. ligament.
C. muscle.
Which of the following is the best placement area for the electrosurgical grounding pad for a patient in the lithotomy position? A. upper arm B. lower back C. anterior thigh D. posterior shoulder
C. anterior thigh
Which of the following conditions should be treated FIRST? A. obstructed airway B. closed cerebral injury C. shock due to hemorrhage D. sucking wound to the chest
A. obstructed airway
Which of the following layers are transected when a subcostal flank incision is used for a nephrectomy? A. pre-peritoneal fat B. linea alba C. oblique muscles D. rectus abdominis muscle
C. oblique muscles
Which of the following wound classes is assigned to a perforated bowel? A. I B. II C. III D. IV
C. III
A patient being prepped for surgery is hypokalemic. Which of the following must be done before a general anesthetic is given? A. Add potassium to the IV solution. B. Add sodium to the IV solution. C. Complete a type and crossmatch. D. Place a urinary catheter.
A. Add potassium to the IV solution.
Which of the following is a type of herniation that occurs with protrusion of the peritoneal sac and its contents (omentum or abdominal viscera)? A. epigastric B. umbilical C. hypogastric D. femoral
B. umbilical
What advantage do hand-held retractors have over mechanical self-retaining retractors? A. less exposure B. operator dependency C. lesser fatigue factor D. dynamic adjustability
D. dynamic adjustability
When transferring a thoracotomy patient to recovery, the chest drainage system should be A. disconnected. B. placed at the patient's side. C. positioned above the patient's head. D. maintained below the patient's chest level.
D. maintained below the patient's chest level.
If the parents of a dependent minor requiring emergency surgery cannot be located, the operative consent form for surgery may be signed by A. the patient. B. a family friend. C. two consulting physicians. D. the operating room supervisor.
C. two consulting physicians.
A post-operative total arthroplasty patient presents to the emergency department with severe throbbing pain, fever and malaise. Which of the following is the likely diagnosis? A. osteoarthritis B. osteoporosis C. osteomyelitis D. osteomalacia
C. osteomyelitis
Which of the following procedures repairs a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm? A. endarterectomy B. debridement with irrigation C. excision with graft placement D. portacaval shunt
C. excision with graft placement
Which of the following instruments has teeth? A. Allis B. Mixter C. Babcock D. Mosquito
A. Allis
Which surgical needle is MOST appropriately used in a liver resection? A. cutting B. taper C. blunt D. trocar
C. blunt
Which of the following instruments is used for a common bile duct exploration? A. Fogarty clamp B. Randall forceps C. Pennington clamp D. Forester ring forceps
B. Randall forceps
In which of the following congenital anomalies does the urethra open on the underside of the penis? A. chordee B. epispadias C. phimosis D. hypospadias
D. hypospadias
Anterior and posterior knee stability is influenced by the dynamics of the A. cruciate ligaments. B. joint capsule. C. patellar tendon. D. collateral ligaments.
A. cruciate ligaments.
In which of the following procedures will the surgical technologist expect to use cottonoids? A. abdominal hysterectomy B. abdominal perineal resection C. lumbar laminectomy D. open cholecystectomy
C. lumbar laminectomy
Which of the following is used during a tympanoplasty? A. image intensifier B. hypothermia unit C. operating microscope D. argon laser
C. operating microscope
What parts of the body are prepped for an ORIF of the olecranon process? A. leg, foot to knee B. leg, foot to hip C. arm, fingers to shoulder D. arm, fingers to elbow
C. arm, fingers to shoulder
After completing an operative procedure, the FIRST item a surgical technologist in the scrub role should remove is the A. mask. B. gown. C. gloves. D. shoe covers.
B. gown.
During surgery a patient becomes hypotensive. Which of the following medications should be given? A. cephalexin (Keflex) B. propofol (Diprivan) C. epinephrine (Adrenalin) D. furosemide (Lasix)
C. epinephrine (Adrenalin)
To place a patient on a Wilson frame, in which of the following will the patient ultimately be placed for the procedure? A. supine B. prone C. lateral D. lithotomy
B. prone
The primary effect of a hypnotic drug is to A. induce sleep. B. relax the muscles. C. stimulate respirations. D. dry secretions.
A. induce sleep.
A patient is scheduled for a lumbar laminectomy and is positioned in the prone position without padding under the thorax. Which of the following physiological hazards should the surgical technologist be most concerned about? A. pressure on the vena cava and abdominal aorta B. venous stasis in the lower extremities C. hyperextension of the head and neck D. pressure injury to the peroneal nerve
A. pressure on the vena cava and abdominal aorta
When a break in aseptic technique occurs, the surgical technologist in the scrub role should notify the A. circulator. B. person who broke the technique. C. operating room supervisor. D. surgeon.
B. person who broke the technique.
The spore-forming organism used to test the proper functioning of steam sterilizer is A. Bacillus subtilis. B. Clostridium perfringens. C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. D. Bacillus stearothermophilus.
D. Bacillus stearothermophilus.
Mannitol (Osmitrol) is used in neurosurgical procedures to A. prevent bleeding. B. decrease intracranial pressure. C. anesthetize the operative site. D. fight possible post-operative infection.
B. decrease intracranial pressure.
Which of the following types of connective tissue fastens muscle to bone? A. cartilage B. ligament C. synovium D. tendon
D. tendon
Which of the following procedures requires an opening into the gallbladder to permit drainage and removal of stones? A. choledochotomy B. cholecystostomy C. cholecystectomy D. cholecystojejunostomy
B. cholecystostomy
Care of a surgical specimen includes placing it A. in a biohazard trash bag. B. in a bag or container with formalin. C. on a RAY-TEC sponge and sent to pathology. D. in a trash bag.
B. in a bag or container with formalin.
Which of the following is NOT an acceptable technique when placing a patient in the lithotomy position? A. arms placed on arm boards B. legs placed in stirrups one at a time C. both legs placed in stirrups simultaneously D. hips placed over the lower break of the table
B. legs placed in stirrups one at a time
When assisting with the closure of a skin incision and operating the skin stapler, the surgical technologist in the scrub role is placing the staples through which two layers? A. cuticular and subcuticular B. subicular and subcutaneous C. subcuticular ans subcutaneous D. subcutaneous and fascia
A. cuticular and subcuticular
Which of the following is MOST commonly used for wound closure in the presence of infection? A. stainless steel B. polyglactin-910 C. plain gut D. silk
A. stainless steel
Which of the following procedures may require a postauricular incision? A. myringotomy B. tympanostomy C. adenoidectomy D. mastoidectomy
D. mastoidectomy
During a LAPAROSCOPIC appendectomy, which of the following types of staplers should the surgical technologist have ready on the back table for removing the appendix and ensuring no spillage of bowel content? A. intraluminal B. linear C. skin D. purse-string
B. linear
Gravity displacement sterilizers function on the principle that A. steam is heavier than air. B. air is heavier than steam. C. water is heavier than air. D. air is heavier than water.
B. air is heavier than steam.
Which of the following is a preferred retractor for a groin incision? A. Weitlaner B. Finochietto C. O'Sullivan-O'Connor D. Balfour
A. Weitlaner
When evaluating the patient's skin for the preoperative prep, which of the following is considered a contaminated area? A. axilla B. toes C. body hair D. draining sinus
D. draining sinus
Which of the following statements regarding surgical scrubbing is NOT true? A. Two accepted methods of surgical scrubbing are the timed method and the counted brush-stroke method. B. A vigorous 5-minute scrub with a reliable agent may be as effective as a 10-minute scrub done with less mechanical action. C. Prolonging a scrub beyond the standard scrub length is effective in decreasing microbe counts. D. When gloves are removed at the end of a surgical procedure, the hands are contaminated and should be immediately washed.
C. Prolonging a scrub beyond the standard scrub length is effective in decreasing microbe counts.
Which of the following examples illustrates UNSAFE technique for disposing of contaminated sharps? A. Used suture needles and scalpel blades are removed from the needle container and individually placed in the biohazard sharps container. B. Used suture needles and scalpel blades remain in the needle counter and the closed needle counter is placed in the biohazard sharps container. C. The biohazard sharps container is located as close as possible to the area in which the items were used. D. Disposable surgical blades are removed from knife handles with a needle holder or other instrument.
A. Used suture needles and scalpel blades are removed from the needle container and individually placed in the biohazard sharps container.
Which of the following is a chemical sterilant? A. alcohol B. merthiolate (Thimerosal) C. glutaraldehyde (Cidex) D. sodium hypochlorite
C. glutaraldehyde (Cidex)
Which of the following positions is MOST often used for vaginal surgery? A. Kraske B. lithotomy C. supine D. Trendelenburg
B. lithotomy
What is the recommended temperature in an operating room? A. 15-19° C (59-66° F) B. 20-24° C (68-75° F) C. 25-29° C (77-84° F) D. 30-34° C (86-93° F)
B. 20-24° C (68-75° F)
In what position is a patient placed for a right nephrectomy? A. left lateral position B. right lateral position C. left lateral kidney position D. right lateral kidney position
C. left lateral kidney position
In which of the following positions should a patient be placed for a low anterior colon resection? A. dorsal recumbent B. prone C. lateral D. lithotomy
D. lithotomy
How much 0.25% bupivacaine (Marcaine) should be mixed with 1 mL of 1.0% lidocaine (Xylocaine) to make the solution equal strengths of both medications? A. 2.0 mL B. 4.0 mL C. 5.0 mL D. 10.0 mL
B. 4.0 mL
Which of the following INCREASES air contamination in the operating room? A. restricting traffic flow in and out of the room B. damp-dusting with a germicidal solution C. maintaining air pressure lower than in the outside hall D. using pneumatic surgical equipment
C. maintaining air pressure lower than in the outside hall
During which of the following surgeries is a Meckel's diverticulum typically discovered? A. hysterectomy B. appendectomy C. prostatectomy D. varicocelectomy
B. appendectomy
The vermiform appendix originates from the A. cecum. B. ileum. C. sigmoid colon. D. ascending colon.
A. cecum.
Which of the following procedures uses a trocar? A. cystoscopy B. laparoscopy C. proctoscopy D. bronchoscopy
B. laparoscopy
How must basins be positioned for sterilization in the autoclave? A. upside down B. right side up C. on their sides D. tightly stacked
C. on their sides
During set-up, if a surgical team member refuses to perform a count, how should the surgical technologist respond? A. Ask the surgeon if a count is necessary. B. Continue with case set up. C. Report the refusal to the charge nurse immediately. D. Perform a count with another surgical technologist.
C. Report the refusal to the charge nurse immediately.
When an anesthetized patient's position is changed from lithotomy to supine, the patient's legs should be lowered slowly to prevent which of the following? A. hypotension B. laryngospasm C. respiratory distress D. peroneal nerve damage
A. hypotension
Which of the following instruments is necessary for an open cholecystectomy? A. Oschner forceps B. Jennings retractor C. Mixter clamp D. O'Sullivan-O'Connor retractor
C. Mixter clamp
Once the spinous process is exposed during a laminectomy, the next instrument needed for the removal of the lamina is a A. Kerrison rongeur. B. pituitary rongeur. C. Penfield dissector. D. periosteal elevator.
A. Kerrison rongeur.
Which of the following instruments must be readily available for a modified radical mastectomy? A. Stevens scissors B. Jorgenson scissors C. extra #11 blades D. extra #10 blades
D. extra #10 blades
Which of the following is associated with secondary intention wound healing? A. delayed suturing B. tissue granulation C. wound dehiscence D. uncomplicated healing
B. tissue granulation
The surgical technologist in the scrub role MUST keep track of blood loss as well as A. weigh the blood soaked sponges. B. measure the amount of collected fluid. C. administer blood replacement. D. track amount of irrigation used.
D. track amount of irrigation used.
Which of the following is true regarding the care of rachetted instruments following surgery? A. Instruments should be soaked in a saline solution. B. Instruments should be prepared for decontamination with curved tips up. C. Instruments should be opened for washing and sterilizing. D. Instruments should be sterilized in the sonic washer.
C. Instruments should be opened for washing and sterilizing.
Which of the following structures is behind and below the base of the penis? A. scrotum B. seminal vesicles C. vas deferens D. prepuce
A. scrotum
A #12 knife blade on a #7 handle is MOST commonly used for what type of surgery? A. gastrectomy B. hysterectomy C. adenoidectomy D. tonsillectomy
D. tonsillectomy
A pad-like sac or cavity that prevents friction within a joint is known as a A. bursa. B. fossa. C. ganglion. D. ligament.
A. bursa.
Wrinkle-free padding is applied to an extremity before application of a tourniquet to avoid A. skin injuries. B. improper inflation. C. excessive blood loss. D. skeletal injuries.
A. skin injuries.
Which of the following is the best sequence for cleaning the operating room after placement of the dressings? A. Remove sterile drapes, remove gown and gloves, don a pair of unsterile gloves to clean the back table. B. Remove gown and gloves, don a pair of unsterile gloves to remove drapes from the patient, remove instruments and supplies from the back table. C. Remove gown and gloves, don a pair of sterile gloves to remove drapes from patient, remove gloves and don a pain of unsterile gloves to clean the back table. D. Remove sterile drapes, remove gown and gloves, don a pair of sterile gloves to clean back table.
A. Remove sterile drapes, remove gown and gloves, don a pair of unsterile gloves to clean the back table.
A major function of the colon is to A. absorb water. B. secrete hormones. C. secrete digestive enzymes. D. absorb the products of digestion.
A. absorb water.
Which scissor is most likely found in a basic hysterectomy set-up? A. Potts-Smith B. Stevens C. Jorgenson D. Iris
C. Jorgenson
Which of the following is a procedure for removing excess skin from the face and neck? A. rhinoplasty B. rhytidectomy C. cheiloplasty D. blepharoplasty
B. rhytidectomy
In comparison to oral Fahrenheit temperatures, rectal Fahrenheit temperatures are A. exactly the same. B. approximately 1 degree lower. C. approximately 1 degree higher. D. approximately 2 degrees higher.
C. approximately 1 degree higher.
Which of the following procedures involves the injection of contrast media into the spinal subarachnoid space? A. myelogram B. arteriogram C. lumbar puncture D. pneumography
A. myelogram
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of shock? A. tachycardia B. hypertension C. cold, clammy skin D. increased respirations
B. hypertension
Question
Answer
If the patient is scheduled for a Cheiloplasty, the surgery will be performed on which area of the body? a. nose b. ear c. lip d. chin
c. lip
A mother tells you that her three year old daughter is scheduled to have “tubes put in her ears.” You know that this will involve the surgeon’s making a small opening in the eardrum which is called a/an: a. Blepharoplasty. b. Myringotomy. c. Angiogram. d. Dacryocystorhinostomy
b. Myringotomy.
A collection of specialized cells designed for a specific function is a/an: a. system. b. mitochondria. c. organ. d. tissue.
d. tissue.
The term meaning the farthest from the point of origin is: a. inferior. b. proximal. c. medial. d. distal.
d. distal.
The surgeon is performing a Total Abdominal Hysterectomy on a patient with uterine fibroids who is experiencing excessive uterine bleeding during her menstrual periods, If the surgeon needs to grasp the Fallopian tube or ovary, which instrument would you have ready to pass? a. Babcock b. Schnidt c. Mixter d, Randall
a. Babcock
The surgeon is performing a Total Abdominal Hysterectomy on a patient with uterine fibroids who is experiencing excessive uterine bleeding during her menstrual periods, The patient’s pre-operative diagnosis is: a. metrorrhagia. b. menorrhagia. c. dysmenorrhea. d. menorrhalgia
b. menorrhagia.
The surgeon is performing a Total Abdominal Hysterectomy on a patient with uterine fibroids who is experiencing excessive uterine bleeding during her menstrual periods, Pre-operatively, the patient may have which type of catheter inserted? a. Malecot b. Foley c. Fogarty d. Mushroom
b. Foley
The surgeon is performing a Total Abdominal Hysterectomy on a patient with uterine fibroids who is experiencing excessive uterine bleeding during her menstrual periods, All of the following are uterine ligaments that would be encountered except a. broad. b. round. c. cardinal. d. Cruciate
d. cruciate.
The surgeon is performing a Total Abdominal Hysterectomy on a patient with uterine fibroids who is experiencing excessive uterine bleeding during her menstrual periods, In a pre-menopausal patient who wishes to preserve fertility, the surgeon may elect to remove only the uterine fibroids in a procedure called a: a. Myomectomy. b. Le Fort operation. c. Shirodkar procedure. d. Wertheim procedure .
a, Myomectomy
One tablespoon equals which of the following? a. 15 cc b. 3 teaspoons c, one-half ounce d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Freely movable joints that are filled with synovial membrane are known as: a. synarthrosis. b. bursa. c. amphiarthrosis. d. diarthrosis.
d. diarthrosis.
Antonio has received his third hepatitis B vaccine and should have enough antibodies to protect him from an exposure. This is an example of which type of immunity? a. artificially acquired active immunity b. artificially acquired passive immunity c. naturally acquired active immunity d. naturally acquired passive immunity
a. artificially acquired active immunity
Which of the following drugs would be used during Creation of an AV Fistula to prevent vascular spasms? a. papavarin b. pilocarpine (Miochol) c. alpha chymotrypsin d. protamine sulfate
a. papavarin
Cryptorchidism is treated by what surgical procedure? a. Hydrocelectomy b. Orchiopexy c. Stamey procedure d. Orchiectomy
b. Orchiopexy
Which of the following is not true of surgical counts? a. if a pack of sponges contains an incorrect number, discard the entire pack and remove it from the room b. sponges are counted audibly by the scrub before removal of the retaining band. c. dressing sponges should be opened onto the field after the final count is complete d. needles should be passed to the surgeon on an exchange basis
b. sponges are counted audibly by the scrub before removal of the retaining band.
During Laparoscopy, a pneumoperitoneum is created with which gas? a. oxygen b. ethylene oxide c. carbon dioxide d. nitrous oxide
c. carbon dioxide
The patient is scheduled for a Right Nephrectomy. Which position is correct? a. right lateral position with the kidney rest elevated, top leg flexed b. right lateral position with the kidney rest elevated, bottom leg flexed c. left lateral position with the kidney rest elevated, bottom leg flexed d. left lateral position with the kidney rest elevated, top leg flexed
c. left lateral position with the kidney rest elevated, bottom leg flexed
Which of the following statements concerning blood pressure is not true? a. the bottom number is the systolic pressure and represents pressure exerted against the wall of the arteries when the ventricles are filling with blood b. the top number is the first sound heard while the cuff is being deflated and represents the pressure against the arterial walls when the ventricles contract c . blood pressure is determined by the force of the heart, diameter of the vessels, blood volume, and the blood viscosity (thickness) d. hypertension is high blood pressure
a. the bottom number is the systolic pressure and represents pressure exerted against the wall of the arteries when the ventricles are filling with blood
In the atom, the positively charged particles are called: a. electrons. b. neutrons. c. protons. d. photons.
c. protons.
Mark R. is scheduled for emergency surgery to treat a perforated gastric ulcer. Mark has been on warfarin (Coumadin). The surgeon orders a CBC (complete blood count) and Mark’s blood work is as follows: hematocrit = 35%, hemoglobin = 9 grams, WBC = 6,000. Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in the body. Mark’s hematocrit is: a. above normal range. b. within normal range. c. below normal range. d. inconclusive.
c. below normal range.
Mark R. is scheduled for emergency surgery to treat a perforated gastric ulcer. Mark has been on warfarin (Coumadin). The surgeon orders a CBC (complete blood count) and Mark’s blood work is as follows: hematocrit = 35%, hemoglobin = 9 grams, WBC = 6,000. Due to Mark’s WBC count, the surgeon may: a. cancel the surgery since it is too low. b. give two units of blood and see if the WBC count will increase. c. perform the surgery immediately since the WBC count is within normal range and it will have no effect on the surgery. d. give antibiotics, since this indicates an infection is present.
c. perform the surgery immediately since the WBC count is within normal range and it will have no effect on the surgery.
Mark R. is scheduled for emergency surgery to treat a perforated gastric ulcer. Mark has been on warfarin (Coumadin). The surgeon orders a CBC (complete blood count) and Mark’s blood work is as follows: hematocrit = 35%, hemoglobin = 9 grams, WBC = 6,000. Since Mark was on warfarin (Coumadin), which additional lab test may the surgeon order? a. differential white blood cell count, since Coumadin is an antibiotic b. culture and sensitivity, since Coumadin is an anti-inflammatory agent c. prothrombin time, since Coumadin is an anticoagulant which interferes with the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver d. blood chemistry, since Coumadin affects the absorption of glucose from the intestines
c. prothrombin time, since Coumadin is an anticoagulant which interferes with the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver
Mark R. is scheduled for emergency surgery to treat a perforated gastric ulcer. Mark has been on warfarin (Coumadin). The surgeon orders a CBC (complete blood count) and Mark’s blood work is as follows: hematocrit = 35%, hemoglobin = 9 grams, WBC = 6,000. This procedure will be placed in which of the following wound classifications? a. Class II - Clean/Contaminated b. Class IV - Dirty or Infected c. Class III - Contaminated d. Class I – Clean
b. Class IV - Dirty or Infected
Mark R. is scheduled for emergency surgery to treat a perforated gastric ulcer. Mark has been on warfarin (Coumadin). The surgeon orders a CBC (complete blood count) and Mark’s blood work is as follows: hematocrit = 35%, hemoglobin = 9 grams, WBC = 6,000. If the surgeon removes a portion of the pylorus of the stomach and performs a Gastroduodenostomy, this procedure is called a: a. Pyloromyotomy. b. Billroth I. c. Billroth II. d. Roux-en-Y.
b. Billroth I.
The purpose of the surgical scrub is to: a. remove resident flora. b. reduce the number of transient flora. c. eliminate the bioburden from the skin. d. render the skin sterile.
b. reduce the number of transient flora.
When transporting a patient to surgery, you would: a. transport him or her head first while pushing the stretcher from the feet. b. carry any drainage bags at the level of the patient. c. observe the patient for any adverse reactions to the pre-operative medication and if any are observed, leave the patient to call for assistance. d. pull him or her head first into an elevator.
d. pull him or her head first into an elevator.
if the surgical patient is experiencing malignant hyperthermia, the appropriate treatment is to: a. place him or her in the reverse Trendelenburg position. b. apply cricoid pressure, known as Sellick’s maneuver. c. administer dantrolene sodium in large quantities. d. insert a Swan-Ganz catheter.
c. administer dantrolene sodium in large quantities.
Which of the following hemostatic agents is a topical powder that may be mixed with a solution but never injected? a. microfibrillar collagen (Avitene) b. thrombin (Thrombinar) c. oxidized cellulose (Surgicel) d. Gelfoam
b. thrombin (Thrombinar)
All of the following principles of aseptic technique are true except which one? a. Sterile persons pass each other front to front or back to back. b. Self-gowning and gloving is performed from a separate sterile field. c. When dispensing solutions are dispensed, the entire contents of the bottle are poured or the remainder is discarded. d. If a sterile glove is contaminated during the case, the circulator will remove the contaminated glove and a new one will be donned using the closed method of gloving.
d. If a sterile glove is contaminated during the case, the circulator will remove the contaminated glove and a new one will be donned using the closed method of gloving.
Which of the following legal doctrines means “the thing speaks for itself” and would apply if a sponge were left in a patient’s abdomen? a. res ipsa loquitor b. respondent superior c. primum non nocere d. iatrogenic injury
a. res ipsa loquitor
The skin prep for a Ileo-Conduit would: a. include the umbilicus which should be cleaned first with a cotton-tipped applicator, then prepped with an antiseptic sponge last or separately. b. be performed by the scrub followed by a 5-minute scrub with antiseptic soap by the circulator. c. extend from the umbilicus to the mid-thigh. d. extend from the nipple line to the umbilicus
a. include the umbilicus which should be cleaned first with a cotton-tipped applicator, then prepped with an antiseptic sponge last or separately.
All of the following statements concerning urinary catherization are true except which one? a. Sterile technique is required. b. A Robinson catheter is a straight catheter used to collect a sterile specimen or empty the bladder. c. A three-way Foley with a 30-cc balloon may be used following a TURP to allow for continuous bladder irrigation and to provide hemostasis by applying pressure to the prostatic fossa. d. If a 5-cc balloon Foley catheter is used, you should insert 5 cc of sterile water into the inflation port.
d. If a 5-cc balloon Foley catheter is used, you should insert 5 cc of sterile water into the inflation port.
Which particles are not found in the nucleus of an atom? a. electrons b. neutrons c. protons d. b and c
a. electrons
When draping the patient or furniture for a surgical procedure, which principle should be followed? a. A sterile person drapes furniture from back to front, draping the farthest side first. b. Gloved hands should be protected in a cuff of the drape to avoid touching unsterile areas. c. Draping of the patient occurs from the periphery to the operative site. d. If a perforating towel clip is moved from one place on the drape to another, cover the area where the towel clip was originally located with a towel.
b. Gloved hands should be protected in a cuff of the drape to avoid touching unsterile areas.
During the draping routine, you observe the scrub’s arm coming close to the IV pole, but you are not sure if it touched. Your appropriate response is to; a. ask the circulator if he or she saw it. b. consider it contaminated and have the scrub don a sterile sleeve or change the gown if you are in doubt about the sterility of anything. c. ask the surgeon if he or she observed the action. d. say nothing if you aren’t sure the arm touched the pole.
b. consider it contaminated and have the scrub don a sterile sleeve or change the gown if you are in doubt about the sterility of anything.
Pediatric patients are not small adults. They have special needs which include all of the following except: a. a decreased circulation, which can delay wound healing b. an increased danger of fluid and blood loss, which must be closely monitored and replaced c. the possibility of a rapid change in body temperature due to their large skin surface for a small volume, so heat loss is prevented by methods such as warm blankets, increased room temperature (up to 80 degrees F for infants), radiant warmers, and forced-air skin-surface warmers (Bair-Hugger). d. an increased need for oxygen and food due to an increased metabolism, so they may be NPO prior to surgery for a shorter duration than an adult.
a. a decreased circulation, which can delay wound healing
All patients undergoing surgery must have a valid consent. Which of the following statements is not true concerning the surgical consent? a. The surgeon has the ultimate responsibility for obtaining the consent. b. Consent in life-threatening circumstances may be given by telephone, fax, or by two consulting physicians other than the operating surgeon if family members can not be reached. c. If the consent has not been signed before the patient arrives in the operating room, and he or she has received his or her “pre-op” medication, it is acceptable for him or her to sign it as long as it is witnessed by the surgeon and the anesthesia provider. d. If the patient is a minor, a parent or legal guardian must sign the consent
c. if the consent has not been signed before the patient arrives in the operating room, and he or she has received his or her “pre-op” medication, it is acceptable for him or her to sign it as long as it is witnessed by the surgeon and the anesthesia provider.
An operating room requires a special environment which includes maintaining: a. humidity at 65-70 %. b. 10-15 air exchanges per hour. c. temperature at 72-75 degrees for adult patients, higher for infants. d. positive pressure.
d. positive pressure.
Traffic patterns for movement of patients and personnel have been established to prevent the spread of microorganisms. Which of the following statements is not true concerning the various areas inside the operating room suite? a. A race-track design is often the design of choice to control traffic patterns. b. The non-restricted areas include the hallways, and scrub suits must be worn. c. The restricted areas include the individual operating rooms and require wearing scrub suits, caps, masks, goggles (when there is a chance for a splash), and sometime shoe covers. d. The semi-restricted areas require wearing scrub suits, caps, and sometimes shoe covers.
b. The non-restricted areas include the hallways, and scrub suits must be worn.
If a cardiac arrest occurs during a surgical case, what is the responsibility of the scrub? a. remain sterile, guard the sterile field, and assist the surgeon as needed b. draw up medications as needed c. summon help, secure the cart, and start the time clock d. get the external electrodes ready for defibrillation
a. remain sterile, guard the sterile field, and assist the surgeon as needed
A pulse oximeter is used to measure which of the following? a. pulmonary artery pressure b. arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation c. central venous pressure d. respiratory tidal volume
b. arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation
Which of the following retractors is self-retaining? a. Finochetti b. Volkman c. Harrington d. Senn
a. Finochetti
Which of the following is not a term that refers to the secondary suture line? a. retention suture b. through-and-through suture c, traction suture d. stay suture
c. traction suture
Which statement(s) describe(s) the correct utilization of the electrosurgical unit ? a. The inactive electrode directs current to the operative site and should be kept in its container to avoid inadvertent activation. b. The controls should be set on the lowest setting and increased as necessary based on the surgeon’s request. c. The active electrode provides a return of current to the generator and should be placed on a clean, dry surface of the patient, over a large muscle mass as close to the operative site as possible. d. All of the above are true.
b. The controls should be set on the lowest setting and increased as necessary based on the surgeon’s request.
Safety precautions when using ionizing radiation include: a. providing shielding by the use of lead aprons, thyroid collars, gonadal shields, lead gloves, or portable lead screens. b. protecting patients’ eyes with moistened pads or goggles. c. utilizing non-reflective instruments. d. using fire-retardant drapes.
a. providing shielding by the use of lead aprons, thyroid collars, gonadal shields, lead gloves, or portable lead screens.
Which of the following is a nasogastric tube? a. Pezzer b. Malecot c. Salem sump d. Tenckhoff
c. Salem pump
When opening sterile supplies, one must: a. not allow the contents of a peel-pack item to slide over the edge of the package. b. open an envelope-wrapped package by grasping the nearest corner and opening the far side first to avoid reaching over the package contents. c. check the package integrity, the chemical process indicator, and, if present, the expiration date. d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Question
Answer
Following each surgical case, the post-operative clean-up procedures include which of the following activities: a. the floor is mopped with detergent germicide, and the mop head and solution are changed every two hours. b. the walls are washed with a detergent germicide. c the gown and gloves are removed after the instruments have been taken down the hall to the decontamination area. d. the sharps are placed in a puncture-proof container.
d. the sharps are placed in a puncture-proof container.
When supplies are prepared for steam sterilization, the maximum size and weight of a linen pack are : a. 12x12x20 inches; 12 pounds. b. 12x20x20 inches; 12 pounds. c. 12x12x20 inches; 16 pounds. d. 12x20x20 inches; 16 pounds.
b. 12x20x20 inches; 12 pounds
Which of the following electrical energy concepts is measured in amps? a. voltage b. amperes c. frequency d. power
b. amperes
Which of the following correctly describes a type of fracture? a. A compound fracture is the same as an open fracture and occurs when the bone protrudes through the skin. b. A comminuted fracture occurs when one bone fragment is driven into another. c. A greenstick fracture is most common in the elderly. d. A simple fracture occurs when the bone is splintered or crushed.
a. A compound fracture is the same as an open fracture and occurs when the bone protrudes through the skin.
Bacteria are classified by shape. Which of the following is true about the shape of bacteria? a. spirilla are rod-shaped b. cocci are spherical in shape c. spores are spiral-shaped d. bacilli are round
b. cocci are spherical in shape
Wounds can heal in three ways. Which correctly describes healing by third intention? a. clean wound, no infection, primary closure b. excessive tissue loss, bacterial contamination, wound which has been left open to heal from the bottom up c. thin, hair-line scar, strong union d. wound which has been left open due to infection, brought back to surgery for secondary closure, and two surfaces of granulation tissue are approximated
d. wound which has been left open due to infection, brought back to surgery for secondary closure, and two surfaces of granulation tissue are approximated
Who was known for his gentle tissue handling practices, his silk suturing technique, and the introduction of rubber gloves to the operating environment? a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek b. William Halstead c. Joseph Lister d. Alexander Fleming
b. William Halstead
Which of the following is a plasma expander and is used as artificial plasma when blood is not yet available? a. Lactated Ringer’s solution b. hyperalimentation solution c. D5W d. Dextran
d. Dextran
Which of the following local anesthetic agents is for topical use only and is not injected? a. mepivicaine hydrochloride (Carbocaine) b. lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine) c. cocaine hydrochloride (Cocaine) d. bupivicaine hydrochloride (Marcaine)
c. cocaine hydrochloride (Cocaine)
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed in the: a. choroid plexus. b. thalamus. c. canal of Schlemn. d. glomerulus.
a. choroid plexus.
A primagravida is a/an: a. woman who has delivered one child. b. woman in her first pregnancy. c. woman who has many children. d. person with one kidney.
b. woman in her first pregnancy.
Which of the following anesthetic agents is given intravenously and is used for a quick induction? a. Atracurium (Tracrium) b. isoflurane (Forane) c. propofol (Diprivan) d. succinylcholine (Anectine)
c. propofol (Diprivan)
Which of the following sutures would be used to make tonsil knots and to suture the subcutaneous layer? a. Chromic gut b. PDS c. Plain gut d. Ti-cron
c. Plain gut
Excessive scar formation is known as a/an: a. dead space b. cicatrix c. adhesion d. keloid
d. keloid
Which of the following is a sponge used on delicate tissue such as the brain and mucous membranes? a. pledget b. cottonoid c. kitner d. peanut
b. cottonoid
When using a pneumatic tourniquet, all of the following precautions are taken except which one? a. Tourniquet inflation pressure depends on the patient’s age, systolic blood pressure, width of the tourniquet, and circumference of the limb. b. Wrinkle-free padding such as webril should be applied to the area where the tourniquet will be located. c. With the extremity elevated, an Esmarch bandage may be applied from proximal to distal to esanguinate the limb prior to tourniquet inflation. d. Tourniquet time should be kept to a minimum and the surgeon should be notified at intervals; generally the time should not exceed 1-1/2 hours.
c. With the extremity elevated, an Esmarch bandage may be applied from proximal to distal to esanguinate the limb prior to tourniquet inflation.
Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation? a. swelling b. redness c. proliferation d. heat
c. proliferation
Which surgical position involves lowering the head of the table, which improves visualization of pelvic structures? a. Reverse Trendelenburg b. Fowler c. Trendelenburg d. Kraske
c. Trendelenburg
Which of the concepts of electrosurgery (ESU) electrical energy flow is correct? a. During the use of bipolar electrical energy, the energy passes through the tissue and returns through the same instrument used to deliver the current. b. The use of bipolar energy may result in alternate site burns. c. Remote electrode monitoring (REM) is associated with the use of bipolar electrical energy. d. The use of bipolar energy flow requires the use of a return electrode pad.
a. During the use of bipolar electrical energy, the energy passes through the tissue and returns through the same instrument used to deliver the current.
An electrical fire should be extinguished with which type of extinguisher? a. Class B b. Class A c. Class D d. Class C
d. Class C
Which of the following drugs is an osmotic diuretic used during a craniotomy to reduce cerebral edema? a. diatrizoate sodium (Renografin) b. norepinephrine (Levophed) c. mannitol (Osmitrol) d. methylergovine (Methergine)
c. mannitol (Osmitrol)
During a Suprapubic Prostatectomy, the surgeon uses what to enucleate the prostate gland? a. resectoscope b. Ferguson scoop c. Mason-Judd d. the surgeon’s finger
d. the surgeon’s finger
The instrument pictured is a: a. self-retaining O’Sullivan-O’Connor retractor with bladder blade. b. manual Bozeman retractor. c. manual Gelpi retractor. d. self-retaining Balfour retractor with bladder blade.
d. self-retaining Balfour retractor with bladder blade.
A Transphenoidal Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of which structure? a. corpus callosum b. nucleus pulposus c. sphenoid sinus d. pituitary gland
d. pituitary gland
Which of the following is not good aseptic technique? a. Unscrubbed persons approach a sterile field facing it and do not walk between two sterile areas. b. The sterile field should be prepared as closely as possible to the scheduled time of use and should not be covered. c. Scrubbed persons should avoid changing levels and should be seated only when the entire surgical procedure will be performed at this level. d. Sterile persons may grasp the edge of the draped back table to move it into position.
d. Sterile persons may grasp the edge of the draped back table to move it into position.
The surgical scrub should: a. be a timed procedure rather than a count of the number of stokes. b. include the subungual area, which should be cleaned with a nail cleaner under running water. c. start at two inches above the elbows and extend to the fingertips. d. include a preliminary wash that is performed to remove all resident flora.
b. include the subungual area, which should be cleaned with a nail cleaner under running water.
If the autoclave temperature reads 270 degrees F, what is the pressure? a. 27-30 psi b. 12-14 psi c. 35-38 psi d. 15-17 psi
a. 27-30 psi
Requirements for an individual operating room include all of the following except: a. built-in systems of oxygen from a blue hose and nitrous oxide from a green hose. b. adjustable lights connected to an emergency system. c. seamless, nonporous walls and ceilings. d. x-ray view box.
a. built-in systems of oxygen from a blue hose and nitrous oxide from a green hose.
Which of the following drugs is an enzyme added to a local anesthetic to enhance infiltration? a. tropicanamide (Mydriacyl) b. naloxone (Narcan) c. Hyaluronidase (Wydase) d. Vitamin K (Mephyton
c. Hyaluronidase (Wydase)
Osteomalacia means: a. painful bones. b. an abnormal softening of bone. c. an x-ray of a bone. d. enlargement of the ear.
b. an abnormal softening of bone.
Which of the following is the name of the incision made to perform an Appendectomy? a. paramedian, made in the left upper quadrant b. McBurney, made in the right lower quadrant c. Kocher, made in the right lower quadrant d. lower oblique, made in the left lower quadrant
b. McBurney, made in the right lower quadrant
The sterilizing agent that is limited to commercial sterilization of supplies is: a. paracetic acid. b. glutaraldehyde. c. cobalt 60. d. hydrogen peroxide.
c. cobalt 60.
A nosocomial infection is one which: a. occurred in the nasopharynx. b. developed from endogenous flora. c. occurred socially. d. occurred as a result of being in a hospital or health care facility.
d. occurred as a result of being in a hospital or health care facility.
The electrical energy device that uses a stream of argon gas to deliver the electrical current to the target tissues using a “no-touch” technique is the: a. Electrosurgical generator (ESU). b. argon-enhanced coagulator. c. Harmonic Scalpel®. d. LigaSure™.
b. argon-enhanced coagulator.
When a patient is placed in the prone position, he or she is log-rolled onto chest rolls with the weight born by the: a. scapula and olecranon process. b. symphysis pubis and sternum. c. clavicle and symphysis pubis. d. iliac crest and acromion process.
d. iliac crest and acromion process.
Prior to performing a cervical biopsy, the surgeon may paint the cervix with which of the following solutions? a. Lugol’s solution b. Hypaque c. Gentian violet d. Indigo carmine
a. Lugol’s solution
All of the following are neuromuscular blocking agents except: a. Pavulon. b. Narcan. c. Norcuron. d. Anectine.
b. Narcan.
If the surgeon ordered tetracaine (Pontocaine) two gtts OU stat, the circulator would give: a. two drops in the right eye immediately. b. two drops in both eyes immediately. c. two drams in the left eye now. d. two grains in the left eye now.
b. two drops in both eyes immediately.
Following the surgical case, instruments may be cleaned in a machine that uses high-frequency sound waves to dislodge debris by the process of cavitation. This cleaning device is the: a. ultrasonic cleaner. b. washer sterilizer. c. Sterad. d. Sterris.
a. ultrasonic cleaner.
A test performed daily on the pre-vacuum sterilizer to ensure complete removal of air is called the: a. Pneumokit test. b. Papanicolaou test. c. Bowie Dick test. d. Schiller’s test.
c. Bowie Dick test.
A Meckel’s diverticulum is located at the: a. proximal jejunum. b. distal ilium. c. distal ileum. d. distal colon.
b. distal ilium.
A Colles’ fracture is of the: a. lateral malleolus. b. distal radius. c. distal ulna. d. medial malleolus.
b. distal radius
Which of the following is a correct procedure when working with a plaster cast? a. Separated fingers, instead of the palm of the hand, are used when holding the casted extremity as the plaster is drying. b. Hot water is used to slow down the time it takes for the cast to harden. c. The plaster roll should be removed from the bucket of water when the bubbles cease. d. Plaster rolls should be prepared at least ten minutes prior to their use.
c. The plaster roll should be removed from the bucket of water when the bubbles cease.
Anita M. age 72, is scheduled for a Total Hip Replacement. What is the most common reason for performing this procedure? a. osteomyelitis. b. osteomalacia. c. osteoarthritis. d. osteochondroma.
c. osteoarthritis.
Anita M. age 72, is scheduled for a Total Hip Replacement. What is another name for this procedure? a. arthocentesis b. arthrodesis c. McBride procedure d. arthroplasty
d. arthroplasty
Anita M. age 72, is scheduled for a Total Hip Replacement. Anita would be placed in which of the following positions? a. Kraske b. Jackknife c. supine on the fracture table d. lateral
d. lateral
Anita M. age 72, is scheduled for a Total Hip Replacement. Which of the following draping materials would not be used on this case? a. U drape b. coban c. stockinette d. extremity sheet
d. extremity sheet
Anita M. age 72, is scheduled for a Total Hip Replacement. All of the following instruments and supplies may be used except: a. cement gun. b. Charnley retractor. c. polymethylmethacrylate. d. Kerrison rongeur.
d. Kerrison rongeur.
Anita M. age 72, is scheduled for a Total Hip Replacement. Post-operatively, what would be used to immobilize the joint? a. plaster cast b. traction c. abduction pillow d. adduction pillow
c. abduction pillow
Question
Answer
Give the name of the instrument in the picture and the basic instrument category in which it is a member. a. Lane bone holding forcep; grasping b. Bailey approximator; retracting c. Backhaus towel clamp; grasping d. Foerster sponge forcep; clamping
c. Backhaus towel clamp; grasping
The type of microbial relationship in which one organism lives completely at the expense of the other is known as: a. symbiosis. b. mutualism. c. commensalism. d. parasitism.
d. parasitism.
Venereal warts (condylomas) are caused by which of the following? a. cytomegalovirus b. prions c. herpes zoster d. human papillomavirus
d. human papillomavirus
Prior to a Total Knee Replacement , the surgeon orders Ancef 1 gram IV stat. Which of the following statements is true about this order? a. Ancef is an anti-inflammatory agent. b. 1000 milligrams of the medication would be given for antibiotic prophylaxis. c. The medication would be given at the end of the procedure once the patient was in the PACU. d. 1000 kilograms of the medication would be given intravenously immediately.
b. 1000 milligrams of the medication would be given for antibiotic prophylaxis.
The stage of general anesthesia that ends with the loss of consciousness is: a. Stage III (Surgical Anesthesia). b. Stage IV (Overdose). c. Stage I (Amnesia). d. Stage II (Excitement).
c. Stage I (Amnesia).
When using metal container systems to package instrument sets: a. instruments are placed in the container closed on their first ratchet. b. the filters must remain intact. c. the package should weigh no more than 20 pounds. d. a biologic monitor is placed inside the package.
b. the filters must remain intact.
Crystal A. is scheduled for a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. She has experienced severe abdominal pain, especially upon eating certain foods, and has been diagnosed as having gallstones. Crystal’s pre-operative diagnosis would be: a. colecystocalculi. b. colitis. c. cholelithiasis. d. colelithosis.
c. cholelithiasis.
Crystal A. is scheduled for a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. She has experienced severe abdominal pain, especially upon eating certain foods, and has been diagnosed as having gallstones. Crystal’s pain would be concentrated in which abdominal quadrant? a. RLQ b. LLQ c. RUQ d. LUQ
c. RUQ
Crystal A. is scheduled for a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. She has experienced severe abdominal pain, especially upon eating certain foods, and has been diagnosed as having gallstones. Which type of food would most likely precipitate a painful attack? a proteins b. fats c. carbohydrates d. vitamins
b. fats
Crystal A. is scheduled for a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. She has experienced severe abdominal pain, especially upon eating certain foods, and has been diagnosed as having gallstones. Which type of food would most likely precipitate a painful attack? a. proteins b. fats c. carbohydrates d. vitamins
b. fats
Crystal A. is scheduled for a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. She has experienced severe abdominal pain, especially upon eating certain foods, and has been diagnosed as having gallstones. In preparing for this case, all of the following would be needed except: a. Silverman needle. b. video monitor. c. defogging solution. d. carbon dioxide.
a. Silverman needle.
Crystal A. is scheduled for a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. She has experienced severe abdominal pain, especially upon eating certain foods, and has been diagnosed as having gallstones. Which of the following is true for this type of a precaution for this type of procedure? a. Keep the lighted scope on the sterile drapes when not in use. b. Instruments are passed to the surgeon in a firm manner with a slight snap. c. The camera is white balanced using an x-ray 4x4. d. The pressure in the abdomen must be at least 25 mm Hg.
c. The camera is white balanced using an x-ray 4x4.
Which of the following is not true of surgical attire? A. Eyewear should be wiped with an antiseptic between cases. B. Masks should be either on or off. C. Mask strings should be criss-crossed on top of the head. D. Caps should cover all hair including long facial hair with the wrap-around type of hood.
c. Mask strings should be criss-crossed on top of the head.
Any agent that causes a change in movement or the energy that causes acceleration is called: a. speed. b. velocity. c. friction. d. force.
d. force.
When using a surgical LASER, the following precaution should be observed: a. persons entering the room should wear a lead shield. b. shiny metal instruments are used to reflect the beam away from the patient’s eyes. c. special masks are worn to prevent the inhalation of the carbonized particles in the laser plume. d. during surgery on the esophagus, moistened sponges are placed in the esophagus to prevent the release of methane gas, which could cause an explosion.
c. special masks are worn to prevent the inhalation of the carbonized particles in the laser plume.
Which of the following statements concerning abdominal surgical incisions is true? a. a left subcostal incision (kocher) is made for an open cholecystectomy. b. a pfannenstiel incision is an oblique incision. c. a midline incision is made between the rectus muscles. d. a right paramedian incision is used for a gastrostomy.
c. a midline incision is made between the rectus muscles.
The “window of the eye” is the: a. retina. b. cornea. c. iris. d. aqueous humor.
b. cornea.
Which of the following is an important safety protocol? a. place all sharps in a puncture-proof container at the end of the case. b. apply knife blades to the handle with the gloved hand to allow exact handling of the blade. c. recap all needles to avoid injury. d. break down mayo stands as soon as the skin incision is complete to prevent being rushed during the between-case clean-up.
a. place all sharps in a puncture-proof container at the end of the case.
Phacoemulsification involves: a. application of a cryoprobe to remove a cloudy lens. b. irrigation with glycine to prevent build-up of heat. c. fragmentation of the lens by ultrasonic vibration and irrigation-aspiration. d. procedures to decrease intraocular pressure.
c. fragmentation of the lens by ultrasonic vibration and irrigation-aspiration.
Charlie has entered the operating room for a Bronchoscopy for an aspirated foreign object. Which of the following is true of this procedure? a. soaking the scope for 30 minutes in peracetic acid will result in high level disinfection of the scope. b. a fiberoptic bronchoscope will be used c. The apex of the lung will be visualized during this procedure. d. The object is probably lodged in Charlie’s right bronchus since it is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left bronchus.
d. The object is probably lodged in Charlie’s right bronchus since it is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left bronchus.
Alicia is a dental assistant who has been experiencing pain and numbness in her thumb, index finger, and middle finger. She has been diagnosed as having carpal tunnel syndrome. Which of the following statements is true of the Carpel Tunnel Repair? a. the repair involves the release of the ulnar nerve. b. The scrub prep will begin with the proximal portion of the arm and proceed to the distal area. c. A Bier block may be used and a double cuffed tourniquet would be needed. d. A lithotomy sheet will be used to drape the area.
c. A Bier block may be used and a double cuffed tourniquet would be needed.
Carcinoma in situ means: a. this is a fulmigating inflammation. b. the cancer is not invasive. c. the patient has a poor prognosis. d. the cancer has spread to surrounding areas.
b. the cancer is not invasive.
A premedicated female patient was placed on a gurney and was then left alone while the nurse retrieved her x-rays. As the patient tried to get off the stretcher, she fell and broke her hip. The nurse is charged with: a. assault and battery. b. primum non nocern. c. respondent superior. d. abandonment.
d. abandonment.
Intracellular fluid is located: a. in the blood stream. b. between the cells. c. in the lymph vessels. d. within the cell.
d. within the cell.
The first cranial nerve (CN I) is the: a. vestibulocochlear. b. occulomotor. c. olfactory. d. optic.
c. olfactory.
What is the name of the only non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that can trigger Malignant Hyperthermia? a. tubocurarine chloride (Tubarine) b. succinylcholine hydrochloride (Anectine) c. droperidol (Inapsine) d. vecuronium bromide (Norcuron)
b. succinylcholine hydrochloride (Anectine)
Blood leaving the pulmonary veins enters the: a. pulmonary valve. b. lungs. c. right atrium. d. left atrium.
d. left atrium.
Which of the following methods of hemostasis is an absorbable gelatin sponge that may be moistened with saline or thrombin solution? a. surgicel b. avitene c. gelfoam d. oxycel
c. gelfoam
When his outside grill malfunctioned, Randy received burns to his arms and chest. He is scheduled for a STSG. Which degree of burn involves the epidermis and a portion of the dermis and is characterized by pain, blisters, and a moist pink surface? a. second-degree b. third-degree c. fourth-degree d. first-degree
a. second-degree
When his outside grill malfunctioned, Randy received burns to his arms and chest. He is scheduled for a STSG. What are the two methods used to determine the extent of burns? a. Rule of Nine, Lund and Browder b. Rule of Six, Brown and Sharp c. Rule of Nine, Lane and Lowman d. Rule of Eighteen, Beckman and Taylor
a. Rule of Nine, Lund and Browder
When his outside grill malfunctioned, Randy received burns to his arms and chest. He is scheduled for a STSG. What does STSG stand for? a. split thickness skin graft b. standard thickness skin graft c. sliced tissue skin graft d. sterile tissue skin graft
a. split thickness skin graft
When his outside grill malfunctioned, Randy received burns to his arms and chest. He is scheduled for a STSG. Prior to taking the graft, the skin is prepared with: a. xylocaine. b. mineral oil. c. alcohol. d. thrombin.
b. mineral oil.
When his outside grill malfunctioned, Randy received burns to his arms and chest. He is scheduled for a STSG. Which instrument is used to expand the skin to allow it to cover more area? a. cusa b. dermatome c. dermabrader d. mesh graft device
d. mesh graft device
What is the term used for the type of dressing in which skin sutures are left long and are tied over the dressing to apply even pressure? Such a dressing is often used on the recipient site of a skin graft to prevent fluid from accumulating under the graft. a. bulky dressing b. strip dressing c. rigid dressing d. stent dressing
d. stent dressing
What is the spore used for biological monitoring of the steam sterilizer? a. bacillus stearothermophilus b. staphylococcus aureus c. bacillus subtilis d. clostridium perfringes
a. bacillus stearothermophilus
Microorganisms that can live in both aerobic and anaerobic environments are know as: a. autotrophs. b. obligate aerobes. c. facultative. d. saprophytes.
c. facultative.
Why are non-absorbable sutures such as silk not recommended for use in the bladder or gallbladder? a. they may become unraveled or unbraided. b. they will dissolve too rapidly when they come in contact with urine or bile. c. they will cause an infection. d. they may become a nucleus for stone formation
d. they may become a nucleus for stone formation.
An inframammary incision is made: a. behind the auricle. b. below the ribs. c. above the umbilicus. d. below the breast.
d. below the breast.
The auditory ossicle that is proximal to the tympanic membrane is the: a. stapes. b. malleus. c. hyoid. d. incus.
b. malleus
The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes connected by a bridge of tissue known as the: a. canal of schlemn. b. falciform ligament. c. isthmus. d. corpus collosum.
c. isthmus
one kilogram equals: a. 2.54 centigrams. b. 0.001 grams. c. 2.2 pounds. d. none of the above.
c. 2.2 pounds.
Each of the following is a safety precaution when handling medications in the operating room except: a. the circulator holds the vial of medication for the scrub to observe the appearance of the medication, and to read the name, amount, strength, and expiration date. b. the scrub must label the containers and syringes containing medication on the back table. c. once the medicines have been labeled, the vial should be removed from the room. d. when presenting the medication to the surgeon, the scrub recites the name, strength, and amount of the drug.
c. once the medicines have been labeled, the vial should be removed from the room.
Which of the following equipment used in the OR setting does not use the concepts of mechanical movement? a. Harmonic Scalpel® b. Cavitational Ultrasonic Suction Aspirator (CUSA) c. LigaSure d. Morcellator
c. LigaSure
Which device uses ultrasonic energy to cut and coagulate tissue simultaneously, and, because of the lower temperature used there is less vaporized tissue plume, requires no grounding pad, and is used frequently during laparoscopic procedures? a. Harmonic Scalpel® b. cryotherapy unit c. argon-enhanced coagulator d. CUSA
a. Harmonic Scalpel®
Which of the following is not part of the fire triangle? a. pressure b. fuel c. source of ignition d. oxygen
a. pressure
Which of the following would not be considered a sentinel event in the operating room? a. drug error b. patient burn c. aeger primo d. abandonment
c. aeger primo
A power device that shoots saline solution into a traumatic or infected wound to cleanse and debride it, and may be powered by nitrogen, is called a/an: a. Cavitron Ultrasonic Suction Aspirator b. cryotherapy unit. c. cell saver. d. irrigation/aspiration unit
d. irrigation/aspiration unit.
Which of the following would be considered a semi-critical item? a. blood pressure cuff b. surgical instrument c. colonoscope d. cardiac catheter
c. colonoscope
Gas-medium LASERs include which of the following? a. carbon dioxide and KTP b. tunable dye and Nd:YAG c. argon and carbon dioxide d. KTP and Nd:YAG
c. argon and carbon dioxide
An inanimate object that transmits disease is termed a: a. helminth. b. fomite. c. nosocomial. d. vector.
b. fomite.
Question
Answer
The type of heat loss experienced by surgical patients due to being uncovered and exposed in the cool operating room is called: a. radiation. b. convection. c. conduction. d. refraction.
b. convection
If the surgeon orders an acid fast stain, he or she is looking for which disease? a. mycotic infections b. tuberculosis c. AIDS d. strep throat
b. tuberculosis
Which pH is most acidic? a. 7.98 b. 6.77 c. 7.35 d. 6.15
d. 6.15
Which of the following is not an antiseptic? a. chlorhexadine gluconate b. hexachlorophene c. peracetic acid d. povidine-iodine
c. peracetic acid
Which of the following, as a source of ionizing radiation, requires the OR staff to wear radiation protection? a. radiant warmer for infant b. fiberoptic light source c. image intensifier for fluoroscopy d. LASER for endoscopic surgery
c. image intensifier for fluoroscopy
A female patient signs the surgical consent, but because of a language barrier she does not fully understand what she has signed. This could constitute a liability case for: a. respondeat superior. b. improper documentation. c. abandonment. d. assault and battery.
d. assault and battery.
Which of the following is not true about operating room hazards? a. A scavenging system should be used when mixing bone cement. b. MSDS sheets on the chemicals in the department should be readily accessible. c. A scavenging system should be used for exhaled anesthetic gases. d. Blood-soaked sponges can be safely discarded in the regular trash.
d. Blood-soaked sponges can be safely discarded in the regular trash.
Computer applications in the OR setting include all of the following except: a. word processing. b. performing research on new surgical products and procedures. c. operating robotic arms. d. performing documentation.
c. operating robotic arms.
Transmission of microorganisms through a moisture-permeated sterile barrier is known as: a. shelf life. b. bioburden. c. strike through. d. osmosis.
c. strike through.
When soaking instruments for high-level disinfection, you would perform all of the following actions except: a. rinse the instruments immediately before putting them in the germicide. b. ensure that all surfaces and lumens of the instruments are in contact with the solution. c. rinse the instruments with sterile distilled water following contact with the germicide. d. clean the instruments to reduce the bioburden.
c. rinse the instruments with sterile distilled water following contact with the germicide.
Which of the following is not true of sterilization? a. In steam sterilization, heat coagulates the protein in the bacteria cells, which causes its destruction. b. Items sterilized by EO/ETO must be aerated. c. Dry heat can be used to sterilize oils and powders. d. Flash sterilization is recommended for implants.
d. Flash sterilization is recommended for implants.
The term for one of the characteristics of LASER light where all photons travel parallel to one another is called: a. refraction. b. coherence. c. collumation. d. monochromatic.
c. collumation.
Shannon J., an eight-year-old child, is scheduled for a Tonsillectomy and an Adenoidectomy. Which knife blade and handle combination will be used on the Tonsillectomy? a. an 11 blade on a 4 handle b. an 11 blade on a 7 handle c. a 12 blade on a 3 handle d. a 12 blade on a 7 handle
d. a 12 blade on a 7 handle
Shannon J., an eight-year-old child, is scheduled for a Tonsillectomy and an Adenoidectomy. Which tonsils will be removed during the Tonsillectomy? a. pharyngeal b. palatine c. maxillary d. lingual
b. palatine
Shannon J., an eight-year-old child, is scheduled for a Tonsillectomy and an Adenoidectomy. Which of the following is the name of a mouth gag that may be used during the procedure? a. Jennings b. Davidson c. Lane d. Taylor
a. Jennings
Shannon J., an eight-year-old child, is scheduled for a Tonsillectomy and an Adenoidectomy. Which of the following instruments or supplies would not be used? a. Eve’s snare b. prep solution c. round sponges with a string attached d. Hurd dissector/Pillar retractor
b. prep solution
Shannon J., an eight-year-old child, is scheduled for a Tonsillectomy and an Adenoidectomy. Following the procedure, in which position will Shannon be placed? a. on her side b. Trendelenburg c. prone d. sitting
a. on her side
During a Caldwell-Luc procedure, the largest of the paranasal sinuses is opened with either a drill or an osteotome and mallet and the opening is enlarged with a Kerrison rongeur. The name of this sinus is the: a. sphenoid. b. frontal. c. ethmoid. d. maxillary.
d. maxillary.
Poor circulation is a concern for all of the following populations except: a. geriatric patients. b. diabetic patients. c. obese patients. d. pediatric patients.
d. pediatric patients.
Which of the following surgical positions might require the use of padded shoulder braces? a. Kraske b. lateral c. reverse Trendelenburg d. Trendelenburg
d. Trendelenburg
The state of matter that involves solutions is called a: a. solid. b. liquid. c. plasma. d. gas.
b. liquid.
Postural hypotension and air emboli pose a greater threat in which of the following positions? a. Fowler b. prone c. Trendelenburg d. lateral kidney
a. Fowler
Which of the following is not true of aseptic technique? a. Uscrubbed persons open peel packs without tearing the pack or letting the item slide over the edge. b. Peel packs are considered sterile to the inner edge of the heat seal. c. Wrapped packages that are sterilized in-house should contain a chemical process monitor on the inside and outside of the package. d. Envelope-wrapper packages are considered sterile all the way to the edge.
d. Envelope-wrapper packages are considered sterile all the way to the edge.
A Whipple procedure is performed in which of the following positions? a. lithotomy b. lateral c. Fowler d. supine
d. supine
The pre-operative urinalysis performed on Jan C. indicates that the specific gravity is 1.050. This is: a. above normal range and she is dehydrated. b. indicative of glycosuria. c. within normal range. d. below normal range and she is dehydrated.
a. above normal range and she is dehydrated.
A patient is scheduled for a Gastrojejunostomy. After completing the procedure, the surgeon proceeds to remove a mole from the shoulder while the patient is still under anesthesia. No operative permit was obtained for this. The circulator should: a. inform the surgeon that he or she will be sued for abandonment and then report it to the anesthesia provider. b. inform the surgeon that the second procedure is not covered on the operative permit and if he or she continues, report it to the supervisor or administrator in charge. c. allow the surgeon to proceed and then report it to the chief of surgery. d. let the surgeon proceed since it is his or her responsibility to obtain the consent.
b. inform the surgeon that the second procedure is not covered on the operative permit and if he or she continues, report it to the supervisor or administrator in charge.
In which procedure may the patient be placed in the supine position with the right side slightly elevated by a wedge to tilt the patient to the left to prevent pressure on the great vessels? a. Shirodkar b. Wertheim procedure c. Cesarean section d. Marsupialization of a Bartholin’s cyst
c. Cesarean section
Prior to surgery, the patient may have all of the following done except: a. have a Fogarty catheter inserted. b. receive a blood transfusion. c. have a Levine tube inserted. d. have a CBC performed.
a. have a Fogarty catheter inserted.
Which of the following diagnostic x-rays might be performed on a patient scheduled for a Laminectomy? a. IVP b. myelogram c. cholangiogram d. pneumoencephalogram
b. myelogram
When performing a pre-operative shave prep, the circulator should take all of the following precautions except: a. the eyebrows are rarely shaved. b. shave the hair against the direction of growth. c. clippers and depilatory creams may be used. d. shave as close to the time of surgery as possible, but preferably not in the operating room.
d. shave as close to the time of surgery as possible, but preferably not in the operating room.
Correct hand placement for cardiac compressions during CPR is on the: a. epigastrium. b. lower third of the sternum. c. xiphoid process. d. upper half of sternum.
b. lower third of the sternum.
Which surgical specimen is examined immediately by the pathologist? a. frozen section b. culture c. foreign body d. amputated limb
a. frozen section
Following a TURP, a patient will have a three-way Foley with a 30-cc balloon inserted. What is the purpose of this type of catheter? a. The Foley is an embolectomy catheter which extracts blood clots when it is removed. b. The 30-cc balloon exerts pressure on the prostatic fossa and provides hemostasis. c. The Foley drains urine directly from the ureter. d. The three lumens are for the prevention of urine reflux, continuous bladder irrigation, and drainage.
b. The 30-cc balloon exerts pressure on the prostatic fossa and provides hemostasis.
Prepping for a Pfannenstiel incision would extend from: a. nipple line to groin. b. clavicle to umbilicus. c. groin to mid-thigh. d. umbilicus to mid-thigh.
d. umbilicus to mid-thigh.
Which of the following statements is not true of pre-operative skin preps? a. The umbilicus should be prepped last or separately to avoid spreading germs to cleaner areas. b. Phenol compounds are frequently used as surgical skin preps. c. Prep for a breast biopsy should be done gently to avoid dispersal of cancer cells. d. For basic abdominal surgery, prep from the incision site to the periphery.
b. Phenol compounds are frequently used as surgical skin preps.
Which of the following statements is correct when taking and recording vital signs? a. A weak, rapid pulse and cool, clammy skin are symptoms of shock. b. The artery used in taking routine blood pressure is the median cubital in the arm. c. The rate of the pulse may be full and bounding or weak and thready. d. The normal body temperature in Celsius is 57 degrees.
a. A weak, rapid pulse and cool, clammy skin are symptoms of shock.
During an Operative Cholangiogram, the surgeon requests 30 cc of 50% Hypaque solution to be injected into the common bile duct to look for gallstones. What would you draw up? a. 50 cc of saline, 50 cc of Hypaque b. 30 cc of saline, 30 of Hypaque c. 30 cc of Hypaque, 50 cc of Hypaque d. 15 cc of saline, 15 cc of Hypaque
d. 15 cc of saline, 15 cc of Hypaque
The most basic of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is/are: a. self-esteem. b. physiological needs. c. safety needs. d. love and belonging.
b. physiological needs.
A traumatic wound that leaves tissue torn or hanging from the body is a/an: a. avulsion. b. puncture. c. abrasion. d. contusion
a. avulsion.
Operative techniques to enhance wound healing include all of the following except: a. careful dissection with adequate hemostasis. b. obliteration of dead space. c. closure of dirty wounds. d. preservation of blood supply.
c. closure of dirty wounds.
Identify the instrument in the picture. a. Leyla-Yarsargil retractor b. Senn retractor c. malleable or ribbon retractor d. Weitlaner retractor
c. malleable or ribbon retractor
Which of the following is not true of a Repair of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm? a. Heparin sodium will be given IV prior to clamping the aorta to prevent blood clots. b. A preclotted bifurcated graft is sewn in place with double armed nonabsorbable sutures. c. Satinsky or Cooley clamps may be used. d. A midline incision from xiphoid to umbilicus is used.
d. A midline incision from xiphoid to umbilicus is used.
Surgery to treat Tetralogy of Fallot: a. involves treating four congenital defects of the heart. b. is generally performed on teenagers following puberty. c. is performed through a transaxillary incision. d. requires the insertion of a T-tube.
a. involves treating four congenital defects of the heart.
Cyclodiathermy and cyclocryotherapy : a. decrease the aqueous secretions by the ciliary body to treat glaucoma. b. treat myopia. c. utilize phacoemulsification. d. involve the insertion of a prosthesis.
a. decrease the aqueous secretions by the ciliary body to treat glaucoma.
A VP shunt: a. involves the removal of epileptogenic tissue from the brain to treat seizures. b. involves insertion of a catheter to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles to the peritoneal cavity. c. involves the use of a Beckman-Adson retractor, Love nerve root retractor, and a Horsley bone cutter. d. treats pectus excavatum.
b. involves insertion of a catheter to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles to the peritoneal cavity.
Hallux valgus is treated by which procedure? a. Total Knee Arthroplasty b. Bankart or Putti-Platt c. Keller or McBride d. Insertion of Harrington Rod
c. Keller or McBride
Which type of hernia is acquired and the peritoneal sac bulges through Hesselbach’s triangle? a. femoral hernia b. direct inguinal hernia c. indirect inguinal hernia d. umbilical hernia
b. direct inguinal hernia
What is another name for a Kocher incision? a. McBurney b. vertical midline c. subcostal d. paramedian
c. subcostal
The first of Erickson’s Developmental Stages is: a. Industry versus Inferiority. b. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. c. Ego Integrity versus Despair d. Trust versus Mistrust
d. Trust versus Mistrust
Which of the following surgical procedures is performed to treat morbid obesity? a. Ramstedt-Fredet procedure b. Roux-en-Y c. Pancreaticoduodenectomy d. Choledochojejunostomy
b. Roux-en-Y
Question
Answer
The first movement of the fetus felt by the mother is known as: a. effacement. b. lightening. c. quickening. d. lochia.
c. quickening
The assessment of the neonate on the basis of heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, color, and reflex irritability which is taken at one minute and five minutes after delivery is know as the: a. station. b. Braxton Hicks. c. Apgar score. d. HCG.
c. Apgar score.
A double bowl-shaped evacuator used during a TURP to remove prostatic tissue is a/an: a. Asepto. b. van Buren. c. Ellik. d. Toomey.
c. Ellik.
A Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure is a/an: a. Ureterosigmoidostomy. b. Ileal Conduit. c. bladder neck suspension for female urinary incontinence. d. Epispadias Repair.
c. bladder neck suspension for female urinary incontinence
An ESWL is a/an: a. Adrenalectomy. b. type of penile implant. c. non-invasive procedure to treat renal calculi. d. Radical Nephrectomy.
c. non-invasive procedure to treat renal calculi.
During a Bronchoscopy, the bronchial washings will be collected in a/an: a. culture tube. b. Ellik evacuator. c. Lukens trap. d. tuberculin syringe.
c. Lukens trap.
A Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is performed to treat what condition? a. sleep apnea b. Graves' disease c. epistaxis d. cholesteatoma
a. sleep apnea
Wendy W. has a goiter and is scheduled for a Thyroidectomy. Which muscle will be incised during the procedure? a. pectoralis b. platysma c. buccinator d. trapezius
b. platysma
Wendy W. has a goiter and is scheduled for a Thyroidectomy. Which instruments will be used on the procedure? a. Lehey tenaculum, Green retractor, Beckman retractor b. McIver retractor, Hurd dissector, Eve’s snare c. Jacobs tenaculum, Gelpi retractor, Cloward retractor d. Gaylor forceps, Thomas currette, Schnidt forcep
a. Lehey tenaculum, Green retractor, Beckman retractor
Wendy W. has a goiter and is scheduled for a Thyroidectomy. A goiter is often the result of a lack of what in the diet? a. vitamin K b. vitamin D c. calcium d. iodine
d. iodine
Wendy W. has a goiter and is scheduled for a Thyroidectomy. Damage to which nerve could cause paralyzed vocal cords? a. trigeminal b. recurrent laryngeal c. vagus d. spinal accessory
b. recurrent laryngeal
Wendy W. has a goiter and is scheduled for a Thyroidectomy. Accidental removal of the parathyroid glands could result in which condition? a. Cushings syndrome b. tetany c. tetanus d. myxedema
b. tetany
A Scalene Lymph Node Biopsy is performed to determine the spread of cancer from which organ? a. lungs b. liver c. prostate d. uterus
a. lungs
Another name for a face lift is: a. Rhytidectomy. b. Blepharoplasty. c. Mentoplasty. d. Alloplasty.
a. Rhytidectomy
Syndactyly is: a. a cleft lip. b. large, protruding ears. c. loss of elasticity of the skin of the eyelids. d. webbed fingers or toes.
d. webbed fingers or toes.
When inserting arch bars, what size wire is most frequently used? a. # 32 or 33 b. # 40 or 42 c. # 16 or 18 d. # 25 or 26
d. # 25 or 26
All of the following are orthopedic retractors except: a. Hibbs. b. Auvard. c. Blount. d. Bennett.
b. Auvard
Which of the following are positioning devices used for back surgery? a. Andrews, Wilson b. Charnley, Langenbeck c. Chick, Stryker d. Bucks, Volkmann
a. Andrews, Wilson
Which of the following are scalp clips used during a Craniotomy? a. Ferguson b. Gardner c. Raney d. Freer
c. Raney
During a Laminectomy for a ruptured disc, what instrument is used to remove the herniated disc material? a. Kerrison rongeur b. Cloward punch c. Horsley cutter d. pituitary rongeur
d. pituitary rongeur
Which of the following is not a congenital defect? a. Baker’s cyst b. imperforate anus c. tracheoesophageal fistula d. omphalocele
a. Baker’s cyst
Tic douloureux is also known as: a. encephaloma. b. meningocele. c. trigeminal neuralgia. d. hydrocephalus.
c. trigeminal neuralgia.
Which of the following is not considered to be part of the basic instrumentation for Opthalmic surgery? a. Castoviejo needle holder b. McPherson retractor c. Stevens scissors d. Silverman needle
d. Silverman needle
A Moddin-Udden or Greenfield would be used as a/an: a. shunt during a carotid endarterectomy. b. shunt for an AV fistula. c. vena cava umbrella filter. d. underwater seal drainage system.
c. vena cava umbrella filter.
Which of the following instruments are needed to perform an Arteriotomy? a. scalpel with # 12 blade, Metzenbaum scissors b. scalpel with #11 blade, Potts-Smith scissors c. scalpel with # 15 blade, bandage scissors d. scalpel with # 20 blade, Stevens scissors
b. scalpel with #11 blade, Potts-Smith scissors
Which of the following medications and supplies are not used during cardiac surgery? a. potassium chloride as a cardioplegic b. Chalazion clamp c. ice slush of saline or Ringer’s solution d. stainless steel wire suture
b. Chalazion clamp
Which of the following is not true of thoracic anatomy? a. the lungs are located in the mediastinum b. the right lung has three lobes c. funnel chest is known as pectus excavatum d. the left lung has two lobes
a. the lungs are located in the mediastinum
The term for a lack of blood supply to an organ or tissues is: a. ascites. b. ataxia. c. exostosis. d. ischemia.
d. ischemia.
Le Fort I, Le Fort II, and Le Fort III are all classifications of what condition? a. facial fractures b. abnormal spinal curvatures c. TMJ syndrome d. orthognathic conditions
a. facial fractures
Treponema pallidum is the causative organism of which disease? a. syphilis. b. gas gangrene. c. gonorrhea. d. tuberculosis.
a. syphilis
A Triple Arthrodesis treats which conditions? a. Colles’ fracture, osteoporosis b. scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis c. AC joint separation, shoulder separation d. clubfoot, inversion, and eversion deformities
d. clubfoot, inversion, and eversion deformities
A nevus is another term for a: a. wart. b. lesion. c. mole. d. basal-cell carcinoma.
c. mole.
Undermining is a term used in plastic surgery which means to: a. use a special pressure dressing to prevent edema. b. mark the incision site with a sterile marking pin. c. place a skin graft through the mesher on a dermacarrier. d. separate the skin and subcutaneous tissue from underlying structures.
d. separate the skin and subcutaneous tissue from underlying structures.
A nerve stimulator may be needed during which of the following procedures? a. Parotidectomy b. Microlaryngoscopy c. Alveoloplasty d. Mastectomy
a. Parotidectomy
Which is true about the inner layer of the gastrointestinal tract? a. It is the mucosa and is sutured with 3-0 chromic swaged onto a small Ferguson needle. b. It is the muscle layer and is usually not sutured during an anastomosis. c. It is the serosa and is sutured with 3-0 silk swaged onto a small Ferguson needle. d. It is the submucosa and is sutured with a 3-0 chromic on a PS-3 needle.
a. It is the mucosa and is sutured with 3-0 chromic swaged onto a small Ferguson needle.
Which arterial trunk branches off from the anterior portion of the abdominal aorta and then branches into the hepatic, gastric, and splenic arteries, which supply the liver, stomach, and spleen, respectively? a. phrenic b. celiac c. mesenteric d. innominate
b. celiac
The two glands that open into the vaginal orifice and provide lubrication for sexual intercourse are termed the: a. seminal vesicles. b. Bartholin’s glands. c. Cowper’s glands. d. mammary glands.
b. Bartholin’s glands.
The folds on the inside of the stomach and the urinary bladder that allow for expansion are known as: a. corpus luteum. b. prepuce. c. rugae. d. areola.
c. rugae.
The glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal and distal tubules, and the loop of Henle are all part of the: a. ventricles of the brain. b. male duct system. c. Circle of Willis. d. nephron.
d. nephron.
The term for the amount of air that we take in with a normal breath (approximately 500 cc) is: a. vital capacity. b. residual capacity. c. tidal volume. d. eupnea.
c. tidal volume.
Sellick’s maneuver involves: a. cricoid pressure to prevent regurgitation of stomach contents into the lungs of an unconscious patient. b. fundal pressure to assist with the delivery of an infant during a Cesarean section. c. driving the camera during laparoscopic procedures. d. isolating contaminated instruments after their contact with mucous membrane.
a. cricoid pressure to prevent regurgitation of stomach contents into the lungs of an unconscious patient
Which of the following is true of latex allergies? a. The surgical patient with latex allergies should be scheduled as the first case of the day to avoid airborn allergens. b. A latex allergy cart, which provides latex-free supplies, should be maintained . c. Sensitization to latex can result from cutaneous absorption, direct mucosal contact, and from inhaling airborn allergens. d. All of the above are true.
d. All of the above are true.
What are pledgets? a. dissecting sponges used for blunt dissection b. small squares of teflon used as buttresses under sutures in friable tissue c. tonsil sponges with a string attached d. compressed rayon or cotton that are moistened and used on delicate tissue such as the brain and mucous membranes
b. small squares of teflon used as buttresses under sutures in friable tissue
The sphincter of Oddi is located at the: a. ampulla of Vater. b. canal of Schlemn. c. Hesselbach’s triangle. d. ligament of Treitz.
a. ampulla of Vater.
The triangular area in the bladder floor formed by the three openings of the right and left ureters and the urethra is the: a. triangilaris. b. trapezius. c. trigone. d. trivalve.
c. trigone.
Which blood type is known as the universal donor? a. A b. O c. B d. AB
b. O
Which of the following hormones are secreted by the islet cells in the pancreas? a. antidiuretic, adrenocorticotropic b. gonadotropic, thyrotropic c. calcitonin, thyroxine d. glucagon, insulin
d. glucagon, insulin
Which of the following statements is not true about the eye? a. The posterior chamber contains vitreous humor. b. The ciliary body and the iris are intrinsic eye muscles. c. The middle tunic of the eye is the arachnoid layer. d. The retina contains rods, which are concerned with black and white vision, and cones, which are concerned with color vision.
c. The middle tunic of the eye is the arachnoid layer
Which portion of the nervous system is responsible for the fight, flight, or fright response? a. parasympathetic b. central c. somatic d. sympathetic
d. sympathetic
Which term signifies moving a part away from the midline? a. adduction b. abduction c. extension d. flexion
b. abduction
Answer
Absorption
the process of a drug passing through a body surgace to the tissues of the body
Action
a description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of a drug
Adverse effects
possible untoward secondar effect other than the desired effect
Adverse reaction
harmful unintended reaction to a drug
Allergic reaction
hypersensitivity to a drug with symptoms ranging from a rash to an anaphylaxis
Ampule
glass container for ingectable drugs that must be broken at the neck to withdraw the medication
Anaphylaxis
severe life-threateninn hypersensitivity to a foreign substance or drug; symptoms include dyspnea, chest pain or tightness, life-threatening arrhythmias, and death
Antagonism
opposing action of a drug that decreases or cancels the effect of another drug
Buccal
in the pouch of the cheek
Contraindication
condition or situation that indicates a drug should not be given
Controlled substance
a drug that is controlled by prescription because of the potential for addiction or abuse
Cumulative effect
an increased effect of drug action in the body as it accumulates in the body
Distribution
circulation of a drug to the organs of the body after the drug is absorbed
Dosage
amount of drug given for the desired effect
Generic name
general, common, or nonproprietary name of a drug
Homeostasis
body in normal, balanced state
Indication
condition that a drug is intended to treat
Inhalation
the process of anesthesia by which an anesthetic gas is inhaled; some respiratory drugs also are inhaled as their route of administration
Intra-articular
medication administered to produce temporary loss of sensation or feeling in a specific area
Parenteral
any route of administration not involving the gastrointestinal tract
Placebo
medication with inert or inactive ingredients given in blind drug studies with no chmical effect on the patient. Used to measure effectiveness of the "real" drug being studies by comparing patients who take the placebo and patients who take the real drug.
Potentiation
increased effect when two drugs are given simultaneously for greater action than if given separately; also known as synergism
Precautions
list of conditions or types of patients that require closer monitoring for specific side effects when given a drug
Route
the specific method of delivery of a drug: IM, IV, PO, etc
Subcutaneous (SC, SQ, SubQ)
drugs used to stimulate the central nervous system
analgesics
drugs used to relieve pain
anesthetics
drugs used to provide anesthesia fro surgical procedures; can be delivered by local, regional, or general methods
antibiotics
drugs used to treat infection
anticoagulants
drugs used to reduce clotting factors of blood
anticonvulsants
drugs used to reduce and/or stop serizures/convulsions
antidiurectics
drugs used to decrease the excretion or urine
antiemetics
drugs used to prevent nausea and vomiting
cardiac medications
drugs used to increase or decrease heart function
CNS stimulants
drugs used to stimulate nerve receptors within the central nervous system
coagulants
drugs used to increase clotting factors of blood
contrast media
agents used to enhance vusualization of anatomical structures and any abnormalities
diuretics
drugs used to increase the excretion of urine
dyes
drugs used to stain pathological specimens
emetics
drugs used to induce vomiting
gastric medications
drugs used to reduce secretions in the stomach
hemostatic agents
chemical agents in a variety of forms that enhance clot formation
hormones
drugs used to replace natural hormones usually produced in the body
irrigation solutions
fluids used to flush, wash, or soak structures/tissues during surgery
Narcotic antagonists
drugs used to reverse the effects of narcotics
Narcotics
drugs with a high potential for abuse
obstetrical agents
drugs used during labor and childbirth
Ophthalmic medications
drugs used in the eye
sedative/Hypnotic agents
drugs used to produce sedation or sleep
tranquilizers
drugs used to produce relaxation
Pharmacokinetics
when the body processes a drug, once within the body, the drug undergoes several changes to include: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
Absorption
the drug getting into the bloodstream, rate of absorption depends on method of admisitration
Distribution
the drug moving from the bloodstream into the tissues, fluids, and organs of the body. The chembical properties of the drug will determine the rate of distribution and the target cells or tissues for the desired effect
Metabolism (biotransformation)
the physical and chemical changes that occur as the liver breaks down the drug and prepares it for excretion from the body. Some drugs can bypass the process of metabolism and reach the kidneys virtually unchanged. The rate of metabolism will depend on the drug, patient's age, physical condition, and liver function
Excretion
the process of the body removing the drug through the kidneys via urine. Some drugs can be excreted through the lungs, perspiration, feces, bile, and breast milik, but most are excreted by the kidneys
placebo effect
the more positive a patient feels about a medication, the more positive the physical response
PharmacoDYNAMics
the term used to describe the interaction of the drug with the target cells
5 Rights of Med ADMIN
Right Patient Right Medication Right Amount or Dose RIght Time Right Route
Onset
the beginning of the drug's desired effect on the target cells within the body
Peak (effect)
when the drug is at the most effective stage of the desired effect in the target cells
Duration
the length of time between the onset of action and the cessation of action
Indication
the condition or symptom in the patient that the drug is intended to treat or alleviate
Contraindication
a condition or situation in which a drug should not be given. This can range from a hypersensitivity to the drug or another medication being taken, the combination of which could cause untoward effects
Action
The effect of the drug at the target cells
Side effects
secondary effects and are not the desired effect of the drug. Some side effects can be mild, such as a dry mouth, or more problematic, such as constipation. Generally, side effects are tolerated as they are usually mild
Adverse effects
secondary effects that are more severe than side effects. Adverse effects can be life-threatening, such as anaphylactic reaction or liver damage. When adverse effects are encountered, the medication is discontinued
Tolerance
the reduced therapeutic response to a drug following repeated doses
Relaxation
desired effect is muscle relaxation, working on CNS receptors nerve impulses are blocked to stop or delay muscle spasms
Sedation
desired effect is calmness and decrease of nervousness to the point of the patient being induced to a state of sleep
Amnesia
desired effect of IV conscious sedation agents and adjuncts to anesthesia in which the patient does not remember the immediate preoperative phase
Neuroleptic
desired effect is tranquilizing action
Analgesia
desired effect is to relieve pain; may be narcotic or nonnarcotic
Drying agents
desired effect is to inhibit secretion of fluids, usually repiratory tract
Gastric acid reduction
desired effect is to reduce or inhibit gastric (stomach) secretions during all phases of surgery and postoperatively
vagal blockage
desired effect is to block stimulus to the vagus nerve, part of the autonomic nervous system
Synergist
an action that occurs when an agent increases the effectiveness
Agonist
a chemical or drug action that occurs naturally in the body
Antagonist
an action on the nervous system that occurs when a chemical or drug blocks the effect of a chamical or drug occuring naturally in the body (agonist) by combining with and blocking the agonist nervous receptor
Additive
an action that occurs when a second agent is added to enhance the effect of the first agent
micro
one millionth or 0.000001 of the primary unit (micrograms or mcg)
milli
one thousandth or 0.001 of the primary unit (milligrams or mg)
centi
one hundredth or 0.01 of the primary unit (centimeters or cm)
deci
one tenth or 0.1 of the primary unit (deciliters or dl)
kilo
one thousand or 1000 times the primary unit (kilograms or kg)
primary or base unit of measurement for weight:
gram
primary or base unit of measurement for volume:
liter
primary or base unit of measurement for length:
meter
gentian violet indigo carmine methylene blue Renografin 60
gentian violet
topical solution used to mark the skin before skin prep
indigo carmine
used in urological surgery to view ureteral orifices will stain tissue
methylene blue
used for skin marking prior to skin prep used in urological and lymphatic surgery to esure patency of structures will stain floors, etc
Renografin 60
used in urological surgery to view urological structures can be diluated or used full strength
HEMOSTATIC AGENTS
absorbable gelatin (Gelfoam) Floseal Matrix Hemostatic Sealant microfibrillar collagen (Avitene) oxidized cellulose (Oxycel, Surgicel) thrombin (Thrombostat)
absorbable gelatin
Gelfoam
Floseal Matrix Hemostatic Sealant
supplied in kit form, thrombin must be added used in procedures other than ophthalmic should not be used on incisions or injected directly into blood vessels
microfibrillar collagen
| i don't know |
The Pacific Aero Products Co company, which had its founding on July 15, 1915 on the banks of the Duwamish, is better known today as what? | Boeing, William Edward (1881-1956) - HistoryLink.org
HistoryLink.org
By John Schultz and David Wilma
Posted 12/21/2006
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William Edward Boeing started his professional life as a lumberman and ended as a real-estate developer and horse breeder, but in between he founded the company that brought forth important breakthroughs in the field of aviation technology and the airline business. The Boeing Airplane Company became one of the signature corporations of Seattle and the Pacific Northwest and dominated the regional economy for most of the twentieth century.
Early Years
William Edward Boeing was born on October 1, 1881, in Detroit, Michigan, the first child of William Boeing and Marie Ortmann. Boeing's father, Wilhelm Boing, a veteran of the Austro-Prussian War, emigrated to the United States in 1868 from North Rhine-Westphalia. He carried letters of introduction to German families in Detroit, but no money. After working on a farm, in a lumberyard, and in a hardware store, he was hired by Karl Ortmann, an important local lumberman from Vienna.
Boing married Ortmann's daughter and, five years later, started his own business. He was soon selling land, timber, and iron ore at huge profits and providing extraordinarily well for his wife, Marie, and two children, William and Caroline. Wilhelm Anglicized his name to William Boeing, built a stately home in Detroit's best neighborhood, acquired the city's finest library of German literature, and, in 1883, helped fund Detroit's first art museum. While in New York on business, Wilhelm Boeing contracted influenza. He died during the long trainride back to Detroit.
His son, William, was 8 years old. Marie Boeing married a Virginia physician and left Detroit. Young William, who did not get along with his stepfather, was sent to several prestigious boarding schools, including the Sellig Brothers School in Vevey, Switzerland -- the same school New York financier J. P. Morgan had attended 30 years earlier. Boeing attended a prep school in Boston to ready him for Yale University. He entered Yale in the engineering department of the Sheffield Scientific School.
After a year shy of completing the three-year program, he dropped out to seek his fortune saying later, "I felt the time was ripe to acquire timber." He decided on Washington state, even though he knew little about business opportunities in the Northwest and even less about timbering in the vast "Evergreen State." America was undergoing growth spurt and the nation demanded lumber for new homes and businesses and ambitious industrialists were reaping millions out of the seemingly limitless stands of cedar, spruce, hemlock, and Doug-fir.
Lumberman
In 1902, Boeing traveled by steamer to Hoquiam, Washington, on Grays Harbor, and moved in with a friend, J. H. Hewitt, who had good connections in the timber industry. Within a short time, Boeing started the Greenwood Timber Company and the Boeing & McCrimmon Company. He was soon in touch with George Long, head of operations at Weyerhaeuser, trying to arrange land deals with the much larger company. Boeing left Hoquiam for Seattle in 1908 and the tall, bespectacled, mustached bachelor moved into an apartment on fashionable First Hill. He joined the University Club, an exclusive venue for college-trained men on their way up the Northwest business ladder.
In 1910, Boeing traveled with friends to southern California to witness America's first International Air Meet at Dominguez Hills. Excited by what he saw, he approached one of the show's stars, the French aviator Louis Paulhan, and pressed him for a ride. Paulhan told the man he had to be patient. After four days of waiting, Boeing lost his chance when Paulhan left in a rush.
Flying High
George Conrad Westervelt (1880-1956) graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy, where he earned the nickname "Scrappy" for his ability to argue any subject. In 1910, after studying naval engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Westervelt served as an official Navy observer at one of America’s first air meets, in New York. Unlike many of his Navy colleagues, he was impressed with the new technology.
In about 1911, the Navy sent Westervelt to Seattle to inspect submarines being built at the Moran Brothers shipyard on the Duwamish River. He joined the prestigious Rainier Club and the University Club, where he met William Boeing. The two bachelors became friends, finding a shared enthusiasm for flying.
But five years passed before Boeing had another chance to take his first flight. When aviator Terah Maroney landed on Lake Union in 1915, Boeing and Westervelt stood in line and took several flights each. They had to sit on the wing and hold on to the leading edge while Maroney' old Curtiss airplane skipped across the choppy water and into the sky.
Exhilarated, Boeing decided to take lessons at the Glenn L. Martin Flying School in Los Angeles and he purchased one of Martin's planes. Martin pilot Floyd Smith traveled to Seattle to assemble Boeing's new Martin TA hydroaeroplane and to teach its owner to fly. Huge crates arrived by train, and Smith assembled the plane in a tent hangar erected on the shore of Lake Union. William Boeing became a pilot.
In 1915, World War I was raging in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Safe behind two oceans, most Americans did not feel threatened by the conflict, but William Boeing was one of a growing segment of the U.S. population that advocated "preparedness." Fourteen men and five women had formed the Aero Club of the Northwest in the Ladies' Annex of the University Club on August 24, 1915. William Boeing was elected president. From that point on, he was an ardent advocate for National Preparedness. He was also interested in the ideas of Henry Woodhouse, editor of Flying magazine, who had written, "With 5,000 aviators, this country would be in the position of the porcupine, which goes about its daily pursuits, harms no one, but is ever ready to defend itself."
In November 1915, Boeing spent a busy week in his new "hydroaeroplane." With test pilot and mechanic Herb Munter as his passenger, the lumberman flew to Tacoma and back to Seattle. He dropped cardboard "bombs" on a crowded California-Washington football game at the University of Washington to prove that Americans were vulnerable to foreign attack. One of the cardboard messages read:
"Protection Through Preparedness. This harmless card in the hands of a hostile foe might have been a bomb dropped upon you. Aeroplanes are your defense!!!! Aero Club of the Northwest."
That same year, even before becoming disappointed with his Martin TA, Boeing asked Westervelt to design a better seaplane. Westervelt wrote later, "I knew so little about the subject, so little about the difficulties involved, that I agreed to undertake it."
Airplane Builder
William Boeing and Conrad Westervelt believed they could build a better airplane than the Martin floatplane. For enhanced stability during landing and takeoff, they replaced the TA's single pontoon with two pontoons and two outriggers. Westervelt threw himself into the project, contacting every manufacturer he could find. Boeing and Westervelt chose Ed Heath to construct the pontoons at Boeing's boatyard on the Duwamish River. But shortly after Boeing's workers began work on the B&W -- for Boeing and Westervelt -- the Navy transferred Westervelt to the East Coast. He returned for a few weeks in August 1916 to help organize Boeing's new enterprise, Pacific Aero Products Co., which he aptly illustrated on a piece of drafting vellum.
Boeing and the tiny U.S. aviation community pressed the U.S. government to invest in airplane production and pilot training. An early Aero Club plan included Hydro-Aero stations positioned every 100 miles along the U.S. coastline, with at least 15 men and two planes each. They could protect the country by searching for enemy submarines and aiding the Coast Guard's search-and-rescue efforts.
Technical Challenges
Before Westervelt went east early in 1916, he arranged for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to review his structural drawings and to test a model in its wind tunnel. William Boeing proceeded with assistance from Herb Munter and shop foreman Joseph Foley, who sent weekly reports to Westervelt. The boatyard's standard of woodworking disappointed Boeing, who also insisted on reduced weight. Other change orders included an improved wing; ailerons on the top wing only; and larger vertical tail surfaces.
Boeing ordered construction of the fuselage at his company's seaplane hangar and factory on Lake Union. There employees assembled Boeing Airplane Model 1, also known as the B&W, and christened it the Bluebill. On June 29, 1916, the B&W flew for the first time. Eventually, Boeing sold the Bluebill and its sister aircraft, the Mallard, to the New Zealand Flying School of Auckland. Neither aircraft survives today, but a replica hangs in The Museum of Flight’s Great Gallery.
Founding a Company
On July 15, 1916, less than a month after the B&W's first flight, William Boeing incorporated his airplane-building business as Pacific Aero Products Company. Already a shrewd businessman, Boeing outlined his ambitions in the articles of incorporation. One of the articles allowed the firm to "... engage in a general manufacturing business and to manufacture goods, wares and merchandise of every kind, especially to manufacture aeroplanes ... and all patterns thereof." William Boeing transferred ownership of four of his aircraft -- two B&Ws, a C-4, and the Martin TA, as well as associated property -- to his company. On April 18, 1917, he changed the name to Boeing Airplane Company.
Before joining the Boeing Airplane Company, Edward "Eddie" Hubbard had already established his prowess as a pilot: The Aero Club of America had issued hydroaeroplane license no. 45 to him in 1915 after he flew figure eights around two pylons 500 yards apart and completed an unpowered landing. Americans celebrated the end of World War I in a big way on November 11, 1918. Hubbard marked the festivities by taking Boeing officials on stunt rides above downtown Seattle; engineer Louis Marsh rode through two loops. In early 1919, when the 91st Division returned to the Northwest from Europe for a parade in Seattle, Hubbard's air show delighted the crowd for 30 minutes.
An Industry Grows
William Boeing and Eddie Hubbard made aviation history in March 1919 when they flew to Vancouver, British Columbia, picked up mail and delivered it back to Seattle -- almost. Halfway through the trip’s northbound leg, snow forced an overnight stop in Anacortes. On the return trip, low fuel forced the duo to land 25 miles north of Seattle.
Boeing kept his company alive after World War I by building furniture and speedboats (popular on Puget Sound during Prohibition) and with personal checks. Military and naval contracts tipped the scales toward survival beginning in 1921. When the Congress gave up on the Post Office flying the mail (with 31 of the first 40 pilots killed) in 1925, and passed legislation to contract with private firms, commercial aviation became viable. Air Mail contracts made passenger airplanes possible. Eddie Hubbard convinced Boeing to get into the Air Mail business in addition to building the planes. Mail revenues of Boeing Air Transport underwrote passenger service and the development of navigational aids and airports. Airline operations justified the opening of the Boeing School of Aeronautics in Oakland, California, in 1929. By 1928, Boeing Air Transport held 30 percent of air mail and air passenger market in the United States.
But competitors threatened this share through consolidation. Boeing accepted an offer in 1929 to merge his airline and manufacturing business with engine supplier Pratt & Whitney, forming United Aircraft & Transport Corporation. Boeing became chairman of the board. Boeing Air Transport folded into United Air Lines.
Backlash
In 1930, U.S. Postmaster General Walter Brown used new legislation to modify airmail contracts in an infamous series of meetings with airline executives later called "the Spoils Conferences." By 1933, four enormous holding companies, among them United Aircraft and Transport, dominated American aviation at all levels. Despite the worldwide economic depression beginning in 1929, the airline and airplane business flourished and by 1933 the public and politicians resented what they viewed as corporate profiteering. The Democratic Congress, supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt"s administration, sought corporate scapegoats. William Boeing and United Aircraft & Transportation Corporation, along with the three other aviation giants, were convenient targets. President Roosevelt's reaction, over the protests of his Postmaster General Jim Farley, was to cancel all the airmail contracts and turn the Air Mail over to the Army Air Corps in February 1934.
In the first five weeks, 12 inexperienced and ill-equipped Army pilots died. William Boeing, who knew that he and his companies were innocent of any wrongdoing and were being unfairly sanctioned, agreed to testify before a Senate investigating committee chaired by Alabama Democrat Hugo Black. During the session, several congressman attacked Boeing personally, and the Seattle businessman became very bitter. Although the investigation revealed that neither the airline executives nor Postmaster Brown had done anything wrong, the Congress passed legislation banning aircraft manufacturers from owning or being owned by airmail carriers. Individuals who had attended the Spoils Conferences were specifically forced out of their jobs.
United Aircraft & Transport was divided into three main parts -- United Aircraft absorbed Pratt & Whitney, Sikorsky Aviation, and Hamilton-Standard Propeller; United Air Lines retained the airline; and Boeing Aircraft Company secured Stearman Aircraft in Wichita, Kansas, Boeing in Seattle, and Boeing in Canada.
William Boeing was already three years past a self-imposed plan to retire at age 50. He returned to the Northwest to sell his stock in United Aircraft & Transportation Corporation. Except for acting as a consultant during World War II, he never again took an active interest in the company bearing his name. The same year that the federal government forced Boeing out of the aviation business, he received the Daniel Guggenheim Medal for notable achievements in aeronautics, only the sixth man to be so honored. Aviation pioneer Orville Wright had received the first Guggenheim.
After the Aircraft Business
William Boeing turned to other business pursuits including real estate, Wall Street, and horse breeding and racing. He and his wife became regulars at the nation's race courses such as Saratoga in New York. Their Air Chute won the Premier Handicap at Hollywood Park in 1938, and Slide Rule took third in the 1943 Kentucky Derby.
In 1909, Boeing was accepted by other owners to become a resident of The Highlands, an exclusive enclave three miles north of Seattle on Puget Sound and limited to 100 families. The Brookline, Massachusetts, landscape architecture firm of the Olmsted Brothers designed the streets and parks. Boeing bought 16 acres on Boeing Creek where in 1913 he built a mansion designed by Seattle architect Charles Bebb. Boeing occupied the home by himself until 1921 when he married Bertha Potter Paschall. The newlyweds were joined by Bertha’s sons, Nathaniel Jr. and Cranston. Their son, William E. Boeing Jr. was born in 1923.
Boeing enjoyed horse racing, golf, fishing, and boating. In 1930, he commissioned construction of the 125-foot Taconite (after the iron ore that helped build the family fortune) and he cruised Northwest and Canadian waters. A Douglas float plane ferried mail to the company executive. It was on one of these vacations that Boeing met bush pilot Clayton Scott at the fuel dock in Carter Bay, British Columbia. Boeing hired Scott to pilot the Douglas amphibian around the country. On their way back from the east coast bucking headwinds in 1938, Scott suggested that the seaplane was not really appropriate for transcontinental executive flying. Boeing said, "When we get to Los Angeles, why don't you look around for another airplane" (Tacoma News Tribune, June 6, 1997). The result was the purchase of a demo model of Douglas's new twin-engine DC-5.
Boeing supported charitable organizations, one of which was Children's Orthopedic Hospital in Seattle. During the Great Depression, more than 90 percent of the care Children's delivered was free, which left the hospital in the red. Each of those years, a committee of the women trustees went to Boeing, who wrote a personal check for the deficit -- on the condition that his involvement remained anonymous. His contributions were not revealed until more than 50 years after his death by which time Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center had become one of the top pediatric institutions in the nation.
In 1942, the Boeings bought property northwest of Fall City, Washington, where they built the 650-acre Aldarra Farm to breed horses. He donated his Highlands home to Children's Orthopedic Hospital in 1950. The Orthopedic sold the property to broadcasting entrepreneur Elroy McCaw. Both Boeing stepsons entered the aircraft manufacturing business and his son went into real estate. In 1947, Washington State College at Pullman awarded Boeing an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.
Conrad Westervelt never profited from his work with Boeing, but he continued to advance aviation in his Naval career. During World War I he supervised all Navy construction of aircraft. In 1919, he designed the NC-4 flying boat which became the first airplane to cross the Atlantic. Westervelt retired from the Navy as a captain and worked in aviation up to and through World War II. He died in Florida in 1956. William Boeing died of a heart attack aboard the Taconite on September 28, 1956, after a long period of failing health, just three days before his 75th birthday. According to his son, Boeing "pursued his curiosity, studied things carefully, and never dismissed the novel" (Seattle Post-Intelligencer).
This essay made possible by:
Museum of Flight
| Boeing |
The nuclear age was born on July 16, 1945 when the first atomic bomb was tested at White Sands Proving Grounds outside Socorro in what Southwestern state? | .. Companies Intro .. - PublicDemandMindman
PublicDemandMindman
.. Companies Intro ..
--- Little intro about google ---
GOOGLE began in january 1996 by "Larry Page and Sergey Brin " .. when they were student .. in Stanford University Network (SUN) in California.. website was domain by "google.stanford.edu" and "Google.com" was domain in september 1997 . .
This is a list of company names with their name origins explained. Some origins are disputed.
#
20th Century Fox – Film studio; formed in 1935 through the merger of William Fox 's Fox Film , and Twentieth Century Pictures .
23andme – Using the 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up each person's genome , the company helps individuals make sense of their own (me) genome. [2]
37signals – Web development company; named for the 37 radiotelescope signals identified by astronomer Paul Horowitz as potential messages from extraterrestrial intelligence . [3]
3Com – Network technology producer; the three coms are computer, communication, and compatibility.
3M – from the company's original name, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company.
7-Eleven – Convenience stores; renamed from "U-Tote'm" in 1946 to reflect their newly extended hours, 7:00 a.m. until 11:00 p.m.
A
A&W Root Beer – named after founders Roy Allen and Frank Wright
ABN AMRO – in the 1960s, the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (Dutch Trading Society; 1824) and De Twentsche Bank merged to form the Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN; General Bank of the Netherlands); in 1966, the Amsterdamsche Bank and the Rotterdamsche Bank merged to form the Amro Bank; in 1991, ABN and Amro Bank merged to form ABN AMRO.
Accenture – from "Accent on the future". The name Accenture was proposed by a company employee in Norway as part of an internal name finding process (BrandStorming). Before January 1, 2001, the company was called Andersen Consulting .
Adecco – named from the merger of Swiss staffing company Adia with French staffing company Ecco .
Adidas – from the name of the founder Adolf (Adi) Dassler.
Adobe Systems – from the Adobe Creek that ran behind the house of co-founder John Warnock .
Ahold – a holding company of Albert Heijn and other supermarkets. For its 100th anniversary in 1987, Ahold was granted the title ofKoninklijke ("Royal" in Dutch ) by the Monarchy of the Netherlands , changing its name to Koninklijke Ahold (Royal Ahold).
Akai – named for its founder, Masukichi Akai.
Akamai – from the Hawaiian word akamai meaning smart or clever; the company defines it as "intelligent, clever and cool".
AKZO – named from the 1969 merger of Algemene Kunstzijde Unie (AKU) and Koninklijke Zout Organon (KZO).
AKG Acoustics – from the company’s original name, Akustische und Kino-Geräte (Acoustic and Cinema Equipment)
Alcatel-Lucent – Alcatel was named from Société Alsacienne de Constructions Atomiques, de Télécomunications et d'Electronique. It took over Lucent Technologies in 2006.
Alcoa – Aluminum Company of America.
Aldi – portmanteau for Albrecht (name of the founders) and discount
Alfa Romeo – the company was originally known as ALFA, an acronym for Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili. When Nicola Romeobought ALFA in 1915, his surname was appended.
Alstom – set up as Alsthom in 1928 by Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques and Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston, it changed the spelling to Alstom in 1997.
AltaVista – Spanish for "high view".
ALZA – from the name of the founder Alex Zaffaroni.
Amazon.com – founder Jeff Bezos renamed the company Amazon (from the earlier name of Cadabra.com) after the world's most voluminous river, the Amazon . He saw the potential for a larger volume of sales in an online (as opposed to a bricks and mortar) bookstore. (Alternative: Amazon was chosen to cash in on the popularity of Yahoo, which listed entries alphabetically.)
AmBev – American Beverage Company, the largest Brazilian beverage company and fourth in the world. In 2004 it merged with Interbrew to create Inbev
AMC Theatres – American Multi-Cinema: the company pioneered multi-screen cinemas.
AMD – Advanced Micro Devices
AMKOR – AMericanKORea
Amiga Corporation - The original developers of the 16-bit Amiga computer chose the name, which means a 'female friend' in Spanish and Portuguese, because it sounded friendly, and because it came before rivals ( Apple Inc. and Atari ) alphabetically.
Amoco – AMerican Oil COmpany – now part of BP
Amstrad – Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc was founded by Sir Alan Michael Sugar in the UK. The name is a contraction of Alan MichaelSugar Trading.
AOL – from America Online. The company was founded in 1983 as Quantum Computer Services.
Apache – according to the project's 1997 FAQ: "The Apache group was formed around a number of people who provided patch files that had been written for NCSA httpd 1.3. The result after combining them was A PAtCHy server."
Apple – For the favorite fruit of co-founder Steve Jobs and/or for the time he worked at an apple orchard, and to distance itself from the cold, unapproachable, complicated imagery created by other computer companies at the time – which had names such as IBM , DEC , Cincom and Tesseract
Apricot Computers – early UK-based microcomputer company founded by ACT (Applied Computer Techniques), a business software and services supplier. The company wanted a "fruity" name (Apple and Acorn were popular brands) that included the letters A, C and T. Apricotfit the bill.
Arby's – the enunciation of the initials of its founders, the Raffel Brothers. The partners wanted to use the name Big Tex, but were unsuccessful in negotiating with the Akron businessman who was already using the name. So, Forrest said, "We came up with Arby's, which stands for R.B., the initials of Raffel Brothers, although I guess customers might think the initials stand for roast beef."
Arcelor – created in 2001 by a merger of Arbed (Luxembourg), Aceralia (Spain) and Usinor (France) with the ambition of becoming a major player in the steel industry.
Areva – named from the region of Ávila in northern Spain, location of the Arevalo abbey. Arevalo was shorted to Arevo.
Aricent – communications software company name created in 2006 by combining two words "arise" and "ascent".
ARM Limited – named after the microprocessor developed by small UK company Acorn as a successor to the 6502 used in its BBC Microcomputer. ARM originally stood for Acorn Risc Machine. When the company was spun off with backing from Apple and VTI, this was changed to Advanced Risc Machines.
Arm & Hammer – based on the arm and hammer of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and metalworking. It was previously the logo of the Vulcan Spice Mills in Brooklyn. When James Church, the son of Church & Dwight founder Austin Church, came to Church and Dwight from Vulcan Spice Mills, he brought the logo with him. [24]
ARP – company that made analog synthesizers in the 1970s, named after founder Alan Robert Pearlman.
Artis (zoo in Amsterdam) – from the Latin phrase, Natura Artis Magistra, or Nature is Art's Teacher
Asda – Asda Stores Limited was founded as Associated Dairies & Farm Stores Ltd in 1949. However the formation of the Asda name occurred in 1965 with the merger of the Asquith chain of three supermarkets and Associated Dairies; Asda is an abbreviation of Asquith andDairies, a large UK supermarket chain that is now a subsidiary of Wal-Mart .
ASICS – an acronym for Anima Sana In Corpore Sano, which, translated from Latin, means "Healthy soul in a healthy body". Originally the citation is mens sana in corpore sano , but MSICS does not sound as good.
Ask.com – search engine formerly named after Jeeves , the gentleman's gentleman ( valet , not butler ) in P. G. Wodehouse 's series of books. Ask Jeeves was shortened to Ask in 2006.
Asus – named after Pegasus , the winged horse of Greek mythology. The first three letters of the word were dropped to get a high position in alphabetical listings. An Asus company named Pegatron, using the spare letters, was spun off in 2008. [25]
Aston Martin – from the "Aston Hill" races (near Aston Clinton ) where the company was founded, and the surname of Lionel Martin , the company's founder.
AT&T – the American Telephone and Telegraph Corporation officially changed its name to AT&T in the 1990s.
Atari – named from the board game Go . "Atari" is a Japanese word to describe a position where an opponent's stones are in danger of being captured. It is similar, though not identical, to "check" in chess. The original games company was American but wanted a Japanese-sounding name.
ATI – Array Technologies Incorporated
ATS – Auto Technik Spezialerzeugnisse, a German company producing light alloy wheels and motor parts, which ran its own Formula 1 racing team in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Audi – Latin translation of the German name "Horch". The founder August Horch left the company after five years, but still wanted to manufacture cars. Since the original "Horch" company was still there, he called his new company Audi, the Latin form of his last name. In English it is: "hark!".
B
B&Q – from the initials of its founders, Richard Block and David Quayle
Bang & Olufsen – from the names of its founders, Peter Bang and Svend Olufsen, who met at a School of Engineering in Denmark.
Bally – originally Lion Manufacturing, the company changed its name to Bally after the success of its first popular pinball machine, Ballyhoo.
Banesto – from Banco Español de Crédito (Spanish Credit Bank)
Bape - According to founder Nigo, the name "BAPE" is short for "A Bathing Ape In Lukewarm Water". Japanese people typically have daily baths in water at temperatures above 40 degrees celsius (104°F). As such, bathing in luke warm water is to complacently over indulge
BASF – from Badische Anilin und Soda Fabriken. Anilin and Soda were the first products. Badisch refers to the location in the state of Baden, Germany (Black Forest region).
Bauknecht – founded as an electrotechnical workshop in 1919 by Gottlob Bauknecht, and now a Whirlpool brand.
Bayer – named after Friedrich Bayer, who founded the company in 1863.
BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation, originally British Broadcasting Company .
BBVA – Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria.
BCC Research – from the company's former name, Business Communications Company.
BEA Systems – from the first initial of each of the company's three founders: Bill Coleman, Ed Scott and Alfred Chuang.
Ben & Jerry's – named after Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, who founded an ice cream parlor in 1978 after completing a correspondence course on ice cream making from Pennsylvania State University. The company, Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings, Inc. was later taken over by Unilever .
BenQ – Bringing Enjoyment and Quality to life
BHP – Broken Hill Proprietary, named after the town of Broken Hill , where BHP was founded (now BHP Billiton)
BIC Corporation – the pen company was named after one of its founders, Marcel Bich. He dropped the final h to avoid a potentially inappropriate English pronunciation of the name.
Black & Decker – named after founders S. Duncan Black and Alonzo G. Decker.
Blaupunkt – Blaupunkt ("Blue dot") was founded in 1923 under the name "Ideal". Its core business was the manufacturing of headphones . If the headphones came through quality tests, the company would give the headphones a blue dot. The headphones quickly became known as the blue dots or blaue Punkte. The quality symbol would become a trademark and the trademark would become the company name in 1938.
BMW – Bayerische Motoren Werke (Bavarian Motor Factories).
Boeing – named after founder William E. Boeing. It was originally called Pacific Aero Products Co.
Bosch – (full company name Robert Bosch GmbH) - named after founder Robert Bosch. A German diversified technology-based corporation.
BSNL – from Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (India Communications Corporation Limited).
BP – formerly British Petroleum, now BP. (The slogan "Beyond Petroleum" has incorrectly been taken to refer to the company's new name following its rebranding effort in 2000.)
BRAC – Bangladesh Rural & Advancement Committee, world's largest NGO (non governmental organization).
Bridgestone – named after founder Shojiro Ishibashi. The surname Ishibashi (石橋) means "stone bridge", or "bridge of stone".
Brine, Corp. – sporting goods company named after founder, W.H. Brine. It was taken over by New Balance in 2006.
BT – formerly British Telecom (from BT Group, formerly British Telecommunications plc.)
Bull – Compagnie des machines Bull was founded in Paris to exploit the patents for punched card machines taken out by Norwegian engineer Fredrik Rosing Bull .
Burroughs Corporation – founded in 1886 as the American Arithmometer Company and later renamed after the adding machine invented by William Seward Burroughs . The company took over Sperry Corporation and became Unisys .
Bultaco – Spanish company of motorcycles, which disappeared in the 1980s. Its name is based on the name of its founder, Paco Bultó.
BHEL – Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, a government of India company.
C
CA – Computer Associates was founded in 1976 as Computer Associates International, Inc. by Charles Wang
C&A – named after the brothers Clemens and August Brenninkmeijer, who founded a textile company called C&A in the Netherlands in 1841.
CVS – Convenience Value Service.
D
Daewoo – company founder Kim Woo Chong called it Daewoo which means "Great House" or "Great Universe" in Korean .
DAF Trucks – from 1932 the company's name was Van Doorne's Aanhangwagen Fabriek (Van Doorne's Trailer Factory). In 1949 the company started making trucks, trailers and buses and changed the name into Van Doorne's Automobiel Fabriek (Van Doorne's Automobile Factory).
Daihatsu – the first kanji from "Osaka" (大坂, the kanji is here pronounced dai) and "engine" (発動機, the first kanji is hatsu). Engine manufacturers were listed on the Tokyo and Osaka Stock Exchanges, and their names shortened to the first kanji. (The company listed on the Tokyo exchange is Tohatsu .)
Danone (Dannon in the U.S.) – Isaac Carasso in Barcelona made his first yoghourts with the nickname of his first son Daniel (DAN-ONE)
Datsun – first called DAT, from the initials of its financiers Den, Aoyama and Takeuchi. Soon changed to DATSON to imply a smaller version of their original car, then (as SON can means "loss" in Japanese) again to DATSUN when they were acquired by Nissan.
Debian – project founder Ian Murdock named it after himself and his girlfriend, Debra.
DEC – Digital Equipment Corporation, a pioneering American minicomputer manufacturer founded by Ken Olsen and taken over by Compaq, before Compaq was merged into Hewlett-Packard (HP). It was generally called DEC ("deck"), but later tried to rebrand itself as Digital.
DEKA – named after its founder Dean Kamen, developer of the Segway, iBOT, HomeChoice Dialysis and other products.
Delhaize – named after its founders, Jules Delhaize and his brothers, who originated from Charleroi (Belgium). They opened the first European self-service "supermarket" in Elsene, near Brussels.
Dell – named after its founder, Michael Dell . The company changed its name from Dell Computer in 2003.
Dow – named after its founder, Herbert Henry Dow .
Duane Reade – named after Duane and Reade Streets in lower Manhattan, where the chain's first warehouse was located.
Dynegy – the Natural Gas Clearinghouse changed its name in 1998 to reflect its self-described traits as a dynamic energy company. "Dynergy" had already been taken by a German health foods company.
E
EA Games – EA is from Electronic Arts. The company was founded in May 1982 as Amazin' Software and changed its name to Electronic Arts in October the same year.
eBay – Pierre Omidyar, who had created the Auction Web trading website, had formed a web consulting concern called Echo Bay Technology Group. "Echo Bay" didn't refer to the town in Nevada, "It just sounded cool", Omidyar reportedly said. Echo Bay Mines Limited , a gold mining company, had already taken EchoBay.com, so Omidyar registered what (at the time) he thought was the second best name: eBay.com.
Edumed – Education in Medicine, reflecting its first area of activity, distance education in medicine
EDS – Electronic Data Systems, founded in 1962 by former IBM salesman Ross Perot . According to the company history: "He chose Electronic Data Systems from potential names he scribbled on a pledge envelope during a service at Highland Park Presbyterian Church in Dallas."
Eidos – named from a Greek word meaning "species". The company became well-known for its Tomb Raider series of games.
Eletropaulo – One of the largest Brazilian companies in electricity generation and distribution, its name derives from Companhia de Eletricidade de São Paulo.
Embraer – Brazilian aircraft manufacturer, its name is an abbreviation of Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica (Brazilian Aeronautics Company).
EMBRAPA – Brazilian state agricultural research and development company, its name is an abbreviation of Empresa Brasileira dePesquisa Agropecuária (Brazilian Agriculture Research Company).
EMBRATEL – an abbreviation of Empresa Brasileira de Telecomunicações (Brazilian Telecommunications Company). Brazil's largest telecommunications company, it was a state monopoly until 1992 when it was privatized and sold to MCI , then later resold to Telmex .
EMC Corporation – named from the initials of the founders, Richard Egan and Roger Marino. There has long been a rumor that another partner provided the third letter (C). Other reports indicate the C stands for Company. EMC adopted the EMC² notation to refer to Einstein's famous equation, E = mc² .
EMI – formerly Electric and Musical Industries Ltd.
Emporis – Empor comes from the German and means "aloft, rising". One of the world's largest providers of data concerning buildings.
Equifax – Equitable and factual
ESPN – Entertainment and Sports Programming Network
ESRI – Environmental Systems Research Institute, the first geographic information system (GIS) software company founded by Jack and Laura Dangermond in Redlands, California, in 1969
Epson – Epson Seiko Corporation, the Japanese printer and peripheral manufacturer, was named from "Son of Electronic Printer"
Esso – the enunciation of the initials S.O. in Standard Oil of New Jersey.
Exxon – a name contrived by Esso (Standard Oil of New Jersey) in the early 1970s to create a neutral but distinctive label for the company. Within days, Exxon was being called the "double cross company" but this eventually subsided. (Esso is a trademark of ExxonMobil.) Esso had to change its name in the U.S. because of restrictions dating to the 1911 Standard Oil antitrust decision.
F
Forrester Research – from the family name of the mother of the founder George Forrester Colony .
FranklinCovey – named after Benjamin Franklin and Stephen Covey . The company was formed from the 1997 merger of FranklinQuest and the Covey Leadership Center.
Fuji – named after Mount Fuji, the highest mountain in Japan.
G
Garmin – named after its founders, Gary Burrell and Dr. Min Kao.
Gartner – named after its founder, Gideon Gartner, who left the firm in 1992 to start Giga (named from Gideon Gartner).
Gatti's Pizza – Gatti was the maiden name of Pat Eure, wife of company founder Jim Eure.
GCap Media – named after the merger of the GWR Group and Capital Radio Group in May 2005. GWR was launched in 1985 after the merger of Radio West and Wiltshire Radio.
Genentech – from Genetic Engineering Technology.
GEICO – from Government Employees Insurance Company
Glaxo – a dried milk company set up in Bunnythorpe, New Zealand, by Joseph Edward Nathan. The company wanted to use the name "Lacto" but it was similar to some already in use. Glaxo evolved and was registered on 27 October 1906. GlaxoSmithKline was a 2000 merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham .
Glock GmbH – named after its founder, Gaston Glock .
Google – an originally accidental misspelling of the word googol and settled upon because google.com was unregistered. Googol was proposed to reflect the company's mission to organize the immense amount of information available online.
Grey Global Group – an advertising and marketing agency supposed to have derived its name from the colour of the walls of its first office.
Grundig – named after its founder, radio dealer-turned-manufacturer Max Grundig , in 1945.
Gulfstream Aerospace – named after the Gulf Stream current that starts in the Gulf of Mexico and crosses the Atlantic. The company traces its origins to the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation , which was sold and renamed in 1985.
H
Häagen-Dazs – Name was invented in 1961 by ice-cream makers Reuben and Rose Mattus of the Bronx "to convey an aura of the old-world traditions and craftsmanship". [35] The name has no meaning.
Haier – Chinese 海 "sea" and 尔 (a transliteration character; also means "you" in Literary Chinese ).
H&M – named from Hennes & Mauritz. In 1947, Swedish businessman Erling Persson established Hennes, a ladies' clothing store, in Västerås, Sweden. "Hennes" is Swedish for "hers". In 1968, Persson bought the Stockholm premises and inventory of a hunting equipment store called Mauritz Widforss. The inventory included a collection of men's clothing, which prompted Persson to expand into menswear.
Haribo – from the name of the founder and the German home town of the company: Hans Riegel, Bonn .
Harman Kardon – named after its founders Dr. Sidney Harman and Bernard Kardon.
Harpo Productions – production company founded by Oprah Winfrey. Harpo is Oprah backwards.
Hasbro – founded by Henry and Helal Hassenfeld, the Hassenfeld Brothers.
HBOS – UK-based banking company formed by the merger of the Halifax and the Bank of Scotland.
HCL – Hindustan Computers Ltd, Indian software company founded by Shiv Nadar .
Hess Corporation – named after its founder Leon Hess.
HP – Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett.
Hitachi – old place name, literally "sunrise"
HMV – from "His Master's Voice", which appeared in 1899 as the title of a painting of Nipper, a Jack Russell terrier, listening to a gramophone.
Hoechst – from the name of a district in Frankfurt .
Honda – from the name of its founder, Soichiro Honda .
Honeywell – from the name of Mark Honeywell , founder of Honeywell Heating Specialty Co. It later merged with Minneapolis Heat Regulator Company and was finally called Honeywell Inc. in 1963.
Hospira – the name, selected by the company's employees, is derived from the words hospital, spirit, inspire and the Latin word spero, which means hope. It expresses the hope and optimism that are critical in the healthcare industry.
Hotmail – Founder Jack Smith got the idea of accessing e-mail via the web from a computer anywhere in the world. When Sabeer Bhatia came up with the business plan for the mail service he tried all kinds of names ending in ' mail ' and finally settled for Hotmail as it included the letters " HTML " – the markup language used to write web pages. It was initially referred to as HoTMaiL with selective upper casing. (If you click on Hotmail's 'mail' tab, you will still find "HoTMaiL" in the URL.)
H&R Block – after the founders, brothers Henry W. and Richard Bloch (with "Bloch" changed to "Block" to avoid mispronunciation).
HSBC – Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
Hyundai – connotes the sense of "the present age" or "modernity" in Korean.
I
IBM – named by Tom (Thomas John) Watson Sr, an ex-employee of National Cash Register ( NCR Corporation ). To one-up them in all respects, he called his company International Business Machines.
ICICI – Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India.
ICL – abbreviation for International Computers Limited , once the UK's largest computer company but now a service arm of Fujitsu, of Japan.
IG Farben – Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG was so named because the constituent German companies produced dyestuffs among many other chemical compounds. The consortium is most known today for its central participation in the World War II Holocaust , as it made the Zyklon B gas used in the gas chambers .
Iiyama – manufacturer of monitors and TVs named after the Japanese city, Iiyama.
IKEA – a composite of the first letters in the Swedish founder Ingvar Kamprad 's name in addition to the first letters of the names of the property and the village in which he grew up: Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd.
InBev – the name was created after the merger of the Belgian company Interbrew with Brazilian Ambev
Inditex – a Spanish group named from Industria de Diseño Textil (Textile Design Industry).
Infineon Technologies – derived from Infinity and Aeon. The name was given to Siemens's Semiconductor branch (called Siemens HL or Siemens SC/SSC) when it was spun off.
Ingenico – electronic payment device manufacturer based in Paris and named from the French Ingenieux Compagnie (Ingenious Company).
Intel – Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore initially incorporated their company as N M Electronics. Someone suggested Moore Noyce Electronics but it sounded too close to "more noise". Later, Integrated Electronics was proposed but it had already been taken, so they used the initial syllables (INTegrated ELectronics ). To avoid potential conflicts with other companies with similar names, Intel purchased the name rights for $15,000 from a company called Intelco. (Source: Intel 15 Years Corporate Anniversary Brochure)
Ittiam Systems – an Indian company named from the famous philosophical dictum: "I think therefore I am" ( Cogito, ergo sum ). [36]
Infosys – An Indian software major. "Information Systems"
J
JAL – from Japan Airlines
Jat Airways – founded in 1927 as "Aeroput" (Airway in Serbian). From 1947, it was known as JAT (Jugoslovenski Aero Transport). After the break-up of the former Yugoslavia (and after Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro), the company kept the name, Jat, but not as an abbreviation.
JBL – from James B Lansing, an electronics designer
Johnson & Johnson – Originally a partnership between brothers James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson in 1885, the addition of brother Robert Wood Johnson I led to formal incorporation as Johnson & Johnson in 1887.
JVC – Japan Victor Company
KPMG – from the last names of the founders of the firms which combined to form the cooperative: Piet Klijnveld , William Barclay Peat , James Marwick , and Reinhard Goerdeler .
Kroger – American supermarket chain named after its founder, Barney Kroger
KUKA – Company founded in 1898 in Augsburg, Germany as Keller Und Knappich Augsburg, short KUKA. Today a manufacturer of industrial robots and automation systems and registrated trademark for industrial robots.
Kyocera – from Kyoto Ceramics, after Kyoto in Japan.
L
Lada – from the name of a Slavic goddess, and used as a trading name by Russian automobile manufacturer AvtoVAZ (АВТОВАЗ in Russian). VAZ is derived from Volzhsky Automobilny Zavod.
Lancôme – began in 1935, when its founder, Armand Petitjean, was exploring the ruins of a castle, Le Chateau de Lancôme ( Loir-et-Cher ) while vacationing in the French countryside. Petitjean's inspiration for the company's symbol, a rose, was the many wild roses growing around the castle.
LCL – from Le Crédit Lyonnais. The name change occurred after the bank was involved in a major financial scandal where evidence disappeared in a mysterious fire.
Lego – combination of the Danish "leg godt", which means to "play well". Lego also means "I put together" in Latin, but Lego Group claims this is only a coincidence and the etymology of the word is entirely Danish. Years before the little plastic brick was invented, Lego manufactured wooden toys.
Lenovo Group – a portmanteau of "Le-" (from former name Legend) and "novo", pseudo-Latin for "new". This Chinese company took over IBM's PC division.
Lycos – from Lycosidae, the family of wolf spiders .
M
Maggi – food company named after its founder, Julius Maggi. It was taken over by Nestlé in 1947 and survives as a brand name.
MAN – abbreviation for Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg (Augsburg-Nuremberg Machine Company). The MAN company is a German engineering works and truck manufacturer.
Mandriva – new company formed from the merger of Mandrake Linux and Connectiva Linux
Manhattan Associates – named from Manhattan Beach, California, where the company was founded, before it moved to Atlanta, Georgia.
Manugistics — Manufacturing + Logistics, a supplier of supply chain optimization software.
Mars – named after Frank C. Mars and his wife, Ethel, who started making candy in 1911. Their son, Forrest E. Mars, joined with Bruce Murrie, the son of a Hershey executive, to form M&M Ltd (from Mars & Murrie). Forrest took over the family business after his father's death and merged the two companies in 1964. After retiring from Mars, Inc. in 1993, Forrest founded Ethel M. Chocolates, named after his mother.
Masco Corporation – from the names of the founder Alex Manoogian, Screw and Company. Masco Screw Products Co. was founded in 1929
Mast-Jägermeister AG – Named for founder Wilhelm Mast and its main product, Jägermeister (German for "hunt master") liqueur.
Mattel – a portmanteau of the founders names Harold "Matt" Matson and Elliot Handler.
Mazda Motor Corporation – the company was founded as Toyo Kogyo, started manufacturing Mazda brand cars in 1931, and changed its name to Mazda in 1984. The cars were supposedly named after Ahura Mazda , the chief deity of the Zoroastrians, though many think this explanation was created after the fact, to cover up what is simply a poor anglicized version of the founders name, Jujiro Matsuda. This theory is supported by the fact that the company is referred to only as "Matsuda" in Japan.
MBNA – originally a subsidiary of Maryland National Corporation, MBNA once stood for Maryland Bank, NA (NA itself standing for National Association, a federal designation representing the bank's charter).
McDonald's – from the name of the brothers Dick McDonald and Mac McDonald , who founded the first McDonald's restaurant in 1940.
MCI Communications – Microwave Communications, Inc. The company later merged with Worldcom to create MCI Worldcom . The MCI was dropped in 2000 and the acquiring company changed its name to MCI when it emerged from bankruptcy in 2003.
Mercedes – from the first name of the daughter of Emil Jellinek , who distributed cars of the early Daimler company around 1900.
Merillat Industries – named after Orville D. Merillat, who founded the company in 1946.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) – Film studio formed from the merger of three other companies: Metro Picture Corporation, GoldwynPictures Corporation , and Louis B. Mayer Pictures. Goldwyn Picture Corporation in turn was named after the last names of Samuel Goldfish , and Edgar and Archibald Selwyn.
MFI – from Mullard Furniture Industries. The original company was named after the founder's wife, whose maiden name was Mullard.
MG Cars – from Morris Garages after co-founder William Morris. Under Chinese ownership, the company says: "We want Chinese consumers to know this brand as 'Modern Gentleman'."
Microlins – from Microcomputers and Lins , a Brazilian city where the company was founded by José Carlos Semenzato
Micron Technology – computer memory producer named after the microscopic parts of its products. It is now better known by its consumer brand name: Crucial.
Microsoft – coined by Bill Gates to represent the company that was devoted to microcomputer software. Originally christened Micro-Soft, the '-' disappeared on 3/2/1987 with the introduction of a new corporate identity and logo. The "slash between the 'o' and 's' [in the Microsoft logo] emphasizes the "soft" part of the name and conveys motion and speed."[ citation needed ]
Midway Games – derived from the name of an airport on the southwestern part of Chicago.
Mincom Limited – Mincom was founded in Brisbane, Australia in 1979. Currently the largest software company in Australia and the fourth oldest ERP company globally. The company initially created software to specifically assist mining companies and the name Mining 'computing.
Minolta – Minolta was founded in Osaka, Japan in 1928 as Nichi-Doku Shashinki Shōten (日独写真機商店; literally: Japan-Germany camera shop). It was not until 1934 that the name Minolta first appeared on a camera, the Minolta Vest.
MIPRO - stands for MIcrophone PROfessionals. MIPRO is a manufactuer of wireless microphones.
MIPS – originally stood for Microprocessor without Interlocking Pipeline Stages. When interlocks where added to a later implementation, the name was redefined to not be an acronym but just a name. (The name also connotes computer speed, by association with the acronym formillions of instructions per second.)
Mitel – from Mike and Terry's Lawnmowers, after the founders Michael Cowpland (see also: Corel) and Terry Matthews, and the company's original business plan.
MITRE – Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Establishment (however The MITRE Corporation asserts that its name is not an acronym)
Mitsubishi – the name Mitsubishi (三菱) has two parts: mitsu means three and hishi (changing to bishi in the middle of the word) means diamond (the shape). Hence, the three diamond logo. (Note that "diamond" in this context refers only to the rhombus shape, not to the precious gem.)
Morningstar, Inc. – The name Morningstar is taken from the last sentence in Walden, a book by Henry David Thoreau; "the sun is but a morning star"
Motorola – Founder Paul Galvin came up with this name when his company (at the time, Galvin Manufacturing Company) started manufacturing radios for cars . Many audio equipment makers of the era used the "ola" ending for their products, most famously the "Victrola" phonograph made by the Victor Talking Machine Company . The name was meant to convey the idea of "sound" and "motion". It became so widely recognized that the company later adopted it as the company name.
Mozilla Foundation – from the name of the web browser that preceded Netscape Navigator . When Marc Andreesen, co-founder of Netscape , created a browser to replace the Mosaic browser, it was internally named Mozilla (Mosaic-Killer, Godzilla ) by Jamie Zawinski .
MVC – from Music and Video Club, the name of a UK -based entertainment chain.
Mustek – Taiwanese electronics manufacturer with name derived from Most Unique Scanner Technology.
MRF – from Madras Rubber Factory, founded by K M Mammen Mappillai in 1946. He started with a toy-balloon manufacturing unit at Tiruvottiyur, Chennai (then called Madras). In 1952 he began manufacturing tread-rubber and, in 1961, tyres.
N
Nike – named for the Greek goddess of victory .
Nikon – the original name was Nippon Kogaku, meaning "Japanese Optical".
Nintendo – Nintendo is the transliteration of the company's Japanese name, nintendou (任天堂). The first two (nin-ten) can be translated to "entrusted to heaven"; dou is a common ending meaning "hall" or "store".
Nissan – the company was earlier known by the name Nippon Sangyo which means "Japan Industries".
Nokia – started as a wood-pulp mill, the company expanded into producing rubber products in the Finnish city of Nokia . The company later adopted the city's name.
Nortel Networks – named from Nortel (Northern Telecom) and Bay Networks. The company was originally spun off from the Bell Telephone Company of Canada Ltd in 1895 as Northern Electric and Manufacturing, and traded as Northern Electric from 1914 to 1976.
Novartis – after the Latin expression "novae artes" which means something like "new skills".
Novell – Novell, Inc. was earlier Novell Data Systems co-founded by George Canova. The name was suggested by George's wife who mistakenly thought that "Novell" meant new in French. (Nouvelle is the feminine form of the French adjective 'Nouveau'. Nouvelle as a noun in French is ' news '.)
O
OCZ – play on the word Overclockers.
Oracle – Larry Ellison, Ed Oates and Bob Miner were working on a consulting project for the CIA . The code name for the project was Oracle . The project was designed to use the newly written SQL database language from IBM. The project was eventually terminated but they decided to finish what they started and bring it to the world. Later they changed the name of the company, Relational Software Inc., to the name of the product.
Ornge – new name (2006) for Ontario Air Ambulance , chosen to reflect the orange color of its aircraft. It was intended to provide a unique branding but the ornge.com misspelling was already used by an advertising portal.
P
Paccar – from Pacific Car and Rail.
PCCW – originally Pacific Century Development, the company's English name was changed from Pacific Century CyberWorks Limited to PCCW Limited on August 9, 2002. It owns Hong Kong Telecom.
Pamida – U.S. retailer founded by Jim Witherspoon and Lee Wegener, it took its name from the first two letters of the names of Witherspoon's three sons: Patrick, Michael and David.
Pemex – state-owned Mexican oil/gasoline company named from Petróleos Mexicanos.
Pennzoil – formed by a merger of South Penn Oil (Penn), a former Standard Oil subsidiary, and Zapata Oil (zoil).
Pepsi – named from the digestive enzyme pepsin .
PRS Guitars – named after its founder, Paul Reed Smith .
Psion – UK computer company named by its founder, South Africa-born Dr David Potter, from Potter Scientific Instruments Or Nothing.
Q
Q8 – the acronym for these gas stations sounds like Kuwait, that is, the letter Q followed by the number 8. It is the abbreviation for Kuwait Petroleum International Limited .
Qantas – from its original name, Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services.
Qimonda – Qimonda carries different meanings and allows associations in different languages. "Qi" stands for flowing or breathing energy, while the combination of the English word "key" and the Latin "mundus" is intuitively understood in the Western World as "key to the world".
Quad – an acronym for Quality Unit Amplified Domestic. Quad Electroacoustics was founded in 1936 by Peter Walker, and was formerly called the Acoustical Manufacturing Company.
RSA Security – formed from the first letters of the family names of its founders Ronald Rivest , Adi Shamir and Len Adleman .
S
SAAB – founded in 1937 in Sweden as Svenska Aeroplan aktiebolaget (Swedish Aeroplane Company); the last word is typically abbreviated as AB, hence SAAB.
Sabre – Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment.
Samsonite – named from the Biblical character Samson , renowned for his strength.
Samsung – meaning three stars in Korean.
Sanyo – meaning three oceans in Japanese.
SAP – SystemAnalyse und Programmentwicklung (German for "System analysis and program development"), a company formed by five ex-IBM employees who used to work in the 'Systems/Applications/Projects' group of IBM. Later, SAP was redefined to stand for Systeme, Anwendungen und Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung (Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing).
SAS – Scandinavian Airlines System, the flag airline carrier of Sweden , Norway and Denmark .
SAS Institute – originally an abbreviation for Statistical Analysis System.
Sasol – Suid-Afrikaanse Steenkool en Olie ( Afrikaans for South African Coal and Oil).
SCB – from Standard Chartered Bank. The name Standard Chartered comes from the two original banks from which it was founded – The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, and The Standard Bank of British South Africa.
SCO – from Santa Cruz Operation. The company's office was in Santa Cruz, California . It eventually formed Tarantella, Inc. and sold off its operating system division to Caldera Systems (a spin off from Novell ), which is based in Utah. Caldera changed its name to The SCO Group (at which point SCO no longer stood for anything).
Saudi Aramco – the Aramco name was derived in 1944 when California Arabian Standard Oil Company (Casoc) changed its name toArabian American Oil Company. The Saudi government purchased the company in 1980, and changed its name to Saudi Arabian Oil Company or Saudi Aramco in 1988. [46]
SEAT – an acronym from Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo (Spanish Corporation of Touring Cars).
Sealed Air – from the "sealed air" found in its most notable product, Bubble Wrap.
Sega – Service Games of Japan was founded by Marty Bromley (an American) to import pinball games to Japan for use on American military bases.
Seiko – Seiko, now referred to in katakana as セイコー("seiko"), was originally named in kanji as 精工(also "seiko"). The two characters were taken from the phrase 「精巧で精密な時計の生産に成功する工場」, the company's vision which roughly translates to "a factory（工場:kojyo）that successfully（成功:seiko）produces（生産:seisan）exquisit（精巧:seiko）and precise（精密:seimitsu）watches". – According to Seiko's official company history, titled A Journey In Time: The Remarkable Story of Seiko (2003), Seiko is a Japanese word for "exquisite" or "minute" (both spelled 精巧), as well as a word for "success" (spelled 成功).
Six Apart – company co-founders Ben and Mena Trott were born six days apart (in September 1977).
SKF – from Svenska Kullagerfabriken AB, a Swedish manufacturer founded in 1907. See also Volvo .
Škoda Auto – the car company was founded in 1895 and originally named Laurin & Klement after its founders, Vaclav Laurin and Vaclav Klement . It was taken over by Škoda Works , an industrial conglomerate, in 1924, and adopted the Škoda name from Emil Škoda . Škoda Auto was split off after World War II and is now part of Volkswagen .
Skype – the original concept for the name was Sky-Peer-to-Peer, which morphed into Skyper, then Skype. [47]
Smart – Swatch + Mercedes + Art
Smilebit – former Sega development studio named from what they hope to make you do (smile), and the smallest unit of computer information (bit). The company developed Jet Set Radio .
Smeg – acronym based on the Italian towns where the original enamelling factory was located in Guastalla, Italy.
SNK – Shin Nihon Kikaku, Japanese for Plans for a New Japan.
Sony – from the Latin word 'sonus' meaning sound, and 'sonny' a slang word used by Americans to refer to a bright youngster, "since we were sonny boys working in sound and vision", said Akio Morita. The company was founded as Tokyo Tsoshiu Kogyo KK (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation) in 1946, and changed its name to Sony in 1958. Sony was chosen as it could be pronounced easily in many languages.
Sorcim – "Micros" backwards. Sorcim was the original publisher of the SuperCalc spreadsheet in 1980. It was taken over by Computer Associates .
SPAR – originally DE SPAR, from Door Eendrachtig Samenwerken Profiteren Allen Regelmatig (Dutch, meaning "All will benefit from united co-operation"). "De spar" in Dutch translates as "the fir tree", hence the fir tree logo. As the company expanded across Europe, the name was shortened by dropping the article, "DE".
Sperry – company founded by Elmer Ambrose Sperry (1860–1930), originally as Sperry Gyroscope Company. Sperry took over Univac, and eventually was itself taken over by Burroughs. The merged companies became Unisys, from United Information Systems.
Spiratone - from the last name of founders Fred Spira and Hans Spira. The company was founded as Spiratone Fine Grain Laboratories. The "tone" suffix was common in the photographic industry (an example cited by Fred Spira is Royaltone) at the time of the company's founding in the 1940s.
Sprint – from its parent company, Southern Pacific Railroad INTernal Communications. At the time, pipelines and railroad tracks were the cheapest place to lay communications lines, as the right-of-way was already leased or owned.
SRAM Corporation – From its founders Scott King, Stanley Ray Day, and Sam Patterson.
SRI International – from Stanford Research Institute, established by the trustees of Stanford University , California
Stanley Works – name created to reflect the merger of Stanley's Bolt Manufactory of New Britain, Connecticut (founded by Frederick Trent Stanley ) and the Stanley Rule and Level Company (founded by his cousin Henry Stanley).
Starbucks – named after Starbuck, a character in Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick
Stellent – coined from a combination of the words stellar and excellent.
STX – pronounced as the word "sticks" because, when first founded, STX manufactured only lacrosse sticks
Subaru – from the Japanese name for the constellation known to Westerners as Pleiades or the Seven Sisters. Subaru was formed from a merger of seven other companies, and the constellation is featured on the company's logo.
Sun Microsystems – its founders designed their first workstation in their dorm at Stanford University , and chose the name Stanford University Network for their product, hoping to sell it to the college. They didn't.
SuSE – from Software und System-Entwicklung (software and system development). The company was bought by Novell for its Linux distribution.
Suzuki – from the name of its founder, Michio Suzuki.
T
Taco Bell – named after founder Glen Bell.
Talgo – from "Tren Articulado Ligero Goicoechea-Oriol" (Spanish for "Goicoechea-Oriol Light Articulated Train"), Goicoechea and Oriol being the founders of the company.
TAM Airlines – Brazilian airline company named from Transportes Aéreos Marília (Marilia's Air Transport). Marília is a city in São Paulo state, Brazil.
TAP Portugal – from "Transportes Aéreos Portugueses" (Portuguese Air Transport).
Tata Group – conglomerate named after Jamsetji Tata , considered "the father of Indian industry".
Taxan – made-up name chosen partly because Takusan is a Japanese word for many or much and was considered propitious, but mainly because the head of the company, in the U.S. at the time, Tak Shimizu was known by everyone as Tak-san.
TCL – from Today China Lion. Derived from literal translation of "今日中国雄狮" from Chinese to English.
TCS – from Tata Consultancy Services, from India's Tata Group , named after founder and legendary industrialist Jamsetji Tata .
TDK Corporation – from Tokyo Denki Kagaku (Tokyo Electronics and Chemicals).
Tesco – founder Jack Cohen – who sold groceries in the markets of the London East End from 1919 – acquired a large shipment of tea fromT. E. Stockwell. He made new labels by using the first three letters of the supplier's name and the first two letters of his surname.
Texaco – from The Texas Company U.S.A.
THX – from Tomlinson Holman Crossover, the name of the technology's inventor and the audio technology of a crossover amplifier. It may be a backronym , as the technology is owned by George Lucas 's company, and he directed THX 1138 .
TIBCO Software – The Information Bus Company. The company was founded by Vivek Ranadive as Teknekron Software Systems in 1985.
TNT N.V. – Thomas Nationwide Transport, an Australian company which was acquired by the Dutch postal company in 1996; the postal company renamed itself TNT in 2005.
Toshiba – named from the merger of consumer goods company Tokyo Denki (Tokyo Electric Co) and electrical firm Shibaura Seisaku-sho (Shibaura Engineering Works).
ToucanLearn - named after a pun on 'Two Can Learn' the company offers a learning program aimed at preschool children and their parents.
Toyota – from the name of the founder, Sakichi Toyoda. Initially called Toyeda, it was changed after a contest for a better-sounding name. The new name was written in katakana with eight strokes, a number that is considered lucky in Japan.
Triang – operating name for Lines Bros Ltd, which was founded by William, Walter and Arthur Edwin Lines. Three Lines make a triangle
Tucows – an acronym for The Ultimate Collection Of Winsock Software.
TVR – derived from the first name of the company founder TreVoR Wilkinson
U
Ubuntu Foundation – The name Ubuntu comes from the Zulu word "ubuntu" ([ùɓúntú]), translated as "humanity to others".
Umbro – Umbro was founded in 1924 by the Humphrey (Umphrey) Brothers, Harold C. and Wallace.
Unilever – name created to reflect the merger of Margarine Unie and Lever Brothers, agreed in 1929. Lever Brothers was named from its founders, William Hesketh Lever and his brother, James.
UNIMED – Brazilian cooperative of physicians , meaning União de Medicos (Physicians' Union)
Unisys – from United Information Systems, the new name for the company that resulted from the merging of two old mainframe computer companies, Burroughs and Sperry [Sperry Univac/Sperry Rand]. It united two incompatible ranges. The new-born Unisys was briefly the world's second-largest computer company, after IBM.
Unocal Corporation – the Union Oil Company of California, founded in 1890
UUNET – one of the industry's oldest and largest Internet Service Providers, named from UNIX-to-UNIX Network.
V
Varig – Largest international Brazilian airline , its name is an abbreviation of Viação Aérea Rio-Grandense, because it was founded in the state of Rio Grande do Sul .
Verizon – a portmanteau of veritas (Latin for truth) and horizon.
Virgin – founder Richard Branson started a magazine called Student while still at school. In his autobiography, Losing My Virginity, Branson says that when they were starting a business to sell records by mail order, "one of the girls suggested: 'What about Virgin? We're complete virgins at business.'"
Vodafone – from Voice, Data, Telefone. Vodafone made the UK's first mobile call at a few minutes past midnight on 1 January 1985.
Volkswagen – from the German for people's car. Ferdinand Porsche wanted to produce a car that was affordable for the masses – the Kraft-durch-Freude-Wagen (or "Strength-Through-Joy car", from a Nazi social organization) later became known, in English, as the Beetle.
Volvo – from the Latin word volvo, which means "I roll". It was originally a name for a ball bearing being developed by SKF .
W
Wachovia – from the Latin version of the German wachau, the name given to a region in North Carolina by German settlers because it reminded them of a river near their home in Germany. Many companies founded in or around Charlotte, North Carolina have Wachovia in their name.
Waitrose – upmarket UK supermarket chain originally named after the founders, Wallace Waite, Arthur Rose and David Taylor. The Taylorwas later dropped.
Wal-Mart – named after founder Sam Walton
Wang Laboratories – from the name of the founder, An Wang , the inventor of core memory.
Wendy's – Wendy was the nickname of founder Dave Thomas ' daughter Melinda.
Weta Digital – special effects company co-founded by Lord of the Rings director Peter Jackson. 'Weta' are a group of about 70 species of insect found in New Zealand, where Weta Digital is based.
W H Smith – founded by Henry Walton Smith and his wife Anna in London, England, in 1792. They named their small newsagent's shop after their son William Henry Smith, who was born the same year.
Williams-Sonoma – founded by Chuck Williams in Sonoma , California .
Wipro – from Western India Vegetable Products Limited. The company started as a modest Vanaspati and laundry soap producer and is now also an IT services giant.
WWE – World Wrestling Entertainment , formerly World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It changed its name after a court case brought by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), which is now called the World Wide Fund for Nature .
Worlds of Wonder – founder Don Kingsborough wanted an eyecatching stock symbol, and Worlds Of Wonder provided WOW. The company went bankrupt in 1988.
WPP – Global advertising and marketing company. Originally called Wire and Plastic Products.
X
Xerox – named from xerography, a word derived from the Greek xeros (dry) and graphos (writing). The company was founded as The Haloid Company in 1906, launched its first XeroX copier in 1949, and changed its name to Haloid Xerox in 1958.
Y
Yahoo! – The word Yahoo was invented by Jonathan Swift and used in his book Gulliver's Travels . It represents a person who is repulsive in appearance and barely human. Yahoo! founders David Filo and Jerry Yang jokingly considered themselves yahoos. It's also an interjection sometimes associated with United States Southerners' and Westerners' expression of joy, as alluded to in Yahoo.com commercials that end with someone singing the word "yahoo". It is also sometime jokingly referred to by its backronym , Yet Another Hierarchical OfficiousOracle. [51]
YKK – zipper manufacturer named from Yoshida Kogyo Kabushikikaisha (Yoshida Company Limited) after the founder, Tadao Yoshida. The letters YKK were stamped onto the zippers' pull tabs.
Yoplait – from the merger of Yola and Coplait in 1965.
Z
Zend Technologies – a contraction derived from the names of Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans, the two founders.
Zuse – pioneering German computer company named after its founder, Konrad Zuse (1910–1995). He built his first computer in his parents' living room at the end of the 1930s. Zuse was taken over by Siemens AG . The name is now supposedly echoed by SuSE (Software undSystem-Entwicklung: "Software and system development").
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Including such tasks as slaying the Nemean lion, cleaning the Augean stables in a single day, and obtaining the Girdle of the Amazon Queen, how many labors was Hercules supposed to perform? | Labours of Hercules
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Labours of Hercules
Roman relief (3rd century AD) depicting a sequence of the Labours of Hercules, representing from left to right the Nemean lion , the Lernaean Hydra , the Erymanthian Boar , the Ceryneian Hind , the Stymphalian birds , the Girdle of Hippolyta , the Augean stables , the Cretan Bull and the Mares of Diomedes
The twelve labours of Heracles or Hercules ( Greek : οἱ Ἡρακλέους ἆθλοι, hoi Hērakleous athloi) [1] [2] are a series of episodes concerning a penance carried out by Heracles , the greatest of the Greek heroes, whose name was later Romanised as Hercules . They were accomplished over 12 years at the service of King Eurystheus . The episodes were later connected by a continuous narrative. The establishment of a fixed cycle of twelve labours was attributed by the Greeks to an epic poem , now lost, written by Peisander , dated about 600 BC. [3] After Hercules killed his wife and children, he went to the oracle at Delphi. He prayed to the god Apollo for guidance. Hercules was told to serve the king of Mycenae, Eurystheus, for 12 years. During these 12 years, Hercules is sent to perform twelve difficult feats, called labours.
Contents
6 External links
Context
The Heracles Papyrus , a fragment of a 3rd-century Greek manuscript of a poem about the Labours of Hercules ( Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 2331)
Driven mad by Hera (queen of the gods), Hercules slew his son, daughter, and wife Megara . After recovering his sanity, Hercules deeply regretted his actions; he was purified by King Thespius , then traveled to Delphi to inquire how he could atone for his actions. Pythia , the Oracle of Delphi, advised him to go to Tiryns and serve his cousin King Eurystheus for twelve years, performing whatever labours Eurystheus might set him; in return, he would be rewarded with immortality. Hercules despaired at this, loathing to serve a man whom he knew to be far inferior to himself, yet fearing to oppose his father Zeus . Eventually, he placed himself at Eurystheus’s disposal.
Eurystheus originally ordered Hercules to perform ten labours. Hercules accomplished these tasks, but Eurystheus refused to recognize two: the slaying of the Lernaean Hydra , as Hercules’ nephew and charioteer Iolaus had helped him; and the cleansing of the Augeas , because Hercules accepted payment for the labour. Eurystheus set two more tasks (fetching the Golden Apples of Hesperides and capturing Cerberus ), which Hercules also performed, bringing the total number of tasks to twelve.
The labours
Heracles’s first six labours were located in the Peloponnese .
As they survive, the labours of Hercules are not recounted in any single place, but must be reassembled from many sources. Ruck and Staples [4] assert that there is no one way to interpret the labours, but that six were located in the Peloponnese , culminating with the rededication of Olympia . Six others took the hero farther afield, to places that were, per Ruck, “all previously strongholds of Hera or the ‘Goddess’ and were Entrances to the Netherworld.” [4] In each case, the pattern was the same: Hercules was sent to kill or subdue, or to fetch back for Eurystheus (as Hera’s representative) a magical animal or plant.
A famous depiction of the labours in Greek sculpture is found on the metopes of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, which date to the 450s BC.
In his labours, Hercules was sometimes accompanied by a male companion (an eromenos ), according to Licymnius and others, such as Iolaus , his nephew. Although he was supposed to perform only ten labours, this assistance led to two labours being disqualified: Eurystheus didn’t count slaying the Hydra, because Iolaus helped him, nor the cleansing of the Augean stables because Hercules was paid for his services, or because the rivers did the work. Several of the labours involved the offspring (by various accounts) of Typhon and his mate Echidna , all overcome by Hercules.
A traditional order of the labours found in the Bibliotheca [5] is:
Obtain the girdle of Hippolyta , Queen of the Amazons .
Obtain the cattle of the monster Geryon .
Steal the apples of the Hesperides .
Capture and bring back Cerberus .
First Labour: Nemean Lion
The first labour was to slay the Nemean lion .
Hercules and the Nemean lion ( oinochoe , 520-500 BC, from Vulci )
According to one version of the myth, the Nemean lion took women as hostages to its lair in a cave near Nemea , luring warriors from nearby towns to save the damsel in distress. After entering the cave, the warrior would see the woman (usually feigning injury) and rush to her side. Once he was close, the woman would turn into a lion and kill the warrior, devouring his remains and giving the bones to Hades .
Hercules wandered the area until he came to the town of Cleonae . There he met a boy who said that if Hercules slew the Nemean lion and returned alive within thirty days, the town would sacrifice a lion to Zeus , but if he did not return within thirty days or he died, the boy would sacrifice himself to Zeus. Another version claims that he met Molorchos, a shepherd who had lost his son to the lion, saying that if he came back within thirty days, a ram would be sacrificed to Zeus. If he did not return within thirty days, it would be sacrificed to the dead Hercules as a mourning offering.
While searching for the lion, Hercules fletched some arrows to use against it, not knowing that its golden fur was impenetrable. When he found and shot the lion, firing at it with his bow, he discovered the fur’s protective property as the arrow bounced harmlessly off the creature’s thigh. After some time, Hercules made the lion return to his cave. The cave had two entrances, one of which Hercules blocked; he then entered the other. In those dark and close quarters, Hercules stunned the beast with his club and, using his immense strength, strangled it to death. During the fight the lion bit off one of his fingers. [6] Others say that he shot arrows at it, eventually shooting it in the unarmored mouth. After slaying the lion, he tried to skin it with a knife from his belt, but failed. He then tried sharpening the knife with a stone and even tried with the stone itself. Finally, Athena , noticing the hero’s plight, told Hercules to use one of the lion’s own claws to skin the pelt. Others say that Hercules’ armor was, in fact, the hide of the lion of Cithaeron .
When he returned on the thirtieth day carrying the carcass of the lion on his shoulders, King Eurystheus was amazed and terrified. Eurystheus forbade him ever again to enter the city; from then on he was to display the fruits of his labours outside the city gates. Eurystheus would then tell Hercules his tasks through a herald, not personally. Eurystheus even had a large bronze jar made for him in which to hide from Hercules if need be. Eurystheus then warned him that the tasks set for him would become increasingly difficult.
Second Labour: Lernaean Hydra
“Hercules and the hydra ” by Antonio Pollaiuolo
The second labour was to slay the Lernaean Hydra , which Hera had raised just to slay Hercules. Upon reaching the swamp near Lake Lerna , where the Hydra dwelt, Hercules covered his mouth and nose with a cloth to protect himself from the poisonous fumes. He fired flaming arrows into the Hydra’s lair, the spring of Amymone , a deep cave that it only came out of to terrorize neighboring villages. [7] He then confronted the Hydra, wielding a harvesting sickle (according to some early vase-paintings), a sword or his famed club. Ruck and Staples (1994: 170) have pointed out that the chthonic creature’s reaction was botanical: upon cutting off each of its heads he found that two grew back, an expression of the hopelessness of such a struggle for any but the hero . The weakness of the Hydra was that one of its heads was mortal.
The details of the struggle are explicit in the Bibliotheca (2.5.2): realizing that he could not defeat the Hydra in this way, Hercules called on his nephew Iolaus for help. His nephew then came upon the idea (possibly inspired by Athena ) of using a firebrand to scorch the neck stumps after each decapitation. Hercules cut off each head and Iolaus cauterized the open stumps. Seeing that Hercules was winning the struggle, Hera sent a large crab to distract him. He crushed it under his mighty foot. He cut off the Hydra’s one immortal head with a golden sword given to him by Athena. Hercules placed it under a great rock on the sacred way between Lerna and Elaius (Kerenyi 1959:144), and dipped his arrows in the Hydra’s poisonous blood, and so his second task was complete. The alternative version of this myth is that after cutting off one head he then dipped his sword in it and used its venom to burn each head so it couldn’t grow back. Hera, upset that Hercules had slain the beast she raised to kill him, placed it in the dark blue vault of the sky as the constellation Hydra . She then turned the crab into the constellation Cancer .
Hercules later used an arrow dipped in the Hydra’s poisonous blood to kill the centaur Nessus ; and Nessus’s tainted blood was applied to the Tunic of Nessus , by which the centaur had his posthumous revenge. Both Strabo and Pausanias report that the stench of the river Anigrus in Elis , making all the fish of the river inedible, was reputed to be due to the Hydra’s poison, washed from the arrows Hercules used on the centaur. [8]
Third Labour: Ceryneian Hind
Hercules and the hind, with Athena and Artemis looking on ( Attic amphora , 540–530 BC)
Eurystheus and Hera were greatly angered that Hercules had survived the Nemean Lion and the Lernaean Hydra . For the third labour, they found a task which they thought would spell doom for the hero. It was not slaying a beast or monster, as it had already been established that Hercules could overcome even the most fearsome opponents. Instead, Eurystheus ordered him to capture the Ceryneian Hind , which was so fast that it could outrun an arrow.
After beginning the search, Hercules awoke from sleeping and saw the hind by the glint on its antlers . Hercules then chased the hind on foot for a full year through Greece , Thrace , Istria , and the land of the Hyperboreans . In some versions, he captured the hind while it slept, rendering it lame with a trap net. In other versions, he encountered Artemis in her temple; she told him to leave the hind and tell Eurystheus all that had happened, and his third labor would be considered to be completed. Yet another version claims that Hercules trapped the Hind with an arrow between its forelegs.
Hercules and the Ceryneian Hind , 19th-century painting by Adolf Schmidt in its architectural setting
Eurystheus had given Hercules this task hoping to incite Artemis’s anger at Hercules for his desecration of her sacred animal. As he was returning with the hind, Hercules encountered Artemis and her brother Apollo . He begged the goddess for forgiveness, explaining that he had to catch it as part of his penance, but he promised to return it. Artemis forgave him, foiling Eurystheus’ plan to have her punish him.
Upon bringing the hind to Eurystheus, he was told that it was to become part of the King’s menagerie . Hercules knew that he had to return the hind as he had promised, so he agreed to hand it over on the condition that Eurystheus himself come out and take it from him. The King came out, but the moment that Hercules let the hind go, it sprinted back to its mistress, and Hercules left saying that Eurystheus had not been quick enough.
Fourth Labour: Erymanthian Boar
Eurystheus was disappointed that Hercules had overcome yet another creature and was humiliated by the Hind’s escape, so he assigned Hercules another dangerous task. By some accounts, the fourth labour was to bring the fearsome Erymanthian Boar back to Eurystheus alive (there is no single definitive telling of the labors). On the way to Mount Erymanthos where the Boar lived, Hercules visited Pholus (“caveman”), a kind and hospitable centaur and old friend. Hercules ate with Pholus in his cavern (though the centaur devoured his meat raw) and asked for wine. Pholus had only one jar of wine, a gift from Dionysus to all the centaurs on Mount Erymanthos. Hercules convinced him to open it, and the smell attracted the other centaurs. They did not understand that wine needs to be tempered with water, became drunk, and attacked Hercules. Hercules shot at them with his poisonous arrows, killing many, and the centaurs retreated all the way to Chiron ‘s cave.
Hercules presenting the boar to the cowering Eurystheus ( black-figure amphora , c. 510 BC)
Pholus was curious why the arrows caused so much death. He picked one up but dropped it, and the arrow stabbed his foot, poisoning him. One version states that a stray arrow hit Chiron as well; Chiron was immortal, but he still felt the pain. Chiron’s pain was so great that he volunteered to give up his immortality and take the place of Prometheus , who had been chained to the top of a mountain to have his liver eaten daily by an eagle , although he was an immortal Titan . Prometheus’ torturer, the eagle, continued its torture on Chiron, so Hercules shot it dead with an arrow. It is generally accepted that the tale was meant to show Hercules as being the recipient of Chiron’s surrendered immortality. However, this tale contradicts the fact that Chiron later taught Achilles . The tale of the Centaurs sometimes appears in other parts of the twelve labours, as does the freeing of Prometheus.
Hercules had visited Chiron to gain advice on how to catch the Boar, and Chiron had told him to drive it into thick snow, which sets this Labour in mid-winter. Hercules caught the Boar, bound it, and carried it back to Eurystheus, who was frightened of it and ducked down in his half-buried storage pithos , begging Hercules to get rid of the beast.
Fifth Labour: Augean Stables
Hercules cleaning the Augean stables (mosaic from Roman Spain , 201–250 CE)
The fifth labour was to clean the stables of King Augeas . This assignment was intended to be both humiliating (rather than impressive, as the previous labours had been) and impossible, since the livestock were divinely healthy (and immortal) and therefore produced an enormous quantity of dung. The Augean Stables had not been cleaned in over 30 years, and over 1,000 cattle lived there. However, Hercules succeeded by re-routing the rivers Alpheus and Peneus to wash out the filth.
Before starting on the task, Hercules had asked Augeas for one-tenth of the cattle if he finished the task in one day, and Augeas agreed. But afterwards Augeas refused to honour the agreement on the grounds that Hercules had been ordered to carry out the task by Eurystheus anyway. Hercules claimed his reward in court, and was supported by Augeas’ son Phyleus . Augeas banished them both before the court had ruled. Hercules returned, slew Augeas, and gave his kingdom to Phyleus. According to the Odes of the poet Pindar , Hercules then founded the Olympic Games :
“
the games which by the ancient tomb of Pelops the mighty Hercules founded, after that he slew Kleatos, Poseidon ‘s godly son, and slew also Eurytos , that he might wrest from tyrannous Augeas against his will reward for service done. [9]
”
The success of this labour was ultimately discounted because the rushing waters had done the work of cleaning the stables and because Hercules was paid for it. Eurystheus said that Hercules still had seven labours to perform. [10]
Sixth Labour: Stymphalian Birds
Hercules and the Stymphalian birds (mosaic from Roman Spain , 201–250 CE)
The sixth labour was to defeat the Stymphalian birds , man-eating birds with beaks of bronze and sharp metallic feathers they could launch at their victim. They were sacred to Ares , the god of war. Furthermore, their dung was highly toxic. They had migrated to Lake Stymphalia in Arcadia , where they bred quickly and took over the countryside, destroying local crops, fruit trees, and townspeople. Hercules could not go too far into the swamp, for it would not support his weight. Athena , noticing the hero’s plight, gave Hercules a rattle which Hephaestus had made especially for the occasion. Hercules shook the rattle and frightened the birds into the air. Hercules then shot many of them with his arrows. The rest flew far away, never to return. The Argonauts would later encounter them.
Seventh Labour: Cretan Bull
Hercules forces the bull to the ground ( engraving by B. Picart, 1731)
The seventh labour was to capture the Cretan Bull . Hercules sailed to Crete , where King Minos gave Hercules permission to take the Bull away and even offered him assistance (which Hercules declined because of pride). [11] The Bull had been wreaking havoc on Crete by uprooting crops and leveling orchard walls. Hercules sneaked up behind the Bull and then used his hands to throttle it (stopping before it was killed), and then shipped it back to Tiryns. Eurystheus, who hid in his pithos at first sight of the creature, wanted to sacrifice the Bull to Hera, who hated Hercules. She refused the sacrifice because it reflected glory on Hercules. The Bull was released and wandered into Marathon , becoming known as the Marathonian Bull. [11] Theseus would later sacrifice the bull to Athena and/or Apollo .
Eighth Labour: Mares of Diomedes
The eighth labour was to bring back the Mares of Diomedes , which had been trained to eat human flesh by their owner, King Diomedes of Thrace . In one version of the story, Hercules brought a number of youths to help him. They took the mares, called Podargos (“swift-footed”), Lampon (“the shining”), Xanthos (“the blond”), and Deinos (“the terrible”), [12] and were chased by Diomedes and his men.
Hercules and the Mares of Diomedes , model for a tondo of the Brandenburg Gate (terracotta relief by Johann Gottfried Schadow, c. 1790)
Hercules was not aware that the horses were kept tethered to a bronze manger because they were wild; their madness being attributed to an unnatural diet of human flesh. [13] Some versions say that they expelled fire when they breathed. They were man-eating and uncontrollable, and Hercules left his favoured companion, Abderus , in charge of them while he fought Diomedes, and found out that the boy was eaten. In revenge, Hercules fed Diomedes to his own horses, then founded the city of Abdera next to the boy’s tomb.
In another version, Hercules stayed awake so that he didn’t have his throat cut by Diomedes in the night, and cut the chains binding the horses. Having scared the horses onto the high ground of a peninsula, Hercules quickly dug a trench through the peninsula, filling it with water, thus making it an island. When Diomedes arrived, Hercules killed him with the axe he had used to dig the trench, and fed the body to the horses to calm them.
Both versions have eating making the horses calmer, and Hercules took the opportunity to bind their mouths shut, and easily took them back to Eurystheus, who dedicated the horses to Hera. In some versions, they were allowed to roam freely around Argos , having become permanently calm. In others, Eurystheus ordered the horses taken to Olympus to be sacrificed to Zeus , but Zeus refused them, and sent wolves, lions, and bears to kill them. Roger Lancelyn Green states in his Tales of the Greek Heroes that their descendants were used in the Trojan War .
Ninth Labour: Belt of Hippolyta
Hercules obtaining the Belt of Hippolyta, by J.M. Félix Magdalena (born 1941)
Eurystheus ‘ daughter Admete wanted the Belt of Hippolyta , queen of the Amazons , a gift from her father Ares. To please his daughter, Eurystheus ordered Hercules to retrieve the Belt as his ninth labour.
Taking a band of friends with him, Hercules set sail, stopping at the island of Paros , which was inhabited by some sons of Minos. The sons killed two of Hercules’ companions, an act which set Hercules on a rampage. He killed two of the sons of Minos and threatened the other inhabitants until he was offered two men to replace his fallen companions. Hercules agreed and took two of Minos’ grandsons, Alcaeus and Sthenelus . They continued their voyage and landed at the court of Lycus , whom Hercules defended in a battle against King Mygdon of Bebryces . After killing King Mygdon, Hercules gave much of the land to his friend Lycus. Lycus called the land Heraclea . The crew then set off for Themiscyra where Hippolyta lived.
All would have gone well for Hercules had it not been for Hera. Hippolyta, impressed with Hercules and his exploits, agreed to give him the belt and would have done so had Hera not disguised herself and walked among the Amazons sowing seeds of distrust. She claimed the strangers were plotting to carry off the queen of the Amazons. Alarmed, the women set off on horseback to confront Hercules. When Hercules saw them, he thought Hippolyta had been plotting such treachery all along and had never meant to hand over the Belt, so he killed her, took the Belt and returned to Eurystheus.
Tenth Labour: Cattle of Geryon
Hercules fighting Geryon ( amphora , Painter of Munich, 540 BC)
The tenth labour was to obtain the Cattle of Geryon . In the fullest account in the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, [14] Hercules had to go to the island of Erytheia in the far west (sometimes identified with the Hesperides , or with the island which forms the city of Cádiz ) to get the Cattle. On the way there, he crossed the Libyan desert [15] and became so frustrated at the heat that he shot an arrow at the Sun . The sun-god Helios “in admiration of his courage” gave Hercules the golden chariot Helios used to sail across the sea from west to east each night. Hercules rode the chariot to Erytheia; Hercules in the chariot was a favorite motif on black-figure pottery . Such a magical conveyance undercuts any literal geography for Erytheia, the “red island” of the sunset.
Orthrus , as slain by Hercules during the tenth labour.
When Hercules landed at Erytheia, he was confronted by the two-headed dog Orthrus . With one blow from his olive-wood club, Hercules killed Orthrus. Eurytion the herdsman came to assist Orthrus, but Hercules dealt with him the same way.
On hearing the commotion, Geryon sprang into action, carrying three shields and three spears, and wearing three helmets. He attacked Hercules at the River Anthemus, but was slain by one of Hercules’ poisoned arrows. Hercules shot so forcefully that the arrow pierced Geryon’s forehead, “and Geryon bent his neck over to one side, like a poppy that spoils its delicate shapes, shedding its petals all at once.” [16]
Hercules then had to herd the Cattle back to Eurystheus. In Roman versions of the narrative, Hercules drove the Cattle over the Aventine Hill on the future site of Rome . The giant Cacus , who lived there, stole some of the Cattle as Hercules slept, making the Cattle walk backwards so that they left no trail, a repetition of the trick of the young Hermes . According to some versions, Hercules drove his remaining cattle past the cave, where Cacus had hidden the stolen animals, and they began calling out to each other. In other versions, Cacus’ sister Caca told Hercules where he was. Hercules then killed Cacus, and set up an altar on the spot, later the site of Rome’s Forum Boarium (the cattle market).
To annoy Hercules, Hera sent a gadfly to bite the cattle, irritate them, and scatter them. Hercules within a year retrieved them. Hera then sent a flood which raised the level of a river so much, Hercules could not cross with the cattle. He piled stones into the river to make the water shallower. When he finally reached the court of Eurystheus, the cattle were sacrificed to Hera.
Eleventh Labour: Apples of the Hesperides
Hercules stealing the apples of the Hesperides (mosaic from Roman Spain , 3rd century CE)
After Hercules completed the first ten labours, Eurystheus gave him two more claiming that slaying the Hydra didn’t count (because Iolaus helped Hercules) nor did cleaning the Augean Stables (either because he was paid for the job or because the rivers did the work).
The first additional Labour was to steal the apples from the garden of the Hesperides . Hercules first caught the Old Man of the Sea , the shape-shifting sea god, [17] to learn where the Garden of the Hesperides was located. [18]
In some variations, Hercules, either at the start or at the end of this task, meets Antaeus , who was invincible as long as he touched his mother, Gaia , the earth. Hercules killed Antaeus by holding him aloft and crushing him in a bearhug. [19]
Herodotus claims that Hercules stopped in Egypt , where King Busiris decided to make him the yearly sacrifice, but Hercules burst out of his chains.
Hercules finally made his way to the Garden of the Hesperides, where he encountered Atlas holding up the heavens on his shoulders. Hercules persuaded Atlas to get some of the golden Apples for him, by offering to hold up the heavens in his place for a little while. (Atlas could get the Apples because, in this version, he was the father or otherwise related to the Hesperides.) This would have made the labour – like the Hydra and the Augean Stables – void because Hercules had received help. When Atlas returned, he decided that he did not want to take the heavens back, and instead offered to deliver the Apples himself. But Hercules tricked him by agreeing to remain in place of Atlas on condition that Atlas relieve him temporarily while Hercules adjusted his cloak. Atlas agreed, but Hercules reneged and walked away with the Apples. According to an alternative version, Hercules slew Ladon , the dragon-like guardian of the Apples, instead. Eurystheus was furious that Hercules had accomplished something that Eurystheus thought could not possibly be done.
Twelfth Labour: Cerberus
Hercules capturing Cerberus (1545), by Sebald Beham
The twelfth and final labour was the capture of Cerberus , the 3-headed hound that was guardian of the gates of the underworld . To prepare for his descent into the underworld Hercules went to Eleusis (or Athens ) to be initiated in the Eleusinian Mysteries . He entered the underworld, and Hermes and Athena were his guides.
While in the Underworld, Hercules met Theseus and Pirithous . The two companions had been imprisoned by Hades for attempting to obtain Persephone . One tradition tells of snakes coiling around their legs then turning into stone; another that Hades feigned hospitality and prepared a feast inviting them to sit. They unknowingly sat in chairs of forgetfulness and were permanently ensnared. When Hercules had pulled Theseus first from his chair, some of his thigh stuck to it (this explains the supposedly lean thighs of Athenians), but the earth shook at the attempt to liberate Pirithous, whose desire to have the goddess for himself was so insulting he was doomed to stay behind.
Hercules found Hades and asked permission to bring Cerberus to the surface, which Hades agreed to if Hercules could subdue the beast without using weapons. Hercules overpowered Cerberus with his hands and slung the beast over his back. He carried Cerberus out of the Underworld through a cavern entrance in the Peloponnese and brought it to Eurystheus, who again fled into his pithos . Eurystheus begged Hercules to return Cerberus to the Underworld, offering in return to release him from any further labours.
After the Labours
After completing the Twelve Labours, one tradition says Hercules joined Jason and the Argonauts in their quest for the Golden Fleece . However Herodorus (c. 400 BC) disputed this, and denied Hercules ever sailed with the Argonauts. A separate tradition (e.g. Argonautica ) has Hercules accompany the Argonauts, but he did not travel with them as far as Colchis .
See also
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STS-135, the last planned mission for NASA's space shuttle fleet, launched which shuttle on a 13 day trip to international space station? | Greek Mythology - 2
Greek Mythology - 2
by Gabriel Rok
PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information.PDF generated at: Thu, 06 Sep 2012 08:51:26 UTC
Greek Mythology - 2
Heroes
1
Greek hero cult 1Heracles 6Theseus 21Odysseus 30Perseus 39Jason 46Oedipus 51Orpheus 58Asclepius 68Erechtheus 72Pelops 74Amphiaraus 78Akademos 79Alexander the Great 80
Amazons
Amazons 114Antiope 125Otrera 126Penthesilea 127Thalestris 130
The Twelve Labours of Heracles
132
Labours of Hercules 132Nemean lion 142Lernaean Hydra 144Ceryneian Hind 147Erymanthian Boar 149Augeas 151Stymphalian birds 153Cretan Bull 154Mares of Diomedes 156
Hippolyta 157Geryon 159Hesperides 161Cerberus 166
The Argonauts
170
Argonauts 170Acastus 175Admetus 176Aethalides 177Amphion 178Ancaeus 178Atalanta 179Autolycus 183Bellerophon 185Boreads 190Cadmus 191Castor and Pollux 197Erginus 206Euphemus 207Euryalus 209Hylas 210Idas 212Idmon 212Iolaus 213Laertes 215Laocoön 216Lynceus 219Medea 219Meleager 227Mopsus 229Oileus 232Hephaestus 233Peleus 240Philoctetes 243Phrontis 247Poeas 248Talaus 248
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Does the boiling point of water increase or decrease as you gain elevation? | How do atmospheric pressure and elevation affect boiling point? | Socratic
How do atmospheric pressure and elevation affect boiling point?
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As elevation increases, atmospheric pressure and boiling point decrease.
Explanation:
Boiling point is the point at which vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
In a liquid, some particles always have enough energy to escape to the gas phase. Gaseous particles are also returning to the liquid.
The vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by the gas when the amount of particles leaving the liquid equals the amount of particles entering the liquid
(from facweb.bhc.edu)
As temperature increases, more particles have enough energy to escape to the gas phase. This increases the vapour pressure. When the vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure, the liquid boils.
As elevation increases, atmospheric pressure decreases because air is less dense at higher altitudes.
Because the atmospheric pressure is lower, the vapour pressure of the liquid needs to be lower to reach boiling point.
Therefore, less heat is required to make the vapour pressure equal to the atmospheric pressure. The boiling point is lower at higher altitude.
Here's a video that demonstrates the effect of atmospheric pressure on boiling point.
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Dr. Snyder Share
Feb 4, 2015
As elevation pressure goes up, the atmospheric pressure has a tendency to go down. As pressure goes up, boiling point also goes up.
I like to think of it in simple terms...the lower in elevation you are, the more air you have above you. Think of each of those air particles as hands pushing down on the water. The more hands pushing down, the more energy the water needs to overcome the hands, in order to break into a gas. As we go up in elevation, the fewer hands we have and the less energy the water needs to overcome in order to be a gas. Since temperature is a reflection of energy, the more energy needed to become a gas, the higher the boiling point.
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According to the myth, how many lives does a cat have? | Raoult's Law; boiling point elevation; freezing point depression — CSSAC
Raoult's Law; boiling point elevation; freezing point depression
Raoult's Law; boiling point elevation; freezing point depression
Concept: Raoult's Law and Boiling Point Elevation
Concept Overview:
Pure solvents have associated with them a given vapor pressure. This feature is due to the fact that some liquid molecules have enough energy to break away from the liquid sample and fly off as a gas. Once in the gas phase, some of the molecules may collide and lose some energy, condensing back into the liquid. The fraction of liquid molecules that can escape to the gas phase determines the vapor pressure.
In a solution, some of the molecules near the surface will be solvent, and some will be solute. Since there are fewer solvent molecules at the surface, fewer solvent molecules can escape. Thus, the vapor pressure of the solvent will be decreased. The new vapor pressure, in fact, is proportional to the fraction of solvent molecules at the surface. You can therefore express the vapor pressure in equation form as shown below, where XSOLVENT represents the mole fraction of solvent molecules:
PSOLVENT = XSOLVENT P°SOLVENT
This relationship can be useful for calculating the molecular weight of an unknown solid. If you just make a solution (known volume of solvent and known weight of solute) of your unknown solid and measure the vapor pressure over that solution, you obtain the mole fraction of your solvent from Raoult's Law. You can then use this information to solve for the number of moles of solute.
Since the vapor pressure of a solution is less than the vapor pressure of a pure solvent, you may expect that the boiling point of the solution is higher than that of the pure solvent. That prediction is confirmed in experiments, and, of course, we humans have taken advantage of these properties. First, chemists are able to determine the molecular weight of solids based on boiling point elevation. (Sound familiar?) In this case, however, the formula is a little different from Raoult's Law. Also, one factor surprisingly left out of your text, is significant, and will be described here. First, the formula:
Dtbp = Kbp·m·i
In the above formula, Dtbp is just the change in boiling point. Since the boiling point is increased, this number will always be positive. Kbp is the boiling point elevation constant, a unique number for each solvent. In this formula, the concentration is expressed in molality, hence the m. And the final factor, i, is called the van't hoff factor. The van't hoff factor simply describes how many parts a solute breaks into when it dissolves. Non-ionic solids have a van't hoff factor of 1. Sodium chloride has a van't hoff factor of 2, and magnesium chloride, breaking up into three ions (one magnesium and two chlorides), has a van't hoff factor of 3. Your text may not discuss the van't hoff factor when first introducing the boiling point elevation formula, but your professor will hold you responsible for understanding it.
Boiling point elevation can also be used to determine the molar mass of an unknown solid. The difference here is that with this formula, you must calculate molality instead of mole fraction.
Concept: Freezing Point Depression
Concept Overview:
Freezing point depression is very similar to boiling point elevation. By dissolving a solute in a solvent, the freezing point of the solution is lowered. The reason for this lower freezing point is that when a liquid freezes, the molecules form a pure solid sample of solvent. Those molecules still in the liquid phase still have solute molecules at the liquid-solid surface, so more molecules will go from solid phase to liquid phase. Really, it's the same reason that a solution's vapor pressure is lowered (and hence boiling point is elevated).
Since the physical reasoning is the same, you can correctly assume that the mathematical formula for freezing point depression is also the same as for boiling point elevation:
Dtfp = Kfp·m·i
The first thing you should note is that since the freezing point is depressed, Dtfp is going to be a negative number. The freezing point depression constants (Table 14.4, page 673) are listed as negative values to show that the freezing point is depressed. The rest of the factors in the freezing point equation are the same as for the boiling point equation.
Freezing point depression is a solution property that is very useful today when we don't want to be inconvenienced by cold weather. Sprinkling salt on icy roads clears up the ice, because the salt lowers the freezing point of the ice. If you think about the equation, you should also be able to figure out why calcium chloride (CaCl2)is used to de-ice roads rather than sodium chloride. Calcium chloride has a van't hoff factor of 3, as opposed to sodium chloride's van't hoff factor of 2. So, one mole of calcium chloride is 1 1/2 times as efficient at lowering the freezing point as sodium chloride.
Antifreeze in your car engine is another prime example of an application of freezing point depression used today. A mixture of ethylene glycol and water in your radiator both protects your engine from freezing and boiling. The concentration of ethylene glycol required to lower the freezing point to -10°C is 5.38m.
So, how do you know that your antifreeze will protect your car in the winter? You can have your antifreeze tested at any garage, be it your local mechanic or the Jiffy Lube down the street. The tester has a chamber with some indicator in it and a rubber bulb to suck up solution. The indicator is comprised of a dial or a bunch of plastic beads. The floating beads indicate how much protection your solution provides. This indicator works, of course, by density. The higher the density of solution, the more beads float (the beads have different densities), and the greater degree of protection from freezing for your engine.
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Which metal is extracted from the ore bauxite? | extraction of metals - introduction
THE EXTRACTION OF METALS - AN INTRODUCTION
This page looks at the various factors which influence the choice of method for extracting metals from their ores, including reduction by carbon, reduction by a reactive metal (like sodium or magnesium), and by electrolysis.
Details for the extraction of aluminium, copper, iron and titanium are given in separate pages in this section.
From ore to metal
What are "ores"?
An ore is any naturally-occurring source of a metal that you can economically extract the metal from.
Aluminium, for example, is the most common metal in the Earth's crust, occurring in all sorts of minerals. However, it isn't economically worthwhile to extract it from most of these minerals. Instead, the usual ore of aluminium is bauxite - which contains from 50 - 70% of aluminium oxide.
Note: We always treat bauxite as if it was aluminium oxide for chemistry purposes, although it is actually more complicated than that in reality.
Copper is much rarer, but fortunately can be found in high-grade ores (ones containing a high percentage of copper) in particular places. Because copper is a valuable metal, it is also worth extracting it from low-grade ores as well.
Ores are commonly oxides - for example:
bauxite
chalcopyrite
CuFeS2
. . . and a whole lot of other things as well which we won't actually come across as a part of this topic for UK A level purposes.
Concentrating the ore
This simply means getting rid of as much of the unwanted rocky material as possible before the ore is converted into the metal.
In some cases this is done chemically. For example, pure aluminium oxide is obtained from bauxite by a process involving a reaction with sodium hydroxide solution. This is described in detail on the aluminium page in this section.
Some copper ores can be converted into copper(II) sulphate solution by leaving the crushed ore in contact with dilute sulphuric acid for a long time. Copper can then be extracted from the copper(II) sulphate solution.
But, in many cases, it is possible to separate the metal compound from unwanted rocky material by physical means. A common example of this involves froth flotation.
Froth flotation
The ore is first crushed and then treated with something which will bind to the particles of the metal compound that you want and make those particles hydrophobic. "Hydrophobic" literally means "water fearing".
In concentrating copper ores, for example, pine oil is often used. The pine oil binds to the copper compounds, but not to the unwanted rocky material.
The treated ore is then put in a large bath of water containing a foaming agent (a soap or detergent of some kind), and air is blown through the mixture to make a lot of bubbles.
Because they are water-repellent, the coated particles of the metal compound tend to be picked up by the air bubbles, float to the top of the bath, and are allowed to flow out over the sides.
The rest of the rocky material stays in the bath.
Reducing the metal compound to the metal
Why is this reduction?
At its simplest, where you are starting from metal oxides, the ore is being reduced because oxygen is being removed.
However, if you are starting with a sulphide ore, for example, that's not a lot of help!
It is much more helpful to use the definition of reduction in terms of addition of electrons.
To a reasonable approximation, you can think of these ores as containing positive metal ions. To convert them to the metal, you need to add electrons - reduction.
Note: In some compounds the metal may not literally be present as a positive ion. Instead, it may be part of a covalent bond - but will always be the least electronegative element present, and so will carry some degree of positive charge. That means that its oxidation state will always be positive. Reducing that oxidation state to zero (in the raw element) will always involve adding electrons.
If you aren't sure about oxidation states you could follow this link to find out about them.
If you choose to follow this link, use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page later.
Choosing a method of reduction
There are various economic factors you need to think about in choosing a method of reduction for a particular ore. These are all covered in detail on other pages in this section under the extractions of particular metals. What follows is a quick summary.
You need to consider:
the cost of the reducing agent;
energy costs;
the desired purity of the metal.
There may be various environmental considerations as well - some of which will have economic costs.
Carbon reduction
Carbon (as coke or charcoal) is cheap. It not only acts as a reducing agent, but it also acts as the fuel to provide heat for the process.
However, in some cases (for example with aluminium) the temperature needed for carbon reduction is too high to be economic - so a different method has to be used.
Carbon may also be left in the metal as an impurity. Sometimes this can be removed afterwards (for example, in the extraction of iron); sometimes it can't (for example in producing titanium), and a different method would have to be used in cases like this.
Reduction using a more reactive metal
Titanium is produced by reducing titanium(IV) chloride using a more reactive metal such as sodium or magnesium. As you will see if you read the page about titanium extraction, this is the only way of producing high purity metal.
The more reactive metal sodium releases electrons easily as it forms its ions:
These electrons are used to reduce the titanium(IV) chloride:
Note: This is a good example of a reduction in which the metal isn't originally present as an ion. Titanium(IV) chloride is a covalent liquid. The reduction is from titanium in the +4 oxidation state to the metal in the zero oxidation state.
The downside of this is expense. You have first to extract (or to buy) the sodium or magnesium. The more reactive the metal is, the more difficult and expensive the extraction becomes. That means that you are having to use a very expensive reducing agent to extract the titanium.
As you will see if you read the page about titanium extraction, there are other problems in its extraction which also add to the cost.
Reduction by electrolysis
This is a common extraction process for the more reactive metals - for example, for aluminium and metals above it in the electrochemical series. You may also come across it in other cases such as one method of extracting copper and in the purification of copper.
During electrolysis, electrons are being added directly to the metal ions at the cathode (the negative electrode).
The downside (particularly in the aluminium case) is the cost of the electricity. An advantage is that it can produce very pure metals.
Questions to test your understanding
If this is the first set of questions you have done, please read the introductory page before you start. You will need to use the BACK BUTTON on your browser to come back here afterwards.
| Aluminium |
To prevent interference in an atomic test on the island of Moruroa, the French intelligence directorate sunk the ship Rainbow Warrior, operated by which non-governmental environmental organization, in Aukland harbor? | Aluminum Production & Bauxite Mining: "Aluminum" 1941 OPM 10min - YouTube
Aluminum Production & Bauxite Mining: "Aluminum" 1941 OPM 10min
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Published on Mar 15, 2012
more at http://scitech.quickfound.net/
"Shows the making of aluminum from the mining of the ore to its use in airplanes. Bauxite is mined in Dutch Guiana, shipped to the U.S. and processed in an aluminum plant. The ore is changed from rock to liquid and then to metal. Shows the rolling of long sheets of the metals Shows the construction of new aluminum plants, dams and power plants, and rolling mills--all essential for aluminum production. Includes many brief shots of military airplanes."
NEW VERSION with improved video & sound: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxnBP...
Public domain film from the National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
see also:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum... is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances.
Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface... The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.
Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation. Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.
Despite its prevalence in the environment, aluminium salts are not known to be used by any form of life. In keeping with its pervasiveness, aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Due to their prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.
Physical
Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight, ductile and malleable metal with appearance ranging from silvery to dull gray, depending on the surface roughness. Aluminium is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite. A fresh film of aluminium film serves as a good reflector (approximately 92%) of visible light and an excellent reflector (as much as 98%) of medium and far infrared radiation. The yield strength of pure aluminium is 7--11 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa. Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel. It is easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded.
Corrosion resistance can be excellent due to a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation. The strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed copper. This corrosion resistance is also often greatly reduced when many aqueous salts are present, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals.
Aluminium atoms are arranged in a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure...
Aluminium is one of the few metals that retain full silvery reflectance in finely powdered form, making it an important component of silver-colored paints...
Aluminium forms strong chemical bonds with oxygen. Compared to most other metals, it is difficult to extract from ore, such as bauxite, due to the energy required to reduce aluminium oxide (Al2O3). For example, direct reduction with carbon, as is used to produce iron, is not chemically possible because aluminium is a stronger reducing agent than carbon. Indirect carbothermic reduction can be carried out using carbon and Al2O3, which forms an intermediate Al4C3 and this can further yield aluminium metal at a temperature of 1900--2000 °C. This process is still under development; it requires less energy and yields less CO2 than the Hall-Héroult process, the major industrial process for aluminium extraction. Because of the high melting point of aluminium oxide (about 2,000 °C (3,600 °F)) the pure metal is extracted by electrolysis. In this process, aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite with calcium fluoride and then reduced to aluminium at a temperature between 950 and 980 °C (1,740 to 1,800 °F). Cryolite is a chemical compound of aluminium and sodium fluorides: (Na3AlF6). Although cryolite is found as a mineral in Greenland, its synthetic form is used in the industry. The aluminium oxide is obtained by refining bauxite in the Bayer process.
The electrolytic process replaced the Wöhler process, which involved the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium....
Category
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In the game of craps, if one rolls snake eyes, what numbers appear on the dice? | How to Play Craps | HowStuffWorks
How to Play Craps
How to Play Video Poker
Even blindfolded in a crowded casino, anyone can find the craps table when the dice are hot. Just follow the screams, shouts, and cheers. Jackpot winners on slot machines may be the loudest individuals in the house, but nothing is quite like the collective excitement that builds at a craps table. Whereas blackjack players are quiet studies in concentration, craps players let loose as they win or lose together.
Conversely, nothing is quite as dead as a craps table when the dice are cold. At peak hours, when you see three or four somber individuals at the big table for 24, you can be sure the loser 7s have been coming up all too frequently.
Craps is the fastest-moving of casino table games. An average speed at a busy blackjack table runs around 60 hands per hour, but the house expects about 100 decisions per hour at craps. That, along with the tendency of craps players to have several bets working at once, means that craps requires a larger bankroll than other table games. And craps offers the widest variety of bets in the casino, with dozens of wagering options on the table.
All this can be pretty intimidating to a newcomer. But casino games were not designed to chase customers away, and craps is easier than it looks at first glance. Yes, there are an enormous number of bets available, but only a few are really worth playing. And those few are among the best bets in the casino. In this article, we'll discuss the fundamentals of craps, as well as the wide variety of bets and which ones to place at the right times to increase your odds of winning. We will begin with the layout of the table and the common terminology used for a game.
The Table and Personnel
Most craps tables today are double layouts. At the center of one side of the table is the boxman, who supervises the game and takes cash collected by the dealers and deposits it in a drop box. Directly opposite him is the stickman, who uses a stick to push the dice to the shooter. The stickman controls the tempo of the game. He calls out the results of each roll and keeps up a continuous patter, urging players to get their bets down.
At the center of the table between the boxman and stickman are boxes for proposition bets -- one-roll bets. Also here are areas for hard-way bets -- betting that a 6, for example, will be rolled as two 3s before either a 7 or any other 6 is rolled.
©2006 Publications International, Ltd.
The standard craps table layout for American casinos.
On the sides are two dealers who take bets, pay off winners, and collect losing bets. The players encircle these side areas. In front of the players is the "Pass" line, a bar that extends all around the table for players who are betting with the shooter. A smaller, "Don't Pass" bar is for players betting against the shooter. The areas marked "Come" and "Don't Come" are for bets similar to Pass and Don't Pass but are placed at different times of the game.
Also on the layout in front of the players is an area marked "Field" for a one-roll bet that one of seven numbers will show up. Boxes marked 4, 5, Six, 8, Nine, and 10 are for "Place" or "Buy" bets that the number chosen will be rolled before the next 7. Six and nine are spelled out because players are standing on both sides of the table -- no need to wonder if that's a 6 or an upside-down 9. Down in the corner at either end of the double layout are boxes marked 6 and 8 -- the "Big 6" and "Big 8" bets that a 6 or 8 will roll before a 7.
Craps Lingo at a Glance
Craps
| Ones |
Making possible the understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs, what was discovered outside an Egyptian village by a French soldier on July 15, 1799? | Craps Glossary
Craps Glossary
Craps: A Glossary of Terms Used at the Table
by Wilson of Predictem.com
The following terms will likely be heard at most craps tables. Dealers and the stick-person especially use all of the following jargon as they are trained to do so. The slang at a craps table can be overwhelming, but after a few sessions you will begin to understand the lingo. The language of craps is supposed to be fast and flowing just as the game is fast and flowing. Luck to ya.
Ace�the one spot or pip on a single die.
Ace-Ace-Deuce...A one roll bet where they player is hoping for a 2 or 3 to roll.
Ada from Decatur�Slang expression for the number 8 in craps.
Any Craps�A wager on craps layout for betting that the 2, 3, 12 will be thrown on the next toss of the dice.
Any Seven...A one roll bet that a seven will come up on the dice. Winning this wager will pay you 4:1 odds.
Back Line...Another name for the Don't Pass.
Bar�The number 12 ( or 2 ) which appears in don't pass betting area. A bar 12 means if 12 is rolled the don't pass wager is a standoff.
Bet the Dice to Win�Making a wager on the pass line.
Big Dick/Big John�Slang expression for the number 10 in craps.
Big 6�A wager on craps layout for betting the 6 will be thrown before a 7.
Big 8�A wager on craps layout for betting that the 8 will be thrown before a 7.
Big Red...An any seven bet.
Bones...A nickname for the dice.
Box Cars�The number 12 in craps ( two 6�s).
Box person�Casino supervisor that sits in front of the casino bank of every craps table. This person is the boss of that table and settles any disputes.
Buffalo...Placing a wager on all the hardways and any seven.
Buffalo Yo...A bet on all the hardways along with a yo-11.
Buy...A 5% commission you pay the house in order to get true odds on a place bet.
C and E...A one roll bet that a craps will be rolled (2,3,12)
Came Easy...When 4, 6, 8 or 10 is rolled without the dice being "doubles."
Cheques...A nickname for "chips".
Cold Dice�Slang expression indicating no one is able to make a point number (i.e. pass line bettors are losing).
Coloring Up...When the dealer asks you to turn in your smaller chips for bigger ones. This is a ploy to get you to place bigger bets.
Come Bet...Equal to the pass line except you make it after the come out roll has happened.
Craps...The numbers 2, 3 and 12.
Crapping Out...When a shooter rolls a 2, 3 or 12 on the come out roll.
Deuce�Refers to the number 2 in craps.
Don't Pass...A wager placed before the come out roll that the dice will not pass (win). This wager is just the opposite of the pass line.
Eye in the Sky...Surveillance cameras located in the ceiling above.
Fever�The number 5 in craps.
Field Bet... A bet on 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 or 12. Often times casinos will pay double or triple for 2 or 12.
Front Line�Another expression for pass line wager.
Hop Bets�A one roll bet that a player can make on any number not listed on the table layout.
George...A player who always tokes the dealers.
Hardway...A bet on 4, 6, 8 or 10. It must come as "doubles" or it loses. Example: A hard 8 must come with 4 on both dice. If the 8 rolled 6/2, that is called soft and your hardway bet will lose.
Hi-Lo...One roll bet on the numbers 2 and 12. Pays 30-1 odds.
Hop Bet...One roll bet in which you call what number will roll. Pays more if you call the actual numbers on the 2 dice.
Horn High Bet... bet amount is split into five parts. Two parts on the high number 12 and three units for the other numbers 2, 3 and 11.
Horn Bet...A bet on 2, 3, 11 and 12 with the same amount.
Hot Dice...This means the shooter is rolling a lot of numbers and making his/her points.
Little Joe�The number 4 in craps.
Line Bet...Another name for a pass line or don't pass bet. If you want to roll, you have to have a "line bet" in front of you when it's your turn.
Marker�another term for the �hockey puck-like� circle that marks the shooter�s point.
Midnight... One roll bet that pays 30-1 that the dice will roll a "12."
Natural�The numbers 7 and 11 in craps are known as naturals.
Mop...The stick that the stickperson uses to move the dice around the table.
Parley My Bet... Instead of paying the player, the dealer doubles up his stake
Pass�Indicates the shooter threw a natural on the come out roll or made his or her point.
Past Posting...Trying to place a bet after the dice have already rolled.
Pit...The area in which all the dealers, pit bosses and casino management stand inside the circle of tables.
Place Bet...A bet that a specific number (4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10) will be rolled before a 7 is rolled. Four pays 9-5, 5 pays 7-5, 6 pays 7-6, 8 pays 7-6, 9 pays 7-5 and 10 pays 9-5.
Point�The number (4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10) rolled by a shooter on the come out roll.
Press... Adding more money to an existing bet.
Right Bettor...A player betting on the pass line.
Seven Out�The shooter threw the 7 before repeating the point number.
Shooter...Playing rolling the dice.
Skinny McKinney... The number 7.
Snake Eyes�The number 2 in craps.
Square Pair...Two 4's.
Stand Off�Term that indicates a player doesn�t win or lose a don�t pass or don�t come bet when a 12 is rolled.
Taking Odds...Adding a bet to an original Pass Line or Come Bet that pays on the true odds of the dice. Most casinos will allow you to lay more than your original bet.
Toke... A dealer tip
Trey�The number three in craps.
Winner Winner Chicken Dinner... Something a dealer may say after a shooter rolls his point.
Working...A dealer will ask you if your bets are working on the come out roll. This usually refers to hardway bets and place bets you have on the table. You can opt to have them "off" on the comeout roll.
Wrong Bettor...A player who gambles on the Don't Pass.
Yo 11 or Yo Eleven...A one roll bet that an 11 will roll. Pays 15-1.
Now that your familiar with the game, come grab a spot at the best craps casino on the web: Bovada ! (They can get your credit card to work for deposits!)
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According to Mr. Owl, it takes 3 licks to get to the center of what? | NYU cracks the question: How many licks to the center of a Tootsie Pop? | New York Post
NYU cracks the question: How many licks to the center of a Tootsie Pop?
Modal Trigger
Flickr/Heidi Ponagai
Brace yourself, Mr. Owl: The world finally knows how many licks it takes to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Pop — and it’s a lot more than three.
It takes an estimated 1,000 swipes of the tongue per centimeter of candy to reach the center of one’s favorite lollipop, according to a new study published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
This ultimately means that a Tootsie Pop, at approximately 1.063 inches in diameter, would need to be licked about 2,500 times for someone to successfully make it to the middle, according to doctoral student Jinzi Huang and his colleagues at NYU.
For years, commercials asking “How many licks does it take to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop” had left millions of kids — and lolly-loving grown-ups — scratching their heads.
In tests, the area of the lollipop closest to the stick flattened relatively quickly while the front remained dome-shaped.
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| Tootsie Pop |
The oldest of the grand slam tennis tournaments, what is the only one still played on grass? | Tootsie Pop Mystery Solved: How Many Licks It Takes To Get To The Center, Based On Science
The Grapevine
Tootsie Pop Mystery Solved: How Many Licks It Takes To Get To The Center, Based On Science
Feb 11, 2015 12:52 PM By Lizette Borreli @lizcelineb
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“How many licks does it take to get to the center of a Tootsie pop?” This has been one of the confectionery world’s most puzzling questions even the wise Mr. Owl could not answer in the classic 1970 TV commercial. But now the world finally knows the licks it takes to get you to the lollipop’s Tootsie roll center, and hint: It’s more than just three, according to a recent study published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
Science has answered the age-old question by identifying the complex process by which materials are shaped and ultimately dissolved as a result of surrounding water currents. "How flowing fluids generate unique shapes through erosion or dissolution is complex and fascinating," said Leif Ristroph, senior author of the study and an assistant professor at New York University (NYU) Courant Institute, according to Science Daily . Knowing this, NYU and Florida State University scientists formulated a theory for how flows cause dissolving and shrinking, which led them to find the long-sought answer to the childhood Tootsie pop question.
The researchers immersed cooked up hard candy — measuring about 2 inches — on a water current during various experiments conducted in NYU's Applied Math Lab. Shapes such as spheres and cylinders were then placed in a water tunnel that allowed for washing these shapes by well-controlled flows. The candy’s changing shape was captured using time-lapse photography to formulate a theory for how flows affect dissolving.
It takes this many links to get to the Tootsie roll center of a Tootsie pop, and it’s a lot more than three. Time
The findings reveal a peculiar but consistent shape emerges and then persists before eventually vanishing. This same shape or “sculpture” is seen regardless of the candy’s initial form and the speed of the water flow. Applying this theory to a lollipop, researchers found it takes an estimated 1,000 licks to get to the center, while it takes 2,500 licks to get to the center of a Tootsie pop, Time magazine reported. The difference in licks is mainly due to a Tootsie pop’s diameter size: 1.063 inches. While the Tootsie pop finding is the most impressive for those who were curious, the theory can be used for research in geology and pharmaceutical science.
A similar study from Purdue University found it takes a lot less to get to the Tootsie pop’s center. A group of engineering students used a licking machine, modeled after a human tongue, to determine the average number of licks it takes to reach the center. They also conducted a licking challenge-unassisted machine to use as a comparison. The findings revealed it took 364 licks with the licking machine, while it took an average 252 licks for each human volunteer.
Based on the wide range of results from these scientific studies, it's clear there remains a mystery when it comes to licks and reaching the Tootsie roll center of a Tootsie Pop. The only way to really know is to try it for yourself. Can you resist the temptation of biting your lollipop and tasting the Tootsie roll in the center, unlike Mr. Owl?
The world may never know.
Source: Huang JM, Moore MNJ and Ristroph L. Shape dynamics and scaling laws for a body dissolving in fluid flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2015.
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Choctaw, Lummi, and Otoe are all types of what? | Indians of Oklahoma Genealogy - FamilySearch Wiki
Oklahoma Indian Tribes
Tribes and Bands of Oklahoma
The following list of American Indians who have lived in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians... [1] and from Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America [2] . Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.
Alabama , Apache , Apalachee , Arapaho , Biloxi , Caddo , Cherokee , Cheyenne , Chickasaw , Comanche , Creek , Delaware , Fox , Hitchiti , Illinois , Iowa , Iroquois , Jicarilla , Kansa , Kichai , Kickapoo , Kiowa , Kiowa-Apache , Koasati , Lipan, Miami , Mikasuki , Missouri , Modoc , Muklasa, Munsee , Muskhogean , Muskogee , Natchez , Nez Perce , Okmulgee , Osage , Oto , Ottawa . Pawnee , Peoria , Piankashaw , Ponca , Potawatomi , Quapaw , Sauk Seminole , Seneca , Shawnee , Tawakonie , Tawehash , Tonkawa , Waco , Wea , Wichita , Wyandot , Yscani , Yuchi
Oto-Missouri, Seneca-Cayuga, Cheyenne-Arapaho, Citizen Potawatomi, Eastern Shawnee, Fort Sill Indians, Kiowa-Chiricahua Bands
The Oklahoma Historical Society also has identified the "American Indian Nations" within the boundaries of their state. That list is available on their web site .
Wright, Muriel Hazel. A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. FHL book 970.466 W934g or film 1598340 item 11
Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole)
Beginning in the 1820's, the U.S. Government began moving all tribes east of the Mississippi River to the Indian Territory in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. A series of treaties provided for the removal of almost all principal eastern tribes.
The Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole (known as the Five Civilized Tribes) were among the many southeastern tribes who were removed by treaty to Indian Territory. In 1838 the Cherokees who had not already moved voluntarily were forced to move to Indian Territory. This migration became known as the “Trail of Tears.” Large parcels of land were distributed to these five tribes who became self-governing “Nations.”
White settlers moving west after the Civil War pressured the government to extinguish Indian title to lands and relocate the Indians. The alliance between the Five Civilized Tribes and the Confederacy during the Civil War also provided Congress with an excuse to realign tribal boundaries. Treaties in 1866 and later reduced the land of the Five Civilized Tribes by almost half. These created the “Unassigned Lands” in central Oklahoma that were eventually opened for land runs.
1899 - 1907 - Oklahoma Applications for Allotment, Five Civilized Tribes, 1899-1907 at FamilySearch — index and images
Other Tribes
Some of the western land forfeited by the Five Civilized Tribes was reserved for other tribes through later treaties. These lands in the Indian Territory were assigned to tribes such as the Kiowa, Comanche, Wichita, and Cheyenne. Other tribes were later brought in at various periods from Texas, Nebraska, California, Oregon, Idaho, Arizona, and other states. As many as 65 tribes were eventually relocated to the state.
Absentee-Shawnee Tribe : Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Shawnee
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee
Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.
The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs... [3] , Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians [4] , and others.
Anadarko Agency , P.O. Box 309, Anadarko, OK 73005
Ardmore Agency discontinued
Vital records
The Indian Archives Division of the Oklahoma Historical Society has an extensive collection for Native American research including copies of the Dawes Rolls. Many of these records are on microfilm at theFamily History Library.
Rolls of Indian Tribes in Oklahoma 1889-1891: Absentee Shawnee (Big Jim's Band), Cheyenne and Arapahoe, Iowa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, Otoe, Missouri, Pawnee, Ponca, Pottawatomie and Fox. by Emily Johnson FHL film: 227281
Approved Roll of Osage Indians in Oklahoma, 1921. FHL film: 989199 item 2
Vital Records Fort Sill Apaches, 1958-1961. FHL film: 928251 item 8
Allotment Records
Allotted Tribes of Oklahoma
•Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Delaware, Shawnee (Eastern), Miami, Modoc, Creek (Muskogee,) Osage, Ottawa (Peoria), Quapaw, Seminole, Seneca, Shawnee (Absentee), Wyandotte •Apache of Oklahoma, Caddo, Cheyenne and Arapaho, Comanche, Fort Sill Apaches, Iowa, Kansa or Kaw, Kickapoo, Kiowa and Comanche, Otoe and Missouri, Pawnee, Ponca, Potawatomi-Citizen, Sac and Fox of Mississippi, Tonkawa, (Ponca, Oakland), Wichita •Otoe
School Records
Carter Seminary, 1928-1950. FHL film: 1205529 item 2-6
Chilcocco Indian School 1885-1901,1944-1952 FHL film: 1205529 items 7-13
Eucheee Indian School lists, 1940-1947. FHL film: 1205529 item 14
Eufaula Indian School enrollment lists, 1942-1944, 1949-1950. FHL film: 1205529 item 15-16
Jones Academy 1926-1952, FHL film: 1205530 items 3-5
Seneca Indian School. 1943-1950. FHL film: 1205530 items 7-8
Sequoyah Indian School 1910-1950. FHL film: 1205530 items 9-11, and 1205531, and 1205299 item 4
Orphanage
The Goodland Indian Orphanage. By Sammy D. Hogue. FHL book 970.1 H874r Vol. 1 and 2 Worldcat
Indian Schools
The Office of Indian Affairs (now the Bureau of Indian Affairs ) established a network of schools throughout the United States, beginning with Carlisle Indian School, established in 1879. Some of these schools were day schools, usually focusing on Indian children of a single tribe or reservation. Some were boarding schools which served Indian children from a number of tribes and reservations.
In addition, other groups such as various church denominations established schools specifically focusing on American Indian children. ( read more... )
The following list of Indian Schools in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs... [5] , Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians [6] , and others.
Many Indians received allotments of land. These records are described in the United States Research Outline (30972).
Dawes Rolls
Main article: Dawes Commission Enrollment Records
The Dawes “Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes” ( Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek and Seminole ) was established in 1898 to enroll individuals as citizens of one of the five tribes. When the governments of the Five Civilized Tribes were dissolved in 1908, the U.S. Government granted parcels of their land to qualified native individuals.
Many white persons had married Native Americans, and thus were eligible for land. The enrollment records of the Dawes Commission were used to determine eligibility for land.
The commission reviewed the enrollment applications and abstracted the information onto cards known as Enrollment Cards for the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914. (On 93 Family History Library films beginning with 1490261.) These records document about 101,000 Native Americans. The original applications are at the National Archives Southwest Region (Ft. Worth) and are on 468 Family History Library films, Applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914, beginning with Family History Library film 1439798.
You can search the Dawes Roll for names of persons.
A helpful guide and index to these records is Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, The Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory.2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, [1907?]. (Family History Library film 908371 item 2.) (Index is on film 962366.)
Guion Miller Cherokee Rolls
Main article: Eastern Cherokee or Guion Miller Roll
In 1906, the U.S. Government appointed Guion Miller to compile a roll of Cherokees eligible for compensation from the government for lands taken in the 1830s. Applicants had to document their lineage back to an Eastern Cherokee living in the 1830s and prove that they had not affiliated with any other tribe. Over 45,000 applications that document about 90,000 Cherokees living about 1910 are in Eastern Cherokee Applications, 1906-1909 (On 348 Family History Library films beginning with 378594; film 378594 has an index.)
These rolls can be searched online at http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/native-americans-guion-miller.html
Doris Duke Oral History Project
From 1966 to 1972, several universities conducted oral history interviews with Native Americans. The project was funded by Doris Duke, heiress of the Duke tobacco family. The University of Oklahoma was one of the universities that participated in the project. Transcripts of those interviews are online through the University of Oklahoma in Norman. See American Indian Oral Histories
Indian Pioneer Papers
"My mother, Carolina Jones, was born in the state of Tennessee and is buried there. My grandmother on my mother's side, Nancy Jones, was born in the state of Mississippi and is buried in White County, Tennessee. I was born April 3, 1849, at Stagestand, White County, Tennessee... " [7]
This paragraph begins a fourteen page interview of William Perry Earles of Ringling, Oklahoma, 1938, as part of a project called The Indian-Pioneer Papers . In 1936, the Oklahoma Historical Society and University of Oklahoma requested a writer's project grant from the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in which interviews would be conducted with early settlers in Oklahoma who had lived on Indian land. More than 100 writers conducted over 11,000 interviews and were asked to "call upon early settlers and (record) the story of the migration to Oklahoma and their early life here." [8]
The University of Oklahoma Western History Collection has digitized the Indian Pioneer Papers which consists of approximately 80,000 indexed entries arranged alphabetically by personal name, place name, or subject. [9] An index to the Indian Pioneer Papers may also be found at OkGenWeb Oklahoma Genealogy. To view a separate index of the “Indians in the Indian Pioneer Papers” click here.
The Collection may also be viewed at the Family History Library. "Indian Pioneer Papers, 1860 - 1935" (Millwood, New York: Kraus Microform, 1989) FHL 6016865 -6016981
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Records
The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was authorized to administer Indian programs beginning in 1824. A local field agency or subagency of the BIA served the tribes in a given area. Some of the agencies that served Oklahoma were the Concho, Kiowa, Osage, Pawnee, Quapaw, and Shawnee. Most of the agency records are at the National Archives Southwest Region (Ft. Worth) , with a few at the National Archives—Central Plains Region . For further information see Edward E. Hill, comp., Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1981. (Family History Library fiche 6125461.)
The Family History Library has microfilm copies of many records of the BIA and the field agencies including:
Land allotment records.
Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940, arranged by agencies for the entire United States (On 692 Family Histroy Library films beginning with 573847).
BIA heirship, school, census, annuity, probate, land, vital, and other records.
Reservations
From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the American Indian was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.
Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.
The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.
For a current reservation map - Oklahoma - Indian Reservations - The National Atlas of the United States of America. Federal Lands and Indian Reservations. by the U.S. Department of Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.
The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America [10] , the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America [11] , and other sources. Those reservations named in bold are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.
Quapaw Reservation : Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Quapaw
Sac and Fox Reservation : federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Sac and Fox
Seminole Reservation : Federal, under the jurisdiction of Wewoka Agency, Tribe: Seminole
Seneca Reservation :*Seneca-Cayuga Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Seneco-Cayuga
Wichita Reservation : Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Wichita
Wyandot Reservation : Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Wyandot
Family History Library
These are listed in the FamilySearch Catalog under Oklahoma Historical Society. Indian Archives Division. The Society's collections are described in Lawrence Kelly, “Indian Records in the Oklahoma Historical Society Archives,” The Chronicles of Oklahoma, 54: 227-44 [Oklahoma Periodicals].
Another major repository for Oklahoma Indian records is:
Five Civilized Tribes Museum
Indian Pioneer Papers 1860-1935 1012 fiches Family History Library 1st fiche 6016865
See also FamilySearch Catalog Oklahoma Natvie Races ror over 600 titles of interest
Inventories and guides
The following guides describe some of the records available for Indian research:
Debo, Angie. “Major Indian Record Collections in Oklahoma,” in Indian-White Relations: A Persistent Paradox, edited by Jane Smith and Robert Kvasnicka. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1976.
Svoboda, Joseph G. Guide to American Indian Resource Materials in Great Plains Repositories. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, Center for Great Plains Studies, 1983.
↑ Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. Available online .
↑ Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online .
↑ Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches, Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (Family History Library book 970.1 H551o .)
↑ Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FHL book 970.1 H551g .)
↑ Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches, Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (Family History Library book 970.1 H551o .)
↑ Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FHL book 970.1 H551g .)
↑ University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collection Interview with William Perry Earles of Ringling, Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma, 1938. Interviewer: Ethel V. Elder. Interviewee: William Perry Earles (ID - 10654)
↑ A.M. Gibson, ed., The West Wind Blows: The Autobiography of Edward Everett Dale (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1984), 346-347; Grant Foreman, "The Oklahoma Historical Society," pamphlet, Vertical Files, Library Resources Division, Oklahoma Historical Society (hereafter cited as OHS LRD); "Indian-Pioneer History Project, W.P.A. 131," The Chronicles of Oklahoma, 37 (Winter, 1959-60), 507-509. As reported on okhistory.org/battlecry.html
↑ The University of Oklahoma Western History Collections http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/
↑ National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations Available online.
↑ Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.
Other Repositories
Oklahoma Historical Society, 800 Nazih Zudih Drive, Oklahoma City, OK 73105
Five Civilized Tribes Agency, Federal Building, Muskogee, Oklahoma 73022
See Also
Oklahoma Church for a list of missions
Oklahoma History for a calendar of events
Oklahoma Military for a list of forts
References
Bibliography
"Accompanying Pamphlet for Microcopy 1011", National Archives Microfilm Publications, Appendix.
American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.
Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981.
Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.
Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880. National Archives Microcopy T1105.
Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. Available online .
Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.
National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations Available online.
Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services. Available online
Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online .
Web Sites
| Tribe (Native American) |
Which US President, born Leslie Lynch King on July 14, 1913, was the longest lived US President at 93 years, 165 days? | OIG Audit Report 06-08
Effectiveness of the Office for Victims of Crime Tribal Victim Assistance Program
Audit Report 06-08
Office of the Inspector General
Findings and Recommendations
I. OFFICE FOR VICTIMS OF CRIME
We found that the OVC did not incorporate adequate strategic planning into its tribal victim assistance program, which was necessary to implement effective performance-based management. Specifically, the OVC did not establish long-term or annual performance goals, nor tie program funding decisions to program effectiveness. The OVC also did not conduct any evaluations to determine the effectiveness of its tribal victim assistance program. However, in FY 2001 the OVC did provide approximately $25,000 in funding to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) to conduct assessments of four tribal victim assistance grant recipients to determine whether or not the tribal grantee programs could be evaluated. The OVC also provided the NIJ with an additional $425,200 to evaluate the effectiveness of two 2003 TVA grantees with awards totaling $197,689. 16 The NIJ awarded a grant to conduct this evaluation to the American Indian Development Associates, Inc. in September 2005. Additionally, we found that the OVC did not use performance information reported by tribal grantees to: (1) manage its tribal victim assistance program and improve performance, (2) report on the tribal victim assistance program as a whole, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of victim assistance programs implemented by individual tribal grantees. Finally, the OVC did not ensure that progress reports were submitted. There also was no guidance on collecting performance information, nor was there consistency or comparability among tribal grantees in performance information that was reported. As a result, the OVC could not adequately demonstrate progress in achieving its tribal victim assistance program objectives.
Program Purpose
We evaluated the OVC tribal victim assistance program to determine whether the program had a well-defined purpose intended to support a specific problem. The OVC tribal victim assistance program was designed to support the lack of victim assistance programs �on reservations� and in remote parts of Indian Country, where violence is higher than for any other ethnic group. In other words, the purpose of the OVC tribal victim assistance program was to bridge the gap between criminal justice agencies and service providers.
Tribal grantees generally address long-term victim services through referrals to appropriate local tribal and non-tribal agencies, including Indian Health Services, child protective services, mental health clinics, and hospitals.
As stated in the Introduction Section of this report, services that are provided under the OVC tribal victim assistance program include 11 general purpose areas. However, in our review of the OVC tribal victim assistance program, we found that because of limited funding, grant objectives generally concentrated on providing short-term services that immediately fell into two categories: (1) responding to the emotional and physical needs (excluding medical care) of crime victims; and (2) advocating on behalf of crime victims, which included transporting and accompanying crime victims to criminal justice offices and courts.
In order to effectively address short-term victim needs and provide advocacy on behalf of crime victims, collaboration with the following agencies is essential under the OVC tribal victim assistance program: (1) the USAOs, (2) the FBI, (3) state, local, and tribal criminal justice agencies, (4) Indian Health Services, (5) child protective services, and (6) other appropriate tribal and non-tribal agencies. As a result, we focused our audit on the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program in meeting immediate victim needs, providing advocacy on behalf of crime victims, and collaborating with tribal and non-tribal law enforcement agencies, courts, and service providers.
Program Design
The OVC tribal victim assistance program was designed to address multiple types of victimization. However, we found that there are currently similar programs that appear to address specific types of victimization that might be duplicated under the OVC tribal victim assistance program. These programs include:
STOP Violence Against Indian Women Discretionary Grant Program – Intended to develop and strengthen tribal law enforcement and prosecution efforts to combat violence against Native American Women and to develop and enhance services for victims of such crimes.
Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies and Enforcement of Protection Orders Program – Designed to encourage state, local, and tribal courts to treat domestic violence as a serious violation of criminal law. The program requires the coordinated involvement of the entire criminal justice system, and at least 5 percent of its funding must be available as grants to tribal governments.
Rural Domestic Violence and Child Victimization Enforcement Grant Program – Designed to enhance services available to rural victims and children by encouraging community involvement in developing a coordinated response to domestic violence, dating violence, and child abuse. Eligible applicants include tribal governments in rural and non‑rural states. At least 5 percent of the funding for this program must be available as grants to tribal governments.
Legal Assistance for Victims Grant Program – Designed to strengthen legal assistance programs for victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking. Five percent of the funding for this program is set aside as grants for programs that assist victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, on lands within the jurisdiction of tribal governments.
Safe Havens: Supervised Visitation and Safe Exchange Grant Program – Designed to help create safe places for visitation with and exchange of children in cases of domestic violence, child abuse, sexual assault, or stalking. At least 5 percent of the funding for this program is available as grants to tribal governments.
Children's Justice Act Partnerships for Indian Communities Program – Designed to help tribal justice systems address serious child abuse cases. The program develops specialized services and procedures to address the victim needs of Native American children, and strategies to handle cases of child sexual assault.
As shown in Table 1, during FYs 2000 through 2004, the Office of Justice Programs (OJP) and the Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) awarded grants totaling $77.16 million to Native American communities, for the programs listed above.
TABLE 1. TRIBAL FUNDING AWARDED (Dollars in Millions)
$77.16
Source: The Office of Justice Programs
An OVC official stated that they reviewed the tribal victim assistance program grant applications to determine whether the focus of the program addressed crimes not covered by other programs. The official also stated that they would not fund programs that only addressed domestic violence or child abuse, since there was funding available through other sources for these types of victimization. However, as shown in Finding IV, we found that the OVC funded the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians victim assistance program, which focused on victims of non-major domestic crimes.
Strategic Planning
We evaluated the OVC tribal victim assistance program structure and design to determine whether the programs incorporate adequate strategic planning, which is essential in evaluating program effectiveness. We found that the OVC tribal victim assistance program structure and design does not incorporate any strategic planning. Specifically:
Programs should have specific long-term performance goals that focus on outcomes and meaningfully reflect the purpose of the programs. We found that no long-term performance goals were established for the OVC tribal victim assistance program.
Programs should have annual performance goals that demonstrate progress toward achieving long-term goals. Annual performance goals enable program management to detect deficiencies in program performance and develop corrective actions in a timely manner. We found that no annual performance goals were established for the OVC tribal victim assistance program.
Budget requests are tied to the accomplishment of annual and long‑term performance goals. It is also essential that program performance and budget planning processes are integrated so that resource-allocation decisions reflect program effectiveness. We found that the OVC was not required by OJP to provide performance information with budget requests for its tribal victim assistance program. Additionally, since annual and long-term performance goals were not established, funding could not be tied to program effectiveness.
Since no long-term or annual performance goals were established for the OVC tribal victim assistance program and performance information was not reported or tied to budget requests, we reviewed the program to determine whether evaluations were conducted on a regular basis.
We found that the OVC did not conduct any evaluations to determine the effectiveness of its tribal victim assistance program. However, in FY 2001 the OVC did provide approximately $25,000 in funding to the NIJ to conduct assessments of four tribal victim assistance grant recipients to determine whether or not the tribal grantee programs could be evaluated. The assessment reports were issued in July 2004, and recommended that three of the four individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs be evaluated. It was also suggested that the fourth program might be a good candidate for an evaluation. The programs are listed below.
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma Victim Assistance Program – The report recommended that since this program is new, an evaluation could provide valuable lessons for tribes wishing to establish victim assistance programs.
Lummi Nation Victims of Crime Program – The report recommended that since this program is well‑established, widely known, highly regarded, and well-positioned because of its automated database on clients and services, an evaluation could prove useful.
Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewas Victims of Crime Assistance Program – The report recommended that since this program is well‑established and highly regarded, it could serve as a model for other tribes wishing to implement victim service programs.
Passamaquoddy at Pleasant Point Victim Outreach Advocate Program – The report recommended that this program might be a good candidate for evaluation, because it is in its initial stages, a natural comparison group exists, the project is well-designed, and law enforcement and court electronic data systems appear to be sophisticated. However, the report also found that an evaluation may be difficult, because the small number of people living in the service area make it hard to obtain enough statistical data to detect differences between treatment and comparison groups, and because, individuals move back and forth between the Pleasant Point and Indian Township reservations.
The OVC also provided the NIJ with an additional $425,200 to evaluate the effectiveness of two 2003 TVA grants awarded to the Lummi Indian Nation and the Passamaquoddy Tribe at Pleasant Point. The two grants to be evaluated, which were funded in the amount of $197,689, were awarded for the period September 1, 2003, through August 31, 2004. 17 The evaluation will take place over a 2-year period and should be completed by December 2007. According to the solicitation, evaluations of these two programs will inform and enhance knowledge in the development and implementation of victim services in Native American communities. Specifically, the information gathered from the evaluation will be used by the OVC to report on the progress of the tribal victim assistance program and the delivery of services to victims in Native American communities. It will also be used to inform tribal, state, and federal leaders, and government funding agencies on the delivery of victims’ services to multiple sites in Indian Country.
In our judgment, expending $425,200 to evaluate grant programs with funding totaling less than $200,000 may not be the most effective use of limited victim assistance resources. We discussed this issue with OVC and NIJ officials, who stated that although the evaluations cannot be used to determine the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole, they expect that the findings will produce lessons learned for similar tribal programs.
Program Management
We evaluated the OVC tribal victim assistance program to determine whether performance information was used to manage the program and improve performance. In order to evaluate the adequacy of program management, we reviewed the OVC tribal victim assistance program to determine whether:
program officials regularly collected timely and credible performance information from tribal grantees receiving victim assistance funding;
program officials used performance information reported by tribal grantees to manage the program and improve performance;
program officials were held accountable for performance results;
funds were obligated in a timely manner and spent for intended purposes;
grant applications were reviewed based on clear criteria and awards were made based on results of a peer review process;
program officials had oversight practices that provided sufficient knowledge of program activities; and
program officials collected performance data on an annual basis.
As stated previously in the Introduction section of this report, the OVC required tribal grantees receiving tribal victim assistance funding to include information on performance measures in their progress reports. However, we found that the OVC did not provide any guidance to tribal grantees on collecting and reporting performance information. The OVC also did not provide tribal grantees with definitions of the terms used in the required performance measures, such as what constitutes a victimization, service, publication, or training workshop. Additionally, the OVC did not provide any guidance on tabulating performance information. For example, if a victim received crisis counseling on 10 separate occasions, the OVC did not provide guidance as to whether the tribal grantee should report 1 service to the victim, or 10. During our audit, we found instances where one grantee reported one service per victim in some periods, and the number of times the same service was provided in other periods. As a result of the OVC’s failure to provide guidance to tribal grantees on collecting and reporting performance information, there was no consistency among tribal grantees’ reporting. Therefore, the reported performance information was not comparable between tribal grantees.
Additionally, we also found that despite the fact that tribal grantees were required to include performance information in their progress reports, the OVC did not use the reported information to manage its tribal victim assistance program or improve performance. Specifically:
The OVC did not summarize the performance information reported by tribal grantees in order to report on its tribal victim assistance program as a whole; and
The performance information reported by tribal grantees was not used to evaluate the effectiveness of the individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs.
Program Results
We evaluated the OVC tribal victim assistance program to determine whether the OVC demonstrated progress in achieving the overall program objectives. Although the OVC did not provide any guidance on collecting and reporting performance information, we attempted to use statistical data from the tribal grantee progress reports to assess the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole for the required performance measures.
We reviewed the progress reports submitted by each of the 25 tribal grantees awarded 2003 victim assistance grants for the periods ending December 31, 2003 ; June 30, 2004 ; and December 31, 2004. Based on the results of our review, we found that the performance data contained in the submitted progress reports could not be used to generate statistical information on the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole. Specifically, we found that:
Only 68 percent (17 of 25) of tribal grantees submitted all 3 progress reports.
Only 8 percent (2 of 25) of tribal grantees reported on all 6 performance measures for the period ending December 31, 2003.
Only 24 percent (6 of 25) of tribal grantees reported on all 6 performance measures for the period ending June 30, 2004.
Only 28 percent (7 of 25) of tribal grantees reported on all 6 performance measures for the period ending December 31, 2004.
Based on our review, it does not appear that the OVC ensured that progress reports contained the required information on performance measures when the reports were submitted. We also found that there was no consistency among tribal grantees in how performance information was reported. For example, for the performance measure on the number of publications produced, we found that some tribal grantees reported the number of new publications developed during the period, while others reported the number of copies of the same publication generated during the period. As a result, the number of publications produced, ranged from 1 to 26 for those tribal grantees reporting on the number of new publications, and 100 to 2,500 for tribal grantees reporting on the number of copies of the same publication. In another example, we found that for the performance measure on the number of volunteer hours, one grantee included staff time in excess of a normal work day as volunteer hours. As stated previously, we also found instances where one grantee reported one service per victim in some periods, and the number of times the same service was provided in other periods.
We believe that the OVC needs to establish a standardized progress report that captures required performance measure information and includes guidance to tribal grantees on collecting and reporting the information. This information should include definitions of terms used in the required performance measures, such as what constitutes a victimization, service, publication, or training workshop, and also should include guidance on tabulating performance information. Additionally, the OVC needs to ensure that required progress reports are submitted with all required performance measure data.
Conclusion
We found that the OVC did not incorporate adequate strategic planning into its tribal victim assistance program, which was necessary to implement effective performance-based management. The OVC also did not establish any long-term or annual program goals for its tribal victim assistance program by which program effectiveness is measured. In addition, the OVC was not required to provide performance information with its budget requests for the tribal victim assistance program; as a result, program funding decisions were not tied to program effectiveness.
At the time of our audit, the OVC had not conducted any evaluations to determine the effectiveness of its tribal victim assistance program. However, in FY 2001 the OVC did provide approximately $25,000 in funding to the NIJ to conduct assessments of four tribal victim assistance grant recipients to determine whether or not the tribal grantee programs could be evaluated. The OVC also provided the NIJ with an additional $425,200 to evaluate the effectiveness of two 2003 TVA grantees with awards totaling $197,689. The NIJ awarded a grant to conduct this evaluation to the American Indian Development Associates, Inc. in September 2005.
We discussed our concerns related to expending $425,200 to evaluate two individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs with funding totaling less than $200,000 with OVC and NIJ officials. The officials stated that although the evaluations cannot be used to determine the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole, they expect that the findings will produce lessons learned for similar tribal programs.
Finally, we attempted to review progress reports submitted by each of the 25 tribal grantees awarded 2003 victim assistance grants to determine whether the OVC tribal victim assistance program demonstrated progress in achieving its objectives. We found that OVC program officials and tribal grantees were not held accountable for performance results. Reported performance information was not used to evaluate the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole or the effectiveness of individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs. Additionally, as a result of the OVC’s failure to provide guidance to tribal grantees on collecting and reporting performance information, there was no consistency in how performance information was reported, and the information reported was not comparable between tribal grantees. As a result, we were unable to compile information from progress reports that generated statistical information on the program results for the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole. Instead, we attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs as discussed in the following sections of this report.
We selected the four tribal grantees, who received victim assistance funding, for which financial audits had been conducted previously as part of our audit on the Administration of Department of Justice Grants Awarded to Native American and Alaska Native Tribal Governments, Report No. 05-18, March 2005. 18 Those tribal grantees, discussed in separate findings later in this report, included the:
• Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, Finding II
• Oglala Sioux Tribe, Pine Ridge, South Dakota, Finding III
• Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, Philadelphia, Mississippi, Finding IV
• Lummi Indian Nation, Bellingham, Washington, Finding V
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the victim assistance programs implemented by the four individual tribal grantees, we determined whether each tribal grantee:
implemented the objectives of its victim assistance grant;
accurately reported grant activities in its progress reports;
maintained statistical data supporting program performance;
documented any program accomplishments;
collaborated effectively with criminal justice agencies and service providers; and
developed plans to sustain the victim assistance program upon the expiration of grant funding. 19
Recommendations
We recommend that the OVC:
Establish long-term and annual performance goals for its tribal victim assistance program.
Ensure that resource-allocation decisions reflect program effectiveness.
Provide tribal grantees with definitions of terms used for the required performance measures and guidance on tabulating the performance information reported.
Establish a standardized progress report that captures required performance measure information.
Ensure that progress reports include required performance measure data.
Summarize the performance information reported by tribal grantees to report on the effectiveness of its tribal victim assistance program as a whole.
Utilize the performance information reported by tribal grantees to evaluate the effectiveness of individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs, and to follow up with tribal grantees demonstrating poor program performance.
II. SAULT STE. MARIE TRIBE OF CHIPPEWA INDIANS
The Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians effectively implemented a comprehensive victim assistance program that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Specifically, we found that the tribe: (1) effectively accomplished the goals outlined for its victim assistance grant, (2) increased the number of victims served by 30 percent during the first year of the grant and 86 percent over the life of the grant, and (3) provided a wide variety of comprehensive services to victims. Based on questionnaires provided to victims, we found that they believed that the tribe�s victim assistance program was effective in meeting their needs. Additionally, based on interviews and questionnaires with representatives from collaborating agencies, we found that they also believed that the victim assistance program was effective in meeting victims� needs. Although we found that the victim assistance program implemented by the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe was effective, we noted that the statistical data in the progress reports included all grant programs administered by the tribe�s Victim Advocacy Center and was not reported accurately.
The Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians is a federally recognized Indian tribe located near the city of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, near the Canadian border. The tribe has more than 29,000 enrolled members, most of whom live off the reservation in the recognized tribal service area, which covers approximately 1,265 acres throughout seven counties of the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
The Sault Ste. Marie Tribe indicated in its grant application that the majority of crimes occurring within tribal lands included domestic violence, sexual offenses, and child abuse. The majority of cases addressed by the tribe’s victim assistance program are related to domestic violence, child physical abuse, and child sexual abuse. The tribe proposed to strengthen services to victims of crime by hiring a victim services coordinator to assist victim advocates in providing comprehensive services through its Victim Advocacy Center. The application also stated that the additional position was necessary because the Victim Advocacy Center was unable to provide the best possible assistance to victims due to the wide service area covered. For example, it is a 6-hour round trip between Sault Ste. Marie and Marquette, Michigan, where the nearest USAO and FBI offices are located.
As shown in Table 2, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe was awarded a victim assistance grant, including three supplemental awards, totaling $184,004.
TABLE 2.
Source: Office of Justice Programs
Implementing the Grant Program Objectives
In its original grant application and award documentation, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe established program objectives and measures to track progress, which were consistent with the overall goal of the OVC tribal victim assistance program, as shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES AND MEASURES
PROGRAM OBJECTIVE
MEASURE
Hire a full-time victim services coordinator to enhance the prosecution of crimes and increase the provision of services to victims and their families.
The number of victims that received services.
Establish a 24-hour crisis hotline to provide immediate assistance to victims of crime.
The number of victims that received services.
Provide comprehensive services to victims.
The number of referrals to service agencies provided to victims and the number of victims that were assisted in obtaining services.
Increase the number of victims receiving services.
The number of referrals received.
Reduce the barriers that prevent victims from cooperating with the criminal justice system.
The number of victims that were assisted with: (1) filing a complaint, (2) being informed of court processing, and (3) preparing victim rights forms and victim impact statements.
Source: Grant application for Grant No. 1999VRGX0006
We found that with the exception of hiring a victim advocate within 1 month of the grant start date, timelines had not been established for achieving grant objectives. However, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe generally accomplished the goals and objectives outlined for its victim assistance grant.
We were unable to determine whether the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe was successful in increasing the services provided to crime victims. During the grant period, the tribe made several changes in the way that it collected and reported data related to the number of services provided to victims. As a result, the data was not comparable between reporting periods. Additional information related to statistical data is discussed later in this section of the report.
Reporting Progress Accurately
We found that the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe generally submitted required progress reports with the required information. However, the final progress report was not submitted, as shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4. ANALYSIS OF PROGRESS REPORTS
REPORT PERIOD
Source: The Office of Justice Programs
Additionally, we found that progress reports did not accurately reflect the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe ’s victim assistance grant program activity. The statistical information reported in the progress reports submitted to the OVC could not be verified to source documentation. Tribal grantee officials could not provide an explanation as to why the statistical information maintained by the program did not match what was reported.
Statistical Data Supporting Program Performance
The statistics reported for the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe ’s victim assistance program included data for all grant programs administered by the tribe’s Victim Advocacy Center. During FYs 2000 through 2004, the tribe also received $ 3,762,529 in awards through the following DOJ grant programs, which include a component of victim assistance: 20
STOP Violence Against Indian Women Discretionary Grant Program;
Rural Domestic Violence and Child Victimization Enforcement Grant Program;
Legal Assistance for Victims Grant Program;
Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies and Enforcement of Protection Orders Program; and the
Children's Justice Act Partnerships for Indian Communities Program.
Tribal grantee officials stated that it was not possible to separate out statistics for a particular grant. Officials also stated that they did not receive any guidance from the OVC on collecting and reporting performance information, including definitions of terms used in the required performance measures, such as what constitutes a victimization, service, publication, or training. They also did not receive guidance on tabulating the performance information. For example, if a victim received crisis counseling on 10 separate occasions, the OVC did not provide guidance as to whether the tribal grantee should report 1 service provided or 10. During the grant period, the tribe reported both one service per victim and the number of times the same services were provided to a victim depending on the requirements of other grants. As a result, the number of services provided was not comparable between reporting periods.
Although statistical data was not reported accurately, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe did maintain data related to the number of victims served. As a result, we were able to generate statistical information on that requirement and used our data to assess the effectiveness of its victim assistance program.
The Sault Ste. Marie Tribe received its victim assistance grant in 1999; therefore, we used 1998 statistical data as the baseline for the grant. We found that the number of victims served increased each year of the grant program, indicating that the tribe implemented an effective victim assistance grant program.
CHART 1.
NUMBER OF VICTIMS SERVED THROUGH THE SAULT STE. MARIE TRIBE OF CHIPPEWA INDIANS’ VICTIM ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Source: Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians
As shown in Chart 1, the number of victims served increased by 30 percent, from 173 to 224, during the first year of the grant (1999). 21 Additionally, the number of victims served increased by 86 percent, from 173 to 321, between the year prior to the grant (1998) and the last full year of the grant (2002). Because the program ended in September 2003, we did not have a full year of data for 2003 to include in our analysis. However, based on the number of victims served during the first 9 months of 2003, we projected that the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe could have provided services to as many as 401 [(301 divided by 9 months) multiplied by 12 months] victims in 2003.
Victim Assistance Program Achievements
We selected a sample of case files that the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe maintained to document services provided to crime victims. We found that the tribe provided a wide variety of comprehensive services that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Specifically, during our review of case files, we identified the following services provided:
Crisis Counseling – Short-term crisis counseling was designed to lessen the impact of victimization. Victim advocates provided in‑person crisis counseling to crime victims and also assessed their needs.
Criminal Justice Support – These services were designed to support victims during the criminal justice process. Victim advocates referred victims to law enforcement agencies and assisted victims in reporting crimes. Victim advocates also accompanied victims to court hearings, notified them of tribal court dates, informed them of their rights, and provided assistance to them in preparing a victim impact statement.
Case Status – Victim advocates provided victims with information regarding the status of any criminal case against an accused offender.
Information and Referrals – Victim advocates provided victims with information and referrals to service agencies that furnished counseling, health care, housing, food, clothing, substance abuse, and financial assistance.
Transportation to Referrals Sources – Victim advocates provided transportation to and from law enforcement agencies, court hearings, and service providers. It should be noted that the FBI and the USAO local offices are located 3 hours away from Sault Ste. Marie, and the federal court is located 5 hours away.
Assistance with Personal Protection Orders – Victim advocates provided victims with assistance in completing the necessary paperwork to obtain a personal protection order.
In addition, Sault Ste. Marie tribal officials provided the following services that were not documented in the case files included in our sample:
Assistance in Filing a Crime Victim Compensation Application – Victim advocates provided victims with assistance in completing compensation applications. 22
Safety Planning – Victim advocates provided victims with assistance in developing a personal safety plan.
Legal Aid Services – A legal aid attorney was available to provide assistance to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking. Legal aid assistance had to be directly related to the victimization.
Women’s Talking Circle – Victim advocates facilitated a weekly domestic violence educational support group.
Keeping Kids Safe – Victim advocates provided support services to children who witnessed acts of violence.
Custody Exchange Services – Victim advocates provided assistance to parents when changing custody and regarding visitation when a personal protection order was in place or there was a history of violence. Under Custody Exchange Services, parents had to agree to meet with a victim advocate in order to complete necessary paperwork before this service could be provided.
Men’s Education Group – Victim advocates provided a 26-week curriculum designed to hold men accountable for their actions in abusive relationships.
Women’s Lodge – The Victim Advocacy Center offered a residential shelter to abused women and children who needed a safe place to stay, because they were the victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking.
We provided questionnaires to six victims who received services from the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe’s Victim Advocacy Center, and who indicated a willingness to be contacted. They were asked to identify what services were received and whether or not the services were effective in meeting their needs. Based on the six responses, victims were generally satisfied with the services provided and felt that they were effective in meeting their needs. Services identified by victims included: (1) crisis counseling, (2) transportation, (3) advocacy, (4) support through the Women's Talking Circle, (5) temporary housing, (6) food, and (7) legal services.
Based on our review of the services provided to victims and the responses to the recipient questionnaires, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe’s victim assistance program is effectively providing needed services to crime victims.
Collaborating with Criminal Justice Agencies and Service Providers
According to Sault Ste. Marie tribal officials, the victim assistance program collaborated with many different agencies, both within and outside the tribal community. These agencies included, but were not limited to those listed in the following chart:
COLLABORATING AGENCIES IDENTIFIED BY THE TRIBAL GRANTEE
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• United Way
Source: Sault Ste. Marie Tribe
During the audit, we conducted interviews with representatives from tribal law enforcement, the tribal prosecutor’s office, the tribal court, and tribal social services. From these interviews, we determined that each of the collaborating agencies believed that the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe’s victim assistance program was effective in meeting victims’ needs. Specifically, representatives from the tribal collaborating agencies made the following statements:
The Victim Advocacy Center and the victim advocates have an outstanding relationship in the community and provide much-needed support in areas not addressed by other departments, such as crisis counseling, support, transportation, etc.
The victim advocates are very effective in working in the different venues of the tribal justice system, such as tribal law enforcement, the tribal prosecutor’s office, and the tribal court. Many times, these departments are solely focused on their unique role in the tribal justice system. Victim advocates are the mortar of the tribal justice system, filling in the gaps and helping coordinate the various pieces of the justice system.
The Victim Advocacy Center has been extremely effective in meeting short‑ and long-term victim service needs, and victim advocates are very persistent in getting tribal law enforcement to pursue cases of alleged victimization.
The Victim Advocacy Center has provided members of the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians with strong victim advocacy that would not otherwise have been provided.
Additionally, we provided questionnaires to representatives from the FBI and USAO. From these questionnaires, we determined that both agencies believed that the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe’s victim assistance program was effective in meeting victims’ needs. Representatives from the FBI and USAO made the following statements about the tribe’s victim assistance program.
We have a good working relationship with the tribe, especially in the area of victim services. Among other things, the tribe has created a multi-disciplinary team to address child sexual assault issues. That team meets regularly in Sault Ste. Marie.
The tribe has effectively hired and trained sufficient staff members to ensure that the short-term needs of crime victims are appropriately addressed in the tribe’s various locations throughout the Upper Peninsula. This has, in turn, produced a positive impact on the success of our prosecutions.
In our opinion, the grant program is currently meeting both the short‑ and long-term victim services needs of the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians.
The Victim Assistance Program has been very helpful in transporting victims in a variety of FBI cases. It has furthered counseling and recovery efforts for several victims and has been true victim advocates in every sense.
Based on the responses to our interviews with representatives from tribal law enforcement, the tribal prosecutor’s office, the tribal court, and tribal social services, and questionnaires with collaborating agencies, we found that the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe’s victim assistance program was effective in meeting both short- and long-term victim needs. The collaborating agencies agreed that the victim assistance program provided much-needed victim services that were not available through other sources.
Sustaining the Victim Assistance Program
The OVC tribal victim assistance funding received by the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe expired on September 30, 2003. Although it had been over one year since the funding had expired, we found that the tribe sustained its victim assistance program. The tribe also reclassified a position authorized under the state VOCA program and used that funding to continue the position originally funded under its victim assistance grant.
Conclusion
Based on the results of our review, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe effectively implemented a comprehensive victim assistance program that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. W e found that:
the tribe generally achieved the objectives of its tribal victim assistance grant, which were consistent with the overall goal of the OVC tribal victim assistance program;
the number of victims served increased by 30 percent during the first year of the grant and by 86 percent over the life of the entire grant;
the program was considered effective by victims, and by tribal and federal collaborating agencies in meeting both short‑ and long‑term victim needs; and
the program was sustained after the OVC grant funding expired.
Although we found that the victim assistance program implemented by the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe was effective, we noted that the statistical data in the progress reports included all grant programs administered by the tribe’s Victim Advocacy Center and was not reported accurately.
In addition, we found that the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe did not receive any guidance from the OVC on collecting and reporting performance information, including definitions of terms used in the required performance measures, such as what constitutes a victimization, service, publication, or training. The tribe also did not receive guidance on tabulating the performance information. As a result, the performance data was generally not comparable between reporting periods.
III. OGLALA SIOUX TRIBE
The Oglala Sioux Tribe did not effectively implement a comprehensive victim assistance program that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Specifically, we found that the Oglala Sioux Tribe: (1) did not accurately report performance information in its progress reports, (2) did not increase the number of victims served, (3) never fully implemented its tribal victim assistance program because of frequent changes in program management, and (4) did not establish a plan to sustain its victim assistance program when the OVC victim assistance grant funding expired. However, we noted that the grant program objectives were generally achieved and based on the questionnaires provided to victims, they believed that Oglala Sioux Tribe�s victim assistance program was effective in meeting their specific needs.
The Oglala Sioux Tribe is a federally recognized Indian tribe situated in southwestern South Dakota on the Nebraska state line about 50 miles east of the Wyoming border. The Pine Ridge reservation is home to approximately 40,000 tribal members and covers approximately 2.8 million acres of grassy plains and badlands. The reservation includes Shannon and Bennett counties, which have been identified as the two poorest counties in the United States, with an average per capita income of $6,285 and $10,106, respectively.
According to Oglala Sioux Tribe officials, the types of crimes occurring within the boundaries of the Pine Ridge reservation included: murder; sexual assault; child sexual assault; gang violence; elder abuse; burglary; driving while impaired (DWI) and driving under the influence (DUI); and vandalism. However, the majority of cases addressed by the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s victim assistance program were related to victims of domestic violence, assault, and elder abuse. 23
As shown in Table 5, the Oglala Sioux Tribe received two victim assistance grants, including a supplemental award, totaling $532,714.
TABLE 5.
Source: Office of Justice Programs
Implementing the Grant Program Objectives
Based on the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s grant application and award documentation, we identified the following objectives for Grant No. 2002VRGX0011, which we determined were consistent with the overall goal of the OVC tribal victim assistance program.
Assist family members of fatal DWI and DUI crashes in completing crime victim compensation applications and provide financial assistance for funeral expenses.
Provide transportation to safe areas for victims of violent crime and child abuse.
Hire victim advocates to focus on victims of gang violence.
Under Grant No. 2003VRGX0012, we identified five additional objectives, which we also determined were consistent with the overall goal of the OVC tribal victim assistance program. They were to:
provide counseling;
accompany victims to court; and
assist victims in obtaining victim compensation.
We found that timelines and measures were not established for achieving grant objectives. Tribal grantee officials stated that it was difficult to establish timelines because of the crisis-oriented nature of the victim assistance program. Officials stated that although timelines were not established, the program was constantly striving to establish and re‑establish working relationships with the tribal police, the tribal prosecutor’s office, and social services, to expand and improve the services provided to crime victims throughout the reservation.
Despite the fact that measures and timelines had not been established, we found that the Oglala Sioux Tribe generally accomplished the objectives outlined for its victim assistance grant. However, at the time of our review, none of the hired advocates focused specifically on gang violence. Rather, each advocate provided services to all victims of violent crimes.
Reporting Progress Accurately
We found that the Oglala Sioux Tribe generally submitted required progress reports with the required information. However, the final progress report for Grant No. 2002VRGX0011 was not submitted, as shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6.
Source: Office of Justice Programs
Additionally, we found that progress reports did not accurately reflect victim assistance grant program activity. The statistical information reported in the progress reports submitted to the OVC could not be verified to source information. Tribal grantee officials could not provide an explanation as to why the statistical information did not match what was reported.
Statistical Data Supporting Program Performance
Although statistical data was not reported accurately, the Oglala Sioux Tribe did maintain data related to the number of victims served. As a result, we were able to generate statistical information and use the data to assess the effectiveness of its victim assistance program.
The tribe received its victim assistance grant in 2002; therefore, we used 2001 statistical data as the baseline for the grant. We found that the number of victims served did not increase as a result of the OVC tribal victim assistance funding.
CHART 2.
NUMBER OF VICTIMS SERVED THROUGH THE OGLALA SIOUX TRIBES’ VICTIM ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Source: Oglala Sioux Tribe
As shown in Chart 2 (excluding 2002), the number of victims served remained relatively constant between 2001 and 2004, only increasing by 6 percent between the year prior to the grant (2001) and the last full year of the grant (2004). We also found that the significant increase in the number of victims served during 2002 did not accurately reflect program activity and the number of victims served decreased between 2001 and 2003. As a result, based on the number of victims served, the Oglala Sioux Tribe did not effectively achieve the objectives of its victim assistance grant. The current program director has only been in place since December 2004, and was unable to comment on program operations prior to that time. However, she stated that the tribe’s victim assistance program is constantly working to re-establish relationships with the different “players,” such as Cangleska, Inc., the tribal police, the tribal prosecutor’s office, and social services. 24
As stated previously, the significant increase in the number of victims served during 2002 did not accurately reflect program activity. That data was based on the number of police reports received by the victim assistance program rather than the number of victims served. Tribal grantee officials stated that the program director at that time created a victim file for each police report received regardless of whether or not services were provided. We reviewed a sample of victim files for 2002, and found that generally, they only contained a police report with no mention of any services provided.
Victim Assistance Program Achievements
We selected a sample of case files that the Oglala Sioux Tribe maintained to document the services provided to crime victims. We found that the tribe’s victim assistance program provided a wide variety of comprehensive services to victims that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Specifically, during our review of case files, we identified the following services provided to victims:
Personal Advocacy – Short-term crisis counseling was designed to lessen the impact of victimization. Victim advocates provided in‑person crisis counseling to crime victims, assessed victims’ needs, and provided emergency food and clothing to those victims in extreme crisis.
Assistance in Filing a Crime Victim Compensation Application – Victim advocates provided assistance in completing crime victim compensation applications.
Information and Referrals – Victim advocates provided victims with information and referrals to Cangleska, Inc.
Criminal Justice Support - These services were designed to support victims during the criminal justice process. Victim advocates referred victims to law enforcement agencies, assisted victims in reporting crimes, and accompanied them to court hearings.
Assistance with Personal Protection Orders – Victim advocates provided assistance to victims in completing the necessary paperwork to obtain a personal protection order.
Transportation – Victim advocates provided transportation to and from law enforcement agencies, court hearings, and service providers.
We provided questionnaires to six victims, who received services from the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s victim assistance program, and who indicated a willingness to be contacted. We asked them to identify what services were received and whether or not they were effective in meeting victims’ needs. Based on the six responses, victims were generally satisfied with the services provided and felt that they were effective in meeting their needs. The services identified by the victims included: (1) transportation to court hearings, (2) support during court hearings, (3) personal advocacy, (4) assistance paying utility bills, and (5) provision of food and other necessities.
Based on our review of the services provided to victims and the responses to the recipient questionnaires, the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s victim assistance program is providing needed services to crime victims. However, the number of victims served did not increase as a result of the grant program.
Collaborating with Criminal Justice Agencies and Service Providers
According to the Oglala Sioux Tribe officials, the victim assistance program strived to re-establish working relationships with many different agencies, both within and outside the tribal community. These agencies included, but were not limited to those listed in the chart on the following page:
COLLABORATING AGENCIES IDENTIFIED BY THE TRIBAL GRANTEE
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Oglala Sioux Tribe Court System
Source: Oglala Sioux Tribe
We conducted interviews with representatives from tribal law enforcement, the tribal attorney’s office, and Cangleska, Inc. From these interviews, we determined that each of the collaborating agencies believed that the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s victim assistance program was not effective in meeting victims’ needs. Specifically, representatives from the tribal collaborating agencies made the following statements:
The interaction with the victim assistance program has never been consistent because of changing directors.
I worked for the public safety for 2 years and was unaware of the tribal victim assistance program until 1 year ago, when a public safety officer was involved in a domestic violence event, and went through the tribal victim assistance program. The interaction between public safety and the victim assistance program is minimal.
Additionally, we provided questionnaires to representatives from the FBI and USAO with whom officials from the Oglala Sioux Tribe victim assistance program collaborated. From these questionnaires, we determined that both agencies believed that the tribe’s victim assistance program was effective in meeting victims’ needs. Representatives from the FBI and USAO made the following statements about the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s victim assistance program:
The Victim Assistance in Indian Country program worked with victims before trial; and on trial day. They picked up the victims and brought them to trial, stayed and supported them in the evening and brought them back the next day.
The Oglala Sioux Tribe victim assistance program is willing to provide whatever type of transportation assistance the victim may need. I value the assistance I receive from their office.
Based on the responses to our interviews with representatives from tribal law enforcement, the tribal attorney’s office, and Cangleska, Inc., and questionnaires with collaborating agencies, we found that the Oglala Sioux Tribe’s victim assistance program was somewhat effective in meeting victim needs. The FBI and USAO agreed that the victim assistance program provided much-needed victim services. However, the tribal collaborating agencies also believed that because of the constant change in program leadership, the tribe’s victim assistance program was not effective in bridging the gap between the criminal justice system and the service providers.
Sustaining the Victim Assistance Program
According to its initial application, the Oglala Sioux Tribe proposed several plans to sustain its victim assistance program, including:
fining all tribal members who were found guilty of a crime;
applying for additional grants; and
withdrawing a fee from each employee’s biweekly salary.
At the time of our review, the tribe had not implemented any of the proposed plans listed above. Tribal grantee officials stated that they were currently trying to identify other long-term grants to sustain their victim assistance program when the OVC tribal victim assistance program funding expired.
Conclusion
Based on the results of our review, the Oglala Sioux Tribe did not effectively implement a comprehensive victim assistance program that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. We found that:
the tribe did not accurately report performance information in its progress reports;
the program did not demonstrate an increase in the number of victims served;
the program was never fully implemented due to frequent changes in program management;
the program was not considered effective by tribal collaborating agencies; and
the tribe did not establish a plan to sustain the program after the OVC grant funding expired.
Although we found that the victim assistance program implemented by the Oglala Sioux Tribe was generally not effective, we noted that the grant program objectives were generally achieved. Based on the questionnaires provided to victims, we found that they believed that the tribe’s victim assistance program was effective in meeting their specific needs.
IV. MISSISSIPPI BAND OF CHOCTAW INDIANS
The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians did not effectively implement a comprehensive victim assistance program that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Specifically, we found that the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians: (1) only partially achieved the grant objectives outlined for its victim assistance grant; (2) did not include the all-required performance data in its progress reports, and did not accurately report the performance information that was included; (3) focused solely on victims of non-major domestic crimes, of which the majority of victims contacted declined services; (4) did not maintain data on the number of victims served; (5) reviewed 4 percent fewer police reports in 2004, than in 2000, and (6) did not establish a plan to sustain their victim assistance program after the OVC victim assistance grant funding expired. Based on interviews and questionnaires with representatives from collaborating agencies, we found that the collaborating agencies believed that the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians victim assistance program was effective, though limited, in meeting victims� needs. Based on questionnaires provided to victims, we also noted that victims who accepted services, believed that the program was effective in meeting their specific needs.
The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians is a federally recognized Indian Tribe located near the city of Philadelphia, Mississippi. The tribe has more than 8,100 enrolled members, with 6,500 living on or near the reservation. The Choctaw Reservation consists of eight scattered, isolated, rural communities in east central Mississippi.
The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians indicated in its grant application that many of the Choctaw people live in homes characterized by substance abuse, verbal and physical aggression, sexual abuse, mental illness, poor marital relations, and poor discipline habits. The application further stated that social problems of this nature inevitably manifest into a great deal of criminal activity, with domestic violence being one of the most common crimes committed.
As shown in Table 7, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians received two victim assistance grants, including three supplemental awards, totaling $293,050.
TABLE 7.
Source: Office of Justice Programs
Implementing the Grant Program Objectives
According to the grant applications of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, the goal of the victim assistance program was to offer a full‑service program to victims of any crime, with particular emphasis on the safety, health, and autonomy of domestic violence, and sexual assault victims and their dependents. Tribal grantee officials stated the victim assistance program originally focused on providing assistance to tribal victims of all types of crimes. However, tribal law enforcement officials felt it would be better if they, rather than the program, addressed the needs of victims of violent crime so that the victim assistance program would not interfere with any on-going investigations. As a result, the tribe’s program currently focuses on victims of non-major domestic crimes. We believe this is not the most effective use of limited OVC tribal victim assistance funding because domestic violence funding is available through other DOJ programs, such as STOP Violence Against Indian Women Discretionary Grant Program.
We determined from the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians’ application and award documentation for Grant No. 1999VRGX0011, that the objectives of its initial victim assistance grant were to:
Develop an accurate data system to accumulate statistical data about victims and victim services in the Choctaw community, providing a baseline indicator for services and progress made in assisting victims.
Develop and implement community outreach services, such as counseling, advocate services, and assistance to victims, to each tribal community at least once per month.
Increase by at least 25 percent, the utilization of services within the first six months, as compared to first-month baseline data.
Coordinate victim services and community outreach services by establishing and developing strong working relationships with tribal and non-tribal community agencies.
Additionally, we determined from the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians’ application and award documentation for Grant No. 2003VRGX0003, that the objectives of the subsequent grant were to:
Increase victim utilization of the services provided by the victim assistance program and to develop more efficient methods of assisting victims in breaking the cycle of abuse, enabling them to become self‑sufficient individuals.
Increase offender accountability through successful prosecutions and the successful litigation and enforcement of civil protection orders.
Provide training for court personnel, the judiciary, and law enforcement, as well as provide in-service training to all tribal agencies as necessary.
Continue the development and implementation of community outreach services, such as counseling, advocate services, education, and community awareness activities, to each tribal community through hands-on community involvement.
Promote a multidisciplinary, collaborative approach to domestic violence and sexual assault victimization.
These objectives were consistent with the overall goal of the OVC tribal victim assistance program. However, we found that the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians only partially achieved the objectives of its own victim assistance program:
A system to accumulate statistical data was developed; however, we found that the system was inadequate and did not collect all the information required under the victim assistance program. For example, the tribe did not collect information on the number of victims served and the types of victimization. Instead, they maintained data on the number of police reports reviewed, which does not provide an adequate basis for measuring effectiveness.
Community outreach services, such as counseling, advocate services, and assistance to victims, were developed and implemented. However, instead of providing these services to each of the eight communities once a month as indicated in its grant application, the tribe visited only one community per month and rotated visits through the eight communities.
We were unable to assess whether the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians achieved a 25-percent increase in the utilization of services within the first 6 months of the grant, because it did not maintain sufficient baseline data prior to or after receiving the initial grant in 1999. In addition, we were unable to assess whether the tribe increased victim utilization of the services because, as stated previously, they did not collect information on the number of victims served. We also found that the client files were not organized in a manner in which services provided could be readily identified. Victims had multiple files depending on the type and quantity of services provided, and therefore there was no single record documenting the assistance provided.
The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians also did not establish measures to track progress toward achieving grant objectives. However, as shown in Table 8, the tribe did establish timelines for achieving grant objectives for the first year of Grant No. 1999VRGX0011.
TABLE 8.
Source: Grant application for Grant No. 2003VRGX0003
Reporting Progress Accurately
We found that Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians did not provide specific performance information in progress reports, as the OVC required. Specifically, progress reports did not include information on the number of victims served or the types of victimization. Instead, the tribe reported and maintained data on the number of police reports reviewed, which does not provide an adequate basis for measuring program effectiveness. Additionally, progress reports did not accurately reflect the tribe’s victim assistance grant program activity.
Based on the results of our review, we found that the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians did not submit or did not submit in a timely manner 50 percent (6 of 12) of the required progress reports under its victim assistance program, as shown in Table 10.
TABLE 10.
PROGRESS REPORTS SUBMITTED FOR GRANT NOS. 1999VRGX0011 AND 2003VRGX0003 AWARDED TO THE MISSISSIPPI BAND OF CHOCTAW INDIANS
REPORT PERIOD
Source: Office of Justice Programs
Statistical Data Supporting Program Performance
The statistical information reported in the progress reports submitted to the OVC could not be verified to source information. Tribal grantee officials could not provide an explanation as to why the statistics did not match what was reported. We used the information, however, to generate statistical data for the grant, although data on the number of police reports reviewed was maintained, rather than data on the number of victims served. We found that the tribe did not maintain baseline data prior to receiving its victim assistance grant in 1999, and as a result, we could not fully assess the impact of its victim assistance program. However, based on our analysis of available data, we found that the number of police reports reviewed fluctuated during the award period.
CHART 3.
NUMBER OF POLICE REPORTS REVIEWED THROUGH THE MISSISSIPPI BAND OF CHOCTAW INDIANS’ VICTIM ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Source: Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
As shown in Chart 3, the number of police reports reviewed fluctuated between 2000 and 2004, decreasing by 4 percent from 2000 – the first full year of the grant program – through 2004. 26 Based on the number of police reports reviewed, we believe the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians did not effectively achieve the objectives of the victim assistance grant.
Victim Assistance Program Achievements
The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians did not report or maintain data on the number of victims served, but instead reported and maintained data on the number of police reports reviewed. Generally victims were contacted (which could be construed as a service) to determine if victim assistance services were required. However, the majority of victims contacted (about 95 percent in 2004) declined additional services.
For those victims contacted who indicated a need for services, we selected a sample of case files and found that the files were not organized in a manner in which services provided could be readily identified. We found that victims had multiple files depending on the type and quantity of services provided. Therefore, there was no single record documenting the assistance provided. Based on our review, we found that the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians provided a variety of services to victims of non‑major domestic crimes that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Specifically, during our review of case files, we identified the following services provided to crime victims:
Information and Referrals – Victim advocates provided victims with information and referrals to service agents that furnished counseling, therapy, shelter, and legal aid.
Assistance with court documents – Victim advocates provided victims assistance by explaining and serving documents, including subpoenas, summons, and warrants.
Assistance with court processes – Victim advocates provided victims assistance in filing for separation, divorce, child custody, or obtaining child support.
Financial assistance – The victim assistance program provided victims with financial assistance for water and gas bills.
Housing assistance – Victim advocates provided victims assistance in locating housing, making shelter arrangements, and contacting family and friends to locate a safe place for victims to stay.
Batterer’s Re-education program for domestic violence offenders – One victim advocate instructed the 26-week course on Batterer Re‑education.
In addition the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians’ victim assistance program provided the following services that were not included in our case file review:
Transportation – Victim advocates provided victims with transportation to shelters, safe homes, legal aid meetings, court appointments, and counseling sessions. Additionally, transportation vehicles were used by advocates to visit victims at their homes, which allowed meetings to occur in a comfortable setting.
Translation – Victim advocates provided translation for victims who spoke only Choctaw.
Assistance with Employment – Victim advocates provided assistance to victims in locating employment, or assisted them in locating employment so they could continue separation from their abuser. For those victims who were already employed, advocates contacted employers to notify them why victims were absent from work.
Candlelight Vigil – Victim advocates recruited volunteers to assist in providing candlelight vigils for victims in the eight communities on the Choctaw reservation.
We provided questionnaires to 12 victims, who received services from the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians’ victim assistance program, and who indicated a willingness to be contacted. They were asked to identify what services were received and whether or not the services were effective in meeting their needs. Based on the two responses we received, victims were generally satisfied with the services provided and felt that they were effective in meeting victims’ needs. Victims stated that they received assistance in obtaining protective orders, counseling, and information about domestic violence.
Based on our review of the services provided to victims and the limited responses to the recipient questionnaires, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians’ victim assistance program provided needed services to victims of non-major domestic crimes. However, the majority of victims contacted declined services.
Collaborating with Criminal Justice Agencies and Service Providers
According to tribal grantee officials, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians’ victim assistance program collaborated with many different agencies, both within and outside the tribal community. These agencies included, but were not limited to those listed in the following chart:
COLLABORATING AGENCIES IDENTIFIED BY THE GRANTEE
• Tribal law enforcement
• Care Lodge Shelter in Meridian, Mississippi
Source: Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
We conducted interviews with representatives from tribal law enforcement, the tribal courts, and tribal social services. From these interviews, we determined that the collaborating agencies believed that the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians’ victim assistance program was somewhat effective, although limited, in meeting victims’ needs. Specifically, representatives from the tribal collaborating agencies made the following statements:
The program is effective in assisting victims in the short-term by providing them with a safe place to go and recommending they go to another family member’s home in another community. However, the collaborating official was unsure if the Family Violence and Victim’s Services program is effective in assisting victims’ needs in the long‑term.
The program provides counseling services, an attorney to assist with protection orders, and will inform victims as to what restraining orders and protection orders are. Additionally, the program informs the public about domestic violence, provides additional counseling, and increases awareness in the community. However, the collaborating official also stated that there are some problems in clarifying which victims will be served and that they do not handle all crimes, mainly domestic violence.
The program meets the short-term needs of victims by assisting in obtaining protection orders. The program is effective in meeting the long-term needs of victims by providing counseling services and by assisting victims in obtaining a continuance protection order. However, the collaborating official also stated that the program should do additional follow-up on protection orders, because often an individual will get a protection order, but will return to the abuser.
We also provided questionnaires to representatives from the FBI and USAO, and determined that neither agency was able to provide feedback on the tribe’s victim assistance program. This was due to the fact that the FBI and USAO are only responsible for major crimes committed on tribal lands, while the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians’ victim assistance program focuses on victims of non-major domestic crimes.
Based on the responses to our interviews with representatives from tribal law enforcement, the tribal courts, and social services, and questionnaires with collaborating agencies, we found that the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians’ victim assistance program was somewhat effective in meeting victim needs. However, the collaborating agencies considered the victim assistance program to be limited, because it focused on victims of non-major domestic crimes.
Sustaining the Victim Assistance Program
The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians did not provide a plan to sustain its victim assistance program when the program funding expired. However, according to tribal council officials, they are very supportive of the victim assistance program and currently fund a portion of it. Tribal grantee officials also stated that they are actively seeking additional grant funding to expand and improve the program and will continue to make requests to the tribal council for continued support, especially in the event that OVC tribal victim assistance program funding is not awarded in the future.
Conclusion
Based on the results of our review, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians did not effectively implement a comprehensive program that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. W e found that:
the tribe only partially achieved the grant objectives outlined for its victim assistance grant;
the tribe did not include the all-required performance data in its progress reports, and did not accurately report the performance information that was included;
the program focused solely on victims of non‑major domestic crimes, of which the majority of victims contacted declined services;
the tribe did not maintain data on the number of victims served; instead it reported on the number of police reports reviewed, which does not provide an adequate basis for measuring effectiveness;
the number police reports reviewed decreased by 4 percent from 2000 to 2004;
the program was generally considered effective in meeting the specific needs of victims of non-major domestic crimes by the victims who requested services and the tribal collaborating agencies; however, the program was considered to be limited; and
the tribe had not established a plan to sustain its victim assistance program when the victim assistance grant funding expired.
V. LUMMI INDIAN NATION
The Lummi Indian Nation effectively implemented a comprehensive victim assistance program that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Specifically, we found that the Lummi Indian Nation: (1) effectively accomplished the goals outlined for its victim assistance grant, (2) accurately reported performance information included in its progress reports, (3) increased the number of victims served by 51 percent during the first year of the victim assistance grant and 716 percent over the life of the grant, and (4) provided a wide variety of comprehensive services to victims. Based on questionnaires provided to victims, we found that they believed that the Lummi Indian Nation�s victim assistance program was effective in meeting their needs. Additionally, based on interviews and questionnaires with representatives from collaborating agencies, we found that they believed that the tribe�s victim assistance program also was effective in meeting victims� needs. Although we found that the victim assistance program implemented by the Lummi Indian Nation was effective, we noted that the statistical data included in the progress reports included all grant programs administered by the Lummi Indian Nation�s victim assistance program. Additionally, tribal grantee officials could not provide a plan to sustain the victim assistance program when the OVC program funding expired.
The Lummi Indian Nation is a federally recognized Indian tribe located within Whatcom County, Washington, approximately 5 miles west of the city of Bellingham and 20 miles south of the Canadian border. The tribe has approximately 4,259 enrolled members, with 2,564 living within the Lummi Indian Reservation. The Lummi Indian Reservation consists of a land base containing 12,504 acres of upland area and 8,000 acres of tideland area.
According to the grant application submitted for Grant No. 1999VRGX0012, the Lummi Indian Nation proposed to address the safety, advocacy, and healing needs of crime victims, and to build a community consensus more resistant to criminal abuse. The tribe’s victim assistance program was established in 1990 with a state VOCA grant to provide an ongoing and comprehensive network of victim services to a variety of crimes occurring within the reservation, including child abuse; assault; DWI and DUI; robbery; and sexual abuse and assault.
As shown in Table 11, the Lummi Indian Nation received three victim assistance grants, including three supplemental awards, totaling $481,752.
TABLE 11.
Source: Office of Justice Programs
Implementing the Grant Program Objectives
Based on the Lummi Indian Nations’ grant application and award documentation, we identified the following objectives for Grant Nos. 1999VRGX0012 and 2001VRGX0001, which we determined were consistent with the overall goal of the OVC tribal victim assistance program, as shown in Table 12.
TABLE 12. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES AND MEASURES
PROGRAM OBJECTIVE
MEASURE
Provide direct crisis intervention, information, and referral and advocacy services to all identified crime victims on the Lummi Indian Reservation and to all other crime victims seeking assistance.
The number of victims that received services.
Enhance client access to high quality medical care for physical injuries and ensure that appropriate counseling is available to help heal the trauma of the victimization.
The number of referrals to service agencies provided to victims.
Provide professional training opportunities for police, educators, help-line volunteers, and other care providers who have direct contact with crime victims.
The number of training sessions provided, including the number of individuals trained.
Continue operating the Lummi 24-hour help line and involve more volunteers.
The number of help-line calls during the grant period.
Source: Grant application for Grant Nos. 1999VRGX0012 and 2001VRGX0001
The Lummi Indian Nation also proposed to continue the objectives listed in its subsequent grant, No. 2001VRGX0001. According to the grant application for Grant No. 2001VRGX0001, each objective would be implemented over the life of the grant, and so, specific timelines were not established.
We also identified 12 additional objectives from the Lummi Indian Nations’ application and award documentation for Grant No. 2003VRGX0012, which were consistent with the overall goal of the OVC tribal victim assistance program. They were to:
purchase a computer and pay telephone services for the Domestic Violence Shelter;
fund key personnel, including a victim advocate, administrative assistant, and program assistant/advocate;
provide funding for transportation services;
provide traditional healing and healing materials;
provide emergency food and clothing;.
provide services that offered an immediate measure of safety to crime victims, such as boarding up broken windows and replacing or repairing locks;
develop tribal codes and educational materials;
collaborate with law enforcement and other service providers to improve services;
develop tribal policies to improve services offered to crime victims;
improve grant reporting;
fund training and travel for victim advocates; and
provide quality comprehensive domestic violence services.
Despite the fact that timelines were not established for Grant Nos. 1999VRGX0012 and 2001VRGX0001, we found that the Lummi Indian Nation generally implemented the objectives of its victim assistance program. However, although the tribe successfully continued operating a 24-hour help line, victim advocates generally manned it rather than volunteers.
Reporting Progress Accurately
As shown in Table 13, we found that the Lummi Indian Nation did not submit or did not submit in a timely manner 62 percent (8 of 13) of the required progress reports under its victim assistance program. For Grant No. 2003VRGX0007, we were unable to determine whether three reports were submitted in a timely manner, because the reports were not dated. However, we found that the progress reports submitted accurately reflected the tribe’s victim assistance grant program activity.
TABLE 13.
Source: Office of Justice Programs
Statistical Data Supporting Program Performance
The Lummi Indian Nation received its victim assistance grant in 1999; therefore, we used 1998 statistical data as the baseline for the grant. As stated above, we found that the progress reports submitted by the tribe accurately reflected actual activity under the victim assistance program. As a result, we were able to generate statistical information on the number of victims served and use our data to assess the effectiveness of the program.
We found that the number of victims served generally increased each year of the grant. Our analysis revealed that the victim assistance program demonstrated an increase in services and activities as a result of the OVC tribal victim assistance grant funding received. Tribal grantee officials stated that it would be possible to track the number of victims served by each funded victim advocate position under the program. But since the grant program only funded a portion of some victim advocate positions, this would still not accurately reflect the number of victims served.
We also found that the statistical information reported in the progress reports submitted to the OVC could generally be verified to source documentation, with no material differences. Tribal grantee officials stated that these immaterial differences were due to timing differences in entering the information into the tribe’s computer system. The differences we noted appear to support this statement. For example, statistical information in the progress report was generally lower than that included in the victim assistance database, indicating that information was entered into the system after the progress report was prepared.
Statistics reported for the victim assistance program included data for all grant programs administered by the Lummi Indian Nation. During FYs 2000 through 2004, the tribe received $ 1,872,559 in awards through the following DOJ grant programs, which include a component of victim assistance: 27
STOP Violence Against Indian Women Discretionary Grant Program;
Children's Justice Act Partnerships for Indian Communities Program;
Legal Assistance for Victims Grant Program; and the
Rural Domestic Violence and Child Victimization Enforcement Grant Program.
CHART 4.
NUMBER OF VICTIMS SERVED THROUGH THE LUMMI INDIAN NATION’S VICTIM ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Source: Lummi Indian Nation
As shown in Chart 4, the number of victims served increased by 51 percent, from 37 to 56, during the first year of the grant (1999). 28 Additionally, the number of victims served increased by 716 percent, from 37 to 302, between the year prior to the grant (1998) and the last full year of the grant (2004). We did not have a full year of data for 2005 to include in our analysis. Based on the number of victims served during the first 5 months of 2005, we projected that the Lummi Indian Nation could have provided services to as many as 214 victims in 2005 [(89 divided by 5 months) multiplied by 12 months]. We discussed the apparent decline in victims served during 2005 with tribal grantee officials, who indicated that the statistics were cyclical in nature and that generally, a greater number of crimes were committed during the summer months, which were not included in our 2005 data.
Victim Assistance Program Achievements
We selected a sample of case files that the Lummi Indian Nation maintained to document services it provided to crime victims. We found that the tribe provided a wide variety of comprehensive services to victims that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Specifically, during our review of case files, we identified the following services provided to victims:
Personal Advocacy – Short-term crisis counseling to victims was designed to lessen the impact of victimization. Victim advocates provided in‑person crisis counseling to victims of crime, and also assessed victims’ needs.
Information and Referrals – Victim advocates provided victims with information and referrals to service agencies that furnished therapy, counseling, group treatment, legal aid, parenting classes, health care, and child services.
Assistance in Filing a Crime Victim Compensation Application – Victim advocates provided assistance in completing the crime victim compensation applications.
Assistance Filing Protection Orders – Victim advocates provided assistance to victims in completing the necessary paperwork to obtain protection orders.
Assistance Filing for Child Custody – Victim advocates provided assistance, referrals, and support to victims who wanted to file for child custody.
Financial Assistance – Victim advocates provided victims with financial assistance to aid them with food, electricity, gas, and water bills. Additionally, the victim assistance program provided repayment to victims for therapy sessions that they were referred to and attended.
24-Hour Hotline – Victim advocates and volunteers operated a 24-hour hotline, which victims could call for help, and talk to a volunteer about their problems.
Ne Alis Tokw Shelter – The victim assistance program offered a shelter for women and children who were victims of violence. While in the shelter, victims were provided everything they needed, including food, bedding, clothing, and general hygiene items. Additionally, the shelter provided support groups and cultural treatments, including acupuncture, acupressure, and a sweat lodge.
Transportation – Victim advocates transported victims to and from the shelter, because it was not close to a bus route. Advocates also transported victims to therapy, counseling, court dates, medical appointments, and from their home where the violence usually occurred, to a safe location.
In addition, the Lummi Indian Nation tribal offices provided the following service that was not included in our case file review:
Young Sexual Abuse Survivor Class – One victim advocate collaborated with the Brigid Collins Family Support Center to run the 11-week Young Sexual Abuse Survivor Class for young girls. The class acted as a support group for the girls, and included the following topics: (1) sexual abuse, (2) rape, (3) avoiding acquaintance rape, (4) rape drugs, (5) impact of rape, (6) what to do if you are raped or sexually assaulted, (7) sexual harassment, and (8) child sexual abuse. In addition to running the course, the advocate provided transportation to Bellingham, WA where the class took place.
We provided questionnaires to 12 victims, who received services from the Lummi Indian Nation’s victim assistance program, and who indicated a willingness to be contacted. They were asked to identify what services were received and whether or not they were effective in meeting their needs. Based on the two responses we received, the victims were generally satisfied with the services provided and felt that they were effective in meeting their needs. Victims stated that they received assistance in obtaining a divorce, food, housing, transportation, counseling, and referrals.
Based on our review of the services provided to victims and the responses to the recipient questionnaires, the Lummi Indian Nation is effectively providing needed services to crime victims.
Collaborating with Criminal Justice Agencies and Service Providers
According to tribal grantee officials, the Lummi Indian Nation’s victim assistance program collaborated with many different agencies, both within and outside the tribal community. These agencies include, but were not limited to those listed in the following chart:
COLLABORATING AGENCIES IDENTIFIED BY THE GRANTEE
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Brigid Collins Family Support Center
Source: Lummi Indian Nations
During our audit, we conducted interviews with representatives from tribal law enforcement and the tribal prosecutor’s office. From these interviews, we determined that both agencies believed the Lummi Indian Nation’s victim assistance program was effective in meeting victims’ needs. Specifically, representatives from the tribal collaborating agencies made the following statements:
The Lummi Indian Nation’s victim assistance program fills in the gaps where law and order do not have the resources or the time. The victim advocates meet the needs of the victims, by keeping them informed about their case, and assist the victims in completing the things that need to be done on their case.
The Lummi Indian Nation’s victim assistance program as a whole could be a model for another grantee. An effective element of the program is providing the comprehensive services including counseling, legal, practical, and non-traditional services.
Additionally, we provided questionnaires to representatives from the FBI and the USAO. From these questionnaires, we determined that both agencies believed the Lummi Indian Nation’s victim assistance program was effective in meeting the needs of victims. Representatives from the FBI and USAO made the following statements about the Lummi Indian Nation’s victim assistance program.
To date, Lummi Victims of Crime (LVOC) stands out as one of the premiere arbiters of services provided to Native American victims of crime. Compared to tribal victim services on reservations throughout this state, LVOC distinguishes itself based upon the knowledge and expertise of the staff, the staff’s willingness to expand and augment this knowledge base, the degree of openness to and collaboration with non-tribal entities, etc. The LVOC appears to be one of the most effective and functional programs that I have come into contact with in this state thus far.
We would not have had a successful outcome in the case if it had not been for the assistance of the victim advocate.
Based on the responses to our interviews with representatives from tribal law enforcement and the tribal prosecutor’s office, and questionnaires with collaborating agencies, we found that the Lummi Indian Nation’s victim assistance program was effective in meeting both the short- and long-term needs of crime victims. The collaborating agencies agreed that the program provided much-needed victim services that were not available through other sources. We believe the victim assistance grant program was effective in bridging the gap between the criminal justice system and service providers.
Sustaining the Victim Assistance Program
The Lummi Indian Nation could not provide a plan to sustain its victim assistance program when the program funding expired. Tribal grantee officials stated that if the OVC victim assistance program funding was terminated, they would seek funding through the tribal council and other grant funding to continue the victim assistance program.
Conclusion
Based on the results of our review, the victim assistance program for the Lummi Indian Nation effectively implemented a comprehensive victim assistance program that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. We found that:
the tribe generally achieved its tribal victim assistance grant objectives, which were consistent with the overall goal of the OVC tribal victim assistance program;
the tribe accurately reported performance information in its progress reports;
the number of victims served increased by 51 percent during the first year of the grant program and by 716 percent over the life of the entire program ; and
the program was considered effective by the victims, and by tribal and federal collaborating agencies in meeting both short‑ and long‑term victim needs.
Although we found that the victim assistance program implemented by the Lummi Indian Nation was effective, we noted that the statistical data in the progress reports included all grant programs administered by the Lummi Indian Nation’s victim assistance program. Additionally, tribal grantee officials could not provide a plan to sustain the victim assistance program when the OVC program funding expired.
VI. OVERALL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Based on our review, we found a wide range in the effectiveness of the four individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs. Specifically, we found that the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe and the Lummi Indian Nation effectively implemented comprehensive victim assistance programs that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Conversely, the Oglala Sioux Tribe and the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians did not effectively implement comprehensive victim assistance programs. We believe the wide range of effectiveness among the individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs was, in part, due to the fact that the OVC did not incorporate adequate strategic planning into its tribal victim assistance program, which was necessary to implement effective performance-based management.
The OIG previously conducted an audit on the Administration of Department of Justice Grants Awarded to Native American and Alaska Native Tribal Governments, Report No. 05-18, March 2005. The prior audit found significant issues with the adequacy of grant monitoring, which is an essential management tool ensuring that grant programs are implemented and objectives are achieved. Additionally, the report noted that the granting agencies did not ensure that tribal grantees submitted the necessary information to assess grant implementation and the achievement of grant program objectives. We also found there was no consistency in the information provided in the required progress reports that were submitted. Specifically:
For the majority of the grants reviewed, one or more required financial and progress reports, which contain the minimum information necessary to determine whether grant programs were implemented and grant objectives were achieved (especially final reports), were not submitted or were not submitted in a timely manner.
A review of the obligation and utilization of grant funds found that the tribal‑specific grant programs were not always fully implemented in a timely manner, an indication that grant objectives were not achieved, and that the current programs were not fully effective in meeting the criminal justice needs of tribal governments.
These findings are consistent indications that the OVC and other granting agencies are not effectively monitoring and administering DOJ grants awarded to tribal governments. Additionally, the DOJ has no assurances that the objectives of its tribal-specific grant programs are being met or that expenditures of grant funds are in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, guidelines, and terms and conditions of the grants.
As a result, we initiated the current audit as a follow-up to evaluate the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance grant program. The objective of our audit was to obtain grant performance information directly from tribal grantees and to evaluate whether the grants were fully implemented and the program objectives were achieved.
Grantee Program Effectiveness
For the current audit, we evaluated the effectiveness of the four tribal grantees, who received victim assistance funding, for which financial audits had been conducted as part of our previous audit. Those tribal grantees included the:
• Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
• Oglala Sioux Tribe, Pine Ridge, South Dakota
• Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, Philadelphia, Mississippi
• Lummi Indian Nation, Bellingham, Washington
To evaluate the effectiveness of individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs, we determined whether each tribal grantee: (1) implemented its tribal victim assistance grant objectives, (2) accurately reported grant activities in progress reports, (3) maintained statistical data supporting program performance, (4) documented any program accomplishments, (5) coordinated effectively with criminal justice agencies and service providers, and (6) developed plans to sustain the victim assistance program when the grant funding expired. Based on our review, we found a wide range in the effectiveness of the four individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs.
Specifically, we found that the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe and the Lummi Indian Nation effectively implemented comprehensive victim assistance programs that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Conversely, the Oglala Sioux Tribe and the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians did not effectively implement comprehensive victim assistance programs, as shown in Table 14.
TABLE 14. ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS MEASURES
NOT EFFECTIVE
EFFECTIVE
Generally, we found that the tribes who implemented a successful tribal victim assistance program effectively coordinated with tribal, state, and federal criminal justice agencies and social service providers. Additionally, these programs provided services to tribal victims of all crimes, rather than focusing on a specific type of crime. Tribes that did not implement a successful tribal victim assistance program: (1) did not have consistent program leadership; (2) did not coordinate effectively with tribal, state, and federal criminal justice agencies and social service providers; and (3) focused on victims of specific crimes rather than providing services to all victims of crime.
Factors Impacting Grantee Program Effectiveness
Our audit identified several concerns that we consider impairments to the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole, as well as to the victim assistance programs implemented by individual tribal grantees. These concerns are related to the:
structure and design of the OVC tribal victim assistance program in incorporating adequate strategic planning;
use of performance information reported by tribal grantees in managing and improving performance of the OVC tribal victim assistance program; and
demonstrating program results.
Inadequate Strategic Planning
In Finding I of this report, we found that the OVC tribal victim assistance program structure and design did not incorporate any strategic planning, which was essential for management to adequately evaluate program effectiveness. We also found that the OVC did not establish long‑term or annual performance goals, which were necessary to promote program results and accountability. Additionally, the OVC did not tie program funding decisions to program effectiveness, ensuring that resource‑allocation decisions reflected such effectiveness. As a result, we recommended that the OVC establish long-term and annual performance goals for its tribal victim assistance program and that resource allocation decisions reflect program effectiveness.
In addition, we found the OVC did not conduct any evaluations to determine the effectiveness of its tribal victim assistance program. However, in FY 2001 the OVC did provide approximately $25,000 in funding to the NIJ to conduct assessments of four tribal victim assistance grant recipients to determine whether or not the tribal grantee programs could be evaluated. The OVC also provided the NIJ with an additional $425,200 to evaluate the effectiveness of two 2003 TVA grantees with awards totaling $197,689. The NIJ awarded a grant to conduct this evaluation to the American Indian Development Associates, Inc. in September 2005. The evaluation will take place over a 2-year period and should be completed by December 2007. We discussed our concerns related to expending $425,200 to evaluate programs with funding totaling less than $200,000 with OVC and NIJ officials. They stated that although the evaluations cannot be used to determine the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole, they expect that the findings will produce lessons learned for similar tribal programs.
Collecting and Using Performance Information
In Finding I of this report, we also found that the OVC did not provide any guidance to tribal grantees on collecting and reporting performance information. The OVC also did not provide tribal grantees with definitions of terms used in the required performance measures, such as what constitutes a victimization, service, publication, or training workshop. Additionally, the OVC did not provide any guidance on tabulating the performance information. As a result of these failures, there was no consistency among tribal grantees in how performance information was reported.
We believe consistent and comparable performance information between tribal grantees is essential for the early identification of poor program performance. As a result, we recommended that the OVC provide tribal grantees with definitions of terms used for the required performance measures and guidance on tabulating the performance information reported.
We also found that despite the fact that tribal grantees were required to include performance information in their progress reports, the OVC did not use the reported information to manage its tribal victim assistance program or to improve performance. Specifically, the OVC did not summarize the performance information reported by tribal grantees in order to report on its tribal victim assistance program as a whole. Performance information also was not used to evaluate the effectiveness of the individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs.
We believe that the OVC needs to summarize the performance information reported by tribal grantees in reporting on the effectiveness of its tribal victim assistance program as a whole. We also believe that the OVC needs to utilize performance information to evaluate the effectiveness of the individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs and to follow up with tribal grantees demonstrating poor program performance.
Progress Toward Achieving Program Objectives
Finally, in Finding I of this report, we attempted to generate statistical information from tribal grantee progress reports and use this information to assess the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole. We found that the required progress reports that were essential for effective monitoring were only submitted for 68 percent (17 of 25) of tribal grantees reviewed. 31 Further, the OVC did not ensure that tribal grantees reported on the required performance measures: only 8 percent of tribal grantees reported on all 6 performance measures for the period ending December 31, 2003; only 24 percent for the period ending June 30, 2004; and only 28 percent for the period ending December 31, 2004. Therefore, the performance data contained in the progress reports submitted by tribal grantees could not be used to generate statistical information on the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole. As a result, we recommended that the OVC establish a standardized progress report that captures required performance measure information. In addition, we recommended that the OVC ensure that progress reports include required performance measure data.
Conclusion
We found that the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe and the Lummi Indian Nation effectively implemented comprehensive victim assistance programs that bridged the gap between the criminal justice system and victims. Conversely, the Oglala Sioux Tribe and the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians did not effectively implement comprehensive victim assistance programs. Our audit identified several concerns that we consider impairments to the effectiveness of the OVC tribal victim assistance program as a whole, and victim assistance programs implemented by individual tribal grantees. Specifically, we found that:
the OVC tribal victim assistance program structure and design does not incorporate any strategic planning, which is essential for management to adequately evaluate program effectiveness;
the OVC does not use performance information reported by tribal grantees to manage and improve performance of its tribal victim assistance program; and
the OVC cannot demonstrate program results because required progress reports are not always submitted, and tribal grantees did not include the required performance measure information in the progress reports.
As a result, we made seven recommendations in this report that focus on specific steps the OVC should take to incorporate adequate strategic planning into its tribal victim assistance program, which is necessary to implement effective performance-based management. Specifically, we recommend that the OVC:
Establish long-term and annual performance goals for its tribal victim assistance program.
Ensure that resource-allocation decisions reflect program effectiveness.
Provide tribal grantees with definitions of terms used for the required performance measures and guidance on tabulating the performance information reported.
Establish a standardized progress report that captures required performance measure information.
Ensure that progress reports include required performance measure data.
Summarize the performance information reported by tribal grantees to report on the effectiveness of its tribal victim assistance program as a whole.
Utilize the performance information reported by tribal grantees to evaluate the effectiveness of individual grantee tribal victim assistance programs, and to follow up with tribal grantees demonstrating poor program performance.
Footnotes
According to OVC officials the evaluations will cover the entire 3-year award period, which would include grant funds totaling $554,531, rather than the $197,689 for FY 2003 that was specifically identified in the grant solicitation.
According to OVC officials the evaluations will cover the entire 3-year award period, which would include grant funds totaling $554,531, rather than the $197,689 for FY 2003 that was specifically identified in the grant solicitation.
See Appendix III for a summary of the financial audits previously conducted for each of the four grantees selected for this audit.
Additional information related to our audit objectives, scope, and methodology appears in Appendix II.
See Finding I of this report for a description of the other DOJ grant programs awarded to the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe.
It should be noted that these statistics include the number of victims served for all grant programs administered by the Sault Ste. Marie Victim Advocacy Center. However, the increase in the number of victims served can be tied to the hiring of an additional advocate. In our judgment, the increase is related to the victim assistance grant.
The crime victim compensation application is a state program that may provide assistance with crime-related costs, such as medical bills and counseling.
The Oglala Sioux Tribe did not track cases by the type of victimization until 2003.
Cangleska, Inc., is a private, non-profit, tribally charted organization on the Pine Ridge Reservation that provides comprehensive domestic violence prevention and intervention programs designed to provide advocacy to women who were battered and their children, and to hold offenders accountable.
In its grant application, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians proposed continuing the majority of the activities in the second and third years of the grant.
The grant award start date was August 1, 1999; therefore, the 1999 data was not comparable to subsequent years of the grant program.
See Finding I of this report for additional background information related to these programs.
It should be noted that these statistics included the number of victims served for all grant programs administered by the Lummi Indian Nation.
This statistic does not include an evaluation of the total number of crimes reported during the period.
The FBI and USAO were unable to provide feedback on the tribe’s victim assistance program because these agencies are only responsible for major crimes committed on tribal lands, while the tribe’s program focuses on victims of non-major domestic crimes.
We reviewed the progress reports for the periods ending December 31, 2003, June 30, 2004, and December 31, 2004, submitted by each of the 25 tribal grantees awarded 2003 TVA grants.
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With an atomic number of 11, what element gets its' from the Latin natrium? | Sodium (Na) [11] — Chemical Element — Periodic Table
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T � r � � � � � � r r � � � � � � � � � r � r � � � � � � � : � , r r ` � � �$ f�3� � j � 0 1 R a! � @ a! ` a! r ` P � � [ h � � T � � � � � � � � � � 1 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4 � " � r r r r r r ���� ` Name: Date: Period: Ancient Names of Elements Directions: Read the origins of the names of the elements below to discover the ancient name that the element symbol was based on (usually Latin). Write the symbol next to each element name. Write the ancient name next to its symbol. Element Symbol Ancient Name_______ Sodium _______ _____________________ Potassium ________ _____________________ Iron _______ _____________________ Copper _______ _____________________ Silver _______ _____________________ Gold _______ _____________________ Lead _______ _____________________ Tin _______ _____________________ Mercury _______ _____________________ Antimony _______ _____________________ Origins of the Ancient Names for the Elements by: Norman E. Holden of the National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory Sodium - the atomic number is 11 and the chemical symbol is Na. The name derives from the English soda and Latin sodanum for "headache remedy". The chemical symbol Na derives from the Latin Natrium for "natron (soda in english)". It was discovered in 1807 by the English chemist Humphrey Davy from electrolysis of caustic soda (NaOH). Iron - the atomic number is 26 and the chemical symbol is Fe. The name derives from the Anglo Saxon "iron" of unknown origin. The element has been known from prehistoric times. The chemical symbol Fe is derived from the Latin Ferrum for "firmness". Gold - the atomic number is 79 and the chemical symbol is Au. The name derives from the Sanskit jval to shine, the Teutonic word gulth for shining metal and the Anglo-Saxon gold of unknown origin. The chemical symbol Au derives from the Latin Aurum, for Aurora the Goddess of dawn. It was known and highly valued in prehistoric times. Antimony - the atomic number is 51 and the chemical symbol is Sb. The name derives from the Greek, anti + monos for "not alone or not one" because it was found in many compounds. The chemical symbol, Sb, comes from the original name, Stibium, which is derived from the Greek stibi for "mark", since it was used for blackening eyebrows and eyelashes. The name was changed from stibium to antimonium to antimony. The minerals stibnite (Sb2S3) and stibine (SbH3) are two of more than one hundred mineral species, which were known in the ancient world. Potassium - the atomic number is 19 and the chemical symbol is K. The name derives from the English "potash or pot ashes" since it is found in caustic potash (KOH). The chemical symbol K derives from the Latin Kalium via the Arabic qali for alkali. It was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 from electrolyosis of potash (KOH). Tin - the atomic number is 50 and the chemcial symbol is Sn. The name derives from the Anglo Saxon tin of unknown origin. The chemical symbol, Sn, is derived from the Latin Stannum for alloys containing lead. The element was known in prehistoric times. Copper - the atomic number is 29 and the chemical symbol is Cu. The name derives from the Latin Cuprum for "Cyprus", the island where the Romans first obtained copper. The chemical symbol, Cu, also comes from the Latin Cuprum. The element has been known since prehistoric times. Mercury - the atomic number is 80 and the chemical symbol is Hg. The name derives from the Roman god "Mercury", the nimble messenger of the gods, since the ancients used that name for the element, which was known from prehistoric times. The chemical symbol, Hg, derives from the Greek Hydragyrium for "liquid silver" or quick silver. Silver - the atomic number is 47 and the chemical symbol is Ag. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon seofor and siolfur, which is of unknown origin. The chemical symbol, Ag, derives from the Latin Argentum and Sanskrit argunas for "bright". The element was known in prehistoric times. Lead - the atomic number is 82 and the chemical symbol is Pb. The name derives from the Angol-Saxon lead, which is of unknown origin. The element was known from prehistoric times. The chemical symbol Pb is derived from the Latin plumbum for "lead". Information written by: Norman E. 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July 17, 1890 marked the death of what Scottish moral philosopher, considered the father of modern economics, who wrote such classics as An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations and The Theory of Moral Sentiments? | AP European History Timeline | Preceden
Hundred Years War
1337 - 1453
The Hundred Years' War, a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453, pitted the Kingdom of England against the Valois Capetians for control of the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the fighting.
The war had its roots in a dynastic disagreement dating back to the time of William the Conqueror, who became King of England in 1066 while retaining possession of the Duchy of Normandy in France. As the rulers of Normandy and other lands on the continent, the English kings owed feudal homage to the King of France. In 1337, Edward III of England refused to pay homage to Philip VI of France, leading the French King to claim confiscation of Edward's lands in Aquitaine.
War of the Roses
Fight between the Yorks and Lancasters over the English throne
Henry Tudor (Lancaster) won and started the Tudor dynasty.
Hapsburg-Valois Wars
1494 - 1559
The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars or the Renaissance Wars, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire. Originally arising from dynastic disputes over the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples, the wars rapidly became a general struggle for power and territory among their various participants, and were marked with an increasing number of alliances, counter-alliances, and betrayals.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the New World and Asia between Spain and Portugal; enacted by a Spanish pope
Sack of Rome
1546 - 1555
Schmalkaldic League was an alliance of Lutheran German princes against Charles V
War ended in a truce. Peace of Augsberg- rulers of a German region can choose Catholicism of Lutheranism for their region.
Charles was winning at first, but the Henry II of France supported the princes.
Peace of Augsburg
1555
Ended the religious civil war between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in the German states
Gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either Roman Catholic or Lutheran
Failed to provide for the recognition of Calvinists or other religious groups
French Wars of Religion
Nobles, towns and provinces are trying to resist centralization
Edict of Nantes clarified the religious situation with the Huguenots
Dutch War of Independence
1568 - 1648
The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch War of Independence (1568–1648), began as a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands.
After the initial stages, Philip II deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebelling provinces. However, under the leadership of the exiled William of Orange, the northern provinces continued their resistance and managed to oust the Habsburg armies and, in 1581, established the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The war continued in other areas, although the heartland of the republic was no longer threatened. The war ended in 1648 with the Peace of Münster, when the Dutch Republic was recognised as an independent country.
Battle of Lepanto
Anglo-Spanish War
1585 - 1604
The Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England that was never formally declared. The war was punctuated by widely separated battles, and began with England's military expedition in 1585 to the Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester in support of the resistance of the States General to Habsburg rule.
The English enjoyed major victories at Cádiz in 1587, and over the Spanish Armada in 1588, but gradually lost the initiative after the severe defeats of the English Armada in 1589 and the Drake-Hawkins and Essex-Raleigh expeditions in 1595 and 1597 respectively. Two further Spanish armadas were sent in 1596 and 1597 but were frustrated in their objectives because of adverse weather.
The war became deadlocked around the turn of the 17th century during campaigns in Brittany and Ireland. It was brought to an end with the Treaty of London, negotiated in 1604 between representatives of the new king of Spain, Philip III, and the new king of England, James I. England and Spain agreed to cease their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands and Ireland, respectively, and the English ended high seas privateering.
Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry IV of France
Granted religious toleration to French Protestants
Marked the first formal recognition by a European national monarchy that two religions could coexist in the same country
Revoked by Louis XIV in 1685
Defenestration of Prague
Thirty Years War (Bohemian Phase)
1618 - 1625
France felt surrounded by the Hapsburgs.
Spain wanted to recapture the Netherlands.
Hapsburgs wanted to get rid of protestants and centralize authority.
Immediate cause: Defenestration of Prague
Treaty of Westphalia- German rulers can choose Calvinism, and winning countries gain land.
Thirty Years War (Danish Phase)
1625 - 1630
Thirty Years War (Swedish Phase)
1630 - 1635
Thirty Year War (French Phase)
1635 - 1648
English Civil War
1642 - 1649
Charles needed money to put down Scots revolt, but needed money so he had to call Parliament
Radicals won, king was executed and Oliver Cromwell set up a military dictatorship, with himself as Lord Protector
Louis XIV's Dutch Wars
Louis XIV wanted “natural frontiers”
After 2 wars, France gained very few land (Franche Comte)
Peace of Westphalia
Ended the Thirty Years War
Recognized Calvinism as a legally permissible faith
Recognized the sovereign independent authority of over 300 German states
Continued the political fragmentation of Germany
Granted Sweden additional territory, confirming its status as a major power
Acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands
Treaty of the Pyrenees
1659
ended war between Spain and France that had continued as an extension of the Thirty Years War
Battle of Vienna
September 11, 1683 - September 12, 1683
War of the League of Augsburg
1689 - 1697
Louis annexed Alsace-Lorraine, and Stasburg, so other countries formed the League of Augsburg
Treaty of Ryswick- France lost most of its land, but kept Stasbourg and parts of Alace
The Great Northern War
1700 - 1721
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter the Great of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony-Poland-Lithuania. Frederick IV and Augustus II were forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively, but rejoined it in 1709. George I of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715.
War of Spanish Succession
1702 - 1713
Spanish ruler left the throne of Spain to Louis XIV’s grandson. Other countries feared a coalition of Spain and France would ruin the balance of power in Europe.
Peace of Utrecht and Treaty of Rastaat- Philip became the ruler of Spain, but the thrones of France and Spain could never unite. Prussia gained respect, and England gained a lot of land (Gibralter and America).
Peace of Utrecht
1713
Ended Louis XIV's efforts to dominate Europe
Allowed Philip V to remain on the throne of Spain but stipulated that the crowns of Spain and France should never be worn by the same monarch
Granted the Spanish Netherlands (now called the Austrian Netherlands) to the Austrian Hapsburgs along with Milan, Naples, and Sicily
Granted England a number of territories including Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Gibraltar
Granted England the asiento, the lucrative right to supply the Spanish Americas with African slaves
Pragmatic Sanction
Guaranteed the succession of Hapsburg emperor Charles VI's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, to the throne
Guaranteed the indivisibility of the Hapsburg lands
Violated when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Silesia in 1740
War of Austrian Succession
Prussia seized Silesia from Austria (Maria Theresa), defying the Pragmatic Sanction
Treaty of Aix la Chapelle- status quo except Prussia kept Silesia
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
Ended the war of the Austrian Succession
Seven Years’ War
Treaty of Hubertsburg- status quo and Prussia kept Silesia
Treaty of Paris- France lost its N. American possessions to Britain
Switch sides- Austria and France were allies in this war
Russia was allied with Austria (and they were winning) but then switched sides
Treaty of Paris (1763)
ended the Seven Years War
The Russo-Swedish War
1788 - 1790
The Russo-Swedish War of 1788–90, known as Gustav III's Russian War in Sweden, Gustav III's War in Finland and Catherine II's Swedish War in Russia, was fought between Sweden and Russia from June 1788 to August 1790.
French Revolution (Moderate Phase)
1803 - 1815
Napoleon wanted to expand the French Empire and rule over more territory
Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo. Congress of Vienna- balance of power, legitimacy, conservatism, created the Concert of Europe.
Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, Duchy of Warsaw. When Napoleon conquered an area, he would proclaim French Revolutionary ideals
French Revolution 1830
1830
King Charles X issued the July ordinances, which limited the power of the people and increased the power of the king and aristocrats à July Revolution
Louis Philippe became king and promised to abide by the 1814 constitution
Revolutions of 1848
Occurred in France, Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary
Crimean War
1853 - 1856
Ottoman Empire was weak and the powers wanted to see what they could take. Immediate- Russia wanted to protect Christians in Palestine, but France had that right already
Suffering and death (Florence Nightingale)
Russia gave up land and control of the Black Sea, and realized they needed to modernize
France gained prestige
Ended the Concert of Europe
Treaty of Frankfurt
ended Franco-Prussian War; forced France to create 3rd Republic to ratify it
Russo-Japanese War
February 8, 1904 - September 5, 1905
The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) was "the first great war of the 20th century."[3] It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden; and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea.
Russian Revolution of 1905
Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece, who organized a Balkan League to defeat the Ottomans
Received provinces of Macedonia and Albania
2nd Balkan War
1913
The Balkan League could not decide on how to divide the conquered Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Albania à Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the OE attacked Bulgaria
Bulgaria only obtained a small part of Macedonia, and the remainder was divided between Serbia and Greece
World War One
MANIA: Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assassination
February Revolution of 1917
Czar Nicolas II is killed and provisional government established
October Revolution of 1917
The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, come to power in Russia: Peace, Land, and Bread
Balfour Declaration
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1918
Russia out of the war so that Communists can consolidate power; Russia loses lots of territory
Ended Bolshevik Russia's participation in World War I
Negotiated by Vladimir Lenin because he was unwilling to risk Bolshevik gains by continuing a war that could no longer be won
Nullified following Germany's defeat by the Allies
Treaty of Versailles
1919
Refused to allow either defeated Germany or Communist Russia to participate in peace conference negotiations
Forced Germany to sign a war-guilt clause that was used to justify imposing large war reparations payments
Changed the map of Europe by returning Alsace-Lorraine to France by dissolving Austria-Hungary into the separate states of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
Created the League of Nations to discuss and settle disputes without resorting to war
Left a legacy of bitterness between the victors and Germany
Locarno Pact
1925
European great powers pledge their support of international peace through negotiations and no hard feelings over First World War – “spirit of Locarno”
Recorded an agreement between France and Germany to respect mutual frontiers
Marked the beginning of a brief period of reduced tensions among the European powers
Munich Agreement
Ceded the Sudetenland to Adolf Hitler
Discredited the British policy of appeasement
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
1939
Created a nonaggression agreement in which Hitler and Joseph Stalin promised to remain neutral if the other became involved in a war
Divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet zones
World War Two
Established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to coordinate the defense of its members
Implemented Harry Trumans's policy of containing the Soviet Union
Forced to move its headquarters from Paris to Brussels when Charles de Gaulles withdrew French forces from "American-controlled" NATO
Treaty of Rome
Created the European Economic Community, generally known as the common market
Marked the beginning of European economic integration
Helsinki Accords
1975
Ratified the European territorial boundaries established after World War II
Established "Helsinki watch committees" to monitor human rights in the 35 nations that signed the Helsinki Accords
Marked the high point of Cold War détente
Maastricht Treaty
Created the European Union, the world's largest single economic market
Created a central bank for the European Union
Treaty of Lisbon
Congress of Berlin
1878
Bismarck-led meeting over Balkans issues – showed problems between Great Powers that would resurface and lead to WWI
Second Berlin Conference
1885
Bismarck is the “honest broker” again – solve African imperial problems, esp. Belgian Congo
Established rules for dividing Africa amongst the European powers. A European state could no longer simply declare a region of Africa its colony. It first had to exercise effective control over the territory.
Declared the Congo to be the "Congo Free State," under the personal control of Leopold II of Belgium
Established rules governing the race for African colonies
Tehran Conference
Big Three meet about 2nd front in France & Eastern Europe after the war
Yalta Conference
Big Three meet about postwar Europe, UN and Japan
Potsdam Conference
Stalin, Atlee & Truman – Stalin reneges on promises, Truman atomic bombs Japan
Vatican II
Thomas Aquinas
January 28, 1225 - March 7, 1274
Thomas Aquinas was an Italian Dominican friar and priest and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy was conceived in development or refutation of his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory. Unlike many currents in the Church of the time, Thomas embraced several ideas put forward by Aristotle — whom he referred to as "the Philosopher" — and attempted to synthethise Aristotelian philosophy with the principles of Christianity.
Petrarch
July 20, 1304 - July 19, 1374
Francesco Petrarca, commonly anglicized as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. He is the Father of Humanism
Charles VI of France
December 3, 1368 - October 21, 1422
Charles VI, called the Beloved and the Mad, was King of France from 1380 to his death. He was a member of the House of Valois. Charles VI was only 11 when he inherited the throne in the midst of the Hundred Years' War
Jan Hus
1369 - July 6, 1415
Jan Hus, often referred to in English as John Hus or John Huss, was a Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague. His followers were referred to as the Hussites
Brunelleschi
1377 - April 15, 1446
Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his development of linear perspective and for engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral
Lorenzo Ghiberti
1378 - December 1, 1455
Lorenzo Ghiberti, born Lorenzo di Bartolo, was a Florentine Italian artist of the Early Renaissance best known as the creator of the bronze doors of the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral, called by Michelangelo the "Gates of Paradise".
Donatello
1386 - December 13, 1466
Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi, better known as Donatello, was an early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence
Cosimo de'Medici
September 27, 1389 - August 1, 1464
Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici was the first of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance; also known as "Cosimo 'the Elder'" and "Cosimo Pater Patriae".
Johannes Gutenberg
1395 - February 3, 1468
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe.
Jan van Eyck
1395 - 1441
Jan van Eyck was a Flemish painter active in Bruges and is generally considered one of the most significant Northern European painters of the 15th century. The few surviving records indicate that he was born around 1390, most likely in Maaseik.
Louis XI of France
July 3, 1423 - August 30, 1483
Louis XI, called the Prudent, was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1461 to 1483. He succeeded his father Charles VII.
Pope Alexander VI
January 1, 1431 - August 18, 1503
Pope Alexander VI, born Roderic Llançol i de Borja was Pope from 11 August 1492 to his death on 18 August 1503. Father of Lucrezia Borgia and Cesare Borgia. He used his daughter as a political pawn
Pope Julius II
December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513
Pope Julius II, nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" and "The Warrior Pope", born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1 November 1503 to his death in 1513. Notice that he chose to take the name Julius (like the Roman Emperor), exemplifying the secularity of the Papacy during the Renaissance
Sandro Botticelli
1445 - May 17, 1510
Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, better known as Sandro Botticelli, was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance.
Lorenzo the Magnificent
January 1, 1449 - April 9, 1492
Lorenzo de' Medici was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance.
Leonardo da Vinci
April 15, 1452 - May 2, 1519
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.
Girolamo Savonarola
September 21, 1452 - May 23, 1498
Girolamo Savonarola was an Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence, and known for his prophecies of civic glory and calls for Christian renewal. His rejection of neoplatonism very influential on Botticelli
Henry VII of England
January 28, 1457 - April 21, 1509
Henry VII was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor. He ended the War of the Roses by marrying Elizabeth of York.
Desiderius Erasmus
October 27, 1466 - July 12, 1536
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, known as Erasmus of Rotterdam, or simply Erasmus, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style.
Niccolò Machiavelli
May 3, 1469 - June 21, 1527
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.
Nicolaus Copernicus
February 19, 1473 - May 24, 1543
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center.
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
March 1473 - November 29, 1530
Thomas Wolsey was an English political figure and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became an advisor to the King.
Isabella d'Este
May 18, 1474 - February 13, 1539
Isabella d'Este was Marchesa of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure.
Michelangelo
March 6, 1475 - February 18, 1564
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
Cesare Borgia
September 13, 1475 - March 12, 1507
Cesare Borgia, Duke of Valentinois, was an Italian condottiero, nobleman, politician, and cardinal. He was the son of Pope Alexander VI and his long-term mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei.
Pope Leo X
December 11, 1475 - December 1, 1521
Pope Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521. The second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruler of the Florentine Republic, he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489.
Pope Clement VII
May 26, 1478 - September 25, 1534
Pope Clement VII, born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was Pope from 19 November 1523 to his death in 1534. He was pope when Charles V sacked Rome and while Martin Luther rose to prominence.
Baldassare Castiglione
December 6, 1478 - February 2, 1529
Baldassare Castiglione, count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author.
Raphael
1483 - April 6, 1520
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, better known simply as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.
Martin Luther
November 10, 1483 - February 18, 1546
Martin Luther OSA was a German monk, Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the 16th-century movement in Christianity known later as the Protestant Reformation.
Ulrich Zwingli
January 1, 1484 - October 11, 1531
Ulrich Zwingli was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. In 1518, Zwingli became the pastor of the Grossmünster in Zurich where he began to preach ideas on reforming the Catholic Church.
Thomas Cromwell
1485 - July 28, 1540
Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540. Cromwell was one of the strongest advocates of the English Reformation.
Catherine of Aragon
December 16, 1485 - January 7, 1536
Catherine of Aragon was Queen of England from 1509 until 1533 as the first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of Prince Arthur.
Thomas Cranmer
July 2, 1489 - March 21, 1556
Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I.
Ignatius of Loyola
October 23, 1491 - July 31, 1556
Ignatius of Loyola was a Spanish knight from a local Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus and, on 19 April 1541, became its first Superior General.
Hans Holbein the Younger
1497 - 1543
Hans Holbein the Younger was a German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style. He is best known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century
Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
February 24, 1500 - September 21, 1558
Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II as King of Spain in 1556. His mother was Joanna the Mad
Anne Boleyn
1501 - May 19, 1536
Anne Boleyn was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right.
Duke of Alba
October 29, 1507 - December 11, 1582
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel or Ferdinandus Toletanus Dux Albanus, known as the Grand Duke of Alba in Spain and the Iron Duke in the Netherlands, was a Spanish noble, general, and diplomat.
John Calvin
July 10, 1509 - May 27, 1564
John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism.
John Knox
1514 - November 24, 1572
John Knox was a Scottish clergyman and a leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination in Scotland. He hated Mary, Queen of Scots.
Andreas Vesalius
December 31, 1514 - October 15, 1564
Andreas Vesalius was a Brabantian anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica. Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.
Henry II of France
March 31, 1519 - July 10, 1559
Henry II was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.
Catherine de' Medici
April 13, 1519 - January 5, 1589
Catherine de' Medici, daughter of Lorenzo II de' Medici and of Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne, was an Italian noblewoman who was Queen of France from 1547 until 1559, as the wife of King Henry II.
Philip II of Spain
May 21, 1527 - September 13, 1598
Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581. From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was also King of England and Ireland.
Montaigne
February 28, 1533 - September 13, 1592
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre.
Queen Elizabeth I of England
September 7, 1533 - March 24, 1603
Elizabeth I was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called "The Virgin Queen", "Gloriana" or "Good Queen Bess", Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Francis Drake
1540 - January 27, 1596
Sir Francis Drake, vice admiral was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era. Drake carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580.
Mary, Queen of Scots
December 8, 1542 - February 8, 1587
Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was queen regnant of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 and queen consort of France from 10 July 1559 to 5 December 1560.
Tycho Brahe
December 14, 1546 - October 24, 1601
Tycho Brahe, born Tyge Ottesen Brahe, was a Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations. He was born in Scania, then part of Denmark, now part of modern-day Sweden.
Henry IV of France
December 13, 1553 - May 14, 1610
Henry IV, also known by the epithet "Good King Henry", was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first French monarch of the House of Bourbon.
Baptised as a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, he inherited the throne of Navarre in 1572 on the death of his mother. As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the French Wars of Religion, he barely escaped assassination at the time of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, and he later led Protestant forces against the royal army.
Francis Bacon
January 22, 1561 - April 9, 1626
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St. Alban, QC, was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, essayist, and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England.
Galileo Galilei
February 15, 1564 - January 8, 1642
Galileo Galilei, often known mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution.
Johannes Kepler
December 27, 1571 - November 15, 1630
Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion. He worked under Tycho Brahe
William Harvey
April 1, 1578 - June 3, 1657
William Harvey was an English physician. He was the first to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart, though earlier writers had provided precursors of the theory.
Ferdinand II of HRE
July 9, 1578 - February 15, 1637
Ferdinand II, a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary. His rule coincided with the Thirty Years' War.
René Descartes
March 31, 1596 - February 11, 1650
René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician and writer who spent most of his life in the Dutch Republic.
Blaise Pascal
June 19, 1623 - August 19, 1662
Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen
Sir Isaac Newton
January 4, 1643 - March 31, 1727
Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution.
Pierre Bayle
November 18, 1647 - December 28, 1706
Pierre Bayle was a French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work the Historical and Critical Dictionary, published beginning in 1695.
Sir Robert Walpole
August 26, 1676 - March 18, 1745
Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, KG, KB, PC, known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as the first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
Montesquieu
January 18, 1689 - February 10, 1755
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Age of Enlightenment.
Voltaire
November 21, 1694 - May 30, 1778
François-Marie Arouet was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.
Madame Geoffrin
June 26, 1699 - October 6, 1777
Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin has been referred to as one of the leading female figures in the French Enlightenment. From 1750–1777, Madame Geoffrin played host to many of the most influential Philosophes and Encyclopédistes of her time.
Rousseau
June 28, 1712 - July 2, 1778
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought.
Denis Diderot
October 5, 1713 - July 31, 1784
Denis Diderot was a French philosopher, art critic and writer. He was a prominent person during the Enlightenment, and is best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
d'Holbach
1723 - 1789
Paul Heinrich Dietrich, Baron d'Holbach was a French-German author, philosopher, encyclopedist and a prominent figure in the French Enlightenment. He was born Paul Heinrich Dietrich in Edesheim, near Landau in the Rhenish Palatinate, but lived and worked mainly in Paris, where he kept a salon. He was well known for his atheism[2] and for his voluminous writings against religion, the most famous of them being The System of Nature (1770).
Adam Smith
June 5, 1723 - July 17, 1790
Adam Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is cited as the "father of modern economics" and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today
Immanuel Kant
April 22, 1724 - February 12, 1804
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that human concepts and categories structure our view of the world and its laws, and that reason is the source of morality.
Richard Arkwright
December 23, 1732 - August 3, 1792
Sir Richard Arkwright was a self-made man and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.
James Watt
January 30, 1736 - August 25, 1819
James Watt, FRS, FRSE was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.
Beccaria
March 15, 1738 - November 28, 1794
Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria-Bonesana was an Italian jurist, philosopher and politician best known for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology. He promoted criminal justice.
Henry Cort
1741 - May 23, 1800
Henry Cort was an English ironmaster. During the Industrial Revolution in England, Cort began refining iron from pig iron to wrought iron using innovative production systems. In 1783 he patented the puddling process for refining iron ore.
Edmund Cartwright
April 24, 1743 - October 30, 1823
Edmund Cartwright was an English inventor. He graduated from Oxford University very early and went on to invent the power loom.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
January 27, 1756 - December 5, 1791
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood.
Thomas Robert Malthus
February 14, 1766 - December 23, 1834
The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus FRS was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name Robert.
Muhammad Ali
March 4, 1769 - August 2, 1849
Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha was a commander in the Ottoman army, who became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan with the Ottoman's temporary approval.
Georg Hegel
August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher, and a major figure in German Idealism. His historicist and idealist account of reality revolutionized European philosophy and was an important precursor to Continental philosophy and Marxism.
Robert Owen
May 14, 1771 - November 17, 1858
Robert Owen was a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.
David Ricardo
April 18, 1772 - September 11, 1823
David Ricardo was a British political economist. He was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and James Mill. He began his professional life as a broker and financial market speculator.
Andrew Ure
May 18, 1778 - January 2, 1857
Andrew Ure was a Scottish doctor, scholar, chemist. and early business theorist.
Benjamin Disraeli
December 21, 1804 - April 19, 1881
Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS, was a British Conservative politician, writer and aristocrat who twice served as Prime Minister.
William Ewart Gladstone
December 29, 1809 - May 19, 1898
William Ewart Gladstone, was a British Liberal politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times, more than any other person.
Charles Dickens
February 7, 1812 - June 9, 1870
Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's most memorable fictional characters and is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period.
Henry Bessemer
January 19, 1813 - March 15, 1898
Sir Henry Bessemer was an English engineer, inventor, and businessman. Bessemer's name is chiefly known in connection with the Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel.
David Livingstone
March 19, 1813 - May 1, 1873
David Livingstone was a Scottish Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa. His meeting with H. M. Stanley on 10 November 1871 gave rise to the popular quotation "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Perhaps one of the most popular national heroes of the late 19th century in Victorian Britain, Livingstone had a mythic status, which operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags to riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of commercial empire.
Queen Victoria
May 24, 1819 - January 22, 1901
Queen Victoria was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of India.
Friedrich Engels
November 28, 1820 - August 5, 1895
Friedrich Engels was a German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx.
Paul Krugar
October 10, 1825 - July 14, 1904
Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger, better known as Paul Kruger, and affectionately known as Uncle Paul, was State President of the South African Republic.
Jules Ferry
April 5, 1832 - March 17, 1893
Jules François Camille Ferry was a French statesman and republican. He was a promoter of laicism and colonial expansion. He promoted education.
Leopold II of Belgium
April 9, 1835 - December 17, 1909
Leopold II was the second King of the Belgians, and is chiefly remembered for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State.
Georges Clémenceau
September 28, 1841 - November 24, 1929
Georges Benjamin Clemenceau was a French statesman who led the nation in the First World War. A leader of the Radical Party, he played a central role in politics during the Third Republic.
Alexander III of Russia
March 10, 1845 - November 1, 1894
Alexander III, or Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland from 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881 until his death on 20 October [O.S. 8 October] 1894.
Cecil Rhodes
July 5, 1853 - March 26, 1902
The Rt Hon Cecil John Rhodes DCL was a British businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa. Rhodes was named the chairman of De Beers at the company's founding in 1888.
Lord George Curzon
January 11, 1859 - March 20, 1925
He was the viceroy of India
Kaiser Wilheim II
January 27, 1859 - June 4, 1941
Crowned in 1888, he dismissed the Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, in 1890 and launched Germany on a bellicose "New Course" in foreign affairs that culminated in his support for Austria-Hungary in the crisis of July 1914 that led to the First World War. He was militaristic and wanted Germany to have "its place in the sun."
David Lloyd George
January 17, 1863 - March 26, 1945
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM PC was a British Liberal politician and statesman. Prime Minister of Great Britain during the First World War
Rudyard Kipling
December 30, 1865 - January 18, 1936
Joseph Rudyard Kipling was an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist. He is chiefly remembered for his tales and poems of British soldiers in India and his tales for children.
Neville Chamberlain
March 18, 1869 - November 9, 1940
Arthur Neville Chamberlain FRS was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. He let Hitler have Czechoslovakia with the policy of appeasement.
Vladimir Lenin
April 22, 1870 - January 21, 1924
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
Winston Churchill
November 30, 1874 - January 24, 1965
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, DL, FRS, RA was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. He was one of the Big Three during WWII
Joseph Stalin
December 18, 1878 - March 5, 1953
Joseph Stalin or Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. He killed lots of people.
John Maynard Keynes
June 5, 1883 - April 21, 1946
John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB, FBA was a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, and informed the economic policies of governments.
Benito Mussolini
July 29, 1883 - April 28, 1945
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943.
Adolf Hitler
April 20, 1889 - April 30, 1945
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party. He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
Charles de Gualle
November 22, 1890 - November 9, 1970
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first president from 1959 to 1969.
Josip Tito
May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980
Marshal Josip Broz Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980.
Francisco Franco
December 4, 1892 - November 20, 1975
Francisco Franco Bahamonde was the dictator of Spain from 1939 to his death in 1975. Coming from a military background, he became the youngest general in Europe in the 1920s
Nikita Khrushchev
April 15, 1894 - September 11, 1971
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was a politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War.
Krushchev "krushed" the Hungarians.
Imre Nagy
June 7, 1896 - June 16, 1958
Imre Nagy was a Hungarian communist politician who was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary on two occasions.
Joseph Goebbels
October 29, 1897 - May 1, 1945
Paul Joseph Goebbels was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945.
Leonid Brezhnev
December 19, 1906 - November 10, 1982
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982. He enacted the Brezhnev Doctrine, which states that the Soviet Union will intervene in the affairs of the countries Eastern Europe if they stray from Communism.
François Mitterrand
October 26, 1916 - January 8, 1996
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand was the 21st President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra, serving from 1981 until 1995.
Nicolae Ceaușescu
January 26, 1918 - December 25, 1989
Nicolae Ceaușescu was a Romanian communist politician. He was General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, and as such was the country's second and last Communist leader.
Alexander Dubček
November 27, 1921 - November 7, 1992
Alexander Dubček was a Slovak politician and, briefly, leader of Czechoslovakia. He attempted to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring.
Margaret Thatcher
October 13, 1925 - April 8, 2013
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG OM PC FRS, was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the UK's first female Prime Minister and a contemporary of US President Ronald Reagan.
Helmut Kohl
April 3, 1930 - 2016
Helmut Josef Michael Kohl is a German conservative politician and statesman. He served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union from 1973 to 1998. He oversaw the reunification of Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall
Boris Yeltsin
February 1, 1931 - April 23, 2007
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was a Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.
Mikhail Gorbachev
March 2, 1931 - 2016
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a former Soviet statesman. He was the seventh and last undisputed leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the country's head of state from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. He was the only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born after the October Revolution.
Jacques Chirac
November 29, 1932 - 2016
Jacques René Chirac is a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He previously served as Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to 1988 (making him the only person to hold the position of Prime Minister twice under the Fifth Republic), and as Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995.
John Major
March 29, 1943 - 2016
Sir John Major, KG, CH is a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997.
Lech Wałęsa
September 29, 1943 - 2016
Lech Wałęsa is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, philanthropist and human-rights activist. He was the leader of Solidarity.
| Adam Smith |
In what country did the Sandinista National Liberation Front overthrow the Somoza regime in 1979? | 1949-
Jane Smiley (born September 26, 1949) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist.
Born in Los Angeles, California, Smiley grew up in Webster Groves, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis, and graduated from John Burroughs School. She obtained an A.B. at Vassar College, then earned an M.F.A. and Ph.D from the University of Iowa. While working toward her doctorate, she also spent a year studying in Iceland as a Fulbright Scholar.
Smiley published her first novel, Barn Blind, in 1980, and won a 1985 O. Henry Award for her short story, “Lily,” which was published in The Atlantic Monthly. Her bestselling A Thousand Acres, a story based on William Shakespeare’s King Lear, received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1992. In 1995, she wrote her sole television script, produced for an episode of Homicide: Life on the Street. Her novella, The Age of Grief, was made into the 2002 film, The Secret Lives of Dentists. Her essay, “Feminism Meets the Free Market,” was included in the 2006 anthology, Mommy Wars.
Thirteen Ways of Looking at the Novel (2005) is a nonfiction meditation on the history and the nature of the novel, somewhat in the tradition of E.M. Forster’s seminal Aspects of the Novel, that roams from 11th century Japan’s Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of Genji to 21st century American women’s literature.
From 1981 to 1996, Smiley taught undergraduate and graduate creative writing workshops at Iowa State University, continuing to teach there even after relocating to California.
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Adam Smith
1723-1790
Adam Smith (baptized on June 16, 1723-July 17, 1790) was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. It earned him an enormous reputation and would become one of the most influential works on economics ever published. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.
Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and the University of Oxford. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh, leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow, teaching moral philosophy, and during this time he wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe, where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith then returned home and spent the next 10 years writing The Wealth of Nations, publishing it in 1776.
He died in 1790 at the age of 67.
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Anna Deavere Smith
1950-
Anna Deavere Smith (born September 18, 1950) is an American actress, playwright and professor. She was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of Anna (nee Young), an elementary school principal, and Deavere Young Smith, a coffee merchant. Smith is an alumna of the historic Western High School. She then attended Beaver College (now Arcadia University), graduating in 1971. She received her M.F.A. in Acting from the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, California.
At the beginning of her career, Smith appeared in a wide range of stage productions, including the role of Mistress Quickly in an off-Broadway production of Shakespeare’s Merry Wives of Windsor with the Riverside Shakespeare Company.
Smith is best known for her “documentary theatre” style in plays such as Fires in the Mirror, Twilight: Los Angeles, House Arrest (2000) and Let Me Down Easy (2008). She debuted her one-woman play, The Arizona Project, in Phoenix, Arizona, in November 2008.
As of July 2009, Smith is the artist-in-residence with the Center for American Progress and was developing a new show called The Americans, which documents change in Washington, D.C.
Smith has appeared in several films, including Philadelphia, The American President, Rent and Rachel Getting Married. She had recurring roles on The West Wing (National Security Advisor Dr. Nancy McNally) and The Practice.
Smith teaches in the Department of Performance Studies at the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University. From 1990 to 2000, she was a professor in the drama department at Stanford University. She also teaches at NYU School of Law.
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Captain John Smith
1580-1631
John Smith was baptized on January 6, 1580, at Willoughby near Alford, Lincolnshire, where his parents rented a farm from Lord Willoughby. After his father died, Smith left home at the age of 16 and set off to sea. He served as a mercenary in the army of Henry IV of France against the Spaniards, fought for Dutch independence from the Spanish King Phillip II, then set off for the Mediterranean Sea. There, he engaged in both trade and piracy and later fought against the Ottoman Turks in the Long War. Smith was promoted to captain while fighting for the Austrian Habsburgs in Hungary, in the campaign of Michael the Brave, in 1600-01.
In 1606, Smith became involved with plans to colonize Virginia for profit by the Virginia Company of London, which had been granted a charter by King James. The expedition set sail in three small ships – the Discovery, the Susan Constant and the Godspeed – on December 20, 1606. His page was a 12-year-old boy named Samuel Collier.
John Smith was reported to be a troublemaker on the voyage and Captain Christopher Newport (in charge of the three ships) had planned to execute him upon arrival in Virginia. However, upon first landing at what is now Cape Henry on April 26, 1607, sealed orders from the Virginia Company were opened. They designated Smith to be one of the leaders of the new colony, forcing Newport to spare him.
The search for a suitable site ended on May 14, 1607, when Captain Edward Maria Wingfield, president of the council, chose the Jamestown site as the location for the colony.
Harsh weather, lack of water, living in a swampy wilderness and attacks from the Powhatan nation almost destroyed the colony. In December 1607, while seeking food along the Chickahominy River, Smith was captured and taken to meet the chief of the Powhatans at Werowocomoco, the main village of the Powhatan Confederacy. The village was on the north shore of the York River, about 15 miles due north of Jamestown and 25 miles downstream from where the river forms from the Pamunkey River and the Mattaponi River at West Point, Virginia. Although he feared for his life, Smith was eventually released without harm and later attributed this in part to the chief’s daughter, Pocahontas who, according to Smith, threw herself across his body: “At the minute of my execution, she hazarded [i.e. risked] the beating out of her own brains to save mine; and not only that, but so prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestown.”
Smith was elected president of the local council in September 1608 and instituted a policy of discipline. He encouraged farming with an admonition taken from the New Testament (II Thessalonians 3:10): “He who does not work, will not eat.” The settlement grew under his leadership. During this period, Smith took the chief of the neighboring tribe hostage and, according to Smith, he did “take this murdering Opechancanough … by the long lock of his head; and with my pistol at his breast, I led him {out of his house} amongst his greatest forces, and before we parted made him [agree to] fill our bark with twenty tons of corn.” A year later, full-scale war broke out between the Powhatans and the Virginia colonists. Smith was seriously injured by a gunpowder burn after a rogue spark landed in his powder keg. He returned to England for treatment in October 1609 and never returned to Virginia.
In 1614, Smith returned to the Americas in a voyage to the coasts of Maine and Massachusetts Bay and named the region “New England.” He made two attempts in 1614 and 1615 to return to the same coast. In the first attempt, a storm dismasted his ship. In the second attempt, he was captured by French pirates off the coast of the Azores. Smith escaped after weeks of captivity and made his way back to England, where he published an account of his two voyages as A Description of New England. He never left England again. He died in 1631, in London, at the age of 51.
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Charlotte Smith
1749-1806
Charlotte Turner Smith (May 4, 1749-October 28, 1806) was an English poet and novelist. She initiated a revival of the English sonnet, helped establish the conventions of Gothic fiction and wrote political novels of sensibility.
Smith was born into a wealthy family and received a typical education for a woman during the late 18th century. However, her father’s reckless spending forced her to marry early. In a marriage that she later described as prostitution, she was given by her father to the violent and profligate Benjamin Smith. Their marriage was deeply unhappy, although they had 12 children together. Charlotte joined Benjamin in debtor’s prison, where she wrote her first book of poetry, Elegiac Sonnets. Its success allowed her to help pay for Benjamin’s release.
Smith eventually left Benjamin and began writing to support their children. Her early novels are exercises in aesthetic development, particularly of the Gothic and sentimentality. Her later novels, including The Old Manor House, often considered her best, support the ideals of the French Revolution.
Smith was a successful writer, publishing 10 novels, three books of poetry, four children’s books and other assorted works over the course of her career. She always saw herself as a poet first and foremost, however, as poetry was considered the most exalted form of literature at the time.
After 1798, Smith’s popularity waned and, by 1803, she was destitute and ill. Smith complained of gout for many years (it was probably rheumatoid arthritis), which made it increasingly difficult and painful for her to write. By the end of her life, it had almost paralyzed her.
She died on October 28, 1806, at Tilford.
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Zadie Smith
1975-
Zadie Smith (born on October 25, 1975) is a British novelist. To date, she has written three novels. She was born Sadie Smith in the northwest London borough of Brent to a Jamaican mother, Yvonne Bailey, and a British father, Harvey Smith. Her mother had grown up in Jamaica and emigrated to Britain in 1969.
Smith attended the local state schools, Malorees Junior School and Hampstead Comprehensive School, and King’s College, Cambridge University, where she studied English literature. At Cambridge, she published a number of short stories in a collection of new student writing called The Mays Anthology. These attracted the attention of a publisher, who offered her a contract for her first novel. Smith decided to contact a literary agent and was taken on by A.P. Watt.
Smith completed White Teeth during her final year at Cambridge. Published in 2000, the novel became a bestseller immediately. Her second novel, The Autograph Man, was published in 2002 and was a commercial success. Her third novel was On Beauty, published in September 2005.
After the publication of The Autograph Man, Smith visited the United States as a 2002-2003 Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Fellow at Harvard University. She started work on a book of essays, The Morality of the Novel, aka Fail Better, in which she considers a selection of 20th century writers through the lens of moral philosophy. Some portions of this book are included in the essay collection, Changing My Mind, published in November 2009.
After teaching fiction at Columbia University School of the Arts, she joined New York University as a tenured professor of fiction as of September 1, 2010.
Beginning with the March 2010 issue, extending until late 2011, Smith was the monthly New Books reviewer for Harper’s Magazine.
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Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve
1933-
Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve (last name rhymes with “navy”) was born on February 21, 1933. She was raised on the Rosebud reservation in South Dakota and is an enrolled member of the Rosebud Sioux tribe. In addition to her achievements as an award-winning writer, Sneve has had a full career as an English teacher and school counselor.
Sneve began her professional writing career in 1972 with the publication of Jimmy Yellow Hawk. The year before, she had submitted the manuscript to an annual contest sponsored by the Interracial Council of Minority Books for Children. Her manuscript won the category for Native American writers and publication soon followed. Since then, Sneve has published 16 children’s books of fiction and nonfiction.
Sneve was first inspired to write juvenile literature when she discovered that the books available to her own young children reflected only stereotypical representations of their Native heritage. A need for the realistic portrayal of American Indians prompted Sneve to draw on her Native background and fill that void herself.
Sneve responded to the same need for culturally representative literature when she began writing books for adults. In The Dakota’s Heritage, Sneve combined historical research with the oral histories and traditional teachings she had received growing up. The book touches on aspects of the Dakota culture ranging from the geography of the area to the lives of tribal women, from the mystical and supernatural to the practical and political.
Even closer to home, Sneve explores her personal and cultural history – based on the “neglected feminine half of her family” – in Completing the Circle. This carefully researched and engaging work recognizes the quiet struggles and personal achievements of Sneve’s ancestors, setting them against a backdrop of broader cultural issues and profound change.
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W.D. Snodgrass
1926-2009
William De Witt Snodgrass (January 5, 1926-January 13, 2009) was an American poet who also wrote under the pseudonym S.S. Gardons. He won the 1960 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.
Snodgrass was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania; the family lived in Wilkinsburg but drove to Beaver Falls for his birth because his grandfather was a doctor in the town. Eventually, the family moved to Beaver Falls and Snodgrass graduated from the local high school in 1943. He then attended Geneva College until 1944 and had an offer from the Juilliard School for admission because of his musical abilities on the timpani, but he was drafted into the U.S. Navy before he could accept. After demobilization in 1946, Snodgrass transferred to the University of Iowa and enrolled in the Iowa Writers’ Workshop, originally intending to become a playwright but eventually joining the poetry workshop. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1949, a Master of Arts degree in 1951 and a Master of Fine Arts degree in 1953.
Snodgrass had a long and distinguished academic career, having taught at Cornell (1955-67), Rochester (1957-68), Wayne State (1959-68), Syracuse (1968-77), Old Dominion (1978-79) and the University of Delaware. He retired from teaching in 1994 to devote himself full-time to his writing. This included autobiographical sketches, essays and the critical verse “deconstructions” of De/Construct.
He died in his home in Madison County, New York, aged 83, following a four-month battle with lung cancer.
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Gary Snyder
1930-
Gary Sherman Snyder (born May 8, 1930) is an American poet often associated with the Beat Generation and the San Francisco Renaissance, as well as an essayist, lecturer and environmental activist (frequently described as the “poet laureate of Deep Ecology”). Snyder is a winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. His work, in his various roles, reflects an immersion in both Buddhist spirituality and nature. Snyder has also translated literature into English from ancient Chinese and modern Japanese. For many years, Snyder served as a faculty member at the University of California, Davis, and served for a time on the California Arts Council.
Snyder was born in San Francisco, California, to Harold and Lois Hennessy Snyder. Snyder is of German, Scots-Irish and English ancestry. His family, impoverished by the Great Depression, moved to King County, Washington, when he was two years old. There they tended dairy cows, kept laying hens, had a small orchard and made cedar-wood shingles until moving to Portland, Oregon, 10 years later.
In 1947, he started attending Reed College on a scholarship. While attending Reed, Snyder did folklore research on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in central Oregon. He graduated with a dual degree in anthropology and literature in 1951. In the mid-1960s, he published a collection of his poems from the early to mid ’50s, Myths & Texts (1960), and Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers without End (1965).
In 1968, his book, The Back Country, appeared, again mainly a collection of poems stretching back over about 15 years. Snyder devoted a section at the end of the book to his translations of 18 poems by Kenji Miyazawa.
Regarding Wave, a stylistic departure offering poems that were more emotional, metaphoric and lyrical, appeared in 1969. He continued to publish poetry throughout the 1970s. Snyder also wrote numerous essays setting forth his views on poetry, culture, social experimentation and the environment. Many of these were collected in Earth House Hold (1969), The Old Ways (1977), The Real Work (1980), The Practice of the Wild (1990), A Place in Space (1995) and The Gary Snyder Reader (1999). In 1979, Snyder published He Who Hunted Birds in His Father’s Village: The Dimensions of a Haida Myth. Snyder’s journals from his travel in India in the mid-1960s appeared in 1983 under the title, Passage through India.
In the 1980s and 1990s, Snyder expressed many of his insights and ideas in public lectures and in essays, including works published in major outdoor and environmental magazines and later collected in books.
In 1986, Snyder became a professor in the writing program at the University of California, Davis. As Snyder’s involvement in environmental issues and his teaching grew, he seemed to move away from poetry for much of the 1980s and early 1990s. However, in 1996 he published the complete Mountains and Rivers without End which, in its mixture of the lyrical and epic modes celebrating the act of inhabitation on a specific place on the planet, is both his finest work and a summation of what re-inhabitory poetics stands for. This work was written over a 40-year period.
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Alexander Solzhenitsyn
1918-2008
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (December 11, 1918-August 3, 2008) was a writer who, through his often-suppressed writings, helped to raise global awareness of the gulag, the Soviet Union’s forced-labor camp system – particularly in The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, two of his best-known works.
Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970. He was expelled from the Soviet Union in 1974 but returned to Russia in 1994 after the Soviet system had collapsed.
Solzhenitsyn died of heart failure near Moscow on August 3, 2008, at the age of 89.
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Susan Sontag
1933-2004
Susan Sontag (January 16, 1933-December 28, 2004) was an American author, literary theorist and political activist; her published works include On Photography and Against Interpretation.
Sontag, born Susan Rosenblatt, was born in New York City to Jack Rosenblatt and Mildred Jacobsen, both Jewish. Her father managed a fur-trading business in China, where he died of tuberculosis when Susan was five years old. Seven years later, her mother married Nathan Sontag.
Sontag grew up in Tucson, Arizona, and, later, in Los Angeles, where she graduated from North Hollywood High School at the age of 15. She began her undergraduate studies at Berkeley but transferred to the University of Chicago in admiration of its famed core curriculum. At Chicago, she undertook studies in philosophy, ancient history and literature and graduated with an A.B. She did graduate work in philosophy, literature and theology at Harvard. After completing her Master of Arts in philosophy and beginning doctoral work at Harvard, Sontag was awarded an American Association of University Women’s fellowship for the 1957-1958 academic year to St. Anne’s College, Oxford. Oxford did not appeal to her, however, and she transferred after the Michaelmas term of 1957 to the University of Paris. It was in Paris that Sontag socialized with expatriate artists and academics.
At 17, while at Chicago, Sontag married Philip Rieff after a 10-day courtship. Sontag and Rieff were married for eight years, throughout which they worked jointly on the study, Freud: The Mind of the Moralist, that would be attributed solely to Philip Rieff as a stipulation of the couple’s divorce in 1958.
The publication of Against Interpretation (1966) helped establish Sontag’s reputation as “the Dark Lady of American Letters.”
Sontag died in New York City on December 28, 2004, aged 71, from complications of myelodysplastic syndrome, which had evolved into acute myelogenous leukemia.
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Sophocles
496 BC-406 BC
Sophocles (c. 497/6 BC-winter 406/5 BC) is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides. According to the Suda, a 10th century encyclopedia, Sophocles wrote 123 plays during the course of his life but only seven have survived in a complete form: Ajax, Antigone, The Women of Trachis, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus.
For almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most-feted playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens that took place during the religious festivals of the Lenaea and the Dionysia. He competed in around 30 competitions, won perhaps 24 and was never judged lower than second place. Aeschylus won 14 competitions and was sometimes defeated by Sophocles, while Euripides won only four competitions.
Sophocles was born into a wealthy family – his father, Sophilus, was an armor manufacturer a member of the rural deme (small community) of Colonus Hippius in Attica – and was highly educated. He was born a few years before the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC: The exact year is unclear, although 497/6 is the most likely. Sophocles’ first artistic triumph was in 468 BC, when he took first prize in the Dionysia theatre competition over the reigning master of Athenian drama, Aeschylus.
At the age of 16, Sophocles was chosen to lead the paean (a choral chant to a god) celebrating the Greek victory over the Persians at the Battle of Salamis. He was elected as one of 10 strategoi, high executive officials that commanded the armed forces, as a junior colleague of Pericles. In 443/2 he served as one of the Hellenotamiai, or treasurers of Athena, helping to manage the finances of the city during the political ascendancy of Pericles. According to the Vita Sophoclis, he served as a general in the Athenian campaign against Samos, which had revolted in 441 BC; he was supposed to have been elected to his post as the result of his production of Antigone. He was elected in 413 BC one of the commissioners (probouloi) who responded to the catastrophic destruction of the Athenian expeditionary force in Sicily during the Peloponnesian War.
Sophocles died at the age of 90 or 91 in the winter of 406/5 BC, having seen within his lifetime both the Greek triumph in the Persian Wars and the bloodletting of the Peloponnesian War.
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Gary Soto
1952-
Gary Soto (born April 12, 1952, in Fresno, California) is a Mexican-American author and poet, son of Manuel and Angie Soto. In his youth, he worked in the fields of the San Joaquin Valley and in factories in Fresno. His father died in 1957, when he was just five years old. Because his family had to struggle to find work, Soto had little time or encouragement for school; hence, he was not a good student.
He attended Fresno City College and California State University, Fresno, where he earned his B.A. degree in English in 1974. He did graduate work in poetry writing at the University of California, Irvine, where he earned his M.F.A. in 1976. He states that he wanted to become a writer in college after discovering the novelist Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
Soto has written novels, plays and memoirs and has edited several literary anthologies. His story, “The No-Guitar Blues,” was made into a film and he produced another film based on his book, The Pool Party. He is a prolific writer of children’s books.
Soto has taught at University of California, Berkeley, and at University of California, Riverside, where he was a Distinguished Professor.
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Terry Southern
1924-1995
Terry Southern began writing satiric, outrageous fiction at the age of 12, when he rewrote Edgar Allen Poe stories “because they didn’t go far enough.”
After serving in the U.S. Army as a lieutenant in World War II, he wrote short stories while studying at the Sorbonne. “The Accident,” published in the premier issue of The Paris Review, was the first short story to appear in that magazine. “The Sun and the Stillborn Stars” determined the course of The Paris Review as a venue for short fiction. He admired and befriended British novelist Henry Green, who convinced Andre Deutch to publish his first novel, Flash and Filigree (1958).
Residing in Geneva, he spent days conjuring surrealistic exploits for trillionaire trickster “Grand Guy Guy Grand” in The Magic Christian (1958) while at the same time writing Candy (1960) for Maurice Girodias’ Olympia Press. He and Gregory Corso presented Naked Lunch to Girodias, convincing him to publish it. Southern published numerous short stories in England, France and America, (anthologized in Red Dirt, Marijuana and Other Tastes) and co-edited Writers in Revolt: An Anthology of the Most Controversial Writing in the World Today (1962) with Alex Trocci and Richard Seaver.
After settling in an old farmhouse in East Canaan, Connecticut, Stanley Kubrick, after meeting him during an interview Southern conducted for Esquire, invited him to employ a satirical touch to the screenplay Dr. Strangelove (1964). A rewarding period in Hollywood followed, including writing dialog for the films: The Loved One (1965), The Collector, Cincinnati Kid (1966), Casino Royale and Barbarella (1967). Southern helped launch the independent film movement by co-authoring Easy Rider (1968) and The End of the Road (1970), writing/co-producing with his old Paris/Greenwich Village hipster soulmate Aram Avakian. After the quiet publication of Blue Movie (1970), he turned to screenwriting full-time, working on original scripts, adaptations and speculative assignments throughout the ’70s and ’80s.
With legitimate film work increasingly elusive, Southern taught screenwriting at both NYU and Columbia University from the late ’80s until his death in 1995. His last novel, Texas Summer, was released in 1992.
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Robert Southey
1774-1843
Robert Southey (August 12, 1774-March 21, 1843) was an English poet of the Romantic school, one of the so-called “Lake Poets” and Poet Laureate for 30 years from 1813 to his death in 1843. He was a prolific letter writer, literary scholar, essay writer, historian and biographer. His biographies include the life and works of John Bunyan, John Wesley, William Cowper, Oliver Cromwell and Horatio Nelson. He was also a renowned Portuguese and Spanish scholar, translating a number of works of those two countries into English and writing both a History of Brazil and a History of the Peninsular War. Perhaps his most enduring contribution to literary history is the immortal children’s classic, “The Story of the Three Bears,” the original Goldilocks story, which first saw print in 1834 in Southey’s novel, The Doctor.
Southey was born on Wine Street, Bristol, England, to Thomas Southey and Margaret Hill and educated at Westminster School, London (from which he was expelled for writing a magazine article in The Flagellant condemning flogging), and Balliol College, Oxford. After experimenting with a writing partnership with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, most notably with the joint composition of “The Fall of Robespierre,” he published his first collection of poems in 1794.
Southey’s wife, Edith Fricker, whom he married at St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, on November 14, 1795, was the sister of Coleridge’s wife, Sara Fricker. The Southeys set up home at Greta Hall, Keswick, in the Lake District, living on a tiny income. Also living at Greta Hall with Southey – and supported by him – were Sara Coleridge and her three children, following their abandonment by Coleridge, and the widow of fellow poet Robert Lovell and her son.
In 1808, Southey used the pseudonym Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella to write Letters from England, an account of a tour of the country supposedly from a foreigner’s perspective. The book is said to contain a more accurate picture of English ways at the beginning of the 19th century than exists anywhere else.
From 1809, Southey contributed to The Quarterly Review and had become so well-known by 1813 that he was appointed Poet Laureate after Sir Walter Scott refused the post.
In 1819, through a mutual friend, Southey met leading civil engineer Thomas Telford and struck up a strong friendship. From mid-August to October 1, 1819, Southey accompanied Telford on an extensive tour of his engineering projects in the Scottish Highlands, keeping a diary of his observations. This was published posthumously in 1929 as Journal of a Tour in Scotland in 1819.
He died on March 23, 1843, and is buried in the churchyard of Crosthwaite Church, Keswick, where he worshipped for 40 years.
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Robert Southwell
1561-1595
Robert Southwell, English Jesuit and poet, son of Richard Southwell of Horsham St. Faith’s, Norfolk, was born in 1560/61. The Southwells were affiliated with many noble English families and Robert’s grandmother, Elizabeth Shelley, figures in the genealogy of Shelley the poet. He was sent at a very young age to the Roman Catholic college at Douai and thence to Paris, where he was placed under a Jesuit father, Thomas Darbyshire. In 1580, he joined the Society of Jesus after a two-year novitiate, passed mostly at Tournay.
In spite of his youth, he was made prefect of studies in the English college of the Jesuits at Rome and was ordained priest in 1584. It was in that year that an act was passed forbidding any English-born subject of the queen who had entered into priest’s orders in the Roman Catholic Church since her accession to remain in England longer than 40 days on pain of death. But Southwell, at his own request, was sent to England in 1586 as a Jesuit missionary with Henry Garnett. He went from one Catholic family to another, administering the rites of the Church and, in 1589, became domestic chaplain to Ann Howard, whose husband, the first Earl of Arundel, was in prison convicted of treason. It was to him that Southwell addressed his “Epistle of Comfort.” This and other of his religious tracts, “A Short Rule of Good Life,” “Triumphs over Death,” “Mary Magdalen’s Tears” and “A Humble Supplication to Queen Elizabeth,” were widely circulated in manuscript.
After six years of successful labor, Southwell was arrested. He was in the habit of visiting the house of Richard Bellamy, who lived near Harrow and was under suspicion on account of his connection with Jerome Bellamy, who had been executed for sharing in Anthony Babington’s plot. One of the daughters, Anne Bellamy, was arrested and imprisoned in the gatehouse of Holborn. She revealed Southwell’s movements to Richard Topcliffe, who immediately arrested him. He was initially imprisoned in Topcliffe’s house, where he was repeatedly put to the torture in the vain hope of extracting evidence about other priests.
Transferred to the gatehouse at Westminster, he was so abominably treated that his father petitioned Elizabeth that he might either be brought to trial and put to death, if found guilty, or removed in any case from “that filthy hole.” Southwell was then lodged in the Tower, but he was not brought to trial until February 1595. There is little doubt that much of his poetry, none of which was published during his lifetime, was written in prison.
On February 10, 1595 he was tried before the King’s Bench on the charge of treason and was hanged at Tyburn on the following day.
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Elizabeth George Speare
1908-1994
Elizabeth George Speare (November 21, 1908-November 15, 1994) was a respected, dedicated and talented American children’s author who won many awards for her historical fiction novels, including two Newbery Medals. She has been called one of America’s 100 most popular children’s authors. Much of her work has become mandatory reading in many schools throughout the nation. Indeed, because her books have sold so well, she is also cited as one of the Educational Paperback Association’s top 100 authors.
Speare was born in Melrose, Massachusetts, to Harry Allan and Demetria George. Her childhood, as she later recalled, was “exceptionally happy” and Melrose was “an ideal place in which to have grown up, close to fields and woods where we hiked and picnicked, and near to Boston where we frequently had family treats of theaters and concerts.” She had an extended family with one brother and many aunts, uncles and cousins and, most important, very loving and supportive parents. Speare lived much of her life in New England, the setting for many of her books.
Speare discovered her gift for writing at the age of eight and began composing stories while still in high school. After completing her Bachelor of Arts degree at Smith College in 1930, she earned her master’s degree in English from Boston University and taught English at several private Massachusetts high schools from 1932 to 1936. In 1936, she met her future husband, Alden Speare, and together the two moved to Connecticut, where they married and raised two children. Speare only seriously began to focus on literature when her children were in junior high school.
Speare’s first published work was a magazine article about skiing with her children. She also wrote many magazine articles based on her experiences as a mother and experimented with one-act plays. Eventually, her work saw circulation in Better Homes and Gardens, Women’s Day, Parents and American Heritage.
Speare published Calico Captive, her first novel, in 1957. The next year she completed her second historical fiction work, The Witch of Blackbird Pond, which won numerous awards, including the Newbery Medal. She earned her second Newbery Medal for her third book, The Bronze Bow, published in 1961. In 1984, The Sign of the Beaver was published and received a Newbery Honor Citation, the Scott O’Dell Award for Historical Fiction and the Christopher Award. In 1989, Speare received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award for her distinguished and enduring contribution to children’s literature.
Speare died of an aortic aneurysm on November 15, 1994, in Northwest General Hospital in Tucson, Arizona. She was 85 years old.
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Rachel Speght
1597-after 1621
Rachel Speght (born in 1597) was a poet and polemicist. She was the first Englishwoman to identify herself, by name, as a polemicist and critic of gender ideology. A feminist and a Calvinist, she is perhaps best known for her tract, “A Mouzell for Melastomus” (1617), a prose refutation of Joseph Swetnam’s misogynistic tract, “The Arraignment of Lewd, Idle, Froward, and Unconstant Women,” and a significant contribution to the Protestant discourse of biblical exegesis, defending women’s nature and the worth of womankind. Speght also published a volume of poetry, Mortalities Memorandum with a Dreame Prefixed (1621), a Christian reflection on death and a defense of the education of women.
Speght was born the daughter of a Calvinist minister in London, England, in 1597. Her writings reveal that she was unusually well educated in rhetoric, logic, classical and Christian texts and Latin, and that she had a thorough knowledge of Christian scripture.
She was married at age 24, in August 1621, to a Calvinist minister named William Procter. She lived with her husband in Upminster, Essex, until 1627, then in London at St. Giles, Cripplegate, until 1634, and then in Stradishall in Suffolk. Procter was ejected from his parish over a controversy concerning his Laudian sympathies in 1644. Speght was named as a participant in the controversy.
Procter died in Stradishall in 1661 and it is likely that his wife predeceased him, as she is not mentioned in his will.
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Anne Spencer
1882-1975
Annie Bethel Spencer (better known as Anne Spencer; February 6, 1882-July 27, 1975) was an African-American poet and active participant in the New Negro Movement and Harlem Renaissance period. She was the first Virginian and first African-American to have her poetry included in The Norton Anthology of American Poetry.
The only child of Joel Cephus Bannister and Sarah Louise Scales, Spencer was born in Henry County, Virginia. Her parents separated while she was very young and she moved with her mother to West Virginia, where she was placed under the care of William T. Dixie, a prominent member of the Black community. Sarah noticed her daughter’s quick abilities with the English language and sent her to the Virginia Seminary, where she graduated in 1899. Also in this year, she met her husband, Edward Spencer, and they were married on May 15, 1901. The celebrated Harlem Renaissance poet James Weldon Johnson helped to discover her talent as a poet and also gave her the pen name of Anne Spencer.
From 1903 until her death in 1975, Spencer lived and worked in a home at 1313 Pierce Street in Lynchburg, Virginia. As an adult, her poetry grew in popularity and meaning. The Harlem Renaissance allowed her to meet people like herself, who inspired her poetry through their ideas and artwork and eventually led to her work being published. Johnson and W.E.B. Du Bois were regular visitors at her house and would often spend the day in deep conversation, discussing everything from art to politics. They all shared similar likes and dislikes and were all strong, independent thinkers. Spencer became more and more involved in her local community and the NAACP.
Although most of her poems remain reflections of her own ideas and thoughts, hints of influence from her work with the Harlem Renaissance began to show. Aside from her involvement in her community, Spencer’s most important role was that of mother. Together, she and her husband lovingly raised their three children: Bethel, Alroy and Chauncey Spencer.
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Edmund Spenser
1552-1599
Edmund Spenser (born 1552/53 in London, England-January 13, 1599) was an English poet. Little is known for certain about his life before he entered the University of Cambridge. His first important publication, “The Shepheardes Calender” (1579), can be called the first work of the English literary Renaissance.
By 1580, he was apparently serving the Earl of Leicester and was part of a literary circle led by Sir Philip Sidney. In 1580, he became secretary to the lord deputy of Ireland, where he spent much of his remaining life; in 1588 or 1589, he took over a large property at Kilcolman, near Cork.
In 1590, he published the first part of the long allegorical poem, “The Faerie Queene,” an imaginative vindication of Protestantism and Puritanism and a glorification of England and Elizabeth I. The central poem of the Elizabethan period and one of the greatest poems in English, it was composed in a revolutionary, nine-line stanzaic pattern, the “Spenserian stanza,” that was used by many later poets.
Of the 12 books he planned for the poem, he completed just more than half. “Amoretti” (1595), a sonnet sequence, and “Epithalamion” (1595), a marriage ode, are among his other works.
In the Irish uprising of 1598, Kilcolman was burned; Spenser died shortly afterward and was buried in London.
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Art Spiegelman
1948-
Art Spiegelman (born February 15, 1948) is an American comics artist, editor and advocate for the medium of comics, best known for his Pulitzer Prize-winning comic book memoir, Maus.
Spiegelman was born in Stockholm, Sweden, to Polish Jews Vladek Spiegelman and Anja Spiegelman (nee Zylberberg). He grew up in Rego Park in Queens, New York City, New York, and graduated from the High School of Art and Design in Manhattan. Spiegelman attended Harpur College, now Binghamton University. He did not graduate but received an honorary doctorate from there 30 years later.
Spiegelman was a major figure in the underground comix movement of the 1960s and 1970s, contributing to publications such as Real Pulp, Young Lust and Bizarre Sex. He co-founded a significant comics anthology publication, Arcade (with Bill Griffith), in San Francisco during the early 1970s.
Spiegelman also worked in more commercial forums: After a summer internship (when he was 18) at Topps Bubble Gum, he was hired as a staff writer-artist-editor in Woody Gelman’s Product Development Department. During his 20 years with Topps, Spiegelman invented Garbage Candy (candy in the form of garbage, sold in miniature plastic garbage cans), the Wacky Packages card series, Garbage Pail Kids and countless other hugely successful novelties.
In 1992, Spiegelman worked for The New Yorker for 10 years but resigned a few months after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Spiegelman states that his resignation from The New Yorker was to protest the “widespread conformism” in the United States media.
In September 2004, he released In the Shadow of No Towers, a book relating his experience of the Twin Towers attack and the psychological after-effects. Beginning fall 2005, Spiegelman’s new series, Portrait of the Artist as a Young %@&*! appeared in The Virginia Quarterly Review.
In the June 2006 edition of Harper’s magazine, he published an article on the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy that had occurred earlier in the year. At least one vendor, Canada’s Indigo chain of booksellers, refused to sell the particular issue. Called “Drawing Blood: Outrageous Cartoons and the Art of Outrage,” the article contained a survey of the sometimes-dire effect of political cartooning on its creators.
Spiegelman is a prominent advocate for the medium of comics. He taught courses in the history and aesthetics of comics at schools including the University of California, Santa Cruz, and at the School of Visual Arts in New York.
Together with Francoise Mouly, he published three hardcover anthologies of comics for children, called Little Lit and, in 2006, Big Fat Little Lit.
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Steven Spielberg
1946-
Steven Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946, in Cincinnati, Ohio. An amateur filmmaker as a child, Steven Spielberg moved several times growing up and spent part of his youth in Arizona. He became one of the youngest television directors for Universal in the late 1960s. A highly praised television film, Duel (1972), brought him the opportunity to direct for the cinema, and a string of hits have made him the most commercially successful director of all time.
His films have explored primeval fears, as in Jaws (1975), or expressed childlike wonder at the marvels of this world and beyond, as in Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and ET (1982). Spielberg has also tackled literary adaptations, such as The Color Purple (1985) and Empire of the Sun (1987). And audiences around the world were riveted by the continuing adventures of his daredevil hero, Indiana Jones, in such films as Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984). Imaginative fantasy is dominant in his version of Peter Pan, Hook (1991), Jurassic Park (1993) and its sequel, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997).
Spielberg is also known for his impressive historical films, such as the Holocaust drama, Schindler’s List (1993). In 1998, he revisited World War II, this time from the perspective of American soldiers in Europe in Saving Private Ryan (1998). His first film company, Amblin Entertainment, founded in 1982, produced several other successful films, notably Back to the Future (1985) and its two sequels, and Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988).
In 1994, Spielberg formed a new studio, Dreamworks SKG, with Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen. In 2001, he completed the science fiction film, AI: Artificial Intelligence, a project begun by Stanley Kubrick. Later films include the Academy Award-nominated Munich (2005). He also served as producer for the Clint Eastwood-directed World War II films, Flags of Our Fathers (2006) and Letters from Iwo Jima (2006).
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Jerry Spinelli
1941-
Jerry Spinelli (born February 1, 1941) is an author of children’s novels on adolescence and early adulthood. He is best known for his novels, Maniac Magee and Wringer.
Spinelli was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania, and currently resides in Wayne, Pennsylvania. At the age of 16, his love of sports inspired him to compose a poem about a recent football victory. Later, unbeknownst to him, his father published it in the local newspaper. It was at this time he realized that he would not become a major league baseball player and decided to become a writer instead.
During his time at Gettysburg College, Spinelli spent his time writing short stories and was the editor of the college literary magazine. After graduation, he became a writer and editor for a department store magazine. Over the next 20 years, he spent his time working ordinary jobs during the day so that he had the energy to write fiction in his spare time. He found himself writing during lunch breaks, on weekends and after dinner.
His first four novels were written for adults and were all rejected. His fifth novel was also intended for adults but became his first children’s book. This work, Space Station Seventh Grade, was published in 1982.
Spinelli graduated from Gettysburg College in 1963 and acquired his M.A. from Johns Hopkins University in 1964.
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Harriet Prescott Spofford
1835-1921
Harriet Elizabeth Prescott Spofford (April 3, 1835-August 14, 1921) was a notable American writer remembered for her novels, poems and detective stories.
Born in Calais, Maine, she moved with her parents to Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1849. She attended the Putnam Free School in Newburyport, and Pinkerton Academy in Derry, New Hampshire, from 1853 to 1855. When her parents became sick, she set to work as a writer of necessity, sometimes laboring 15 hours a day. Spofford’s gothic romances were set apart by luxuriant descriptions, and an unconventional handling of female stereotypes of the day.
In 1859, she submitted to The Atlantic Monthly a story about Parisian life entitled “In a Cellar.” The magazine’s editor, James Russell Lowell, at first believed the story to be a translation and withheld it from publication. Reassured that it was original, he published it and Spofford’s reputation was established. She became a welcome contributor to periodicals.
In 1865, she married Richard S. Spofford, a Boston lawyer, and they resided on Deer Island, overlooking the Merrimack River at Amesbury, where she died in 1921.
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Johanna Spyri
1827-1901
Johanna Spyri (June 12, 1827-July 7, 1901) was an author of children’s stories and is best known for her book, Heidi. Born Johanna Louise Heusser in the rural area of Hirzel, Switzerland, as a child she spent several summers in the area around Chur in Graubunden, the setting she later would use in her novels.
In 1852, Johanna Heusser married Bernhard Spyri, a lawyer. While living in the city of Zurich, she began to write about life in the country. Her first book, A Leaf on Vrony’s Grave, was published in 1871 and the following year further stories for both adults and children appeared, among them the tale of Heidi, which she wrote in four weeks.
Her husband and her only child, a son named Bernard, both died in 1884. Alone, she devoted herself to charitable causes and wrote more than 50 more stories before her death in 1901.
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1969-
Warren St. John (October 17, 1969) is an American author and journalist.
St. John is the author of the National Bestseller Rammer Jammer Yellow Hammer: A Road Trip into the Heart of Fan Mania. The book explores the phenomenon of sports fandom and chronicles the Alabama Crimson Tide’s 1999 season by following the team in an RV, telling the stories of extremely devoted fans he met during the season.
St. John’s second book, Outcasts United: An American Town, a Refugee Team and One Woman’s Quest to Make a Difference, was published in 2009. The book tells the story of Clarkston, Georgia, a Southern town that became a center for refugee resettlement, through the lens of a soccer team of refugee boys called “the Fugees.”
At The New York Times, St. John is principally a feature writer. In 2005, he introduced the term “metrosexual” into widespread usage through a Times piece, “Metrosexuals Come Out.” St. John frequently writes about the impact of technology on social behavior and has written for The New Yorker, Slate, The New York Observer and Wired.
St. John was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and attended The Altamont School. He attended Columbia University in New York City, where he now lives with his wife, Nicole.
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William Stafford
1914-1993
William Stafford was born in Hutchinson, Kansas, in 1914. He received a B.A. and an M.A. from the University of Kansas at Lawrence and, in 1954, a Ph.D from the University of Iowa. During World War II, Stafford was a conscientious objector and worked in the civilian public service camps – an experience he recorded in the prose memoir, Down My Heart (1947).
In 1948, Stafford moved to Oregon to teach at Lewis and Clark College. Though he traveled and read his work widely, he taught at Lewis and Clark until his retirement in 1980. His first major collection of poems, Traveling through the Dark, was published when he was 48. It won the National Book Award in 1963. He went on to publish more than 65 volumes of poetry and prose. Among his many honors and awards were a Shelley Memorial Award, a Guggenheim Fellowship and a Western States Lifetime Achievement Award in Poetry. In 1970, he was the Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (a position currently known as the Poet Laureate).
Among his best-known books are: The Rescued Year (1966); Stories That Could Be True: New and Collected Poems (1977); Writing the Australian Crawl: Views on the Writer’s Vocation (1978); and An Oregon Message (1987).
William Stafford died at his home in Lake Oswego, Oregon, on August 28, 1993.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1815-1902
When Elizabeth Cady married abolitionist Henry Brewster Stanton in 1840, she’d already observed enough about the legal relationships between men and women to insist that the word “obey” be dropped from the ceremony.
An active abolitionist herself, Stanton was outraged when the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in London, also in 1840, denied official standing to women delegates, including Lucretia Mott. In 1848, she and Mott called for a women’s rights convention to be conducted in Seneca Falls, New York. That convention, and the Declaration of Sentiments written by Stanton that was approved there, is credited with initiating the long struggle toward women’s rights and woman suffrage.
After 1851, Stanton worked in close partnership with Susan B. Anthony. Stanton often served as the writer and Anthony as the strategist in this effective working relationship.
In the years following the Civil War, Stanton and Anthony were among those who were determined to focus on female suffrage when only voting rights of freed males were addressed in Reconstruction. They founded the National Woman Suffrage Association and Stanton served as president.
When the NWSA and the rival American Woman Suffrage Association finally merged in 1890, Stanton served as the president of the resulting National American Woman Suffrage Association.
In her later years, she added to her speech- and article-writing a history of the suffrage movement, her autobiography, Eighty Years and More, and a controversial critique of women’s treatment by religion, The Woman’s Bible.
While Stanton is best known for her long contribution to the woman suffrage struggle, she was also active and effective in winning property rights for married women, equal guardianship of children and liberalized divorce laws. These reforms made it possible for women to leave marriages that were abusive of the wife, the children and the economic health of the family.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton died in New York on October 26, 1902, nearly 20 years before the United States granted women the right to vote.
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Suzanne Fisher Staples
1945-
Suzanne Fisher Staples is the author of six books addressed to children and adolescents. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, she grew up in a small community in northeastern Pennsylvania. She had three siblings: a sister and two brothers. She went to Lakeland High School in Jermyn, Pennsylvania. Later, she graduated from Cedar Crest College in Allentown, Pennsylvania.
She was at one time employed as a news reporter and editor for The United Press International. She has worked in many places across the U.S. and Asia, including Pakistan.
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Sir Richard Steele
1672-1729
Sir Richard Steele (baptized on March 12, 1672-September 1, 1729) was an Irish writer and politician, remembered as co-founder, with his friend Joseph Addison, of the magazine, The Spectator.
Steele was born in Dublin, Ireland, to Richard Steele, an attorney, and Elinor Symes (nee Sheyles). A member of the Protestant gentry, he was educated at Charterhouse School, where he first met Addison. After starting at Christ Church in Oxford, he went on to Merton College, Oxford, then joined the Life Guards of the Household Cavalry in order to support King William’s wars against France. He was commissioned in 1697 and rose up in the ranks within two years to become captain of the 34th Foot. He disliked British Army life and left the army in 1705, perhaps due to the death of the 34th Foot’s commanding officer, and with him, Steele’s opportunities for promotion. It may be no coincidence that Steele’s first published work, The Christian Hero (1701), attempted to point out the differences between perceived and actual masculinity.
In 1707, Steele married Mary Scurlock. In the course of their courtship and marriage, he wrote more than 400 letters to her. They were a devoted couple, their correspondence still being regarded as one of the best illustrations of a happy marriage, but their relationship was stormy. Mary died in 1718, at a time when she was considering separation.
Steele became a Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1713 but was soon expelled for issuing a pamphlet in favor of the Hanoverian succession. When George I of Great Britain came to the throne in the following year, Steele was knighted and given responsibility for the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London. While at Drury Lane, Steele wrote and directed The Conscious Lovers, which was an immediate hit. However, he fell out with Addison and with the administration over the Peerage Bill (1719) and, in 1724, he retired to his wife’s homeland of Wales, where he spent the remainder of his life.
A member of the Whig Kit-Kat Club, Steele died on September 1, 1729, and was buried at St. Peter’s Church.
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Wallace Stegner
1909-1993
Wallace Earle Stegner (February 18, 1909-April 13, 1993) was an American historian, novelist, short story writer and environmentalist, often called “The Dean of Western Writers.” He won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1972.
Stegner was born in Lake Milfs, Iowa, and grew up in Great Falls, Montana, Salt Lake City, Utah, and southern Saskatchewan, which he wrote about in his autobiography, Wolf Willow. Stegner says he “lived in 20 places in eight states and Canada.” Stegner summered in Greensboro, Vermont. While living in Utah, he joined a Boy Scout troop at an LDS church (although he himself was a Presbyterian) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout. He received a B.A. at the University of Utah in 1930. He also studied at the Iowa Writers’ Workshop at the University of Iowa, where he received a master’s degree in 1932 and a doctorate in 1935.
In 1934, Stegner married Mary Stuart Page.
Stegner died in Santa Fe, New Mexico, on April 13, 1993, from injuries suffered in an automobile accident on March 28, 1993.
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Gertrude Stein
1874-1946
Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874-July 27, 1946) was an American writer, poet and art collector who spent most of her life in France.
Stein, the youngest of a family of five children, was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (merged with Pittsburgh in 1907), to well-educated German Jewish parents, Daniel and Amelia Stein. Her father was a railroad executive whose investments in streetcar lines and real estate made the family wealthy.
When Stein was three years old, she and her family moved for business, first to Vienna and then Paris. They returned to America in 1878, settling in Oakland, California, where Stein attended First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland’s Sabbath School.
Stein attended Radcliffe College from 1893 to 1897 and was a student of psychologist William James. With James’ supervision, Stein and another student named Leon Mendez Solomons performed experiments on Normal Motor Automatism, a phenomenon hypothesized to occur in people when their attention is divided between two simultaneous intelligent activities, like writing and speaking. These experiments yielded examples of writing that appeared to represent “stream of consciousness,” a psychological theory often attributed to James, which became the term used to describe the style of Modernist authors like Virginia Woolf and James Joyce.
In 1903, Stein moved to Paris, where she would spend the rest of her life. While living in Paris, she began writing for publication. Her earliest writings were mainly retellings of her college experiences. Her first critically acclaimed publication was Three Lives.
During the 1930s, Stein and Alice B. Toklas became famous with the 1933 mass market publication of The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. She and Toklas had an extended lecture tour in the United States during this decade. They also spent several summers in Bilignin, France, and doted on a famous poodle named “Basket” whose successor, “Basket II,” comforted Toklas in the years after Stein’s death.
Stein died at the age of 72 from stomach cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine on July 27, 1946, and was interred in Paris in the Pere Lachaise cemetery. When Stein was being wheeled into the operating room for surgery on her stomach, she asked Toklas, “What is the answer?” When Toklas did not reply, Stein said, “In that case, what is the question?”
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John Steinbeck
1902-1968
John Ernst Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California, the only son of John Ernst Steinbeck Sr. and Olive Hamilton. His father was a bookkeeper and accountant who served for many years as the treasurer of Monterey County, California. Steinbeck inherited his love of literature from his mother, who was interested in the arts. His favorite book, and a main influence on his writing, was Sir Thomas Malory’s (c. 1408-1471) Le Morte d’Arthur, a collection of the legends of King Arthur. Steinbeck decided while in high school that he wanted to be a writer. He also enjoyed playing sports and worked during the summer on various ranches.
Steinbeck worked as a laboratory assistant and farm laborer to support himself through six years of study at Stanford University, where he took only those courses that interested him without seeking a degree. In 1925, he traveled to New York by way of the Panama Canal on a freighter. After arriving in New York, he worked as a reporter and as part of a construction crew building Madison Square Garden. During this time, he was also collecting impressions for his first novel, Cup of Gold (1929), an unsuccessful attempt at romance involving the pirate, Henry Morgan.
Undiscouraged, Steinbeck returned to California to begin work as a writer of serious fiction. A collection of short stories, The Pastures of Heaven (1932), contained vivid descriptions of rural life among the “unfinished children of nature” in his native California valley. His second novel, To a God Unknown (1933), was his strongest statement about man’s relationship to the land. With Tortilla Flat (1935), Steinbeck received critical and popular success.
Steinbeck next dealt with the problems of labor unions in the story, In Dubious Battle (1936), an effective tale of a strike by local grape pickers. Of Mice and Men (1937), first conceived as a play, is a tightly constructed novella about an unusual friendship between two migrant workers.
Steinbeck’s series of articles for The San Francisco Chronicle on the problems of migrant farm laborers provided material for The Grapes of Wrath (1939), his major novel and the finest working-class book of the 1930s.
During World War II (1939-45), Steinbeck served as a foreign correspondent. From this experience came such nonfiction as: Bombs Away: The Story of a Bomber Team (1942); Once There Was a War (1958), a collection of Steinbeck’s dispatches from 1943; and A Russian Journal (1948), with photographs by Robert Capa. More interesting nonfiction of this period is The Sea of Cortez, coauthored with scientist Edward F. Ricketts.
Steinbeck’s fiction during the 1940s includes: The Moon Is Down (1942); Cannery Row (1944); The Wayward Bus (1947); and The Pearl.
In the 1950s, Steinbeck’s artistic decline was evident with a series of novels that were overly sentimental, stuffy and lacking in substance. The author received modest critical praise in 1961 for his more ambitious novel, The Winter of Our Discontent, a study of the moral disintegration of a man of high ideals. In 1962, Travels with Charley, a pleasantly humorous account of his travels through America with his pet poodle, was well received. Following the popular success of the latter work, Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize.
He died on December 20, 1968, in New York City.
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Laurence Sterne
1713-1768
Laurence Sterne (November 24, 1713-March 18, 1768) was an Irish-born English novelist and Anglican clergyman. He is best known for his novels, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, and A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, but he also published many sermons, wrote memoirs and was involved in local politics.
Sterne was born in Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland. His father was an ensign in a British regiment recently returned from Dunkirk. The regiment was disbanded on the day of Sterne’s birth and, within six months, the family had returned to Yorkshire in northern England.
Sterne was admitted to a sizarship at Jesus College, Cambridge, in July 1733, at the age of 20. He graduated with a degree of Bachelor of Arts in January 1737 and returned in the summer of 1740 to be awarded his Master of Arts degree.
He seems to have been destined to become a clergyman and was ordained as a deacon in March 1737 and as a priest in August 1738. Shortly thereafter, Sterne was awarded the vicarship living of Sutton-on-the-Forest in Yorkshire (1713-1768). He was also a prebendary of York Minster.
Sterne lived in Sutton for 20 years, during which time he kept up an intimacy that had begun at Cambridge with John Hall-Stevenson, a witty and accomplished bon vivant, owner of Skelton Hall in the Cleveland district of Yorkshire. Without Stevenson, Sterne might have been a more decorous parish priest but, then, might never have written Tristram Shandy.
It was while living in the countryside, having failed in his attempts to supplement his income as a farmer and struggling with tuberculosis, that Sterne began work on his most famous novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, the first volumes of which were published in 1759.
In 1759, to support his dean in a church squabble, Sterne wrote A Political Romance (later called The History of a Good Warm Watch-Coat), a Swiftian satire of dignitaries of the spiritual courts. At the demands of embarrassed churchmen, the book was burned. Thus, Sterne lost his chances for clerical advancement but discovered his real talents.
Sterne departed England for France in 1762 in an effort to find a climate that would alleviate his suffering from tuberculosis. Aspects of this trip to France were incorporated into his second novel, A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, which was published at the beginning of 1768. The novel was written during a period in which Sterne was increasingly ill and weak.
Less than a month after Sentimental Journey was published, early in 1768, Sterne’s strength failed him and he died of consumption in his lodgings at 41 Old Bond Street on March 18, at the age of 54. He was buried in the churchyard of St. George’s, Hanover Square.
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Wallace Stevens
1879-1955
Wallace Stevens (October 2, 1879-August 2, 1955) was an American Modernist poet. He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, educated at Harvard and then New York Law School, and spent most of his life working as a lawyer for the Hartford insurance company in Connecticut.
His best-known poems include: “Anecdote of the Jar,” “Disillusionment of Ten o’Clock,” “The Emperor of Ice-Cream,” “The Idea of Order at Key West,” “Sunday Morning,” “The Snow Man” and “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird,” all of which appear in his Collected Poems, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1955.
The son of a prosperous lawyer, Stevens attended Harvard as a non-degree special student, after which he moved to New York City and briefly worked as a journalist. He then attended New York Law School, graduating in 1903. He married Elsie Viola Kachel in 1909.
After working for several New York law firms from 1904 to 1907, he was hired on January 13, 1908, as a lawyer for the American Bonding Company. By 1914, he had become the vice president of the New York office of the Equitable Surety Company of St. Louis, Missouri.
When this job was abolished as a result of mergers in 1916, he joined the home office of Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company and left New York City to live in Hartford, where he would remain the rest of his life. By 1934, he had been named vice president of the company. After he won the Pulitzer Prize in 1955, he was offered a faculty position at Harvard but declined because it would have required him to give up his vice presidency of The Hartford.
From 1922 to 1940, Stevens made numerous visits to Key West, Florida, where he generally lodged at the Casa Marina, a hotel on the Atlantic Ocean. The influence of Key West upon Stevens’ poetry is evident in many of the poems published in his first two collections, Harmonium and Ideas of Order.
Stevens died of stomach cancer on August 2, 1955, at the age of 75. He is buried in Hartford’s Cedar Hill Cemetery.
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Anne Stevenson
1933-
Anne Stevenson was born to American parents in Cambridge, England, but was raised in the United States and was educated in Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, where her father, C.L. Stevenson, was a professor of philosophy. After obtaining her bachelor’s and master’s degrees and graduating with honors, she returned to the UK, where she has lived most of her life. She has been married four times.
She is the author of more than a dozen volumes of poetry, some books of essays and literary criticism, a controversial biography of the American poet, Sylvia Plath, Bitter Fame: A Life of Sylvia Plath (1989), and two critical studies of Elizabeth Bishop.
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Robert Louis Stevenson
1850-1894
The Scottish novelist, essayist and poet Robert Louis Stevenson was one of the most popular and highly praised British writers during the last part of the 19th century.
Stevenson was born on November 13, 1850, in Edinburgh, Scotland, the son of a noted lighthouse builder and harbor engineer. Though healthy at birth, Stevenson soon became a victim of constant breathing problems that later developed into tuberculosis, a sometimes-fatal disease that attacks the lungs and bones. These persistent health problems made him extremely thin and weak most of his life.
By the time Stevenson entered Edinburgh University at the age of 16 to study engineering, he had fallen under the spell of language and had begun to write.
When he was 21, he openly declared his intention to become a writer, against the strong opposition of his father. Agreeing to study law as a compromise, Stevenson was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1875. Having traveled to the European mainland several times for health and pleasure, he now swung back and forth between Scotland and a growing circle of artistic and literary friends in London, England, and Paris, France. Stevenson’s first book, An Inland Voyage (1878), related his adventures during a canoe trip on Belgium and France’s canals.
In France in 1876, Stevenson met an American woman named Fanny Osbourne. Separated from her husband, she was 11 years older than Stevenson and had two children. Three years later, Stevenson and Osbourne were married. After accompanying his wife to America, Stevenson stayed in an abandoned mining camp, later recounted in The Silverado Squatters (1883). A year after setting out for the United States, Stevenson was back in Scotland. But the climate there proved to be a severe hardship on his health and, for the next four years, he and his wife lived in Switzerland and in the south of France. Despite his health, these years proved to be productive. The stories Stevenson collected in The New Arabian Nights (1883) and The Merry Men (1887) range from detective stories to Scottish dialect tales, or tales of the region.
Treasure Island (1881), first published as a series in a children’s magazine, ranks as Stevenson’s first popular book and it established his fame. Kidnapped (1886), set in Scotland during a time of great civil unrest, has the same charm. In its sequel, David Balfour (1893), Stevenson could not avoid psychological and moral problems without marked strain. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), he dealt directly with the nature of evil in man and the hideous effects that occur when man seeks to deny it. During this same period, he published a very popular collection of poetry, A Child’s Garden of Verses (1885).
In 1889, Stevenson and his family set out on a cruise of the South Sea Islands. When it became clear that only there could he live in relatively good health, he settled on the island of Upolu in Samoa. He bought a plantation (Vailima), built a house and gained influence with the natives, who called him Tusifala (“teller of tales”). His observations on Samoan life were published in the collection, In the South Seas (1896), and in A Footnote to History (1892).
By the time of his death of a cerebral hemorrhage on December 3, 1894, Stevenson had become a significant figure in island affairs.
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Elizabeth Stoddard
1823-1902
Elizabeth Drew Stoddard, nee Barstow (May 6, 1823-August 1, 1902), was an American poet and novelist. She was born in the small coastal town of Mattapoisett, Massachusetts. After her marriage in 1852 to poet Richard Henry Stoddard, the couple settled permanently in New York City, where they belonged to New York’s vibrant, close-knit literary and artistic circles.
She studied at Wheaton Seminary, Norton, Massachusetts. After her marriage, she assisted her husband in his literary work and contributed stories, poems and essays to the periodicals. Many of her own works were originally published between 1859 and 1890 in such magazines as Harper’s Monthly, Harper’s Bazaar and The Atlantic Monthly.
Stoddard is most widely known today as the author of The Morgesons (1862), her first of three novels. Her other two novels are Two Men (1865) and Temple House (1867). Stoddard was also a prolific writer of short stories, children’s tales, poems, essays, travel and journalism pieces.
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Bram Stoker
1847-1912
Abraham “Bram” Stoker (November 8, 1847-April 20, 1912) was an Irish novelist and short story writer, best known today for his 1897 Gothic novel, Dracula.
Stoker was born at 15 Marino Crescent, Clontarf, on the north side of Dublin, Ireland. His parents were Abraham Stoker, from Dublin, and Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley, who came from Ballyshannon, County Donegal. Stoker was bedridden until he started school at the age of seven, when he made a complete recovery. After his recovery, he grew up without further major health issues, even excelling as an athlete at Trinity College, Dublin, which he attended from 1864 to 1870. He graduated with honors in mathematics. He was auditor of the College Historical Society and president of the University Philosophical Society, where his first paper was on “Sensationalism in Fiction and Society.”
Stoker became interested in the theatre while a student. He became the theatre critic for The Dublin Evening Mail, co-owned by the author of Gothic tales, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu. Stoker also wrote stories and, in 1872, “The Crystal Cup” was published by The London Society, followed by “The Chain of Destiny” in four parts in The Shamrock. In 1876, while a civil servant in Dublin, Stoker wrote a nonfiction book, The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland, published 1879, which remained a standard work.
After suffering a number of strokes, Stoker died at No. 26 St. George’s Square in 1912.
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Mary Stolz
1920-2006
Mary Stolz (born Mary Slattery, March 24, 1920-December 15, 2006) was an American writer of fiction for children and young adults. Her works received Newbery Honors in 1962 and 1966 and her entire body of work was awarded the George G. Stone Recognition of Merit in 1982.
Her literary works range from picture books to young-adult novels. Although most of Stolz’s books are fiction, she has made a few contributions to magazines such as Cosmopolitan, Ladies’ Home Journal and Seventeen.
She was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Raised in Manhattan, she attended the Birch Wathen School and served as assistant editor of her school magazine, Birch Leaves. She attended Columbia University from 1936 to 1938 and the Katherine Gibbs School.
At age 18, she married Stanley Burr Stolz; they had one son together. Chronic pain from arthritis worsened and she was housebound by 1949. During this time, she began writing to occupy her time and ultimately drafted her first novel, To Tell Your Love (1950), on yellow legal pads. She divorced Stanley Stolz in 1956. Under Dr. Thomas C. Jaleski’s care, her disabling symptoms resolved and, in 1965, she married Jaleski.
Stolz died in Longboat Key, Florida.
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Tom Stoppard
1937-
Sir Tom Stoppard (July 3, 1937) is a British playwright, knighted in 1997. He has written prolifically for TV, radio, film and stage, finding prominence with plays such as Arcadia, The Coast of Utopia, Every Good Boy Deserves Favour, Professional Foul, The Real Thing and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. He co-wrote the screenplays for Brazil and Shakespeare in Love and has won one Academy Award and four Tony Awards. Themes of human rights, censorship and political freedom pervade his work, along with exploration of linguistics and philosophy.
In 1939, Stoppard left Czechoslovakia as a child refugee, fleeing imminent Nazi occupation. He settled with his family in Britain after the war, in 1946. After being educated at schools in Nottingham and Yorkshire, Stoppard became a journalist, a drama critic and then, in 1960, a playwright.
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
1811-1896
Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811-July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and author. Her novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), was a depiction of life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote more than 20 books, including novels, three travel memoirs and collections of articles and letters.
Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, to outspoken religious leader Lyman Beecher and Roxana Foote, a deeply religious woman who died when Stowe was only five years old.
She enrolled in the seminary (girls’ school) run by her sister Catharine, where she received a traditionally “male” education in the classics, including study of languages and mathematics. At the age of 21, she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to join her father, who had become the president of Lane Theological Seminary. It was there that she met Calvin Ellis Stowe, a widower and professor at the seminary. The two married on January 6, 1836. He was an ardent critic of slavery and the Stowes supported the Underground Railroad, temporarily housing several fugitive slaves in their home.
In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law, prohibiting assistance to fugitives. At the time, she had moved with her family into a home on the campus of Bowdoin College, where her husband was now teaching. On March 9, 1850, Stowe wrote to Gamaliel Bailey, editor of the weekly antislavery journal, The National Era, that she planned to write a story about the problem of slavery. Shortly after, in June 1851, when she was 40, the first installment of her Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published in The National Era. Installments were published weekly from June 5, 1851, to April 1, 1852. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published in book form on March 20, 1852. In less than a year, the book sold an unprecedented 300,000 copies.
Stowe died on July 1, 1896, at age 85, in Hartford, Connecticut.
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Lytton Strachey
1880-1932
Giles Lytton Strachey (March 1, 1880-January 21, 1932) was a British writer and critic. A founding member of the Bloomsbury Group and author of Eminent Victorians, he is best known for establishing a new form of biography in which psychological insight and sympathy are combined with irreverence and wit. His 1921 biography, Queen Victoria, was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.
Strachey was born at Stowey House, Clapham Common, London, the fifth son and the 11th child of Lieutenant General Sir Richard Strachey, an officer in the colonial British armed forces, and his second wife, the former Jane Grant, who became a leading supporter of the women’s suffrage movement.
When in 1897 Strachey turned 17, Lady Strachey decided that her son was ready to leave school and go to university but, because she thought he was yet too young for Oxford, she decided that he should first attend a smaller institution, the University of Liverpool. Later Strachey was admitted as Pensioner at Trinity College, Cambridge, on September 30, 1899. He became an Exhibitioner in 1900 and a Scholar in 1902. He won the Chancellor’s Medal for English Verse in 1902 and was given a B.A. degree after he had won a second-class in the History Tripos in June 1903. The Cambridge period was one in which Strachey was highly prolific in writing verse, much of which has been preserved and some of which was published at the time.
In 1911, H.A.L. Fisher, a former president of the British Academy and of the Board of Education, was in search of someone to write a short, one-volume survey of French literature. Fisher had read one of Strachey’s reviews (“Two Frenchmen,” Independent Review, 1903) and asked him to write a such a sketch in 50,000 words, giving him J.W. Mackail’s 1909 Latin Literature as a model. Landmarks in French Literature was published on January 12, 1912.
Soon after the publication of Landmarks, Strachey’s mother and his friend, Harry Norton, supported him financially. Each provided him with £100 which, together with earnings from The Edinburgh Review and from other periodicals, made it possible for him to rent a small, thatched cottage called “The Lacket” outside the village of Lockeridge, near Marlborough, Wiltshire. Here, he established himself until 1916 and wrote the first three parts of Eminent Victorians.
After the success of Eminent Victorians, published on May 9, 1918, he needed no help from outside. He continued to live at Tidmarsh until the proceeds from Queen Victoria (1921) made it possible for him to buy Ham Spray House near Marlborough, Wiltshire, to which he moved in July 1924 and which was his home for the rest of his life. From 1904 to 1914, Strachey contributed book and drama reviews to The Spectator magazine.
He died of (then-undiagnosed) stomach cancer on January 21, 1932, age 51, at Ham Spray House, at Ham in Wiltshire.
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Todd Strasser (Morton Rhue)
1952-
Todd Strasser (born May 5, 1952 in New York City, New York) is an American author of more than 130 young-adult and middle-grade novels and novelizations, some written under the pen names Morton Rhue and T.S. Rue.
After studying literature in college, Strasser earned his living working as a journalist and also operated his own fortune cookie company, producing cookies under the “Dr. Wing Tip Shoo” brand name.
His works include: Give a Boy a Gun; Boot Camp; Asphalt Tribe; and, more recently, If I Grow Up. His most famous work, The Wave, is a novelization of a social experiment that happened in Cubberley High School in Palo Alto, California, in 1969, and was made into a television movie in 1981 and a popular feature film in 2008.
Strasser is also the author of the Time Zone High trilogy: How I Changed My Life; How I Created My Perfect Prom Date; and How I Spent My Last Night on Earth. How I Created My Perfect Prom Date was adapted for the feature film Drive Me Crazy.
Other novels for young adults include The Accident, as well as Angel Dust Blues, Friends Till the End and A Very Touchy Subject. Another novel, Workin’ for Peanuts, was adapted into a television movie with the same title.
He is currently at work on a trilogy, three mystery thrillers for older young-adult readers. The first two of these novels, Wish You Were Dead and Blood on My Hands, have been published.
Strasser has also written a number of young-adult series, including Impact Zone (about surfing), Drift X (about drift car competitions) and Here Comes Heavenly (about a punk nanny with magical powers).
His books for middle-graders include: CON-fidence; The Diving Bell; and Abe Lincoln for Class President. His series for middle-graders include: the very popular 16-book Help! I’m Trapped … collection, as well as the Don’t Get Caught, Against the Odds and Camp Run-a-Muck books. Most recently he wrote Is That a Dead Dog in Your Locker? Is That a Sick Cat in Your Backpack? Is That a Glow-in-the-Dark Bunny in Your Pillow Case? Is That an Angry Penguin in Your Gym Bag? and Is That an Unlucky Leprechaun in Your Lunch?
Strasser has also published articles and short stories in The New Yorker, Esquire and The New York Times.
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August Strindberg
1849-1912
Johan August Strindberg (January 22, 1849-May 14, 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter. A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg’s career spanned four decades, during which time he wrote more than 60 plays and more than 30 works of fiction, autobiography, history, cultural analysis and politics.
He is considered the “father” of modern Swedish literature and his The Red Room (1879) has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel.
The Royal Theatre rejected his first major play, Master Olof, in 1872; it was not until 1881, when Strindberg was 32, that its premiere at the New Theatre gave him his theatrical breakthrough. In his plays The Father (1887), Miss Julie (1888) and Creditors (1889), he created naturalistic dramas that responded to the call-to-arms of Emile Zola’s manifesto, “Naturalism in the Theatre” (1881), and the example set by Andre Antoine’s newly established Theatre Libre (opened 1887).
Strindberg modeled his short-lived Scandinavian Experimental Theatre (1889) in Copenhagen on Antoine’s theatre and he explored the theory of Naturalism in his essays, “On Psychic Murder” (1887), “On Modern Drama and the Modern Theatre” (1889) and a preface to Miss Julie, the last of which is probably the best-known statement of the principles of the theatrical movement.
During the 1890s, he spent significant time abroad engaged in scientific experiments and studies of the occult. A series of psychotic attacks between 1894 to 1896 (referred to as his “Inferno crisis”) led to his hospitalization and return to Sweden. Under the influence of the ideas of Emanuel Swedenborg, he resolved after his recovery to become “the Zola of the Occult.”
In 1898, he returned to playwriting with To Damascus which, like The Great Highway (1909), is a dream-play of spiritual pilgrimage. His A Dream Play (1902) was an important precursor to both expressionism and surrealism. He also returned to writing historical drama, the genre with which he had begun his playwriting career.
He died on May 14, 1912 at the age of 63.
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Preston Sturges
1898-1959
Preston Sturges’ own life is as unlikely as some of the plots of his best work. He was born into a wealthy family. As a boy he helped out on stage productions for his mother’s friend, Isadora Duncan. He served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps during World War I. Upon his return, he worked for his mother’s fashion company and invented a kiss-proof lipstick, Red-Red Rouge, in 1920.
Shortly after his first marriage, his mother demanded that he return control of the company to her. Kicked out of Maison Desti, he turned to inventing. A tickertape machine, an intaglio photo-etching process, an automobile and an airplane were among some of his commercially unsuccessful inventions.
He began writing stories and, while recovering from an appendectomy in 1929, wrote his first play, The Guinea Pig. In financial trouble over producing his plays, he moved to Hollywood in 1932 to make money. It wasn’t long before he became frustrated by the lack of control he had over his work and wanted to direct the scripts he wrote. Paramount gave him this chance as part of a deal for selling his script for The Great McGinty (1940) at a cheap price. The film’s success launched his career as writer/director and he had several hits over the next four years. That success emboldened him to become an independent filmmaker, but that did not last long – he had a string of commercial failures and acquired a reputation as an expensive perfectionist.
He moved to France to make what turned out to be his last movie, The French, They Are a Funny Race (1955).
He died at the Algonquin Hotel, New York City, in 1959.
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Snorri Sturluson
1179-1241
Snorri Sturluson (1179-September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. He was twice elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the Prose Edda or Younger Edda, which consists of Gylfaginning (“the fooling of Gylfi”), a narrative of Norse mythology, the Skaldskaparmal, a book of poetic language, and the Hattatal, a list of verse forms. He was also the author of the Heimskringla, a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material in the Ynglinga saga and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of Egil’s Saga.
As a historian and mythographer, Sturluson is remarkable for proposing the theory (in the Prose Edda) that mythological gods begin as human war leaders and kings whose funeral sites develop cults. As people call upon the dead war leader before going to battle, or the dead king as they face tribal hardship, they begin to venerate the figure. Eventually, the king or warrior is remembered only as a god. He also proposed that, as tribes defeat others, they explain their victory by proposing that their own gods were in battle with the gods of the others.
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William Styron
1925-2006
William Clark Styron Jr. (June 11, 1925-November 1, 2006) was an American novelist and essayist who won major literary awards for his work.
Styron was born in the Hilton Village historic district of Newport News, Virginia. He grew up in the South and was steeped in its history. His birthplace was less than 100 miles from the site of Nat Turner’s slave rebellion, later the source for Styron’s most famous and controversial novel.
For much of his career, Styron was best known for his novels, which included: Lie Down in Darkness (1951), which he wrote at age 26; The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967), narrated by Nat Turner, the leader of an 1831 Virginia slave revolt; and Sophie’s Choice (1979), a story “told through the eyes of a young aspiring writer from the South, about a Polish Catholic survivor of Auschwitz and her brilliant but troubled Jewish lover in postwar Brooklyn.”
Styron’s influence deepened and his readership expanded with the publication of Darkness Visible in 1990. This memoir, originally intended as a magazine article, chronicled the author’s descent into depression and his near-fatal night of “despair beyond despair.”
Styron died from pneumonia on November 1, 2006, at the age of 81, in Martha’s Vineyard.
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Sir John Suckling
1609-1642
John Suckling was born at Whitton, between Twickenham and Hounslow, Middlesex, on February 10, 1609. His father, descendant of a prominent Norfolk family, was appointed Comptroller of James I’s household in 1622. Suckling matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1623 but left without taking a degree in 1626.
Suckling inherited extensive estates on his father’s death in 1626 and was admitted to Gray’s Inn in 1627. Just 18 years old, he pursued a military and ambassadorial career in the Low Countries and joined the English soldiers serving in the army of Gustavus Adolphus during the Thirty Years’ War. Suckling was knighted in September 1630. He returned to the English court in May 1632, where he became very popular through his wealth and charm. He was known as a gamester and is credited with having invented the game of cribbage.
In 1637, Suckling wrote the prose work, Account of Religion by Reason. His play, Aglaura, was published in 1638 and performed twice for Charles I. It was not a critical success but it introduced the wonderful lyric poem, “Why so pale and wan, fond lover?” In the same year, Suckling’s comedy, The Goblins, was published.
In 1639, Suckling recruited and equipped cavalry to help King Charles I in his first Scottish war. He was ridiculed in London for the troops’ scarlet uniforms and plumed hats, but he was well-favored by the king. In 1640, Suckling sat in Parliament for Bramber and took part in an unsuccessful action against the Scots. In May 1641, Suckling took an active part in the royalist plot to rescue Strafford from the Tower. When Parliament ordered him to account for his movements, Suckling fled through Dieppe to Paris. He died in Paris a few months later, in 1642, either from suicide by poison or, as another tradition has it, by the hand of a servant who placed a razor in his boot.
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Suetonius
70 AD-130 AD
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca. 69/75 AD-after 130 AD), was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. His most important surviving work is a set of biographies of 12 successive Roman rulers, from Julius Caesar until Domitian, entitled De Vita Caesarum. Other works by Suetonius concern the daily life of Rome, politics, oratory and the lives of famous writers, including poets, historians and grammarians. A few of these books have partially survived, but many are entirely lost.
Suetonius was born the son of Suetonius Laetus, who probably came from Hippo Regius (Annaba, Algeria). Laetus was an equestrian who served and took part in the first Battle of Bedriacum for the Emperor Otho and against the future Emperor Vitellius in 69 AD.
Suetonius was a close friend to Senator and letter-writer Pliny the Younger. Pliny describes him as “quiet and studious, a man dedicated to writing.” Pliny helped him buy a small property in Italy and interceded with the Emperor Trajan to grant Suetonius immunities usually granted to a father of three, the ius trium liberorum, because his marriage was childless. Through Pliny, Suetonius came into favor with Trajan and Hadrian. Suetonius may have served on Pliny’s staff when Pliny was Proconsul of Bithynia Pontus (northern Asia Minor) between 110 AD and 112 AD.
Under Trajan, he served as secretary of studies and director of Imperial archives. Under Hadrian, he became the Emperor’s secretary. But, in 119, Hadrian dismissed Suetonius for an affair with Empress Vibia Sabina. Suetonius may have later regained imperial favor under Hadrian and returned to his position. This hypothesis is based on the suggestion that Offices of State was one of his last works, and that the subject was chosen to reflect Hadrian’s administrative reforms; however, there is no certain evidence of a public career after 120 AD.
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Patrick Suskind
1949-
Patrick Suskind (born March 26, 1949) is a German writer and screenwriter. He was born in Ambach am Starnberger See, near Munich, in Germany. He went to school in Holzhausen, a little Bavarian village. After his Abitur and his Zivildienst, he studied Medieval and Modern History at the University of Munich and in Aix-en-Provence from 1968-1974. Suskind also attended lessons in English, Spanish, Latin, Greek, Politics, Art and Theology but, apparently, never graduated. Financially supported by his parents, he moved to Paris, where he began writing.
In 1981, he had his breakthrough with the play, Der Kontrabasa¸ (The Double Bass), which was originally conceived as a radio play. In the season 1984/85, the play was performed more than 500 times, the German-language play performed most that season. The only role is tragi-comical orchestral musician, who has so many problems with his instrument and his insignificance that he falls into nagging fatalism.
In the 1980s, Suskind was also successful as a screenwriter for the TV productions, Kir Royal (1987) and Monaco Franze (1983), among others. For his screenplay of Rossini, he earned the Screenplay Prize of the German Department for Culture in 1996.
His best-known work is the internationally acclaimed bestseller, Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (1985). He is also the author of a novella, The Pigeon (1988), The Story of Mr. Sommer (1991), Three Stories and a Reflection (1996) and a collection of essays, On Love and Death (2006).
Suskind lives reclusively in Munich, in Seeheim and in France.
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Emanuel Swedenborg
1688-1772
Emanuel Swedenborg (born Emanuel Swedberg; January 29, 1688-March 29, 1772) was a Swedish scientist, philosopher, Christian mystic and theologian. Swedenborg had a prolific career as an inventor and scientist. At the age of 56, he entered into a spiritual phase in which he experienced dreams and visions. This culminated in a spiritual awakening, in which he claimed he was appointed by the Lord to write a heavenly doctrine to reform Christianity. He claimed that the Lord had opened his eyes, so that from then on he could freely visit heaven and hell, and talk with angels, demons and other spirits. For the remaining 28 years of his life, he wrote and published 18 theological works, of which the best known was Heaven and Hell (1758), and several unpublished theological works.
Swedenborg completed his university course at Uppsala in 1709 and, in 1710, made his grand tour through the Netherlands, France and Germany, before reaching London, where he would spend the next four years. He studied physics, mechanics and philosophy and read and wrote poetry.
In July 1770, at the age of 82, he traveled to Amsterdam to complete the publication of his last work. The book, Vera Christiana Religio (The True Christian Religion), was published in Amsterdam in 1771 and was one of the most appreciated of his works. Designed to explain his teachings to Lutheran Christians, it was the most concrete of his publications.
In the summer of 1771, he traveled to London. Shortly before Christmas, he suffered a stroke and was partially paralyzed and confined to bed. His health improved somewhat but he died on March 29, 1772.
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Jonathan Swift
1667-1745
Jonathan Swift was born on November 30, 1667, in Dublin, Ireland, the son of Protestant Anglo-Irish parents: His ancestors had been Royalists and all his life he would be a High-Churchman. Between 1682 and 1686, he attended, and graduated from, Trinity College in Dublin, though he was not, apparently, an exemplary student.
In 1688, William of Orange invaded England, initiating the Glorious Revolution. With Dublin in political turmoil, Trinity College was closed and an ambitious Swift took the opportunity to go to England, where he hoped to gain preferment in the Anglican Church. In England, in 1689, he became secretary to Sir William Temple, a diplomat and man of letters, at Moor Park in Surrey. There, Swift read extensively in his patron’s library and met Esther Johnson, who would become his “Stella.” It was there, too, that he began to suffer from Meniere’s Disease, a disturbance of the inner ear that produces nausea and vertigo, and which was little understood in Swift’s day. He visited Oxford in 1691; in 1692, with Temple’s assistance, he received an M.A. degree from the university and published his first poem.
In 1694, still anxious to advance himself within the Church of England, he left Temple’s household and returned to Ireland to take holy orders. In 1695, he was ordained as a priest in the Church of Ireland, the Irish branch of the Anglican Church and, the following year, he returned to Temple and Moor Park.
Between 1696 and 1699, Swift composed most of his first great work, including “A Tale of a Tub” and, in 1697, “The Battle of the Books.”
In 1700, he was instituted Vicar of Laracor – provided, that is, with what was known as a “Living” – and given a prebend in St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin. These appointments were a bitter disappointment for a man who had longed to remain in England. In 1701, Swift was awarded a D.D. from Dublin University and published his first political pamphlet supporting the Whigs against the Tories. The year 1704 saw the anonymous publication of “A Tale of a Tub,” “The Battle of the Books” and “The Mechanical Operation of the Spirit.”
In 1708, Swift met Joseph Addison and Thomas Steele and published his Bickerstaff Papers and a series of ironical pamphlets on church questions, including “An Argument against Abolishing Christianity.”
In 1710, he published “A Description of a City Shower” and became the editor of the Tory newspaper, The Examiner. Between 1710 and 1713, he also wrote the famous series of letters to Esther Johnson that would eventually be published as The Journal to Stella. In 1713, Swift was installed as Dean of St. Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin.
In 1720, he began work on Gulliver’s Travels. The Drapier Letters were published in 1724-25. “A Modest Proposal” was published in 1729 and “A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed” was released in 1731.
During 1738, he slipped gradually into senility and finally suffered a paralytic stroke. Swift died on October 19, 1745.
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Algernon Charles Swinburne
1837-1909
Algernon Charles Swinburne (April 5, 1837-April 10, 1909) was an English poet, playwright, novelist and critic. He invented the roundel form, wrote several novels and contributed to the famous Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in every year from 1903 to 1907 and again in 1909.
Swinburne was born at 7 Chester Street, Grosvenor Place, London. He was the eldest of six children born to Captain (later Admiral) Charles Henry Swinburne and Lady Jane Henrietta, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Ashburnham. He grew up at East Dene in Bonchurch on the Isle of Wight and attended Eton College, 1849-53, where he first started writing poetry, and then Balliol College, Oxford, 1856-60, with a brief hiatus when he was rusticated from the university in 1859 for having publicly supported the attempted assassination of Napoleon III by Felice Orsini, returning in May 1860, though he never received a degree.
After leaving college, he lived in London and started an active writing career. His poetic works include: Atalanta in Calydon (1865), Poems and Ballads (1866), Songs before Sunrise (1871), Poems and Ballads, Second Series (1878), Tristram of Lyonesse (1882), Poems and Ballads, Third Series (1889) and the novel, Lesbia Brandon (published posthumously in 1952).
Swinburne was an alcoholic and algolagniac and a highly excitable character. His health suffered as a result and, in 1879, at the age of 42, he was taken into care by his friend, Theodore Watts, who looked after him for the rest of his life at The Pines, 11 Putney Hill, Putney. Thereafter, he lost his youthful rebelliousness and developed into a figure of social respectability.
He died at the Pines on April 10, 1909, at the age of 72.
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Meera Syal
1961-
Meera Syal (born June 27, 1961) is a British comedienne, writer, playwright, singer, journalist, producer and actress. She rose to prominence as one of the team that created Goodness Gracious Me and became one of the UK’s best-known Indian personalities, portraying Sanjeev’s grandmother, Ummi, in The Kumars at No. 42. She was awarded the MBE in the 1997 New Year Honours.
Her Punjab-born parents came to England from New Delhi. She was born in Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, and grew up in Essington, a mining village a few miles to the north. When she was a young girl, the family moved to Bloxwich. She attended Queen Mary’s High School in nearby Walsall and then studied English and drama at Manchester University.
Syal wrote the screenplay for the 1993 film, Bhaji on the Beach, directed by Gurinder Chadha, of Bend It Like Beckham fame. She was one of the team who wrote and performed in the BBC comedy sketch show, Goodness Gracious Me (1996-2001), originally on radio and then on television.
She achieved a No. 1 record with Gareth Gates and her co-stars from The Kumars at No. 42 with “Spirit in the Sky,” the Comic Relief single. She also sang “Then He Kissed Me” (composed by Biddu) with the Pakistani pop star, Nazia Hassan. Syal, Hassan and Biddu also came up with the girl band named “Saffron” in 1988.
In October 2008, she starred in the BBC2 sitcom Beautiful People. This role, as Aunty Hayley, continued in 2009. Syal starred in the 11th series of Holby City as Consultant Tara Sodi. In 2009, she guest starred in Minder and starred in the film, Mad, Sad & Bad. In 2010, she played Shirley Valentine in a one-woman show at the Trafalgar Studios. In the same year, she played Nasreen Chroudhry in two episodes of Doctor Who alongside Matt Smith.
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John Millington Synge
1871-1909
John Millington Synge was born at Newtown Little, in the vicinity of Dublin, in 1871. Not much is known of his early life except that he lived at home until he was nearly 20, that he entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1888, and was graduated four years later. His predilection was for languages and music, although he was ever an ardent nature-lover.
For many years, he wandered about the Continent, writing a little and allowing impressions of men and nature to gather in his receptive mind. He went first to Germany with the intention of pursuing his musical studies; after a year, he abandoned the idea and went to Paris in order to do literary criticism.
Still uncertain of his true calling, he made various though unsuccessful attempts to write poetry and essays. He did not “find himself” until he was discovered by another young enthusiast from Ireland, W.B. Yeats who, in 1898, induced him to leave Paris and return to Ireland and devote himself to a study of the people and write real Irish plays for the recently founded Irish Theater. In the Aran Islands, in Wicklow and Kerry and Connemara, Synge found the necessary material and inspiration for his plays.
Synge suffered from Hodgkin’s disease, a form of cancer at the time untreatable. He died in Dublin in 1909.
| i don't know |
July 15, 1951 marked the birth of what famed professional wrestler, known as The Body, who also spent 4 years as the governor of Minnesota? | Astrology: Jesse Ventura, date of birth: 1951/07/15, Horoscope, Astrological Portrait, Dominant Planets, Birth Data, Biography
1st Fire sign - 1st Cardinal sign (spring equinox) - Masculine
In analogy with Mars, his ruler, and the 1st House
Aries governs the head.
His colour is red, his stone is the heliotrope, his day is Tuesday, and his professions are businessman, policeman, sportsman, surgeon...
If your sign is Aries or your Ascendant is Aries: you are courageous, frank, enthusiastic, dynamic, fast, bold, expansive, warm, impulsive, adventurous, intrepid, warlike, competitive, but also naive, domineering, self-centred, impatient, rash, thoughtless, blundering, childish, quick-tempered, daring or primitive.
Some traditional associations with Aries: Countries: England, France, Germany, Denmark. Cities: Marseille, Florence, Naples, Birmingham, Wroclaw, Leicester, Capua, Verona. Animals: Rams and sheeps. Food: Leeks, hops, onions, shallots, spices. Herbs and aromatics: mustard, capers, Cayenne pepper, chilli peppers. Flowers and plants: thistles, mint, bryonies, honeysuckles. Trees: hawthorns, thorny trees and bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: diamonds, iron, potassium phosphate.
Signs: Taurus
1st Earth sign - 1st Fixed sign - Feminine
In analogy with Venus, his ruler, and the 2nd House
Taurus governs the neck and the throat.
Her colour is green or brown, her stone is the emerald, her day is Friday, her professions are cook, artist, estate agent, banker, singer...
If your sign is Taurus or your Ascendant is Taurus: you are faithful, constant, sturdy, patient, tough, persevering, strong, focused, sensual, stable, concrete, realistic, steady, loyal, robust, constructive, tenacious. You need security, but you are also stubborn, rigid, possessive, spiteful, materialistic, fixed or slow.
Some traditional associations with Taurus: Countries: Switzerland, Greek islands, Ireland, Cyprus, Iran. Cities: Dublin, Palermo, Parma, Luzern, Mantua, Leipzig, Saint Louis, Ischia, Capri. Animals: bovines. Food: apples, pears, berries, corn and other cereals, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans. Herbs and aromatics: sorrels, spearmint, cloves. Flowers and plants: poppies, roses, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, daisies. Trees: apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses, ash trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: copper, calcium and potassium sulphate, emeralds.
Signs: Gemini
1st Air sign - 1st Mutable sign - Masculine
In analogy with Mercury, his ruler, and the 3rd House
Gemini governs the arms, the lungs and the thorax.
His colour is green or silver, his stone is the crystal, his day is Wednesday, his professions are journalist, lawyer, presenter, dancer, salesman, travel agent, teacher...
If your sign is Gemini or if your Ascendant is Gemini: you are expressive, lively, adaptable, quick-witted, humorous, sparkling, playful, sociable, clever, curious, whimsical, independent, polyvalent, brainy, flexible, ingenious, imaginative, charming, fanciful but also capricious, scattered, moody, shallow, inquisitive, opportunistic, unconcerned, selfish, fragile, ironical or changeable.
Some traditional associations with Gemini: Countries: Belgium, Wales, United-States, Lower Egypt, Sardinia, Armenia. Cities: London, Plymouth, Cardiff, Melbourne, San Francisco, Nuremberg, Bruges, Versailles. Animals: monkeys, butterflies, parrots, budgerigars. Food: dried fruits, chestnuts, ground-level vegetables: peas, broad beans, etc. Herbs and aromatics: aniseed, marjoram, lemon balm, cumin. Flowers and plants: lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtle, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets. Trees: nut trees such as chestnut trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: agates, mercury, silicas and potashes.
Signs: Cancer
1st Water sign - 2nd Cardinal sign (summer solstice) - Feminine
In analogy with the Moon, her ruler, and the 4th House
Cancer governs the stomach and the breast.
Her colour is white or black, her stone is the moonstone, her day is Monday, her professions are catering, the hotel trade, property, antique dealer, archaeologist...
If your sign is Cancer or your Ascendant is Cancer: you are emotional, sentimental, peaceful, imaginative, sensitive, faithful, resistant, protective, vulnerable, generous, romantic, nostalgic, tender, poetic-minded, motherly or fatherly, dreamy, indolent, greedy, devoted but also timorous, unrealistic, evasive, passive, anxious, dependent, stubborn, moody, passive, lazy, touchy, stay-at-home or inaccessible.
Some traditional associations with Cancer: Countries: Holland, Scotland, North and West Africa, New-Zealand, Paraguay, Algeria. Cities: Amsterdam, Manchester, Tokyo, New York, Istanbul, Stockholm, Milan, Venice, Genoa, Cadix, Alger, Tunis, Bern, Magdeburg. Animals: crabs, animals with shells. Food: milk, fishes, watery fruits and vegetables, turnips, white and red cabbages. Herbs and aromatics: tarragon, verbena, saxifrage. Flowers and plants: geraniums, white roses and white flowers in general, water lilies, morning glory, bear's breeches, and lilies. Trees: all trees full of sap. Stones, Metals and Salts: pearls, silver, lime and calcium phosphate.
Signs: Leo
2nd Fire sign - 2nd Fixed sign - Masculine
In analogy with the Sun, his ruler, and the 5th House
Leo governs the heart and the spine, and the eyes, according to some authors.
His colour is gold or orange, his stone is the diamond, his day is Sunday, his professions are actor, manager, jeweller, fashion and arts, and action (e.g. fireman)...
If your sign is Leo or your Ascendant is Leo: you are proud, determined, strong-willed, loyal, solemn, generous, ambitious, courageous, heroic, conquering, creative, confident, seductive, happy, daring, fiery, majestic, honest, magnanimous, charismatic, responsible, noble, dramatic but also domineering, vain, susceptible, bossy, stubborn, intolerant, self-centred, violent, quick-tempered, nonchalant.
Some traditional associations with Leo: Countries: Italy, Romania, Sicily, Czechoslovakia, Iraq, Lebanon, Southern France. Cities: Rome, Prague, Bombay, Madrid, Philadelphia, Chicago, Los Angeles, Bath, Bristol, Portsmouth, Syracuse, Damas. Animals: lions and felines in general. Food: meat and especially red meat, rice, honey, cereals, grapes, iron-rich vegetables: watercress, spinach etc. Herbs and aromatics: saffron, mint, rosemary, common rue (Ruta graveolens). Flowers and plants: marigolds, sunflowers, celandines, passion flowers. Trees: palm trees, laurel, walnuts, olive trees, lemon and orange trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: gold, rubies, magnesium and sodium phosphate.
Signs: Virgo
2nd Earth sign - 2nd Mutable sign - Feminine
In analogy with Mercury, her ruler, and the 6th house
Virgo governs the intestine.
Her colour is green or yellow, her stone is the agate, her day is Wednesday, her professions are accountant, secretary, writer, computer scientist, nurse, doctor...
If your sign is Virgo or your Ascendant is Virgo: you are brainy, perspicacious, attentive to detail and numbers, analytical, serious, competent, scrupulous, sensible, modest, logical, tidy, well-organized, clean, hard-working, provident, honest, faithful, reserved, shy, helpful, a perfectionist, but also narrow-minded, calculating, irritating, petty, anxious, cold, repressed or caustic.
Some traditional associations with Virgo: Countries: Brazil, Greece, Turkey, West Indies, United-States (the same as Gemini), Yugoslavia, Crete, Mesopotamia, Lower Silesia, State of Virginia. Cities: Paris, Boston, Athens, Lyon, Corinthia, Heidelberg, spa towns in general. Animals: dogs, cats and all pets. Food: root vegetables: carrots, celeriac, kohlrabies, potatoes etc... Also dried fruits such as chestnuts. Herbs and aromatics: the same as Gemini whose ruler is Mercury too, lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtles, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets, clovers. Flowers and plants: small bright-coloured flowers, especially blue and yellow, such as dandelions, buttercups, yellow dead-nettles, buglosses, forget-me-nots ; cardamoms, oak leaves, acorns. Trees: all nut trees, e.g. the hazelnut tree... Stones, Metals and Salts: sards (red agate), mercury, nickel, potassium sulphate and iron phosphate.
Signs: Libra
2nd Air sign - 3rd Cardinal sign (autumn equinox) - Masculine
In analogy with Venus, his ruler and the 7th House
Libra governs the kidneys and the bladder.
His colour is blue or red (not too bright), his stone is the opal, his day is Friday, his professions are in the beauty, luxury or fashion industry, musician, artistic creator, lawyer, mediator...
If your sign is Libra or your Ascendant is Libra: you are sentimental, charming, polite, refined, loyal, a pacifist, fair, distinguished, light-hearted, romantic, learned, ethereal, nice, well-groomed, a perfectionist, calm, sweet, tolerant, sociable, elegant, considerate, seductive, aesthetic, indulgent, but also hesitant, weak, indecisive, selfish, fragile, fearful, indolent, cool or even insensitive.
Some traditional associations with Libra: Countries: Japan, Canada, Indo-China, South Pacific Islands, Burma, Argentina, Upper Egypt, Tibet. Cities: Lisbon, Vienna, Frankfurt, Leeds, Nottingham, Johannesburg, Antwerp, Fribourg. Animals: lizards and small reptiles. Food: berries, apples, pears, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans, spices, corn and other cereals. Herbs and aromatics: mint, Cayenne pepper. Flowers and plants: hydrangea, big roses, blue flowers and those associated with Taurus also ruled by Venus, namely, poppies, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, and daisies. Trees: ash trees, poplars, apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses. Stones, Metals and Salts: sapphires, jade, copper, potassium and sodium phosphate.
Signs: Scorpio
2nd Water sign - 3rd Fixed sign - Feminine
In analogy with Pluto, her ruler with Mars, and the 8th House
Scorpio governs the sexual organs and the anus.
Her colour is black or dark red, her stone is the malachite, her day is Tuesday, her professions are gynaecologist, psychiatrist, detective, the military, army, stockbroker, asset managemer...
If your sign is Scorpio or your Ascendant is Scorpio: you are secretive, powerful, domineering, resistant, intuitive, asserted, charismatic, magnetic, strong-willed, perspicacious, passionate, creative, independent, vigorous, generous, loyal, hard-working, persevering, untameable, possessive, cunning, ambitious, sexual, proud, intense, competitive but also aggressive, destructive, stubborn, anxious, tyrannical, perverse, sadistic, violent, self-centred, complex, jealous.
Some traditional associations with Scorpio: Countries: Morocco, Norway, Algeria, Syria, Korea, Uruguay, Transvaal. Cities: Washington, New Orleans, Valencia, Liverpool, Milwaukee, Fes, Halifax, Hull, Cincinnati. Animals: insects and other invertebrates. Food: the same strong tasting food as for Aries: red meat, garlic, onions, leeks, spices. Herbs and aromatics: aloes, witch hazels, nepeta, mustard, capers, peppers. Flowers and plants: geraniums, rhododendrons, thistles, mint, honeysuckles. Trees: blackthorns, bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: opals, steel and iron, calcium and sodium sulphate.
Signs: Sagittarius
3rd Fire sign - 3rd Mutable sign - Masculine
In analogy with Jupiter, his ruler, and the 9th House
Sagittarius governs the thighs and the liver.
His colour is indigo, orange or red, his stone is the carbuncle, his day is Thursday, his professions are explorer, commercial traveller, pilot, philosopher, writer, clergyman...
If your sign is Sagittarius or your Ascendant is Sagittarius: you are charismatic, fiery, energetic, likeable, benevolent, tidy, jovial, optimistic, extraverted, amusing, straightforward, demonstrative, charming, independent, adventurous, straightforward, bold, exuberant, freedom-loving.
Some traditional associations with Sagittarius: Countries: Spain, Australia, Hungary, South Africa, Arabia, Yugoslavia. Cities: Stuttgart, Toledo, Budapest, Cologne, Avignon, Sheffield, Naples, Toronto. Animals: fallow deers, hinds, and all games. Food: grapefruits, raisins, onions, leeks, bulb vegetables. Herbs and aromatics: aniseeds, sage, bilberries, cinnamon, borage, mosses, sage, blueberry, patience, balsam. Flowers and plants: dandelions, carnations, thistles. Trees: mulberry trees, chestnut trees, ash trees, lemon trees, oaks. Stones, Metals and Salts: topaz, tin, silica, potassium chloride.
Signs: Capricorn
3rd Earth sign - 4th Cardinal sign (winter solstice) - Feminine
In analogy with Saturn, her ruler, and the 10th House
Capricorn governs the knees, the bones and the skin.
Her colour is black, or grey, green or brown, her stone is the jade, her day is Saturday, her professions are politician, researcher, jurist, scientist, engineer, administrator...
If your sign is Capricorn or your Ascendant is Capricorn: you are serious, cold, disciplined, patient, focused, thoughtful, ambitious, indomitable, cautious, lucid, persistent, provident, steady, introverted, stern, wilful, hard-working, responsible, persevering, honest, realistic, loyal, reserved, resolute, moralistic, quiet, rigorous, attached and reliable. But you may also be curt, withdrawn, calculating, petty, cruel, unpleasant, ruthless, selfish, dull, rigid, slow or sceptical.
Some traditional associations with Capricorn: Countries: India, Mexico, Afghanistan, Macedonia, Thrace, the Yugoslavian coast, the Orkneys and Shetland Islands, Albania, Bulgaria, Saxony. Cities: Delhi, Oxford, Brussels, Mexico, Port-Saïd, Gent, Constance, Mecklenburg, all the administrative centres of capital cities. Animals: goats, pigs and animals with split hooves. Food: meat, potatoes, barley, beets, spinach, medlars, onions, quinces, flour and starchy food in general. Herbs and aromatics: indian hemp, comfreys, centaureas, hemlocks, henbanes. Flowers and plants: ivies, wild pansies, amaranths, pansies. Trees: pines, willows, flowering ashes, aspens, poplars, alders. Stones, Metals and Salts: turquoises, amethysts, silver, lead, calcium phosphate, calcium fluorine.
Signs: Aquarius
3rd Air sign - 4th Fixed sign - Masculine
In analogy with Uranus his ruler, with Saturn, and the 11th House
Aquarius governs the ankles and the legs.
His colour is navy blue or indigo, his stone is the sapphire, his day is Saturday, his professions are astrologer, high technologies, scientist, astronaut, psychiatrist, actor, electrician...
If your sign is Aquarius or your Ascendant is Aquarius: you are idealistic, altruistic, detached, independent, original, surprising, gifted, contradictory, innovative, humanistic, likeable, friendly, self-confident, impassive, quiet, intuitive, creative, charitable, elusive, disconcerting, generous, tolerant, paradoxical, and you cannot stand any kind of constraint. But you may also be marginal, resigned, distant, utopian, maladjusted, eccentric and cold.
Some traditional associations with Aquarius: Countries: Russia, Sweden, Poland, Israel, Iran, Abyssinia. Cities: Moscow, Salzburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Saint Petersburg. Animals: long distance big birds such as the albatross. Food: citrus fruits, apples, limes, dried fruits and easily preserved food. Herbs and aromatics: peppers, hot red peppers, star-fruits, and generally herbs that are spicy or with an unusual flavour. Flowers and plants: orchids, dancing ladies, polygonatum. Trees: fruit trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: aquamarines, aluminium, sodium chloride and magnesium phosphate.
Signs: Pisces
3rd Water sign - 4th Mutable sign - Feminine
In analogy with Neptune her ruler with Jupiter, and the 12th House
Pisces governs the feet and the blood circulation.
Her colour is green or purple or turquoise blue, her stone is the amethyst, her day is Thursday, her professions are seamanship and and faraway travels, musician, social and emergency worker, doctor, writer and jobs in remote places...
If your sign is Pisces or your Ascendant is Pisces: you are emotional, sensitive, dedicated, adaptable, nice, wild, compassionate, romantic, imaginative, flexible, opportunist, intuitive, impossible to categorized, irrational, seductive, placid, secretive, introverted, pleasant, artistic, and charming. But you may also be indecisive, moody, confused, wavering, lazy, scatterbrained, vulnerable, unpredictable and gullible.
Some traditional associations with Pisces: Countries: Portugal, Scandinavia, small Mediterranean islands, Gobi desert, Sahara. Cities: Jerusalem, Warsaw, Alexandria, Seville, Santiago de Compostela. Animals: fishes, aquatic mammals and all animals living in the water. Food: melons, cucumbers, lettuces, vegemite sugar, pumpkins. Herbs and aromatics: lemon, chicory, limes, mosses. Flowers and plants: water lilies, willows, aquatic plants. Trees: fig-trees, willows, aquatic trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: heliotropes, moonstone, platinum, tin, iron phosphate and potassium sulphate.
Sun 22�05' Cancer, in House II
Sun Aspects
Sun square Neptune orb -5�14'
Sun sextile Saturn orb +5�17'
Sun semi-square Venus orb -1�21'
Planets: Sun
The Sun represents vitality, individuality, will-power and creative energy and honours. For a woman, it also represents her father, and later her husband. The Sun is one of the most important symbols in the birth chart, as much as the Ascendant, then the Moon (a bit less for a man), the ruler of the Ascendant and the fast-moving planets.
It's element is fire; it is hot and dry, it governs Leo, is in exaltation in Aries and is in analogy with the heart. It represents the boss, authority, beside the father and the husband ; the age of the Sun goes from 20 years old to about 40, following the Venus age when one is aware of his seductive power.
Temperament : Bilious
Characterology : Emotive, Active, Secondary, passionate type.
Sun in Cancer
Your nature is impressionable. Your sensitivity is very developed and allows you to feel the influences of your environment and to draw your sensations and your feelings from surrounding ambiances. You are very receptive to your family roots, to your past and sometimes, to history. Your imagination is the refuge where you enjoy diving, on your own. The subtleness of your emotions is difficult to render. It is impossible for a cell � family, social, professional - to function by itself without homogenous references, without a �family likeness�. You are able to convince your close friends to digest their differences and their specificities and to create an intimate relationship in which you can happily show your worth. Should an agent for cohesion be missing, and should everything seem too diverse or scattered, you are probably the most capable to unify the whole group: one after the other, you digest your surrounding characteristics and, as time goes by, you turn into the most perfect representative of your environment. You may need to handle hostility without shutting down the lines of dialogue. You must also learn to develop the fighting spirit that your sign lacks, so that your receptivity can be fully expressed.
Sun in House II
In your natal chart, the Sun is in the 2nd House. This configuration favours acquisitions and gains. You accumulate objects, feelings, and knowledge. From the collector to the businessman, including the philosopher of the Capital (Karl Marx has the Sun in the 2nd House), the range is wide. To possess is a verb that you enjoy conjugating at will. You assess the worth of a person on the basis of his possessions, of what he owns or does not own, on his assets, as well as on his material and spiritual riches.
Sun Dominant
If the Sun is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Solarian: you loathe pettiness and Machiavellian manoeuvre, and you are fond of natural nobleness as well as of direct and honest attitudes. You endeavour to get out of muddled or dark situations as quickly as possible. Your need for transparency may lead you to make cut-and-dried judgments such as yes or no, and black or white. However, your honesty commands your entourage's consideration. At times, you come across as authoritarian. It is true that you never want to be thought of the notable absentee, and that you manage to make people pay attention to you, as well as to your plans and your assessments. To this end, the Solarian sometimes develops a great talent for placing himself under the spotlight without missing a single opportunity to arouse interest. Some other Solarians, although more discreet, still manage to be the focus of any debate, even in situations of exclusion. It is your way of being present even though you are actually not there... More than other people, you appreciate the esteem extended to you. It is useless to cheat with you, since in all areas you consider establishing enduring relationships only with those who love you, admire you, respect you, or express some degree of affection to you. Your will to straighten out your inter-personal relationships is your strength and sometimes, your Achilles' heel. You cannot achieve anything behind the scenes. Therefore, your comportment is marked with heroism, and your stands are devoid of ambiguity, in the sense that your commitments are unfailing, and your rebuffs, final.
Interpretation of the 22� Cancer symbolic degree
"A man sleeps in a field, in broad daylight, near another man who yawns and stretches himself, while two marauders steal their working tools." ( Janduz version)
Carefree, neglectful, and lazy character. Nevertheless, owing to sheer good luck, brilliant success and happiness are achieved around mid-life. One must then put up every effort in order to make them last, because otherwise, one is most likely to end up in poverty and loneliness.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it.
Moon 3�38' Sagittarius, in House VI
Moon Aspects
Moon square Venus orb -2�05'
Moon bi-quintile Uranus orb -0�49'
Moon trine Mercury orb -8�26'
Moon sextile Saturn orb +6�16'
Planets: Moon
The Moon represents instinctive reaction, unconscious predestination, everyday mood, sensitivity, emotions, the feminine side of the personality, intuition, imagination. For a man, she represents his mother and later his wife, and his relationship with women in general. For a woman, the Moon is almost as important as the Sun and the Ascendant. Her element is water, she is cold and moist, she rules Cancer, is in exaltation in Taurus and is in analogy with the stomach.
She symbolizes the mother, wife, the crowd, the Moon is associated with birth and childhood. Tradition also matches her with the end of life, after Saturn the old age, it is thus customary to go back to one's place of birth to die: the end of life meets the very beginning.
Temperament : Lymphatic
Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Non-Emotive, non Active and Primary, Nervous or Amorphous type.
Moon in Sagittarius
On the day and at the time of your birth, the Moon was in the sign of Sagittarius. You have the soul of a traveller, whether your travel inside yourself or across faraway lands. Your independent nature constantly wants to enlarge your horizon, to discover and to explore new worlds� or its new facets. The word stagnation does not belong to your vocabulary: you effortlessly adopt foreign customs and habits that are different from your initial behaviours. Your lunar sign belongs to the Gemini-Sagittarius axis that is resolutely open on the external world. You display strong assimilation abilities and you adopt your entourage�s habits and customs. Your life setting does not have the stiff character that others need to feel in security. You put up with rhythm changes and your balance is not upset by unforeseen events and contacts. On the contrary, you loathe solitude and you are very comfortable when you have to exchange and to relate to others. There may be a danger that you very cautiously avoid: your adaptation capacity must not turn you into a chameleon and it is important that you pay due attention to your needs and to your personal rhythms.
Moon in House VI
With the Moon in the 6th House, your private world has nothing to do with a windmill! Your selective and demanding sensitivity does not leave your life setting to chance. You observe for a long time, you weigh up people and things with precision before you allow them in. You are sometimes criticised for your prudishness and your excessive reserve. Actually, you need to digest and to slowly integrate the specificities of the circle where you move before you can feel comfortable.
Moon Dominant
If the Moon is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Lunarian: the driving force behind your actions is mainly the pursuit of well-being and tranquillity. Your sensitive and romantic self lives on those periods of rest during which you let your imagination wander at will. This is your way of finding inspiration and balance. Nothing is allowed to disturb your feeling of fulfilment and security within a harmonious cell, be it a family or a clan. More than other people, the Lunarian is attached to those moments during which one forgets one's worries and lets oneself cast adrift aimlessly, with no other goal than to be lulled into an ambiance, a situation, or a perfect moment. Many people do not understand such absences and their meaning, which is to regain strength. These people readily describe you with such unflattering terms as apathy and nonchalance. Never mind! Some inspirations require surrendering as well as striking a balance derived from alternate action and passivity. Your qualities are expressed to the fullest in situations which demand familiarity and privacy. Your capacities to respect and blend into your environment is at least as valuable as some other people's aggressive dispositions. However, you are well-advised to avoid indolence and renunciation out of laziness or indifference.
Interpretation of the 3� Sagittarius symbolic degree
"A man armed with a halberd stands guard on a fortress tower. Behind an arrow loop, an archer is prepared to shoot." ( Janduz version)
Courageous, circumspect, and clever character. Ambitions are limited, and one contents oneself with a modest career as a journalist, a musician, a soldier, a bailiff, or a diplomat. The civil servant who is promoted after years of regular and diligent work is a good illustration for this degree. It may indicate a keen interest in matters dealing with altitude, such as mountainous peaks or aviation, but sometimes, it also means that one lives in the top floor of a building.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it.
Mercury 12�05' Leo, in House III
Mercury Aspects
Mercury trine Jupiter orb -1�27'
Mercury conjunction Pluto orb +6�33'
Mercury semi-square Saturn orb +0�16'
Mercury sextile Neptune orb +4�44'
Moon trine Mercury orb -8�26'
Planets: Mercury
Mercury represents communication, logical and rational mind, intellectual skills. Earth is its element, it is cold and dry, and it rules Virgo and Gemini, is in exaltation in Virgo and is in analogy with the arms, hands, nervous system.
It represents tradesmen, lawyers, messengers; the age of Mercury goes from 8 or10 years old to about 15..
Temperament : Nervous
Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Non-Emotive, Active and Primary, Nervous or Sanguine type.
Mercury in Leo
Mercury describes your relations, your communication skills and the way you relate to the external world. However, other astrological elements also influence these areas. The sign Mercury occupies is significant only if Mercury is part of your planetary dominantes. In your chart, Mercury is in Leo. You want to explain and to control complex situations. You express yourself straightforwardly and directly, at the risk of hurting your entourage. Communication means to figure out the character and the specificity of each individual; you need to understand and to define the personality of your interlocutor so as to clarify the relationship. On the human plane, you are sensitive to power struggles and to the power exerted.
Mercury in House III
Mercury is in the 3rd House, the sector where inter-personal relations are learned, and which is naturally linked to this planet. Communication is an essential feature to you. You need to continuously experiment new ideas, as well as to create multi-faceted concepts and relationships. You try to keep your intellectual process constantly at work so as to be able to grasp all sorts of situations and information. You are a reporter and an observer to the core.
Mercury Dominant
If Mercury is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Mercurian: the tradition points out the importance of communication. From idle but enriching chatters to observation gift, such a dominant endows you with a wide range of expression. Human beings have one thousand facets and one thousand masks they wear according to circumstances and the fortunes of the game of life. You take the role of an observer who is avid for novelties, discoveries, and surprises. Everything catches your attention and becomes an opportunity for new encounters, relationships, and learning. The world amazes you, amuses you sometimes, and stimulates your curiosity. Because the most important thing is to discover, and because you consider that each new situation is packed with potentialities, you try to fill the gaps in your knowledge. Although your open-mindedness may scatter your centres of interest, it also enables you to carefully avoid sticking to only one immutable and rigid view. The slightest sign enables you to perceive the other side of the coin, as well as the infinite complexity of people and of situations. On the human plane, you seek the dialogue and the information without which you know that you are not able to fully grasp the nature of your interlocutor. This keen interest in the Unknown sharpens your inter-relational skills. All these qualities are traditionally associated with Mercury.
Interpretation of the 12� Leo symbolic degree
"A triumphant bull stands on top of a rock, in the crevices of which grow a few blades of grass." ( Janduz version)
Determined, hard-working, and independent character driven high moral standards and unshakable beliefs. Success, fame and wealth are achieved through courageous and persistent work. Occupations related to forest clearing, scientific agriculture, and animal breeding are very favoured. However, entrenched attitudes must be avoided in order not to arouse hatred. If the natal chart points to dishonesty, there is a danger of deceit and poisoning, whether one is the perpetrator or the victim.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it.
Venus 5�43' Virgo, in House IV
Venus Aspects
Moon square Venus orb -2�05'
Venus sextile Mars orb -1�55'
Venus sextile Uranus orb -4�44'
Sun semi-square Venus orb -1�21'
Planets: Venus
Venus represents the way one loves, relationships, sharing, affectivity, seductive ability. For men, she also corresponds to the kind of woman he's attracted to (but not especially in marriage which is more symbolized by the Moon, Venus is the lover and not the wife). Her element is the Air, she is moist, rules Taurus and Libra, is in exaltation in Pisces and is in analogy with the kidneys, the venous system, the bladder, the neck.
She represents the artists, tradesmen, occupations linked to beauty and charm; the age of Venus goes from 15 to about 25 years old.
Temperament : Sanguine and Lymphatic
Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Emotive, non Active and Secondary type.
Venus in Virgo
Venus describes your affective life. On the day of your birth, she is found in Virgo. The control of your emotions is essential to you. You need to understand all the aspects of your sentimental life. Therefore, you do not commit your affectivity in tortuous or hazardous paths. This attitude may be interpreted as a form of reserve, of modesty or of shyness. You complicate your amorous relationships for fun� Moderation in all things, even and particularly in love! Appearances are misleading: your behaviour may seem cautious, even shy or timid, however, your affectivity is strong� Your heart is discreet and its impulses are controlled and moderate. You do not want your relationship to run out of your control. Your soul is loyal, you are helpful when necessary and you avoid crises, clashes and tragedies in order to not endanger your couple. You are keen to maintain the balance of your unions. But, as you strive too relentlessly to keep your happiness intact, you may lose it. You do not dare to play the games of passion and of love at first sight. You fear burning feelings. In these conditions, it is important that you do not smother your emotions and you take the risk of experiencing a passionate love. Feelings cannot be calculated and they obey very few laws.
Venus in House IV
Venus expresses her characteristics through the 4th House values. It is within the intimacy of your family world that your affectivity reveals itself and blossoms. Your sentimental attitudes are very selective. It is impossible for you to love just anybody, anywhere. You keep your affective surges for those who belong to your clan, whether this clan is made of the members of your family, or your closed friends. Therefore, you exclude a priori persons who are too different, and you limit your love to a reassuring home.
Venus Dominant
If Venus is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Venusian: you are a sensual and emotional person particularly receptive to the natural likes and dislikes aroused by your contact with people. You are prone to frequent instinctive aversions and true passions which are exclusively driven by the feeling of love. The heart has its reasons which Reason knows nothing of... Your balance is based on the richness of your affective life. Without love, the Venusian is resourceless, lost, and deprived of any reason for living. You have an obvious and strong will to charm and to arouse the attachments without which you cannot properly function. Every area of your life is thus marked by your affectivity. The danger is that you may "be taken in" by charm. In such cases, you would prefer to keep your emotions under better control. Thus, hyper-sensitivity has its own inconveniences. Nevertheless, better than anyone else, you know how to play with feelings and attractions. Although you are sometimes caught in the traps of an over sensitive emotionalism, feelings remain your best assets in many circumstances. There is another aspect to the Venusian dominant. According to the Tradition, this planet rules the Arts, and you are endowed with some degree of artistic dispositions, ranging from good to excellent.
Interpretation of the 5� Virgo symbolic degree
"A man and a woman play cards while another woman cheerfully teases a dog. Fruits, food, and wine are available on a side table adorned with flowers." ( Janduz version)
Young, merry, and lively character endowed with qualities which cheer up one's friends and bring good luck in love. However, one lacks stability and the courage to overcome ordeals. Money is earned as easily as it is spent, and concern for trivial pleasures is a bit overwhelming. It is advisable to dedicate more time to non-materialistic matters, would it be only in order to be prepared to tackle difficult circumstances, when the time comes. This degree usually describes a good-looking person with intense sex-appeal. It also indicates that all occupations related to dogs are favoured.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it.
Mars 7�39' Cancer, in House I
Mars Aspects
Mars conjunction Uranus orb +2�49'
Venus sextile Mars orb -1�55'
Mars square Jupiter orb -5�53'
Planets: Mars
Mars represents the desire for action and physical energy, sexuality, strength. For a woman, Mars corresponds to the kind of man she's attracted to (but not especially in marriage which is rather symbolized by the Sun, Mars is the lover, not the husband). Fire is its element, it is hot and dry, and it rules Aries and Scorpio (along with Pluto), is in exaltation with Capricorn and is in analogy with the muscles and the spleen.
It represents the soldiers, sportsmen, warriors, surgeons, blacksmiths... ; the age of Mars goes from 42 to 50 years old.
Temperament : Bilious
Characterology : Emotive, Active, Primary type. It is a Choleric.
Mars in Cancer
The planet Mars indicates how you react to life concrete stimulations. It also describes your fighting spirit, your abilities to stand for yourself and to take action. With Mars in Cancer, it is mainly within your familiar and intimate realm that you express your will. You may appear as an exceedingly flexible person, with no ascendancy over the external world. But this is misleading; when your life setting or your entourage are endangered, you may be forceful. You limit the scope of your action to the areas you control very well and you do not fight against things you are not deeply involved in. You prefer to dedicate your energy to struggling against circumstances that may endanger your environment. You concentrate your strength and this is probably the cause of your rare but dreaded interventions.
Mars in House I
With Mars in the 1st House, to know and to discover the world mean to cross swords with it. Your first experience with a person or an unknown issue may be assimilated to a duel or a confrontation. Although it does not foreshadow the future quality of the relationship, it is very likely that the meeting takes place under the sign of power struggle and the will to test the interlocutor. The beginning of the game is always stormy. Every new element represents a challenge as well as an invitation to live, take action, and practice.
Mars Dominant
If Mars is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Marsian: in your hand-to-hand struggle for life, you demonstrate an acute and active sense of confrontation with the world, with other people, and with your own destiny. You need to take action and to fight for your projects and your desires. You perceive all situations with deep intensity, and you react to the here and now without bothering to step back in order to ensure that events are under your control. You take up challenges with excessive foolhardiness as a consequence of your impulsiveness. However, better than anyone else, you know how to mobilise your resources in case of crisis. You take action whenever it is necessary to do so, and you are present in a timely manner. With Mars, your attitudes are dictated by the realities of the moment, by your emotions, and by everything which proved to have worked in the past. When this dominant is not well integrated, it may bring about an aggressive or impulsive behaviour. Therefore, you must learn to control your hyper-sensitivity and your fits of temper. You are also endowed with Marsian qualities: the fighting spirit and the taste for duel without which one may find oneself overwhelmed by events. When this willpower is well channelled, its precious energy enables to cope with all sorts of contingencies. There are a thousand ways to win, and a thousand challenges to take up with the enthusiasm and the dynamism which make life so worthy. A certain idea of life which is wild, passionate, and in tune with events.
Interpretation of the 7� Cancer symbolic degree
"A young woman hidden in a Temple of Love stares fearlessly at a snake ready to pounce on a bird." ( Janduz version)
Self-lenient and weak-willed character. One always listens to one's instincts. This degree indicates that the family life is unhappy and that secret relationships may result in marital breakdown. Good moral standards are indispensable.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it.
Jupiter 13�32' Aries, in House XI
Jupiter Aspects
Mercury trine Jupiter orb -1�27'
Jupiter opposite Neptune orb -3�17'
Jupiter square Uranus orb -3�04'
Jupiter trine Pluto orb +5�05'
Mars square Jupiter orb -5�53'
Planets: Jupiter
Jupiter represents expansion and power, benevolence, large vision and generosity. Its element is Air, it is hot and moist, and it rules Sagittarius and Pisces (along with Neptune), is in exaltation with Cancer and is in analogy with the hips and endocrinal system.
It represents the governors, magistrates, professors, religious men too; the age of Jupiter goes from 50 to 55 or even 70 years old.
Temperament : Sanguine
Characterology : Emotive, Active, Primary type; it is an extrovert Choleric. Actually the humid version of Mars, inclined to action like him.
Jupiter in Aries
The planet Jupiter symbolizes expansion, broadness and generosity. Jupiter is associated with the functions of synthesis, enthusiasm and optimism. In your natal chart, his house position is more important than his sign position because, like Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Jupiter in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. Jupiter in Aries amplifies your tendency to charge ahead and your self-assertiveness. Your have leadership qualities, you are optimistic and you can mix the boldness with the will to succeed that are specific to Aries. Management ability, leadership and independence: your enthusiasm is a real asset for your life and for your charm!
Jupiter in House XI
Jupiter is in the 11th House. You have a knack for making friends. You do not hesitate to show your generosity, and you receive affection and esteem in return. Thus, some opportunities may arise as a consequence of a contact or a friendly support. You think that you can rely on the members of your entourage. If, at times, you are disappointed by events, you still keep on believing in the virtues of fraternal relationships.
Jupiter Dominant
If Jupiter is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Jupiterian: because this planet brings about a keen interest in social and professional success, the Tradition considers it to be beneficial. Indeed, you know how to adjust to events and to jump at the chance when it arises. The members of you entourage gladly entrust you with high responsibilities because they are often impressed by your learning skills and your adaptation abilities as you deal with new structures and new languages. What is the secret of your good star? It is your self-confidence which wins public support. Now, what is the secret of your charm? Definitely, enthusiasm, euphoria, and exaltation. Exaggeration also. When this dominant is well integrated, it is a factor of affluence and optimism, and a certain degree of joviality enables you to easily fit into various spheres. It constitutes your main asset to manage your life. However, you must at times curb your desire for integration, lest your sense of opportunity turns into extreme opportunism. Here also, the key to success lies in a correct estimate of everyone's chances and possibilities. Although management is one of your forte, and you can adjust your objectives to current realities better than other people, you lack the hindsight which enables you to avoid short-term vagaries and daily fluctuations. If you strive too much to adapt, you run a risk of betraying yourself. This is the other traditional side of the coin with "The Greater Benefic"!
Interpretation of the 13� Aries symbolic degree
"A strong and prosperous man comes out of a cellar and raises a glass full of wine as for a toast. In front of him, a lion and a dog exchange friendly looks." ( Janduz version)
Refined, faithful, and generous character fully aware of one's worth. One is unanimously respected and stands on an equal footing with the powerful figures who grant their protection and trust. Success can be achieved in agriculture, especially wine growing, the art of cooking, the military, or the judiciary. Noble deeds are highly rewarded and attract numerous loyal friends.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it.
Saturn 27�22' Virgo, in House IV
Saturn Aspects
Mercury semi-square Saturn orb +0�16'
Sun sextile Saturn orb +5�17'
Moon sextile Saturn orb +6�16'
Planets: Saturn
Saturn represents concentration, effort, perseverance, time, the hard reality, inevitable consequences. Earth is its element, it is cold and dry, and it rules Capricorn and Aquarius (along with Uranus), is in exaltation in Libra and is in analogy with the bones (skeleton) and the skin.
It represents the grandparents, old people, scientists, knowledgeable men, Saturn corresponds to old age; it goes from 70 years old until death.
Temperament : Nervous
Characterology : Non-Emotive, Active and Secondary type or Emotive, non Active and Secondary type or sometimes Non-Emotive, non Active and Secondary type; it is a Phlegmatic, a Sentimental or an Empathic type
Saturn in Virgo
The planet Saturn symbolizes contraction, effort, time, limitation and concentration. Saturn eliminates anything that is not authentic, sooner or later. It is impossible to cheat him as he gives an irresistible desire to form a coherent whole with oneself, in responsible and wise ways. He is the great purifier. He represents our limitations but also our truth. In your natal chart, the house position where Saturn is posited is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Saturn in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. Saturn in Virgo gives you a persevering and precise nature. This good combination increases your taste for sciences and for effort and you are constantly striving to improve yourself. Your tenacity works wonders.
Saturn in House IV
In your natal chart, Saturn is in the 4th House. Your attitude is highly selective. You leave no room for hypocrisies and shams, and you impose much rigour on other people as well as on yourself. Not everyone can enter your private spheres. By nature, you doubt people and relations, and you seek a personal world which is devoid of compromise. You do not cheat with intimate issues. You need to build for yourself a small but strong clan, an unfailing family, and a cast-iron cell.
Saturn Dominant
If Saturn is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Saturnian: you gladly leave to other people the decision to take life as it comes. As far as you are concerned, you prefer to take advantage of your experiences in order to discover, to grow, and to question yourself.
Interpretation of the 27� Virgo symbolic degree
"Behind an orange tree loaded with beautiful fruits, a nice lawn with many birds is surrounded by rosebushes." ( Janduz version)
Generous, hardworking, and organised character endowed with sharp intelligence. Family ties and friends are very important. Much attention is paid not only to the family's comfort, but also to other people's needs. Success is achieved thanks to one's personal qualities. Everything needed for one's happiness and peace of mind is readily available. This degree indicates that, if one belongs to a rich family, one knows how to properly use one's wealth without squandering it. If one is of modest origins, one improves one's social status and becomes wealthy.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it.
Uranus 10�28' Cancer, in House I
Uranus Aspects
Mars conjunction Uranus orb +2�49'
Jupiter square Uranus orb -3�04'
Moon bi-quintile Uranus orb -0�49'
Uranus square Neptune orb +6�21'
Venus sextile Uranus orb -4�44'
Planets: Uranus
Uranus represents individual freedom, originality, independence, marginality, avant guard inspiration, ultra modernism. Fire is its element, it is dry, and it rules Aquarius, is in exaltation with Scorpio and is in analogy with the brain and the nerves.
It represents inventors, odd characters, revolutionaries.
Temperament : Nervous to the extreme
Characterology : Emotive, Active, Secondary type; it is a Passionate type.
Uranus in Cancer
The planet Uranus symbolizes originality, independence and cerebral energy bursting suddenly. Uranus triggers the irresistible need for freedom that we have in ourselves. Uranus tends to break the constraints that have become unbearable and gives us the courage and the will to get rid of what has become a burden; when he is well aspected, he also indicates genius. In your natal chart, Uranus� house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Uranus in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendant�s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Uranus in Cancer tends to intellectualize your emotions and to detach you from affective considerations. He may bring about sudden surprises and changes within your family or your home in several instances of your life.
Uranus in House I
With Uranus in the 1st House, it is most likely that the first event in your life relates to a lightning bolt, a liberating shout, or a revolution. You keep your adamant will to surprise other people and to follow your beliefs through the bitter end. What you find fascinating in a discovery or an encounter is its unexpected, innovative, and sometimes extreme nature. There is some degree of (mild) fanaticism in your personality. Your first reaction is a definitive yes or a final no.
Uranus Dominant
If Uranus is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Uranian: personal values are prevailing. Inner certainties fuel an inflexible will and a desire to call attention on yourself as well as to follow your beliefs through. This planet prompts you to behave with determination, to put forward your own truth, and to start your personal revolution. More than other people, you are willing to keep some degree of autonomy in all circumstances, and you often display an individualistic nature. In order to achieve your ideal of freedom and independence, you may act like a despot as you try to convince and to impose your views, whether smoothly or forcefully. Regardless of the flexibility of your comportment, some situations demand an absolute firmness as well as uncompromising, frank and straightforward attitudes. People may criticise you for your intransigence and say that you are a hardliner. Outsider's opinions don't matter! The most important thing is that you act in all conscience and reach your primary objectives. More than anyone else, you know how to use your willpower and to focus your energy on a precise aim, relentlessly, whatever the consequences might be. In the chapter of qualities, let's mention a definite sense of responsibility, an innovative mind open to techniques and modern ideas, as well as a natural self-discipline which overcomes many an obstacle. Therefore, people are well-advised not to hound you into a corner.
Interpretation of the 10� Cancer symbolic degree
"A wrecked ship on a beach under a heavy rain." ( Janduz version)
Ambitious, fanciful, and adventurous character. Undertakings are most likely to be doomed to failure. Decision-making must be based on past experiences so as not to avoid the same old mistakes. One may not have the skills required for an independent occupation. Unless the natal chart indicates otherwise, this degree is a portent of ruin and warns against anything related to the sea and water.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it.
Neptune 16�50' Libra, in House V
Neptune Aspects
Jupiter opposite Neptune orb -3�17'
Sun square Neptune orb -5�14'
Neptune sextile Pluto orb -1�48'
Mercury sextile Neptune orb +4�44'
Uranus square Neptune orb +6�21'
Planets: Neptune
Neptune represents escapism, impressionability, daydreaming, delusions, carelessness, deception or intuition, dishonesty or inspiration, telepathy. Water is its element, it is moist, it rules Pisces, is in exaltation in Cancer, though some authors say it is Leo, and is in analogy with the vegetative system.
It represents dreamers, mediums, magicians, merchants of illusion, drug addicts.
Temperament : rather Lymphatic
Characterology : Emotive, non Active, Primary or Secondary type; it is a Sentimental, or sometimes Amorphous type.
Neptune in Libra
The planet Neptune symbolizes extreme receptivity, intense emotional sharpness, impressionability and inspiration; it is the planet of mediums, mystics and religious faith. In an astrological chart, it indicates dilution, vagueness, understanding one�s environment through emotions and the absence of clear and determined limits and structures. In your natal chart, Neptune�s house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Neptune in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendant�s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Neptune in Libra endows you with idealism and pacifism. You dream of a world of peace, freedom, equality and tolerance. Your exchanges with others are genuine. You are listening to, and on the lookout for, all the emotions that you find to be so deliciously nurturing.
Neptune in House V
With Neptune in the 5th House, you tightly associate creation with aspirations, and love with spirituality. It is the innermost part of you, the most elusive one, which you are willing to give. Your sentimental life brings into play the romanticism of passion, and beyond, the quest for a true vocation. Love is not an ordinary adventure, but a sacred mission. It is a necessity which may lead to a total devotion and to a freely accepted self-sacrifice. If this configuration prompts you to establish high standards for your affective life - hence your idealism and unavoidable demands - it also adds to the tastiness and the riches of your amorous comportments. You are romantic and poetic, and you stand up for your idea of passion.
Neptune Dominant
If Neptune is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Neptunian: your intuition is highly developed. You are of a contemplative nature, and you are particularly receptive to ambiances, places, and people. You gladly cultivate the art of letting-go, and you allow the natural unfolding of events to construct your world. You follow your inspirations, for better or for worse. At times, you display an extraordinary clairvoyance gift. You seem to be able to read your subconscious like a book, and you track down subtle underlying mechanisms, flaws, or open breaches. This innate intuition might explain the strokes of good luck which the Neptunian is sometimes credited with. However, you may also be the victim of illusions and misleading intuitions. You are an idealist, and you let your deepest aspirations prevail over the realities of the moment. Then, you set off in quest of some quixotic objective, living like a Don Quixote who relentlessly pursues an impossible dream. You have a great talent for psychology and the mysteries of the human soul. Since you instinctively perceive people's intents and motivations, as you swim in the complexity of human nature, you feel in your element. The subtlety of your perceptiveness is the source of both special affections and irrevocable rejections. What is the danger of such a dominant? If it is not offset by other influences in your natal chart, you may not have an iron will. Your trump card is your instinct, which may be developed to the extent that it becomes clairvoyance.
Interpretation of the 16� Libra symbolic degree
"A dagger is planted in the front door of a hovel." ( Janduz version)
Irascible, fault-finding, and unfair character. One does not hesitate to criticise without offering a solution. The propensity to systematically contradict and sneer at one's interlocutors must be tightly reined in, lest one undergoes serious setbacks.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it.
Pluto 18�38' Leo, in House III
Pluto Aspects
Mercury conjunction Pluto orb +6�33'
Neptune sextile Pluto orb -1�48'
Jupiter trine Pluto orb +5�05'
Planets: Pluto
Pluto represents deep transformations, mutations and eliminations, sexuality and magnetism, power and secrets, destruction with a view to regeneration, the phoenix rising from the ashes. Its element is indefinite; burning (like lava in fusion ?), it rules Scorpio, is in exaltation in Pisces and is in analogy with the sexual organs and excretion.
It represents dictators, sadistic people, violent characters, is instinctive and powerful but also mysterious with hidden strengths.
Temperament : rather Bilious
Characterology : Emotive or non-Emotive, Active, Primary type; it is a Passionate Choleri typec.
Pluto in Leo
The planet Pluto symbolizes deep disruptions and upheavals, domination and sexual instincts, and the inner power we have in ourselves. Pluto destroys in order to reconstruct and he provokes painful crises that are needed in metamorphosis. Pluto is our deepest instincts� brutal force. It is the hidden and unconscious violence that can explode in us with incredible intensity before being projected in our actions; in itself, the planet is not negative: the might and the intensity of its energy are beyond the conceivable but it can be funnelled. Pluto is the only possibility we have at our disposal to overcome our inner blocks and to eliminate outgrown situations that have become inextricable. Pluto�s energy is valuable because of its usefulness for the irreversible destruction of what constitutes a problem and not because of its negative side and its perversity. Pluto allows to reconstruct and to regenerate parts of our personality or whole stretches of our life, provided that we manage to funnel his wild energy and to step back. It is impossible to tame this energy, given its essence. However, it is possible to take advantage of it for a precise aim, through a temporary identification of some parts of us with this energy. In such a case, the outcome is our final evolution and even, our transformation. In your natal chart, Pluto�s house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, Pluto is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Pluto in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality and they are not to be really taken into account, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendant�s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Pluto in Leo may give you an authoritarian and, even, despotic nature. But your charisma and your radiance are intensified.
Pluto in House III
With Pluto in the 3rd House, your mode of assimilation is pretty complex. Whether you encounter a person or you discover a new idea, you are primarily attracted to what is concealed and what is left unsaid. You are interested in uncovering the other side of the coin, and you understand the hidden machinery as well as what is secretly at stake in a relationship. Communication brings into play a whole set of underlying information. You are never entirely fooled, and you are fully aware of the subtle rules governing your exchanges.
Pluto Dominant
If Pluto is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Plutonian: you sometimes feel like a foreigner who does not belong to the world, to its laws, and its concerns. The rules of life in society are not necessarily yours. You are interested in what is unknown and in the subtle laws of a hidden order. So, you take malicious pleasure in ridiculing the patterns you find too simplistic or too rigid. You also revel in underlining the limits of explanations you deem too common. There is something unconventional about the way you are, the way you think, and the way you act. What is your specificity made of? Is it an extraordinary partner? A life off the beaten path? Or do you only distance yourself from conventional morals? In any case, you have the feeling, sometimes quite vague, that you come from nowhere, and that you do not belong to any definite group... In short, it means that you cannot be simplified in order to conform to existing models. The gap between you and ordinary mortals is also an element of your strength. Your deep clear-sightedness, firstly, enables you to put things into perspective and to grant them only the attention they deserve. Your other remarkable asset is your capacity to intervene from behind the scenes, to secretly organise events, and to bring about the desirable outcome without seeming to impose or to dictate anything. However, you must still overcome one of the major difficulties of this dominant, which is to get people to accept your difference and to smoothly fit into your environment.
Interpretation of the 18� Leo symbolic degree
"A man strives to walk against a strong wind instead of mounting his horse, which a servant pulls by the bridle." ( Janduz version)
Unintelligent, stubborn and boasting character. One behaves with arrogance and tends to meddle in other people's business, which brings about numerous enmities. If one is ready to work hard, animal husbandry and horse trade is profitable. Otherwise, life is most likely to be dull and precarious. If the natal chart indicates great intellectual capacities, the interpretation of this degree is brighter, but one must refrain from attacking people who are stronger.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it.
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Asteroids: Chiron
Chiron is almost renowned and used everywhere. Most astrologers consider it as a kind of "mediator" between Saturn and outer planets. Consequently, Chiron is of Saturn's nature and at the same time is influenced by Uranus, the first slow-moving planet. Astrologically, it symbolizes wisdom, patience and the faculty to reduce others' sufferings: it is said to be the "great healer" of the zodiac. Like all the secondary bodies, it must be in close conjunction with planets or angles in order to fully express its action.
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Asteroids: Ceres
Ceres, the biggest of the four minor asteroids used besides Chiron, is associated with the mythological goddess of growing plants and harvest and also symbolizes physical constitution, vitality and fertility. She's also known as Demeter, according to the astrologer Zipporah Dobyns, linked to the symbolism of the mother but in a less emotive and more physical way than the Moon. Ceres is thought to be the ruler of Virgo, in exaltation in Gemini, in exile in Pisces and in fall in Sagittarius. Keywords associated with Ceres could be order, practical sense, worry, precision, modesty, method, sobriety, motherhood, fertility, the Earth: a kind of a more cerebral Moon...
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Asteroids: Pallas
Pallas is sometimes used in modern Astrology: she represents intelligence, abstract and global thinking talents. It is usually considered to be a determining element in political strategy.
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Asteroids: Juno
Juno is the asteroid corresponding to the adaptation to the marital partner and to the defence of individual rights; it is thus used in the field of marriage.
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Vesta is rarely used and brings the ability to efficiently devote oneself to a cause.
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True North Node 11�02' Я Pisces, in House X
North Node
The North Node (True Node here) represents the goals that must be achieved during life, in the karmic sense according to some traditions. Its position in house indicates in what field an effort is necessary in order to evolve. The North Node is often called the Dragon's head, it is usually considered beneficial, a bit like Jupiter with the planets. The Lunar nodes are fictional points and not actual heavenly bodies: they are the intersections of the Moon with the Ecliptic (the path made by the Sun in its orbit as seen from the Earth). The axis of the Lunar nodes moves 19 degrees each year, namely a bit more than three minutes each day.
The South Node is diametrically opposed to the North Node, therefore it faces it (it's not drawn here, it's the same symbol but upside down). It symbolizes what has already been achieved or acquired, in a karmic sense: it's the past from which it's advised to move on in order to progress. The South Node is rather negative, of a Saturnian nature: the experience through suffering.
Interpretation of the 11� Pisces symbolic degree
"A young man in a nice suit stands between two cones and fiddles with his wristwatch. One of the cones is intact, and the other one has its top cut off." ( Janduz version)
Indecisive, anxious, and ambitious character. If one is born in a wealthy family, after a reversal of fortune, one strives to recover one's social status. If one has modest origins, one is capable to rise to an important position and to achieve some degree of fame. In both cases, one must not aim at the top since this degree indicates limitations, and any attempt to reach the summit results in accidents or health conditions.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
True Lilith 17�23' Я Cancer, in House I
Lilith
Lilith or the Dark Moon (True Lilith here) represents the uncrossable threshold, taboos, the individual's provocative and fascinating side, including on a sexual level. She symbolizes violence and "untameability", the radical and deep-seated refusal to submit. The keywords for Lilith can be sterility, sadism, perversity, castration, sadomasochism, eroticism, orgasm, forbidden fantasies, marginality, cruelty; redemption, illumination, rebelliousness... Lilith's opposite point is called Priapus; it is the Lunar perigee, the position where the Moon is closest to the Earth. It symbolizes man's primitive nature, the horror hidden in our deepest self; masochism, extreme sensuality, impulsiveness, irrationality and excess. Physically speaking, the Dark Moon is the focal point unoccupied by the Earth: it is not a concrete body but a mathematical point.
Interpretation of the 17� Cancer symbolic degree
"A man and two women gamble in a lavishly furnished room decorated with exotic flowers." ( Janduz version)
Reckless, extravagant, and coward character. One is unable to manage one's destiny properly because one is only concerned with superficial pleasures and external appearances. The lavish lifestyle one enjoys is beyond one's means and may bring about big financial losses. Should the natal chart concur, there is a danger of poisoning through gas, chemical substances, and narcotics.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
Fortune 18�17' Aquarius, in House IX
Part of Fortune
The Part of Fortune is an ancient concept, used by Ptolemy and other astrologers before him. Firstly, it has nothing to do with fortune! In modern astrology, it is actually used to enhance a planet or angle when in close conjunction with it: it thus amplifies the meaning associated to the point affected by its presence. It is calculated in the following way:
Part of Fortune = AS + Moon - Sun (it is the Moons position when the Sun rises)
The classical Part of Fortune, of which the calculus method is unchanged whether in a diurnal or nocturnal chart, is usually distinguished from the diurnal/nocturnal Part of Fortune which is calculated by the formula AS + Sun - Moon for a nocturnal chart, and AS + Moon - Sun in a diurnal chart.
We currently use the latter formula for our astrological programmes.
Interpretation of the 18� Aquarius symbolic degree
"A man rushes to rescue another man who clings to a wrecked boat sinking into the sea." ( Janduz version)
Unconventional, enterprising, and reckless character. Success can be achieved in the world of finance and in careers involving trips and water. All projects need to be carefully selected and prepared because a lack of organisation would put them in jeopardy, even though at the last minute, and as by miracle, unexpected circumstances and providential assistance enable their good completion.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
Ascendant 29�50' Gemini
Ascendant or House I
The First House or Ascendant represents one's behaviour in the eyes of others, and also one's health. It corresponds to the way the individual acts in the world. It is the image of the personality seen by others and the person's visible behaviour expressed outwardly. The 1st House is in analogy with Aries and thus Mars too, and then the Sun. It is an angular house, the most important one with the Midheaven, maybe even more so due to its link with the body and health.
Ascendant in Gemini
Your mobility is such that you are in every place where you are not expected. You spend lots of time asking questions and� answering them. Your curiosity and your quick-wittedness are insatiable. Your mind is in constant turmoil, hopping from one topic to another, solving problems, accumulating anecdotes and knowledge within a short range of time. Your mobility is mostly mental, it takes you afar and turns your daily life into a mosaic of intense and pleasant moments that are not necessarily related to each other: provided things are moving, your neurons are kept busy and you can meet with people, everything is fine!
With this Ascendant, you come across as nervous, expressive, lively, adaptable, with a good sense of humour, bubbling, playful, sociable, clever, whimsical, independent, intellectual, flexible, ingenious, fanciful, imaginative, charming, cerebral, and you are into everything. You may also be capricious, unfocused, quirky, superficial, indiscreet, opportunist, unmindful, selfish, sarcastic or mercurial.
Interpretation of the 29� Gemini symbolic degree
"Two men walk side by side in the forest with their dogs kept on a leash. Their manners are warm, but they watch one another from the corner of their eyes. A sheep does not realise that a wolf is following it." ( Janduz version)
Unscrupulous, brutal, and cunning character ready for anything in order to reach one's ends. One is driven by an intense instinct of domination, and one does not hesitate to betray supporters and friends. One also resorts to hypocrisy and pretends to be devoted to higher-ups with a view to getting lucrative positions.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
Midheaven 2�10' Pisces
Midheaven or House X
The Tenth House still called the Midheaven, is the highest point amidst the houses, at the top of the chart, in the South, and relates to destiny in general and career (and not daily work as meant by the Sixth House). The Midheaven represents our achievements and goals in the social sphere, our social position in society, and becomes more and more important as we get older. It is in analogy with Capricorn and Saturn. The Tenth House is the most important angular house along with the Ascendant.
Midheaven in Pisces
Your destiny is commensurate with your indecisive but flexible and adaptable nature. Indeed, you are able to fit well in nearly any circle provided that rigour, precision, and competition do not prevail. Since atmosphere is an element of paramount importance, if you can work in a nice ambiance and at your own pace, you feel very comfortable and in total harmony with your workplace.
The following professions are most likely to suit you very well: musician, dancer, theatre or movie actor, clairvoyant, medium, priest, medical assistant, medical practitioner, pharmacist, veterinarian, writer, poet, sailor, fisherman/woman, coast-guard, or heating engineer. In general, all occupations delivering a service to other people, such as catering, cleaning, caregiving, etc. are areas in which you can excel. You can also be very successful in humanitarian work or in the defence of Human Rights.
Interpretation of the 2� Pisces symbolic degree
"On the front steps of a mansion, a man wearing a ceremonial costume welcomes three wealthy people, a simply dressed woman, and a beggar." ( Janduz version)
Generous, sensitive, and secretive character. One pays more attention to human qualities than to social status and treats the poor and the rich on an equal footing. Regardless of their personal situation, everybody, well-off people and people in need alike, know that they are welcome and that when necessary, they will find solace and all forms of assistance. If born in a wealthy family, one meaningfully takes advantage of one's legacy. If the origins are modest, this degree promises that, sooner or later, one will become very famous and rich. If in the natal chart, the Ascendant is on this degree, it heralds fame and the possibility that one's name goes down in history. If it is in conjunction with the Midheaven or with important planets, within a 5� orb, it brings about great honours and dignities.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
Ascendant 29�50' Gemini
House I (AC)
The First House or Ascendant represents one's behaviour in the eyes of others and also one's health. It corresponds to the way the individual acts in the world. It is the image of the personality as seen by others and the person's visible behaviour expressed outwardly. The 1st House is in analogy with Aries and thus Mars too and then the Sun. It is an angular house, the most important one with the Midheaven, maybe even more so due to its link with the body and health; the Ascendant is as important as the Sun in a natal chart.
Interpretation of the 29� Gemini symbolic degree
"Two men walk side by side in the forest with their dogs kept on a leash. Their manners are warm, but they watch one another from the corner of their eyes. A sheep does not realise that a wolf is following it." ( Janduz version)
Unscrupulous, brutal, and cunning character ready for anything in order to reach one's ends. One is driven by an intense instinct of domination, and one does not hesitate to betray supporters and friends. One also resorts to hypocrisy and pretends to be devoted to higher-ups with a view to getting lucrative positions.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
House II 18�37' Cancer
House II
The Second House is the sphere of material security, the money we earn, our possessions, also in a symbolic meaning (close people etc). It is in analogy with Taurus and Venus. It is a succedent house, quite important.
House III 8�09' Leo
House III
The Third House is the sphere of social and intellectual apprenticeship, studies, relationships with close people and surroundings, short trips, light-hearted and quick contacts, correspondences. It is in analogy with Gemini and Mercury. It's a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones.
House IV 2�10' Virgo
House IV (IC)
The Fourth House also called Immum Coeli is the sphere of inner emotions, family, the father, home and roots, but also the home one creates. It's Home Sweet Home, security and cocoon. It is in analogy with Cancer and the Moon. It's an angular and important house.
Interpretation of the 2� Virgo symbolic degree
"A scientist carries out chemical experiments in his laboratory." ( Janduz version)
Hardworking, patient, and pragmatic character. The first face of Virgo, from 0� to 4�59', is often activated in the chart of unsuccessful scientists. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully examine the natal chart in order to assess the state of the intellect. If it is strong, then, one must believe in one's good star. Indeed, after years of painstaking work, success can be achieved in scientific research, particularly in agronomics. If the natal chart indicates limited intellectual abilities, one is advised to choose a profession which addresses less theoretical matters, for instance the trade of products meant for the improvement of agriculture such as fertilizers, etc. All occupations related with the soil are favoured.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
House V 5�18' Libra
House V
The Fifth House is the sphere of pleasures and love affairs (but not commitment or marriage), creations and entertainments, children, arts and game. It is in analogy with Leo and the Sun. It's a succedent and quite important house.
House VI 18�47' Scorpio
House VI
The Sixth House is the sphere of apprenticeship and effort in the work environment, daily life, health on a daily basis and not operations or long-term diseases, relationships with co-workers or subordinates, desire for improvement, analysis and detail. It is in analogy with Virgo and Mercury. It is a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones.
House VII 29�50' Sagittarius
House VII (DS)
The Seventh House also called the Descendant (in front of the Ascendant) is the sphere of partnership, marriage, contracts, relationships with others, the outer world. It is in analogy with Libra and Venus, and Saturn to a lesser extent. It is an angular and important house.
Interpretation of the 29� Sagittarius symbolic degree
"In his forge, a blacksmith works on an anvil. Nearby, a spade is planted in the ground." ( Janduz version)
Secretive, intuitive, and independent character. One relies exclusively on one's great intellectual capacities and broad knowledge. The path chosen probably includes hardships and requires sustained efforts, time, and concentration. Success and wealth can be achieved in the iron and steel industry, the research of new alloys, or in archaeology.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
House VIII 18�37' Capricorn
House VIII
The Eighth House is the sphere of emotional security, the depths of the self, secrets and paranormal, transcendence, sexuality, mysteries, upheavals, surgical operations, others' money (investments, inheritances), crises, transformation after evolution, death. It is in analogy with Scorpio and Pluto, and Mars to a lesser extent. It is a succedent and quite important house.
House IX 8�09' Aquarius
House IX
The Ninth House is the sphere of high studies, both physical and mental journeys (philosophy, spirituality), rebelliousness, changes of scenery, desire for dealing with the unknown. It is in analogy with Sagittarius and Jupiter. It is a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones.
Midheaven 2�10' Pisces
House X (MC)
The Tenth House still called the Midheaven, is the highest point amidst the houses, at the top of the chart, in the South, and relates to destiny in general and career (and not daily work as meant by the Sixth House). The Midheaven represents our achievements and goals in the social sphere, our social position in society, and becomes more and more important as we get older. It is in analogy with Capricorn and Saturn. The Tenth House is the most important angular house along with the Ascendant.
Interpretation of the 2� Pisces symbolic degree
"On the front steps of a mansion, a man wearing a ceremonial costume welcomes three wealthy people, a simply dressed woman, and a beggar." ( Janduz version)
Generous, sensitive, and secretive character. One pays more attention to human qualities than to social status and treats the poor and the rich on an equal footing. Regardless of their personal situation, everybody, well-off people and people in need alike, know that they are welcome and that when necessary, they will find solace and all forms of assistance. If born in a wealthy family, one meaningfully takes advantage of one's legacy. If the origins are modest, this degree promises that, sooner or later, one will become very famous and rich. If in the natal chart, the Ascendant is on this degree, it heralds fame and the possibility that one's name goes down in history. If it is in conjunction with the Midheaven or with important planets, within a 5� orb, it brings about great honours and dignities.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
House XI 5�18' Aries
House XI
The Eleventh House is the sphere of friendship and protection, projects, search for social acceptance and security, collective and humanitarian actions. It is in analogy with Aquarius and Uranus, and Saturn to a lesser extent. It's a succedent and quite important house.
House XII 18�47' Taurus
House XII
The Twelfth House is the sphere of hidden things, enemies, closed or remote places (hospital, prison, convent etc.), ordeals, secrecy, solitude, long-term illnesses but also sincere devotion and genuine compassion. It is in analogy with Pisces and Neptune.
Vertex 18�26' Scorpio, in House VI
The Vertex
The Vertex, sometimes called counter-Ascendant, is a fictitious point which is at the intersection of two great circles, the Ecliptic and the great vertical circle (Prime Vertical) in the West of the birthplace, linking the East, the Zenith, the West, and the Nadir. It is always located in the West of the chart around the Descendant. It is the chart's fifth angle, so to speak, less important than the other angles. Its interpretation is controversial, because certain astrologers pay no attention to it.
The Vertex is sometimes considered to be the second Descendant because, like the latter, it is related to communication and exchanges. It has to do with associations and fated encounters, those that are not chosen, and reveals the type of sensitivity and reactivity we have in our dealings with other people: a refined and tolerant way in Libra, straightforward and spontaneous in Aries, etc.
Interpretation of the 18� Scorpio symbolic degree
"People are gathered around a buffet offering a wide array of nice food and drinks. A stylus and a riding crop are lain on a corner of the table." ( Janduz version)
Paradoxical character, at the same time combative and passive, benevolent and quarrelsome, bold and careful. The efforts put in with a view to achieving success benefit from the protection of powerful people to whom one is loyal. This degree may also indicate a strong appetite and overweight problems.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
East Point 6�03' Gemini, in House XII
The East Point
The East Point is a fictitious point at the intersection of two great circles, the Ecliptic and the great vertical circle (Prime Vertical) in the East of the birthplace, linking the East, the Zenith, the West, and the Nadir. It is always located in the East of the chart, around the Ascendant.
The East Point is sometimes considered to be a second Ascendant, less important, but also related to how one is seen by other people, and to how one expresses one's personality.
Interpretation of the 6� Gemini symbolic degree
"At the edge of a lake surrounded by mountains, two young women holding hands watch a swan swimming towards them." ( Janduz version)
Contemplative, pleasant, and generous character. Even though the horizon is quite limited, life is stable, quiet, and devoid of uncertainties. One is blessed with numerous loyal friends, a nice entourage, and a happy marriage. In a female chart, this degree may indicate special loving ties with a sister or a twin, or the birth of twins.
N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.
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Cupido
Cupido is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Cupido, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.
On the upside, Cupido is related to socialisation, the arts, and marital life. On the downside, it indicates vanity, addiction to pleasures, and being strongly influenced by groups of people.
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Hades
Hades is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Hades, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.
Hades corresponds to intellectual rigour, service rendered to people, the purpose of being useful. On the downside; it leads to carelessness, indifference, apathy, and mess.
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Zeus
Zeus is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Zeus, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.
Zeus is related to creativity, as well as to organisational and leadership capacities. On the downside, it may lead to aggressiveness and to excessive militancy.
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Kronos
Kronos is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Kronos, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.
Kronos is related to authority and cleverness. In tough aspect, it may make the person conceited, presumptuous, or elitist.
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Apollon
Apollon is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Apollon, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.
Apollon is related to the ability to synthesise, as well as to broad-mindedness, and fame. In difficult aspect, it may bring about superficiality or extravagance.
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Admetos
Admetos is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Admetos, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.
Admetos is related to the deepness of the mind, asceticism, simplicity, and analytical mind. In tough aspect, it may make the person nit-picking, inflexible, and narrow-minded.
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Vulcanus
Vulcanus is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Vulcanus, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.
Vulcanus, sometimes said to be the higher octave of Saturn, provides strength to improve collective relations, to structure things, to be efficient, and to get straight to the point. On the downside, he may bring about arrogance and scattered efforts.
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Poseidon
Poseidon is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Poseidon, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.
Poseidon brings about wisdom, a clear mind, and sometimes spirituality. On the downside, it may make the person dogmatic, manipulative, or out of touch with reality.
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Proserpina
Proserpina, sometimes referred to as Persephone, is a trans-Plutonian hypothetical planet. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Proserpina, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.
Proserpina is related to mysteries, revival and reconstruction, as well as cycles. She enriches the unconscious, and gives the possibility to combine modern life with spirituality, the East with the West, and mysticism with concrete life.
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AWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) � with Adrian Adonis
Central States Wrestling
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Central States version) (1 time) � with Tank Patton
Continental Wrestling Association
AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
International Wrestling Institute and Museum
Frank Gotch Award in 2003
NWA Mid-Pacific Promotions
NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship (1 time) � with Steve Strong
Pacific Northwest Wrestling
NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (5 times) � with Bull Ramos (2), Buddy Rose (2) and Jerry Oates (1)
World Wrestling Entertainment
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2004)
Cauliflower Alley Club
Iron Mike Mazurki Award (1999)
References
deFiebre, Conrad. "Record-high job approval for Ventura; Many Minnesotans like his style, don't mind moonlighting." Star Tribune 22 Jul. 1999: 1A+.
deFiebre, Conrad. "Using body language, Ventura backs Kerry." Star Tribune 23 Oct. 2004: 1A+.
Kahn, Joseph P. "The Body Politic." The Boston Globe 25 Feb. 2004. Accessed April 28, 2004.
Olson, Rochelle and Bob von Sternberg. "GOP demands equal time; Wellstone aide apologizes; Ventura upset." Minneapolis Star-Tribune 31 Oct. 2002: 1A+.
Ventura, Jesse; Heron Marquez. Jesse Ventura Tells It Like It Is: America's Most Outspoken Governor Speaks Out About Government. ISBN 0822503859. 1 September 2002.
| Jesse Ventura |
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Jordan Taylor "Tay" Hanson (born 14 March 1983 in Jenks, Tulsa, Oklahoma (birth time source: http://www.angelfire.com/ok/hansontotal/infotay.html no original source given)) is one of the singers in the band Hanson. He also plays keyboard, percussion (including bongos and the tambourine), drums, guitar (both acoustic and electric), and piano. Taylor is the second oldest of seven children. He and his older brother, Isaac, started their band, firstly known as The Hanson Brothers (later changed to just 'Hanson') in 1992. Isaac was eleven, Taylor nine, and later, a then six year old Zac joined the group. They performed as an acapella group outside of different clubs in their hometown of Tulsa. In May of 1997, the band released their first studio album, Middle of Nowhere, on a major record la...
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Elizabeth Chase Olsen (born February 16, 1989 (birth time source: Viktor E., Astrodatabank, birth certificate)) is an American actress and is the younger sister of Mary-Kate Olsen, Ashley Olsen, and Trent Olsen and has two younger siblings Courtney Taylor Olsen and Jake Olsen. She has performed in several theater productions, including many of her sisters' theatrical works. Life and career Olsen was born in Van Nuys, California, the daughter of Jarnette (n�e Jones), a personal manager, and David Olsen, a real estate developer and mortgage banker. Olsen graduated from Campbell Hall School in 2007, and from the Atlantic Theater Company. She attended the New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, but claims to be a six-year college student. As a child, Olsen took ballet and singin...
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Max Heindel - born Carl Louis von Grasshoff in Aarhus, Denmark on July 23, 1865 - was a Christian occultist, astrologer, and mystic. He died on January 6, 1919 at Oceanside, California, United States. Among the students of his teachings, he is said to be the greatest western mystic of the twentieth century. Early infancy He was born of the royal family of Von Grasshoffs, who were connected with the German Court during the lifetime of Prince Bismark. The father of Max Heindel, Francois L. von Grasshoff, migrated, when quite a young man, to Copenhagen, Denmark, where he married a Danish woman of noble birth. They had two sons and one daughter. The oldest of these sons was Carl Louis Von Grasshoff, who later adopted the pen name of Max Heindel. The father died when the eldest son was six ...
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Chaz Salvatore Bono (born Chastity Sun Bono; March 4, 1969) is an American transgender advocate, writer, actor, and musician. Bono is the only child that American entertainers Sonny and Cher had together, though each had children from other relationships. Bono is a female-to-male transgender man. In 1995, after several years of being outed as lesbian by the tabloid press, Bono publicly declared herself as such in a cover story in a leading American gay monthly magazine, The Advocate. Bono went on to discuss the process of coming out to oneself and to others in two books. Family Outing: A Guide to the Coming Out Process for Gays, Lesbians, and Their Families (1998) includes the author's coming out account. The memoir, The End of Innocence (2003) discusses the author's outing, music caree...
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Vera Mindy Chokalingam (born June 24, 1979 (birth time source: Craft, Astrodatabank, BC)), better known as Mindy Kaling, is an American actress, comedian, writer and producer who plays Kelly Kapoor on the NBC sitcom The Office. Kaling is also a co-executive producer and writer of several of the show's episodes. Early life Kaling was born Vera Chokalingam in Waltham, Massachusetts, to a Tamil father and and Bengali mother from India. Her father, Avu, is an architect and her mother, Swati, is an obstetrician/gynecologist. She explains that she has been known as Mindy ever since her mother was pregnant with her when her parents were living in Nigeria. They were already planning to move to the U.S. and wanted a "cute American name" for their daughter, and liked the name Mindy from the...
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Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel (February 28, 1906 � June 20, 1947) was an American gangster, popularly thought to be the impetus behind large-scale development of Las Vegas. Early life Benjamin Siegelbaum was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a poor Jewish family from Letychiv, Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (today's Ukraine). As a boy, Siegel joined a street gang on Lafayette Street on the Lower East Side and first committed mainly thefts, until, with another youth named Moe Sedway, he devised his own protection racket: pushcart merchants were forced to pay him five dollars or he would incinerate their merchandise on the spot. During adolescence, Siegel befriended Meyer Lansky, who was forming a small crew whose criminal activities expanded to include gambling and car theft. Siege...
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Ben Foster (born October 29, 1980 (birth time source: birth certificate, Astrodatabank)) is a Daytime Emmy- and Screen Actors Guild Award-winning American actor and composer. He is known for his roles in the teen movies Liberty Heights and Get Over It, as well as the action films Hostage (2005), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) and 3:10 to Yuma (2007). Early life Foster was born in Newton, Massachusetts, the son of Stephen Foster, a restaurateur. He has a younger brother, Jon, who is also an actor. Foster's parents, whom he has described as "free-spirited, Vietnam-protesting hippies", relocated to the small town of Fairfield, Iowa four years after he was born, and after their Boston house was burglarized while they were present. Foster is Jewish; his paternal grandmother emigrated from Ru...
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Frederick II (German: Friedrich II.; January 24, 1712 � August 17, 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740�1786) from the Hohenzollern dynasty. In his role as a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he was Frederick IV (Friedrich IV.) of Brandenburg. He became known as Frederick the Great (Friedrich der Gro�e) and was nicknamed der alte Fritz ("Old Fritz"). Interested primarily in the arts during his youth, Frederick unsuccessfully attempted to flee from his authoritarian father, the "Soldier-King" Frederick William I, after which he was forced to watch the execution of a childhood friend. Upon ascending to the Prussian throne, he attacked Austria and claimed Silesia during the Silesian Wars, winning military acclaim for himself and Prussia. Near the end of his life, Frederick united most ...
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Alain Chamfort, born Alain Govic, is a French singer of Breton origin, born on March 2, 1949 in Paris. He was a promising pianist in his youth, and the piano became his instrument of choice. His first band, "The Dreamers" had minor success as a repertory jazz outfit, and was followed by a time in a typically sixties rock music group "Murator". He met famed writer and producer Jacques Dutronc who proposed to accompany Chamfort on future works for television and film, and it is with Dutronc that Chamfort's career expanded. After being discovered by Dutronc, it was with Claude Fran�ois and ultimately Serge Gainsbourg who will see leading of marvellous albums and the first album of Alain Chamfort: "Manureva". This song remains one of the most famous to date of Chamfort. Alain Chamfort...
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Michelle Yvonne Hunziker (born January 24, 1977 in Lugano (birth time source: Grazia Bordoni, Astrodatabank, from memory)), is a Swiss actress, model and a famous personality on Italian and German television. Birth time sources: Sources: http://astrologia.forumfree.it/?t=12488444 http://www.astrologiainlinea.it/astro_magazine/articoli/astromagazine_dett_articolo.asp?ID=569 http://oroscopo.virgilio.it/oroscopovip/michelle_hunziker.html Early years Hunziker was born at Sorengo (Lugano), in the southern, Italian speaking part of Switzerland. Her mother Ineke is Dutch; her father Rudolf, who died of a heart attack in the fall of 2001, was a German speaking Swiss national. He was a painter, but worked as a hotel manager. In 1983, the family moved to Ostermundigen, a suburb of Berne i...
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Richard Stephen Dreyfuss (born October 29, 1947) is an Academy Award-winning American actor. Taille : 5' 5" (1.65 m) Early life Dreyfuss was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Norman, an attorney and restaurateur, and Geraldine, a peace activist. Dreyfuss is Jewish and his surname is of Yiddish origin, a variant spelling meaning tripod. His surname is pronounced "DRAY-fuss". For years, though, the public mispronounced it as "DRY-fuss" until he corrected them. He has said that according to family tradition, he is either a direct descendant or at least a relative of Alfred Dreyfus. This is disputed by others. Dreyfuss spent his early childhood in Brooklyn and in Bayside, Queens, until he moved to Los Angeles with his family at the age of nine. In 1965, he graduated from Beverly Hi...
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What comic strip, introduced by Chester Gould in 1931, features the adventures of a hard hitting, fast-shooting, and intelligent police detective? | Dick Tracy | Harvey Comics Database Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Comic strip
Characters and story
Chester Gould introduced a raw violence to comic strips, reflecting the violence of 1930s Chicago. Gould did his best to keep up with the latest in crime fighting techniques; while Tracy often ends a case in a shootout, he uses forensic science, advanced gadgetry and wits to track the bad guy down. The strip was an early example of the police procedural mystery story. Actual "whodunit" plots were relatively rare in the stories; the focus is the chase, with a criminal committing a crime and Tracy solving the case during a relentless pursuit of the criminal, who becomes increasingly desperate as the detective closes in.
The strip's villains are arguably the strongest appeal of the story. Tracy's world is decidedly black and white. The bad guys are sometimes so evil that their very flesh is deformed to announce their sins to the world. The evil sometimes is raw and coarse, like the criminally insane Selbert Depool ("looped" spelled backwards—typical Gould). At other times, it is suave, like the arrogant Shoulders, who cannot help thinking that all women like him. It can even border on genius, like the Nazi spy Pruneface, a machine design engineer who dabbles with a chemical nerve gas.
Gould's most popular villain was Flattop Jones, a freelance hitman with a large head as flat as an aircraft carrier's flight deck. Flattop was hired by black marketeers to murder Tracy, and he nearly accomplished that before deciding to first blackmail his employers for more money. This proved to be a fatal mistake, since it gave Tracy time to signal for help. He eventually defeated his assassin in a spectacular fight scene even as the police were storming the hideout, but Flattop himself escaped. When Flattop was eventually killed, fans went into public mourning, and The Flattop Story was reprinted in its entirety in DC's series of Oversize Comic Reprints in the 1970s.
Reflecting some of the era that also produced film noir, Gould tapped into the existential despair of the criminals as small crimes led to bigger ones. Plans slipped out of control and events sometimes happened for no apparent reason, portraying their lives as unpredictable and cruel. Treachery was everywhere as henchmen were ruthlessly killed by their bosses, who were in turn betrayed by jilted girlfriends. "Good people" in the wrong place at the wrong time were gunned down.
Amid these cases, the strip had considerable character storylines in the series. Tracy had a difficult relationship with his girlfriend, Tess Trueheart, who found her beau's firm dedication to his work both an irritating interference and a physical danger with her being often caught in the crossfire in his cases. The stormy relationship hit its nadir when she rejected Tracy to marry a charming wealthy ex-baseball player, only to find herself trapped in a deadly family intrigue that led to murder and the suicide of her husband that proved so traumatizing that she resumed her relationship with Tracy with a much more patient attitude toward his commitments.
Tracy had his own concerns with a young homeless boy whom he took under his wing to become adopted son and sidekick with the name, Dick Tracy Jr., or simply "Junior." The boy would often participate in investigations at great personal risk until eventually finding his own career as a police forensic artist at the service of his father's precinct. Tracy had a professional partner, the ex-steel worker Pat Patton. Joining the force, Pat had little confidence in his own abilities to the point of seriously considering leaving the force. However, he gradually grew into his career until he became a detective of considerable skill and courage—enough to satisfy Tracy's needs.
Evolution of the strip
The famous 2-Way Wrist Radio
On January 13, 1946, [2] Gould changed Dick Tracy forever with the introduction of the 2-Way Wrist Radio, having drawn inspiration from a visit to inventor Al Gross. This seminal communications device, worn as a wristwatch by Tracy and members of the police force, became one of the strip's most immediately recognizable icons, and can be thought of as a precursor to later technological developments, such as cellular phones. The 2-Way Wrist Radio was upgraded to a 2-Way Wrist TV in 1964. This development also led to the introduction of an important supporting character, Diet Smith, an eccentric industrialist who financed the development of this equipment.
Towards the end of the 1940s, Gould took steps to shake up the status quo of his strip. In late 1948, for instance, a botched security detail led to the death of the semi-regular character Brilliant, the blind inventor of the 2-Way Wrist Radio (among other devices) and son of industrialist Diet Smith. Chief Brandon, Dick Tracy's superior on the police force and a presence in the strip since 1931, voluntarily resigned in shame. Pat Patton, heretofore Tracy's rather buffoonish partner, was promoted to police chief in Brandon's place. Gould later explained this seemingly improbable turn of events by stating that, within the strip's reality, Tracy was offered the job first but had declined, personally recommending Patton instead. To take Patton's place as Tracy's sidekick, a new character, Sam Catchem (based on Gould's old friend, Al Lowenthal), was introduced.
The 1950s
In 1949, Spike Jones was caricatured in the Dick Tracy dailies as Spike Dyke.
In 1949, on Christmas Day, Dick Tracy and Tess Trueheart finally married, after a rocky courtship lasting the 18-year history of the strip to that date. Gould changed Tracy with the times, sometimes with mixed results. He introduced topical story lines about television, juvenile delinquency, graft, organized crime, and other developments in American life during the 1950s. Elements of soap opera began to permeate the strip with Dick, Tess, and Junior (along with the Tracys' new baby daughter, Bonnie Braids), at home as a family. Depictions of family life alternated, and intertwined, with the shadowy crime drama that was always the strip's mainstay, such as the kidnapping of Bonnie Braids by fugitive Crewy Lou, or Junior's girlfriend, Model, being accidentally shot and killed by her brother, a wanted murderer of a police officer.
Gould incurred some controversy when he had Tracy, on a police officer's salary, live in an unaccountably ostentatious manner in a large home complete with a personal Cadillac. Gould responded with a story where Tracy was accused of corruption and had to explain the origin of his possessions in detail, such as stating he used personal savings he frugally accrued for his house while the Cadillac was a prototype he was test running for Diet Smith. In his book-length examination of the strip, Dick Tracy - The Official Biography, Jay Maeder suggested that Gould's critics were largely unsatisfied by his explanation. Nevertheless, the controversy eventually faded, and the cartoonist reduced exposure to Tracy's home life.
Chester Gould's Dick Tracy vs "The Mole" (October 12, 1941)
With the exception of The Big Boy, the strip's first villain, a fictionalized version of Al Capone, and a few others, Tracy's cases tended to involve independent operators rather than organized crime figures. In the 1950s, with growing public awareness of organized crime growing, due to events like the Kefauver Hearings, Tracy began to take on a series of big-time mobsters such as the King, George "Mr. Crime" Alpha, Odds Zonn and Willie "The Fifth" Millyun.
As Tess faded into the background as a major character, the changing face of law enforcement in real life was also reflected in Tracy's taking on a female assistant, rookie policewoman Lizz Worthington, who joined the police force in 1956 and immediately was assigned to help in the investigation of her long-lost sister's murder by juvenile delinquent Joe Period. Later in that same sequence, Period hooked up with Flattop's son, Flattop Jr.
Space period
As technology progressed, so too did the methods Tracy and the police used to track and capture criminals. These took the form of increasingly fanciful atomic-powered gadgets and devices developed by Diet Smith Industries. This eventually led to the 1960s advent of the Space Coupe, a spacecraft with a magnetic propulsion system. This marked the beginning of the strip's "Space Period," that saw Tracy and friends having adventures on the Moon and meeting Moon Maid, the daughter of the leader of a race of humanoid people living in "Moon Valley" in 1964. After an eventual sharing of technological information, Moon technology became standard issue on Tracy's police force, including air cars, flying cylindrical vehicles. As such, the villains became even more exaggerated in power, resulting in an escalating series of stories that no longer resembled the urban crime drama roots of the strip. During this period, Tracy met famed cartoonist Chet Jade, creator of the comic strip Sawdust, in which the only characters are talking dots.
One of the new characters, Mr. Intro, was only manifest as a disembodied voice. His goal was world domination in the vein of a James Bond villain. Tracy eventually used an atomic laser beam to annihilate Intro and his island base.
Junior married Moon Maid in October 1964. Their daughter, Honey Moon Tracy, had antennae and magnetic hands. In the spring of 1969, Tracy was offered the post of Chief of Police in Moon Valley. However, Tracy ended up back on Earth when the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 showed that the moon was barren of all life. Many of the accouterments of the space period stories, such as the Space Coupe and much of the high-tech gadgetry, remained for many years afterward. Moon Maid receded from the storyline.
The stories of this period took an increasingly condemnatory tone pertaining to contemporary court decisions concerning the rights of the accused, which often involved Tracy being frustrated by legal technicalities. For example, having caught a gang of diamond thieves red-handed, Tracy was forced to let them walk because he could not prove, beyond reasonable doubt, that the diamonds were stolen. As he saw the thieves get off without penalty, Tracy was heard to grumble, "Yes, under today's interpretation of the laws, it seems it's the police who are handcuffed!"
1970s
Color guide for Dick Tracy (March 8, 1970)
In the 1970s, Gould modernized Tracy by giving him a longer hair style and mustache, and added a hippie sidekick, Groovy Grove. Groovy's first appearance in print, as it happened, occurred during the same week as the Kent State shootings. Groovy remained with the strip, off and on until his death in 1984 (at the hands of Gould's successors).
Shortly before his retirement, Gould drew a strip in which Sam, Lizz, and Groovy held Tracy down to shave off his mustache.
At this time, the standard publication size and space of newspaper comics was sharply reduced; for example, the Dick Tracy Sunday strip, which had traditionally been a full-page episode containing 12 panels, was cut in size to a half-page format that offered, at most, eight panels—these new restrictions created challenges for all comic artists.
In one of Max Allan Collins' first stories as the strip's writer, the gangster known as "Big Boy," whose gang members had killed Tess Trueheart's father years ago, learned that he was dying and had less than a year to live. Big Boy, still seeking revenge on the plainclothesman who sent him up the river, wanted to live just long enough to see Tracy's death. He put out an open contract on Tracy's head worth one million dollars, knowing that every small-time hood in the City would take a crack at the famous cop for that amount of money. One of the would-be collectors rigged Tracy's car to explode, but inadvertently killed Moon Maid instead of Tracy in the explosion. A funeral strip for Moon Maid explicitly stated that this officially severed all ties between Earth and the Moon in the strip, [3] thus eliminating the last remnants of the Space Period. Honey Moon received a new hairstyle that covered her antennae, and was ultimately phased out of the strip. Junior later married Sparkle Plenty (the daughter of B.O. and Gravel Gertie Plenty), and had a daughter named Sparkle Plenty Jr. In the 1990s, Tracy's own son, Joseph Flintheart Tracy, took on a role similar to Junior's in the earlier strips. During the late 1970s the strip was thought to have been drawn by a few other artists due to an ailing Gould.
Plenty family
The Plenty family was a group of goofy redneck yokels headed by the former villain, Bob Oscar ("B.O."), along with Gertrude ("Gravel Gertie") Plenty. Gravel Gertie was introduced as the unwitting dupe (accessory) of the villain, The Brow, who was on the run from Dick Tracy. The family provided a humorous counterpoint to Tracy's adventures. The Plenty sub-story was decades long, and saw Sparkle Plenty grow from an infant to a young married lady.
The Plenty family appeared with Tracy in a story that occurred in a bank, where "B.O." found a way to prevent thieves from snatching an envelope of money from a counter.
B.O. and Gertie have just had a second child, Attitude, a boy who is as ugly as Sparkle is beautiful. His face has yet to be shown.
Crimestoppers' Textbook
Beginning in the early 1950s, the Sunday strip included a frame devoted to a page from the "Crimestoppers' Textbook", a series of handy illustrated hints for the amateur crime-fighter. This was named after a short-lived youth group seen in the strip during the late 1940s, led by Junior Tracy, called "Dick Tracy's Crimestoppers." This feature ended when Gould retired from the strip in 1977, but Max Allan Collins reinstated it, and it is still part of the comic strip. After Gould's retirement, Collins initially replaced the Textbook with "Dick Tracy's Rogues Gallery," a salute to memorable Tracy villains of the past.
Later years
Chester Gould retired from comics in 1977; his last Dick Tracy strip appeared in print on Sunday, December 25 of that year. The following Monday, Dick Tracy was taken over by Max Allan Collins and longtime Gould assistant Rick Fletcher. Gould's name remained in the byline for a few years after his retirement as a story consultant.
Collins wrote the 1978 death of Moon Maid, and removed other Gould creations of the 1960s and 1970s (including Groovy Grove, who was gravely wounded in the line of duty and later died in the hospital; Lizz married him before his death). Collins took a generally less cynical view of the justice system than Gould—Tracy came to accept its limitations and requirements as a normal part of the process he could manage. Extreme technology, such as the Space Coupe, were phased out in favor of more realistic advanced tools such as the 2-Way Wrist Computer in 1987.
New semi-regular characters introduced by Collins and Fletcher included: Dr. Will Carver, a plastic surgeon with underworld ties who often worked on known felons; Wendy Wichel, a smarmy newspaper reporter/editorialist with a strong anti-Tracy bias in her articles; and Lee Ebony, an African-American female detective. Vitamin Flintheart, the aged ham actor created by Gould in 1944, who had not been seen in the strip for almost three decades, reappeared occasionally as a comic-relief figure. The Plenty family (B.O., Gravel Gertie, and Sparkle) were also brought back as semi-regulars as well; following the death of Moon Maid, Junior and Sparkle were married, and soon gave birth to their own daughter, Sparkle Plenty, Jr.
Original villains seen during this period included Angeltop (revenge-seeking, psychopathic daughter of the slain Flattop), Torcher (whose scheme was arson-for-profit), and Splitscreen (a video pirate). Collins brought back at least one "classic" Gould villain, or revenge-seeking family member, per year. The revived Gould villains were often provided with full names, and marriages, children, and other family connections were developed, bringing more humanity to many of the originally grotesque brutes. "Flattop", particularly, had a number of relatives, all with his characteristic head structure and facial attributes, who one by one turned up to avenge their ancestor on Tracy.
Rick Fletcher died in 1983 and was succeeded by editorial cartoonist Dick Locher, who had assisted Gould on the strip in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Locher was assisted by his son John, who died in 1986.
In 1992, following a financial reorganization of their comic strip holdings, Max Allan Collins was fired from the strip, and Tribune staff writer and columnist Mike Kilian took over the writing. Kilian was paid less than half of what Collins was making per strip, but continued until his death on October 27, 2005. Locher was both author and artist for over three years, beginning on January 9, 2006. On March 16, 2009, Jim Brozman began collaborating with Locher, taking over the drawing duties while Locher continued to write the strip. [4]
In 2005, Tracy was a guest at Blondie and Dagwood's 75th anniversary party in the comic strip Blondie . Later, Dick Tracy appeared in the comic strip Gasoline Alley.
On January 19, 2011, Tribune Media Services announced that Locher was retiring from the strip and handing the reins to artist Joe Staton and writer Mike Curtis . [5] [6] The new creative team has previously worked together on Scooby Doo , Richie Rich , and Casper the Friendly Ghost . [7] Their first Dick Tracy strip was published March 14, 2011. Staton and Curtis are assisted by Shelley Pleger, who inks and letters Staton's drawings, along with Shane Fisher, who provides the coloring on the Sunday strips, and Chicago-area policeman Jim Doherty, who provides "Crimestopper" captions for the Sunday strips, and acts as the feature's technical advisor.
Awards and recognition
Chester Gould won the Reuben Award for the strip in 1959 and 1977. The Mystery Writers of America honored Gould and his work with a Special Edgar Award in 1980. In 1995, the strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative postage stamps and postcards. [8]
On May 2, 2011, the Tennessee Senate passed Resolution 30, congratulating Mike Curtis and Joe Staton on their professional accomplishments, including Dick Tracy.
Other media depictions
Radio
Dick Tracy had a long run on radio, from 1934 weekdays on NBC's New England stations to the ABC network in 1948. Bob Burlen was the first radio Tracy in 1934, and others heard in the role during the 1930s and 1940s were Barry Thompson, Ned Wever and Matt Crowley. The early shows all had 15-minute episodes.
On CBS, with Sterling Products as sponsor, the serial aired four times a week from February 4, 1935 to July 11, 1935, moving to Mutual from September 30, 1935 to March 24, 1937 with Bill McClintock doing the sound effects. NBC's weekday afternoon run from January 3, 1938 to April 28, 1939 had sound effects by Keene Crockett and was sponsored by Quaker Oats, which brought Dick Tracy into primetime (Saturdays at 7 pm and, briefly, Mondays at 8 pm) with 30-minute episodes from April 29, 1939 to September 30, 1939. The series returned to 15-minute episodes on the ABC Blue Network from March 15, 1943 to July 16, 1948, sponsored by Tootsie Roll, which used the music theme of "Toot Toot, Tootsie" for its 30-minute Saturday ABC series from October 6, 1945 to June 1, 1946. Sound effects on ABC were supplied by Walt McDonough and Al Finelli.
Directors of the series included Mitchell Grayson, Charles Powers and Bob White. Cast members at various times included Walter Kinsella as Pat Patton, Helen Lewis as Tess Trueheart and Andy Donnelly and Jackie Kelk as Junior Tracy. Announcers were Ed Herlihy and Dan Seymour.
On July 8, 1945, during a New York newspaper deliverers' strike, New York mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia read a complete Dick Tracy strip over the radio.
Recordings
Jim Ameche portrayed Tracy in a two-record set recorded by Mercury Records in 1947. The record sleeves were illustrated with Sunday strips reprinted in black-and-white for children to color. [9]
Film serials
Dick Tracy made his live-action debut in Dick Tracy (1937), a Republic Pictures movie serial starring Ralph Byrd . The character proved very popular, and a second serial, Dick Tracy Returns , appeared in 1938 (reissued in 1948). Dick Tracy's G-Men was released in 1939 (reissued in 1955). The last was Dick Tracy vs. Crime Inc. in 1941 (reissued as Dick Tracy vs. the Phantom Empire in 1952).
The sequels were produced under an interpretation of the contract for the first, Dick Tracy (1937) , which gave license for "a series or serial." As a result Chester Gould received no further money for the sequel serials.
In these serials Dick Tracy is portrayed as an FBI agent, or "G-Man", based in California, rather than as a detective in the police force of a Midwestern city resembling Chicago, and, aside from himself and Junior, no characters from the strip appear in any of the four films. However, comic relief sidekick "Mike McGurk" bears some resemblance to Tracy's partner from the strip, Pat Patton; Tracy's secretary, Gwen Andrews (played by several actresses in the course of the series, including Jennifer Jones under a variation of her real name, Phyllis Isley), provides the same kind of feminine interest as Tess Trueheart; and FBI Director Clive Anderson ( Francis X. Bushman and others) is the same kind of avuncular superior as Chief Brandon. The first serial, Dick Tracy, is now in the public domain.
Early feature films
Six years after the release of the final Republic serial, Dick Tracy headlined four feature films, produced by RKO Radio Pictures. Dick Tracy (aka Dick Tracy, Detective) (1945) was followed by Dick Tracy vs. Cueball in 1946, both with Morgan Conway as Tracy. Ralph Byrd returned for the last two features, both released in 1947: Dick Tracy's Dilemma and Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome . Gruesome is probably the best known of the four, with the villain portrayed by Boris Karloff . All four movies had many of the visual features associated with film noir : dramatic, shadowy photographic compositions, with many exterior scenes filmed at night. Lyle Latell co-starred in all four films as Pat Patton. Anne Jeffreys played Tess Trueheart in the first two, succeeded by Kay Christopher and finally Anne Gwynne ; Ian Keith joined the cast as the actor Vitamin Flintheart for two films; Joseph Crehan played Chief Brandon. RKO stocked the films with familiar faces, creating a veritable rogues' gallery of characters: Mike Mazurki as Splitface, Dick Wessel as Cueball, Esther Howard as Filthy Flora, Jack Lambert as hook-handed villain The Claw; baldheaded, pop-eyed Milton Parsons, mild-mannered Byron Foulger , dangerous Trevor Bardette , pockmarked, gently sinister Skelton Knaggs .
Television
The strip has had limited exposure on television with one early live-action series, two animated series, one unsold pilot that was never picked up, and a proposed TV series currently held up in litigation.
First live-action series
Ralph Byrd , who had played the square-jawed sleuth in all four Republic movie serials, and in two of the RKO feature-length films, reprised his role in a short-lived live-action Dick Tracy series that ran on ABC from 1950 to 1951. Additional episodes intended for first-run syndication continued to be produced into 1952. Produced by P. K. Palmer, who also wrote many of the scripts, the series often featured Gould-created villains such as Flattop, Shaky, the Mole, Breathless Mahoney, Heels Beals, and Influence, all of whom appeared on film for the first time on this series. Other cast members included Joe Devlin as Sam Catchem, Angela Greene as Tess Tracy (née Trueheart), Martin Dean as Junior, and Pierre Watkin as Chief Patton. Criticized for its violence, the series remained popular. It ended, not in response to criticism, but because of Byrd's unexpected, premature death in 1952. The series was filmed on a low budget, with many long hours and a rushed shooting schedule.
Cartoons
Main article: The Dick Tracy Show
DVD release of the 1961 cartoon.
In the first cartoon series, produced from 1960 to 1961 by UPA, Tracy employed a series of cartoon-like subordinate flatfoots to fight crime each week, contacting them on his two-way wrist radio. Everett Sloane voiced Tracy and supporting characters and villains were voiced by Jerry Hausner, Mel Blanc , Benny Rubin , Johnny Coons, Paul Frees and others. These subordinates included "Go-Go" Gomez, Joe Jitsu, Hemlock Holmes and Heap O'Calorie. 130 five-minute cartoons were designed and packaged for syndication, usually intended for local children's shows.
Since UPA was also the production company behind the Mr. Magoo cartoons, it was possible for them to arrange a meeting between Tracy and Magoo in a 1965 episode of the season-long TV series The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo. In that episode, "Dick Tracy and the Mob," Tracy persuades Magoo (a well-known actor in the context of the Famous Adventures series) to impersonate an international hit man whom he resembles, and infiltrate a gang of criminals made up of Flattop, Pruneface, Itchy, Mumbles and others. Unlike the earlier animated Tracy shorts, this longer episode was played relatively straight, with Tracy getting much more screen time. Pitting Tracy against a coalition of several of his foes would be adopted more than two decades later in the 1990 film mentioned below.
A second cartoon series, produced in 1971, was a feature in Archie's TV Funnies , produced by Filmation , which adhered more closely to the comic strip although hampered by cruder animation, typical of the studio's production standards, than the UPA shorts.
Live-action television pilot
In 1967, William Dozier , the producer responsible for the 1966 Batman television series, produced a pilot for a live-action Dick Tracy series, starring Ray MacDonnell in the title role. While the quality of the pilot ("The Plot To Kill NATO", featuring "Special Guest Villain" Victor Buono as 'Mr. Memory') was slightly above-average, the series was not purchased by either ABC or NBC as ratings for the Batman series were dropping, and a similar series featuring The Green Hornet had recently flopped. To the networks, the "Hero Camp" or Batmania craze was dying, and they chose not to take a risk on another series.
The pilot is notable for the non-appearance of the future Jan Brady ( Eve Plumb ) as Bonnie Braids. Although cast in the role, she only appears in the title credits at the opening of the show.
1990 film
In 1990, Warren Beatty directed and starred as the title character in a live action all-star cast film, along with Al Pacino , Dustin Hoffman and Madonna .
Comic books
Chester Gould's cover for 1947 Quaker Puffed Wheat giveaway comic book reprinting early 1940s Dick Tracy strips.
Tracy made his first comic book appearance in 1936 as one of the features included in the first issue of Dell's Popular Comics. As would be the case with most Tracy comic book appearances, these would be reprints from the newspaper strip, reconfigured to fit the pages of a comic book. Tracy would remain a regular feature in Popular Comics through the publication's 21st issue.
The first comic book to feature Tracy exclusively was the Dick Tracy Feature Book, published in May 1937 by David McKay Publications. McKay's Feature Books were magazines that rotated several popular characters from comics strips through 1938. Three more of McKay's Feature Books starred Tracy in the following months.
In 1939, Dell started a comic magazine series called "Black and White Comics," essentially identical to McKay's "Feature Books." Six of the 15 issues featured Tracy. In 1941, Dell's "Black and White" series was replaced by the "Large Feature Books," the third issue of which featured Tracy. As with the McKay series, the Dell "Black and White" and "Large Feature" series were abridged reprints of the strip.
In 1938, Tracy became one of several regular newspaper strips featured in Dell's regular monthly Super Comics, remaining a regular part of that publication until 1948. In 1939, Tracy was the sole feature in the very first issue of Dell's Four-Color Comics, which put out over 1300 issues starring hundreds of characters between 1939 and 1962. Tracy was featured in seven more Four-Color issues throughout the 1940s.
Tracy was frequently featured in comic books used as promotional items by various companies. In 1947, Sig Feuchtwanger produced a comic book that was a giveaway prize in boxes of Quaker Puffed Wheat cereal, sponsor of the popular Dick Tracy radio series.
In January 1948, Dell began the first regular Dick Tracy comic book series, Dick Tracy Monthly. This series ultimately ran for 145 issues, the first 24 of which were published by Dell, after which it was picked up by Harvey Comics . Continuing the same numbering, Harvey published the series until 1961. As with most previous Tracy comic book incarnations, these were, with the exception of the last few Dell issues which featured original material, slightly abridged and reconfigured reprints of the newspaper strips.
Dick Tracy was revived in 1986 by Blackthorne Publishing and ran for 99 issues. Disney produced a series of three issues as a tie-in for their 1990 film. This miniseries, True Hearts and Tommy Guns, was drawn by Kyle Baker and edited by Len Wein . The third issue was a direct adaptation of the film.
Recent events
Media outlets reported a legal battle being waged over rights to the Dick Tracy character. Warren Beatty announced plans to make a sequel to his 1990 movie. At the same time, television producers announced plans for a new Dick Tracy TV series. Both sides claimed that they were the legal owners of the rights to Dick Tracy. In May 2005, Beatty sued the Tribune Company, claiming he has owned the rights to the Dick Tracy character since 1985. [10] Pressure from Beatty led to the cancellation of a proposed collaboration between artist Mike Oeming and writer Brian Bendis on a new serialized Dick Tracy comic. [11]
The lawsuit was resolved in Beatty's favor, with a US District judge ruling that Beatty did everything contractually required of him to keep the rights to the character. [12] [13]
Books
Over the years, many reprints of Dick Tracy newspaper strips have been published. Beginning in 2007, IDW Publishing reprinted the complete strip in hardcover volumes. Other collections include: [14]
The Exploits of Dick Tracy, Detective: The Case of the Brow. Rosdon, hardcover, 1946.
The Celebrated Cases of Dick Tracy, 1931-1951. Chelsea House, hardcover, 1970
Dick Tracy: The Thirties—Tommy Guns and Hard Times. Chelsea House, hardcover, 1978.
Dick Tracy: His Greatest Cases, No. 1—Pruneface. Gold Medal, paperback, 1975.
Dick Tracy: His Greatest Cases, No. 2—Snowflake and Shaky plus The Black Pearl. Gold Medal, paperback, 1975.
Dick Tracy: His Greatest Cases, No. 3—Mrs. Pruneface plus Crime, Inc.. Gold Medal, paperback, 1975.
Other editions: [14]
The first Big Little Book was a Dick Tracy title and many subsequent ones in the series followed. Some were reprintings of newspaper strips and some alternate between text and original black-and white drawings. [15]
Dick Tracy and The Spider Gang, a novelization of the Republic serial, Big Little Book #1446, the pages alternate between text and black-and-white photos from the movies.
Dick Tracy, Ace Detective. Whitman, hardcover, 1943.
Dick Tracy Meets The Night Crawler. Whitman, hardcover, 1945.
Dick Tracy and the Woo Woo Sisters, Dell, un-numbered paperback with a pictorial back cover but not a mapback, 1947.
Filmography
Dick Tracy (1990, film starring Warren Beatty )
Licensed products
In the 1960s, Aurora produced a plastic model kit of Dick Tracy sliding down a fire escape ladder into an alley, in hot pursuit with gun drawn. A Dick Tracy Space Coupe model came next. Also in the market were Mattel's Dick Tracy range of toy weapons. [16]
In 1990, Playmates Toys released a line of action figures called Dick Tracy: Coppers and Gangsters to coincide with the Dick Tracy movie. The figures were 5" tall, stylized with exaggerated comicy looks and came with lots of accessories. [17] Two figures in the line had limited availability; Steve the Tramp (called "The Tramp" on the package front) was pulled from the assortment after complaints of portrayal of a homeless person as a criminal. The figure of "The Blank" was added to the assortment well after the film's release to keep the secret of the identity of the character. As a result, only limited quantities made it to store shelves.
The Dick Tracy video game was developed by Titus Software in 1990. It was ported to many platforms including Amiga, Commodore and MS-DOS. Dick Tracy is a side scrolling action shooting game. Player controls Dick Tracy through five stages. [18]
There were also games made for the Nintendo Entertainment System (1990), Sega Master System (1990), Sega Genesis (1991), and the Game Boy (1991). [19]
In 2009, Shocker Toys released a monochromatic Dick Tracy action figure as an exclusive product for the San Diego Comic-Con. The figure appears in a suit with two-way wrist radio. There was also a variant figure released of Dick Tracy in his signature trench coat and fedora with a tommy gun accessory. [20]
Character development
Many of the comic characters were based on local citizens of Woodstock, Illinois, where Chester Gould wrote the majority of the strip. However, Gould modeled many characters after close associates, such as his publisher Joseph Patterson as Big Frost, and even himself as Pear-Shape Tone.
Max Allan Collins indicated that Flattop Jones was based on the real-life gangster Pretty Boy Floyd. Both Floyd and Flattop hailed from Oklahoma's Cookson Hills.
Cultural legacy
The superhero The Tick had several villains that made fun of the disfigurements of Dick Tracy villains, including Chairface.
The artist Jess Collins used an X-Acto knife and rubber cement to reassemble Gould's strip into Tricky Cad. Gould threatened to sue if the Tricky Cad collages were published. [21]
In Al Capp's satiric comic strip Li'l Abner, there was a long-running parody of Dick Tracy called Fearless Fosdick. An intermittent, strip-within-the-strip feature in Li'l Abner, Fosdick lampooned every aspect of Dick Tracy—from Fosdick's impossibly square-jawed profile to his propensity for bullet-riddled "ventilation." The style of the Fosdick sequences closely burlesqued Tracy, complete with outrageous villains, ludicrously satirical plotlines, and ramped-up cartoon violence. Whatever Capp really thought of Dick Tracy, he was always careful to praise Gould and his strip in conversation and in print, invariably referring to it as "Chester Gould's magnificent Dick Tracy."
On February 15, 1945, Command Performance presented "Dick Tracy In B Flat," or "For Goodness Sakes, Isn't He Ever Going To Marry Tess Trueheart?" Billed as "the world's first comic strip operetta", it starred Bing Crosby as Dick Tracy, Dinah Shore as Tess Trueheart, and Bob Hope as Flattop Jones . The cast also included Jerry Colonna (police chief), Frank Morgan (Vitamin Flintheart), Jimmy Durante (The Mole), Judy Garland (Snowflake Falls), The Andrews Sisters (The Summer Sisters—May, June & July), Frank Sinatra (Shaky), Cass Daley (Gravel Gertie), and Harry Von Zell (narrator).
Dick Tracy is also spoofed in the comic strip Red Meat by Max Cannon . The character of Stacy is a down on his luck alcoholic kicked off the force.
A classic Warner Bros. cartoon with Looney Tunes star Daffy Duck called The Great Piggy Bank Robbery spoofed Dick Tracy as "Duck Twacy". The cartoon was directed by WB legend Bob Clampett in 1946. Daffy wore Dick's yellow hat again in a Tiny Toons episode where Plucky Duck becomes the protagonist of a Dick-Tracy-themed dream sequence just like Daffy did in TGPBR. Also, in Easter Yeggs, Elmer Fudd says "I can't miss with my Dick Twacy hat!"
The "Crimestopper's Textbook" was parodied in two editions of The Stan Freberg Show in 1957, both in a discussion sketch called "Face the Funnies." In the first, a self-proclaimed Dick Tracy expert (voiced by Daws Butler ) advised, "If vandals kidnap you, look for fingerprints on or about your person." In the second example, Butler said, "If someone shoots you in the chest, extract the bullet and look for small tell-tale bore markings on the slug, and then call a doctor."
Mad once eulogized Tracy as having died from lead poisoning, which resulted from being shot in the left shoulder 47 times (noting Gould's repeatedly showing Tracy being wounded in that spot). Other issues of Mad showed Tracy identifying Pruneface despite a facelift (by viewing his still-wrinkled buttocks), or ranting in Doonesbury style about changing trends in police procedures. (In the latter, Junior suggests "There's always the CIA!") A parody of the 1990 film was also made, where Warren Beatty's Tracy is killed in the end by the Blank, who reveals himself to be the original comic-style Dick Tracy.
In issue #5, October/November 1954, Mad's sister magazine, Panic, ran a full-length Tracy parody titled "Tick Dracy."
Parody show Robot Chicken recently parodied the Dick Tracy strips labeling of villains based on their facial features. Tracy nicknames everybody, in an insulting way. It's later revealed that Tracy himself is named Dick because his head looks like the head of a penis [dick].
Parodying a period when Tracy was blind, The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers Underground comix books featured Tricky Prickears, a very conservative blind and deaf detective. These comic-within-a comic episodes appeared under the heading Crime Stoppers, Mein Kampf.
In the crime drama The Closer's episode Tapped Out, a character named Richard Tracy was a psychotic man who thought he was a cop.
Maxwell House 'hug-a-mug' 80's TV commercials sometimes featured cartoon Dick Tracy cameos, including one where he's sitting at a live action diner counter along with some live action cops. As Tracy raises his coffee mug, his wrist radio sounds. He tilts his wrist to listen, only to have the coffee spill to the amusement of the cops.
The February, 1949, issue of The Yale Record (cover titled Record Comics) contains several full-color comics parodies, including the Dick Tracy parody called "Hotshot Stacy". In this two-page feature, the detective pursues "The Head", a man with a giant egg-shaped head, and corners him at the head, literally, an outhouse. During the strip, The Head puts "Bright Boy" through a meat grinder. The art is signed by Sylvester Goul, in the style of Chester Gould's signature. The whole magazine is a precursor to the comics parodies in early issues of Mad.
In 1933, Humor Publishing Company produced a comic featuring a Dick Tracy knock-off named Dan Dunn.
In 1960, American Pop artist Andy Warhol made several paintings, each called Dick Tracy, faithfully reproducing Gould's hero in a faux Abstract Expressionist style.
La Guardia Reads The Funnies - New York mayor shown reading Sunday comics, telling Dick Tracy story aloud into WNYC radio mic: A film clip "Czechs Fight For Freedom, 1945/07/09 (1945)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive
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| Dick Tracy |
What famed fashion designer was gunned down outside his Miami home by certified asshat Andrew Cunanan on July 15, 1997? | Dick Tracy
Dick Tracy
Chester Gould (original)Mike Curtis (current writer)Joe Staton (current artist)
Current status / schedule
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Chester Gould's Dick Tracy vs. "The Blank" (January 2, 1938)
Dick Tracy is a long-running comic strip featuring a popular and familiar character in American pop culture, Dick Tracy, a hard-hitting, fast-shooting and intelligent police detective. Created by Chester Gould, the strip made its debut on October 4, 1931, in the Detroit Mirror. It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977.
Comic strip
Color guide for Dick Tracy (March 8, 1970)
Characters and story
Chester Gould introduced a raw violence to comic strips, reflecting the violence of 1930s Chicago. Gould did his best to keep up with the latest in crime fighting techniques; while Tracy often ends a case in a shootout, he uses forensic science, advanced gadgetry and wits to track the bad guy down. It has been suggested that this comic strip was the first example of the police procedural mystery story. Others have noted that actual "whodunit" plots were relatively rare in the stories since the comic strip format is not suited for that kind of plot. The real focus, they argue, is the chase, with a criminal seen committing the crime and Dick Tracy solving the case during a relentless pursuit of the criminal, who becomes increasingly desperate as the detective closes in.
The strip's villains are arguably the strongest appeal of the story. Tracy's world is decidedly black and white. where the bad guys are sometimes so evil that their very flesh is deformed to announce their sins to the world. The evil sometimes is raw and coarse, like the criminally insane Selbert Depool ("looped" spelled backwards—typical Gould). At other times, it is suave, like the arrogant Shoulders, who cannot help thinking that all women like him. It can even border on genius, like the Nazi spy Pruneface, a machine design engineer who dabbles with a chemical nerve gas.
Gould's most popular villain was Flattop Jones, a freelance hitman with a large head as flat as an aircraft carrier's flight deck. Flattop was hired by black marketeers to murder Tracy, and he nearly accomplished that before deciding to first blackmail his employers for more money. This proved to be a fatal mistake, since it gave Tracy time to signal for help. He eventually defeated his assassin in a spectacular fight scene even as the police were storming the hideout, but Flattop himself escaped. When Flattop was eventually killed, fans went into public mourning, and The Flattop Story was reprinted in its entirety in DC's series of Oversize Comic Reprints in the 1970s}[citation needed].
Reflecting some of the era that also produced film noir, Gould tapped into the existential despair of the criminals as small crimes led to bigger ones. Plans slipped out of control and events sometimes happened for no apparent reason, portraying their lives as unpredictable and cruel. Treachery was everywhere as henchmen were ruthlessly killed by their bosses, who were in turn betrayed by jilted girlfriends. "Good people" in the wrong place at the wrong time were gunned down.
Amid these cases, the strip had considerable character storylines in the series. For instance, Tracy had a difficult relationship with his girlfriend, Tess Trueheart, who found her beau's firm dedication to his work both an irritating interference and a physical danger with her being often caught in the crossfire in his cases. The stormy relationship hit its nadir when she rejected Tracy to marry a charming wealthy ex-baseball player, only to find herself trapped in a deadly family intrigue that led to murder and the suicide of her husband that proved so traumatizing that she resumed her relationship with Tracy with a much more patient attitude toward his commitments.
Tracy had his own concerns with a young homeless boy whom he took under his wing to become adopted son and sidekick with the name, Dick Tracy Jr., or simply "Junior." The boy would often participate in his father's investigations at great personal risk until eventually finding his own career as a police forensic artist at the service of his father's precinct. Finally, Tracy had a professional partner, the ex-steel worker Pat Patton. Pat joined the force but initially proved a bumbler who had little confidence in his own abilities to the point of seriously considering leaving the force. However, he gradually grew into his career until he became a detective of considerable skill and courage enough to satisfy Tracy's needs.
Evolution of the strip
On January 13, 1946, Gould changed Dick Tracy forever with the introduction of the 2-Way Wrist Radio, having drawn inspiration from a visit to inventor Al Gross. This seminal communications device, worn as a wristwatch by Tracy and members of the police force, became one of the strip's most immediately recognizable icons, and can be thought of as a precursor to later technological developments, such as cellular phones. The 2-Way Wrist Radio was upgraded to a 2-Way Wrist TV in 1964. This development also led to the introduction of an important supporting character, Diet Smith, an eccentric industrialist who financed the development of this equipment.
Towards the end of the 1940s, Gould took steps to shake up the status quo of his strip. In late 1948, for instance, a botched security detail led to the death of the semi-regular character Brilliant, the blind inventor of the 2-Way Wrist Radio (among other devices) and son of industrialist Diet Smith. Chief Brandon, Dick Tracy's superior on the police force and a presence in the strip since 1931, voluntarily resigned in shame. Pat Patton, heretofore Tracy's rather buffoonish partner, was promoted to police chief in Brandon's place. Gould later explained this seemingly improbable turn of events by stating that, within the strip's reality, Tracy was offered the job first but had declined, personally recommending Patton instead. To take Patton's place as Tracy's sidekick, a new character, Sam Catchem (based on Gould's old friend, Al Lowenthal), was introduced.
The 1950s
In 1949, on Christmas Day, Dick Tracy and Tess Trueheart finally married, after a rocky courtship lasting the 18-year history of the strip to that date. Gould changed Tracy with the times, sometimes with mixed results. He introduced topical story lines about television, juvenile delinquency, graft, organized crime, and other developments in American life during the 1950s. Elements of soap opera began to permeate the strip with Dick, Tess, and Junior (along with the Tracys' new baby daughter, Bonnie Braids), at home as a family. Depictions of family life alternated, and intertwined, with the shadowy crime drama that was always the strip's mainstay, such as the kidnapping of Bonnie Braids by fugitive Crewy Lou, or Junior's girlfriend, Model, being accidentally shot and killed by her brother, a wanted murderer of a police officer.
Gould incurred some controversy when he had Tracy, on a police officer's salary, live in an unaccountably ostentatious manner in a large home complete with a personal Cadillac. Gould responded with a story where Tracy was accused of corruption and had to explain the origin of his possessions in detail, such as stating he used personal savings he frugally accrued for his house while the Cadillac was a prototype he was test running for Diet Smith. In his book-length examination of the strip, Dick Tracy - The Official Biography, Jay Maeder suggested that Gould's critics were largely unsatisfied by his explanation. Nevertheless, the controversy eventually faded, and the cartoonist reduced exposure to Tracy's home life.
With the exception of The Big Boy, the strip's first villain, a fictionalized version of Al Capone, and a few others, Tracy's cases tended to involve independent operators rather than organized crime figures. In the '50s, with growing public awareness of organized crime growing, thanks to events like the Kefauver Hearings, Tracy began to take on a series of big-time mobsters such as the King, George "Mr. Crime" Alpha, Odds Zonn, and Willie "The Fifth" Millyun.
As Tess faded into the background as a major character, the changing face of law enforcement in real life was also reflected in Tracy's taking on a female assistant, rookie policewoman Lizz Worthington, who joined the police force in 1956 and immediately was assigned to help in the investigation of her long-lost sister's murder by juvenile delinquent Joe Period. Later in that same sequence, Period would hook up with Flattop's son, Flattop Jr.
Space period
As technology progressed, so too did the methods Tracy and the police used to track and capture criminals. These took the form of increasingly fanciful atomic-powered gadgets and devices developed by Diet Smith Industries. This eventually led to the 1960s advent of the Space Coupe, a spacecraft with a magnetic propulsion system. This marked the beginning of the strip's "Space Period," that saw Tracy and friends having adventures on the Moon and meeting Moon Maid, the daughter of the leader of a race of humanoid people living in "Moon Valley" in 1964. After an eventual sharing of technological information, Moon technology became standard issue on Tracy's police force, including air cars, flying cylindrical vehicles. As such, the villains became even more exaggerated in power, resulting in an escalating series of stories that no longer resembled the urban crime drama roots of the strip.
One of the new characters, Mr. Intro, was only manifest as a disembodied voice. His goal was world domination in the vein of a James Bond villain. Tracy eventually used an atomic laser beam to annihilate Intro and his island base.
Junior married Moon Maid in October 1964. Their daughter, Honey Moon Tracy, had antennae and magnetic hands. In the spring of 1969, Tracy was offered the post of Chief of Police in Moon Valley.
However, Dick Tracy ended up back on Earth when the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 showed that the moon was barren of all life. Many of the accouterments of the space period stories, such as the Space Coupe and much of the high-tech gadgetry, remained for many years afterward. Moon Maid receded from the storyline.
The stories of this period considered the subject of the rights of the accused, which often involved Tracy being frustrated by legal technicalities. For example, having caught a gang of diamond thieves red-handed, Tracy was forced to let them walk because he could not prove, beyond reasonable doubt, that the diamonds were stolen. As he saw the thieves get off without penalty, Tracy was heard to grumble, "Yes, under today's interpretation of the laws, it seems it's the police who are handcuffed!"
1970s
In the 1970s, Gould modernized Tracy by giving him a longer hair style and mustache, and added a hippie sidekick, Groovy Grove. Groovy's first appearance in print, as it happened, occurred during the same week as the Kent State shootings. Groovy remained with the strip, off and on until his death in 1984 (at the hands of Gould's successors).
Shortly before his retirement, Gould drew a strip in which Sam, Lizz, and Groovy held Tracy down to shave off his mustache.
At this time, the standard publication size and space of newspaper comics was sharply reduced; for example, the Dick Tracy Sunday strip, which had traditionally been a full-page episode containing 12 panels, was cut in size to a half-page format that offered, at most, eight panels—these new restrictions created challenges for all comic artists.
In one of Max Allan Collins' first stories as the strip's writer, the gangster known as "Big Boy," whose gang members had killed Tess Trueheart's father years ago, learned that he was dying and had less than a year to live. Big Boy, still seeking revenge on the plainclothesman who sent him up the river, wanted to live just long enough to see Tracy's death. He put out an open contract on Tracy's head worth one million dollars, knowing that every small-time hood in the City would take a crack at the famous cop for that amount of money. One of the would-be collectors rigged Tracy's car to explode, but inadvertently killed Moon Maid instead of Tracy in the explosion. A funeral strip for Moon Maid explicitly stated that this officially severed all ties between Earth and the Moon in the strip, thus eliminating the last remnants of the Space Period. Honey Moon received a new hairstyle that covered her antennae, and was ultimately phased out of the strip. Junior later married Sparkle Plenty (the daughter of B.O. and Gravel Gertie Plenty), and had a daughter named Sparkle Plenty Jr. In the 1990s, Tracy's own son, Joseph Flintheart Tracy, took on a role similar to Junior's in the earlier strips. During the late 1970s the strip was thought to have been drawn by a few other artists due to an ailing Gould.[citation needed]
Plenty family
The Plenty family was a group of goofy redneck yokels headed by the former villain, Bob Oscar ("B.O."), along with Gertrude ("Gravel Gertie") Plenty. Gravel Gertie was introduced as the unwitting dupe (accessory) of the villain, The Brow, who was on the run from Dick Tracy. The family provided a humorous counterpoint to Tracy's adventures. The Plenty sub-story was decades long, and saw Sparkle Plenty grow from an infant to a young married lady.
The Plenty family appeared with Tracy in a story that occurred in a bank, where "B.O." found a way to prevent thieves from snatching an envelope of money from a counter.
Crimestoppers' Textbook
Beginning in the early 1950s, the Sunday strip included a frame devoted to a page from the "Crimestoppers' Textbook", a series of handy illustrated hints for the amateur crime-fighter. This was named after a short-lived youth group seen in the strip during the late 1940s, led by Junior Tracy, called "Dick Tracy's Crimestoppers." This feature ended when Gould retired from the strip in 1977, but Max Allan Collins reinstated it, and it is still part of the comic strip. After Gould's retirement, Collins initially replaced the Textbook with "Dick Tracy's Rogues Gallery," a salute to memorable Tracy villains of the past.
Later years
Chester Gould retired from comics in 1977; his last Dick Tracy strip appeared in print on Sunday, December 25 of that year. The following Monday, Dick Tracy was taken over by Max Allan Collins and longtime Gould assistant Rick Fletcher. Gould's name remained in the byline for a few years after his retirement as a story consultant.
Collins wrote the 1978 death of Moon Maid, and removed other Gould creations of the 1960s and 1970s (including Groovy Grove, who was gravely wounded in the line of duty and later died in the hospital; Lizz married him before his death). Collins took a generally less cynical view of the justice system than Gould—Tracy came to accept its limitations and requirements as a normal part of the process he could manage. Extreme technology, such as the Space Coupe, were phased out in favor of more realistic advanced tools such as the 2-Way Wrist Computer in 1987.
New semi-regular characters introduced by Collins and Fletcher included: Dr. Will Carver, a plastic surgeon with underworld ties who often worked on known felons; Wendy Wichel, a smarmy newspaper reporter/editorialist with a strong anti-Tracy bias in her articles; and Lee Ebony, an African-American female detective. Vitamin Flintheart, the aged ham actor created by Gould in 1944, who had not been seen in the strip for almost three decades, reappeared occasionally as a comic-relief figure. The Plenty family (B.O., Gravel Gertie, and Sparkle) were also brought back as semi-regulars as well; following the death of Moon Maid, Junior and Sparkle were married, and soon gave birth to their own daughter, Sparkle Plenty, Jr.
Original villains seen during this period included Angeltop (revenge-seeking, psychopathic daughter of the slain Flattop), Torcher (whose scheme was arson-for-profit), and Splitscreen (a video pirate). Collins brought back at least one "classic" Gould villain, or revenge-seeking family member, per year. The revived Gould villains were often provided with full names, and marriages, children, and other family connections were developed, bringing more humanity to many of the originally grotesque brutes. "Flattop", particularly, had a number of relatives, all with his characteristic head structure and facial attributes, who one by one turned up to avenge their ancestor on Tracy.
Rick Fletcher died in 1983 and was succeeded by editorial cartoonist Dick Locher, who had assisted Gould on the strip in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Locher was assisted by his son John, who died in 1986.
In 1992, following a financial reorganization of their comic strip holdings, Max Allan Collins was fired from the strip, and Tribune staff writer and columnist Mike Kilian took over the writing. Kilian was paid less than half of what Collins was making per strip[citation needed], but continued until his death on October 27, 2005. Locher was both author and artist for over three years, beginning on January 9, 2006. On March 16, 2009, Jim Brozman began collaborating with Locher, taking over the drawing duties while Locher continued to write the strip.
In 2005, Tracy was a guest at Blondie and Dagwood's 75th anniversary party in the comic strip Blondie. Later, Dick Tracy appeared in the comic strip Gasoline Alley.
On January 19, 2011, Tribune Media Services announced that Locher was retiring from the strip and handing the reins to artist Joe Staton and writer Mike Curtis. The new creative team has previously worked together on Scooby Doo, Richie Rich, and Casper the Friendly Ghost. Their first Dick Tracy strip was published March 14, 2011. Staton and Curtis are assisted by Shelley Pleger, who inks and letters Staton's drawings, along with Shane Fisher, who provides the coloring on the Sunday strips.
Awards and recognition
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Chester Gould won the Reuben Award for the strip in 1959 and 1977. The Mystery Writers of America honored Gould and his work with a Special Edgar Award in 1980. In 1995, the strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative postage stamps and postcards.
Other media depictions
Chester Gould's cover for 1947 Quaker Puffed Wheat giveaway comic book reprinting early 1940s Dick Tracy strips.
Radio
Dick Tracy had a long run on radio, from 1934 weekdays on NBC's New England stations to the ABC network in 1948. Bob Burlen was the first radio Tracy in 1934, and others heard in the role during the 1930s and 1940s were Barry Thompson, Ned Wever and Matt Crowley. The early shows all had 15-minute episodes.
On CBS, with Sterling Products as sponsor, the serial aired four times a week from February 4, 1935 to July 11, 1935, moving to Mutual from September 30, 1935 to March 24, 1937 with Bill McClintock doing the sound effects. NBC's weekday afternoon run from January 3, 1938 to April 28, 1939 had sound effects by Keene Crockett and was sponsored by Quaker Oats, which brought Dick Tracy into primetime (Saturdays at 7 pm and, briefly, Mondays at 8 pm) with 30-minute episodes from April 29, 1939 to September 30, 1939. The series returned to 15-minute episodes on the ABC Blue Network from March 15, 1943 to July 16, 1948, sponsored by Tootsie Roll, which used the music theme of "Toot Toot, Tootsie" for its 30-minute Saturday ABC series from October 6, 1945 to June 1, 1946. Sound effects on ABC were supplied by Walt McDonough and Al Finelli.
Directors of the series included Mitchell Grayson, Charles Powers and Bob White. Cast members at various times included Walter Kinsella as Pat Patton, Helen Lewis as Tess Trueheart and Andy Donnelly and Jackie Kelk as Junior Tracy. Announcers were Ed Herlihy and Dan Seymour.
On July 8, 1945, during a New York newspaper deliverers' strike, New York mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia read a complete Dick Tracy strip over the radio.
Film serials
Dick Tracy made his live-action debut in Dick Tracy (1937), a Republic Pictures movie serial starring Ralph Byrd. The character proved very popular, and a second serial, Dick Tracy Returns, appeared in 1938 (reissued in 1948). Dick Tracy's G-Men was released in 1939 (reissued in 1955). The last was Dick Tracy vs. Crime Inc. in 1941 (reissued as Dick Tracy vs. the Phantom Empire in 1952).
The sequels were produced under an interpretation of the contract for the first, Dick Tracy (1937), which gave license for "a series or serial." As a result Chester Gould received no further money for the sequel serials.
In these serials Dick Tracy is portrayed as an FBI agent, or "G-Man", based in California, rather than as a detective in the police force of a Midwestern city resembling Chicago, and, aside from himself and Junior, no characters from the strip appear in any of the four films. However, comic relief sidekick "Mike McGurk" bears some resemblance to Tracy's partner from the strip, Pat Patton; Tracy's secretary, Gwen Andrews (played by several actresses in the course of the series, including Jennifer Jones under a variation of her real name, Phyllis Isley), provides the same kind of feminine interest as Tess Trueheart; and FBI Director Clive Anderson (Francis X. Bushman and others) is the same kind of avuncular superior as Chief Brandon. The first serial, Dick Tracy, is now in the public domain.
Early feature films
Six years after the release of the final Republic serial, Dick Tracy headlined four feature films, produced by RKO Radio Pictures. Dick Tracy (aka Dick Tracy, Detective) (1945) was followed by Dick Tracy vs. Cueball in 1946, both with Morgan Conway as Tracy. Ralph Byrd returned for the last two features, both released in 1947: Dick Tracy's Dilemma and Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome. Gruesome is probably the best known of the four, with the villain portrayed by Boris Karloff. All four movies had many of the visual features associated with film noir: dramatic, shadowy photographic compositions, with many exterior scenes filmed at night. Lyle Latell co-starred in all four films as Pat Patton. Anne Jeffreys played Tess Trueheart in the first two, succeeded by Kay Christopher and finally Anne Gwynne; Ian Keith joined the cast as the actor Vitamin Flintheart for two films; Joseph Crehan played Chief Brandon. RKO stocked the films with familiar faces, creating a veritable rogues' gallery of characters: Mike Mazurki as Splitface, Dick Wessel as Cueball, Esther Howard as Filthy Flora, Jack Lambert as hook-handed villain The Claw; baldheaded, pop-eyed Milton Parsons, mild-mannered Byron Foulger, dangerous Trevor Bardette, pockmarked, gently sinister Skelton Knaggs.
Television
The strip has had limited exposure on television with one early live-action series, two animated series, one unsold pilot that was never picked up, and a proposed TV series currently held up in legal litigation.
Ralph Byrd, who had played the square-jawed sleuth in all four Republic movie serials, and in two of the RKO feature-length films, reprised his role in a short-lived live-action Dick Tracy series that ran on ABC from 1950 to 1951. Additional episodes intended for first-run syndication continued to be produced into 1952. Produced by P. K. Palmer, who also wrote many of the scripts, the series often featured Gould-created villains such as Flattop, Shaky, the Mole, Breathless Mahoney, Heels Beals, and Influence, all of whom appeared on film for the first time on this series. Other cast members included Joe Devlin as Sam Catchem, Angela Greene as Tess Tracy (née Trueheart), Martin Dean as Junior, and Pierre Watkin as Chief Patton. Criticized for its violence, the series remained popular. It ended, not in response to criticism, but because of Byrd's unexpected, premature death in 1952. The series was filmed on a low budget, with many long hours and a rushed shooting schedule; the arduous shooting and the physical demands placed on Byrd may well have accelerated Byrd's demise.[citation needed]
In the first cartoon series, produced from 1960 to 1961 by UPA, Tracy employed a series of cartoon-like subordinate flatfoots to fight crime each week, contacting them on his two-way wrist radio. Everett Sloane voiced Tracy and supporting characters and villains were voiced by Jerry Hausner, Mel Blanc, Benny Rubin, Johnny Coons, Paul Frees and others. These subordinates included "Go-Go" Gomez, Joe Jitsu, Hemlock Holmes and Heap O'Calorie. 130 five-minute cartoons were designed and packaged for syndication, usually intended for local children's shows.
Since UPA was also the production company behind the Mr. Magoo cartoons, it was possible for them to arrange a meeting between Tracy and Magoo in a 1965 episode of the season-long TV series The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo. In that episode, "Dick Tracy and the Mob," Tracy persuades Magoo (a well-known actor in the context of the Famous Adventures series) to impersonate an international hit man whom he resembles, and infiltrate a gang of criminals made up of Flattop, Pruneface, Itchy, Mumbles, and others. Unlike the earlier animated Tracy shorts, this longer episode was played relatively straight, with Tracy getting much more screen time. Pitting Tracy against a coalition of several of his foes would be adopted more than two decades later in the 1990 film mentioned below.
The package was pulled from syndication in the mid-'70s, due to ethnic stereotypes and accents.[citation needed]
A second cartoon series, produced in 1971, was a feature in Archie's TV Funnies, produced by Filmation, which adhered more closely to the comic strip although hampered by cruder animation, typical of the studio's production standards, than the UPA shorts.
In 1967, William Dozier, the producer responsible for the 1966 Batman television series, produced a pilot for a live-action Dick Tracy series, starring Ray MacDonnell in the title role. While the quality of the pilot ("The Plot To Kill NATO", featuring "Special Guest Villain" Victor Buono as 'Mr. Memory') was slightly above-average, the series was not purchased by either ABC or NBC as ratings for the Batman series were dropping, and a similar series featuring The Green Hornet had recently flopped. To the networks, the "Hero Camp" or Batmania craze was dying, and they chose not to take a risk on another series.
The pilot is notable for the non-appearance of the future Jan Brady (Eve Plumb) as Bonnie Braids. Although cast in the role, she only appears in the title credits at the opening of the show.
1990 film
In 1990, Warren Beatty directed and starred as the title character in a live action all-star cast film, along with Al Pacino, Dustin Hoffman and Madonna. For more information see the main article.
Comic books
Tracy made his first comic book appearance in 1936 as one of the features included in the first issue of Dell's Popular Comics. As would be the case with most Tracy comic book appearances, these would be reprints from the newspaper strip, reconfigured to fit the pages of a comic book. Tracy would remain a regular feature in Popular Comics through the publication's 21st issue.
The first comic book to feature Tracy exclusively was the Dick Tracy Feature Book, published in May 1937 by David McKay Publications. McKay's Feature Books were magazines that rotated several popular characters from comics strips through 1938. Three more of McKay's Feature Books starred Tracy in the following months.
In 1939, Dell started a comic magazine series called "Black and White Comics," essentially identical to McKay's "Feature Books." Six of the 15 issues featured Tracy. In 1941, Dell's "Black and White" series was replaced by the "Large Feature Books," the third issue of which featured Tracy. As with the McKay series, the Dell "Black and White" and "Large Feature" series were abridged reprints of the strip.
In 1938, Tracy became one of several regular newspaper strips featured in Dell's regular monthly Super Comics, remaining a regular part of that publication until 1948. In 1939, Tracy was the sole feature in the very first issue of Dell's Four-Color Comics, which put out over 1300 issues starring hundreds of characters between 1939 and 1962. Tracy was featured in seven more Four-Color issues throughout the 1940s.
Tracy was frequently featured in comic books used as promotional items by various companies. In 1947, Sig Feuchtwanger produced a comic book that was a giveaway prize in boxes of Quaker Puffed Wheat cereal, sponsor of the popular Dick Tracy radio series.
In January 1948, Dell began the first regular Dick Tracy comic book series, Dick Tracy Monthly. This series ultimately ran for 145 issues, the first 24 of which were published by Dell, after which it was picked up by Harvey Comics. Continuing the same numbering, Harvey published the series until 1961. As with most previous Tracy comic book incarnations, these were, with the exception of the last few Dell issues which featured original material, slightly abridged and reconfigured reprints of the newspaper strips.
Dick Tracy was revived in 1986 by Blackthorne Publishing and ran for 99 issues. Disney produced a series of three issues as a tie-in for their 1990 film. This miniseries, True Hearts and Tommy Guns, was drawn by Kyle Baker and edited by Len Wein. The third issue was a direct adaptation of the film.
Recent events
Media outlets reported a legal battle being waged over rights to the Dick Tracy character. Warren Beatty announced plans to make a sequel to his 1990 movie. At the same time, television producers announced plans for a new Dick Tracy TV series. Both sides claimed that they were the legal owners of the rights to Dick Tracy. In May 2005, Beatty sued the Tribune Company, claiming he has owned the rights to the Dick Tracy character since 1985. Pressure from Beatty led to the cancellation of a proposed collaboration between artist Mike Oeming and writer Brian Bendis on a new serialized Dick Tracy comic.
The lawsuit was resolved in Beatty's favor, with a US District judge ruling that Beatty did everything contractually required of him to keep the rights to the character.
Books
Over the years, many reprints of Dick Tracy newspaper strips have been published. Beginning in 2007, IDW Publishing reprinted the complete strip in hardcover volumes. Other collections include:
The Exploits of Dick Tracy, Detective: The Case of the Brow. Rosdon, hardcover, 1946.
The Celebrated Cases of Dick Tracy, 1931-1951. Chelsea House, hardcover, 1970
Dick Tracy: The Thirties—Tommy Guns and Hard Times. Chelsea House, hardcover, 1978.
Dick Tracy: His Greatest Cases, No. 1—Pruneface. Gold Medal, paperback, 1975.
Dick Tracy: His Greatest Cases, No. 2—Snowflake and Shaky plus The Black Pearl. Gold Medal, paperback, 1975.
Dick Tracy: His Greatest Cases, No. 3—Mrs. Pruneface plus Crime, Inc.. Gold Medal, paperback, 1975.
Other editions:
The first Big Little Book was a Dick Tracy title and many subsequent ones in the series followed. Some were reprintings of newspaper strips and some alternate between text and original black-and white drawings.
Dick Tracy and The Spider Gang, a novelization of the Republic serial, Big Little Book #1446, the pages alternate between text and black-and-white photos from the movies.
Dick Tracy, Ace Detective. Whitman, hardcover, 1943.
Dick Tracy Meets The Night Crawler. Whitman, hardcover, 1945.
Dick Tracy and the Woo Woo Sisters, Dell, un-numbered paperback with a pictorial back cover but not a mapback, 1947.
Filmography
Dick Tracy (1937, serial, 15 episodes, starring Ralph Byrd)
Dick Tracy (1937, watch the serial, 15 episode serial, starring Ralph Byrd)
Dick Tracy (1937, feature version of the above serial, starring Ralph Byrd)
Dick Tracy Returns (1938 serial, 15 episodes starring Ralph Byrd)
Dick Tracy's G-Men (1939, serial, 15 episodes, starring Ralph Byrd)
Dick Tracy vs. Crime Inc.(1941, serial, 15 episodes, starring Ralph Byrd)
Dick Tracy (1945, film starring Morgan Conway)
Dick Tracy vs. Cueball (1946, film starring Morgan Conway)
Dick Tracy's Dilemma (1947, film starring Ralph Byrd)
Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome (1947, film starring Ralph Byrd)
Dick Tracy (1950–1951, live action television series starring Ralph Byrd)
The Dick Tracy Show (1961, animated television series with voices including Everett Sloane and Mel Blanc)
The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo, "Dick Tracy and the Mob" (1965 animated half-hour TV episode with the voices of Everett Sloane and Jim Backus)
Dick Tracy (1967, television pilot starring Ray McDonnell)
Archie's T.V. Funnies, Dick Tracy episode, 1971
Dick Tracy (1990, film starring Warren Beatty)
Dick Tracy (Projected 2014, Frank Miller is working on a version of Dick Tracy for his next project)
Licensed products
In the 1960s, Aurora produced a plastic model kit of Dick Tracy sliding down a fire escape ladder into an alley, in hot pursuit with gun drawn. A Dick Tracy Space Coupe model came next. Also in the market were Mattel's Dick Tracy range of toy weapons.
In 1990, Playmates Toys released a line of action figures called Dick Tracy: Coppers and Gangsters to coincide with the Dick Tracy movie. The figures were 5" tall, stylized with exaggerated comicy looks and came with lots of accessories.
The Dick Tracy video game was developed by Titus Software in 1990. It was ported to many platforms including Amiga, Commodore and MS-DOS. Dick Tracy is a side scrolling action shooting game. Player controls Dick Tracy through five stages.
There were also games made for the Nintendo Entertainment System (1990), Sega Master System (1990), Sega Genesis (1991), and the Game Boy (1991).
In 2010, Shocker Toys released a monochromatic Dick Tracy action figure as an exclusive product for the San Diego Comic-Con. The figure appears in a suit with two-way wrist radio. There was also a variant figure released of Dick Tracy in his signature trench coat and fedora with a tommy gun accessory.
Character development
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Many of the comic characters were based on local citizens of Woodstock, Illinois where Chester Gould wrote the majority of the strip. However, Gould modeled many characters after close associates, such as his publisher Joseph Patterson as Big Frost, and even himself as Pear-Shape Tone.
Max Allan Collins indicated that Flattop Jones was based on the real-life gangster Pretty Boy Floyd. Both Floyd and Flattop hailed from Oklahoma's Cookson Hills.
Parodies
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In Al Capp's satiric comic strip Li'l Abner, there was a long-running parody of Dick Tracy called Fearless Fosdick. An intermittent, strip-within-the-strip feature in Li'l Abner, Fosdick lampooned every aspect of Dick Tracy—from Fosdick's impossibly square-jawed profile to his propensity for bullet-riddled "ventilation". The style of the Fosdick sequences closely burlesqued Tracy, complete with outrageous villains, ludicrously satirical plotliness, and ramped-up cartoon violence. Whatever Capp really thought of Dick Tracy, he was always careful to praise Gould and his strip in conversation and in print, invariably referring to it as "Chester Gould's magnificent Dick Tracy."
On February 15, 1945, Command Performance presented "Dick Tracy In B Flat," or "For Goodness Sakes, Isn't He Ever Going To Marry Tess Trueheart?" Billed as "the world's first comic strip operetta", it starred Bing Crosby as Dick Tracy, Dinah Shore as Tess Trueheart, and Bob Hope as Flattop Jones. The cast also included Jerry Colonna (police chief), Frank Morgan (Vitamin Flintheart), Jimmy Durante (The Mole), Judy Garland (Snowflake Falls), The Andrews Sisters (The Summer Sisters—May, June & July), Frank Sinatra (Shaky), Cass Daley (Gravel Gertie), and Harry Von Zell (narrator).
Dick Tracy is also spoofed in the comic strip Red Meat by Max Cannon. The character of Stacy is a down on his luck alcoholic kicked off the force.
A classic Warner Bros. cartoon with Looney Tunes star Daffy Duck called The Great Piggy Bank Robbery spoofed Dick Tracy as "Duck Twacy". The cartoon was directed by WB legend Bob Clampett in 1946. Daffy wore Dick's yellow hat again in a Tiny Toons episode where Plucky Duck becomes the protagonist of a Dick-Tracy-themed dream sequence just like Daffy did in TGPBR.
The "Crimestopper's Textbook" was parodied in two editions of The Stan Freberg Show in 1957, both in a discussion sketch called "Face the Funnies." In the first, a self-proclaimed Dick Tracy expert (voiced by Daws Butler) advised, "If vandals kidnap you, look for fingerprints on or about your person." In the second example, Butler said, "If someone shoots you in the chest, extract the bullet and look for small tell-tale bore markings on the slug, and then call a doctor."
Mad once eulogized Tracy as having died from lead poisoning, which resulted from being shot in the left shoulder 47 times (noting Gould's repeatedly showing Tracy being wounded in that spot). Other issues of Mad showed Tracy identifying Pruneface despite a facelift (by viewing his still-wrinkled buttocks), or ranting in Doonesbury style about changing trends in police procedures. (In the latter, Junior suggests "There's always the CIA!") A parody of the 1990 film was also made, where Warren Beatty's Tracy is killed in the end by the Blank, who reveals himself to be the original comic-style Dick Tracy.
Parody show Robot Chicken recently parodied the Dick Tracy strips labeling of villains based on their facial features. Tracy nicknames everybody, in an insulting way. It's later revealed that Tracy himself is named Dick because his head looks like the head of a penis [dick].
Parodying a period when Tracy was blind, The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers Underground comix books featured Tricky Prickears, a very conservative blind and deaf detective. These comic-within-a comic episodes appeared under the heading Crime Stoppers, Mein Kampf.
In the crime drama The Closer's episode Tapped Out, a character named Richard Tracy was a psychotic man who thought he was a cop.
The February, 1949 issue of The Yale Record (cover titled Record Comics) contains several full-color comics parodies, including the Dick Tracy parody called "Hotshot Stacy". In this two-page feature, the detective pursues "The Head", a man with a giant egg-shaped head, and corners him at the head, literally, an outhouse. During the strip, The Head puts "Bright Boy" through a meat grinder. The art is signed by Sylvester Goul, in the style of Chester Gould's signature. The whole magazine is a precursor to the comics parodies in early issues of Mad.
See also
List of recurring characters in Dick Tracy
List of Dick Tracy villain debuts
List of film serials
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In what traditional nursery rhyme do we see 4 and 20 blackbirds baked in a pie? | mudcat.org: WHY 4 & 20 Blackbirds baked in a pie?
WHY 4 & 20 Blackbirds baked in a pie?
From: katlaughing
Date: 15 Dec 01 - 11:30 AM
Anyone know the background of this? Is it just nonsensical for a children's rhyme or did people really used to make blackbird pie, and how did they sing after being baked?
Just curious, it's sounds like one of those old ones and something which could be as much fun as the Hokey Pokey and the Druids.
From: catspaw49
Date: 15 Dec 01 - 12:13 PM
According to one source I found, there did indeed seem to be Blackbird Pie several hundred years ago in Europe. The birds were quite common and although we think it gross in today's world, they did appear to be a source of meat for the lower classes as was also true of pigeon. The pies were more along the lines of what's called "pot pie" today and were commonly served.
The same reference also said that there was little meat on the birds and that only found in the breast so it took quite a few to make any sort of pie at all, which should be obvious! Twenty-four is just probably a good scan. The meat was mixed with what ever vegetables were available and a coarse flour and milk. I'd think that it was less than tasty, but then again that's by today's standards and I have eaten a lot of Dove and they are small, but have a good flavor.
Maybe the "singing" refernce is something about the flavor coming out when cooked or something. Like it really brought out the flavor and hence "sang." Makes sense I guess.
Spaw
From: Uncle_DaveO
Date: 15 Dec 01 - 12:18 PM
Like most of the nursery rhymes we know, this is a coded political satire. I don't remember the particular story associated with this one, but I remember something about Jack Horner.
My memory is pretty vague, but as I recall the real-life Jack Horner was a political-benefit seeker, and the "plum" in his Christmas pie was a royal grant to some land. Others may know more of this sort of thing.
Dave Oesterreich
Date: 15 Dec 01 - 12:20 PM
"Blackbird, he don't tell the truth,
Blackbird, redbird, diddle-i-Day
You ask for whiskey and you get vermouth
Blackbird, redbird, penny on your head bird
Wake up in the morning, and it's almost dawn
"Jaybird, Jaybird, don't you tell me now lie
Whoever heard of blackbirds, baked in a pie?
from Blackbird, by Jerry Rasmussen
My father used to get a penny from his mother every time he shot a sparrow or a blackbird in her garden. Bounty hunter, he was. That's where this song came from.. My Father also told of cooking sparrows on a stick over an open fire. Musta taken a lot more than 24 sparrows to fill their stomachs. Jerry
From: catspaw49
Date: 15 Dec 01 - 12:28 PM
BTW, my above posting is complete bullshit of course.....Just wanted to get this BS thread off to a real BS start!!!
Spaw
From: Jerry Rasmussen
Date: 15 Dec 01 - 12:29 PM
Gee, and here I was just about to put it in a song... It sounded completely believable to me.
Jerry
Date: 15 Dec 01 - 12:30 PM
Hey Jerry, why not? After all, this is folk music!
Spaw
From: nutty
Date: 15 Dec 01 - 12:39 PM
The version I taught was a childrens finger game although there may have been some hidden political significance.
SING A SONG OF SIXPENCE
Sing a song of sixpence a pocket full of rye
Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie
When the pie was opened the birds began to sing
Wasn't that a dainty dish to set before the king
The king was in his counting-house counting out his money
The queen was in the parlour eating bread and honey
The maid was in the garden hanging out her clothes
When down came a blackbird and pecked off her nose
The maid began to cry so little Jenny Wren
Flew down into the garden and popped it on again
Pecking off the maid's nose was obviously revenge on the royal household for killing all those blackbirds.
But as the maid was not directly involved in the killing she was granted a reprieve by animal/birds who were obviously much more forgiving than humankind.
Well ..... it's as good a theory as any 8-)
From " The Straight Dope ":
SDSTAFF Dex replies:
It's difficult to know exactly where or how folksongs and folktales got started or exactly what they mean. "Sing a Song of Sixpence" is no exception. It appears as the third rhyme in Volume II of Tom Thumb's Pretty Song Book, published around 1744. No copy of Volume I is known to exist. There is only one known copy of Volume II, which is kept in the British Museum and is generally agreed to be the earliest existing book of nursery rhymes.
The rhyme appears in almost the same version that we have today, as follows:
Sing a Song of Sixpence,
A bag full of Rye,
Four and twenty
When the pie was opened,
The birds began to sing;
Was not that a dainty dish,
To set before the king?
The king was in his counting-house,
Counting out his money;
The queen was in the parlor,
Eating bread and honey.
The maid was in the garden,
Hanging out the clothes,
There came a little blackbird,
And snapped off her nose.
You will note a few changes since then, but not many.
The rhyme is almost certainly older than 1744, but no earlier publication has been found (at least, not as of 1970). There are earlier indirect references. Shakespeare, in Twelfth Night: "Come on, there is sixpence for you; let's have a song." And a 1614 work by Beaumont and Fletcher includes the line, "Whoa, here's a stir now! Sing a song of sixpence!"
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, an Italian cookbook from 1549 (translated into English in 1598) actually contains a recipe "to make pies so that birds may be alive in them and flie out when it is cut up." The ODNR also cites a 1723 cook who describes this as an earlier practice, the idea being that the birds cause "a diverting Hurley-Burley amongst the Guests."
It was not uncommon in the 16th century for a chef to hide surprises in the dinner pie; this is also reflected in the nursery rhyme "Little Jack Horner" (of which more later). So the most obvious explanation of "Sing a Song of Sixpence" is that it reflected an actual practice--baking a pie full of live birds that popped out when the pie was opened.
Other theories include:
The 24 blackbirds reflect 24 hours in a day; the king is the sun, the queen is the moon. King Henry VIII is the king, Catherine of Aragon is the queen, and Anne Boleyn is the maid. The blackbirds are--get ready for this--manorial deeds baked in a pie. During the period when Henry VIII was taking over the property of the Catholic Church, the abbot of Glastonbury is said to have sent his steward to London with a Christmas gift intended to appease the king--a pie in which were hidden the deeds to twelve manorial estates. The steward, Thomas Horner, is alleged to have opened the pie and extracted one deed, that of the manor of Mells, where his descendents still live. This may be the origin of the aforementioned Little Jack Horner nursery rhyme. The song commemorates the publication of the first English bible, with the blackbirds being the letters of the alphabet set in pica type ("baked in a pie"). Personally My own uneducated opinion is that this interpretation is dubious, since the 24-letter alphabet only existed between the 10th and 11th Centuries. (W appeared in the 11th Century to condense UU, and J in the 15th Century as an initial form of I.) A few other explanatory notes, some courtesy of William S. and Ceil Baring-Gould, authors of The Annotated Mother Goose:
The "bag" in the 1744 version later became a pocket full, and it's presumed that a "pocket full" was once a specific measurement, like a cupful. Rye is, of course, a grain that was (and is) commonly used in bread making, or piecrust making, as the case may be.
The number four and twenty is among the most common in Mother Goose rhymes. It is twice twelve, or a double dozen. The number 12 brims over with tradition and associations. We have already described why the birds might be baked in a pie. The "counting house" was the place used to conduct business, and is referenced many times in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor. That pretty much explains the obscurer references; the rest of the rhyme is sort of self-explanatory. I shan't bother with explaining that "hanging up the clothes" was the way to let them dry after washing in the pre-Kenmore era.
By the way, some later versions of the rhyme include happier endings for the maid, such as:
They sent for the king's doctor,
Who sewed it on again,
He sewed it on so neatly,
The seam was never seen.
--SDSTAFF Dex Straight Dope Science Advisory Board
PLEASE NOTE: Snopes is a very reliable and wonderful source for debunking urban legends. However, the section of Snopes called "lost legends" starts with the warning that those "legends" require suspension of disbelief, and not letting "the truth get in the way of a good story." In short, those stories are false, they are made up, they are jokes. This includes the "piracy" origin of "Sing a Song of Sixpence" -- it is totally bogus, although quite amusing.
Aunt Louisa's Sing a Song of Sicpence, 1866, further verse,
They sent for the King's doctor, who sewed it on again,
He sewed it on so neatly, the seam was never seen;
and the jackdaw for his naughtiness deservedly was slain."
Also ODNR
"If any particular explanation is required of the rhyme
the straightforward one that it is a description of a familiar entertainment
is the most probable. In an Italian cookery book
Epulario, quale tratta del modo de cucinare ogni carne....(1549)
there is a recipe 'to make pies so that the birds
may be alive in them and flie out when it is cut up'. This dish
I further referred to (1723) by John Nott, cook to the
Duke of Bolton, as a practice of former days, the purpose of the birds
being
to put out the candles
and so cause a 'diverting Hurley-Burley
amongst the Guests in the Dark'.
Sincerely,
| Sing a Song of Sixpence |
According to the fictional sea shanty, were do we find 15 men, yo-ho-ho and a bottle of rum? | Sing a Song of Sixpence a Bag Full of Rye Four-And-Twenty Blackbirds Baked in a Pie Giclee Print at Art.com
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Sing a Song of Sixpence a Bag Full of Rye Four-And-Twenty Blackbirds Baked in a Pie
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The Trinity test site, outside of Alamogordo, NM, saw the first test of the atomic bomb on July 16, 1945. Headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer, what was the name of the project that developed the bomb? | The Trinity Test - World War II - HISTORY.com
The Trinity Test
A+E Networks
Introduction
At the time World War II broke out in Europe, America’s scientific community was fighting to catch up to German advances in the development of atomic power. In the early 1940s, the U.S. government authorized a top-secret program of nuclear testing and development, codenamed “The Manhattan Project.” Its goal was the development of the world’s first atomic bomb. Much of the research and development for the project occurred at a facility built in Los Alamos, New Mexico. In July 1945, Los Alamos scientists successfully exploded the first atomic bomb at the Trinity test site, located in nearby Alamogordo.
Google
The Manhattan Project
Beginning in 1939, some American scientists–many of them refugees of fascist regimes in Europe–advocated the development of ways to use nuclear fission for military purposes. By late 1941, the federal government’s Office of Scientific Research and Development, headed by scientist Vannavar Bush, took control of the project. After the United States entered World War II , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was tasked with building the great quantity of necessary plants, laboratories and other research and testing facilities.
Did You Know?
The residents of Los Alamos–known as site or project "Y"–lived highly restricted lives: Their mail was censored, their phone calls were monitored and even their interaction with family members was tightly controlled. All mail and official documents listed the site's location only as P.O. Box 1663, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Much of the initial research had been performed at Columbia University in New York City, and the top-secret research was thereafter known by the code name Manhattan Project. More than 30 laboratories and sites and more than 130,000 people were eventually involved in different facets of nuclear research and development, with three primary locations–in Oak Ridge, Tennessee ; Richland, Washington ; and Los Alamos, New Mexico–that became virtual top-secret atomic cities.
How Production Worked
A medium-sized reactor built at Oak Ridge produced uranium-235 and plutonium, both of which would be used as vital components in the atomic bomb. The Oak Ridge facility produced the majority of uranium used to build the “Little Boy” bomb that would be dropped over the Japanese city of Hiroshima in August 1945.
Within a year, the world’s first large-scale plutonium reactor was in service at Hanford, and by early 1945 shipments of enriched plutonium from the plant’s three reactors were being sent to Los Alamos every five days. This material would be used in the first atomic bomb testing, as well as in “Fat Man,” the atomic bomb dropped over Nagasaki. Finally, The facility at Los Alamos served as the primary “think tank” of the Manhattan Project. Its engineers, led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, were responsible for the final construction, testing and delivery of the bombs.
The Trinity Test
At 5:30 a.m. on July 16, 1945, Los Alamos scientists detonated a plutonium bomb at a test site located on the U.S. Air Force base at Alamogordo, New Mexico , some 120 miles south of Albuquerque. Oppenheimer chose the name “Trinity” for the test site, inspired by the poetry of John Donne. The test had been scheduled for 4 a.m., but when the time came it was raining, and the appointed hour was pushed back to 5:30. Tensions ran high at the test site, where those assembled included the scientist Enrico Fermi–who had directed the first nuclear chain reaction in December 1942–U.S. Army Brigadier General Leslie Groves, Bush, Oppenheimer and others.
When the bomb was finally detonated atop a steel tower, an intense light flash and sudden wave of heat was followed by a great burst of sound echoing in the valley. A ball of fire tore up into the sky and then was surrounded by a giant mushroom cloud stretching some 40,000 feet across. With a power equivalent to around 21,000 tons of TNT, the bomb completely obliterated the steel tower on which it rested. The nuclear age had begun.
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Manhattan Project
█ BRENDA WILMOTH LERNER
The Manhattan Project was an epic, secret, wartime effort to design and build the world's first nuclear weapon. Commanding the efforts of the world's greatest physicists and mathematicians during World War II , the $20 billion project resulted in the production of the first uranium and plutonium bombs. The American quest for nuclear explosives was driven by the fear that Hitler's Germany would invent them first and thereby gain a decisive military advantage. The monumental project took less than four years, and encompassed construction of vast facilities in Oak Ridge, Tennessee , and Hanford, Washington, that
were used for the purpose of obtaining sufficient quantities of the isotopes uranium-235 and plutonium-239, necessary to produce the fission chain reaction, which released the bombs' destructive energy. After a successful test in Alamogordo, New Mexico , the United States exploded a nuclear bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Three days later another bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki , and spurred the Japanese surrender that ended World War II.
In the 1930s and early 1940s, fundamental discoveries regarding the neutron and atomic physics allowed for the possibility of induced nuclear chain reactions. Danish physicist Neils Bohr's (1885–1962) compound nucleus theory, for example, laid the foundation for the theoretical exploration of fission, the process whereby the central part of an atom, the nucleus, absorbs a neutron, then breaks into two equal fragments. In certain elements, such as plutonium-239, the fragments release other neutrons which quickly break up more atoms, creating a chain reaction that releases large amounts of heat and radiation.
Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard (1898–1964) conceived the idea of the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, and immediately became concerned that, if practical, nuclear energy could be used to make weapons of war. Szilard, who fled Nazi persecution first in his native Hungary , then again in Germany, conveyed his concerns to his friend and contemporary, noted physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). In 1939, the two scientists drafted a letter (addressed from Einstein) warning United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the plausibility of nuclear weapons, and of German experimentation with uranium and fission. In December, 1941, after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor and the United States' entry into the war, Roosevelt ordered a secret United States project to investigate the potential development of atomic weapons. The Army Corps of Engineers took over and in 1942 consolidated various atomic research projects into the intentionally misnamed Manhattan Engineering District (now commonly known as the Manhattan Project), which was placed under the command of Army Brigadier General Leslie Richard Groves.
Groves recruited American physicist Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967) to be the scientific director for the Manhattan Project. Security concerns required the development of a central laboratory for physics weapon research in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Oppenheimer's leadership attracted many top young scientists, including American physicist Richard Feynman (1918–1988), who joined the Manhattan Project while still a graduate student. Feynman and his mentor Hans Bethe (1906–) calculated the critical mass fissionable material necessary to begin a chain reaction.
Fuel for the nuclear reaction was a primary concern. At the outset, the only materials seemingly satisfactory for sustaining an explosive chain reaction were either U-235 (derived from U-238) or P-239 (an isotope of the yet unsynthesized element plutonium). Additional requirements included an abundant supply of heavy water (e.g., deuterium and tritium). At Oak Ridge, the process of gaseous diffusion was used to extract the U-235 isotope from uranium ore. At Hanford, production of P-239 was eventually made possible by leaving plutonium-238 in a nuclear reactor for an extended period of time.
In 1942, Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) supervised the first controlled sustained chain reaction at the University of Chicago . Underneath the university football stadium, in modified squash courts, Fermi and his team assembled a lattice of 57 layers of uranium metal and uranium oxide embedded in graphite blocks to create the first reactor pile.
The Manhattan Project eventually produced four bombs. Little Boy, the code name for the uranium bomb, utilized explosives to crash pieces of uranium together to begin an explosive chain reaction. Fat Man, the code name for the plutonium bomb, was more difficult to design. It required a neutron-emitting source to initiate a chain reaction within a series of concentric nested spheres. The outermost shell was an explosive lens system surrounding a pusher/neutron absorber shell designed to reduce the effect of Taylor waves, the rapid drop in pressure that occurs behind a detonation front and could interfere with an implosion. The next nested sphere was a uranium tamper/reflector shell containing a plutonium pit and beryllium neutron initiator. The spheres were designed to implode, causing the plutonium to fuse, reach critical mass, then start the reaction
The simple design of the uranium bomb left scientists confident of its success, but the complicated implosion trigger required by the plutonium bomb raised engineering concerns about reliability. On July 16, 1945, a plutonium test bomb code named Gadget was detonated in a remote area near Alamogordo, New Mexico. Observed by scientists wearing only welder's glasses and suntan lotion for protection, the test blast (code named Trinity) was more powerful than originally thought, roughly equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT, and caused total destruction up to one mile from the blast center.
Protecting the secrecy of the Manhattan Project was one of the most complex intelligence and security operations during the war. At the Los Alamos facility, all residents were confined to the project area and surrounding town. Though several leading scientists knew the nature and scope of the entire project, most lab facilities were compartmentalized with various teams working on different project elements. Those who worked in the lab were forbidden to discuss any aspect of the project with friends or relatives. Military security personnel guarded the grounds and monitored communications between research teams. Official communications outside of Los Alamos, especially to the other Manhattan Project sites, were coded and enciphered. Mail was permitted, but heavily censored. Since the actual location of the Los Alamos facility was secret, all residents used the clandestine address "Box 1663, Santa Fe, New Mexico," for correspondence.
Communities were created around other project sites as well. The government created the towns of Oak Ridge and Hanford, relocating thousands of area residents before beginning construction. The towns, thus secured for facility personnel and their families, placed severe restrictions on civilian activities. In some areas, private telephones and radios were prohibited. Residents were encouraged to use simple pseudonyms outside of the lab. Children did not use their full names in school in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Managing several different facilities, spaced nearly two thousand miles apart, raised some significant security challenges. Communication was limited, and incoming and outgoing traffic from facility areas was closely monitored. Security of key documents was a constant concern. The isolated locations of the sites helped to insulate them from enemy espionage. However, the separate locations were also a key security strategy. Breaking the Manhattan Project into various smaller operations prevented jeopardizing the entire project in the event of a nuclear accident. The compartmentalization of such projects remains a common practice.
On August 6, 1945, an American B-29 "Flying Fortress," the Enola Gay, dropped the uranium bomb over Hiroshima. Sixty thousand people were killed instantly, and another 200,000 subsequently died as a result of burn and radiation injuries. Three days later, a plutonium bomb was dropped over Nagasaki. Although it missed its actual target by over a mile, the more powerful plutonium bomb killed or injured more than 65,000 people and destroyed half of the city. Ironically, ground zero, the point under the bomb explosion, turned out to be the Mitsubishi Arms Manufacturing Plant, at one time the major military target in Nagasaki. The fourth bomb remained unused.
Many Manhattan Project scientists eventually became advocates of the peaceful use of nuclear power and advocates for nuclear weapons control.
█ FURTHER READING:
BOOKS:
Fermi, Rachel, and Esther Samra. Picturing the Bomb: Photographs from the Secret World of the Manhattan Project. New York : H. N. Abrams, 1995.
Norris, Richard. Racing For the Bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project's Indespensable Man. South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 2002.
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Touchstone, 1995 (reprint).
ELECTRONIC:
Los Alamos National Laboratory. Manhattan Project History. "The Italian Navigator Has Landed in the New World. Secret Race Won with Chicago's Chain Reaction" < http://www.lanl.gov/worldview/welcome/history.shtml > (February, 24, 2003).
National Atomic Museum, Albuquerque , New Mexico. "The Manhattan Project." <http://www.atomicmuseum.com/tour/manhattanproject.cfm> (February 24, 2003).
SEE ALSO
The Oxford Companion to American Military History
© The Oxford Companion to American Military History 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000.
Manhattan Project, the U.S. effort in World War II that developed the atomic bomb. The possibility of developing an atomic bomb became evident late in 1938 when scientists in Germany successfully split a uranium atom by bombarding it with neutrons. In the United States , Leo Szilard , a physicist at the University of Chicago , recognized that as a result of such nuclear fission, a critical mass of uranium could produce enough neutrons to generate a chain reaction of radioactive material culminating in an enormous nuclear explosion. Prodded by Szilard, Albert Einstein, world‐renowned German physicist who had fled to the United States, wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 2 August 1939 warning that the Nazis might develop an atomic bomb.
Roosevelt formed a committee of scientists headed first by Enrico Fermi and subsequently by Vannevar Bush (renamed the National Defense Research Committee) to study the feasibility of building such a weapon. In October 1941, this was merged into the new Office of Scientific Research and Development. In spring 1942, Ernest Lawrence of the University of California , Berkeley, demonstrated that in addition to the scarce uranium isotope U‐235, the more available U‐238 could be converted into a new element, plutonium, which was also fissionable. After the United States entered the war, Roosevelt gave the development of nuclear weapons top priority, and in August 1942 he assigned the top‐secret project to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Its code name, the “Manhattan Project,” derived from the Manhattan Engineer District established to supervise the weapon's construction. The commanding officer, Maj. (later Brig. Gen.) Leslie R. Groves, spent $2 billion to develop the atomic bomb.
The Manhattan Project had four main facilities. In the basement of the unused football stadium of the University of Chicago, scientists Enrico Fermi and Arthur Compton built an atomic pile and in December 1942 produced the first chain reaction in uranium. At Hanford, Washington, a plant produced plutonium‐239 from uranium‐238. The Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , separated uranium‐235 from uranium‐238 through gaseous diffusion. A secret new laboratory, headed by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer , was built in 1943 on a secluded mesa at Los Alamos, New Mexico , to design and build atomic bombs.
Secrecy was an obsession with Groves, and only a handful of the 125,000 people at the Project's four facilities understood the purpose of their work. Just a few military and congressional leaders knew the reason for the project's huge expenditures, which were concealed within War Department appropriations.
Since scientists in Britain had been working toward a bomb since 1940 and discovered the new element called “plutonium,” Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston S. Churchill cooperated in the research. However, in September 1944, the two leaders decided not to share their information with the Soviet Union . Russia initiated an intense espionage effort in Britain and the United States to aid its own program, headed by physicist Igor Kurchatov.
Soviet leader Josef Stalin learned details of the bomb's progress from Communist sympathizers, among them atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs in Britain, and David Greenglass, an American soldier stationed near Los Alamos. In a controversial trial in 1950, following Fuchs's postwar confession, Greenglass testified that his brother‐in‐law, Julius Rosenberg, and Rosenberg's wife, Ethel, had passed to the Russians atomic secrets he had obtained. The Rosenbergs were executed in 1953. (The Nazi regime did not race to build an atomic bomb, although whether this was due to pessimistic miscalculations by its leading physicist, Werner Heisenberg, or to his moral opposition to such a weapon, remains unclear.)
Following Roosevelt's death on 12 April 1945, President Harry S. Truman was told about the atomic bomb (code‐named “S‐1”) twelve days later. With Germany nearing surrender and the construction of a test device only three months away, Truman created an Interim Committee to study the use of atomic bombs against Japan .
On 31 May 1945, the Interim Committee, composed of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , Secretary of State designate James Byrnes, Harvard president James Conant, physicist and educator Karl Compton, Vannevar Bush, and a few others, listened to Oppenheimer predict the bomb would be equal to 2,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT and with its blast and radiation would kill perhaps 20,000 Japanese. After consulting other scientists and the Joint Chiefs of Staff , the committee agreed on 1 June 1945 that for maximum psychological effect, the atomic bomb should be used without warning against a Japanese city containing a military facility.
Not all the scientists working on the Manhattan Project agreed with this. Szilard, James Franck, and a majority of the scientists at the Chicago laboratory asserted that military use against a Japanese city was unnecessary and immoral and would start a postwar nuclear arms race . In response to their petition for a test demonstration and warning for Japan, a special scientific advisory committee—composed of Fermi, Lawrence, Oppenheimer, and Arthur Compton—met on 16 June but rejected the idea of a noncombat demonstration (the bomb might not explode, and even if it did, its lethality would not be adequately demonstrated).
On 16 July 1945, the first atomic weapon test, code‐named “Trinity,” was held on a desert bombing range at Alamogordo, New Mexico, 200 miles south of Los Alamos. Mounted on a metal tower, the test device—13.5 pounds of plutonium inside 2.5 tons of explosives—was exploded at 5:29 A.M. as Groves, Oppenheimer, Bush, and others watched in awe. The blast equaled 15,000–20,000 tons of TNT and generated a fireball visible for 60 miles.
Truman learned of the successful test while at the Potsdam Conference in Germany. After mentioning cryptically to Stalin that the United States had a new weapon, Truman on 24 July ordered preparations for use against Japan. On the 26th, he issued the Potsdam Declaration, a vague modification of unconditional surrender. When Tokyo declined to consider the offer because it did not guarantee retention of the emperor, Truman, on 30 July, ordered the Army Air Forces to use America's two atomic bombs—one uranium‐cored, the other plutonium‐cored—against Japan. On 6 and 9 August, solitary American B‐29s carried out the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The bombings, combined with the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan on 8 August, led Tokyo to surrender on 14 August 1945. World War II ended; the atomic age had begun.
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MANHATTAN PROJECT
MANHATTAN PROJECT, the secret American effort during World War II to construct an atomic bomb. Following the discovery of nuclear fission in Nazi Germany in late 1938, physicists the world over recognized the possibility of utilizing the enormous energy released by the splitting of an atom. If enough neutrons could be emitted by any given "broken" atom, such that at least one neutron struck another atom, causing it to break apart, a self-perpetuating "chain reaction" would result. Such a process, if controlled at a suitable rate, could serve as a power source, or "reactor." If a chain reaction proceeded unchecked, it could result in an explosion of unprecedented magnitude.
Several European scientists who had fled Nazi persecution in Europe felt it was their duty to alert the U.S. government to this new danger. In August 1939, the Hungarian émigré physicist Leo Szilard convinced Albert Einstein to write President Franklin D. Roosevelt and urge increased government support for research on the element most likely to support a chain reaction, uranium. By early 1940, government funding had commenced on a variety of related subjects, and in 1941 a series of studies confirmed the potential that uranium research held to create a usable weapon before the end of the war. In January 1942—only weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor—Roosevelt gave the go-ahead to proceed with a full-scale effort to develop the atomic bomb.
By this time it was obvious that large factories would eventually have to be built. Because the work was now being done in secrecy, and considerable construction was foreseen, the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was created in August 1942 to oversee the entire atomic bomb program. (It was initially headquartered in New York in order to be close to the fission research then being conducted at Columbia University.) The following month, Colonel Leslie R. Groves was promoted to brigadier general and given command of what was coming to be known as the Manhattan Project. Groves quickly brought in major contractors such as Stone and Webster and the Dupont Chemical Company. Less than four years after the discovery of fission, the program to build an atomic bomb had grown from a primarily academic pursuit to what was becoming, by September 1942, a prototypical example of what Dwight D. Eisenhower would later dub the "military-industrial complex." At its height a mere three years later, the Manhattan Project employed more than 130,000 men and women, having already spent more than $2 billion.
The most pressing problem immediately facing Groves was the acquisition, in an extremely short amount of time, of a quantity of fissionable material sufficient first for experimentation and thereafter for the production of at least one bomb. The kind of uranium needed to generate a chain reaction, the isotope U-235, comprised only 0.7 percent of all naturally occurring uranium, and a variety of exotic and unproven techniques were proposed for "enriching" uranium, or increasing the amount of U-235 contained in a sample. Following a period of intense debate, the scientists in November 1942 made their best guess as to which of these methods showed the most promise, choosing gaseous diffusion and electromagnetic separation. Groves immediately ordered the construction of two massive, full-scale uranium-enrichment plants. In less than three years their site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, grew from remote farmland to the fifth largest town in the state.
In early 1941, a second path to the atomic bomb was pioneered by the discovery of a new element: plutonium. This substance did not occur in nature but could be created by irradiating common uranium. In December 1942, Enrico Fermi demonstrated this by producing the world's first controlled nuclear chain reaction in a "pile," or reactor, constructed beneath the west stands of the University of Chicago's Stagg Field. Soon, three gigantic reactors were under construction on the banks of the Columbia River near Hanford, Washington, to mass produce plutonium.
The final task remaining was to devise the actual means by which these "special nuclear materials" could be transformed into practical weapons. In late 1942, Groves placed J. Robert Oppenheimer in charge of the
new weapons laboratory to be built on an isolated mesa in the desert at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Oppenheimer soon managed to assemble a virtual "dream team" of scientists drawn from around the world. Relatively little difficulty was encountered in the design of a uranium weapon. One piece of U-235 could be fired at another in a gun barrel, such that together they would form a critical, or explosive, mass. For technical reasons this crude method was unsuitable for plutonium, however, and, ultimately, a new technique called implosion was conceived, wherein a small sphere of plutonium was rapidly compressed to critical mass by conventional high explosives.
There had never been much doubt that "Little Boy," the gun-type uranium weapon, would work, and on 14 July 1945 it was shipped from Los Alamos to begin its journey westward toward Japan. Because the implosion process was so novel, however, a test of the plutonium design was held near Alamagordo, New Mexico, on 16 July 1945. This test, named "Trinity" by Oppenheimer, exceeded the expectations of almost every scientist at Los Alamos by exploding with a force equivalent to more than 18,000 tons of TNT. Oppenheimer later reported that the blast reminded him of a line from the Bhagavad-Gita: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." The reaction of the test director, Kenneth Bainbridge, was more succinct: "Now we are all sons of bitches." On the morning of 6 August 1945, an American B-29 bomber dropped the uranium bomb on the Japanese port city of Hiroshima; three days later the second, plutonium device "Fat Man," was dropped on Nagasaki. Japan offered to surrender the following day. Although estimates vary, it is likely that by the end of 1945, there were at least 200,000 deaths directly attributable to the two bombings. Most were civilians. The total number of deaths after five years, including radiation and other secondary effects, may have been well over 300,000. At the beginning of 1947, control of the growing U.S. nuclear arsenal was formally transferred to the civilian Atomic Energy Commission, and in August of that year, the Manhattan Engineer District was formally disbanded.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gosling, F. G. The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.: History Division, Department of Energy, 1999.
Hewlett, Richard G., and Oscar E. Anderson Jr. A History of theUnited States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 1: The New World, 1939–1946. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962. Comprehensive official history.
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986. Pulitzer Prize–winning account focusing on the activities at Los Alamos.
DavidRezelman
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Manhattan Project
Nuclear scientists knew in the 1930s that there was a tremendous amount of energy locked in the atomic nucleus. The problem was how to access this energy. With the discovery of nuclear fission in Germany by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann in late 1938 and the subsequent explanation of the process by Meitner and Otto Frisch, many scientists who had been forced to flee from Europe became concerned that Germany might somehow take advantage of this discovery and develop weapons based on nuclear energy. Germany had many competent nuclear scientists, access to heavy water in Norway , quantities of uranium oxide, and a strong engineering history. In the fall of 1939, Leo Szilard, a Hungarian-born physicist who had fled Germany for America, drafted a letter with Albert Einstein to send to President Franklin Roosevelt under Einstein's signature to warn Roosevelt that weapons could be created using a nuclear chain reaction in uranium and that it was very likely that Germany had started working on a uranium bomb. This letter led to the formation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium. The committee did little, however, until Rudolf Peierls and Frisch, working in England , made detailed calculations about the feasibility of nuclear weapons and proposed some possible approaches to making an atomic bomb.
Although government support was relatively weak, important nuclear-science discoveries, unannounced for security reasons, were made in the United States in 1940 and 1941. Potential pathways for enriching 235U, the self-fissioning isotope of uranium, were developed, and Glenn Seaborg and Arthur Wahl produced plutonium, an element that had great potential for use in a nuclear weapon. In December 1941, President Roosevelt authorized the formation of the Manhattan Engineer District of the Army Corps of Engineers ("Manhattan Project" ) as the organization that would oversee the development of the atomic bomb. Groups of scientists, some of whom were already working on nuclear energy research, were organized to work on various aspects of the bomb project. One such project was called the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago , where Italian-born physicist Enrico Fermi and other scientists worked on the construction of the first nuclear reactor, powered by uranium enriched in 235U.
The Manhattan Project officially began on September 23, 1942, when Colonel Leslie Groves was named director of the project. Groves acquired production sites at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , and Hanford, Washington, and he brought in Robert Oppenheimer, a physicist from the University of California at Berkeley, as the scientific director at Los Alamos, New Mexico . Los Alamos was to be the center of physics research, engineering, and weapons design. Oak Ridge was to be the site to enrich 235U, and Hanford was to produce plutonium in nuclear reactors. Many of the country's leading chemical and engineering firms were called in to design and construct these production facilities
Oak Ridge was to produce uranium enriched in the self-fissioning isotope 235U by gaseous diffusion of the volatile compound UF6 at the K-25 plant, a facility more than a mile long, and by electromagnetic separation at the Y-12 plant. Nuclear reactors were built at Hanford to produce plutonium from natural uranium, 238U. Processes were developed to chemically separate and purify the plutonium isotopes 239Pu and 240Pu. Scientists from Great Britain also played key roles in the efforts at Los Alamos, and they were instrumental in developing the functional design of the atomic bomb. Work went on at a feverish pace during 1943 and 1944, and it was estimated that an atomic weapon would be completed by early 1945.
In the spring of 1945, preparations began in the Pacific for the use of the atomic bomb. On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered, and the project was then focused solely on Japan . On July 16, 1945, a test device code-named "Gadget" was detonated at the Alamogordo Bombing Range in New Mexico as part of Project Trinity, the first explosion of a nuclear weapon. The success of the first test of a nuclear weapon was a testament to the ability of the leadership of the Manhattan Project to carry out an unprecedented industrial project, with the world's most talented scientists
cooperating and focusing on a single goal. That the people involved in the Manhattan Project were able to achieve such a spectacular success working in a realm of utmost secrecy in isolated locations was a most singular achievement.
On August 6, 1945, after Japan refused to surrender unconditionally, the first atomic bomb, named "Little Boy," a 235U-based bomb, was dropped over Hiroshima , Japan. Three days later, "Fat Man," a plutonium-based weapon, was dropped on Nagasaki .
Whether Germany really attempted to build an atomic weapon is debated even today. German scientists, led by physicist Werner Heisenberg, certainly had the talent to build a device. Germany had access to large uranium mines in Czechoslovakia and produced heavy water, a form of H2O in which the hydrogen atoms have an extra neutron, in Norway. Most likely there never was a serious effort in Germany to build an atomic weapon, possibly as result of sabotage of the project by Heisenberg or because of a lack of interest by Adolf Hitler .
see also Einstein, Albert; Fermi, Enrico; Heisenberg, Werner; Meitner, Lise; Nuclear Fission; Oppenheimer, Robert; Radiation; Seaborg, Glenn Theodore.
W. Frank Kinard
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Copyright The Columbia University Press
Manhattan Project, the wartime effort to design and build the first nuclear weapons ( atomic bombs ). With the discovery of fission in 1939, it became clear to scientists that certain radioactive materials could be used to make a bomb of unprecented power. U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt responded by creating the Uranium Committee to investigate this possibility. Progress was slow until Aug., 1942, when the project was placed under U.S. Army control and reorganized. The Manhattan Engineer District (MED) was the official name of the project. The MED's commanding officer, Gen. Leslie R. Groves , was given almost unlimited powers to call upon the military, industrial, and scientific resources of the nation.
A $2-billion effort was required to obtain sufficient amounts of the two necessary isotopes, uranium-235 and plutonium-239. At Oak Ridge, Tenn., the desired uranium-235 was separated from the much more abundant uranium-238 by a laborious process called gaseous diffusion. At the Hanford installation (Wash.), huge nuclear reactors were built to transmute nonfissionable uranium-238 into plutonium-239. This method was based on the principle of the self-sustaining nuclear reaction (nuclear pile) that had first been achieved under the leadership of Enrico Fermi at the metallurgical laboratory of the Univ. of Chicago. At the radiation laboratory of the Univ. of California at Berkeley costly efforts were made to separate the two uranium isotopes using cyclotrons, but only about a gram of pure uranium-235 was obtained. The actual design and building of the plutonium and uranium bombs took place at Los Alamos, N.Mex., under the leadership of J. Robert Oppenheimer . Gathered at this desert laboratory was an extraordinary group of American and European-refugee scientists.
The only nuclear test explosion, code-named Trinity, was of a plutonium device; it took place on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, N.Mex. The first uranium bomb ( "Little Boy" ) was delivered untested to the army and was dropped on Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945, killing at least 70,000 inhabitants. On Aug. 9, 1945, a plutonium bomb virtually identical to the Trinity device was dropped on Nagasaki, killing at least 35,000 inhabitants.
See L. R. Groves, Now It Can Be Told (1962); L. Lamont, Day of Trinity (1965); H. Feis, The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (rev. ed. 1966); R. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1987); R. S. Norris, Racing for the Bomb (2002).
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THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
In 1939 scientist Albert Einstein wrote a letter to U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt encouraging government funding for atomic and nuclear fission research for use in atomic weapons. His letter was prompted by rumors that Adolf Hitler and the Nazis were close to creating an atomic bomb. Roosevelt agreed and placed General Leslie Groves and physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer in charge of the Manhattan Project two years later. The name "Manhattan Project" was the code word for the development of the atomic bomb. On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was tested at the Trinity Site in New Mexico . The weapon was later used against the Japanese to end World War II .
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“Following in his father’s footsteps as a naval aviator, Lieutenant Commander Harmon Rabb, Jr. suffered a crash while landing his Tomcat on a storm tossed carrier at sea. Diagnosed with night-blindness, Harm transferred to the Navy’s Judge Advocate General Corps which investigates, defends and prosecutes the law of the sea. There, with fellow JAG lawyer Major Sarah McKenzie, he now fights in and out of the courtroom with the same daring and tenacity that made him a Top Gun in the air.” | ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: J A G FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) Last Revision: 11 Mar 2000 Written by Stephan Lerchegger <[email protected]> ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ------------------------ ------------------------ When the President has a crisis, He serves and protects the he calls his military. United States of America with the ultimate weapon ... When the military has a crisis, it calls JAG. JUSTICE. JAG-Promo JAG-Promo ------------------------ ------------------------ "Following in his father's footsteps as a naval aviator, Lt. Commander Harmon Rabb Jr. suffered a crash while landing his Tomcat on a storm-tossed carrier at sea. Diagnosed with nightblindness, Harm transferred to the Navy's Judge Advocate General Corps which investigates, defends and prosecutes the law of the sea. There with fellow JAG laywer Major Sarah McKenzie he now fights in and out of the courtroom with the same daring and tenacity that made him a Top Gun in the air." \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 0 - INTRODUCTION TO THIS FAQ \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ 0.1 Contents PART 0 - INTRODUCTION TO THIS FAQ 0.1 Contents 0.2 Introduction 0.3 The current status of JAG and News 0.4 Notes about this document PART 1 - JAG: AN INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is JAG about ? 1.2 Cast 1.3 What does JAG mean ? What is it ? PART 2 - JAG: THE FANS 2.1 Is there a Newsgroup or mailinglist for JAG ? Where's the best place to discuss the series ? 2.1.1 Netiquette and Rules 2.1.2 Abbreviations used on the lists 2.1.3 Do these postings ever get passed on to persons affiliated with the show ? 2.1.4 Who are KIP and DSBPost ? 2.2 Contacting the people of JAG, Addresses regarding the show 2.3 What is Fanfic, where can I find it ? 2.4 MOWAGs (Most Wanted Goodies) - Sites of interest on the Net 2.5 Chats, IRC, Message Boards 2.6 How are the fans of JAG called ? 2.7 Is there an episodeguide available for JAG ? 2.8 The JAG Convention PART 3 - JAG: MERCHANDISING, AVAILABLE PRODUCTS 3.1 Commercially available episodes 3.2 JAG Novels 3.3 JAG Calendar 3.4 JAG Theme 3.5 Scripts PART 4 - JAG: THE SEASONS SEASON 1 4.1.1 JAG - First Season Summary 4.1.2 Why was Andrea Parker replaced ? 4.1.3 Episode 'War Cries' (008): Is Meg responsible for Granger's death ? 4.1.4 Wasn't Harm once addressed as Lt.Cmdr. - prior to his promotion ? 4.1.5 Episode 'The Brotherhood' (012): What does 'cuckold' mean ? 4.1.6 Episode 'Recovery' (019): Location 4.1.7 Episode 'Ares' (021): Lt. Pendry 4.1.8 What's the deal with this Cliffhanger episode ? SEASON 2 4.2.1 JAG - Second Season Summary 4.2.2 Are the episodes shown out of order ? 4.2.3 Why the narrated explanation of Harm's past in the title sequence ? 4.2.4 Why was Tracey Needham (Lt. Meg Austin) replaced ? 4.2.5 Where's Lt. Austin now ? 4.2.6 Did the JAG headquarters move between the first and second season ? 4.2.7 For what does Harm get this award in 'We the People' ? 4.2.8 Who's the mysterious girl in the flashbacks in 'We the People' ? 4.2.9 Why does Mac's hair always change ? 4.2.10 Episode 'Crossing the Line' (027): Was the Congresswoman supposed to be the Senator from 'Black Ops' ? 4.2.11 Episode 'Code Blue' (035): Sarah's Farsi 4.2.12 Hasn't CBS ordered 16 episodes ? Where is it ? SEASON 3 4.3.1 JAG - Third Season Summary 4.3.2 Notes about Season three 4.3.3 Episode 'Ghost Ship' (039) - The Dedication 4.3.4 Episode 'The King of the Fleas' (042) - Introducing Dalton Lowne 4.3.5 Episode 'Above & Beyond' (045) - Matt Sigloch, Bill Clinton, Bud singing karaoke 4.3.6 Episode 'Someone to watch over Annie' (049) - Was this DJE singing ? 4.3.7 Episode 'Tiger, Tiger' (055) - Shooting on Location 4.3.8 Episode 'Death Watch' (056) - First Season's Skeleton Crew 4.3.9a Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Music 4.3.9b Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Cut Scene 4.3.9 Episode 'To Russia with Love' (061) - Revoicing SEASON 4 4.4.1 Season Four 4.4.2 Episode 'Dungaree Justice' (073) and 'War Stories' (074): The two-parter that wasn't 4.4.3 Episode 'War Stories' (074): The in-story filming and crew 4.4.4 Episode 'Nobody's Child' (078): Passage read at the funeral SEASON 5 4.5.1 Season Five 4.5.2 Episode 'Ghosts Of Christmas Past' (096) 4.5.3 Episode Boomerang, Part I and II (100,101): Stephen Culp stand-in PART 5 - Q & A JAG - THE SERIES 5.1.1 Who's DB, Bellisario and what's Belisarius ? 5.1.2 Some notes about Reality, JAG, NIS and CID 5.1.3 The JAG Theme 5.1.4 How long does it take to produce a JAG episode 5.1.5 Does the military support the series in any way ? 5.1.6 What stock footage does JAG use ? 5.1.7 What awards did JAG win so far ? 5.1.8 About ownership, reruns and syndication 5.1.9 Flaws (medical et al.) in episodes 5.1.10 About smoking 5.1.11 Where is JAG filmed ? Q&A ABOUT MORE THAN ONE ACTOR/CHARACTER 5.2.1 Ribbons and Medals worn by Mac, Harm & the Admiral 5.2.2 Notes about the past of Harm, Mac, Chegwidden and Bud DAVID JAMES ELLIOTT / LT.CDR. HARM RABB 5.3.1 About David James Elliott 5.3.2 How old was Harm when he went to Vietnam ? 5.3.3 Harm's schooling 5.3.4 Is Harm on track for his career progression? 5.3.5 Harm's Call Sign 5.3.6 What watch does Harm wear ? CATHERINE BELL / MAJ. (LT.COL.) SARAH 'MAC' MACKENZIE 5.4.1 A Marine Major and (Navy-)JAG ? Any explanation ? 5.4.2 CB's language skills JOHN M. JACKSON / ADM. CHEDWIDDEN 5.5.1 What does 'A.J.' stands for in the Admiral's name? PATRICK LABYORTEAUX / BUD ROBERTS 5.6.1 Where was Patrick Labyorteaux during JAG's first season ? CHUCK CARRINGTON / PO TINER 5.7.1 What is Tiner's first name ? [5.8 to 5.9 omitted for future actor/character Q&As] MILITARY 5.10.1 What does ZULU time means ? 5.10.2 What do all this Medals and Rank insignia mean ? 5.10.3 List of military ranks 5.10.4 About Uniforms 5.10.5 What exactly does CAG mean? VARIOUS 5.11.1 What's the Beltway ? What's a Beltway Bandit ? PART 6 - EPILOG =========================================================================== 0.1 Introduction This FAQ answers frequently asked questions about the TV series JAG. The latest version of this document can always be obtained from the homepage of the 'Episodelists and -Guides by LS' at http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/pulpfiction/99/. If you have any further questions or find any errors, please contact me at <[email protected]>. Additionally, an episodeguide with titles, airdates, synopses and guest cast list can also be found on my homepage. =========================================================================== 0.2 The current status of JAG and News - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - JAG's fifth season started on Sep 21 in its regular timeslot on Tuesday, 8pm ET/PT on CBS. Latest news says that the fifth season will have 25 episodes. Repeats of JAG can be seen on the USA Network Monday to Friday at 7pm ET and Sunday at 9pm ET. The second novel, 'JAG: Clean Steel' should finally be out in April. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - =========================================================================== 0.3 Notes about this document This FAQ was partly written by me, partly postings from the JAG mailinglist have been used. Some of these postings have been edited slighty, i.e. non important parts have been deleted or typos have been fixed. Comments in brackets ('[ ]') are made by me. All contributors and authors quoted herein retain the rights to their postings. The postings used are all from the <[email protected]> list (now inactive), it's 'sequels' (currently <[email protected]>) and 'spin-off' at <[email protected]> (For more on mailinglists see below). Details in the postings used (like 'Do postings from this list get passed on to persons affiliated with the show') refer to the quixotic.org or successors in the first place. Every posting has the poster's name as well as the posting date attached. Please take note of this date since it's possible that things have changed since then and some datails are no longer covered correctly. \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 1 - JAG: AN INTRODUCTION \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ 1.1 What is JAG about ? 1.2 Cast 1.3 What does JAG mean ? What is it ? =========================================================================== 1.1 What is JAG about ? JAG is an action-driven adventure series, created by Donald Bellisario who also did such shows as Quantum Leap, Airwolf and Magnum, P.I.. JAG is about a team of lawyers investigating crimes in the Navy. Center of the show is Lt. Cdr. Harmon Rabb, a former pilot who turned lawyer after he crashed a Tomcat due to his night vision blindness. He has teamed up with a fellow female Officer, currently Marine Corps Major Sarah Mackenzie (his former partners include Lt. Caitlin Pike and Lt. Meg Austin). =========================================================================== 1.2 Cast Regular Cast: David James Elliott as Lt. Cdr. Harmon 'Harm' Rabb, jr. A former Navy pilot who turned lawyer after he crashed a Tomcat due to his night vision blindness. Catherine Bell as Maj. (Lt.Col.) Sarah 'Mac' Mackenzie (Season 2 - ) Cathrine Bell was first seen in the episode 'Skeleton Crew', although she played another character ('Diane Schonke') back then. With the beginning of season two she replaced Tracey Needham ('Lt. Meg Austin') as Harm's partner. John M. Jackson as Adm. Chegwidden (Season 1 - ) John M. Jackson joined the cast mid first season. He is Harm and Mac's superior. Patrick Labyorteaux as Lt. Bud J. Roberts, Jr. (Season 1 - ) Ens. Bud Roberts was on twice during the first season ('JAG', 'Skeleton Crew') as PAO onboard the USS Seahawk and with the beginning of season two he became a regular. He was transferred from the Seahawk to JAG. Other characters of interest who appear(ed) on the series include: Karri Turner as Ens. (Lt. j.g.) Harriet Beaumont Sims (Season 2 - ) Ens. Sims first appeared in the second season episode 'Crossing the Line' as Public Affairs Officer (PAO) on the USS Seahawk (Bud's former job before he got transferred to JAG). Bud and Harriet get close and eventually marry at the end of the third season. Andrea Thompson as Cdr. Krennick (Season 1) Cdr. Krennick, counselor to Adm. Chegwidden, was on during the second half of the first season. Andrea Parker as Lt. Caitlin Pike (Season 1) Lt. Pike was Harm's first partner on the show ('JAG'), she was then replaced by Lt. Austin. She appeared in two more episodes, 'Brig Break' and 'Ares'. Tracey Needham as Lt. Meg Austin (Season 1) Harm's partner during season one. She replaced Lt. Pike and was replaced by Mac. Terry O'Quinn as Capt. Thomas 'CAG' Boone (occasional) Capt. Boone is the CAG on board the USS Seahawk. He once flew with Harm's dad. Daphne Ashbrook as Annie Pendry (occasional) and Will Rothhaar as Josh Pendry (occasional) Annie Pendry was Luke Pendry's wife, Harm's roommate in flight-school who was killed in a crash in 'Pilot Error'. Josh is her son. Stephen Culp as Special Assistant Clayton Webb (Season 2 - ) CIA Special Assistant Webb was first introduced in 'We the People'. He now and then gets involved in the crime solving process and helps with his connections. Larry Poindexter as Dalton Lowne (Season 3) Mac's love interest. Killed in 'The Stalker'. To get a list of acting credits go to the Internet Movie Database at http://www.imdb.com or send a message to <[email protected]> with the body ACTOR last, firstname for instance ACTOR Needham, Tracey. To get a help message send an e-mail with the keyword help in the body. =========================================================================== 1.3 What does JAG mean ? What is it ? JAG stands for Judge Advocate General. The JAG Corps is the judicial system of the military. It is part of the US-Navy and its cadre of Naval officers is trained as lawyers. The duties these officers are assigned to range from investigating crimes, prosecuting and defending in court, to giving legal advice. A good overview about the JAG Corps can be found at Tracy Finifter's JAG page at http://www.finifter.com/jag/. \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 2 - JAG: THE FANS /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/ 2.1 Is there a Newsgroup or mailinglist for JAG ? Where's the best place to discuss the series ? 2.1.1 Netiquette and Rules 2.1.2 Abbreviations used on the lists 2.1.3 Do these postings ever get passed on to persons affiliated with the show ? 2.1.4 Who are KIP and DSBPost ? 2.2 Contacting the people of JAG, Addresses regarding the show 2.3 What is Fanfic, where can I find it ? 2.4 MOWAGs (Most Wanted Goodies) - Sites of interest on the Net 2.5 Chats, IRC, Message Boards 2.6 How are the fans of JAG called ? 2.7 Is there an episodeguide available for JAG ? 2.8 The JAG Convention =========================================================================== 2.1 Is there a Newsgroup or mailinglist for JAG ? Where's the best place to discuss the series ? Currently there's no newsgroup dedicated to this series so the best newsgroup to discuss the series would be rec.arts.tv. However, a better place to discuss any topic related to the show are the JAG-mailinglists. When subscribing make sure your return address is valid - this also means without any possible spam protection actions you've taken. Following are a number of various JAG mailinglists. If you notice the one or other missing, please drop me a line. To get infos on any of the following lists go to the link mentioned: JAG (general) : http://www.onelist.com/community/jag JAGniks (general) : http://www.onelist.com/community/JAGniks see also http://skyfox.simplenet.com/JAG/jagnik-list.html Fan-Fic List : http://www.onelist.com/community/article78 Meg Austin List : http://www.onelist.com/community/sempermeg Mac/Catherine Bell List: http://www.onelist.com/community/mac Chegwidden-List : http://www.onelist.com/community/chegwidden Karri Turner List : http://www.onelist.com/community/KarriTAS (Karri Turner Appreciation Society (KarriTAS)) Harm & Mac Shipper : http://www.onelist.com/community/shipper Harm & Mac Shipper List: http://www.onelist.com/community/HarmMacsAngels David James Elliott : http://www.onelist.com/community/dje-l DJE Fan Club : http://www.onelist.com/community/djefanclub DJE/Harm list : http://www.onelist.com/community/DJEFC Clayton Webb Fans : http://www.onelist.com/community/Webbfans Australian JAG Fans : http://www.onelist.com/community/Aussie-JAG JAG Lovers : http://www.onelist.com/community/jaglovers Admiral's Mast : http://www.onelist.com/community/admiralsmast Shipper FanFic : http://www.onelist.com/community/ShipperFic UK and Europe Fans : http://www.onelist.com/community/jag-uk JAGlovers List : http://www.onelist.com/community/jaglovers Peter Murnik : http://www.onelist.com/community/pmurnik JAG Stories (Fanfic) : http://www.onelist.com/community/JAG_Stories JAGonUSA(Syndie-Reruns): http://www.onelist.com/community/JAGonUSA JAG Writers Workshop : http://www.onelist.com/community/JAGWritersWorkshop The Gunny List : http://www.onelist.com/community/The_Gunny JAGman Rabb List : http://onelist.com/community/jagmanrabb Substitute the <name>-part below with the name behind the last slash from the addresses above - e.g. [email protected], [email protected] or [email protected] (examples for the JAG (general) list). For the following actions send an e-mail to the mentioned address: Subscribe : <name>[email protected] Unsubscribe : <name>[email protected] Switch to digest : <name>[email protected] Switch to single messsage: <name>[email protected] Post Message : <name>@onelist.com Contact Owners/Moderators: <name>[email protected] At least the JAG (general) lists is a high volume list, so be prepared. Other lists dedicated to JAG and the actors/characters: * DJE/JAG: To subscribe/unsubscribe send an e-mail to <[email protected]> and in the text you need to type 'subscribe jag' or 'unsubscribe jag' (without quotes) resp. Postings are sent to <[email protected]>. This list is maintained by Debbie Lucas <[email protected]>. She writes about the list: "We have approximately 30 members and the major focus of our discussions are primarily about David James Elliott and the TV series JAG." --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1.1 Netiquette and Rules These are the rules for the JAG (general) list (although these basic rules can be applied to most lists and newsgroups). * No 'Me too' or 'I agree' or similar one-line posts * If it's only addressing one person - send it to just that person and not to the whole list (Private posts vs. Public posts) * Quote reasonable (not the whole posting) * Read through your mail first before answering - someone may have already answered the question * Don't forward chain letters or spam to the list * No attachments (binaries et al) * Don't use HTML coded messages * Keep volume of off-topic postings low or avoid if possible (especially during high-volume times) * Use spoiler space, at least until a week after the episode aired. If questions arise about one or more of the rules above please take a look at the list on my homepage. It has detailed descriptions for each one of them. Please pay attention to these rules! The list is at http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/pulpfiction/99/jag-faq.html --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1.2 Abbreviations used on the lists Here's a short list of basic abbreviations used on the internet (as well as on the lists): AFAIK - As far as I know ATM - At the moment BTW - By the way IIRC - If I Recall Correctly IMO/IMHO - In my (humble) opinion LOL - Laughing out loud; Lots of laughter OT - off topic OTOH - On the other hand ROFL - Rolling on the floor, laughing SCNR - Sorry, could not resist Commonly used on the lists are also: CB - Catherine Bell (Mac) DB/DPB - Donald P. Bellisario (Creator and Executive Producer) DJE - David James Elliott (Harm) KT - Karri Turner (Harriet) JMJ - John M. Jackson (Chegwidden) PL - Patrick Labyorteaux (Bud) SC - Steven Culp (Clayton Webb) (SC is also used for the first season episode 'Skeleton Crew') TN - Tracey Needham (Meg) TPTB - 'The Powers That Be', referring to the producers Also asked frequently (although no abbreviation) is what does 'semper' (like in 'Semper JAG') mean: semper is Latin for 'always' or 'forever'. 'Semper fi' (short for 'semper fidelis') is the U.S. Marine Corps motto and means 'Always Faithful'. Also mentioned often is the term 'Shipper': Shipper is short for Relationshipper and ... '... refers to any heterosexual combination of romantic relationship like Harm/Mac, which seems to be the most popular of later, but the Harm/Meg 'shippers are still extremely vocal.' (from Pat Murray) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1.3 Do these postings ever get passed on to persons affiliated with the show ? KIP (15 Feb 97) answers: >Nearly every writer and most of the actors read these JAG postings, >including DB. This basically only counts for the general JAG list. See also comments under '2.2 Contacting the people of JAG ...' --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1.4 Who are KIP and DSBPost ? We here on the list don't know who <[email protected]> (usually called only 'Kip') and <[email protected]> ('DSBPost') really are. Both don't want to have their identity revealed and we respect their wish. However, given the quality their (always appreciated) answers provide they seem to be insiders to the production team. =========================================================================== 2.2 Contacting the people of JAG, Addresses regarding the show Please direct all comments regarding show status, scheduling and programming to (from the CBS FAQ): CBS Audience Services 524 W. 57 St. New York, NY 10019 Phone: (212) 975-3247 Email: [email protected] Comments conveyed to Audience Services are shared with CBS executives and messages will be responded to as volume permits. You may also write to: CBS ATTN: Programming 7800 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90036-2188 Another addresses mentioned on the mailinglist: CBS 51 West 52nd Street New York, NY 10019 Mr. Leslie Moonves, Pres. Entertainment Division CBS Television Network 7800 Beverly Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90036-2188 To write to the JAG office, (and probably the best address for requests like autographed photos) use these addresses: <Cast Member's Name> c/o JAG Belisarius Productions 5555 Melrose Ave. Clara Bow Bldg. #203 Hollywood, CA 90038 JAG Productions, Inc. 28343 Avenue Crocker, #1 Valencia, CA 91355 The e-mail address for JAG (from the Paramount web page) is <[email protected]>. Messages sent here are forwarded to JAG TV - the JAG production office. Under 'Celebrity E-Mail Addresses' DSBPost (3 Mar 97) writes: >If you want to get a message to a specific member of the JAG cast or crew, >go to the Paramount home page, and send a message from the JAG site there. >The message will be forwarded to JAG TV which is the JAG production office. >(You can send to JAG [email protected] directly but Don B will not get a copy of >the message automatically) Specific notes are forwarded to the respective >addresses. Replys from JAG TV run from a few days to a few weeks late, it >is secondary to filming the series, but an answer will appear. Patrick and >Cathrine are very good at returning E-Mail. David does not have an account. >He gets hard copy of specific requests or questions. The writers will >sometimes answer questions. > >Just don't ask about Meg. > And prior to this DSBPost (21 Jan 97) writes: >Don does get forwarded this subscription list and the letters that go >directly through Paramounts E-mail. Another posting from DSBPost (2 Jan 97): >Paramount has a home page which accepts E-Mail and passes E-mail relating >to the show to the production office of JAG where it is answered through >JAG TV. JAG does not have a home page yet and probably will not this >season. If there is a renewal they should put one up over the summer. =========================================================================== 2.3 What is Fanfic, where can I find it ? Fanfic is short for fan-fiction, stories written by fans. Such stories exist for a wide range of shows, including JAG. A special mailinglist for fanfic is set up. (See mailinglists under 2.1 above) The 'Ex Libris' JAG Fan Fiction Archive at http://exlibris.simplenet.com has an amount of stories stored; a great place to start. Please also read the FAQ there. The Harm & Mac Fan Fic Site: http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Boulevard/7572/JAG.htm If you're looking for (Harm &) Meg Fanfic visit http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/9167/JAG.html And the Semper Meg! archive can be found at http://members.aol.com/jagfic/index.htm =========================================================================== 2.4 MOWAGs (Most Wanted Goodies) - Sites of interest on the Net Here's a list of several JAGgoodies which are asked for and wanted most. Note, that this isn't (and won't be) a complete link list, and there might also exist other, not listed pages that feature these goodies as well. This list should just give you a first direction where to look for specific JAG ralated material: Calendar - (see 3.3 below) Character Bios - http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/9167/JAG.html Credits - http://www.aracnet.com/~petercj/tv/jag/ Drinking Game - http://www.concentric.net/~jjdippel/jagdrink.html Fan Clubs - (see bottom of this list) FanFic - (see 2.3 above) Guide, FAQ - http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/pulpfiction/99/ ICQ - http://www.oocities.com/televisioncity/network/8877/ jagicqlist.html IRC - (see 2.5 below) JAG Corps - http://www.finifter.com/jag/ JAG Web Ring - http://www.bomis.com/rings/jag/ Links - http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/9167/JAG.html Medals, Ranks - (see 5.10.2 and 5.10.3 below) Novels - (see 3.2 below) Official (1) - http://marketing.cbs.com/primetime/jag/ Official (2) - http://www.paramount.com/tvjag/ Official (3) - http://www.usanetwork.com/series/jag/ Pics - http://www.oocities.com/televisioncity/7730 Reviews - http://www.bmts.com/~sdickson/index.html.htm Start (1) - http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/9167/JAG.html Start (2) - http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Club/2280/ Start (3) - http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/4928/jag.html Start (4) - http://members.tripod.com/~vikki_w/jag.html Start (5) - http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/9236/index.html Theme (Midi) - http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/9236/jagsound.html Theme (MP3) - http://www.soundamerica.com/sounds/themes/Television/ Trading Post - http://www.oocities.com/hollywood/studio/2235/index.html Trivia questions - http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/7414 US Air Force - http://www.af.mil US Army - http://www.army.mil US Navy - http://www.navy.mil US Navy - JAG - http://www.jag.navy.mil US Marine Corps - http://www.usmc.mil Fan Clubs: The *Unofficial* David James Eliott Fan Club http://members.tripod.com/~Charmer_NO/djeindex.htm THE *OFFICIAL* Catherine Bell Fan Club http://members.tripod.com/~Major_Mac/cbfan.htm The John M. Jackson Admiration Society, an *Unofficial* JMJ Fan Club http://jmjas.simplenet.com The *OFFICIAL* Peter Murnik Fan Club. http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/Lot/4410 The *OFFICIAL* Steven Culp Fan Club Site http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Palace/4618/index.html The *OFFICIAL* Chuck Carrington Fan Club site http://www.oocities.com/btiner2 The *Unofficial* Lt(j.g.) Meg Austin Fan Club http://members.aol.com/mystic8043/index.htm The Tracey Needham Appreciation Society http://tnas.simplenet.com CoWGrLTiNas' *Unofficial* Trevor Goddard Fan Club http://hometown.aol.com/cowgrltina/Trevor1.html =========================================================================== 2.5 Chats, IRC, Message Boards Internet: Server - UnderNet Channel - #DJE Meetings - Wednesday nights Go to http://jagchat.8m.com for more infos and links to software. Server - EFNET Channel - #JAG Meetings - ? See also Sebastian Pelan's page at http://www2.arnes.si/~spelan/. JAGnik Central Message Board: http://www.InsideTheWeb.com/messageboard/mbs.cgi/mb22726 Meave's Chat Room: http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/7414/jagchat.html JAG Discussion Forum: http://www.messagecentral.net/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/messagecentral/ /law/dcboard.cgi?az=list&forum=jag Tina's Schizophrenic JAGniks Message Board: http://www.InsideTheWeb.com/mbs.cgi/mb992043 CB Chat Room: http://members.tripod.com/~Major_Mac/jag-ocbfcchat.htm JAG Chat Box: http://www.oocities.com/televisioncity/network/8877/jagchat.html AOL: Chatroom - #Mac's_Office Meetings - ? =========================================================================== 2.6 How are the fans of JAG called ? Well, at least here on the list we call us JAGniks. Coach Biloxi Boy <[email protected]> writes: >Our dearly beloved friend Captain Bligh [Cmdr. Ian Adkins, USNR] coined >that word a long time ago during the first season of JAG. =========================================================================== 2.7 Is there an episodeguide available for JAG ? Yes. I have also written an episodeguide for JAG which covers all episodes. It can be found at http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/pulpfiction/99/, like this FAQ. There are some other (sometimes partial only) guides out there, mostly attached to JAG-fanpages. Another JAG episodeguide was written by George Fergus <[email protected]> and can be found at http://www.xnet.com/~djk/JAG_1.shtml. =========================================================================== 2.8 The JAG Convention The first JAG Convention took place in Burbank, Ca. from Oct 15-18, 1999 with many of the actors and crew attending. Websites with reports and pics are: JAG Asylum: http://www.oocities.com/~jagasylum/ Steven Culp FC Newsletter: http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Palace/6140/connews.html Chuck Carrington Site: http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/Station/8070/ \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 3 - JAG: MERCHANDISING, AVAILABLE PRODUCTS \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ 3.1 Commercially available episodes 3.2 JAG Novels 3.3 JAG Calendar 3.4 JAG Theme 3.5 Scripts =========================================================================== 3.1 Commercially available episodes As of now only the two-hour pilot ('JAG') is available. Details can be found at http://www.paramount.com/homevideo. Copies should be available in stores or they should at least be able to order a copy for you. Online-shops who sell it (among others): http://www.VideoExpress.com, the tape (likely NTSC) costs $34.92 (plus S/H) http://www.bestvideo.com, the price is $39.95 plus S/H - again likely NTSC. Reoprtedly, the JAG pilot is available for $24.99 to $29.99 ($15 was mentioned, too) at Columbia House. HarrietJAG <[email protected]> (24 Mar 98) writes: >Paramount Home Video has advised that the JAG Pilot may be ordered >through Movies Unlimited at 1-800-528-0823. If you find any other place (especially outside the U.S. and/or in PAL format) please drop me a line. At this point there are no plans for further releases (mainly because repeats can be seen weekdays on the USA Network). =========================================================================== 3.2 JAG Novels The first JAG novel is out now: The paperback book is simply called 'JAG: The Novel' and was written by Robert Tine. List price is $5.99, ISBN is 0425164853 and it's published by the Berkley Pub Group. (Release Date: March 1998) Online, the book is for instance available at the Amazon Bookshop who sells it for $4.79 (this may change), their homepage can be found at http://www.amazon.com. The book is of course also available in stores throughout the country. Amazon (with its own homepages for Germany and the UK, cheaper rates !) also ships to many countries, so it's also a good place for international readers to start looking there. HarrietJAG <[email protected]> (24 Mar 98) writes: >Paramount advises that the JAG novel is only available in major >bookstores in the U.S. and they have no indication when it will >be available elsewhere. The second novel, 'JAG: Clean Steel' should finally be available by April 10, 2000. 'JAG: Clean Steel', again written by Robert Tine, is published by Boulevard Books; ISBN is 0425168549 and list price is again $5.99. Amazon details same as above, including prize. =========================================================================== 3.3 JAG Calendar A JAG wall calendar for 1998 with pictures from DJE was produced by Landmark Calendars. Reportedly, there are no plans for a 1999 or 2000 calendar. Reportedly, the calendar is sold out, so the following advices (contacts, addresses, costs etc.) are no longer valid. However, in future years calendars might be produced again, so the below mentioned sites will presumably carry them again and it'd be a good place to start looking for. The best way to order seems to be from http://www.awit.com (see calendar section there). The calendar costs $11.99 plus S/H. Also http://www.amazon.com sells it. The price is the same as above. Reportedly, the calendar is also available at http://www.365year.com. Some postings about this topic: <[email protected]> (21 Sep 1997) writes: >Just thought i'd let you know where you can get the calendar. >1-800-365-9327-usa 1-800-332-9327-canada The company is called >Landmark Calendars. Angela B Stich <[email protected]> (17 Sep 1997) writes: >There is a direct line to call the calendar place. I believe you should >be able to reach this number from overseas. > > (607) 563-9411 ext. 585 > >I asked if they could ship it to Heide in Singapore and they said they >would be able to, although it might be expensive. For postal parcel post, >whatever that is, the cost is $8.45 for shipping and handling and it might >take upwards of 2-3 weeks to get there. For UPS to ship/fly it, the cost >will be $16.65 and the person didn't know how long that would take. > >The price of the calendar is $11.99. Sylvia Mohr <[email protected]> (20 Sep 1997) writes: >I just received mine this past Wednesday (I ordered it Monday..pretty >good turn around time, huh?). I bought mine from: http://www.awit.com >It's a Sci-Fi/TV memorabilia site and Shawn responds under the heading >"AWrinkleInTime". I also purchased several color and one black and >white 8 x 10-1/2" pictures...Of Harm, several poses...of Harm(in dress >whites) and Mac (in dress blues)...of Bud, the Admiral, Mac and Harm in >full dress uniforms...of Harm and Krennick...of Harm and Kate (2)...of >Harm and Meg. > >The web site has a phone number and when to call...you can call and >place the order by phone if you have a credit card..and she ships VERY >promptly (if she has ordered items in stock). =========================================================================== 3.4 JAG Theme (Merchandising) As of now, the theme is not available on CD. But ... HarrietJAG <[email protected]> (23 Mar 98) writes: > >What is available is the sheet music. It's for full orchestra and costs >$40.00. It is available from Hal Leonard Publications, and the order >number is: 1-800-637-2852. That, and the novel, are the only items from >JAG thus far, according to the Paramount Licensing Dept. Paramount owns >the rights to the series, and makes merchandising decisions on behalf of >same. > Their website is at http://www.halleonard.com. =========================================================================== 3.5 Scripts Scripts for (past) JAG episodes are available for instance at Script City (http://www.scriptcity.com) or the Script Shop (http://scriptshop.com). For details on which episodes are available or the costs check their webpages. Here are the scripts available at Scriptshop.com as of Feb 03, 1999. All Scripts are priced at $12: [1.01] Pilot [2.02] In Camera (aka: Secrets) [2.03] Jinx [2.04] Heroes [2.06] Vanished [2.09] Washington Holiday [2.11] Force Recon [2.14] Cowboys And Cossacks [3.01] Ghost Ship [3.02] Court Marshall Of Sandra Gilbert [3.03] Good Of The Service [3.04] Blind Side [3.21] Return of Jimmy Blackhorse, The \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 4 - JAG: THE SEASONS \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ SEASON 1 4.1.1 JAG - First Season Summary 4.1.2 Why was Andrea Parker replaced ? 4.1.3 Episode 'War Cries' (008): Is Meg responsible for Granger's death ? 4.1.4 Wasn't Harm once addressed as Lt.Cmdr. - prior to his promotion ? 4.1.5 Episode 'The Brotherhood' (012): What does 'cuckold' mean ? 4.1.6 Episode 'Recovery' (019): Location 4.1.7 Episode 'Ares' (021): Lt. Pendry 4.1.8 What's the deal with this Cliffhanger episode ? =========================================================================== 4.1.1 JAG - First Season Summary On Sep 23, 1995 JAG premiered with a two-hour pilot (counting for two episodes) in Saturday's 8pm EST/PST slot on NBC. In this episode Lt. Harm Rabb (David James Elliott) and Lt. Caitlin Pike (Andrea Parker) investigated the death of a female fighter pilot. This was one out of two episodes Bud Roberts (Patrick Labyorteaux) appeared during the first season. After this episodes the female lead changed: starting with episode two Lt. (j.g.) Meg Austin (Tracey Needham) fought at Harm's side. This change was requested by NBC (for a more detailed answer see below). Up to the 12th episode ('The Brotherhood'; aired Feb 3, 1996) the series stayed in this time slot. Starting with episode 013 ('Defensive Action'; Mar 13) JAG moved into Wednesday's 8pm slot. This episode is also the first with Cdr. Krennick (Andrea Thompson) and the last with Cdr. Lindsey (W.K. Stratton). One episode later ('Smoked') Adm. Chegwidden (John M. Jackson) is introduced as the new head of JAG/Washington D.C. He was transferred from JAG/Pacific, his counselor is Cdr. Krennick. NBC, apparently not satisfied with its numbers, cancels JAG. Of the 22 episodes shot, NBC aired only the first 21 (the last one was 'Ares' on May 22). The final episode, 'Skeleton Crew' (aka: 'Death Watch'), never aired in the US, but it was released internationally. The reason for this was that 'Skeleton Crew' was a cliffhanger and it obviously made no sense to NBC to air it. This episode is discussed detailed below. After NBC canceled the show it was picked up by CBS as a mid-season replacement. =========================================================================== 4.1.2 Why was Andrea Parker replaced ? Andrea Parker played Lt. Caitlin Pike in the pilot but was after that replaced by Tracey Needham. NBC insisted that Don Bellisario casts an 'attractive blonde' instead, and this one was Tracey Needham. While emphasizing that Needham was 'very nice' and professional, Bellisario says she never was the character he had in mind for the female lead. For the second season Needham was then also replaced (a detailed answer to this can be found below). KIP writes 20 Dec 99): >NBC PTB didn't like Andrea in the pilot and wanted a perky blonde. After >much arguing NBC finally threatened to not pick up the series if Andy >Parker wasn't replaced. DPB explained the situation to Andy and she >graciously agreed to step aside. DPB promised to recur her character >on JAG to prove to NBC how wrong they were about her. He did this in >two episodes that first year. NBC never admitted their error, but they >picked Andy up for the Pretender which ran the next season. To add insult >to injury NBC cancelled JAG and replaced it with the Pretender. > >Such is the irony of television. Andrea Parker reprised her role as Lt. Pike in two episodes, 'Brig Break' (episode 005) and 'Ares' (021). =========================================================================== 4.1.3 Episode 'War Cries' (008): Is Meg responsible for Granger's death ? KIP answers (18 May 97): >The point of the script as written was that Meg did have responsibility in >Granger's death. Throughout the episode she berated him for turning his >Marines into trigger happy killers who shot first and asked questions later. >It was this pressure from Meg which caused Granger to hesitate when he saw >the old lady. That hesitation got him killed. > >The last scene when Granger's body was being placed on the aircraft was >written to show Meg's remorse and realization of what she had done. How it >was played is another story. > =========================================================================== 4.1.4 Wasn't Harm once addressed as Lt.Cmdr. - prior to his promotion ? Yes. In 'Boot' (ep.010) Cdr. Lindsey addresses him as Lt. Commander and talks about something that happened in Bosnia. This actually refers to 'Defensive Action' (ep.013) where Harm got his promotion and defended the CAG in a court-martial. The reason in simple: 'Boot' was shot after but shown prior to 'Defensive Action'. =========================================================================== 4.1.5 Episode 'The Brotherhood' (012): What does 'cuckold' mean ? In Short: It means that a man's wife has cheated on him. A more detailed explanation is given by Emily M. Lee <[email protected]>: > >Cuckold was a word used in Shakespeare's plays a lot. Specifically, >"Othello" deals with this issue a lot. Cuckold is a reference to a >man who cannot keep "his" woman in line. By in line, I mean that she >is committing adultery. During Shakespeare's time, a man who could not >keep his wife from committing adultery was ridiculed as not being good >enough in bed to satisfy her and not being strong enough of a man to >keep her from straying. Cuckold also means that a man does not have >a powerful enough p--is. > =========================================================================== 4.1.6 Episode 'Recovery' (019): Location From DSBPost: >It was filmed at the rockwall plant in El Segundo where they built the >shuttles. All shuttle footage was stock, including that nice little tie >in shot where the transporter moves out with the launch facility in the >background. > >The real shuttle facility at Vandenberg is much more interesting looking >than the Kennedy pad. =========================================================================== 4.1.7 Episode 'Ares' (021): Lt. Pendry Wasn't one of the pilots Lt. Pendry who was killed in 'Pilot Error' ? Yes and No - footage of Lt. Pendry and Lt. McKee from a previous episode was used but it wasn't supposed to actually be Lt. Pendry or Lt. McKee. =========================================================================== 4.1.8 What's the deal with this Cliffhanger episode ? The final episode of the first season was 'Skeleton Crew' (aka: 'Death Watch'). As NBC decided not to renew the show for a second season, they also opted not to show this cliffhanging episode. As of now this episode hasn't been aired in the US, it was, however, released internationally. It is expected to be aired in the US when the show goes into syndication. Here are now some postings from the mailinglist, which should answer nearly everything concerning this episode: First KIP (21 Nov 96) with an overview: >Skeleton Crew aired only outside the U.S.A. > >It was a cliff-hanging episode in which a female Academy friend of Harm's >is murdered as the SEAHAWK docks after a six month deployment. Too late, >Harm realizes how much he was in love with her. His relentless pursuit of >the murderer runs him afoul of NCIS agent Turque (who everyone calls >Turkey). While there are two, even three possible suspects, at the end of >the episode Harm is arrested for the murder. > >The concluding hour was never filmed or even written, as NBC cancelled JAG >(therefore they did not air a cliff-hanging episode) and it would not make >sense to re-launch the show on CBS with an episode designed to end a season. > >There are two quick flashbacks in the opening JAG episode refering to this >episode and Harm references it in dialogue. But it's all quite mysterious >and will be touched on again around episode 9 or 10 in the new season. > >Hope this helps with the confusion. DSBPost wrote a comprehensive synopsis of this episode. This posting can be found at the home of this FAQ. DSBPost (26 Apr 97) continues: >The only problem with reading the second part to "Skeleton Crew" was that >it was never written. Don Bellisario writes in a linear style. He often >will start with an idea for the opening and just keep writing. Often he >will not know the ending to a script until he has written it. About ignoring this episode, KIP (20 Nov 96) writes: > >> From what I remember of past dicussions on this list, the JAG to be shown >> on CBS will completely ignore Skeleton Crew. It never happened. Bobby got >> out of the shower. > >There will be a reference to the cliff hanger in the CBS opening episode >[episode 'We the Poeple'] which will be understood by those outside the >U.S. who saw the cliff hanger and be a mystery out of a Harm's past to >those who haven't. > >Unfortunately, it will not explain what happened. Hopefully, in time there >can be a flashback episode that will do that. > On another occasion, KIP (20 Nov 96) states: > >The Cliffhanger would have been great for all the JAG fans who would wait >over six months for the conclusion. But since the move to CBS in Midseason >is a re-launch of the show, new JAG viewers wouldn't have had a clue. > >So, for those U.S. viewers who saw the Cliffhanger in other parts or the >world or who got a PAL copy from someone and transfered it, there is a >>reference to that episode and two very quick flashbacks to it. To those who >haven't seen the episode, it will be a bit of mystery out of Harm's past. > >There is no further reference to it in the first 8 episodes filmed to date, >but there will be a reference in the future. About the flashback in the season two opener, KIP (5 Jan 97) writes: > >When NBC cancelled the show they didn't want to air a cliff-hanging episode >when they couldn't show a conclusion. It made no sense to air a conclusion >as the opening of JAGS second season on CBS. Therefore the concluding >episode was never written, let alone filmed. > >The two brief flashbacks in 'We the People' were to give something to those >International viewers who had seen this episode. Hopefully, at some date in >the future, 'Skeleton Crew' will be incorporated into a flashback episode >and solve the problem for everyone. > About the possiblility of the second part DSBPost (3 Sep 1997) writes: In a message dated 97-09-02 09:31:47 EDT, you write: >> >> With some of the Season 1 NBC eps being shown on CBS, can we have our >> hopes raised that Skeleton Crew would also be shown, to allow for SC >> Pt 2 to be made and shown? > >It is becoming more unlikely. If you have seen the original you know that >almost every scene is tied up with actors who have moved on to other >projects. Examining it with an eye to building a flashback episode has >proven frustrating as there is no logical way to introduce the flashbacks, >many of which are tied to other viewpoints (Krennick, Meg). The episode >was too tightly crafted. The third season episode 'Death Watch' (056) is the revamped cliffhanger episode although KIP explains: >In fact DPB in order to make the story work had to change the killer. Q&A with KIP (Oct 98) about the originally planned way for Skeleton Crew: Q: Who was originally intended to be the killer? A: Agent Turkey (Turque) was to be the real killer Everyone, including Harm, had assumed he was the NCIS officer assigned the murder in Norfolk. Bad assumption. He had been the NCIS aboard the Seahawk during the deployment Diane Shonke. When DPB decided to cannabalize Skeleton Crew for Death Watch the actor who played Turkey was not available, so he had to come up with a new killer. Q: What was his motive? A: Sex. Q: Was that because he was having it (with Diane, presumably) or not getting it? A: He killed her in a struggle during a rape. Q: How did Harm's fingerprints get on the gun? A: He had been to the pistol range with Diane Shonke before she sailed on the Seahawk. After cleaning their weapons, Harm loaded Dianes pistol for her. The finger prints were to be found on the bullets. Diane kept the gun in her car which she had left in base parking. She went for the gun when Turkey assaulted her. At least that's how DPB says he was thinking to do. You never know. He might have changed his mind at the last minute had he ever written the second half of the cliffhanger. See also 4.3.8 below. =========================================================================== SEASON 2 4.2.1 JAG - Second Season Summary 4.2.2 Are the episodes shown out of order ? 4.2.3 Why the narrated explanation of Harm's past in the title sequence ? 4.2.4 Why was Tracey Needham (Lt. Meg Austin) replaced ? 4.2.5 Where's Lt. Austin now ? 4.2.6 Did the JAG headquarters move between the first and second season ? 4.2.7 For what does Harm get this award in 'We the People' ? 4.2.8 Who's the mysterious girl in the flashbacks in 'We the People' ? 4.2.9 Why does Mac's hair always change ? 4.2.10 Episode 'Crossing the Line' (027): Was the Congresswoman supposed to be the Senator from 'Black Ops' ? 4.2.11 Episode 'Code Blue' (035): Sarah's Farsi 4.2.12 Hasn't CBS ordered 16 episodes ? Where is it ? =========================================================================== 4.2.1 JAG - Second Season Summary On Friday Jan 3, 1997 JAG premiered with 'We the People' on CBS in the 9pm EST/PST slot as replacement for the series 'Mr. & Mrs. Smith'. JAG delivered stronger numbers than its predecessor and the move into the 8pm slot, effective Mar 28, gave the series another boost. The most striking change this season was Tracey Needham's (Lt. Meg Austin) replacement. The new female lead character is now Maj. Sarah Mackenzie, played by Catherine Bell. Also now regulars are Patrick Labyorteaux (Lt. Bud Roberts, who has been seen twice during the first season) and John M. Jackson as Adm. Chegwidden (who was also on for the second half of the first season). Comments about some of these changes are given below. The season finale, 'Rendezvous' (15th episode of the season), aired on Apr 18. About Mac's character development KIP (8 Feb 97) writes: > >>Personally, I think we should use whatever pressure we can (if at all!) >>exert on Mr. Bellisario to make Major MacKenzie more personable, and get >>a few episode centering around her. After all, how can we tell if we >>dislike her is we barely know her? > >Going on at Mid-season gave this year's JAG the luxury of being able to >plan how the characters and their relationships would develop from episode >to episode. Mac's initial sterness was to slowly soften across the season - >and has. But, apparently many of the fans, looking for a cookie cutter >replacement of Meg used her Marine no-nonsense approach to her job as an >excuse for not liking her. Hopefully as they see more and more episodes >in which Major Mackenzie relaxes into her position as Harm's partner, they >will grow to know her and like her--although some die-hards will never >accept anyone replacing Meg. Though I find it interesting that Kate, who >only appeared in the pilot and two episodes would probably have been the >unanimous choice for Harm's partner last year by the fans despite the fact >that Meg appeared in 20 episodes. > >Also, in addition to learning more about Mac in upcoming episodes (she and >Harm are isolated together for an entire story), but there is a tense and >romantic episode centered around Admiral Chegwidden. Ensign Simms is >transferred to the Pentagon in Washington which makes Bud's heart leap. >Annie and Harm get together and decide to....Sorry, to tell any more would >spoil it. > >Bottom line, your request has already been implimented as these character >developments were planned at the beginning of the season. You must remember >that although you've only seen 5 episodes (tonight will be #6) JAG is >currently filming Episode 13. > >By the way CBS has ordered an addition 3 episodes, so there will be a total >of 16. Not bad for a mid-season show. > KIP writes (5 Mar 97): >CBS is pleased with JAG. It's doing better in the timeslot than its >predecessor Mrs. and Mrs. Smith by a full rating point and growing in >viewership (MMS was declining as the season progressed). JAG is also >proving to be a better lead-in to Nash Bridges, which has increased >it's viewership since JAG became it's lead-in. > >While this doesn't assure a pick-up for next season, it makes it much >more likely. =========================================================================== 4.2.2 Are the episodes shown out of order ? DSBPost (2 Mar 97) answers: > >>I know that the episodes this season have been shown out of order. It >>can get kind of confusing (if not annoying) not knowing whether characters >>are friends or at each other's throat's (ie Webb). Does anybody know the >>correct order that the episodes were supposed to air so perhaps thier >>relationships can make a little more sense. > >Well this is the correct order the episodes are supposed to air. However it >is not the episodes shooting sequence. The Game of Go and Trinity were >actually filmed #1 and #2 this season. All the rest have been shown in the >filmed order. The only real impact was in Webbs relationship, and hair >styles. > =========================================================================== 4.2.3 Why the narrated explanation of Harm's past in the title sequence ? KIP explains: >Research showed that the majority of viewers had no idea what JAG was. Most >thought Harm was a Naval Intelligence. It was decided to put a 'Saga Sell' >on the opening of the show--much as on Quantum Leap--to let those viewers >who never saw an episode of JAG understand the ground rules and why a Naval >Aviator was a lawyer. Remember--nearly 70 percent of America has never >viewed JAG even once! > >While the Saga Sell may be repetitive to fans, it hopefully gives the new >viewer the proper background to understand what the show is about. On another occasion KIP answers: > >>If I got to choose, I would happily remove the voiceover. It was a good >>way to restart the series, but after a few episodes I think the (wonderful) >>music and the images speak for themselves. > >You' re right--for fans who consistant watch the show. However, to be a >hit JAG has to attract new viewers each week. The Saga Sell with the >voice-over you're talking about is to acquaint new viewers who have >never seen the show with the JAG concept and Harm's background. > =========================================================================== 4.2.4 Why was Tracey Needham (Lt. Meg Austin) replaced ? Besides the 'Cliffhanger'-question, this is probably the most discussed (and asked) question. So here are now some detailed answers and comments which should answer (nearly ?) everything about this subject: On AOL-Live, David James Elliott answered the question 'Why isn't Tracy Needham on the series any longer?' as follows: >She left the series because the series was revamped... CBS decided they >wanted to make some changes. One of the changes was to have a Marine >Officer to have an equal rank to myself, so there would be a different >branch of the military so we could go head to head. That was unfortunate >for Tracey's character because she was a "lesser" rank. I really miss her >and felt terrible about it all. Tracey is doing very well now. She's doing >movies of the week, that sort of thing. "Lt jg - #JAG <irc>" <[email protected]> wrote the following message on 27 Mar 97 about this subject: >Ms Austin was transferred to Okinawa to keep Lt Pike company.... >there really wasn't much of an explanation as to her departure other >then she recommended Bud... > >She did not return.. well there are alot of *rumours* floating around >about why Tracey was replaced. Was it DB and TN not getting along >from day one? Was it a disagreement between DB and NBC and TN got >caught in the middle? > >The biggest explanation is that DB wanted a stronger personality >(don't ask me why they could not just write a stronger personality >for Meg's character) and more of an equal for Harm and they found >that in Major Sarah MacKenzie's character. > >Sarah takes some getting used to. The first few episodes your left >wondering why she's there, not much personality. She grows stronger >and stronger per ep and I have to say that the best episode that I >found I truly enjoyed was FULL ENGAGEMENT. Catherine did a great job >in that show. KIP (15 Feb 97) writes about casting Catherine Bell: > >>[...] [Catherine Bell] got the role because she impressed the producer >>or something. Really curious as to how she could have done that when she >>barely appeared in "Skeleton Crew" for 5 minutes and then wound up very >>pale and very dead. > >Catherine Bell impressed DB when he directed her in Skeleton Crew. But >that only gained her the opportunity to audition for the role of Major >Mackenzie. Dozens of actresses read for the role and DB selected three >finalists. These three actresses read for Paramount who approved them to >go one to CBS. All three auditioned for CBS and Catherine Bell won the role. > >I'm not going to reveal who the other two finalists were so please don't >ask, but I will tell you they have both appeared in JAG episodes that have >already aired this season. > One of those two was revealed (by Kerin Steele) and confirmed by KIP: It was Sibel Ergener who played Lt. 'Skates' Hawkes in 'Crossing the Line'. =========================================================================== 4.2.5 Where's Lt. Austin now ? DSBPost says: "Meg was simply reassigned. In the military these things happen." =========================================================================== 4.2.6 Did the JAG headquarters move between the first and second season ? KIP (8 Feb 97) answers: > >They did move to Falls Church, Va. [formerly Washington, D.C.] Although >the building you see filmed for JAG Headquarters is actually in Pasadena, >California. > =========================================================================== 4.2.7 For what does Harm get this award in 'We the People' ? Charles Pan <[email protected]> answers: > >>In the beginning of "We the People" (Season 2 opener) Harm is receiving an >>award of some importance from the President no less... >> >>The speaker is reciting an incident I can almost see in my head, and I am >>sure we have seen it in a episode. >> >>Which episode was it? The Pilot? > >Harm gets the Navy Cross for landing a damaged tomcat in the 2hr Pilot. >CAG (& Harm in the back) is on a ATARS run when the Tomcat is hit by >AAA. Harm also gets his wings back..... > >The speaker is CAG's RIO in Defensive Action. > KIP adds: >He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions in >saving the CAG in the pilot episode. About the long time passed since the actual incident, <[email protected]> writes: > >yes, those awards do take that long. They have to be written up and sent >in, then verified, reverified, authorized, & approved. Depending on the >award and how high in the chain it must go, some awards are given by >congress or the president, it can take years. > DSBPost adds: >or as in the case of the medal of honor Clinton presented in the white >house to the desendents, 52 years. and KIP35 says: >Awards are still be handed out for actions in WWII, Korea, Vietnam, >Grenada, Desert Storm and probably a few I haven't thought of. It can >take quite a while. =========================================================================== 4.2.8 Who's the mysterious girl in the flashbacks in 'We the People' ? KIP writes: > >>During the premiere, Harm had flashbacks to an apparently deceased >>former love that looked exactly like Sarah. Was she ever featured in >>a past episode? Does anyone know what had happened? > >She was Lt. Diane Schonke who was murdered in the Skeleton Crew episode >which only aired Internationally. > See also comments on the cliffhanging episode above. =========================================================================== 4.2.9 Why does Mac's hair always change ? KIP (9 Feb 97) explains: >[Mac's] hair has been consistant...unfortunately the episodes for a variety >of reasons have not aired in the order filmed. That's why Major Mackenzies >hair goes from medium length to short and back. Only one more episode with >the medium length hair--"The Game of Go" [...] =========================================================================== 4.2.10 Episode 'Crossing the Line' (027): Was the Congresswoman supposed to be the Senator from 'Black Ops' ? KIP: "She was not the same Congresswoman." =========================================================================== 4.2.11 Episode 'Code Blue' (035): Sarah's Farsi DSBPost and KIP35 answer: >Farsi is the correct name for Persian. Catherine Bell is of Iranian >(Persian) heritage and quiet fluent in the language of her parents >and grand-parents. =========================================================================== 4.2.12 Hasn't CBS ordered 16 episodes ? Where is it ? KIP (11 Mar 97), also about the possibility of a cliffhanger, writes: >The 16th episode which will be filmed in two weeks is not a cliff-hanger >and will probably not run this season since it cannot be finished in time >to air on April 18th. (This is due to CBS running back-to-back episodes >two weeks ago and scheduling episodes to run on March 28th and 29th.) >After that date, CBS has specials scheduled for May sweeps. Re-runs would >then be scheduled for the summer. > >By the way...CBS can't wait to determine if they're picking up the show to >ask for a cliff-hanger--it's simply too costly to shut down a production >company and then start it back up again to film one episode. Two weeks later KIP wrote: > >> When and will we ever get to see the 16th >> and last episode filmed this year? > >The 16th episode was not filmed. It will be the first episode filmed IF JAG >is picked up next year. At the moment, it looks very good for a pickup, >especially since JAG did very well on it's first outing at 8:00 p.m. EST/PST >last Friday. Pulling a 14 share in a time slot that had previously only been >getting an 11 share. Once again, the loyal JAG fans followed the show to >its new timeslot and gave it a BIG BOOST for a pickup. > =========================================================================== SEASON 3 4.3.1 JAG - Third Season Summary 4.3.2 Notes about Season three 4.3.3 Episode 'Ghost Ship' (039) - The Dedication 4.3.4 Episode 'The King of the Fleas' (042) - Introducing Dalton Lowne 4.3.5 Episode 'Above & Beyond' (045) - Matt Sigloch, Bill Clinton, Bud singing karaoke 4.3.6 Episode 'Someone to watch over Annie' (049) - Was this DJE singing ? 4.3.7 Episode 'Tiger, Tiger' (055) - Shooting on Location 4.3.8 Episode 'Death Watch' (056) - First Season's Skeleton Crew 4.3.9a Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Music 4.3.9b Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Cut Scene 4.3.10 Episode 'To Russia with Love' (061) - Revoicing =========================================================================== 4.3.1 JAG - Third Season Summary CBS renewed JAG for a 3rd season (2nd on CBS). Initially the order was for 22 episodes, but was extended to 24. Starting with this season, JAG can be seen on Tuesday at 8pm EST/PST. The season began Sep. 23, 1997 with the episode 'Ghost Ship' and ended May 19, 1998 with the first part of a cliffhanger called 'To Russia with Love'. The conclusion will air as the fourth season opener. The ratings during this season improved again (compared to last year) and JAG even manages to get two 10.0+ ratings. One of the most prominent storylines this year is the one about Harm's quest for his dad. In the season opener ('Ghost Ship') he finds a notebook which suggests that his father was displaced to Russia where he was held in captivity. Later, even the possibility surrects that he might have been a collaborator ('The King of the Flies'). Harm's finally makes his way to Russia ('To Russia with Love'). Relationship storylines this year include the Mac-Dalton and the Bud-Harriet relationships. Dalton Lowne first appeared in 'The King of Flies'. While this one ended abruptly, Bud and Harriet get closer throughout the season and eventually marry ('Wedding Bell Blues'). =========================================================================== 4.3.2 Notes about Season three About filming the new episodes, DSBPost (20 Jul 97) says: >We started filming episode 38 "For the Good of the Service" on Tuesday the >15th. (all titles tentative) Don will direct the opener in two weeks in >San Francisco. He will doubtless put info on the list - Once he is done >filming and closer to air. A lot more of Bud and Harriet so far in the >first two shows. About the number of episodes per season KIP says: >The contract states that future seasons must be picked up for >[at least] 22 episodes. About third season changes, DSBPost states: >Two new writers have joined the staff and scripts are in the works. >No Cast additions, although Don is toying with an arc storyline that >could bring some recurring roles. =========================================================================== 4.3.3 Episode 'Ghost Ship' (039) - The Dedication DSBPost explains: > >> in the Season opener ... at the very end of the [episode] there was a >> dedication. Was that David's Manager that the season opener was >> dedicated to? > >[No,] J David (Davey) Jones was one of the premier hollywood stunt >pilots, responsible for many movies and tens of thousands of hours of >helicopter work, including the helicopters in Magnum PI, and Airwolf, >during which he taught Don how to fly. > >One of the nicest gentlemen it was my privlage to know. > At http://www.stan-mcclain.com/davidjones.htm there's an article about Davey Jones. It was written by Stan Maclean who with Rick Shuster filmed the aerials in 'Tiger, Tiger'. =========================================================================== 4.3.4 Episode 'The King of the Fleas' (042) - Introducing Dalton Lowne KIP writes: >> About Mac's love interest... where is this coming from?!!! I thought >> we would get a better background on this. We don't know how or where >> she met this guy! [...] I'd like some more background, please! > > Dalton Lowne has been mentioned in two previous episodes as a lawyer Mac > is dating and getting interested in. He was to be briefly shown in an > episode before "King of the Fleas", but the order of airing was changed. > =========================================================================== 4.3.5 Episode 'Above & Beyond' (045) - Matt Sigloch, Bill Clinton, Bud singing karaoke KIP35 answers (13 Nov 97): >In a message dated 97-11-12 02:10:01 EST, you write: > >> One question: who is the guy who was barking some orders, blond, white >> male, big build. > >Matt Sigloch [who also appeared in some prior episodes] is a former >Marine Gunny Sergeant who acts as one of the technical advisors on >the show. (DPB is threatening to put Matt in every show--just a joke.) > > >> Bud singing karaoke! What a riot! But was that really his voice? > >Yes. He does a mean Tom Jones impersonation. > >> [...] the Clinton dubbing was pretty bad, but I'm sure they used >> what resources they could. > >The choice was to use Clinton's actual voice for most of the scene >and to dub in the lines where a double was used or to re-dub the >entire scene. It was felt the difference would be so great between >the real voice and the dubbed voice that it would really jump out, >so the entire scene was re-dubbed. > About the Bill Clinton look-alike and dubbing, DSBPost adds (14 Nov 97): > >A voice over was used to tie in the original speech Clinton said on >veterans day 1995 and the additional lines needed to segue to our story. >If we had attempted to just add the final lines it would have stood out >even more than it did. Also as the Actor portraying Clinton had to >duplicate Clintons exact timing in the on camera voice over to minimize >rubber lips, he was not able to use the over-accentued accent and timing >that actually sells better for impersonations. > =========================================================================== 4.3.6 Episode 'Someone to watch over Annie' (049) - Was this DJE singing ? Yes, that was David singing. He also plays the guitar that well. =========================================================================== 4.3.7 Episode 'Tiger, Tiger' (055) - Shooting on Location DSB Post <[email protected]> (26 Mar 98) writes: >For the episode 'Tiger, Tiger' the Navy allowed us to shoot on the Frigate >John A. Moore in San Diego where we received tremendous assistance from >captain and crew, several of which appeared as background on the deck scenes. Later we rendevouzed with the frigate 30 miles off to shoot the >aerials that appeared throughout the episode. Both cases were a first >for JAG. > >All interiors were shot on our standing sets in Valencia - as is true >in all episodes. > >And the stock footage is major assitance in itself, without the Navy's >Ok for stock the series would never leave the courtroom. > =========================================================================== 4.3.8 Episode 'Death Watch' (056) - First Season's Skeleton Crew This episode is the revamped cliffhanger episode from the first season (which hasn't aired in North America yet). About the killer and Harm's fingerprints KIP writes: >In fact DPB in order to make the story work had to change the killer. > >>But the ep doesn't explain why Harm wasn't convicted of killin Lt. Lamb. >>His finger prints were all over the murder weapon - according to Agent >>Turkey. > >Unfortunately, the episode you saw of Skeleton Crew was never shown in >the US or Canada. Death Watch was a cannabalization (pardon the pun) of >Skeleton Crew with 30 minutes of new footage. In the US version Harm's >fingerprints were not on the weapon. In fact DPB in order to make the >story work had to change the killer. > DSB Post noted (24 Apr 98): >> The ep didn't even mention Harm's arrest, how he escaped the >> charge, and how his prints came to be on the gun. > > That's because it didn't happen that way. See also 4.1.7 above for more details about 'Skeleton Crew'. =========================================================================== 4.3.9a Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Music Kristina Larsen <[email protected]> >Of all the songs played during the episode how many of those country >western songs were Trisha Yearwoods? Every last one of 'em were Trisha's. =========================================================================== 4.3.9b Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Cut Scene Harriet <[email protected]> (5 Aug 98) answers: > >>While watching the episode tonight something stood out to me. I noticed >>before that in the scene when the Indian Lawyer comes into the kitchen >>and asks Mac what she thinks of the two-step that it seemed as if there >>should have been more to the scene. Does anyone else think something ended >>up being cut out? > >Very perceptive comments. I ran your remarks past the author of the >episode, Dana Coen. He explained that the scene as originally written >(and shot) was designed to put closure to the hostility that was building >between Mac and the Navajo lawyer. In it, Mac tells him he is treating >her not as a human being, but condescending to her as a woman, and a woman >with Indian blood at that, a "squaw." When episodes are edited (and they >are edited for many reasons, sometimes continuity, sometimes length), >arbitrary decisions are made, and it was decided to drop this scene >altogether. However, it was put back in, shortened, to act as a bridge >to the scene where Bud and Harriet are arguing about their upcoming >wedding. > =========================================================================== 4.3.10 Episode 'To Russia with Love' (061) - Revoicing From DSBPost (20 May 98): >Cathrine spoke all her Russian. David's voice in the flashback in >the beginning was revoiced as was Diane Schonke's in 'Deathwatch'. =========================================================================== SEASON 4 4.4.1 Season Four 4.4.2 Episode 'Dungaree Justice' (073) and 'War Stories' (074): The two-parter that wasn't 4.4.3 Episode 'War Stories' (074): The in-story filming and crew 4.4.4 Episode 'Nobody's Child' (078): Passage read at the funeral =========================================================================== 4.4.1 Season Four CBS renewed JAG for a fourth season (third on CBS). The season started Sep 22 with the episode 'Gypsy Eyes', the conclusion of last season's cliffhanger. The season again has 24 episodes and ended May 25 with another - sort of - cliffhanger, 'Goodbyes'. Like last year, JAG can be seen on Tuesdays at 8pm ET/PT. Production began the first week of July, filming started on Wednesday 7/15. The ratings climb higher again this season and JAG is becoming a solid hit and strong contender with several wins in its timeslot. With 'The Black Jet' JAG even breaks into the Nielsen top ten (9th for the week). DSBPost (21 Jul 98) gives some hints about the forthcoming season: >The second episode is in the middle of filming. "Innocence" deals with >the defense in civil court of a young sailor accused of raping a >schoolgirl in Japan. > >The episode had some scenes shot at Pt Magu NAWS. Navy assistance has >been quite forthcoming this season. We are hoping for more dockside >filming in the future. Also looking for more action shows this season. > >Jag intends to shoot one episode partly in DC this season. There should >be some familiar face returning. We should see more of Mac's family, >Buds, and the Admirals. ========================================================================== 4.4.2 Episode 'Dungaree Justice' (073) and 'War Stories' (074): The two-parter that wasn't Kip notes (13 Jan 99): >> was not done tactfully enough but in a passing jester. TPTB could have >> give a little more tie in the episode to why the need for tomorrow's >> episode other than to fill us JAGniks cravings for more JAG. > > Less than two weeks before these shows were to air, CBS requested JAG run > on Wednesday to give them a good lead-in to the launch of 60-minutes II. > All photography was was done and the episode was in post-production, so > DPB added the scene in JAG OPs, it was filmed the next day and added into > footage from the episode running tonight. > >It was done to give some tie-in to the two nights. Neither episode was >written and filmed with a two-parter in mind. >The most positive part of this is that CBS thinks so highly of JAG, they ran >it to lead into their big gamble with Sixty Minutes II. A compliment to JAG, >really. =========================================================================== 4.4.3 Episode 'War Stories' (074): The in-story filming and crew [email protected] (15 Jan 1999) explains [ed: two posts combined]: >> When I first saw the character of Fran Glass, I wondered two things. >> First, what exactly does she do? Was she the producer? She had >> headphones on all the time and watched the dailies as they were being >>filmed... > >She was supposed to be the producer. by the way, about many of the real >crew of JAG appeared in the background as the Fields of Gold crew members. > >> Were you one of them? :-) > >Nope. Probably the most visible were the fx crew =========================================================================== 4.4.4. Episode 'Nobody's Child' (078): Passage read at the funeral >Where did the passage that was said at the little girl's funeral come >from? Thomas Fearer <[email protected]> answers: >Harm and Colter's lines are from The Bible. Luke 18:15-18. I'm not sure >exactly which version of the Bible they were using, but my old King James >edition came pretty close. ...and sheryl <[email protected]> adds: >It is from the Bible, and I think you can find references to it in both >Matthew and Luke. The wording is a little different in Matthew and Luke, >and I can't remember which one they used on Nobody's Child. Listen to the >episode again, get a phrase from the quote, and look it up in a good >Concordance, and it should be listed. =========================================================================== SEASON 5 4.5.1 Season Five 4.5.2 Episode 'Ghosts Of Christmas Past' (096) 4.5.3 Episode Boomerang, Part I and II (100,101): Stephen Culp stand-in =========================================================================== 4.5.1 Season Five CBS renewed JAG for a fifth season (fourth on CBS). The season started Sep 21 with 'The King of the Greenie Board'. The season will tentatively have again 24 episodes. JAG stays in its timeslot Tuesdays at 8pm ET/PT. Production on this season started Tuesday July 6, filming began on July 12. Parallel to the new episodes on CBS, the USA Network began on Sep 13, 99 with showing repeats Monday through Friday, later also Sundays. =========================================================================== 4.5.2 Episode 'Ghosts Of Christmas Past' (096) >>Is there a real Jenny Lake? And did everyone do their own singing? KIP answers (15 Dec 99): >Jenny Lake is a ficticious name. >And, yes. Michael B, CB and KT did their own singing. Re Roles KIP writes (14 Dec 99): > >Peter Murnik plays Tom Boone, who's called 'Tong' by Harm, Sr. JJ was >originally to play Les Brown, but a proper wig couldn't be found in time so >he was switched to the Master Chief who was originally to have been Ben >Murphy, so Ben became the Skipper who was originally to have been Steven >Culp who couldn't make an appearance because he was still playing Bobby >Kennedy in the feature he's shooting ....well, you get the idea. About the >only roles that were cast as originally conceived by DPB were Davids, >Catherines, Peter Murniks and Patrick L. Even KT was to play someone else. =========================================================================== 4.5.3 Episode Boomerang, Part I and II (100,101): Stephen Culp stand-in Stephen Culp or Stand-in ? Kip (16 Feb 00) answers: >> Some of us are questioning a couple of scenes. The one of "Webb" in front >> of the courthouse. That was a stand in and not SC, correct ? Then at the >> mall, when he is first spotted, that is also a stand in for SC ?? SC was originally scheduled to fly to Australia upon completion of his feature commitment in time to participate in four brief scenes--at The Strand Arcade, the Opera House, outside the Courthouse and the Qantas departure lounge. When Stephen's feature commitment was extended and he could not fly to Australia to film with us, DPB refused to drop his scenes from the script. Instead, he had an Australian actor of Stephen's height, weight and hair type, fly to LA where he was fitted with a prosthetic mold made from Stephen's face. The actor also spent an afternoon on the Costner set with Stephen learning how to walk and posture like him. The special effects people assured us that we could film as close as a waist shot and no one would know it wasn't Webb. Adding Stephen's voice in post production would complete the illusion. However, when the prosthetic device was applied in Australia the actor looked nothing like Webb. So, DPB had the actor's hair trimmed to match Stephen's, put dark glasses on him and then filmed him in the Strand Arcade and at the Opera House with as many people passing between the actor and the camera as possible. At the Courthouse he filmed the actor walking away from camera and then scheduled the Qantas departure lounge to be filmed at the end of the schedule when we were back in LA and the real Stephen would be available for a day of filming. The thought was that having Stephen actually in the last scene and using his voice over the other three might work. But in viewing the dailies, while brief moments filmed in Australia with the double worked, it was not enough to really complete the illusion. So, when Stephen finally became available we not only filmed the Qantas scene, but DPB also reshot, in downtown LA. the Opera House point-of-view of Stephen and, on a corner of the courtroom set, a two second close up of Stephen to cut into the Strand footage. The end result was costly, time consuming and fooled everyone...EXCEPT THE WEBBIES. \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 5 - Q & A \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ JAG - THE SERIES 5.1.1 Who's DB, Donald Bellisario and what's Belisarius ? 5.1.2 Some notes about Reality, JAG, NIS and CID 5.1.3 The JAG Theme 5.1.4 How long does it take to produce a JAG episode 5.1.5 Does the military support the series in any way ? 5.1.6 What stock footage does JAG use ? 5.1.7 What awards did JAG win so far ? 5.1.8 About ownership, reruns and syndication 5.1.9 Flaws (medical et al.) in episodes 5.1.10 About smoking 5.1.11 Where is JAG filmed ? Q&A ABOUT MORE THAN ONE ACTOR/CHARACTER 5.2.1 Ribbons and Medals worn by Mac, Harm & the Admiral 5.2.2 Notes about the past of Harm, Mac, Chegwidden and Bud DAVID JAMES ELLIOTT / LT.CDR. HARM RABB 5.3.1 About David James Elliott 5.3.2 How old was Harm when he went to Vietnam ? 5.3.3 Harm's schooling 5.3.4 Is Harm on track for his career progression? 5.3.5 Harm's Call Sign 5.3.6 What watch does Harm wear ? CATHERINE BELL / MAJ. (LT.COL.) SARAH 'MAC' MACKENZIE 5.4.1 A Marine Major and (Navy-)JAG ? Any explanation ? 5.4.2 CB's language skills JOHN M. JACKSON / ADM. CHEDWIDDEN 5.5.1 What does 'A.J.' stands for in the Admiral's name? PATRICK LABYORTEAUX / BUD ROBERTS 5.6.1 Where was Patrick Labyorteaux during JAG's first season ? CHUCK CARRINGTON / PO TINER 5.7.1 What is Tiner's first name ? [5.8 to 5.9 omitted for future actor/character Q&As] MILITARY 5.10.1 What does ZULU time means ? 5.10.2 What do all this Medals and Rank insignia mean ? 5.10.3 List of military ranks 5.10.4 About Uniforms 5.10.5 What exactly does CAG mean? VARIOUS 5.11.1 What's the Beltway ? What's a Beltway Bandit ? =========================================================================== 5.1.1 Who's DB, Donald Bellisario and what's Belisarius ? Donald Bellisario (DB or DPB for short) is the creator of JAG. His production company is named Belisarius Productions (Note: one 'l' in Belisarius only). Belisarius is the Roman root name that Bellisario is derived from. =========================================================================== 5.1.2 Some notes about Reality, JAG, NIS and CID From <[email protected]> (6 Jan 97): > >>I am also given to understand that criminal cases are frequently >>*investigated* by regular line officers, not JAG officers, using the JAGMAN >>manual. The JAG lawyers' duties are more to serve as legal counsel and to >>serve as courtroom attorneys, much as civilian attorneys do. I would like >>to see JAG address that issue a little more fully. > >I'd like to see that, too. I was trying to introduce the show to my dad, >and I asked him about the possibility of this being remotely realistic. >He said pretty much what you you just did, and I believe the term he used >was "CID". Apparently, they're a division of the MP's that actually do the >front line investigating, not unlike civilian police detectives. Marty Merritt <[email protected]> in the same thread: > >I believe, although I'm not positive, that the CID is an Army agency, and >the Navy's analogue is the Naval Investigative Service, or NIS. The NIS has >a lot of civilian employees, I believe, not all of the investigators are >Navy officers. > ... and KIP adds: > >CID is the Army investigative service. NIS was the Navy's, but they have >recently changed it to NCIS (Naval Criminal Investigative Services). Most >of these investigators are civilians who were with various law enforcement >organizations in the past. Although JAG officers DO CONDUCT such >investigations [...] most of it is done by CID/NCIS. > DSBPost (1 Dec 96) writes: > >The Army and the Airforce have their own equivalents to the Navys Judge >Advocate Generals office. The marines are a part of the US Navy, originally >only as naval infantry, but now with their own aircraft, armor, artillary >and intelligence services. > About inter-service rivalries and partnership, KIP adds: > >According to JAG officers in Washington, Navy and Marine JAG frequently >work together. > Two posts from KIP (4 Feb 97 and 20 Nov 96) about reality: > >>I wish the military and TV worlds would get over the implausibility of a >>pilot-turned-lawyer ... > >So, do I. It just so happens that the Commanding Officer of JAG, Rear >Admiral Rick Grant is A NAVAL AVIATOR. > and > >>The shows that were related to legal issues and charges were good, even if >>NIS would have been more likely to do the investigation. But Pilot Error? >>Two lawyers investigating a fatal plane crash? > >For your info: > >NIS is now NCIS. And, there is a JAG investigation into every air crash. > =========================================================================== 5.1.3 The JAG Theme The JAG theme was written by Bruce Broughton (which earned him an Emmy nomination). KIP writes: DB asked Bruce to create a naval version of his feature score for Silverado. Which he did - magnificently. The themes of Magnum, P.I. and Quantum Leap (two other DB series) were written by Mike Post. Here's now a detailed analysis of the JAG Theme by Marty Merritt <[email protected]> (16 Feb 97): >During the "Saga Sell" voiceover we hear a quiet, slow statement of the >first theme for solo trumpet and strings over a soft snare drum roll. The >sonorities and general effect are like the very beginning of Prokofiev's >_Lieutenant Kije_, which opens with offstage trumpet. The strings are >definitely there, playing a widely-spaced chord at each cadence. Listen >when the narrator says "Major Sarah Mackenzie," for example. > >Then we get a big snare drum crescendo leading into two bars of percussion >-- snare drum with digital reverb, bass drum/cymbal crashes, maybe >suspended cymbal with yarn mallets (kind of a long *shwish*) > >Then Theme A -- trumpets and horns in unison and octaves. A sonority well >known to fans of Westerns (and of Aaron Copland) The trumpets add bite, >and the horns are playing sorta high so they add drama in a >wide-open-spaces sort of way. After one subphrase the trombones and low >strings come in with a fast downward four-note pickup and play a two-note >per bar countermelody (which we will hear again later in the strings) [This >is Harm and Mac in Service Dress Blue/Green, respectively] > >Then Theme B, when we see Bud. Sort of a dotted-note figure, and yes, the >strings are *definitely* there. A string player like me can hear their >"hooked" bowing (double up-bows and double down-bows) on the alternating >long and short notes. We hear orchestra bells (high-pitched, sort of a >metal xylophone, *not* chimes) in the musical texture when we see the sub. > >There's a transition and extension derived from the rhythmic elements of >Theme B when we see Chegwidden. The flutes and piccolo come in there, >playing high. Note how the rhythmic figure repeats, moving up >harmonically. When we see the helicopters we hear the fast harp >*glissando* (a sweep from bottom to top, this one almost too fast to hear) > >Finally, back to Theme A, when we see DJE again. This time the >countermelody from the low brass is played by the high strings -- listen >for them playing two notes per bar in contrary motion to the melody. This >is a common orchestrational device to add sustain to the accompaniment -- >it's sometimes called "thumb tones" because a pianist would play those >middle voices with their thumbs. That sonority is pretty much a staple of >American popular music because of its use in musicals and movie music for >more than fifty years; you don't notice it unless you're listening for it. > >By the way, this is much more like film music than it is a Sousa march or >other military band music. I can tell that it had to be recorded and mixed >especially for TV. The instrumental proportions would not work in live >performance -- the strings are too weak, percussion too big, etc. But a >lot can be done with mixing, editing, and digital reverb. I'd bet that >this was recorded with maybe 20 players, tops. > >But it was recorded with a full orchestra, and it's DAMNED NICE to hear >one playing a TV theme again, instead of synth-pop. > >Marty Merritt >Facilities Coordinator and Orchestra Manager >The Shepherd School of Music >Rice University >Houston, Texas > =========================================================================== 5.1.4 How long does it take to produce a JAG episode DSBPost (26 Jul 97) explains: >[It takes] 8 to 10 days to prepare an episode, 8-9 to film one, 2-3 weeks >to edit one, two more weeks to dub, create visual effects etc and put it >to bed. Not counting weekends. A more detailed break down comes from Harriet: > Re: how long to do an ep of JAG: > > 2 plus weeks to write > 8 to 10 days to prep > 8 to 9 days to shoot > 1 to 2 weeks to edit > 2 weeks to finish post production, score and add the audio > > Re: the music. After the episode is edited, there is what is known as a >spotting run. The exec. producer and producers discuss the choice of music >with the composer as they screen the episode. > >Occasionally, a specific piece will be written into a script to set the >mood. > =========================================================================== 5.1.5 Does the military support the series in any way ? DSBPost writes (18 Jan 97) in a reply regarding the episode 'Jinx': >In a message dated 97-01-18 03:30:24 EST, you write: > >>I'm used to JAG having so many conspiracies that I get scared about >>today's military. I'm sure the US Navy had the same thought, and I >>wouldn't be surprised if they asked the show to tone it down. > >All of the military accepted the premise of the show or they would not >have let the filming take place at El Toro. They assist the series on >an episode by episode basis but have not ever put in a request about >the "tone" of the series. Except for some eye rolling when Commander >Krennick was mentioned. =========================================================================== 5.1.6 What stock footage does JAG use ? DSBPost states the following (26 Mar 97): >JAG doesn't use stock footage, JAG only uses P.E.I. - Previously Exhibited >Imagry > >Some of these images were seen in >Navy Seals >Heartbreak Ridge >Universal Soldier >Fire Fox >Uncommon Valour >Clear and Present Danger >Final Countdown >Airwolf >Tales of the gold monkey >Magnum PI >The Love Boat >Bat 21 >Platoon Leader >Firebirds >Catch 22 >Iron Eagle 2 (bad film but the Israeli airforce comes through) >Dave >Mr President >Platoon >National Geographic >No Way Out >the Enemy Below (great film with Curt Jurgins) >Nova >Koyanisquatsi >Thats all I can think of off the top of my head. >Plus training films from the military,comercials sources, the BBC, ITN, >ABC, NBC, CBS, Reuters, and local news services, video documentery >companies, and mostly private footage libraries Others mentioned inlcude Hunt for Red October, Crimson Tide and Top Gun. =========================================================================== 5.1.7 What awards did JAG win so far ? At the 1996 Emmys JAG won (w) one award and was nominated for two others: w INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT IN EDITING FOR A SERIES, SINGLE CAMERA PRODUCTION: (editing of a dramatic series) JAG: Pilot, NBC. Jon Kozlowsky, A.C.E. OUTSTANDING INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT IN COSTUMING FOR A SERIES JAG * Smoked * NBC * Belisarius Productions in association with NBC Productions and Paramount. Paul Dafelmair, Costume Supervisor OUTSTANDING INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT IN MAIN TITLE THEME MUSIC JAG * NBC * Belisarius Productions in association with NBC Productions and Paramount. Bruce Broughton, Composer At the 1997 Emmys JAG was nominated for (and won) one award: w OUTSTANDING COSTUMING FOR A SERIES JAG * Cowboys & Cossacks * CBS * Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television Paul Dafelmair, Costume Supervisor For the 1998 Emmys (Sep 13) JAG was nominated for one award: OUTSTANDING CINEMATOGRAPHY FOR A SERIES JAG * The Good Of The Service * CBS * Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television Hugo Cortina, Director of Photography The Cinema Audio Society nominated the episode 'Gypsy Eyes' for 'Outstanding Achievement in Soundmixing For Television'. (Mar 6, 1999) For the 1999 Emmys (Aug 28/Sep 12) JAG was nominated for two award (one win): OUTSTANDING CINEMATOGRAPHY FOR A SERIES JAG * Gypsy Eyes * CBS * A Belisarius Production in association with Paramount Television Hugo Cortina, Director of Photography w OUTSTANDING COSTUMING FOR A SERIES JAG * Gypsy Eyes * CBS * A Belisarius Production in association with Paramount Television Paul Dafelmair, Costume Supervisor The American Cinema Foundation awarded JAG with the E Pluribus Unum award, drama category, in 2000. This award is given out to programs that promote 'positive social values'. On Mar 5, 2000 David James Elliott took home the 'Favorite Actor in a Drama' prize at the 2nd TV Guide Awards. According to KIP JAG won also Foreign Award from the Nice film festival (1995 ??): AngeDe'Or (Gold Angel) as Best (Non French) dramatic series. and The Motion Picture Sound Editors nominated the JAG pilot for best sound effects editing (Golden Reel Award) (1995 ??) =========================================================================== 5.1.8 About ownership, reruns and syndication The Syndication rights were sold to the USA Network which began the run on Sep 13, 1999. Episodes are on Monday through Friday at 7pm ET. They started with season two and will broadcast season one at a later point. Kip writes: (17 Sep 99) > USA has decided to run the seasons with the characters everyone is most > familiar with and will run the 1st season later in the mix. Here are some postings about this topic. First KIP (23 Apr 97): > >> Does Bellisario or NBC own the episodes, etc? > >NBC owns the lst and 2nd re-runs...after that Paramount studios and >Belisarius Productions. And DSBPost (also 23 Apr 97) writes: >Paramount owns the episodes to JAG. NBC, and now CBS bought the right to air >exclusivly in the US, including cable. The standard terms are one airing >and one rerun of each episode for the license fee. There may be a clause >requireing a delay before foreign countries may syndicate, or it may be >simply because the foreign countries work off a diffrent schedule than the >US, but usually there is at least a few months diffrence before a show airs >outside of the US. Canada is an exception as many shows will actually air >a day earlier in Canada than in the US. As NBC paid the license fee for the >first season and did not run reruns, the only way for CBS to run those >reruns would be to buy them back from NBC >Once three years of a show have aired (60+ episodes) it is syndicated to >independent stations. This is also the only place a show actually makes a >profit for the studio that produced it, as most dramas cost more to make >than the actual license fees they receive from the broadcasters. If a show >does not reach the 60 episode mark it will not be considered successful. >Airwolf was cancelled by CBS after 30 some episodes and Universal decided >to do a bastardized verison in Canada for one more year for USA Cable >network just to get closer to the 60 mark. >JAG has so far produced 37 hours. Paramount is pushing to get a full season >order of 22 episodes for the next year. After that it will probably be sold >in syndication and will start to appear as reruns, usually in original show >order, which is the first time the reruns from the first season will air. >And the first time that "Skeleton Crew" will be seen in the USA. >Of course JAG is being sold newly to foreign countries, so if you wanted >to check with Paramounts foreign syndication for a schedule, and take your >vacation in say Abu Dhabi, and you can understand Arabic, you could >probably see the first season now. > On July, 22, DSBPost says about first season reruns on CBS: >CBS is buying reruns from the original NBC package on an as needed basis. >As a mid season JAG only ran 15 episodes for CBS which left the summer >schedule short. If JAG has some holes in the schedule this season they >could conceivably pick up another one or two to fill in the gap. =========================================================================== 5.1.9 Flaws (medical et al.) in episodes Referring to 'Above & Beyond' (045), DSBPost answers (17 Nov 97): >> >> Does JAG have any medical input, the way that they have military >> input? Most things are minor - but obvious to someone who works in the >> medical field.... > >Medical consultants are used for extended scenes. For a quick piece of >throwaway dialogue as above we depend on notes from the research department >or bookshelf research. > =========================================================================== 5.1.10 About smoking KIP (2 Mar 97) writes: > >DB smokes cigars. DJE smokes cigars. Pat L. smokes cigars. The >cinematographer and half the crew smokes cigars. But your point is >well-taken, perhaps a little nagging would be appropriate...next season. > About Bud going to smoke cigars in future episodes KIP states: >Probably not. It's out of character. =========================================================================== 5.1.11 Where is JAG filmed ? Sandra Martinez <[email protected]> writes (15 Sep 98): >Valencia, California. But they do move around a lot from San Diego, >to San Gabriel Valley to Bakersfield ... all in California. =========================================================================== 5.2.1 Ribbons and Medals worn by Mac, Harm & the Admiral DSBPost (4 Mar 97) answers: >Harm and Mac wear the following decorations > >Harm > >Naval Aviator wings > >Distinguished Flying Cross >Meritorious Unit Citation >Soutwest Asian service with Bronze Star >National Defence >Kuwaiti Liberation >The Kingdom of Roumania Order of Whatsis > > >Mac > >Pistol Expert >Rifle Expert > >Navy Achievment Ribbon >Meritorious Unit Citation >National Defence >Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service > >Oddly enough Harm does not have any special awards relating to the Gulf >of Sidra shoot down. KIP adds about the Ribbons: >On JAG the ribbons are always in the proper order unless someone goofs. Sandra Martinez <[email protected]> (11 Sep 98) writes [ed: errors in the Admiral's ribbons list corrected - also see the following, second list]: >Since there have been so many questions on this subject, the Cyber >Institute of Jagology has decided to put out this handout on JAG's >Ribbons. > >MAC >--- >#1 - Navy Achievement Medal >#2 - Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation Award Ribbon >#3 - National Defense Medal >#4 - Navy Overseas Service Ribbon > >Mac also wears the Marine Corps Expert Rifle & Expert Pistol breast >badges below her ribbons. (Marines wear Rifle/Pistol breast badges, Navy >wear Rifle/Pistol ribbons). > > >HARM >---- >#1 - Distinguished Flying Cross Medal >#2 - Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation Award Ribbon >#3 - National Defense Medal >#4 - SouthWest Asia Service Medal >#5 - Liberation Of Kuwait (Kuwait) Medal >#6 - Navy Expert Pistol Medal > >ADMIRAL >------- >#1 - Navy Cross Medal >#2 - Bronze Star with a bronze "V" (for Valor) >#3 - Purple Heart Medal >#4 - Navy Commendation Medal with a Gold Star >#5 - Combat Action Ribbon >#6 - Navy Expeditionary Medal >#7 - National Defense Medal with a bronze star (explained below) >#8 - Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal >#9 - Vietnam Service Medal with bronze star (the star denotes more than > one tour in Vietnam) >#10 - Southwest Asia Service Medal >#11 - Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross > Medal with a gold frame & bronze palm >#12 - Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal with a "60" bar (denotes that > the Vietnam War started in 1960) >#13 - Liberation of Kuwait (Saudi Arabia) Medal with gold palm tree device > >If you look at Harm's & the Admiral's awards, you will see that Harm has >the Liberation of Kuwait (Kuwait) Medal and the Admiral has the >Liberation of Kuwait (Saudi Arabia) Medal. These are 2 separate medals, >each given by the individual country (Kuwait or Saudi Arabia) depending >on where the military member was stationed during Desert Storm. > >All three of them wear the National Defense Medal. Mac & Harm received >theirs for being in the service during Desert Storm. >The Admiral wears a bronze star on his to denote a second award, he was >in during Vietnam & Desert Storm. > From Nancy Pratt <[email protected]> [ed: It's basically the same list as above and was also used to corrected that one]: >Insignia/decorations: (courtesy of Paul Dafelmair, Costume Supervisor, >JAG Productions) >* Seal Trident >* Combat Action Ribbon >* Navy Expeditionary Medal >* National Defense Service Medal with Bronze Star >* Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal >* Vietnam Service Medal with Bronze Star >* Southwest Asia Service Medal >* Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation >* Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal >* Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudia Arabia) Another posting, regarding Mac's Awards, from Thomas Fearer <[email protected]> (19 Jan 2000): >Top Row: Navy and Marine Corp Achievement Ribbon >Bottom Row: Navy Meritorious Unit Ribbon, National Defense Service Medal, > Navy and Marine Corp Overseas Service Ribbon >Badges: Marine Corp Rifle Expert Badge, Marine Corp Pistol Expert Badge > >Now, going on the little information we've been given about Mac, I'm >pretty sure the Navy and Marine Corp Achievement Ribbon, the Navy >Meritorious Unit Ribbon, and the Navy and Marine Corp Overseas Service >Ribbon are tied to her service in Bosnia. >The National Defense Service Medal is a BTDS ("Been There, Did >Something"), largely for showing up. Not tied to a specific action. > =========================================================================== 5.2.2 Notes about the past of Harm, Mac, Chegwidden and Bud Sue Tilbury <[email protected]> wrote on 4 May 97: > >Harm's mother had an art gallery in La Joya and remarried the >vice-president of Chrysler, (whom the CAG called the used car salesman). >Harm was an only child. > >Chegwidden never married [see below]. Had a girlfriend who was a judge. >She was murdered during this season by a rogue CIA agent. > >Mac was an only child raised by her alcoholic abusive father, after her >mother deserted them. Her Uncle a retired Marine Corp Col helped her beat >her resulting alcoholism and she then joined the corp. > >Bud, began his naval career on the Seahawk as its PR officer. He later >joins JAG in order to go to law school. He was assigned to Harm and Mac as >their aid. Bud is single, but very attracted to his replacement from the >Seahawk "Ensign Harriet Sims". "Harriet" transfers to the Norfolk naval >base to be closer to Bud. There have been 3 shows showing the developing >"romance" between Bud and Harriet. The romance is being encouraged by Mac >and Harm. > A correction concerning Chegwidden's never been married from Sandy Bose <[email protected]>: >In "Someone to Look Over Annie" [3rd season] Chegwidden reveals that he >was married to the daughter of an Italian mayor. They got married in >Naples. They had one daughter, Francesca Peretti and presumably got >divorced after he was reassigned to the U.S. ========================================================================== 5.3.1 About David James Elliott David James Elliott was born September 21, 1960 in Toronto. He married actress Nanci Chambers (guest appearance in 'Washington Holiday') in 1992 and has a daughter named Stephanie (born 1993). DJE is 6'4" tall. =========================================================================== 5.3.2 How old was Harm when he went to Vietnam ? KIP: Harm went to Thailand to search for his father when he was 16. He made an incursion into Laos from Thailand with a Colonel Striker. =========================================================================== 5.3.3 Harm's schooling Angela B Stich <[email protected]>: Harm went to Annapolis as was referenced in the episode with the goat prank ("Ghosts", I believe.) =========================================================================== 5.3.4 Is Harm on track for his career progression? From Beckie <[email protected]>: > >Yes. 8 years as a LT BECAUSE he changed from line to staff corps (aviator to >JAG). He had some downtime with the Navy while he attended law school. And >new grads from law school are ensigns, then they attend justice school and >become jg's, passing the bar with justice under your belt is an automatic >move to LT. He PROBABLY spent 4-5 years as a LT in JAG. Best bet, he was a >new LT Aviator when he was diagnosed with night blindness. That would have >shown up real quick (i.e. less than a year as a LT aviator). So, that's 1yr >as an ENS, 2 yrs LTjg, 1 yr LT (now he's 26), 3 yrs law school (29), 4 yrs >LT,JAG (33) and a new LCDR. Just about right! > =========================================================================== 5.3.5 Harm's Call Sign KIP (27 Apr 97) answers: >>Does anyone know what Harm's call sign actually was? Was it the same >>one he mentioned in Code Blue ['Zapper'], or was he just making that up >>to fit the situation? > >He made that up to fit the situation. His call sign was never mentioned, >but it was probably HARM or he may have used his father's call >sign - HAMMER. It will probably turn up in some future episode. =========================================================================== 5.3.6 What watch does Harm wear ? It's a Rolex Sub Mariner, DJE's own watch. =========================================================================== 5.4.1 A Marine Major and (Navy-)JAG ? Any explanation ? Patrick Murray <[email protected]> (9 May 98): >The real JAG group seems to be a Navy only organization. Did they ever >explain how Mac, a Marine Major, was attached to a Navy group? Thanks! Good question. The US Marine Corps was established as a ground combat service arm of the US Navy. As such, it falls under the Navy umbrella of organization. Which is why you never hear of a service academy like Annapolis for the USMC: USNA cranks out both Navy ensigns and Marine Corps Second Lieutenants. By the end of the "senior" year, each midshipman had to decide which are of service he/she must go into. There are four general areas: Navy Air, Navy Ground (us lowly spooks, etc), Marine Air, and Marine Ground. Prior graduation from "the trade school", Marine officers go to the Marine Corps Officiers trainiing course at Quantico, Virginia (where the FBI trains its future Mulders and Scullys). This is known as Bulldog and for more declassified info on it, check Tom Clancy's Patriot Games (great book, deeply flawed movie) All Marine Corps officers got through Bulldog, so Mac would have gone through it. But to answer your question, "our" JAG envelopes both Navy and Marine Corps as the USMC falls under the Department of the Navy, while also have its own representative on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. =========================================================================== 5.4.2 CB's language skills From the Parade Magazine (thanks for posting, Tony): >Bell has spoken English and Farsi from childhood, since her late father was >British and her mother is Iranian. But that's not all. "I have a good ear >for languages," she tells us, "and picked up French in high school, some >Japanese while modeling in Tokyo and enough Russian for an episode of JAG." =========================================================================== 5.5.1 What does 'A.J.' stands for in the Admiral's name? It stands for Albert Jethro. DSBPost writes: "Albert Jethro was Donald Bellisarios's father, as seen in the last episode of Quantum Leap" =========================================================================== 5.6.1 Where was Patrick Labyorteaux during JAG's first season ? Patrick Labyorteaux played Bud Roberts twice during the first season, in the pilot and the first season finale, 'Skeleton Crew'. Starting with the second season he's now a regular. During JAG's first season Patrick Labyorteaux starred in the FOX-series ' The Last Frontier'. KIP35 (10 Apr 97) writes: >Patrick's commitment to making that series is why he didn't appear on JAG >the first year except for the Pilot and Skeleton Crew episodes. Once Last >Frontier folded, Patrick was able to rejoin JAG and we're all thankful. =========================================================================== 5.7.1 What is Tiner's first name ? P.O. Tiner's first name is Jason. This was firsdt revealed in the fifth season 'People vs. Gunny'. =========================================================================== [5.8 to 5.9 omitted for future actor/character Q&As] =========================================================================== 5.10.1 What does ZULU time means ? The military uses ZULU time, which is the time at Zero Longitude running through Greenwich, England - this is why it's also called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). However, the new, correct term is UTC, which stands for Coordinated Universal Time. ZULU, which is the phonetic for the letter Z, marks the UTC timezone. The letters A through M are assigned to the eastern, N through Y to the western timezones. To get the actual time you have to add (east of Greenwich) or substract (west) the difference of timezones inbetween. Some examples: Eastern Standard Time (EST) (New York) - 5 Central Standard Time (CST) (Chicago) - 6 Mountain Standard Time (MST) (Denver) - 7 Pacific Standard Time (PST) (Los Angeles) - 8 Central European St.Time (CET) (Berlin, Vienna, Rome) + 1 East European St. Time (Helsinki, Ankara) + 2 Zulu is STANDARD time, so if daylight saving time is in effect add one hour each (EDT would be UTC-4 only, CET +2). A timezone map can be found at http://aa.usno.navy.mil/AA/faq/docs/world_tzones.html =========================================================================== 5.10.2 What do all this Medals and Rank insignia mean ? A very good site about this topic can be found at http://users.aol.com/gman755/medals/medals.html Tamara Bonde <[email protected]> (21 May 97) writes about this site: > >This site also shows all the medals one can receive > >They are shown in order of precedence, and where the services have the >same medal, such as the Army Commendation Medal, the Navy Commendation >medal, and the Air Force Commendation medal, order of precedence is >determined by the age of the service (thus Air Force is usually last >because it is the youngest, Army is always first because it is the oldest) > John Nelson <[email protected]> (28 Jun 97) adds: >The Medals are listed in the chart as seniority of the services but when >worn the members branch of service determines which medal is senior. For >example someone in the Army who rates a Army Achievement Medal and a Navy >Marine Corps Achievement medal would wear the Army medal in the senior >position. A Sailor or Marine would wear the Navy Marine Corp Achievment >in the senior position. More sites on Rank insignias, ribbons and the like: * http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/allhands/ah0197/contents.html is worth a shot if you're looking for Naval ribbons and ranks. * From Patrick Murray <[email protected]> (26 Jan 00): >Found a site that shows (in actual size and full color) each ribbon and >the name and basic description of each. You select the ribbons you are >looking up (AJ's or whoever "salad bar") and it also places them in the >proper placement and order. Very cool. > http://www.navy-nex.com/pnc-0.htm * From T. M. Giorgianni <[email protected]> (27 Jan 00): >Here's the Institute of Heraldry link that will show the Army ones, as >well as the ribbons *and* medals that go with each award. (Including >several 'shared' with other services as well.) > >http://www-perscom.army.mil/tagd/tioh/ribbons.htm * From Kelly Blecher <[email protected]> (3 Feb 00) : >Here's a reference for all branches of military and their corresponding >ranks/insignia. It has both enlisted and officers. Click on the officers, >all branches link and it shows which rank equals what in another branch >of the service (i.e. Major in Army/Marines/Air Force = Lt. Commander in >Coast Guard/Navy). > >http://members.aol.com/forvets/insig/ranks.htm > >and yet another resource for the militaries of the world... > >http://www.torget.se/users/k/klix/grader_e.html =========================================================================== 5.10.3 List of military ranks Jeffrey M Bourke <[email protected]> posted this list about military ranks: >Here is a list of military ranks, Army, Navy, AF and Marines. >XO is for Executive Officer, the #2 person on a ship or sub. > >Navy- > >E-1= USN is a seaman recruit. >E-2= USN is a seaman apprentice. >E-3= USN is a seaman. >E-4= USN is a petty officer third class. >E-5= USN is a petty officer second class. >E-6= USN is a petty officer first class. >E-7= USN is a chief petty officer. >E-8= USN is a senior chief petty officer. >E-9= USN is a master chief petty officer. > >Naval Warrant Officer Ranks > >W-2 is a chief warrant officer two >W-3 is a chief warrant officer three. >W-4 is a chief warrant officer four. > >Naval Officer Ranks > >O-1 in the USN is an ensign >O-2 in the USN is a lieutenant junior grade. >O-3 in the USN is a lieutenant. >O-4 in the USN is a lieutenant commander. >O-5 in the USN is a commander. >O-6 in the USN is a captain. >O-7 in the USN is a rear admiral lower half. >O-8 in the USN is a rear admiral. >O-9 in the USN is a vice admiral. >O-10 in the USN is an admiral. > >Army- > >ENLISTED >E1- PRIVATE >E2- PRIVATE >E3- PRIVATE FIRST CLASS >E4- CORPORAL OR SPECIALIST >E5- SERGEANT >E6- STAFF SERGEANT >E7- SERGEANT FIRST CLASS >E8- MASTER SERGEANT >E8- FIRST SERGEANT >E9- SERGEANT MAJOR OR > COMMAND SERGEANT MAJOR >E9- SERGEANT MAJOR OF THE Army > >WARRANT OFFICER > >WO1- WARRANT OFFICER >CWO2- CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER >CWO3- CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER >CWO4- CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER >CWO5- MASTER WARRANT OFFICER > >COMMISIONED OFFICER > >O1- 2ND LIEUTENANT >O2- 1ST LIEUTENANT >O3- CAPTAIN >O4- MAJOR >O5- LIEUTENANT COLONEL >O6- COLONEL >O7- BRIGADIER GENERAL(1 STAR) >O8- MAJOR GENERAL(2 STAR) >O9- LIEUTENANT GENERAL(3 STAR) >O10-GENERAL(4 STAR) >GENERAL OF THE ARMY (5 STAR) > >Marines and Air Force > >Officers same as Army > =========================================================================== 5.10.4 About Uniforms Two explanations from Tamara Bonde <[email protected]>: >In answer to the question about how we know what to wear to work, there is >seasonal requirements, and duty requirements, and it's just something you >become sort of well...acculturated to. You just kind of know what to wear >when. As for seeing one person in khakis and another in whites, that would >be pretty normal (do you remember in "A Few Good Men" when Demi Moore wore >khakis and the two Lt JGs--Cruise and the other guy--wore whites? that's >a classic case of being acculturated--the O-4 knew what to expect in Cuba >simply because she'd been around awhile, while the two O-2s didn't) both >the khakis and the whites are an appropriate summer uniform, so that's not >at all uncommon to see both uniforms. > >Unless there is some big ceremony going on (i.e. they are awarding a medal >or something) there would be no reason to go home and change if you found >yourself in a different uniform from your co-workers. Most of us keep a >ceremonial uniform at work for just such instances when we go "Oh shoot! I >forgot that promotion ceremony was today!" > > >The Navy wears so darn many uniform combinations it gets a bit confusing >as to what they all are, so I think I've got them all, but I may have >missed one > >EVERYTHING YOU NEVER WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT THE ARMED FORCES UNIFORM >COMBINATIONS AND MORE > > >Full Dress Whites: special occaisions like a ball or a wedding > >Short sleeve whites: summer/hot weather uniform combination (basic office >work) > >Khakis: any time of year (regardless of weather) (basic office work) > >Blues: Business attire, and winter uniform comination (in the Air Force >we call this Service Dress or in Army, Marines called Class A dress uniform) >Would be worn for courts martial, meetings with outside agencies (such as >defense contractors), or important briefings, also worn without the coat for >normal duty in the office. Most of the Navy guys I've worked with tend to >remove their ties, undo their top buttons and roll up their sleeves which >looks okay if they have their shirts professionally laundered and heavily >starched, otherwise, they look pretty frumpy (also this look only carries >off well on men who look like DJE, but Harm has too much military bearing >to ever be seen this way) > >Mess Dress: This is like a Tux with a waist coat. Black coat and pants >with white shirt. Worn with a yellow cummerbund and black bowtie (in the >Army this coat is blue rather than green and has a colored collar depending >on which branch you serve in, I'm not sure for the marines what theirs looks >like, my guess is their coat is black and probably blue pants/skirt-- (for >the women) with a red stripe on the pants (just guessing here--I don't know >too many marines)) this is worn for black tie affairs, so it may be worn >for weddings (usually fall, spring, winter), and for military balls > >Formal Dress: This is an option for the AF, so I'm guessing that it is >also probably an option for the Navy, Army, and Marines as well, in this >combination, the coat and pants from the Mess Dress is worn, but instead of >the collared shirt and black tie (blue for the AF), and the cummerbund, a >wing collar with white, pearl buttons and a white vest and white bow tie >are worn. This combination is worn for a white tie occaision. These are >few and far between (my husband (AF) work this combination at our wedding - >he looked GREAT!) > >Battle Dress Uniform (BDUs): this is the camoflauge field uniform. This >uniform is the same for all four branches of the military, but of course, >the marines have to be different, so when they cuff thier sleeves to >shorten them, they roll them so that the inside is out, when the Army and >the AF cuff theirs, they are cuffed so the outside is out (tricky, but >sharp looking--of course, remember you're hearing that from an AF officer) >worn for duties such as field duty (obvious), aircraft maintenance, >transportation pool, civil engineering, etc. (basically anything where you >might get dirty) although we wear ours for things like "warrior spirit day" >(this is when we pretend we don't have desk jobs, and fantasize that we are >fighting something other than paper--my guess is the Navy is too classy to >have such a silly day) Marines wear this uniform combination for everything >except office jobs, which is why Mac is always in khakis--speaking of which, >someone mentioned that they would like to see her in BDU's more often. This >would be inappropriate, considering her job. She is working in an official >capacity, interviewing clients, witnesses, etc. She is supposed to be >dressed accordingly--this does not include BDUs > >Flight suits: worn by flyers whenever they feel like it (okay, ignore the >sarcasm here) primarily this is only supposed to be worn when you are >flying, but a lot of pilots, navs, weapons officers, etc. wear it to their >daily office work if they are in some place like a flight test squadron or >something > >Miscellaneous uniform items: > >Sweater: worn when it's cold regardless of time of year (i.e. cold may be >due to overworked a/c) > >Poplin jacket: short jacket (black for the navy)--worn over khaki's if it >is spring, summer, or winter, and probably summer--not worn with whites > >double breasted overcoat: self explanatory--worn in cold weather > > >Well, I think that should cover it, as I said at the beginning--this is >definately everything you never wanted to know about military uniform >combinations and more. I hope it was enlightening. If there is someone >Navy out there, please correct my mistakes. > >Tamara Bonde, Capt, USAF > An additional collection of postings regarding uniforms and how to dress can be found at the home of this FAQ. =========================================================================== 5.10.5 What exactly does CAG mean? KIP writes: >The CAG is an anacronym for Carrier Air Group Commander. In other words >he's in charge of all the flying squadrons and their personnel. It's not >a 'handle' such as 'Skates'. Charles Pan <[email protected]> writes: >[CAG stands for] Commander Air Group and is given to the senior air >officer on a carrier. And Armando Heredia <[email protected]> adds: >The term CAG is actually a throwback to the early days of naval >aviation. The official title of the office today is "Commander, Air >Wing." However, CAW does not sound as (macho/sexy/insert your favorite >adjective here) as CAG, hence the old acronym lives on. =========================================================================== 5.11.1 What's the Beltway ? What's a Beltway Bandit ? Two answers, from <[email protected]> and Tamara Bonde <[email protected]>: > >The Beltway is the highway loop that runs around DC. Its name is "The >Beltway". As for CAG's perogative for hostile fire, can't help but believe >that he could make the call and take the heat. All "COs"-which the CAG >technically is-can make a decision and take the heat. > > >When anyone in the military references the "Beltway" or mentions "Beltway >Bandits" they are referring to Washington D.C. and the beltway formed by >I-95 and I-495--the major interstate highways that run around the city. >"Beltway Bandits" are defense contractors who are located just off the >interstate. They are infamous for going over the program managers head >(folks like me who manage their work) and going straight to the congressman >who is most influential in a defense program. > Re: Beltway bandit, Kip explains: >A beltway bandit is usually ex-military or ex-goverment members who return >to the private sector to provide consulting or research services either >by the hour or by the project. Many have offices off the beltway which >encircles D.C. and Pat Murray <[email protected]> adds: >A "Beltway Bandit" is a somewhat derogatory term for the many defense >contractors angling for position to cash in on lucrative contracts. \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 6 - EPILOG \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ Closing this FAQ is a very good letter written by Martin Barratt <[email protected]> on 24 Apr 97 which I (and I suppose every JAG fan) can only agree with: Subject: (JAG) Thank You to Cast and Crew > >On April 23, 97 KIP35 posted that CBS will not announce whether "JAG" >will be renewed until mid-May. As "Rendezvous" was the season finale let >me be one of the first to say "Thank You" for a terrific season and for >four months of great television. I look forward to seeing new episodes in >September and I am sure that the show will be back. However I wanted to post >this message before we are singing "Hallelujah" over renewal or complaining >about shortsighted network executives. > >No matter what happens in the future I want to congratulate the cast and >crew of JAG for producing a quality show which became must see viewing (at >least for me) on Friday nights. > >To DSBPost and KIP35 thank you for your participation on this list and for >taking the time to answer questions about "JAG". It certainly increased my >enjoyment of the show. Please pass on my congrats to everyone involved in >the production including David Elliott, Catherine Bell, Patrick Labyorteaux >and John M. Jackson. > Additionally, I'd like to thank all the posters to the JAG mailinglist, mentioned or not in this FAQ, without whose this document certainly wouldn't exist. Also I'd want to thank all people who sent me those encouraging mails about all of my guides, of course including JAG. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: This document may be freely copied and distributed for personal use only as long as it is distributed in its entirety and no changes of ANY KIND are made. Any sale of this document is expressly forbidden. Generally, the concessions, regulations and restrictions mentioned on the page 'copyright_eng.html' at below named homepage are to be applied. = = = = = This FAQ is part of the "Episodelists & -Guides by LS" Copyright (c) 1997-2000 Stephan Lerchegger. All Rights Reserved. = = = = = If you have any Comments, Suggestions, Questions, Notes etc. please contact me at <[email protected]>. All my Lists & Guides can be found at http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/pulpfiction/99/. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
| JAG |
"In the criminal justice system, the people are represented by two separate yet equally important groups: the police, who investigate crime, and the district attorneys, who prosecute the offenders. These are their stories." | ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: J A G FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) Last Revision: 11 Mar 2000 Written by Stephan Lerchegger <[email protected]> ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ------------------------ ------------------------ When the President has a crisis, He serves and protects the he calls his military. United States of America with the ultimate weapon ... When the military has a crisis, it calls JAG. JUSTICE. JAG-Promo JAG-Promo ------------------------ ------------------------ "Following in his father's footsteps as a naval aviator, Lt. Commander Harmon Rabb Jr. suffered a crash while landing his Tomcat on a storm-tossed carrier at sea. Diagnosed with nightblindness, Harm transferred to the Navy's Judge Advocate General Corps which investigates, defends and prosecutes the law of the sea. There with fellow JAG laywer Major Sarah McKenzie he now fights in and out of the courtroom with the same daring and tenacity that made him a Top Gun in the air." \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 0 - INTRODUCTION TO THIS FAQ \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ 0.1 Contents PART 0 - INTRODUCTION TO THIS FAQ 0.1 Contents 0.2 Introduction 0.3 The current status of JAG and News 0.4 Notes about this document PART 1 - JAG: AN INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is JAG about ? 1.2 Cast 1.3 What does JAG mean ? What is it ? PART 2 - JAG: THE FANS 2.1 Is there a Newsgroup or mailinglist for JAG ? Where's the best place to discuss the series ? 2.1.1 Netiquette and Rules 2.1.2 Abbreviations used on the lists 2.1.3 Do these postings ever get passed on to persons affiliated with the show ? 2.1.4 Who are KIP and DSBPost ? 2.2 Contacting the people of JAG, Addresses regarding the show 2.3 What is Fanfic, where can I find it ? 2.4 MOWAGs (Most Wanted Goodies) - Sites of interest on the Net 2.5 Chats, IRC, Message Boards 2.6 How are the fans of JAG called ? 2.7 Is there an episodeguide available for JAG ? 2.8 The JAG Convention PART 3 - JAG: MERCHANDISING, AVAILABLE PRODUCTS 3.1 Commercially available episodes 3.2 JAG Novels 3.3 JAG Calendar 3.4 JAG Theme 3.5 Scripts PART 4 - JAG: THE SEASONS SEASON 1 4.1.1 JAG - First Season Summary 4.1.2 Why was Andrea Parker replaced ? 4.1.3 Episode 'War Cries' (008): Is Meg responsible for Granger's death ? 4.1.4 Wasn't Harm once addressed as Lt.Cmdr. - prior to his promotion ? 4.1.5 Episode 'The Brotherhood' (012): What does 'cuckold' mean ? 4.1.6 Episode 'Recovery' (019): Location 4.1.7 Episode 'Ares' (021): Lt. Pendry 4.1.8 What's the deal with this Cliffhanger episode ? SEASON 2 4.2.1 JAG - Second Season Summary 4.2.2 Are the episodes shown out of order ? 4.2.3 Why the narrated explanation of Harm's past in the title sequence ? 4.2.4 Why was Tracey Needham (Lt. Meg Austin) replaced ? 4.2.5 Where's Lt. Austin now ? 4.2.6 Did the JAG headquarters move between the first and second season ? 4.2.7 For what does Harm get this award in 'We the People' ? 4.2.8 Who's the mysterious girl in the flashbacks in 'We the People' ? 4.2.9 Why does Mac's hair always change ? 4.2.10 Episode 'Crossing the Line' (027): Was the Congresswoman supposed to be the Senator from 'Black Ops' ? 4.2.11 Episode 'Code Blue' (035): Sarah's Farsi 4.2.12 Hasn't CBS ordered 16 episodes ? Where is it ? SEASON 3 4.3.1 JAG - Third Season Summary 4.3.2 Notes about Season three 4.3.3 Episode 'Ghost Ship' (039) - The Dedication 4.3.4 Episode 'The King of the Fleas' (042) - Introducing Dalton Lowne 4.3.5 Episode 'Above & Beyond' (045) - Matt Sigloch, Bill Clinton, Bud singing karaoke 4.3.6 Episode 'Someone to watch over Annie' (049) - Was this DJE singing ? 4.3.7 Episode 'Tiger, Tiger' (055) - Shooting on Location 4.3.8 Episode 'Death Watch' (056) - First Season's Skeleton Crew 4.3.9a Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Music 4.3.9b Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Cut Scene 4.3.9 Episode 'To Russia with Love' (061) - Revoicing SEASON 4 4.4.1 Season Four 4.4.2 Episode 'Dungaree Justice' (073) and 'War Stories' (074): The two-parter that wasn't 4.4.3 Episode 'War Stories' (074): The in-story filming and crew 4.4.4 Episode 'Nobody's Child' (078): Passage read at the funeral SEASON 5 4.5.1 Season Five 4.5.2 Episode 'Ghosts Of Christmas Past' (096) 4.5.3 Episode Boomerang, Part I and II (100,101): Stephen Culp stand-in PART 5 - Q & A JAG - THE SERIES 5.1.1 Who's DB, Bellisario and what's Belisarius ? 5.1.2 Some notes about Reality, JAG, NIS and CID 5.1.3 The JAG Theme 5.1.4 How long does it take to produce a JAG episode 5.1.5 Does the military support the series in any way ? 5.1.6 What stock footage does JAG use ? 5.1.7 What awards did JAG win so far ? 5.1.8 About ownership, reruns and syndication 5.1.9 Flaws (medical et al.) in episodes 5.1.10 About smoking 5.1.11 Where is JAG filmed ? Q&A ABOUT MORE THAN ONE ACTOR/CHARACTER 5.2.1 Ribbons and Medals worn by Mac, Harm & the Admiral 5.2.2 Notes about the past of Harm, Mac, Chegwidden and Bud DAVID JAMES ELLIOTT / LT.CDR. HARM RABB 5.3.1 About David James Elliott 5.3.2 How old was Harm when he went to Vietnam ? 5.3.3 Harm's schooling 5.3.4 Is Harm on track for his career progression? 5.3.5 Harm's Call Sign 5.3.6 What watch does Harm wear ? CATHERINE BELL / MAJ. (LT.COL.) SARAH 'MAC' MACKENZIE 5.4.1 A Marine Major and (Navy-)JAG ? Any explanation ? 5.4.2 CB's language skills JOHN M. JACKSON / ADM. CHEDWIDDEN 5.5.1 What does 'A.J.' stands for in the Admiral's name? PATRICK LABYORTEAUX / BUD ROBERTS 5.6.1 Where was Patrick Labyorteaux during JAG's first season ? CHUCK CARRINGTON / PO TINER 5.7.1 What is Tiner's first name ? [5.8 to 5.9 omitted for future actor/character Q&As] MILITARY 5.10.1 What does ZULU time means ? 5.10.2 What do all this Medals and Rank insignia mean ? 5.10.3 List of military ranks 5.10.4 About Uniforms 5.10.5 What exactly does CAG mean? VARIOUS 5.11.1 What's the Beltway ? What's a Beltway Bandit ? PART 6 - EPILOG =========================================================================== 0.1 Introduction This FAQ answers frequently asked questions about the TV series JAG. The latest version of this document can always be obtained from the homepage of the 'Episodelists and -Guides by LS' at http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/pulpfiction/99/. If you have any further questions or find any errors, please contact me at <[email protected]>. Additionally, an episodeguide with titles, airdates, synopses and guest cast list can also be found on my homepage. =========================================================================== 0.2 The current status of JAG and News - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - JAG's fifth season started on Sep 21 in its regular timeslot on Tuesday, 8pm ET/PT on CBS. Latest news says that the fifth season will have 25 episodes. Repeats of JAG can be seen on the USA Network Monday to Friday at 7pm ET and Sunday at 9pm ET. The second novel, 'JAG: Clean Steel' should finally be out in April. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - =========================================================================== 0.3 Notes about this document This FAQ was partly written by me, partly postings from the JAG mailinglist have been used. Some of these postings have been edited slighty, i.e. non important parts have been deleted or typos have been fixed. Comments in brackets ('[ ]') are made by me. All contributors and authors quoted herein retain the rights to their postings. The postings used are all from the <[email protected]> list (now inactive), it's 'sequels' (currently <[email protected]>) and 'spin-off' at <[email protected]> (For more on mailinglists see below). Details in the postings used (like 'Do postings from this list get passed on to persons affiliated with the show') refer to the quixotic.org or successors in the first place. Every posting has the poster's name as well as the posting date attached. Please take note of this date since it's possible that things have changed since then and some datails are no longer covered correctly. \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 1 - JAG: AN INTRODUCTION \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ 1.1 What is JAG about ? 1.2 Cast 1.3 What does JAG mean ? What is it ? =========================================================================== 1.1 What is JAG about ? JAG is an action-driven adventure series, created by Donald Bellisario who also did such shows as Quantum Leap, Airwolf and Magnum, P.I.. JAG is about a team of lawyers investigating crimes in the Navy. Center of the show is Lt. Cdr. Harmon Rabb, a former pilot who turned lawyer after he crashed a Tomcat due to his night vision blindness. He has teamed up with a fellow female Officer, currently Marine Corps Major Sarah Mackenzie (his former partners include Lt. Caitlin Pike and Lt. Meg Austin). =========================================================================== 1.2 Cast Regular Cast: David James Elliott as Lt. Cdr. Harmon 'Harm' Rabb, jr. A former Navy pilot who turned lawyer after he crashed a Tomcat due to his night vision blindness. Catherine Bell as Maj. (Lt.Col.) Sarah 'Mac' Mackenzie (Season 2 - ) Cathrine Bell was first seen in the episode 'Skeleton Crew', although she played another character ('Diane Schonke') back then. With the beginning of season two she replaced Tracey Needham ('Lt. Meg Austin') as Harm's partner. John M. Jackson as Adm. Chegwidden (Season 1 - ) John M. Jackson joined the cast mid first season. He is Harm and Mac's superior. Patrick Labyorteaux as Lt. Bud J. Roberts, Jr. (Season 1 - ) Ens. Bud Roberts was on twice during the first season ('JAG', 'Skeleton Crew') as PAO onboard the USS Seahawk and with the beginning of season two he became a regular. He was transferred from the Seahawk to JAG. Other characters of interest who appear(ed) on the series include: Karri Turner as Ens. (Lt. j.g.) Harriet Beaumont Sims (Season 2 - ) Ens. Sims first appeared in the second season episode 'Crossing the Line' as Public Affairs Officer (PAO) on the USS Seahawk (Bud's former job before he got transferred to JAG). Bud and Harriet get close and eventually marry at the end of the third season. Andrea Thompson as Cdr. Krennick (Season 1) Cdr. Krennick, counselor to Adm. Chegwidden, was on during the second half of the first season. Andrea Parker as Lt. Caitlin Pike (Season 1) Lt. Pike was Harm's first partner on the show ('JAG'), she was then replaced by Lt. Austin. She appeared in two more episodes, 'Brig Break' and 'Ares'. Tracey Needham as Lt. Meg Austin (Season 1) Harm's partner during season one. She replaced Lt. Pike and was replaced by Mac. Terry O'Quinn as Capt. Thomas 'CAG' Boone (occasional) Capt. Boone is the CAG on board the USS Seahawk. He once flew with Harm's dad. Daphne Ashbrook as Annie Pendry (occasional) and Will Rothhaar as Josh Pendry (occasional) Annie Pendry was Luke Pendry's wife, Harm's roommate in flight-school who was killed in a crash in 'Pilot Error'. Josh is her son. Stephen Culp as Special Assistant Clayton Webb (Season 2 - ) CIA Special Assistant Webb was first introduced in 'We the People'. He now and then gets involved in the crime solving process and helps with his connections. Larry Poindexter as Dalton Lowne (Season 3) Mac's love interest. Killed in 'The Stalker'. To get a list of acting credits go to the Internet Movie Database at http://www.imdb.com or send a message to <[email protected]> with the body ACTOR last, firstname for instance ACTOR Needham, Tracey. To get a help message send an e-mail with the keyword help in the body. =========================================================================== 1.3 What does JAG mean ? What is it ? JAG stands for Judge Advocate General. The JAG Corps is the judicial system of the military. It is part of the US-Navy and its cadre of Naval officers is trained as lawyers. The duties these officers are assigned to range from investigating crimes, prosecuting and defending in court, to giving legal advice. A good overview about the JAG Corps can be found at Tracy Finifter's JAG page at http://www.finifter.com/jag/. \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 2 - JAG: THE FANS /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/ 2.1 Is there a Newsgroup or mailinglist for JAG ? Where's the best place to discuss the series ? 2.1.1 Netiquette and Rules 2.1.2 Abbreviations used on the lists 2.1.3 Do these postings ever get passed on to persons affiliated with the show ? 2.1.4 Who are KIP and DSBPost ? 2.2 Contacting the people of JAG, Addresses regarding the show 2.3 What is Fanfic, where can I find it ? 2.4 MOWAGs (Most Wanted Goodies) - Sites of interest on the Net 2.5 Chats, IRC, Message Boards 2.6 How are the fans of JAG called ? 2.7 Is there an episodeguide available for JAG ? 2.8 The JAG Convention =========================================================================== 2.1 Is there a Newsgroup or mailinglist for JAG ? Where's the best place to discuss the series ? Currently there's no newsgroup dedicated to this series so the best newsgroup to discuss the series would be rec.arts.tv. However, a better place to discuss any topic related to the show are the JAG-mailinglists. When subscribing make sure your return address is valid - this also means without any possible spam protection actions you've taken. Following are a number of various JAG mailinglists. If you notice the one or other missing, please drop me a line. To get infos on any of the following lists go to the link mentioned: JAG (general) : http://www.onelist.com/community/jag JAGniks (general) : http://www.onelist.com/community/JAGniks see also http://skyfox.simplenet.com/JAG/jagnik-list.html Fan-Fic List : http://www.onelist.com/community/article78 Meg Austin List : http://www.onelist.com/community/sempermeg Mac/Catherine Bell List: http://www.onelist.com/community/mac Chegwidden-List : http://www.onelist.com/community/chegwidden Karri Turner List : http://www.onelist.com/community/KarriTAS (Karri Turner Appreciation Society (KarriTAS)) Harm & Mac Shipper : http://www.onelist.com/community/shipper Harm & Mac Shipper List: http://www.onelist.com/community/HarmMacsAngels David James Elliott : http://www.onelist.com/community/dje-l DJE Fan Club : http://www.onelist.com/community/djefanclub DJE/Harm list : http://www.onelist.com/community/DJEFC Clayton Webb Fans : http://www.onelist.com/community/Webbfans Australian JAG Fans : http://www.onelist.com/community/Aussie-JAG JAG Lovers : http://www.onelist.com/community/jaglovers Admiral's Mast : http://www.onelist.com/community/admiralsmast Shipper FanFic : http://www.onelist.com/community/ShipperFic UK and Europe Fans : http://www.onelist.com/community/jag-uk JAGlovers List : http://www.onelist.com/community/jaglovers Peter Murnik : http://www.onelist.com/community/pmurnik JAG Stories (Fanfic) : http://www.onelist.com/community/JAG_Stories JAGonUSA(Syndie-Reruns): http://www.onelist.com/community/JAGonUSA JAG Writers Workshop : http://www.onelist.com/community/JAGWritersWorkshop The Gunny List : http://www.onelist.com/community/The_Gunny JAGman Rabb List : http://onelist.com/community/jagmanrabb Substitute the <name>-part below with the name behind the last slash from the addresses above - e.g. [email protected], [email protected] or [email protected] (examples for the JAG (general) list). For the following actions send an e-mail to the mentioned address: Subscribe : <name>[email protected] Unsubscribe : <name>[email protected] Switch to digest : <name>[email protected] Switch to single messsage: <name>[email protected] Post Message : <name>@onelist.com Contact Owners/Moderators: <name>[email protected] At least the JAG (general) lists is a high volume list, so be prepared. Other lists dedicated to JAG and the actors/characters: * DJE/JAG: To subscribe/unsubscribe send an e-mail to <[email protected]> and in the text you need to type 'subscribe jag' or 'unsubscribe jag' (without quotes) resp. Postings are sent to <[email protected]>. This list is maintained by Debbie Lucas <[email protected]>. She writes about the list: "We have approximately 30 members and the major focus of our discussions are primarily about David James Elliott and the TV series JAG." --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1.1 Netiquette and Rules These are the rules for the JAG (general) list (although these basic rules can be applied to most lists and newsgroups). * No 'Me too' or 'I agree' or similar one-line posts * If it's only addressing one person - send it to just that person and not to the whole list (Private posts vs. Public posts) * Quote reasonable (not the whole posting) * Read through your mail first before answering - someone may have already answered the question * Don't forward chain letters or spam to the list * No attachments (binaries et al) * Don't use HTML coded messages * Keep volume of off-topic postings low or avoid if possible (especially during high-volume times) * Use spoiler space, at least until a week after the episode aired. If questions arise about one or more of the rules above please take a look at the list on my homepage. It has detailed descriptions for each one of them. Please pay attention to these rules! The list is at http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/pulpfiction/99/jag-faq.html --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1.2 Abbreviations used on the lists Here's a short list of basic abbreviations used on the internet (as well as on the lists): AFAIK - As far as I know ATM - At the moment BTW - By the way IIRC - If I Recall Correctly IMO/IMHO - In my (humble) opinion LOL - Laughing out loud; Lots of laughter OT - off topic OTOH - On the other hand ROFL - Rolling on the floor, laughing SCNR - Sorry, could not resist Commonly used on the lists are also: CB - Catherine Bell (Mac) DB/DPB - Donald P. Bellisario (Creator and Executive Producer) DJE - David James Elliott (Harm) KT - Karri Turner (Harriet) JMJ - John M. Jackson (Chegwidden) PL - Patrick Labyorteaux (Bud) SC - Steven Culp (Clayton Webb) (SC is also used for the first season episode 'Skeleton Crew') TN - Tracey Needham (Meg) TPTB - 'The Powers That Be', referring to the producers Also asked frequently (although no abbreviation) is what does 'semper' (like in 'Semper JAG') mean: semper is Latin for 'always' or 'forever'. 'Semper fi' (short for 'semper fidelis') is the U.S. Marine Corps motto and means 'Always Faithful'. Also mentioned often is the term 'Shipper': Shipper is short for Relationshipper and ... '... refers to any heterosexual combination of romantic relationship like Harm/Mac, which seems to be the most popular of later, but the Harm/Meg 'shippers are still extremely vocal.' (from Pat Murray) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1.3 Do these postings ever get passed on to persons affiliated with the show ? KIP (15 Feb 97) answers: >Nearly every writer and most of the actors read these JAG postings, >including DB. This basically only counts for the general JAG list. See also comments under '2.2 Contacting the people of JAG ...' --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1.4 Who are KIP and DSBPost ? We here on the list don't know who <[email protected]> (usually called only 'Kip') and <[email protected]> ('DSBPost') really are. Both don't want to have their identity revealed and we respect their wish. However, given the quality their (always appreciated) answers provide they seem to be insiders to the production team. =========================================================================== 2.2 Contacting the people of JAG, Addresses regarding the show Please direct all comments regarding show status, scheduling and programming to (from the CBS FAQ): CBS Audience Services 524 W. 57 St. New York, NY 10019 Phone: (212) 975-3247 Email: [email protected] Comments conveyed to Audience Services are shared with CBS executives and messages will be responded to as volume permits. You may also write to: CBS ATTN: Programming 7800 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90036-2188 Another addresses mentioned on the mailinglist: CBS 51 West 52nd Street New York, NY 10019 Mr. Leslie Moonves, Pres. Entertainment Division CBS Television Network 7800 Beverly Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90036-2188 To write to the JAG office, (and probably the best address for requests like autographed photos) use these addresses: <Cast Member's Name> c/o JAG Belisarius Productions 5555 Melrose Ave. Clara Bow Bldg. #203 Hollywood, CA 90038 JAG Productions, Inc. 28343 Avenue Crocker, #1 Valencia, CA 91355 The e-mail address for JAG (from the Paramount web page) is <[email protected]>. Messages sent here are forwarded to JAG TV - the JAG production office. Under 'Celebrity E-Mail Addresses' DSBPost (3 Mar 97) writes: >If you want to get a message to a specific member of the JAG cast or crew, >go to the Paramount home page, and send a message from the JAG site there. >The message will be forwarded to JAG TV which is the JAG production office. >(You can send to JAG [email protected] directly but Don B will not get a copy of >the message automatically) Specific notes are forwarded to the respective >addresses. Replys from JAG TV run from a few days to a few weeks late, it >is secondary to filming the series, but an answer will appear. Patrick and >Cathrine are very good at returning E-Mail. David does not have an account. >He gets hard copy of specific requests or questions. The writers will >sometimes answer questions. > >Just don't ask about Meg. > And prior to this DSBPost (21 Jan 97) writes: >Don does get forwarded this subscription list and the letters that go >directly through Paramounts E-mail. Another posting from DSBPost (2 Jan 97): >Paramount has a home page which accepts E-Mail and passes E-mail relating >to the show to the production office of JAG where it is answered through >JAG TV. JAG does not have a home page yet and probably will not this >season. If there is a renewal they should put one up over the summer. =========================================================================== 2.3 What is Fanfic, where can I find it ? Fanfic is short for fan-fiction, stories written by fans. Such stories exist for a wide range of shows, including JAG. A special mailinglist for fanfic is set up. (See mailinglists under 2.1 above) The 'Ex Libris' JAG Fan Fiction Archive at http://exlibris.simplenet.com has an amount of stories stored; a great place to start. Please also read the FAQ there. The Harm & Mac Fan Fic Site: http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Boulevard/7572/JAG.htm If you're looking for (Harm &) Meg Fanfic visit http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/9167/JAG.html And the Semper Meg! archive can be found at http://members.aol.com/jagfic/index.htm =========================================================================== 2.4 MOWAGs (Most Wanted Goodies) - Sites of interest on the Net Here's a list of several JAGgoodies which are asked for and wanted most. Note, that this isn't (and won't be) a complete link list, and there might also exist other, not listed pages that feature these goodies as well. This list should just give you a first direction where to look for specific JAG ralated material: Calendar - (see 3.3 below) Character Bios - http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/9167/JAG.html Credits - http://www.aracnet.com/~petercj/tv/jag/ Drinking Game - http://www.concentric.net/~jjdippel/jagdrink.html Fan Clubs - (see bottom of this list) FanFic - (see 2.3 above) Guide, FAQ - http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/pulpfiction/99/ ICQ - http://www.oocities.com/televisioncity/network/8877/ jagicqlist.html IRC - (see 2.5 below) JAG Corps - http://www.finifter.com/jag/ JAG Web Ring - http://www.bomis.com/rings/jag/ Links - http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/9167/JAG.html Medals, Ranks - (see 5.10.2 and 5.10.3 below) Novels - (see 3.2 below) Official (1) - http://marketing.cbs.com/primetime/jag/ Official (2) - http://www.paramount.com/tvjag/ Official (3) - http://www.usanetwork.com/series/jag/ Pics - http://www.oocities.com/televisioncity/7730 Reviews - http://www.bmts.com/~sdickson/index.html.htm Start (1) - http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/9167/JAG.html Start (2) - http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Club/2280/ Start (3) - http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/4928/jag.html Start (4) - http://members.tripod.com/~vikki_w/jag.html Start (5) - http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/9236/index.html Theme (Midi) - http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/9236/jagsound.html Theme (MP3) - http://www.soundamerica.com/sounds/themes/Television/ Trading Post - http://www.oocities.com/hollywood/studio/2235/index.html Trivia questions - http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/7414 US Air Force - http://www.af.mil US Army - http://www.army.mil US Navy - http://www.navy.mil US Navy - JAG - http://www.jag.navy.mil US Marine Corps - http://www.usmc.mil Fan Clubs: The *Unofficial* David James Eliott Fan Club http://members.tripod.com/~Charmer_NO/djeindex.htm THE *OFFICIAL* Catherine Bell Fan Club http://members.tripod.com/~Major_Mac/cbfan.htm The John M. Jackson Admiration Society, an *Unofficial* JMJ Fan Club http://jmjas.simplenet.com The *OFFICIAL* Peter Murnik Fan Club. http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/Lot/4410 The *OFFICIAL* Steven Culp Fan Club Site http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Palace/4618/index.html The *OFFICIAL* Chuck Carrington Fan Club site http://www.oocities.com/btiner2 The *Unofficial* Lt(j.g.) Meg Austin Fan Club http://members.aol.com/mystic8043/index.htm The Tracey Needham Appreciation Society http://tnas.simplenet.com CoWGrLTiNas' *Unofficial* Trevor Goddard Fan Club http://hometown.aol.com/cowgrltina/Trevor1.html =========================================================================== 2.5 Chats, IRC, Message Boards Internet: Server - UnderNet Channel - #DJE Meetings - Wednesday nights Go to http://jagchat.8m.com for more infos and links to software. Server - EFNET Channel - #JAG Meetings - ? See also Sebastian Pelan's page at http://www2.arnes.si/~spelan/. JAGnik Central Message Board: http://www.InsideTheWeb.com/messageboard/mbs.cgi/mb22726 Meave's Chat Room: http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/7414/jagchat.html JAG Discussion Forum: http://www.messagecentral.net/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/messagecentral/ /law/dcboard.cgi?az=list&forum=jag Tina's Schizophrenic JAGniks Message Board: http://www.InsideTheWeb.com/mbs.cgi/mb992043 CB Chat Room: http://members.tripod.com/~Major_Mac/jag-ocbfcchat.htm JAG Chat Box: http://www.oocities.com/televisioncity/network/8877/jagchat.html AOL: Chatroom - #Mac's_Office Meetings - ? =========================================================================== 2.6 How are the fans of JAG called ? Well, at least here on the list we call us JAGniks. Coach Biloxi Boy <[email protected]> writes: >Our dearly beloved friend Captain Bligh [Cmdr. Ian Adkins, USNR] coined >that word a long time ago during the first season of JAG. =========================================================================== 2.7 Is there an episodeguide available for JAG ? Yes. I have also written an episodeguide for JAG which covers all episodes. It can be found at http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/pulpfiction/99/, like this FAQ. There are some other (sometimes partial only) guides out there, mostly attached to JAG-fanpages. Another JAG episodeguide was written by George Fergus <[email protected]> and can be found at http://www.xnet.com/~djk/JAG_1.shtml. =========================================================================== 2.8 The JAG Convention The first JAG Convention took place in Burbank, Ca. from Oct 15-18, 1999 with many of the actors and crew attending. Websites with reports and pics are: JAG Asylum: http://www.oocities.com/~jagasylum/ Steven Culp FC Newsletter: http://www.oocities.com/Hollywood/Palace/6140/connews.html Chuck Carrington Site: http://www.oocities.com/TelevisionCity/Station/8070/ \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 3 - JAG: MERCHANDISING, AVAILABLE PRODUCTS \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ 3.1 Commercially available episodes 3.2 JAG Novels 3.3 JAG Calendar 3.4 JAG Theme 3.5 Scripts =========================================================================== 3.1 Commercially available episodes As of now only the two-hour pilot ('JAG') is available. Details can be found at http://www.paramount.com/homevideo. Copies should be available in stores or they should at least be able to order a copy for you. Online-shops who sell it (among others): http://www.VideoExpress.com, the tape (likely NTSC) costs $34.92 (plus S/H) http://www.bestvideo.com, the price is $39.95 plus S/H - again likely NTSC. Reoprtedly, the JAG pilot is available for $24.99 to $29.99 ($15 was mentioned, too) at Columbia House. HarrietJAG <[email protected]> (24 Mar 98) writes: >Paramount Home Video has advised that the JAG Pilot may be ordered >through Movies Unlimited at 1-800-528-0823. If you find any other place (especially outside the U.S. and/or in PAL format) please drop me a line. At this point there are no plans for further releases (mainly because repeats can be seen weekdays on the USA Network). =========================================================================== 3.2 JAG Novels The first JAG novel is out now: The paperback book is simply called 'JAG: The Novel' and was written by Robert Tine. List price is $5.99, ISBN is 0425164853 and it's published by the Berkley Pub Group. (Release Date: March 1998) Online, the book is for instance available at the Amazon Bookshop who sells it for $4.79 (this may change), their homepage can be found at http://www.amazon.com. The book is of course also available in stores throughout the country. Amazon (with its own homepages for Germany and the UK, cheaper rates !) also ships to many countries, so it's also a good place for international readers to start looking there. HarrietJAG <[email protected]> (24 Mar 98) writes: >Paramount advises that the JAG novel is only available in major >bookstores in the U.S. and they have no indication when it will >be available elsewhere. The second novel, 'JAG: Clean Steel' should finally be available by April 10, 2000. 'JAG: Clean Steel', again written by Robert Tine, is published by Boulevard Books; ISBN is 0425168549 and list price is again $5.99. Amazon details same as above, including prize. =========================================================================== 3.3 JAG Calendar A JAG wall calendar for 1998 with pictures from DJE was produced by Landmark Calendars. Reportedly, there are no plans for a 1999 or 2000 calendar. Reportedly, the calendar is sold out, so the following advices (contacts, addresses, costs etc.) are no longer valid. However, in future years calendars might be produced again, so the below mentioned sites will presumably carry them again and it'd be a good place to start looking for. The best way to order seems to be from http://www.awit.com (see calendar section there). The calendar costs $11.99 plus S/H. Also http://www.amazon.com sells it. The price is the same as above. Reportedly, the calendar is also available at http://www.365year.com. Some postings about this topic: <[email protected]> (21 Sep 1997) writes: >Just thought i'd let you know where you can get the calendar. >1-800-365-9327-usa 1-800-332-9327-canada The company is called >Landmark Calendars. Angela B Stich <[email protected]> (17 Sep 1997) writes: >There is a direct line to call the calendar place. I believe you should >be able to reach this number from overseas. > > (607) 563-9411 ext. 585 > >I asked if they could ship it to Heide in Singapore and they said they >would be able to, although it might be expensive. For postal parcel post, >whatever that is, the cost is $8.45 for shipping and handling and it might >take upwards of 2-3 weeks to get there. For UPS to ship/fly it, the cost >will be $16.65 and the person didn't know how long that would take. > >The price of the calendar is $11.99. Sylvia Mohr <[email protected]> (20 Sep 1997) writes: >I just received mine this past Wednesday (I ordered it Monday..pretty >good turn around time, huh?). I bought mine from: http://www.awit.com >It's a Sci-Fi/TV memorabilia site and Shawn responds under the heading >"AWrinkleInTime". I also purchased several color and one black and >white 8 x 10-1/2" pictures...Of Harm, several poses...of Harm(in dress >whites) and Mac (in dress blues)...of Bud, the Admiral, Mac and Harm in >full dress uniforms...of Harm and Krennick...of Harm and Kate (2)...of >Harm and Meg. > >The web site has a phone number and when to call...you can call and >place the order by phone if you have a credit card..and she ships VERY >promptly (if she has ordered items in stock). =========================================================================== 3.4 JAG Theme (Merchandising) As of now, the theme is not available on CD. But ... HarrietJAG <[email protected]> (23 Mar 98) writes: > >What is available is the sheet music. It's for full orchestra and costs >$40.00. It is available from Hal Leonard Publications, and the order >number is: 1-800-637-2852. That, and the novel, are the only items from >JAG thus far, according to the Paramount Licensing Dept. Paramount owns >the rights to the series, and makes merchandising decisions on behalf of >same. > Their website is at http://www.halleonard.com. =========================================================================== 3.5 Scripts Scripts for (past) JAG episodes are available for instance at Script City (http://www.scriptcity.com) or the Script Shop (http://scriptshop.com). For details on which episodes are available or the costs check their webpages. Here are the scripts available at Scriptshop.com as of Feb 03, 1999. All Scripts are priced at $12: [1.01] Pilot [2.02] In Camera (aka: Secrets) [2.03] Jinx [2.04] Heroes [2.06] Vanished [2.09] Washington Holiday [2.11] Force Recon [2.14] Cowboys And Cossacks [3.01] Ghost Ship [3.02] Court Marshall Of Sandra Gilbert [3.03] Good Of The Service [3.04] Blind Side [3.21] Return of Jimmy Blackhorse, The \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 4 - JAG: THE SEASONS \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ SEASON 1 4.1.1 JAG - First Season Summary 4.1.2 Why was Andrea Parker replaced ? 4.1.3 Episode 'War Cries' (008): Is Meg responsible for Granger's death ? 4.1.4 Wasn't Harm once addressed as Lt.Cmdr. - prior to his promotion ? 4.1.5 Episode 'The Brotherhood' (012): What does 'cuckold' mean ? 4.1.6 Episode 'Recovery' (019): Location 4.1.7 Episode 'Ares' (021): Lt. Pendry 4.1.8 What's the deal with this Cliffhanger episode ? =========================================================================== 4.1.1 JAG - First Season Summary On Sep 23, 1995 JAG premiered with a two-hour pilot (counting for two episodes) in Saturday's 8pm EST/PST slot on NBC. In this episode Lt. Harm Rabb (David James Elliott) and Lt. Caitlin Pike (Andrea Parker) investigated the death of a female fighter pilot. This was one out of two episodes Bud Roberts (Patrick Labyorteaux) appeared during the first season. After this episodes the female lead changed: starting with episode two Lt. (j.g.) Meg Austin (Tracey Needham) fought at Harm's side. This change was requested by NBC (for a more detailed answer see below). Up to the 12th episode ('The Brotherhood'; aired Feb 3, 1996) the series stayed in this time slot. Starting with episode 013 ('Defensive Action'; Mar 13) JAG moved into Wednesday's 8pm slot. This episode is also the first with Cdr. Krennick (Andrea Thompson) and the last with Cdr. Lindsey (W.K. Stratton). One episode later ('Smoked') Adm. Chegwidden (John M. Jackson) is introduced as the new head of JAG/Washington D.C. He was transferred from JAG/Pacific, his counselor is Cdr. Krennick. NBC, apparently not satisfied with its numbers, cancels JAG. Of the 22 episodes shot, NBC aired only the first 21 (the last one was 'Ares' on May 22). The final episode, 'Skeleton Crew' (aka: 'Death Watch'), never aired in the US, but it was released internationally. The reason for this was that 'Skeleton Crew' was a cliffhanger and it obviously made no sense to NBC to air it. This episode is discussed detailed below. After NBC canceled the show it was picked up by CBS as a mid-season replacement. =========================================================================== 4.1.2 Why was Andrea Parker replaced ? Andrea Parker played Lt. Caitlin Pike in the pilot but was after that replaced by Tracey Needham. NBC insisted that Don Bellisario casts an 'attractive blonde' instead, and this one was Tracey Needham. While emphasizing that Needham was 'very nice' and professional, Bellisario says she never was the character he had in mind for the female lead. For the second season Needham was then also replaced (a detailed answer to this can be found below). KIP writes 20 Dec 99): >NBC PTB didn't like Andrea in the pilot and wanted a perky blonde. After >much arguing NBC finally threatened to not pick up the series if Andy >Parker wasn't replaced. DPB explained the situation to Andy and she >graciously agreed to step aside. DPB promised to recur her character >on JAG to prove to NBC how wrong they were about her. He did this in >two episodes that first year. NBC never admitted their error, but they >picked Andy up for the Pretender which ran the next season. To add insult >to injury NBC cancelled JAG and replaced it with the Pretender. > >Such is the irony of television. Andrea Parker reprised her role as Lt. Pike in two episodes, 'Brig Break' (episode 005) and 'Ares' (021). =========================================================================== 4.1.3 Episode 'War Cries' (008): Is Meg responsible for Granger's death ? KIP answers (18 May 97): >The point of the script as written was that Meg did have responsibility in >Granger's death. Throughout the episode she berated him for turning his >Marines into trigger happy killers who shot first and asked questions later. >It was this pressure from Meg which caused Granger to hesitate when he saw >the old lady. That hesitation got him killed. > >The last scene when Granger's body was being placed on the aircraft was >written to show Meg's remorse and realization of what she had done. How it >was played is another story. > =========================================================================== 4.1.4 Wasn't Harm once addressed as Lt.Cmdr. - prior to his promotion ? Yes. In 'Boot' (ep.010) Cdr. Lindsey addresses him as Lt. Commander and talks about something that happened in Bosnia. This actually refers to 'Defensive Action' (ep.013) where Harm got his promotion and defended the CAG in a court-martial. The reason in simple: 'Boot' was shot after but shown prior to 'Defensive Action'. =========================================================================== 4.1.5 Episode 'The Brotherhood' (012): What does 'cuckold' mean ? In Short: It means that a man's wife has cheated on him. A more detailed explanation is given by Emily M. Lee <[email protected]>: > >Cuckold was a word used in Shakespeare's plays a lot. Specifically, >"Othello" deals with this issue a lot. Cuckold is a reference to a >man who cannot keep "his" woman in line. By in line, I mean that she >is committing adultery. During Shakespeare's time, a man who could not >keep his wife from committing adultery was ridiculed as not being good >enough in bed to satisfy her and not being strong enough of a man to >keep her from straying. Cuckold also means that a man does not have >a powerful enough p--is. > =========================================================================== 4.1.6 Episode 'Recovery' (019): Location From DSBPost: >It was filmed at the rockwall plant in El Segundo where they built the >shuttles. All shuttle footage was stock, including that nice little tie >in shot where the transporter moves out with the launch facility in the >background. > >The real shuttle facility at Vandenberg is much more interesting looking >than the Kennedy pad. =========================================================================== 4.1.7 Episode 'Ares' (021): Lt. Pendry Wasn't one of the pilots Lt. Pendry who was killed in 'Pilot Error' ? Yes and No - footage of Lt. Pendry and Lt. McKee from a previous episode was used but it wasn't supposed to actually be Lt. Pendry or Lt. McKee. =========================================================================== 4.1.8 What's the deal with this Cliffhanger episode ? The final episode of the first season was 'Skeleton Crew' (aka: 'Death Watch'). As NBC decided not to renew the show for a second season, they also opted not to show this cliffhanging episode. As of now this episode hasn't been aired in the US, it was, however, released internationally. It is expected to be aired in the US when the show goes into syndication. Here are now some postings from the mailinglist, which should answer nearly everything concerning this episode: First KIP (21 Nov 96) with an overview: >Skeleton Crew aired only outside the U.S.A. > >It was a cliff-hanging episode in which a female Academy friend of Harm's >is murdered as the SEAHAWK docks after a six month deployment. Too late, >Harm realizes how much he was in love with her. His relentless pursuit of >the murderer runs him afoul of NCIS agent Turque (who everyone calls >Turkey). While there are two, even three possible suspects, at the end of >the episode Harm is arrested for the murder. > >The concluding hour was never filmed or even written, as NBC cancelled JAG >(therefore they did not air a cliff-hanging episode) and it would not make >sense to re-launch the show on CBS with an episode designed to end a season. > >There are two quick flashbacks in the opening JAG episode refering to this >episode and Harm references it in dialogue. But it's all quite mysterious >and will be touched on again around episode 9 or 10 in the new season. > >Hope this helps with the confusion. DSBPost wrote a comprehensive synopsis of this episode. This posting can be found at the home of this FAQ. DSBPost (26 Apr 97) continues: >The only problem with reading the second part to "Skeleton Crew" was that >it was never written. Don Bellisario writes in a linear style. He often >will start with an idea for the opening and just keep writing. Often he >will not know the ending to a script until he has written it. About ignoring this episode, KIP (20 Nov 96) writes: > >> From what I remember of past dicussions on this list, the JAG to be shown >> on CBS will completely ignore Skeleton Crew. It never happened. Bobby got >> out of the shower. > >There will be a reference to the cliff hanger in the CBS opening episode >[episode 'We the Poeple'] which will be understood by those outside the >U.S. who saw the cliff hanger and be a mystery out of a Harm's past to >those who haven't. > >Unfortunately, it will not explain what happened. Hopefully, in time there >can be a flashback episode that will do that. > On another occasion, KIP (20 Nov 96) states: > >The Cliffhanger would have been great for all the JAG fans who would wait >over six months for the conclusion. But since the move to CBS in Midseason >is a re-launch of the show, new JAG viewers wouldn't have had a clue. > >So, for those U.S. viewers who saw the Cliffhanger in other parts or the >world or who got a PAL copy from someone and transfered it, there is a >>reference to that episode and two very quick flashbacks to it. To those who >haven't seen the episode, it will be a bit of mystery out of Harm's past. > >There is no further reference to it in the first 8 episodes filmed to date, >but there will be a reference in the future. About the flashback in the season two opener, KIP (5 Jan 97) writes: > >When NBC cancelled the show they didn't want to air a cliff-hanging episode >when they couldn't show a conclusion. It made no sense to air a conclusion >as the opening of JAGS second season on CBS. Therefore the concluding >episode was never written, let alone filmed. > >The two brief flashbacks in 'We the People' were to give something to those >International viewers who had seen this episode. Hopefully, at some date in >the future, 'Skeleton Crew' will be incorporated into a flashback episode >and solve the problem for everyone. > About the possiblility of the second part DSBPost (3 Sep 1997) writes: In a message dated 97-09-02 09:31:47 EDT, you write: >> >> With some of the Season 1 NBC eps being shown on CBS, can we have our >> hopes raised that Skeleton Crew would also be shown, to allow for SC >> Pt 2 to be made and shown? > >It is becoming more unlikely. If you have seen the original you know that >almost every scene is tied up with actors who have moved on to other >projects. Examining it with an eye to building a flashback episode has >proven frustrating as there is no logical way to introduce the flashbacks, >many of which are tied to other viewpoints (Krennick, Meg). The episode >was too tightly crafted. The third season episode 'Death Watch' (056) is the revamped cliffhanger episode although KIP explains: >In fact DPB in order to make the story work had to change the killer. Q&A with KIP (Oct 98) about the originally planned way for Skeleton Crew: Q: Who was originally intended to be the killer? A: Agent Turkey (Turque) was to be the real killer Everyone, including Harm, had assumed he was the NCIS officer assigned the murder in Norfolk. Bad assumption. He had been the NCIS aboard the Seahawk during the deployment Diane Shonke. When DPB decided to cannabalize Skeleton Crew for Death Watch the actor who played Turkey was not available, so he had to come up with a new killer. Q: What was his motive? A: Sex. Q: Was that because he was having it (with Diane, presumably) or not getting it? A: He killed her in a struggle during a rape. Q: How did Harm's fingerprints get on the gun? A: He had been to the pistol range with Diane Shonke before she sailed on the Seahawk. After cleaning their weapons, Harm loaded Dianes pistol for her. The finger prints were to be found on the bullets. Diane kept the gun in her car which she had left in base parking. She went for the gun when Turkey assaulted her. At least that's how DPB says he was thinking to do. You never know. He might have changed his mind at the last minute had he ever written the second half of the cliffhanger. See also 4.3.8 below. =========================================================================== SEASON 2 4.2.1 JAG - Second Season Summary 4.2.2 Are the episodes shown out of order ? 4.2.3 Why the narrated explanation of Harm's past in the title sequence ? 4.2.4 Why was Tracey Needham (Lt. Meg Austin) replaced ? 4.2.5 Where's Lt. Austin now ? 4.2.6 Did the JAG headquarters move between the first and second season ? 4.2.7 For what does Harm get this award in 'We the People' ? 4.2.8 Who's the mysterious girl in the flashbacks in 'We the People' ? 4.2.9 Why does Mac's hair always change ? 4.2.10 Episode 'Crossing the Line' (027): Was the Congresswoman supposed to be the Senator from 'Black Ops' ? 4.2.11 Episode 'Code Blue' (035): Sarah's Farsi 4.2.12 Hasn't CBS ordered 16 episodes ? Where is it ? =========================================================================== 4.2.1 JAG - Second Season Summary On Friday Jan 3, 1997 JAG premiered with 'We the People' on CBS in the 9pm EST/PST slot as replacement for the series 'Mr. & Mrs. Smith'. JAG delivered stronger numbers than its predecessor and the move into the 8pm slot, effective Mar 28, gave the series another boost. The most striking change this season was Tracey Needham's (Lt. Meg Austin) replacement. The new female lead character is now Maj. Sarah Mackenzie, played by Catherine Bell. Also now regulars are Patrick Labyorteaux (Lt. Bud Roberts, who has been seen twice during the first season) and John M. Jackson as Adm. Chegwidden (who was also on for the second half of the first season). Comments about some of these changes are given below. The season finale, 'Rendezvous' (15th episode of the season), aired on Apr 18. About Mac's character development KIP (8 Feb 97) writes: > >>Personally, I think we should use whatever pressure we can (if at all!) >>exert on Mr. Bellisario to make Major MacKenzie more personable, and get >>a few episode centering around her. After all, how can we tell if we >>dislike her is we barely know her? > >Going on at Mid-season gave this year's JAG the luxury of being able to >plan how the characters and their relationships would develop from episode >to episode. Mac's initial sterness was to slowly soften across the season - >and has. But, apparently many of the fans, looking for a cookie cutter >replacement of Meg used her Marine no-nonsense approach to her job as an >excuse for not liking her. Hopefully as they see more and more episodes >in which Major Mackenzie relaxes into her position as Harm's partner, they >will grow to know her and like her--although some die-hards will never >accept anyone replacing Meg. Though I find it interesting that Kate, who >only appeared in the pilot and two episodes would probably have been the >unanimous choice for Harm's partner last year by the fans despite the fact >that Meg appeared in 20 episodes. > >Also, in addition to learning more about Mac in upcoming episodes (she and >Harm are isolated together for an entire story), but there is a tense and >romantic episode centered around Admiral Chegwidden. Ensign Simms is >transferred to the Pentagon in Washington which makes Bud's heart leap. >Annie and Harm get together and decide to....Sorry, to tell any more would >spoil it. > >Bottom line, your request has already been implimented as these character >developments were planned at the beginning of the season. You must remember >that although you've only seen 5 episodes (tonight will be #6) JAG is >currently filming Episode 13. > >By the way CBS has ordered an addition 3 episodes, so there will be a total >of 16. Not bad for a mid-season show. > KIP writes (5 Mar 97): >CBS is pleased with JAG. It's doing better in the timeslot than its >predecessor Mrs. and Mrs. Smith by a full rating point and growing in >viewership (MMS was declining as the season progressed). JAG is also >proving to be a better lead-in to Nash Bridges, which has increased >it's viewership since JAG became it's lead-in. > >While this doesn't assure a pick-up for next season, it makes it much >more likely. =========================================================================== 4.2.2 Are the episodes shown out of order ? DSBPost (2 Mar 97) answers: > >>I know that the episodes this season have been shown out of order. It >>can get kind of confusing (if not annoying) not knowing whether characters >>are friends or at each other's throat's (ie Webb). Does anybody know the >>correct order that the episodes were supposed to air so perhaps thier >>relationships can make a little more sense. > >Well this is the correct order the episodes are supposed to air. However it >is not the episodes shooting sequence. The Game of Go and Trinity were >actually filmed #1 and #2 this season. All the rest have been shown in the >filmed order. The only real impact was in Webbs relationship, and hair >styles. > =========================================================================== 4.2.3 Why the narrated explanation of Harm's past in the title sequence ? KIP explains: >Research showed that the majority of viewers had no idea what JAG was. Most >thought Harm was a Naval Intelligence. It was decided to put a 'Saga Sell' >on the opening of the show--much as on Quantum Leap--to let those viewers >who never saw an episode of JAG understand the ground rules and why a Naval >Aviator was a lawyer. Remember--nearly 70 percent of America has never >viewed JAG even once! > >While the Saga Sell may be repetitive to fans, it hopefully gives the new >viewer the proper background to understand what the show is about. On another occasion KIP answers: > >>If I got to choose, I would happily remove the voiceover. It was a good >>way to restart the series, but after a few episodes I think the (wonderful) >>music and the images speak for themselves. > >You' re right--for fans who consistant watch the show. However, to be a >hit JAG has to attract new viewers each week. The Saga Sell with the >voice-over you're talking about is to acquaint new viewers who have >never seen the show with the JAG concept and Harm's background. > =========================================================================== 4.2.4 Why was Tracey Needham (Lt. Meg Austin) replaced ? Besides the 'Cliffhanger'-question, this is probably the most discussed (and asked) question. So here are now some detailed answers and comments which should answer (nearly ?) everything about this subject: On AOL-Live, David James Elliott answered the question 'Why isn't Tracy Needham on the series any longer?' as follows: >She left the series because the series was revamped... CBS decided they >wanted to make some changes. One of the changes was to have a Marine >Officer to have an equal rank to myself, so there would be a different >branch of the military so we could go head to head. That was unfortunate >for Tracey's character because she was a "lesser" rank. I really miss her >and felt terrible about it all. Tracey is doing very well now. She's doing >movies of the week, that sort of thing. "Lt jg - #JAG <irc>" <[email protected]> wrote the following message on 27 Mar 97 about this subject: >Ms Austin was transferred to Okinawa to keep Lt Pike company.... >there really wasn't much of an explanation as to her departure other >then she recommended Bud... > >She did not return.. well there are alot of *rumours* floating around >about why Tracey was replaced. Was it DB and TN not getting along >from day one? Was it a disagreement between DB and NBC and TN got >caught in the middle? > >The biggest explanation is that DB wanted a stronger personality >(don't ask me why they could not just write a stronger personality >for Meg's character) and more of an equal for Harm and they found >that in Major Sarah MacKenzie's character. > >Sarah takes some getting used to. The first few episodes your left >wondering why she's there, not much personality. She grows stronger >and stronger per ep and I have to say that the best episode that I >found I truly enjoyed was FULL ENGAGEMENT. Catherine did a great job >in that show. KIP (15 Feb 97) writes about casting Catherine Bell: > >>[...] [Catherine Bell] got the role because she impressed the producer >>or something. Really curious as to how she could have done that when she >>barely appeared in "Skeleton Crew" for 5 minutes and then wound up very >>pale and very dead. > >Catherine Bell impressed DB when he directed her in Skeleton Crew. But >that only gained her the opportunity to audition for the role of Major >Mackenzie. Dozens of actresses read for the role and DB selected three >finalists. These three actresses read for Paramount who approved them to >go one to CBS. All three auditioned for CBS and Catherine Bell won the role. > >I'm not going to reveal who the other two finalists were so please don't >ask, but I will tell you they have both appeared in JAG episodes that have >already aired this season. > One of those two was revealed (by Kerin Steele) and confirmed by KIP: It was Sibel Ergener who played Lt. 'Skates' Hawkes in 'Crossing the Line'. =========================================================================== 4.2.5 Where's Lt. Austin now ? DSBPost says: "Meg was simply reassigned. In the military these things happen." =========================================================================== 4.2.6 Did the JAG headquarters move between the first and second season ? KIP (8 Feb 97) answers: > >They did move to Falls Church, Va. [formerly Washington, D.C.] Although >the building you see filmed for JAG Headquarters is actually in Pasadena, >California. > =========================================================================== 4.2.7 For what does Harm get this award in 'We the People' ? Charles Pan <[email protected]> answers: > >>In the beginning of "We the People" (Season 2 opener) Harm is receiving an >>award of some importance from the President no less... >> >>The speaker is reciting an incident I can almost see in my head, and I am >>sure we have seen it in a episode. >> >>Which episode was it? The Pilot? > >Harm gets the Navy Cross for landing a damaged tomcat in the 2hr Pilot. >CAG (& Harm in the back) is on a ATARS run when the Tomcat is hit by >AAA. Harm also gets his wings back..... > >The speaker is CAG's RIO in Defensive Action. > KIP adds: >He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions in >saving the CAG in the pilot episode. About the long time passed since the actual incident, <[email protected]> writes: > >yes, those awards do take that long. They have to be written up and sent >in, then verified, reverified, authorized, & approved. Depending on the >award and how high in the chain it must go, some awards are given by >congress or the president, it can take years. > DSBPost adds: >or as in the case of the medal of honor Clinton presented in the white >house to the desendents, 52 years. and KIP35 says: >Awards are still be handed out for actions in WWII, Korea, Vietnam, >Grenada, Desert Storm and probably a few I haven't thought of. It can >take quite a while. =========================================================================== 4.2.8 Who's the mysterious girl in the flashbacks in 'We the People' ? KIP writes: > >>During the premiere, Harm had flashbacks to an apparently deceased >>former love that looked exactly like Sarah. Was she ever featured in >>a past episode? Does anyone know what had happened? > >She was Lt. Diane Schonke who was murdered in the Skeleton Crew episode >which only aired Internationally. > See also comments on the cliffhanging episode above. =========================================================================== 4.2.9 Why does Mac's hair always change ? KIP (9 Feb 97) explains: >[Mac's] hair has been consistant...unfortunately the episodes for a variety >of reasons have not aired in the order filmed. That's why Major Mackenzies >hair goes from medium length to short and back. Only one more episode with >the medium length hair--"The Game of Go" [...] =========================================================================== 4.2.10 Episode 'Crossing the Line' (027): Was the Congresswoman supposed to be the Senator from 'Black Ops' ? KIP: "She was not the same Congresswoman." =========================================================================== 4.2.11 Episode 'Code Blue' (035): Sarah's Farsi DSBPost and KIP35 answer: >Farsi is the correct name for Persian. Catherine Bell is of Iranian >(Persian) heritage and quiet fluent in the language of her parents >and grand-parents. =========================================================================== 4.2.12 Hasn't CBS ordered 16 episodes ? Where is it ? KIP (11 Mar 97), also about the possibility of a cliffhanger, writes: >The 16th episode which will be filmed in two weeks is not a cliff-hanger >and will probably not run this season since it cannot be finished in time >to air on April 18th. (This is due to CBS running back-to-back episodes >two weeks ago and scheduling episodes to run on March 28th and 29th.) >After that date, CBS has specials scheduled for May sweeps. Re-runs would >then be scheduled for the summer. > >By the way...CBS can't wait to determine if they're picking up the show to >ask for a cliff-hanger--it's simply too costly to shut down a production >company and then start it back up again to film one episode. Two weeks later KIP wrote: > >> When and will we ever get to see the 16th >> and last episode filmed this year? > >The 16th episode was not filmed. It will be the first episode filmed IF JAG >is picked up next year. At the moment, it looks very good for a pickup, >especially since JAG did very well on it's first outing at 8:00 p.m. EST/PST >last Friday. Pulling a 14 share in a time slot that had previously only been >getting an 11 share. Once again, the loyal JAG fans followed the show to >its new timeslot and gave it a BIG BOOST for a pickup. > =========================================================================== SEASON 3 4.3.1 JAG - Third Season Summary 4.3.2 Notes about Season three 4.3.3 Episode 'Ghost Ship' (039) - The Dedication 4.3.4 Episode 'The King of the Fleas' (042) - Introducing Dalton Lowne 4.3.5 Episode 'Above & Beyond' (045) - Matt Sigloch, Bill Clinton, Bud singing karaoke 4.3.6 Episode 'Someone to watch over Annie' (049) - Was this DJE singing ? 4.3.7 Episode 'Tiger, Tiger' (055) - Shooting on Location 4.3.8 Episode 'Death Watch' (056) - First Season's Skeleton Crew 4.3.9a Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Music 4.3.9b Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Cut Scene 4.3.10 Episode 'To Russia with Love' (061) - Revoicing =========================================================================== 4.3.1 JAG - Third Season Summary CBS renewed JAG for a 3rd season (2nd on CBS). Initially the order was for 22 episodes, but was extended to 24. Starting with this season, JAG can be seen on Tuesday at 8pm EST/PST. The season began Sep. 23, 1997 with the episode 'Ghost Ship' and ended May 19, 1998 with the first part of a cliffhanger called 'To Russia with Love'. The conclusion will air as the fourth season opener. The ratings during this season improved again (compared to last year) and JAG even manages to get two 10.0+ ratings. One of the most prominent storylines this year is the one about Harm's quest for his dad. In the season opener ('Ghost Ship') he finds a notebook which suggests that his father was displaced to Russia where he was held in captivity. Later, even the possibility surrects that he might have been a collaborator ('The King of the Flies'). Harm's finally makes his way to Russia ('To Russia with Love'). Relationship storylines this year include the Mac-Dalton and the Bud-Harriet relationships. Dalton Lowne first appeared in 'The King of Flies'. While this one ended abruptly, Bud and Harriet get closer throughout the season and eventually marry ('Wedding Bell Blues'). =========================================================================== 4.3.2 Notes about Season three About filming the new episodes, DSBPost (20 Jul 97) says: >We started filming episode 38 "For the Good of the Service" on Tuesday the >15th. (all titles tentative) Don will direct the opener in two weeks in >San Francisco. He will doubtless put info on the list - Once he is done >filming and closer to air. A lot more of Bud and Harriet so far in the >first two shows. About the number of episodes per season KIP says: >The contract states that future seasons must be picked up for >[at least] 22 episodes. About third season changes, DSBPost states: >Two new writers have joined the staff and scripts are in the works. >No Cast additions, although Don is toying with an arc storyline that >could bring some recurring roles. =========================================================================== 4.3.3 Episode 'Ghost Ship' (039) - The Dedication DSBPost explains: > >> in the Season opener ... at the very end of the [episode] there was a >> dedication. Was that David's Manager that the season opener was >> dedicated to? > >[No,] J David (Davey) Jones was one of the premier hollywood stunt >pilots, responsible for many movies and tens of thousands of hours of >helicopter work, including the helicopters in Magnum PI, and Airwolf, >during which he taught Don how to fly. > >One of the nicest gentlemen it was my privlage to know. > At http://www.stan-mcclain.com/davidjones.htm there's an article about Davey Jones. It was written by Stan Maclean who with Rick Shuster filmed the aerials in 'Tiger, Tiger'. =========================================================================== 4.3.4 Episode 'The King of the Fleas' (042) - Introducing Dalton Lowne KIP writes: >> About Mac's love interest... where is this coming from?!!! I thought >> we would get a better background on this. We don't know how or where >> she met this guy! [...] I'd like some more background, please! > > Dalton Lowne has been mentioned in two previous episodes as a lawyer Mac > is dating and getting interested in. He was to be briefly shown in an > episode before "King of the Fleas", but the order of airing was changed. > =========================================================================== 4.3.5 Episode 'Above & Beyond' (045) - Matt Sigloch, Bill Clinton, Bud singing karaoke KIP35 answers (13 Nov 97): >In a message dated 97-11-12 02:10:01 EST, you write: > >> One question: who is the guy who was barking some orders, blond, white >> male, big build. > >Matt Sigloch [who also appeared in some prior episodes] is a former >Marine Gunny Sergeant who acts as one of the technical advisors on >the show. (DPB is threatening to put Matt in every show--just a joke.) > > >> Bud singing karaoke! What a riot! But was that really his voice? > >Yes. He does a mean Tom Jones impersonation. > >> [...] the Clinton dubbing was pretty bad, but I'm sure they used >> what resources they could. > >The choice was to use Clinton's actual voice for most of the scene >and to dub in the lines where a double was used or to re-dub the >entire scene. It was felt the difference would be so great between >the real voice and the dubbed voice that it would really jump out, >so the entire scene was re-dubbed. > About the Bill Clinton look-alike and dubbing, DSBPost adds (14 Nov 97): > >A voice over was used to tie in the original speech Clinton said on >veterans day 1995 and the additional lines needed to segue to our story. >If we had attempted to just add the final lines it would have stood out >even more than it did. Also as the Actor portraying Clinton had to >duplicate Clintons exact timing in the on camera voice over to minimize >rubber lips, he was not able to use the over-accentued accent and timing >that actually sells better for impersonations. > =========================================================================== 4.3.6 Episode 'Someone to watch over Annie' (049) - Was this DJE singing ? Yes, that was David singing. He also plays the guitar that well. =========================================================================== 4.3.7 Episode 'Tiger, Tiger' (055) - Shooting on Location DSB Post <[email protected]> (26 Mar 98) writes: >For the episode 'Tiger, Tiger' the Navy allowed us to shoot on the Frigate >John A. Moore in San Diego where we received tremendous assistance from >captain and crew, several of which appeared as background on the deck scenes. Later we rendevouzed with the frigate 30 miles off to shoot the >aerials that appeared throughout the episode. Both cases were a first >for JAG. > >All interiors were shot on our standing sets in Valencia - as is true >in all episodes. > >And the stock footage is major assitance in itself, without the Navy's >Ok for stock the series would never leave the courtroom. > =========================================================================== 4.3.8 Episode 'Death Watch' (056) - First Season's Skeleton Crew This episode is the revamped cliffhanger episode from the first season (which hasn't aired in North America yet). About the killer and Harm's fingerprints KIP writes: >In fact DPB in order to make the story work had to change the killer. > >>But the ep doesn't explain why Harm wasn't convicted of killin Lt. Lamb. >>His finger prints were all over the murder weapon - according to Agent >>Turkey. > >Unfortunately, the episode you saw of Skeleton Crew was never shown in >the US or Canada. Death Watch was a cannabalization (pardon the pun) of >Skeleton Crew with 30 minutes of new footage. In the US version Harm's >fingerprints were not on the weapon. In fact DPB in order to make the >story work had to change the killer. > DSB Post noted (24 Apr 98): >> The ep didn't even mention Harm's arrest, how he escaped the >> charge, and how his prints came to be on the gun. > > That's because it didn't happen that way. See also 4.1.7 above for more details about 'Skeleton Crew'. =========================================================================== 4.3.9a Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Music Kristina Larsen <[email protected]> >Of all the songs played during the episode how many of those country >western songs were Trisha Yearwoods? Every last one of 'em were Trisha's. =========================================================================== 4.3.9b Episode 'Return of Jimmy Blackhorse' (058) - Cut Scene Harriet <[email protected]> (5 Aug 98) answers: > >>While watching the episode tonight something stood out to me. I noticed >>before that in the scene when the Indian Lawyer comes into the kitchen >>and asks Mac what she thinks of the two-step that it seemed as if there >>should have been more to the scene. Does anyone else think something ended >>up being cut out? > >Very perceptive comments. I ran your remarks past the author of the >episode, Dana Coen. He explained that the scene as originally written >(and shot) was designed to put closure to the hostility that was building >between Mac and the Navajo lawyer. In it, Mac tells him he is treating >her not as a human being, but condescending to her as a woman, and a woman >with Indian blood at that, a "squaw." When episodes are edited (and they >are edited for many reasons, sometimes continuity, sometimes length), >arbitrary decisions are made, and it was decided to drop this scene >altogether. However, it was put back in, shortened, to act as a bridge >to the scene where Bud and Harriet are arguing about their upcoming >wedding. > =========================================================================== 4.3.10 Episode 'To Russia with Love' (061) - Revoicing From DSBPost (20 May 98): >Cathrine spoke all her Russian. David's voice in the flashback in >the beginning was revoiced as was Diane Schonke's in 'Deathwatch'. =========================================================================== SEASON 4 4.4.1 Season Four 4.4.2 Episode 'Dungaree Justice' (073) and 'War Stories' (074): The two-parter that wasn't 4.4.3 Episode 'War Stories' (074): The in-story filming and crew 4.4.4 Episode 'Nobody's Child' (078): Passage read at the funeral =========================================================================== 4.4.1 Season Four CBS renewed JAG for a fourth season (third on CBS). The season started Sep 22 with the episode 'Gypsy Eyes', the conclusion of last season's cliffhanger. The season again has 24 episodes and ended May 25 with another - sort of - cliffhanger, 'Goodbyes'. Like last year, JAG can be seen on Tuesdays at 8pm ET/PT. Production began the first week of July, filming started on Wednesday 7/15. The ratings climb higher again this season and JAG is becoming a solid hit and strong contender with several wins in its timeslot. With 'The Black Jet' JAG even breaks into the Nielsen top ten (9th for the week). DSBPost (21 Jul 98) gives some hints about the forthcoming season: >The second episode is in the middle of filming. "Innocence" deals with >the defense in civil court of a young sailor accused of raping a >schoolgirl in Japan. > >The episode had some scenes shot at Pt Magu NAWS. Navy assistance has >been quite forthcoming this season. We are hoping for more dockside >filming in the future. Also looking for more action shows this season. > >Jag intends to shoot one episode partly in DC this season. There should >be some familiar face returning. We should see more of Mac's family, >Buds, and the Admirals. ========================================================================== 4.4.2 Episode 'Dungaree Justice' (073) and 'War Stories' (074): The two-parter that wasn't Kip notes (13 Jan 99): >> was not done tactfully enough but in a passing jester. TPTB could have >> give a little more tie in the episode to why the need for tomorrow's >> episode other than to fill us JAGniks cravings for more JAG. > > Less than two weeks before these shows were to air, CBS requested JAG run > on Wednesday to give them a good lead-in to the launch of 60-minutes II. > All photography was was done and the episode was in post-production, so > DPB added the scene in JAG OPs, it was filmed the next day and added into > footage from the episode running tonight. > >It was done to give some tie-in to the two nights. Neither episode was >written and filmed with a two-parter in mind. >The most positive part of this is that CBS thinks so highly of JAG, they ran >it to lead into their big gamble with Sixty Minutes II. A compliment to JAG, >really. =========================================================================== 4.4.3 Episode 'War Stories' (074): The in-story filming and crew [email protected] (15 Jan 1999) explains [ed: two posts combined]: >> When I first saw the character of Fran Glass, I wondered two things. >> First, what exactly does she do? Was she the producer? She had >> headphones on all the time and watched the dailies as they were being >>filmed... > >She was supposed to be the producer. by the way, about many of the real >crew of JAG appeared in the background as the Fields of Gold crew members. > >> Were you one of them? :-) > >Nope. Probably the most visible were the fx crew =========================================================================== 4.4.4. Episode 'Nobody's Child' (078): Passage read at the funeral >Where did the passage that was said at the little girl's funeral come >from? Thomas Fearer <[email protected]> answers: >Harm and Colter's lines are from The Bible. Luke 18:15-18. I'm not sure >exactly which version of the Bible they were using, but my old King James >edition came pretty close. ...and sheryl <[email protected]> adds: >It is from the Bible, and I think you can find references to it in both >Matthew and Luke. The wording is a little different in Matthew and Luke, >and I can't remember which one they used on Nobody's Child. Listen to the >episode again, get a phrase from the quote, and look it up in a good >Concordance, and it should be listed. =========================================================================== SEASON 5 4.5.1 Season Five 4.5.2 Episode 'Ghosts Of Christmas Past' (096) 4.5.3 Episode Boomerang, Part I and II (100,101): Stephen Culp stand-in =========================================================================== 4.5.1 Season Five CBS renewed JAG for a fifth season (fourth on CBS). The season started Sep 21 with 'The King of the Greenie Board'. The season will tentatively have again 24 episodes. JAG stays in its timeslot Tuesdays at 8pm ET/PT. Production on this season started Tuesday July 6, filming began on July 12. Parallel to the new episodes on CBS, the USA Network began on Sep 13, 99 with showing repeats Monday through Friday, later also Sundays. =========================================================================== 4.5.2 Episode 'Ghosts Of Christmas Past' (096) >>Is there a real Jenny Lake? And did everyone do their own singing? KIP answers (15 Dec 99): >Jenny Lake is a ficticious name. >And, yes. Michael B, CB and KT did their own singing. Re Roles KIP writes (14 Dec 99): > >Peter Murnik plays Tom Boone, who's called 'Tong' by Harm, Sr. JJ was >originally to play Les Brown, but a proper wig couldn't be found in time so >he was switched to the Master Chief who was originally to have been Ben >Murphy, so Ben became the Skipper who was originally to have been Steven >Culp who couldn't make an appearance because he was still playing Bobby >Kennedy in the feature he's shooting ....well, you get the idea. About the >only roles that were cast as originally conceived by DPB were Davids, >Catherines, Peter Murniks and Patrick L. Even KT was to play someone else. =========================================================================== 4.5.3 Episode Boomerang, Part I and II (100,101): Stephen Culp stand-in Stephen Culp or Stand-in ? Kip (16 Feb 00) answers: >> Some of us are questioning a couple of scenes. The one of "Webb" in front >> of the courthouse. That was a stand in and not SC, correct ? Then at the >> mall, when he is first spotted, that is also a stand in for SC ?? SC was originally scheduled to fly to Australia upon completion of his feature commitment in time to participate in four brief scenes--at The Strand Arcade, the Opera House, outside the Courthouse and the Qantas departure lounge. When Stephen's feature commitment was extended and he could not fly to Australia to film with us, DPB refused to drop his scenes from the script. Instead, he had an Australian actor of Stephen's height, weight and hair type, fly to LA where he was fitted with a prosthetic mold made from Stephen's face. The actor also spent an afternoon on the Costner set with Stephen learning how to walk and posture like him. The special effects people assured us that we could film as close as a waist shot and no one would know it wasn't Webb. Adding Stephen's voice in post production would complete the illusion. However, when the prosthetic device was applied in Australia the actor looked nothing like Webb. So, DPB had the actor's hair trimmed to match Stephen's, put dark glasses on him and then filmed him in the Strand Arcade and at the Opera House with as many people passing between the actor and the camera as possible. At the Courthouse he filmed the actor walking away from camera and then scheduled the Qantas departure lounge to be filmed at the end of the schedule when we were back in LA and the real Stephen would be available for a day of filming. The thought was that having Stephen actually in the last scene and using his voice over the other three might work. But in viewing the dailies, while brief moments filmed in Australia with the double worked, it was not enough to really complete the illusion. So, when Stephen finally became available we not only filmed the Qantas scene, but DPB also reshot, in downtown LA. the Opera House point-of-view of Stephen and, on a corner of the courtroom set, a two second close up of Stephen to cut into the Strand footage. The end result was costly, time consuming and fooled everyone...EXCEPT THE WEBBIES. \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 5 - Q & A \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ JAG - THE SERIES 5.1.1 Who's DB, Donald Bellisario and what's Belisarius ? 5.1.2 Some notes about Reality, JAG, NIS and CID 5.1.3 The JAG Theme 5.1.4 How long does it take to produce a JAG episode 5.1.5 Does the military support the series in any way ? 5.1.6 What stock footage does JAG use ? 5.1.7 What awards did JAG win so far ? 5.1.8 About ownership, reruns and syndication 5.1.9 Flaws (medical et al.) in episodes 5.1.10 About smoking 5.1.11 Where is JAG filmed ? Q&A ABOUT MORE THAN ONE ACTOR/CHARACTER 5.2.1 Ribbons and Medals worn by Mac, Harm & the Admiral 5.2.2 Notes about the past of Harm, Mac, Chegwidden and Bud DAVID JAMES ELLIOTT / LT.CDR. HARM RABB 5.3.1 About David James Elliott 5.3.2 How old was Harm when he went to Vietnam ? 5.3.3 Harm's schooling 5.3.4 Is Harm on track for his career progression? 5.3.5 Harm's Call Sign 5.3.6 What watch does Harm wear ? CATHERINE BELL / MAJ. (LT.COL.) SARAH 'MAC' MACKENZIE 5.4.1 A Marine Major and (Navy-)JAG ? Any explanation ? 5.4.2 CB's language skills JOHN M. JACKSON / ADM. CHEDWIDDEN 5.5.1 What does 'A.J.' stands for in the Admiral's name? PATRICK LABYORTEAUX / BUD ROBERTS 5.6.1 Where was Patrick Labyorteaux during JAG's first season ? CHUCK CARRINGTON / PO TINER 5.7.1 What is Tiner's first name ? [5.8 to 5.9 omitted for future actor/character Q&As] MILITARY 5.10.1 What does ZULU time means ? 5.10.2 What do all this Medals and Rank insignia mean ? 5.10.3 List of military ranks 5.10.4 About Uniforms 5.10.5 What exactly does CAG mean? VARIOUS 5.11.1 What's the Beltway ? What's a Beltway Bandit ? =========================================================================== 5.1.1 Who's DB, Donald Bellisario and what's Belisarius ? Donald Bellisario (DB or DPB for short) is the creator of JAG. His production company is named Belisarius Productions (Note: one 'l' in Belisarius only). Belisarius is the Roman root name that Bellisario is derived from. =========================================================================== 5.1.2 Some notes about Reality, JAG, NIS and CID From <[email protected]> (6 Jan 97): > >>I am also given to understand that criminal cases are frequently >>*investigated* by regular line officers, not JAG officers, using the JAGMAN >>manual. The JAG lawyers' duties are more to serve as legal counsel and to >>serve as courtroom attorneys, much as civilian attorneys do. I would like >>to see JAG address that issue a little more fully. > >I'd like to see that, too. I was trying to introduce the show to my dad, >and I asked him about the possibility of this being remotely realistic. >He said pretty much what you you just did, and I believe the term he used >was "CID". Apparently, they're a division of the MP's that actually do the >front line investigating, not unlike civilian police detectives. Marty Merritt <[email protected]> in the same thread: > >I believe, although I'm not positive, that the CID is an Army agency, and >the Navy's analogue is the Naval Investigative Service, or NIS. The NIS has >a lot of civilian employees, I believe, not all of the investigators are >Navy officers. > ... and KIP adds: > >CID is the Army investigative service. NIS was the Navy's, but they have >recently changed it to NCIS (Naval Criminal Investigative Services). Most >of these investigators are civilians who were with various law enforcement >organizations in the past. Although JAG officers DO CONDUCT such >investigations [...] most of it is done by CID/NCIS. > DSBPost (1 Dec 96) writes: > >The Army and the Airforce have their own equivalents to the Navys Judge >Advocate Generals office. The marines are a part of the US Navy, originally >only as naval infantry, but now with their own aircraft, armor, artillary >and intelligence services. > About inter-service rivalries and partnership, KIP adds: > >According to JAG officers in Washington, Navy and Marine JAG frequently >work together. > Two posts from KIP (4 Feb 97 and 20 Nov 96) about reality: > >>I wish the military and TV worlds would get over the implausibility of a >>pilot-turned-lawyer ... > >So, do I. It just so happens that the Commanding Officer of JAG, Rear >Admiral Rick Grant is A NAVAL AVIATOR. > and > >>The shows that were related to legal issues and charges were good, even if >>NIS would have been more likely to do the investigation. But Pilot Error? >>Two lawyers investigating a fatal plane crash? > >For your info: > >NIS is now NCIS. And, there is a JAG investigation into every air crash. > =========================================================================== 5.1.3 The JAG Theme The JAG theme was written by Bruce Broughton (which earned him an Emmy nomination). KIP writes: DB asked Bruce to create a naval version of his feature score for Silverado. Which he did - magnificently. The themes of Magnum, P.I. and Quantum Leap (two other DB series) were written by Mike Post. Here's now a detailed analysis of the JAG Theme by Marty Merritt <[email protected]> (16 Feb 97): >During the "Saga Sell" voiceover we hear a quiet, slow statement of the >first theme for solo trumpet and strings over a soft snare drum roll. The >sonorities and general effect are like the very beginning of Prokofiev's >_Lieutenant Kije_, which opens with offstage trumpet. The strings are >definitely there, playing a widely-spaced chord at each cadence. Listen >when the narrator says "Major Sarah Mackenzie," for example. > >Then we get a big snare drum crescendo leading into two bars of percussion >-- snare drum with digital reverb, bass drum/cymbal crashes, maybe >suspended cymbal with yarn mallets (kind of a long *shwish*) > >Then Theme A -- trumpets and horns in unison and octaves. A sonority well >known to fans of Westerns (and of Aaron Copland) The trumpets add bite, >and the horns are playing sorta high so they add drama in a >wide-open-spaces sort of way. After one subphrase the trombones and low >strings come in with a fast downward four-note pickup and play a two-note >per bar countermelody (which we will hear again later in the strings) [This >is Harm and Mac in Service Dress Blue/Green, respectively] > >Then Theme B, when we see Bud. Sort of a dotted-note figure, and yes, the >strings are *definitely* there. A string player like me can hear their >"hooked" bowing (double up-bows and double down-bows) on the alternating >long and short notes. We hear orchestra bells (high-pitched, sort of a >metal xylophone, *not* chimes) in the musical texture when we see the sub. > >There's a transition and extension derived from the rhythmic elements of >Theme B when we see Chegwidden. The flutes and piccolo come in there, >playing high. Note how the rhythmic figure repeats, moving up >harmonically. When we see the helicopters we hear the fast harp >*glissando* (a sweep from bottom to top, this one almost too fast to hear) > >Finally, back to Theme A, when we see DJE again. This time the >countermelody from the low brass is played by the high strings -- listen >for them playing two notes per bar in contrary motion to the melody. This >is a common orchestrational device to add sustain to the accompaniment -- >it's sometimes called "thumb tones" because a pianist would play those >middle voices with their thumbs. That sonority is pretty much a staple of >American popular music because of its use in musicals and movie music for >more than fifty years; you don't notice it unless you're listening for it. > >By the way, this is much more like film music than it is a Sousa march or >other military band music. I can tell that it had to be recorded and mixed >especially for TV. The instrumental proportions would not work in live >performance -- the strings are too weak, percussion too big, etc. But a >lot can be done with mixing, editing, and digital reverb. I'd bet that >this was recorded with maybe 20 players, tops. > >But it was recorded with a full orchestra, and it's DAMNED NICE to hear >one playing a TV theme again, instead of synth-pop. > >Marty Merritt >Facilities Coordinator and Orchestra Manager >The Shepherd School of Music >Rice University >Houston, Texas > =========================================================================== 5.1.4 How long does it take to produce a JAG episode DSBPost (26 Jul 97) explains: >[It takes] 8 to 10 days to prepare an episode, 8-9 to film one, 2-3 weeks >to edit one, two more weeks to dub, create visual effects etc and put it >to bed. Not counting weekends. A more detailed break down comes from Harriet: > Re: how long to do an ep of JAG: > > 2 plus weeks to write > 8 to 10 days to prep > 8 to 9 days to shoot > 1 to 2 weeks to edit > 2 weeks to finish post production, score and add the audio > > Re: the music. After the episode is edited, there is what is known as a >spotting run. The exec. producer and producers discuss the choice of music >with the composer as they screen the episode. > >Occasionally, a specific piece will be written into a script to set the >mood. > =========================================================================== 5.1.5 Does the military support the series in any way ? DSBPost writes (18 Jan 97) in a reply regarding the episode 'Jinx': >In a message dated 97-01-18 03:30:24 EST, you write: > >>I'm used to JAG having so many conspiracies that I get scared about >>today's military. I'm sure the US Navy had the same thought, and I >>wouldn't be surprised if they asked the show to tone it down. > >All of the military accepted the premise of the show or they would not >have let the filming take place at El Toro. They assist the series on >an episode by episode basis but have not ever put in a request about >the "tone" of the series. Except for some eye rolling when Commander >Krennick was mentioned. =========================================================================== 5.1.6 What stock footage does JAG use ? DSBPost states the following (26 Mar 97): >JAG doesn't use stock footage, JAG only uses P.E.I. - Previously Exhibited >Imagry > >Some of these images were seen in >Navy Seals >Heartbreak Ridge >Universal Soldier >Fire Fox >Uncommon Valour >Clear and Present Danger >Final Countdown >Airwolf >Tales of the gold monkey >Magnum PI >The Love Boat >Bat 21 >Platoon Leader >Firebirds >Catch 22 >Iron Eagle 2 (bad film but the Israeli airforce comes through) >Dave >Mr President >Platoon >National Geographic >No Way Out >the Enemy Below (great film with Curt Jurgins) >Nova >Koyanisquatsi >Thats all I can think of off the top of my head. >Plus training films from the military,comercials sources, the BBC, ITN, >ABC, NBC, CBS, Reuters, and local news services, video documentery >companies, and mostly private footage libraries Others mentioned inlcude Hunt for Red October, Crimson Tide and Top Gun. =========================================================================== 5.1.7 What awards did JAG win so far ? At the 1996 Emmys JAG won (w) one award and was nominated for two others: w INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT IN EDITING FOR A SERIES, SINGLE CAMERA PRODUCTION: (editing of a dramatic series) JAG: Pilot, NBC. Jon Kozlowsky, A.C.E. OUTSTANDING INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT IN COSTUMING FOR A SERIES JAG * Smoked * NBC * Belisarius Productions in association with NBC Productions and Paramount. Paul Dafelmair, Costume Supervisor OUTSTANDING INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT IN MAIN TITLE THEME MUSIC JAG * NBC * Belisarius Productions in association with NBC Productions and Paramount. Bruce Broughton, Composer At the 1997 Emmys JAG was nominated for (and won) one award: w OUTSTANDING COSTUMING FOR A SERIES JAG * Cowboys & Cossacks * CBS * Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television Paul Dafelmair, Costume Supervisor For the 1998 Emmys (Sep 13) JAG was nominated for one award: OUTSTANDING CINEMATOGRAPHY FOR A SERIES JAG * The Good Of The Service * CBS * Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television Hugo Cortina, Director of Photography The Cinema Audio Society nominated the episode 'Gypsy Eyes' for 'Outstanding Achievement in Soundmixing For Television'. (Mar 6, 1999) For the 1999 Emmys (Aug 28/Sep 12) JAG was nominated for two award (one win): OUTSTANDING CINEMATOGRAPHY FOR A SERIES JAG * Gypsy Eyes * CBS * A Belisarius Production in association with Paramount Television Hugo Cortina, Director of Photography w OUTSTANDING COSTUMING FOR A SERIES JAG * Gypsy Eyes * CBS * A Belisarius Production in association with Paramount Television Paul Dafelmair, Costume Supervisor The American Cinema Foundation awarded JAG with the E Pluribus Unum award, drama category, in 2000. This award is given out to programs that promote 'positive social values'. On Mar 5, 2000 David James Elliott took home the 'Favorite Actor in a Drama' prize at the 2nd TV Guide Awards. According to KIP JAG won also Foreign Award from the Nice film festival (1995 ??): AngeDe'Or (Gold Angel) as Best (Non French) dramatic series. and The Motion Picture Sound Editors nominated the JAG pilot for best sound effects editing (Golden Reel Award) (1995 ??) =========================================================================== 5.1.8 About ownership, reruns and syndication The Syndication rights were sold to the USA Network which began the run on Sep 13, 1999. Episodes are on Monday through Friday at 7pm ET. They started with season two and will broadcast season one at a later point. Kip writes: (17 Sep 99) > USA has decided to run the seasons with the characters everyone is most > familiar with and will run the 1st season later in the mix. Here are some postings about this topic. First KIP (23 Apr 97): > >> Does Bellisario or NBC own the episodes, etc? > >NBC owns the lst and 2nd re-runs...after that Paramount studios and >Belisarius Productions. And DSBPost (also 23 Apr 97) writes: >Paramount owns the episodes to JAG. NBC, and now CBS bought the right to air >exclusivly in the US, including cable. The standard terms are one airing >and one rerun of each episode for the license fee. There may be a clause >requireing a delay before foreign countries may syndicate, or it may be >simply because the foreign countries work off a diffrent schedule than the >US, but usually there is at least a few months diffrence before a show airs >outside of the US. Canada is an exception as many shows will actually air >a day earlier in Canada than in the US. As NBC paid the license fee for the >first season and did not run reruns, the only way for CBS to run those >reruns would be to buy them back from NBC >Once three years of a show have aired (60+ episodes) it is syndicated to >independent stations. This is also the only place a show actually makes a >profit for the studio that produced it, as most dramas cost more to make >than the actual license fees they receive from the broadcasters. If a show >does not reach the 60 episode mark it will not be considered successful. >Airwolf was cancelled by CBS after 30 some episodes and Universal decided >to do a bastardized verison in Canada for one more year for USA Cable >network just to get closer to the 60 mark. >JAG has so far produced 37 hours. Paramount is pushing to get a full season >order of 22 episodes for the next year. After that it will probably be sold >in syndication and will start to appear as reruns, usually in original show >order, which is the first time the reruns from the first season will air. >And the first time that "Skeleton Crew" will be seen in the USA. >Of course JAG is being sold newly to foreign countries, so if you wanted >to check with Paramounts foreign syndication for a schedule, and take your >vacation in say Abu Dhabi, and you can understand Arabic, you could >probably see the first season now. > On July, 22, DSBPost says about first season reruns on CBS: >CBS is buying reruns from the original NBC package on an as needed basis. >As a mid season JAG only ran 15 episodes for CBS which left the summer >schedule short. If JAG has some holes in the schedule this season they >could conceivably pick up another one or two to fill in the gap. =========================================================================== 5.1.9 Flaws (medical et al.) in episodes Referring to 'Above & Beyond' (045), DSBPost answers (17 Nov 97): >> >> Does JAG have any medical input, the way that they have military >> input? Most things are minor - but obvious to someone who works in the >> medical field.... > >Medical consultants are used for extended scenes. For a quick piece of >throwaway dialogue as above we depend on notes from the research department >or bookshelf research. > =========================================================================== 5.1.10 About smoking KIP (2 Mar 97) writes: > >DB smokes cigars. DJE smokes cigars. Pat L. smokes cigars. The >cinematographer and half the crew smokes cigars. But your point is >well-taken, perhaps a little nagging would be appropriate...next season. > About Bud going to smoke cigars in future episodes KIP states: >Probably not. It's out of character. =========================================================================== 5.1.11 Where is JAG filmed ? Sandra Martinez <[email protected]> writes (15 Sep 98): >Valencia, California. But they do move around a lot from San Diego, >to San Gabriel Valley to Bakersfield ... all in California. =========================================================================== 5.2.1 Ribbons and Medals worn by Mac, Harm & the Admiral DSBPost (4 Mar 97) answers: >Harm and Mac wear the following decorations > >Harm > >Naval Aviator wings > >Distinguished Flying Cross >Meritorious Unit Citation >Soutwest Asian service with Bronze Star >National Defence >Kuwaiti Liberation >The Kingdom of Roumania Order of Whatsis > > >Mac > >Pistol Expert >Rifle Expert > >Navy Achievment Ribbon >Meritorious Unit Citation >National Defence >Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service > >Oddly enough Harm does not have any special awards relating to the Gulf >of Sidra shoot down. KIP adds about the Ribbons: >On JAG the ribbons are always in the proper order unless someone goofs. Sandra Martinez <[email protected]> (11 Sep 98) writes [ed: errors in the Admiral's ribbons list corrected - also see the following, second list]: >Since there have been so many questions on this subject, the Cyber >Institute of Jagology has decided to put out this handout on JAG's >Ribbons. > >MAC >--- >#1 - Navy Achievement Medal >#2 - Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation Award Ribbon >#3 - National Defense Medal >#4 - Navy Overseas Service Ribbon > >Mac also wears the Marine Corps Expert Rifle & Expert Pistol breast >badges below her ribbons. (Marines wear Rifle/Pistol breast badges, Navy >wear Rifle/Pistol ribbons). > > >HARM >---- >#1 - Distinguished Flying Cross Medal >#2 - Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation Award Ribbon >#3 - National Defense Medal >#4 - SouthWest Asia Service Medal >#5 - Liberation Of Kuwait (Kuwait) Medal >#6 - Navy Expert Pistol Medal > >ADMIRAL >------- >#1 - Navy Cross Medal >#2 - Bronze Star with a bronze "V" (for Valor) >#3 - Purple Heart Medal >#4 - Navy Commendation Medal with a Gold Star >#5 - Combat Action Ribbon >#6 - Navy Expeditionary Medal >#7 - National Defense Medal with a bronze star (explained below) >#8 - Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal >#9 - Vietnam Service Medal with bronze star (the star denotes more than > one tour in Vietnam) >#10 - Southwest Asia Service Medal >#11 - Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross > Medal with a gold frame & bronze palm >#12 - Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal with a "60" bar (denotes that > the Vietnam War started in 1960) >#13 - Liberation of Kuwait (Saudi Arabia) Medal with gold palm tree device > >If you look at Harm's & the Admiral's awards, you will see that Harm has >the Liberation of Kuwait (Kuwait) Medal and the Admiral has the >Liberation of Kuwait (Saudi Arabia) Medal. These are 2 separate medals, >each given by the individual country (Kuwait or Saudi Arabia) depending >on where the military member was stationed during Desert Storm. > >All three of them wear the National Defense Medal. Mac & Harm received >theirs for being in the service during Desert Storm. >The Admiral wears a bronze star on his to denote a second award, he was >in during Vietnam & Desert Storm. > From Nancy Pratt <[email protected]> [ed: It's basically the same list as above and was also used to corrected that one]: >Insignia/decorations: (courtesy of Paul Dafelmair, Costume Supervisor, >JAG Productions) >* Seal Trident >* Combat Action Ribbon >* Navy Expeditionary Medal >* National Defense Service Medal with Bronze Star >* Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal >* Vietnam Service Medal with Bronze Star >* Southwest Asia Service Medal >* Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation >* Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal >* Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudia Arabia) Another posting, regarding Mac's Awards, from Thomas Fearer <[email protected]> (19 Jan 2000): >Top Row: Navy and Marine Corp Achievement Ribbon >Bottom Row: Navy Meritorious Unit Ribbon, National Defense Service Medal, > Navy and Marine Corp Overseas Service Ribbon >Badges: Marine Corp Rifle Expert Badge, Marine Corp Pistol Expert Badge > >Now, going on the little information we've been given about Mac, I'm >pretty sure the Navy and Marine Corp Achievement Ribbon, the Navy >Meritorious Unit Ribbon, and the Navy and Marine Corp Overseas Service >Ribbon are tied to her service in Bosnia. >The National Defense Service Medal is a BTDS ("Been There, Did >Something"), largely for showing up. Not tied to a specific action. > =========================================================================== 5.2.2 Notes about the past of Harm, Mac, Chegwidden and Bud Sue Tilbury <[email protected]> wrote on 4 May 97: > >Harm's mother had an art gallery in La Joya and remarried the >vice-president of Chrysler, (whom the CAG called the used car salesman). >Harm was an only child. > >Chegwidden never married [see below]. Had a girlfriend who was a judge. >She was murdered during this season by a rogue CIA agent. > >Mac was an only child raised by her alcoholic abusive father, after her >mother deserted them. Her Uncle a retired Marine Corp Col helped her beat >her resulting alcoholism and she then joined the corp. > >Bud, began his naval career on the Seahawk as its PR officer. He later >joins JAG in order to go to law school. He was assigned to Harm and Mac as >their aid. Bud is single, but very attracted to his replacement from the >Seahawk "Ensign Harriet Sims". "Harriet" transfers to the Norfolk naval >base to be closer to Bud. There have been 3 shows showing the developing >"romance" between Bud and Harriet. The romance is being encouraged by Mac >and Harm. > A correction concerning Chegwidden's never been married from Sandy Bose <[email protected]>: >In "Someone to Look Over Annie" [3rd season] Chegwidden reveals that he >was married to the daughter of an Italian mayor. They got married in >Naples. They had one daughter, Francesca Peretti and presumably got >divorced after he was reassigned to the U.S. ========================================================================== 5.3.1 About David James Elliott David James Elliott was born September 21, 1960 in Toronto. He married actress Nanci Chambers (guest appearance in 'Washington Holiday') in 1992 and has a daughter named Stephanie (born 1993). DJE is 6'4" tall. =========================================================================== 5.3.2 How old was Harm when he went to Vietnam ? KIP: Harm went to Thailand to search for his father when he was 16. He made an incursion into Laos from Thailand with a Colonel Striker. =========================================================================== 5.3.3 Harm's schooling Angela B Stich <[email protected]>: Harm went to Annapolis as was referenced in the episode with the goat prank ("Ghosts", I believe.) =========================================================================== 5.3.4 Is Harm on track for his career progression? From Beckie <[email protected]>: > >Yes. 8 years as a LT BECAUSE he changed from line to staff corps (aviator to >JAG). He had some downtime with the Navy while he attended law school. And >new grads from law school are ensigns, then they attend justice school and >become jg's, passing the bar with justice under your belt is an automatic >move to LT. He PROBABLY spent 4-5 years as a LT in JAG. Best bet, he was a >new LT Aviator when he was diagnosed with night blindness. That would have >shown up real quick (i.e. less than a year as a LT aviator). So, that's 1yr >as an ENS, 2 yrs LTjg, 1 yr LT (now he's 26), 3 yrs law school (29), 4 yrs >LT,JAG (33) and a new LCDR. Just about right! > =========================================================================== 5.3.5 Harm's Call Sign KIP (27 Apr 97) answers: >>Does anyone know what Harm's call sign actually was? Was it the same >>one he mentioned in Code Blue ['Zapper'], or was he just making that up >>to fit the situation? > >He made that up to fit the situation. His call sign was never mentioned, >but it was probably HARM or he may have used his father's call >sign - HAMMER. It will probably turn up in some future episode. =========================================================================== 5.3.6 What watch does Harm wear ? It's a Rolex Sub Mariner, DJE's own watch. =========================================================================== 5.4.1 A Marine Major and (Navy-)JAG ? Any explanation ? Patrick Murray <[email protected]> (9 May 98): >The real JAG group seems to be a Navy only organization. Did they ever >explain how Mac, a Marine Major, was attached to a Navy group? Thanks! Good question. The US Marine Corps was established as a ground combat service arm of the US Navy. As such, it falls under the Navy umbrella of organization. Which is why you never hear of a service academy like Annapolis for the USMC: USNA cranks out both Navy ensigns and Marine Corps Second Lieutenants. By the end of the "senior" year, each midshipman had to decide which are of service he/she must go into. There are four general areas: Navy Air, Navy Ground (us lowly spooks, etc), Marine Air, and Marine Ground. Prior graduation from "the trade school", Marine officers go to the Marine Corps Officiers trainiing course at Quantico, Virginia (where the FBI trains its future Mulders and Scullys). This is known as Bulldog and for more declassified info on it, check Tom Clancy's Patriot Games (great book, deeply flawed movie) All Marine Corps officers got through Bulldog, so Mac would have gone through it. But to answer your question, "our" JAG envelopes both Navy and Marine Corps as the USMC falls under the Department of the Navy, while also have its own representative on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. =========================================================================== 5.4.2 CB's language skills From the Parade Magazine (thanks for posting, Tony): >Bell has spoken English and Farsi from childhood, since her late father was >British and her mother is Iranian. But that's not all. "I have a good ear >for languages," she tells us, "and picked up French in high school, some >Japanese while modeling in Tokyo and enough Russian for an episode of JAG." =========================================================================== 5.5.1 What does 'A.J.' stands for in the Admiral's name? It stands for Albert Jethro. DSBPost writes: "Albert Jethro was Donald Bellisarios's father, as seen in the last episode of Quantum Leap" =========================================================================== 5.6.1 Where was Patrick Labyorteaux during JAG's first season ? Patrick Labyorteaux played Bud Roberts twice during the first season, in the pilot and the first season finale, 'Skeleton Crew'. Starting with the second season he's now a regular. During JAG's first season Patrick Labyorteaux starred in the FOX-series ' The Last Frontier'. KIP35 (10 Apr 97) writes: >Patrick's commitment to making that series is why he didn't appear on JAG >the first year except for the Pilot and Skeleton Crew episodes. Once Last >Frontier folded, Patrick was able to rejoin JAG and we're all thankful. =========================================================================== 5.7.1 What is Tiner's first name ? P.O. Tiner's first name is Jason. This was firsdt revealed in the fifth season 'People vs. Gunny'. =========================================================================== [5.8 to 5.9 omitted for future actor/character Q&As] =========================================================================== 5.10.1 What does ZULU time means ? The military uses ZULU time, which is the time at Zero Longitude running through Greenwich, England - this is why it's also called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). However, the new, correct term is UTC, which stands for Coordinated Universal Time. ZULU, which is the phonetic for the letter Z, marks the UTC timezone. The letters A through M are assigned to the eastern, N through Y to the western timezones. To get the actual time you have to add (east of Greenwich) or substract (west) the difference of timezones inbetween. Some examples: Eastern Standard Time (EST) (New York) - 5 Central Standard Time (CST) (Chicago) - 6 Mountain Standard Time (MST) (Denver) - 7 Pacific Standard Time (PST) (Los Angeles) - 8 Central European St.Time (CET) (Berlin, Vienna, Rome) + 1 East European St. Time (Helsinki, Ankara) + 2 Zulu is STANDARD time, so if daylight saving time is in effect add one hour each (EDT would be UTC-4 only, CET +2). A timezone map can be found at http://aa.usno.navy.mil/AA/faq/docs/world_tzones.html =========================================================================== 5.10.2 What do all this Medals and Rank insignia mean ? A very good site about this topic can be found at http://users.aol.com/gman755/medals/medals.html Tamara Bonde <[email protected]> (21 May 97) writes about this site: > >This site also shows all the medals one can receive > >They are shown in order of precedence, and where the services have the >same medal, such as the Army Commendation Medal, the Navy Commendation >medal, and the Air Force Commendation medal, order of precedence is >determined by the age of the service (thus Air Force is usually last >because it is the youngest, Army is always first because it is the oldest) > John Nelson <[email protected]> (28 Jun 97) adds: >The Medals are listed in the chart as seniority of the services but when >worn the members branch of service determines which medal is senior. For >example someone in the Army who rates a Army Achievement Medal and a Navy >Marine Corps Achievement medal would wear the Army medal in the senior >position. A Sailor or Marine would wear the Navy Marine Corp Achievment >in the senior position. More sites on Rank insignias, ribbons and the like: * http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/allhands/ah0197/contents.html is worth a shot if you're looking for Naval ribbons and ranks. * From Patrick Murray <[email protected]> (26 Jan 00): >Found a site that shows (in actual size and full color) each ribbon and >the name and basic description of each. You select the ribbons you are >looking up (AJ's or whoever "salad bar") and it also places them in the >proper placement and order. Very cool. > http://www.navy-nex.com/pnc-0.htm * From T. M. Giorgianni <[email protected]> (27 Jan 00): >Here's the Institute of Heraldry link that will show the Army ones, as >well as the ribbons *and* medals that go with each award. (Including >several 'shared' with other services as well.) > >http://www-perscom.army.mil/tagd/tioh/ribbons.htm * From Kelly Blecher <[email protected]> (3 Feb 00) : >Here's a reference for all branches of military and their corresponding >ranks/insignia. It has both enlisted and officers. Click on the officers, >all branches link and it shows which rank equals what in another branch >of the service (i.e. Major in Army/Marines/Air Force = Lt. Commander in >Coast Guard/Navy). > >http://members.aol.com/forvets/insig/ranks.htm > >and yet another resource for the militaries of the world... > >http://www.torget.se/users/k/klix/grader_e.html =========================================================================== 5.10.3 List of military ranks Jeffrey M Bourke <[email protected]> posted this list about military ranks: >Here is a list of military ranks, Army, Navy, AF and Marines. >XO is for Executive Officer, the #2 person on a ship or sub. > >Navy- > >E-1= USN is a seaman recruit. >E-2= USN is a seaman apprentice. >E-3= USN is a seaman. >E-4= USN is a petty officer third class. >E-5= USN is a petty officer second class. >E-6= USN is a petty officer first class. >E-7= USN is a chief petty officer. >E-8= USN is a senior chief petty officer. >E-9= USN is a master chief petty officer. > >Naval Warrant Officer Ranks > >W-2 is a chief warrant officer two >W-3 is a chief warrant officer three. >W-4 is a chief warrant officer four. > >Naval Officer Ranks > >O-1 in the USN is an ensign >O-2 in the USN is a lieutenant junior grade. >O-3 in the USN is a lieutenant. >O-4 in the USN is a lieutenant commander. >O-5 in the USN is a commander. >O-6 in the USN is a captain. >O-7 in the USN is a rear admiral lower half. >O-8 in the USN is a rear admiral. >O-9 in the USN is a vice admiral. >O-10 in the USN is an admiral. > >Army- > >ENLISTED >E1- PRIVATE >E2- PRIVATE >E3- PRIVATE FIRST CLASS >E4- CORPORAL OR SPECIALIST >E5- SERGEANT >E6- STAFF SERGEANT >E7- SERGEANT FIRST CLASS >E8- MASTER SERGEANT >E8- FIRST SERGEANT >E9- SERGEANT MAJOR OR > COMMAND SERGEANT MAJOR >E9- SERGEANT MAJOR OF THE Army > >WARRANT OFFICER > >WO1- WARRANT OFFICER >CWO2- CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER >CWO3- CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER >CWO4- CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER >CWO5- MASTER WARRANT OFFICER > >COMMISIONED OFFICER > >O1- 2ND LIEUTENANT >O2- 1ST LIEUTENANT >O3- CAPTAIN >O4- MAJOR >O5- LIEUTENANT COLONEL >O6- COLONEL >O7- BRIGADIER GENERAL(1 STAR) >O8- MAJOR GENERAL(2 STAR) >O9- LIEUTENANT GENERAL(3 STAR) >O10-GENERAL(4 STAR) >GENERAL OF THE ARMY (5 STAR) > >Marines and Air Force > >Officers same as Army > =========================================================================== 5.10.4 About Uniforms Two explanations from Tamara Bonde <[email protected]>: >In answer to the question about how we know what to wear to work, there is >seasonal requirements, and duty requirements, and it's just something you >become sort of well...acculturated to. You just kind of know what to wear >when. As for seeing one person in khakis and another in whites, that would >be pretty normal (do you remember in "A Few Good Men" when Demi Moore wore >khakis and the two Lt JGs--Cruise and the other guy--wore whites? that's >a classic case of being acculturated--the O-4 knew what to expect in Cuba >simply because she'd been around awhile, while the two O-2s didn't) both >the khakis and the whites are an appropriate summer uniform, so that's not >at all uncommon to see both uniforms. > >Unless there is some big ceremony going on (i.e. they are awarding a medal >or something) there would be no reason to go home and change if you found >yourself in a different uniform from your co-workers. Most of us keep a >ceremonial uniform at work for just such instances when we go "Oh shoot! I >forgot that promotion ceremony was today!" > > >The Navy wears so darn many uniform combinations it gets a bit confusing >as to what they all are, so I think I've got them all, but I may have >missed one > >EVERYTHING YOU NEVER WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT THE ARMED FORCES UNIFORM >COMBINATIONS AND MORE > > >Full Dress Whites: special occaisions like a ball or a wedding > >Short sleeve whites: summer/hot weather uniform combination (basic office >work) > >Khakis: any time of year (regardless of weather) (basic office work) > >Blues: Business attire, and winter uniform comination (in the Air Force >we call this Service Dress or in Army, Marines called Class A dress uniform) >Would be worn for courts martial, meetings with outside agencies (such as >defense contractors), or important briefings, also worn without the coat for >normal duty in the office. Most of the Navy guys I've worked with tend to >remove their ties, undo their top buttons and roll up their sleeves which >looks okay if they have their shirts professionally laundered and heavily >starched, otherwise, they look pretty frumpy (also this look only carries >off well on men who look like DJE, but Harm has too much military bearing >to ever be seen this way) > >Mess Dress: This is like a Tux with a waist coat. Black coat and pants >with white shirt. Worn with a yellow cummerbund and black bowtie (in the >Army this coat is blue rather than green and has a colored collar depending >on which branch you serve in, I'm not sure for the marines what theirs looks >like, my guess is their coat is black and probably blue pants/skirt-- (for >the women) with a red stripe on the pants (just guessing here--I don't know >too many marines)) this is worn for black tie affairs, so it may be worn >for weddings (usually fall, spring, winter), and for military balls > >Formal Dress: This is an option for the AF, so I'm guessing that it is >also probably an option for the Navy, Army, and Marines as well, in this >combination, the coat and pants from the Mess Dress is worn, but instead of >the collared shirt and black tie (blue for the AF), and the cummerbund, a >wing collar with white, pearl buttons and a white vest and white bow tie >are worn. This combination is worn for a white tie occaision. These are >few and far between (my husband (AF) work this combination at our wedding - >he looked GREAT!) > >Battle Dress Uniform (BDUs): this is the camoflauge field uniform. This >uniform is the same for all four branches of the military, but of course, >the marines have to be different, so when they cuff thier sleeves to >shorten them, they roll them so that the inside is out, when the Army and >the AF cuff theirs, they are cuffed so the outside is out (tricky, but >sharp looking--of course, remember you're hearing that from an AF officer) >worn for duties such as field duty (obvious), aircraft maintenance, >transportation pool, civil engineering, etc. (basically anything where you >might get dirty) although we wear ours for things like "warrior spirit day" >(this is when we pretend we don't have desk jobs, and fantasize that we are >fighting something other than paper--my guess is the Navy is too classy to >have such a silly day) Marines wear this uniform combination for everything >except office jobs, which is why Mac is always in khakis--speaking of which, >someone mentioned that they would like to see her in BDU's more often. This >would be inappropriate, considering her job. She is working in an official >capacity, interviewing clients, witnesses, etc. She is supposed to be >dressed accordingly--this does not include BDUs > >Flight suits: worn by flyers whenever they feel like it (okay, ignore the >sarcasm here) primarily this is only supposed to be worn when you are >flying, but a lot of pilots, navs, weapons officers, etc. wear it to their >daily office work if they are in some place like a flight test squadron or >something > >Miscellaneous uniform items: > >Sweater: worn when it's cold regardless of time of year (i.e. cold may be >due to overworked a/c) > >Poplin jacket: short jacket (black for the navy)--worn over khaki's if it >is spring, summer, or winter, and probably summer--not worn with whites > >double breasted overcoat: self explanatory--worn in cold weather > > >Well, I think that should cover it, as I said at the beginning--this is >definately everything you never wanted to know about military uniform >combinations and more. I hope it was enlightening. If there is someone >Navy out there, please correct my mistakes. > >Tamara Bonde, Capt, USAF > An additional collection of postings regarding uniforms and how to dress can be found at the home of this FAQ. =========================================================================== 5.10.5 What exactly does CAG mean? KIP writes: >The CAG is an anacronym for Carrier Air Group Commander. In other words >he's in charge of all the flying squadrons and their personnel. It's not >a 'handle' such as 'Skates'. Charles Pan <[email protected]> writes: >[CAG stands for] Commander Air Group and is given to the senior air >officer on a carrier. And Armando Heredia <[email protected]> adds: >The term CAG is actually a throwback to the early days of naval >aviation. The official title of the office today is "Commander, Air >Wing." However, CAW does not sound as (macho/sexy/insert your favorite >adjective here) as CAG, hence the old acronym lives on. =========================================================================== 5.11.1 What's the Beltway ? What's a Beltway Bandit ? Two answers, from <[email protected]> and Tamara Bonde <[email protected]>: > >The Beltway is the highway loop that runs around DC. Its name is "The >Beltway". As for CAG's perogative for hostile fire, can't help but believe >that he could make the call and take the heat. All "COs"-which the CAG >technically is-can make a decision and take the heat. > > >When anyone in the military references the "Beltway" or mentions "Beltway >Bandits" they are referring to Washington D.C. and the beltway formed by >I-95 and I-495--the major interstate highways that run around the city. >"Beltway Bandits" are defense contractors who are located just off the >interstate. They are infamous for going over the program managers head >(folks like me who manage their work) and going straight to the congressman >who is most influential in a defense program. > Re: Beltway bandit, Kip explains: >A beltway bandit is usually ex-military or ex-goverment members who return >to the private sector to provide consulting or research services either >by the hour or by the project. Many have offices off the beltway which >encircles D.C. and Pat Murray <[email protected]> adds: >A "Beltway Bandit" is a somewhat derogatory term for the many defense >contractors angling for position to cash in on lucrative contracts. \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ PART 6 - EPILOG \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ Closing this FAQ is a very good letter written by Martin Barratt <[email protected]> on 24 Apr 97 which I (and I suppose every JAG fan) can only agree with: Subject: (JAG) Thank You to Cast and Crew > >On April 23, 97 KIP35 posted that CBS will not announce whether "JAG" >will be renewed until mid-May. As "Rendezvous" was the season finale let >me be one of the first to say "Thank You" for a terrific season and for >four months of great television. I look forward to seeing new episodes in >September and I am sure that the show will be back. However I wanted to post >this message before we are singing "Hallelujah" over renewal or complaining >about shortsighted network executives. > >No matter what happens in the future I want to congratulate the cast and >crew of JAG for producing a quality show which became must see viewing (at >least for me) on Friday nights. > >To DSBPost and KIP35 thank you for your participation on this list and for >taking the time to answer questions about "JAG". It certainly increased my >enjoyment of the show. Please pass on my congrats to everyone involved in >the production including David Elliott, Catherine Bell, Patrick Labyorteaux >and John M. Jackson. > Additionally, I'd like to thank all the posters to the JAG mailinglist, mentioned or not in this FAQ, without whose this document certainly wouldn't exist. Also I'd want to thank all people who sent me those encouraging mails about all of my guides, of course including JAG. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: This document may be freely copied and distributed for personal use only as long as it is distributed in its entirety and no changes of ANY KIND are made. Any sale of this document is expressly forbidden. Generally, the concessions, regulations and restrictions mentioned on the page 'copyright_eng.html' at below named homepage are to be applied. = = = = = This FAQ is part of the "Episodelists & -Guides by LS" Copyright (c) 1997-2000 Stephan Lerchegger. All Rights Reserved. = = = = = If you have any Comments, Suggestions, Questions, Notes etc. please contact me at <[email protected]>. All my Lists & Guides can be found at http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/pulpfiction/99/. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
| i don't know |
You got big dreams? You want fame? Well, fame costs. And right here is where you start paying–in sweat.” | Fame Quote Season 1: Fame Costs - YouTube
Fame Quote Season 1: Fame Costs
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Uploaded on Oct 21, 2006
Fame Quote Season 1: "Fame Costs"
Category
| Fame |
What you are about to witness is real. The participants are not actors. They are the actual people who have already either filed suit or been served a summons to appear in a California municipal court. Both parties in the suit have agreed to dismiss their court cases and have their disputes settled here, in our forum: The People's Court. | The Hot Chocolate Nutcracker
The Hot Chocolate Nutcracker
when: Dec 16, 2016 - Dec 17, 2016 at Various times
where: Downtown, Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, 135 N Grand Ave., Los Angeles, Ca
cost: $34-$125
add to calendar: Google iCal/Outlook
add to my play list Save all your favorite RT finds right here. How cool is that?
the scoop:
Debbie Allen (who to our generation will forever be Lydia Grant: “You got big dreams? You want fame? Well fame costs. And right here is where you start paying – in sweat!”) has re-imagined the classic Nutcracker ballet by giving it a new context, fresh lively characters, new music and spectacular dancing.
Here’s the story: It’s Christmas Eve and the Johnson family, friends and neighbors are having a grand party. The Christmas gifts are shared and young Kara receives a Nutcracker filled with hot chocolate – her favorite. She falls asleep and the journey begins when the Nutcracker comes alive! She follows him to many lands of wonder: Candy Cane Lane, Egypt, the Rainforest, Jazzland, Russia and the Land of the Kimono Dolls, China. The entire story is narrated by three wisecracking mice: Harvey, Schmink and Buckey. You won’t want to miss this!
more info:
when: Jun 20, 2015 - Jun 20 at 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
where: Miracle Mile, La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, 5801 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, Ca
cost: $8-$16
ages: All Ages
the scoop:
Journey to a world lost in time, buried in ice, and ruled by giants. In… read more
when: Jan 19 at Various times
where: Pantages Theatre, 6233 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, Ca
cost: $35-$150
ages: 6 & up
the scoop:
A Rodgers & Hammerstein’s classic, The King and I boasts a score which features such… read more
when: Jan 19 at Various times
where: Downtown, Staples Center, 1111 S Figuroa St., Los Angeles, Ca
cost: $25 & up
ages: All Ages
the scoop:
If you’ve got a little sports fan, it’s time to catch a Clippers game! With… read more
when: every Thursday at 11:30 a.m. to 12:05 p.m.
where: Westside, Books & Cookies, 2309 Main St., Santa Monica, Ca
cost: $12
ages: 18 months & up
the scoop:
Jump, wiggle, dance, tumble, play! Get those little bodies moving with this fun-filled, action packed… read more
when: every Thursday at Multiple showtimes
where: Natural History Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Exposition Park, Ca
cost: $5-$12
ages: 4 & up
the scoop:
Watch dinosaurs come to life! The realistic T. rex and Triceratops large-scale puppets capture the… read more
when: every Thursday at 3 p.m. to 4 p.m.
where: Zimmer Museum, 6505 Wilshire Blvd., Mid-City, Ca
cost: $7.50
ages: 2-6
the scoop:
What can you make that can fly? Creations take flight in the wind tunnel at… read more
where: Westside, Skirball Cultural Center, 2701 N Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, Ca
cost: Free
ages: 1-10
the scoop:
The Skirball is completely free for all visitors every Thursday! What’s the catch? No catch,… read more
when: Jan 19 at Various times
where: Orange County, Segerstrom Center, 600 Town Center Dr., Costa Mesa, Ca
cost: $39-$139
ages: 5 & up
the scoop:
It’s the musical of the year, the show based on the beloved novel by Roald… read more
when: Jan 19 at 10 a.m. & noon
where: Fred Kavli Theatre, 2100 E. Thousand Oaks Blvd., Thousand Oaks, Ca
cost: $15 ($10 for groups)
ages: 4 & up
the scoop:
They fly through the air with the greatest of ease… Acrobats, jugglers and contortionists seemingly… read more
when: every Thursday at 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
where: Westside, Santa Monica Pier Aquarium, 1600 Ocean Front Walk, Santa Monica, Ca
cost: $5/adult, kids free
ages: All Ages
the scoop:
Discover fascinating, minuscule animals with the help of the high-powered microscopes at the Santa Monica… read more
when: every Friday at 10 a.m. to noon
where: Madrona Marsh, 3201 Plaza Del Amo, Torrance, Ca
cost: Free, $5 donation requested
ages: 3-6
the scoop:
This Friday of fun at Madrona Marsh Preserve and Nature Center includes story time, science,… read more
when: Jun 20, 2015 - Jun 20 at 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
where: Miracle Mile, La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, 5801 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, Ca
cost: $8-$16
ages: All Ages
the scoop:
Journey to a world lost in time, buried in ice, and ruled by giants. In… read more
when: Jan 20 at 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
where: South Bay, Hermosa Beach Community Center, 710 Pier Ave., Hermosa Beach, Ca
cost: Free
ages: 0 - 13
the scoop:
9 out of 10 children aren’t properly protected because their car seats aren’t installed correctly,… read more
when: Jan 19 at Various times
where: Pantages Theatre, 6233 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, Ca
cost: $35-$150
ages: 6 & up
the scoop:
A Rodgers & Hammerstein’s classic, The King and I boasts a score which features such… read more
when: Jan 20 at 3:30 p.m. to 5 p.m.
where: ESMoA, 208 Main St., El Segundo, Ca
cost: Free
ages: 8 & up
the scoop:
Every week, Tinkertopia starts with short drawing exercises and will then explores different challenges. This… read more
when: Dec 15, 2016 - Feb 5 at Various times
where: El Capitan Theatre, 6838 Hollywood Blvd., Los Angeles, Ca
cost: $15-$28
ages: Rated PG-13
the scoop:
From Lucasfilm comes the first of the Star Wars standalone films, Rogue One: A Star… read more
when: every Friday at 6 p.m. to 7:30 p.m.
where: Giggles N Hugs, 6600 Topanga Canyon Blvd, Canoga Park, Ca
cost: $6-$12
ages: 1-8
the scoop:
It’s time for a DJ Dance Party. Play and stay for dinner too – it’s… read more
where: Long Beach, Aquarium of the Pacific, 100 Aquarium Way, Long Beach
cost: Free
ages: All Ages
the scoop:
Get up close with the ocean’s ultimate predators at the Aquarium of the Pacific for… read more
when: Jan 20 at Hours Vary
where: Royce's Arcade, 21819 Plummer St., Chatsworth
cost: $3
ages: All Ages
the scoop:
The Arcade Warehouse is a discount arcade shop that opens its doors to the public… read more
when: Jan 19 at Various times
where: Orange County, Segerstrom Center, 600 Town Center Dr., Costa Mesa, Ca
cost: $39-$139
ages: 5 & up
the scoop:
It’s the musical of the year, the show based on the beloved novel by Roald… read more
| i don't know |
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 was awarded to Ernest Hemingway for "his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in what novella, featuring as a main character a tired gentleman named Santiago, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style". | July-September 2015: Nobel Laureates Writing in a Language Other Than English | Reading Globally | LibraryThing
July-September 2015: Nobel Laureates Writing in a Language Other Than English
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1 arubabookwoman
Edited: Jun 29, 2015, 7:16pm
Well, Here we begin the journey of the Nobel laureates. In the entries below are the results of my research. I've not yet completed the 2000's, but am opening the thread for comments anyway. I hope to complete information for the laureates I have not yet written about over the next couple of days, but hopefully, these are the writers who are already more familiar to you.
Just for general information, most of my research consisted of Wikipedia, the Nobel Web site, and The New Guide to Modern World Literature by Martin Seymour Smith . All references to "Seymour-Smith" are to this work.
Before I began my research I had this idea that the Nobel Prize for Literature was the "Prize of Prizes"--that no prize could be more prestigious for a writer. I even had this idea that I wanted to read at least one work by each literature laureate. I've learned that it is true that the award is prestigious, perhaps the most prestigious literary award, but I have come to the conclusion that the prestige of the award does not mean that each laureate is still worth reading, or even that at the time the award was made the recipient was the most deserving, as I discovered many instances in which in all likelihood the award was given for reasons extraneous to literary merit.
So, as you read the laureates, I'm curious about what you think. Do you think the author deserved the prestigious award? If you read one of the earlier works, do you think the work has stood the test of time, and deserves to continue to be read? If you read a contemporaneous work, do you think the work will stand up? Do you think there was a more deserving candidate that year?
Despite these caveats, I will say I discovered dozens of works that appeal and attract, and I can't wait to read. I hope the same is true for you. Enjoy!
2 arubabookwoman
Edited: Jun 23, 2015, 9:32pm
Since it was instituted in 1901, 107 Nobel prizes in literature have been awarded. (The prize was not awarded in 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, and 1943.) The Nobel prize in literature was shared between two individuals on four occasions, 1904, 1917, 1966, and 1974, and thus during the period 1901-2014, 111 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Of these, shamefully, only 13 have been female.
Although it is technically possible, no one has been awarded the Nobel for literature more than once.
The average age of all Literature Laureates is 65. The youngest Literature Laureate was Kipling, who was 42, and the oldest was Doris Lessing, who was 88.
Two people have declined the Nobel prize for literature: Boris Pasternak in 1958, who accepted first but was later caused by the USSR to decline, and Jean Paul Sartre in 1964, because he consistently declined all official honors.
The Nobel Prize for literature has been awarded posthumously only once, in 1931 to Erik Axel Karfeldt. After 1974 the rules stipulate that the prize cannot be awarded posthumously, unless death occurred after the prize was announced.
For a long time the award was criticized as "Euro-centric". In 1984, the Swedish Academy declared that attention to non-European writers was increasing and that attempts were being made "to achieve a global distributuion."
Literature Nobel Laureates to date have written in the following languages:
English 27
Eucken (1908); Bergson (1927); Russell (1950)
Poetry
Sully-Prudhomme (1901); Bjornson (1903); Carducci (1906); Heyse (1910); Tagore (1913); von Heidenstam (1916); Gjellerup (1917); Spitteler (1919); Yeats (1923); Karlfeldt (1931); Mistral (1945); Eliot (1948); Lagerkvist (1951);Jimenez (1956); Pasternak (1958); Quasimodo (1959); Perse (1960); Seferis (1963); Sachs (1966); Neruda (1971); Martinson (1974); Montale (1975); Aleixandre (1977); Elytis (1979); Milosz (1980); Seifert (1984); Soyinka (1986); Brodsky (1987); Paz (1990); Walcott (1992); Heaney (1995); Szymborska (1996); Transtromer (2011)
Prose
Bjornson (1903); Sienkiewicz (1905); Kipling (1907); Lagerlof (1909); Heyse (1910); Maeterlinck (1911); Hauptmann (1912); Rolland (1915); von Heidenstam (1916); Gjellerup (1917); Pontoppidan (1917); Hamsun (1920); France (1921); Reymont (1924); Deledda (1926); Undset (1928); Mann (1929); Lewis (1930); Galsworthy (1932); Bunin (1933); Pirandello (1934); du Gard (1937); Buck (1938); Sillanpaa (1939); Jensen (1944); Hesse (1946); Gide (1947); Faulkner (1949); Lagerkvist (1951); Mauriac (1952); Hemingway (1954); Laxness (1955); Jimenez (1956); Camus (1957); Pasternak (1958); Andric (1961); Steinbeck (1962); Sartre (1964)' Sholokhov (1965); Agnon (1966); Asturias (1967); Kawabata (1968); Beckett (1969); Solzhenitsyn (1970); Boll (1972); White (1973); Johnson (1974); Martinson (1974); Bellow (1976); Singer (1978); Milosz (1980); Canetti (1981); Marquez (1982); Golding (1983); Simon (1985); Soyinka (1986); Mahfouz (1988); Cela (1989); Paz (1990); Gordimer (1991); Morrison (1993); Oe (1994); Saramago (1998); Grass (1999); Xingjian (2000); Naipul (2001); Kertesz (2002); Coetzee (2003); Jelinek (2004); Pamuk (2006); Lessing (2007); Le Clezio (2008); Muller (2009); Vargas Llosa (2010); Yan (2012); Munro (2013); Modiano (2014)
While the prize is for a writer's life work, nine Laureates were singled out for a specific work: Sholokhov--And Quiet Flows the Don; Hemingway--The Old Man and the Sea:; Du Gard--The Thibaults; Galsworthy--The Forsyte Saga; Mann--Buddenbrooks; Reymont--The Peasants; Hamsun--Growth of the Soil; Spitteler--Olympian Spring; Mommsen--A History of Rome.
The Nominations and the opinions written by the committee are kept secret for 50 years. There is a nomination data base on the web site which includes information through 1963. This data base includes information such as the fact that Tagore, Lewis, Pirandello, Buck, and Faulkner were awarded their prizes after being nominated in one year only. In addition, several previous winners have nominated later winners. For example, Thomas Mann nominated Herman Hesse, Sinclair Lewis nominated Carl Sandburg and H.G. Wells, and Pearl Buck nominated Lin Yutang.
As of June 11, 2015, the Nobel Prize web site lists the following as the ten most popular literature Laureates (it does not state the criteria on which the determination of popularity was made):
1. Patrick Modiano
Edited: Jun 23, 2015, 9:42pm
1901-1910
1901 RENE F.A. SULLY-PRUDHOMME (1839-1907)
France
Male
Poetry, Philosophy
Awarded for his "lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"
Sully-Prudhomme was a "Parnassian" poet. The Parnassus School of poetry was a reaction to Romanticism, and tended toward art for art's sake. Parnassian poetry was also influenced by the development of archeaological studies and Buddhism (interpreted as a pessimistic religion of acceptance). The ideal Parnassian poem was "emotionally restrained, descriptive, often pictorial: in a word it set out to achieve....impassiveness." The main Parnassian poet is Baudelaire.
Sully-Prudhomme originally studied to be an engineer. He attempted to transform his extensive knowledge of science and philosopy into poetry, but ended up devoting himself to prose. His most well-known poem is "Le Vase Brise'" ("The Shattered Vase"). According to Seymour-Smith, his lyrical gift was "slight."
********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Male
History
Awarded for being "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work "A History of Rome."
Mommsen is chiefly known for his History of Rome (1885), and the academy specifically referenced this work in making the award to him. This work covers Roman history up to the end of the Roman republic, and is one of the great classics of historical works. The presentation speech states that:
"...it is difficult to decide whether one should give higher praise and have more admiration for his vast knowledge and the organizing powers of his mind or for his intuitive imagination and his ability to turn carefully investigated facts into a living picture. His intuition and his creative power bridge the gap between the historian and the poet."
Fellow Nobel Laureate George Bernard Shaw cited Mommsen as one of the inspirations for his play "Caesar and Cleopatra".
Mommsen's works on Roman law and the law of obligations had a significant effect on the German Civil Code.
FACTOID: Until 2007 when Doris Lessing won, Mommsen was the oldest person to receive the prize.
********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Male
Poetry, Drama, Fiction
Awarded "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit."
As a writer, Bjornson was overshadowed by Ibsen . A lyric poet, he wrote Norway's national anthem. According to Seymour-Smith, his novels are didactic and ponderous; however, he wrote some charming short fiction, and his tales of peasant life are likely to continue to be read. His play, "A Gauntlet" attacks the blindness and hypocrisy of authority.
Bjornson was a staunch supporter of Alfred Dreyfus. He was also one of the original members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee which awards the Nobel Peace Prize and on which he served from 1901 to 1906.
FACTOID: The presentation speech said of Bjornson's schooling: "He did not do brilliantly, but the development of a great poet is not always measured by such standards."
********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
1904 FREDERIC MISTRAL (1830-1914) and JOSE ECHEGARAY (1832-1910)
MISTRAL
Male
Poetry, Lexicography of Occitan (Provencal) language.
Awarded for "the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and the native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provencal philologist."
Mistral wanted an autonomous Provence, and he and his work represent Provence as no other. His poems were written in Provencal, and translated by him into French. He wrote lyrical poetry and three long successful epic poems, including "Mireille" (1859), the basis for an opera by Gounod. His huge dictionary of Provencal (Tresor du Felibrige) has been called "a classic of erudition and knowledge of Provencal customs and history".
He devoted his half share of the prize to the creation of the Museum at Arles, considered to be the most important collection of Provencal folk art.
ECHEGARAY
Male
Playwright
Awarded for "the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama."
Echegaray 's most famous play is "El Gran Galeoto", a melodrama. It was filmed as a silent movie under the title "The World and His Wife".
********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Novelist
Awarded for his "outstanding merits as an epic writer."
Sienkiewicz was one of the most popular Polish writers of the turn of the 20th century, and many of his novels are still in print. His most well-known book is Quo Vadis (1896), which has been translated into more than 30 languages. It is the story of early Christianity set in Nero's Rome. Possibly his best novel is Dogma (1891) in which he examines the division between Christian and pagan with more honesty than in Quo Vadis .
20th century Polish novelist and dramatist Witold Gombrowicz has described Sienkiewicz as a "first-rate second-rate writer." Seymour-Smith evaluates Sienkiewicz as good with a vast historical canvas, but displaying little interest in character. It is perhaps telling many of those nominating Sienkiewicz were "eminent historians."
FACTOID: He completed university, but failed to receive his diploma because he did not pass the exam in Greek language.
********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Male
Poet
Awarded "as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces."
Carducci is considered modern Italy's national poet. He was proudly anti-Christian and anticlerical, and opposed to romanticism. His poetry often had a civic national function. He retired as a professor of Italian literature at the University of Bologna in 1904. Best known work is "Barbarian Odes". (1877-1879).
********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
1907 RUDYARD KIPLING (Wrote in English)
********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
1908 RUDOLPH C. EUCKEN (1846-1926)
Germany
Male
Philosophy
Awarded "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life."
Eucken was considered one of the most prominent thinkers of his time.
********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Female
Fiction
Awarded "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings."
Lagerlof was the first female winner of the prize. She will be remembered for her first novel, The Story of Gosta Berling (1891), which is really a series of short stories about the womanizing Gosta. She is also known for The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1906-7), a geographical portrait of Sweden as seen from the back of a goose, and The Soul Shall Bear Witness (1912), a novel of the supernatural. Her novel Jerusalem (1901) is the basis for the 1996 movie of the same name. She is considered one of the last great epic writers, writing inventive tales of great complexity from raw folk material.
FACTOID: At the start of WW II she sent her Nobel Prize medal to the government of Finland to help raise money to fight the Soviet Union. The Finnish government raised the money by other means and returned the prize to her.
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1910 PAUL J. L. VON HEYSE (1830-1914)
Germany
Male
Poetry. Drama, Fiction
Awarded "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world reknowned short stories."
Heyse wrote novellas, novels, lyrical poetry, and more than 50 plays. One of the Nobel judges stated that Germany had not had as great a literary genius since Goethe. He was the first Jewish Nobel laureate.
FACTOID: His father was Felix Mendelssohn's tutor (and his mother was the cousin of the mother of Felix Mendelssohn).
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Edited: Jun 23, 2015, 9:50pm
1911-1920
Male
Drama, Poetry, Prose
Awarded "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations."
Maeterlinck began his literary career as a poet. Much of his early poetry was in free-verse, and was influenced by Walt Whitman. Maeterlinck's poetry, in turn, influenced Yeats, Rilke, Eugene O'Neill and others. His later work includes the dramas "Pelleas et Mellisande"", adapted into an opera by Debussey, "L'Oiseaubleu" (described by Seymour-Smith as "an optimistic and charming crib of Barrie's "Peter Pan,") and "The Sightless", in which the guide for a group of blind people suddenly drops dead, and they are left to grope in terror until they meet a stranger (death?). (I wonder if Saramago was familiar with this work when he wrote Blindness ?) Maeterlinck's novel, Diary of a Chambermaid, was translated into English in 1966. He is considered an important part of the Symbolist movement.
FACTOID: Although he was Flemish, Maeterlinck wrote in French.
FACTOID: Maeterlinck had been proposed and considered for the prize several times before.
(An aside: according to wikipedia, Maeterlinck, suffering from depression, rented or bought the Benedictine Abbey of Saint Wandrille in Normandy as a place to stay to help him relax. By so doing, he rescued the Abbey from the desecration of being sold and used as a chemical factory. We visited the Abbey in November 2014, and I'm glad it was saved!)
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Male
Drama, Novels
Awarded "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art."
Hauptmann originally studied to be a sculptor. He took the German-speaking world by storm with his first play "Before Dawn", which began the naturalistic movement in modern German literature. He is also remembered for another important drama," The Weavers", and a lively comedy, "The Beaver Coat". He is also known for his novels The Fool in Christ: Emmanuel Quint (1910), which shows a modern misunderstood Christ coming to grief, and The Heretic of Soana (1918), in which a priest is converted to neo-paganism. The presentation speech stated that Hauptmann's particular virtue was his penetrating and critical insight into the human soul.
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Male
Poetry, Fiction
Awarded "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West."
Tagore was the first non-European to win the prize. He wrote in Bengali, but translated some of his own works into English. His importance in Bengali literature stems from his use of colloquial language in his writings. He wrote poetry, fiction, plays and philosophical works. He also produced accomplished works of art and music. He is most famous for his book of verse, Gitanjali (widely praised by the likes of Yeats), and that is the work to which his Nobel prize is attributed. His best single work is his novel Gora , which considers the clash in all educated Indians between Westernization and "Indianess". His novel The Home and the World is also widely read.
FACTOID: It was Tagore who bestowed upon Ghandi the title Mahatma.
.
FACTOID: Tagore 's compositions were chosen by two nations for their national anthems: India (Jana Gana Mana) and Bangladesh (Amar Shonar Bangla).
FACTOID: In March 2004, Tagore 's Nobel Prize was stolen from the vault at Visva-Bharati University along with several other of Tagore's possessions. In December 2004, the Academy decided to present replica prizes to the university.
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Male
Drama, Fiction, Biography
Awarded "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings."
Rolland , a pacifist in WW I and a supporter of Dreyfus, has been said to be perhaps more important as an idealist than as a writer. He was a musicologist, and was named the first chair of music history at the Sorbonne in 1903. He wrote biographies of Beethoven and Ghandi, among others. As a playwright he wrote "The Wolves" which was about the Drefus affair, and he wrote a cycle of 10 revolutionary dramas entitled "The Triumph of Reason." His long (10 volume!) novel Jean-Christophe is about a musician, and was singled out by the academy in awarding the prize to Rolland . In 1921, his close friend Stefan Zweig published a biography of Rolland
.
FACTOID: Hermann Hesse , a future Nobelist, dedicated Siddhartha to "my dear friend" Romain Rolland.
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1916 VERNER VON HEIDENSTAM (1859-1940)
Sweden
Male
Drama, Poetry, Fiction
Awarded "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature."
von Heidenstam received his first literary recognition for his poetry when he published a collection which marked an abandonment of naturalism that dominated Swedish literature at that time. With his friend and fellow Swede he wrote the play" "Pepita's Marriage", which satirized naturalistic gloom. He also wrote short stories and historical fiction, such as The Tree of the Folkungs , the epic story of a clan of medieval Swedish chieftains. He is considered a minor writer.
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1917 KARL GJELLERUP (1857-1919) and HENRIK PONTOPPIDAN (1857-1943)
GJELLERUP
Poetry, Fiction
Awarded "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals."
Gjellerup began writing naturalistic fiction, but later became a new romanticist. His wife was German, and he moved to Germany, and was considered by many Danes as a German rather than a Danish writer. His most important early novel is The Learner of German. In his later years he was influenced by Buddhism, and his novel The Pilgrim Kamanita , which is his most widely translated work, features an individual's journey from earthly pursuits towards nirvana. He also wrote a drama, "The Wife of the Perfect", inspired by the life of Buddha. Today, he is almost forgotten in Denmark, and it is said that his Nobel Prize came as a shock to everyone, including the Danes.
PONTOPPIDAN
Fiction
Awarded "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark."
Pontoppidan is regarded by many as Denmark's greatest novelist. He wrote realistic fiction, frequently describing the lives of peasants and country workers. He later portrayed psychological and naturalistic problems in socially engaged fiction. He attempted to live a Tolstoian life. His three main novels are considered "description of society" novels in the tradition of Zola and Balzac . These are The Promised Land (1896), Lucky Per (1898) and The Realm of the Dead (1916). Pontoppidan 's last novel is Man's Heaven (1927), the story of a power-seeking man and the corruption of almost everyone during World War I. Today Pontoppidan remains one of the most discussed Danish novelists, but unfortunately he is not widely translated into English.
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1919 CARL F.G. SPITTELER (1845-1924)
Switzerland
Poetry
Awarded "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring."
According to the Nobel web site, Spitteler actually received the prize one year later, in 1920. During the 1919 selection process, the committee decided that none of the year's nominations met the criteria. According to the Nobel Foundation's statutes, the prize can in such a case be reserved until the following year, and it was under this statute that Spitteler received the prize for 1919 in 1920.
"Olympic Spring" is an allegorical epic poem mixing religious and mythological themes. The presentation speech describes it as "a verse epic of 600 pages about the gods of Olympus. Notably, the speech also pointed out that Spitteler had "intentionally chosen a subject and an approach which were bound to bewilder and indeed even repel many readers...."
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Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Essays
Awarded "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil."
Hamsun is an important influential and innovative literary stylist. His work spans 70 years and he wrote more than 20 novels. He influenced writers such as Thomas Mann , Franz Kafka , Stefan Zweig , Herman Hesse , and Maxim Gorky . He pioneered techniques such as stream of consciousness. Isaac Bashevis Singer called him, "the father of the modern school of literature in his every aspect--his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his use of flashbacks, his lyricism. The whole modern school of fiction in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun."
However, he remains a controversial figure, as during World War II Hamsun supported the German war effort. He met with high Nazi officials, including Hitler and Goebbels, and is reported to have sent Goebbels his Nobel Prize medal as a gift. After the war he was detained by the police for commission of acts of treason, but criminal treason charges were dropped due to his advanced age and "permanently impaired mental faculties." However, he was fined in a civil liability case.
He first received literary recognition for his novel Hunger (1890), which describes a young man's descent into madness caused by hunger and poverty. In Growth of the Soil , the work for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize, there is a strong connection between his characters and their natural environment. Many consider his novel Mysteries (1892) to be his best work, and Martin Seymour-Smith says that Mysteries carries within it "the seeds of most of the experiments in fiction that have been made since."
FACTOID: Actor Max von Snydow played Hamsun in a movie based on the book The Hamsun Trial (1978) by Thorkild Hansen , about Hamsun's civil treason.
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Edited: Jun 19, 2015, 8:04pm
1921-1930
Male
Fiction, Poetry
Awarded "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament."
The son of a bookseller and a bibliophile himself, France first achieved recognition with his novel The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard (1881). He took an important part in the Dreyfus Affair, and signed Zola 's Manifesto is support of Dreyfus. He wrote about the Dreyfus Affair in his novel Monsieur Bergeret (1901). His later works include the satirical Penguin Island (1908) and a work of historical fiction set during the French Revolution, The Gods Will Have Blood (1912). Another work of historical fiction, the novel Thais (1896), is set in the Alexandrine world when Christians were vying with the survivors of Hellenic civilization. The Revolt of the Angels (1914) is another of his novels still read today.
FACTOID: France 's entire works were put on the Prohibited Books Index of the Roman Catholic Church in 1922. He regarded this as a "distinction."
FACTOID: France is believed to be the model for the narrator's literary idol Bergotte in Proust 's In Search of Lost Time .
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1922 JACINTO BENAVENTE Y MARTINEZ (1866-1954)
Spain
Male
Drama
Awarded "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama."
According to Martin Seymour-Smith, Benavente "rescued Spanish theatre from ...crude and melodramatic sensationalist realism...." He wrote over 100 plays of all varieties--children's fantasies, character dramas, historical plays, social satire, and tragedies, among others. His most famous play is "The Passion Flower" on the theme of incest. He also translated Shakespeare into Spanish.
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1923 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS (Wrote in English)
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Fiction
Awarded "for his great national epic, The Peasants."
The Peasants (1902-1909), a four volume novel, presents a complete picture of country life in Poland in the "now" of the late 19th century over the course of four seasons. It is written in dialect, and presents an authentic feel for the customs and lives of the immense cast of characters it depicts. Seymour-Smith considers this novel to "outdo Zola", noting that The Peasants is more profound than Zola 's Earth. According to the presentation speech:
"Reymont acknowledged that the idea for his book was evoked by Zola's Earth---but not through admiration but through indignation and opposition. He found it conventionalized, distorted and coarsely characterized the class of society in which Reymont had grown up. Reymont knew this class of society from abundant experience from within and with full understanding."
Another "Zolaesque" novel is The Promised Land, perhaps Reymont 's best-known novel. It is set in the city of Lodz during the industrial revolution and depicts the struggle for survival of three main characters, a German, a Jew, and a Pole. The Promised Land has been translated into 15 languages and has been made into a movie twice.
FACTOID: In 1922 Reymont wrote a novella entitled Bunt, which describes a revolt of animals and which was a metaphor for the Bolshevik Revolution. It is not known whether George Orwell was aware of this work when he wrote Animal Farm more than 20 years later.
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1925 GEORGE BERNARD SHAW (Wrote in English)
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1926 GRAZIA DELEDDA (1871- 1936)
Italy
Female
Fiction
Awarded "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general."
The second woman to win the Nobel Prize for literature, Deledda was a native of Sardinia, and much of her work features the life, customs and traditions of the Sardinian people. As a writer, she is convincing in demonstrating how social customs and tradition both impel people to unwise actions and cut them down. Her first real success came with Elias Portolu (1903) about a convict who returns to Sardinia to have a tragic love affair with his brother's wife. Also notable are After the Divorce (1902) and Ashes (1904), which is described as "almost Faulknerian." The manuscript of her novel Cosima was discovered after her death and was published posthumously.
Deledda died of breast cancer at age 64. Her last novel was a semi-autobiographical account of a young woman coming to terms with her breast cancer.
FACTOID: Deledda had a beloved pet crow named Checcha.
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Fiction
Awarded "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages."
Undset was born in Denmark, but moved to Norway at an early age. The academy cited her depictions in her historical fiction in which, "honour retains all the rigour and all the weight that it had for the chevaliers and great landowners of the fourteenth century. The demands of honour are clearly stated, and the conflicts it creates are worked out regardless of their brutal consequences. Religious life is described with startling truth."
Her best known work is the trilogy Kristin Lavransdatter which portrays life in the Middle Ages. Seymour-Smith calls this a "middle-brow historical novel." She is also known for the 4 volume The Master of Hestviken .
FACTOID: A crater on the planet of Venus is named after her.
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature."
Buddenbrooks (1901) was Mann 's first novel, and brought him phenomenal success at the young age of 26. It tells the story of the decline of a great bourgeois merchant family (partially based on Mann's own family) over three generations. It has been described as both effective popular fiction and as "highbrow." It is the most realistic of his fiction (I've read it twice and loved it both times).
His novella Death in Venice is as highly regarded as his full-scale novels. Mann 's diaries, unsealed in 1975, relate his struggles with bisexuality, which were sometimes reflected in his work, notably Death in Venice .
In The Magic Mountain (1924), Hans Castorp, a young engineer goes to a Swiss sanatorium for a three week visit and ends up staying seven years, during which he is "educated" out of his obsession with death. Mann himself said that The Magic Mountain is "a queer, ironical, almost parodic" version of the Bildungsroman.
Joseph and His Brothers (1933-1943) is a Biblical tetralogy written while Mann was in exile during World War II. Doctor Faustus (1947) presents a portrait of a composer, and explores the price of creativity. In The Holy Sinner (1951) the protagonist is born in incest, marries his "sister" (who is his mother), and becomes Pope. Mann 's last book, The Confessions of Felix Krull, Confidence Man , is a picaresque novel, and is often considered his best novel since his first, Buddenbrooks .
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1930 SINCLAIR LEWIS Wrote in English
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Edited: Jun 23, 2015, 4:28pm
1931-1940
1931 ERIK A KARLFELDT (1864-1931)
Sweden
Poetry
Awarded for "the poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt."
The prize was awarded to Karlfeldt posthumously. It is rumored that he was offered the award in 1919 and declined it, so the Academy decided to grant the prize to him after his death. He wrote symbolist poetry, and his works include "Fridolin's Songs" (1898), "Fridolin's Garden" (1901), and "Arcadia Borealis".
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1932 JOHN GALSWORTHY (Wrote in English)
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing."
Gorky called Bunin the best Russian writer of the day, and he was the first Russian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. He is best known for his two short novels, The Village (1910) and Dry Valley (1912). The Village is a bleak portrayal of Russian villiage life full of brutality and harsh realities. It shattered the idealized dream of the virtuous peasant. Dry Valley concerns the fall of a great land-owning family. He is also known for his autobiographical novel The Life of Arsenyev (1929). Collections of short stories include The Gentleman From San Francisco (1916) and Dark Avenues (1946).
Bunin is considered to be the only 20th century Russian writer to whole-heartedly carry on pre-revolutionary Russian traditions. He lived in exile after the revolution, and was a Russian emigre in Paris at the time he received the prize. In Russia itself, Bunin 's receipt of the prize was considered to be "an imperialist intrigue."
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Drama, Fiction
Awarded for his "bold and brilliant renovation of the drama and the stage."
According to Seymour-Smith, Pirandello is as important to world drama as Ibsen or Strindberg . He led a cruelly unhappy life. His family lost all of its wealth in 1903, which event also drove his wife into an incurable paranoic madness. During this time he wrote his first novel, The Late Mattia Pascal , which contains some autobiographical elements. He continued to live with his wife and care for her until he was forced to institutionalize her 16 years later. He was a member of the Fascist party, and gave his Nobel medal to the government to be melted down.
The Late Mattia Pascal contains the germ of Pirandello 's later work, but he found that the dramatic form was necessary to express his basic themes. The dramas that are considered his masterpieces are Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921) (a play within a play); Each in His Own Way (1928) (a play outside the play); Tonight We Improvise (1930) (scripted improvisation); and Henry IV (1922), which deals with insanity and its relationship to reality. In the Nobel presentation speech, it was said that Pirandello had "the magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theatre."
He also wrote many short stories, most of which have been translated into English, and a total of 8 novels His last novel, One, None and a Hundred Thousand (1926) is his most controversial and fascinating. It is a study of the fragmentation of a personality dissolving into madness.
FACTOID: Pirandello was born in the village of Kaos (Chaos) on the island of Sicily
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1936 Eugene O'Neill (Wrote in English).
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1937 Roger Martin du Gard (1881-1958)
France
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault."
du Gard was one of the most private writers of the 20th century, and he lived most of his life in strict seclusion, although he was a close personal friend of Andre Gide . He trained as an archivist, and this comes through in the massive build-up of detail in his fiction.
The Thibaults , du Gard 's major work, and the work for which he received the award, is a multi-volume "roman fleuve" (a narrative method relatively little concerned with composition, which "advances like a river across vast countries reflecting everything in its way. The essence of such a novel, in large as well as in small matters, consists in the exactitude of this reflection rather than in the harmonious balance of its parts....") The novel follows the fortunes of brothers Antoine and Jacques Thibault through the end of World War I. Six volumes were published between 1922 and 1929. Later a final two installments, Summer, 1914 and Epilogue, which focus on the historical situation leading to the outbreak of war, were completed. Other novels are Jean Barois , set in the context of the Dreyfus Affair and Lieutenant Colonel de Maumort , unfinished at du Gard 's death and published posthumously. (As an aside, I have read most of Lieutenant Colonel de Maumort and can attest to the "massive build-up" of detail--in its attention to capturing the entirety of each moment, it reminded me of Proust , although the sentences were not as wandering.)
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1938 Pearl Buck (Wrote in English).
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1939 Frans E. Sillanpaa (1888-1964)
Finland
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature."
Sillanpaa was born into a peasant family and his fiction is all almost entirely set in and about the small region of Finnish peasants Sillanpaa grew up among. In his work, he attempted to completely represent the harsh realities of their lives, and his work is naturalistic with psychological interpretation and insight into the characters. His style is terse and simple, "in a language of rather limited literary background." He won international fame with his first novel, Meek Heritage (1918), written during the Finnish civil war fought between the nationalists and the communists. He is also known for his novel The Maid Silja (1931). His last important novel is People in the Summer Night (1934).
In the presentation speech in December 1939 ( Sillanpaa was not able to attend the ceremony), it was stated, "At the present moment even the name of your country is significant everywhere. As simple as you see them, your people find themselves a prey to fateful powers....In our thanks for what you have given, our thoughts go still further. They go, with all our admiration and the emotion which grips us, to your people and your nation." I was curious about the context of this statement, and so I did some research to learn that Sillanpaa received the award during the so-called "Winter War" between the Soviet Union and Finland. On November 30, 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Finland, resulting in the Soviet Union's expulsion from the League of Nations. Finland fought bravely, but in the Treaty of Moscow, concluded in March 1940, Finland ceded territory representing 11% of its land and 30% of its economy to the Soviet Union. As I've researched the Nobelists, I couldn't help but wonder whether the award for 1939 was a political act by the academy. If so, it would not be the only time that the award was politically motivated.
FACTOID: An asteroid discovered in 1938 is named after Sillanpaa .
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Edited: Jun 23, 2015, 5:58pm
1941-1950
1941, 1942, 1943 No prize was awarded.
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1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873-1950)
Denmark
Male
Fiction, Poetry
Awarded "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style."
Johannes Jensen is considered the father of Danish modernism, and in 1999 his novel The Fall of the King (1901), a work of historical fiction about King Christian II, was called the best Danish novel of the 20th century. He was born in Himmerland, and his father was a veterinarian. Seymour-Smith calls his first book, People of the Himmerland (1898), "among the best of all modern regional literature." He has a vast body of work, and wrote in many genres, which included, according to the academy presentation speech, "epic and lyric, imaginative and realistic, essays, philosophy and scientific...." He was also a stylistic innovator and a student of biological and philosophical evolution.
Jensen invented a new form he called the "myth", a short piece, often without a plot, concentrating on essences. These are collected in 9 volumes in The Myths (1907-1944). He also wrote a cycle of six novels entitled The Long Journey (1908-1922), which follows man's development from a soulless herd-life where men worship a fire god, to a state of primitive civilization up through the time of the explorations of Christopher Columbus. This work incorporates a number of Jensen's "myths." The Long Journey has been called a "Darwinian alternative to the Biblical Genesis myth".
Jensen's poetry is also highly regarded. He had traveled America, and his poetry was influenced by Walt Whitman. One of his most famous poems, At Memphis Station, begins:
Half-awake and half dozing,
In an inward seawind of dadaid dreams
I stand and gnash my teeth
At Memphis Station, Tennessee.
It is raining.
Presumably because of the war, a ceremony was not held in Stockholm in 1944. Rather, there was an award luncheon in New York at which Jensen was not present. The medal was actually presented the next year, 1945, in Stockholm.
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Female
Poetry
Awarded "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world."
Mistral is the first Latin American to win the prize, and also the first female poet to win. She was raised in small Andean village and attended a school taught by her older sister. Her formal education ended when she was 12 years old. Nevertheless, she was able to obtain a teaching position and rose to progressively more prestigious posts, partially because of her publication of poetry in various national magazines and newspapers. Ultimately she was appointed director of Santiago's most prestigious girl's school, and later went to Mexico to work with its Minister of Education on educational reforms. She also traveled widely in the U.S. and Europe, and lived many years in France.
She was born Lucila Godoy Alcayaya, and reportedly chose the pen name Gabriela Mistral from her two favorite poets, Gabriele D'Annunzio and Frederic Mistral. Her first important literary recognition came in 1914 when she won a national prize for her work "Sonnets of Death," which was dedicated to a man she loved who had committed suicide. She never married or had children, although she is known for her love of children. She adopted a nephew, and he tragically also committed suicide.
Her other works include "Desolation" (1922); "Tenderness" (1924) (simple songs for children); "Tala" (1938) (for the infant victims of the Spanish Civil War); and "Wine Press" (1954). Seymour-Smith says she wrote, "candid--but not really erotic--poetry of love," and that she wrote "with as deep an insight into children as any poet of her generation...." Further, he states,
"If the Nobel Prize were a reliable measure of creative merit, then possibly the poetry of Gabriela Mistral would not be quite up to the
mark....but she was a suitable recipient because of her personality; sorrowful, humane, radiant, remarkably genuine--and with a much
more than merely competent poetic output."
FACTOID: Pablo Neruda was at one time one of her students.
FACTOID: Her portrait is on the 5000 Chilean bank note.
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Male
Fiction, Poetry
Awarded "for his inspired writings, which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style."
In his time, Hesse was popular and well-known in the German-speaking world. However, by the time of his death he was little read, despite his Nobel prize winner status. This changed in the 1960's, though, as the themes of his work--the quest for enlightenment--resonated with the counter-culture, the "hippies." In the space of just a few years, Hesse became one of the most widely read and translated authors of the 20th century. He was especially popular with younger readers, a trend that continues even today.
Hesse was born in Germany, but later moved to Switzerland and became a Swiss citizen in 1923. His mother was born in India, and his uncle was a prominent scholar of India, which may have influenced some of his work. His early work includes the novel Peter Camenzind (1904), about a Swiss peasant who becomes a famous writer, but renounces the decadent life of the city to return to his native countryside. Although he achieved success as a writer, Hesse was unhappy, and this prompted him to visit India in 1911. On his return, he underwent Jungian analysis, and this resulted in his first major novel, Demian (1919). Demian concerns the protagonist, Emil Sinclair's, exploration of a "dark" world in defiance of his bourgeois parents. There are elements akin to magical realism, and Seymour-Smith deems the novel fascinating and readable.
Hesse 's next novel, Siddhartha (1922), drew on his Indian experiences, and tells the tale of a Brahmin whose quest for enlightenment, first as an ascetic, then as a sensualist, does not bear fruit until he becomes the assistant of a ferryman who plies between the two worlds of the spirit and of the flesh. Next came Steppenwolf (1927), which draws on the fairy tales of E.T.A. Hoffman . The protagonist, Haller, who has devoted himself to pure spirit, enters into "the Magic Theatre" and becomes entranced by the world of the flesh. Other works include Narcissus and Goldmund (1930), Journey to the East (1932), and The Glass Bead Game (1943).
FACTOID: T.S. Eliot was a fan of Hesse , and quoted him in the notes to The Wasteland .
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Male
Prose
Awarded "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writing, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight."
Gide was born in Paris to strict Calvinist parents. He wrote fiction, essays, criticism, travel and political books. Many critics claim his best work is his Journals (1889-1939). Gide had a strong tendency to homosexuality, although he married his cousin. She is portrayed in his semi-autobiographical novel, Strait Is the Gate (1909).
Gide's other major works include Fruits of the Earth (1897), which is described as the pagan expression of his reaction to his strict upringing. In The Immoralist (1902) a depraved hero takes his wife to Africa, contracts and recovers from TB, and surrenders to his appetites, including his attraction to young Arab boys. The Vatican Cellars (1914) concerns the theme of "the gratuitous act" by which a man may become free. In this case, the hero commits an act of disinterested murder. In The Counterfeiters (1926), perhaps his most highly regarded work of fiction, a group of young men surround a novelist who is writing a book of the same name.
Seymour-Smith opines that, "there is a full understanding of passion in {Gide's} fiction; but it is not conveyed in the texture of his writing---it is observed."
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1948 T.S. Eliot (Wrote in English).
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1949 William Faulkner (Wrote in English).
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1950 Bertrand Russell (Wrote in English
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Edited: Jun 24, 2015, 2:11pm
1951-1960
Male
Poetry
Awarded "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind."
Lagerkvist is well-known in Sweden for his lyrical poetry. In translation, he is better known for his novels. These include The Dwarf (1944), about a hideous creature drawn against a colorful Renaissance background; Barabbas (1950), a tragic work about the thief who was to have been crucified, but whose place was taken by Christ; The Hangman, a medieval allegory of contemporary (Nazi) evil. Seymour-Smith does not think much of Lagerkvist --his "high philosophical intentions are more impressive...than his creative solutions of them,"---and concludes that the judgment that he is the foremost Swedish writer of the 20th century is "clearly wrong."
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life."
Mauriac was born in Bordeaux and had a sheltered upbringing with a strong maternal influence. Most of his work is set in the area in which he grew up. He remained a life-long Catholic, and his themes frequently include the "meaningless misery of existence without God." However, his is not a rigid dogma, but a self-questioning, merciful and liberal mindset. His first major novel was The Family (1923), which was a study of murderously intense maternal possessiveness and the loneliness of a weak man. Other works include Therese Desqueyroux (1927), in which a young married woman is tempted by boredom into sin (poisoning her husband). In Desert of Love (1925) an estranged father and son are doomed never to find fulfillment in love. The Viper's Tangle (1932) is the story of a millionaire who spitefully intends to disinherit his wife and family, and expresses his hatred of them in a long letter to be read on his death. A Woman of the Pharisees (1941) is the study of a "sour and evil" monster. In the presentation speech, the academy states that Mauriac plunges us into the midst of man's weaknesses and vices; Mauriac himself viewed his work as expressing that "Each of us knows he could become less evil that he is." Seymour-Smith claims that "his books are bewitchingly readable."
Mauriac is also remembered for his bitter dispute with Albert Camus following World War II. Camus believed that France should purge itself of Nazi collaborator elements; Mauriac argued that such disputes should be set aside in the interests of national reconciliation. In later life Mauriac was a journalist and commentator on current affairs.
FACTOID: Mauriac encouraged Elie Wiesel to write about his experiences during the war, and wrote the forward to Wiesel's book, Night .
FACTOID: Mauriac is the father of the writer Claude Mauriac , and the grandfather of Anne Wiazemsky, a French actress married to the French director Jean-Luc Godard.
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1953 Winston Churchill (Wrote in English).
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1954 Ernest Hemingway (Wrote in English)
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Fiction
Awarded "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland."
Laxness is the first literature laureate born in the 20th century, and the sole Icelandic literature laureate. As a young man he traveled widely. He lived more than a year with Benedictine monks in Belgium, and then spent two years in Hollywood attempting to write screenplays for the movies. Some of his work reflects his travels--the early novel The Great Weaver From Kashmir (1927) tells the story of a young Icelander roaming Europe after World War I--but all his important works have Icelandic themes. He is considered an excellent painter of Icelandic settings, and as having "an extraordinarily fine sense of the concrete things of human life, and at the same time an exceptional gift for storytelling...."
His masterwork, Independent People (1934) has been called one of the best books of the 20th century. It was released as a Book of the Month selection in the U.S. in 1946, and became an immediate bestseller. It tells the story of Bjartur, an man with an indomitable will for freedom and independence, and the touching love for his foster daughter Asta Sollilja. Other works include The Bell of Iceland (1943), a work of historical fiction; The Atom Station (1948), which satirized the American presence in Iceland; Paradise Reclaimed (1960), about Iceland's Mormons; Happy Warriors (1952), another work of historical fiction; The Fish Can Sing (1957); and Under the Glacier (1968).
FACTOID: An adaptation of Independent People was filmed in 1954 by Sven Nykvist, a celebrated Swedish cinematographer who frequently worked with Ingmar Berman.
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1956 Juan Ramon Jimenez (1881-1958)
Spain
Male
Poetry
Awarded "for his lyrical poetry, which in the Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity."
Jimenez was born in Andalucia, and celebrated the region in a prose poem about a writer and his donkey, Platero and I (1914). During the Spanish Civil War, he went into exile in Puerto Rico, where he was a Professor of Spanish language and literature at the University of Puerto Rico. Later, he held professorships at the University of Miami at Coral Gables and at the University of Maryland. His poetic output was immense, and according to Seymour-Smith, "his poetry seeks to uncover the language of reality, to relearn the meaning of words." One of his most important contributions is considered to be his advocacy of the French concept of "pure poetry." Seymour-Smith considers his early poetry to be impressionistic and sentimental--"over-decorative"--but his later style is more austere free verse. He was a shy and retiring person, and his wife, who died of cancer two days after he was awarded the Nobel, protected him from the outside world. A selection of his poems in English can be found in Three Hundred Poems (1962).
FACTOID: The epigraph to Farenheit 451 --"If they give you ruled paper, write the other way."--is a quotation from Jimenez.
FACTOID: With his wife, Jimenez translated the complete poems of Tagore .
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Male
Prose
Awarded "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our time."
Camus was born in Algeria to a mother of Spanish descent. His father died in World War I when Camus was one, and he was raised by his mother, an illiterate housecleaner. He attended the University of Algiers, but, having contracted TB at age 17 was only able to study part time.
His name is often associated with that of Sartre , and with the philosophy of existentialism. He did not consider himself an existentialist, and he said, "Sartre and I are always surprised to see our names linked." His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as "absurdism", i.e. the conflict between the human tendency to seek inherent meaning and value in life, and the human inability to find any such meaning or value. He was politically active through-out his life, at times a member of the French communist party (from which he was expelled when he joined the Algerian People's Party), and was also associated with the French anarchist movement. Because of his TB he was rejected from the French army in WW II, but was active in the Resistance publishing an underground newspaper. As a human rights activist he was torn when the Algerian War began in 1954; he identified with the pied-noirs (French living in Algeria), to which his own parents belonged, and, unrealistically, believed the pied-noirs and Arabs could coexist.
Camus ' works include The Myth of Sisyphus (1942) which consists of essays supporting his thesis that man is like Sisyphus in an absurd task, but happy in his losing battle. His novel The Stranger was also published in 1942. The protagonist, Merseault, kills an Arab in apparent self-defense, and through his indifference and an incompetent attorney is condemned to die. In The Plague (1947), a doctor and his assistant tirelessly battle a rat-carried virus. In The Fall (1957), according to Seymour-Smith, the anti-hero, Clamance, "a Gallic Felix Krull a con-man, a disembodied voice 'confesses'...in a Dutch bar, a Paris lawyer abdicated from 'business' to the Amsterdam waterfront because he 'fell' when he failed to rescue a girl from drowning." Exile and the Kingdom (1957) consists of six short stories each with a different technical approach. He is the second youngest recipient of the award, after Rudyard Kipling .
Camus died in a car accident in 1960. In his obituary, Sartre wrote, "Camus could never cease to be one of the principal forces in our cultural domain, nor to represent, in his own way, the history of France and of this century."
FACTOID: Camus used his prize money to adapt and stage Dostoevsky 's Demons . His adaptation required 33 actors, had 24 scenes and lasted 4 hours.
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Male
Poetry, Fiction
Awarded "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."
Pasternak is probably one of the more controversial literature laureates. The novel for which he is most well-known, Doctor Zhivago (1957), was forbidden to be published in the Soviet Union at the time the prize was awarded. When the prize was announced, Pasternak initially accepted and sent a telegram expressing his gratitude. Then after "spontaneous demonstrations" in the Soviet Union denouncing Pasternak , he sent a second telegram stating, "In view of the meaning given the award by the society in which I live, I must renounce this undeserved distinction which has been conferred on me. Please do not take my voluntary renunciation amiss."
Following this, for years there were rumors that the CIA and the British Intelligence Agency M16 had lent a hand to ensure that Doctor Zhivago was submitted to the committee in an attempt to influence its decision, so that Pasternak would win and the credibility of the Soviet Union would be harmed. Finally in 2014, the CIA released declassified documents confirming that it had undertaken a massive propaganda campaign intended to influence the Nobel committee. In order to turn the novel into an international bestseller, the CIA purchased thousands of copies as they were printed through-out Europe. These declassified documents also show that the CIA published thousands of copies of Doctor Zhivago in Russian to be distributed to Soviet visitors at the 1958 World's Fair in Brussells. The CIA also funded the publication of a miniature light weight version of Doctor Zhivago that could be easily concealed for smuggling.
Seymour-Smith considers Doctor Zhivago to be "over-praised", and that Pasternak 's true talent was as a poet. He considers Pasternak 's two long poems, "1905" (1926) and "Lieutenant Schmidt" (1927) to be powerful. Other works of poetry are "My Sister Life" (1922) and "Themes and Variations" (1924). Pasternak also wrote the autobiographical The Childhood of Lovers (1925), a fragment of a longer novel which was destroyed.
Although his work was displeasing to the Soviet authorities, it is believed that Pasternak survived the Stalinist purges because Stalin liked his Georgian poetry. Pasternak was close friends with poets Anna Akhmatova and Osip Mandelstam . He was present when Mandelstam read his poem "The Stalin Epigram", for which Mandelstam was arrested and exiled. Pasternak tried to intercede on behalf of Mandelstam, but was unsuccessful.
FACTOID: Pasternak 's father was an important Russian post-Impressionist painter, and illustrated some of Tolstoy 's works. Tolstoy was a family friend. Pasternak 's mother was a concert pianist, and the composer Scriabin was also a family friend.
FACTOID: Pasternak studied music composition and theory for six years, and intended to be a composer, until he turned to poetry.
FACTOID: Pasternak 's son was ultimately able to accept the prize on behalf of his father in 1988.
FACTOID: Bill Maudlin produced a political cartoon which won a Pulitzer in 1959. It showed Pasternak and another inmate chopping trees in what is apparently Siberia, and the caption reads, "I won the Nobel Prize for literature. What was your crime?"
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Male
Poetry
Awarded "for his lyrical poetry which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times."
Quasimodo was born in Sicily, and in 1929 he moved to Florence. He published his first collection of poetry "Waters and Earths" in 1929. According to Seymour-Smith, "no one has achieved so intense a poetry of social despair, nor so exact an indication of where peace could spring from (the individual's recognition of his nature)." Translations are available in Selected Writings (1960) and To Give and To Have (1975).
An example of a famous short poem from his first collection:
We stand alone on the world's heart
Stabbed by a ray of sun:
And suddenly it's night.
Male
Poetry
Awarded "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time."
Perse was born on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe to a French family that had settled there in the 17th century. At the age of 11, he and his family moved to France. He had a long and successful diplomatic career under his real name, Alexis Leger, including a number of years in Peking. He went into exile after France's occupation by Germany in World War II, and spent most of the rest of his life in the U.S.
His first literary success came with "To Celebrate a Childhood" (1910) with poems evoking memories of the exotic paradise of Guadeloupe. "Anabasis" (1924) is an epic poem written while he was in China, and relates the tale of a mysterious war-like expedition into a desert. Other works include "Exile" (1942); "Rains" (1943); "Winds" (1946); "Snows" (1944); "Seamarks" (1957); "Birds" (1963). His admirers include many of the illustrious names of the 20th century, including Rilke, Eliot and Gide. In fact, the translator of Anabasis was Eliot.
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Edited: Jun 29, 2015, 12:44am
1961-1970
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country."
Because of his unique circumstances--born in Bosnia, to Croat parents, and later living in Serbia-- Andric 's work has been claimed to be part of Serbian literature, Croatian literature, and Bosnian literature. Seymour-Smith characterizes Andric as essentially an epic novelist whose main themes are man's isolation and insignificance before the huge panorama of history. Much of his fiction is set in Bosnia under Turk rule.
His main works are Bosnian Story (1945), which takes place in the time of the Napoleonic Wars and concerns such things as the rivalry between French and Austrian consuls, revolts of Serbo-Croatian peasants, and religious wars between Muslims, Christians and Jews; Bridge on the Drina (1945), which surveys life in the little Bosnian town of Visegrad from the time the first bridge was built in 1516 until World War I; and The Woman from Sarajevo (1945), a purely psychological study of avarice. Together, these three novels are known as the Bosnian Trilogy, although they are not thematically related. Another important work is Devil's Yard (1954), which is an account of the prison at Istanbul during the Ottoman past.
FACTOID: Andric donated all of his prize money for the improvement of libraries in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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1962 John Steinbeck (Wrote in English)
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Male
Poetry
Awarded "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeing for the Hellenic world of culture"
Seferis is the first Greek to receive the award, and is considered one of the most important Greek poets of the 20th century. He described himself thusly: "I am a monotonous and obstinate man who for twenty years has not ceased to say the same things over and over again." According to the Academy. his poetic output was not large, but "because of the uniqueness of its thought and style and the beauty of its language, it has become a lasting symbol of all that is indestructible in the Hellenic affirmation of life."
Seferis was born in Smyrna, but grew up in Greece. He spent years in the Greek diplomatic service, and went into exile with the Free Greek government during World War II. After the military coup d'etat in 1967, and the repressive rule of the colonels, Seferis took a stand against the regime in an important statement on the BBC. He did not live to see the end of the junta.
One of his most famous stanzas was read at the opening ceremonies of the 2004 Olympics in Athens. From "Mythistorema":
I wake with this marble head in my hands;
It exhausts my elbows and I don't know where to put it down.
It was falling into the dream as I was coming out of the dream.
So our life became one and it will be very difficult for it to separate again.
English translations of his poems can be found in Complete Poems (trans. Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard) (1995). Seferis also wrote an important book called On the Greek Style (1962).
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Male
Prose
Awarded "for his work, which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age."
Sartre dominated the French literary scene for more than 25 years, as a "sort of" philosopher, political activist, critic, playwright, and novelist. Known for his existentialist philosophy, Sartre sees man in an absurd and godless universe, but capable of attaining meaning if he would undertake to make the choice to exist as himself. However, man's activity (bourgeois and in bad faith) instead consists of perpetual attempts to alienate himself and others from the freedom involved with choice. As a matter of principle, Sartre refused to accept the Nobel prize.
Some of Sartre 's more important early works are: Nausea (1938), his first and semi-autobiographical novel, and Intimacy (1939), short stories consisting of "gloomy accounts of the various mechanisms by which people remain trapped in boredom...." Another important work is Roads To Freedom, a trilogy consisting of the novels The Age of Reason (1945); The Reprieve (1945); and Iron in the Soul (1949). The hero of the trilogy, Mathieu, is "a true representation of intellectuals of Sartre's generation," and his story is set against France's descent into the disgrace of the Vichy reign.
Sartre was also a dramatist, and No Exit (1945) is considered his best play. In this drama, the characters are confined after their deaths to the drawing room of hell to discuss their lives. Its most famous line is "Hell is other people." His most moving play is Crime Passionel (1948). It is an attack on the inhumanity of certain totalitarian tactics. Loser Wins (1959) is on the theme of personal responsibility/German war-guilt.
FACTOID: Sartre's mother was the first cousin of Albert Schweitzer.
FACTOID: While he was in the French army, Sartre served as a meteorologist.
FACTOID: After Sartre was arrested for civil disobedience during the May 1968 strikes in Paris, Charles de Gaulle pardoned him, saying, "You don't arrest Voltaire."
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people."
Sholokhov was not a Cossack, but he wrote about the Cossack culture movingly and authentically. His best-known book is And Quiet Flows the Don (1940), a great epic novel covering the Revolution, World War I, and the Cossack revolt. Its hero Gregory is delighted with the abolition of the tsars, but hates the Bolsheviks; he recognizes the old Russia is dead, but can't accept the new. Seymour-Smith calls the book a "lyrical affirmation of agricultural life." Other books, Virgin Soil Upturned (1932) and Harvest on the Don (1960) concern the collectivization of the farmlands, and give a true picture of the misery involved.
Sholokov 's award was not without controversy. He had been accused of plagiarizing And Quite Flows the Don . A special committee was formed to investigate, and ultimately accepted his authorship. However, the plagiarism allegations were raised again in the 1960's (with Solzhenitsyn a major proponent of the plagiarism theory). In the 1980's further statistical analysis and documents again concluded there had been no plagiarism.
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1966 S.Y. Agnon (1888-1970) and Nelly Sachs (1891-1970)
S.Y. Agnon
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people."
Agnon was born in a part of Galicia that was Austrian at the time of his birth, but is now Russian. He settled in Israel in 1907, although he lived in Germany for a period from 1913-1924. He was among the best known Hebrew writers for many years, but did not become internationally well-known until after he was awarded the prize. His main subject was the European Jewish diaspora, and not until later in life did he begin to write about Israel.
His most famous book is The Bridal Canopy (1930), which is set in early 19th century Galicia. Reb Yudl travels all around Galicia to collect dowries for his daughters in this episodic novel, which has been called the Jewish counterpart to Don Quixote and Til Eulenspiegel. Other works are And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight (1916), short stories; A Guest For The Night (1945) which considers Galician life between the wars--life is chaotic and the Holocaust looms; Just Yesterday (1947) which is about Galicians living in Israel before World War I; and In the Heart of the Seas (1935).
Agnon is considered a sophisticated writer, and has often been called a surrealist. He frequently used stream of consciousness techniques. The Nobel committee said of his writing that there is, "always a mystical admixture which lends to even the greyest and most ordinary scenes a golden atmosphere of strange fairy-tale poetry, often reminiscent of Chagall's motifs...."
FACTOID: Agnon , with a list of his works, appears on the 50 shekel bill introduced in 1985 by Israel.
Nelly Sachs
Female
Poetry
Sachs , born in Germany, fled to Sweden in 1940 and became a Swedish citizen. She was friends with Selma Lagerlof . She was a poet whose experiences resulting from the rise of the Nazis transformed her into a poignant spokesperson for her fellow Jews. When awarded the prize, she said, "I represent the tragedy of the Jewish people." During her life she suffered several major nervous breakdowns. She experienced hallucinations and paranoia, and spent a number of years institutionalized. Her works are collected in Journey to the Beyond (1961). She also wrote a play about an 8 year old boy beaten to death by a German soldier in Poland, Eli (1950).
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Male
Prose
Awarded "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of the Indian peoples of Latin America."
Asturias was the second Latin American to win the prize. Although he was born and raised in Guatemala, he lived a significant portion of his life abroad. His writing style has been described as "tropical baroque." His first book, Legends of Guatemala (1930) consists of nine stories exploring Mayan myths. It is considered the "first major anthropological contribution to Spanish American literature." His most important novel is The President (1946), a magnificent and tragic satire criticizing a prototype Latin dictator. The novel was influenced by Tyrant Banderas by Valle-Inclan , and explores how evil spreads downward. Another important work is Men of Maize (1949), which is considered a defense of the Mayan culture. The title refers to the Mayan belief that their flesh was made of corn. It is written in the form of a myth, and has been described as experimental and difficult to follow.
Asturias is also known for The Banana Trilogy on the theme of the struggle of exploited Indian plantation workers against the domination by American corporations as epitomized by the United Fruit Company. The three novels in the trilogy are Strong Wind (1950), The Green Pope (1954), and The Eyes of the Interred (1960) (the title of which refers to an Indian belief that the dead sleep with their eyes open until justice reigns on the earth). This trilogy earned Asturias the Lenin Peace Prize in 1966, the year before he was awarded the Nobel.
Of himself, Asturias said, "Among the Indians there's a belief in the Gran Lengua (Big Tongue). The Gran Lengua is the spokesman for the tribe. And in a way that's what I've been: the spokesman for my tribe." Regarding the propensity of Latin American writers to magical realism, Asturias said, "...an Indian or a mestizo in a small village might describe how he saw an enormous stone turn into a person or a giant, or a cloud turn into a stone. That is not a tangible reality but one that involves an understanding of supernatural forces. That is why when I have to give it a literary label I call it 'magic realism'." He further noted that in these cultures, the border between reality and dream is "porous, not concrete."
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind."
Kawabata is the first Japanese to receive the Nobel in literature. The committee stated that his writing is "reminiscent of Japanese painting," and that Kawabata "is a worshiper of the fragile beauty and melancholy picture language of existence in the life of nature and in man's destiny." Kawabata believed that only three groups of people were capable of generating "pure beauty" (which he believed it was the function of literature to record): small children, young women, and dying men.
His major works include: Snow Country (1934-1947), the story of the love affair between a Tokyo man and a provincial geisha; A Thousand Cranes (1949-1951), which centers on the tea ceremony as the backdrop to ugly human affairs; The Sound of the Mountain (1949-1954), which concerns the themes of incest, impossible love, and impending death; The Master of Go (1951), which is the fictionalized account of a major Go match that took place in 1938; The House of the Sleeping Beauties (1961) which collects three stories. In the title story an old man is advised to visit a brothel and spend the night with silent and passive young women (drugged?). He does so, and returns again and again. In the second story, "One Arm" a young man has a dialogue with his girlfriend's arm, which she has lent him for the night. In the final story, "Birds and Beasts" a birdkeeper watches his birds die as he considers his affair with a dancer who is dying. His last major work was Beauty and Sadness (1964) which is about a man's reunion with a lover from his past.
Kawabata committed suicide in 1972.
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Male
Fiction, Drama
Awarded "for his writing which---in new forms for the novel and drama---in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation."
Beckett , though Irish, settled in Paris in 1937, and did almost all of his writing in French. He stated that he wrote in French as a discipline, to prevent himself from lapsing into rhetoric and because it was easier for him to write "without style." In making to award to Beckett, the committee stated that it was "addressed to one man, two languages and a third nation, itself divided."
Although Beckett wrote in French, Seymour-Smith considers him in manner and material an Irish writer. One of the chief influences on him was Jonathan Swift, and in Paris he was a member of the literary circle around James Joyce . As Beckett himself described it, for a time he felt he would always be in the shadow of Joyce, and then one day during a visit to Dublin he had a revelation. "I realized that Joyce had gone as far as one could in the direction of knowing more....I realized that my own way was in impoverishment, in lack of knowledge and in taking away, in subtracting rather than in adding." He decided that in the future his focus would be as a "non-knower" and a "non-can-er" Thus, Waiting for Godot (1952) is a play in which "nothing happens."
His novels include: Murphy (1938), his first novel was written in English. His trilogy, Molloy (1951), Malone Dies (1951), and The Unnamable (1953) were written in French, but according to Seymour-Smith "define Irishness" with their hopelessness, helplessness and despair. Seymour-Smith also stated of Beckett that, "His importance is undoubted; but he is pre-eminently a historian of mental anguish...."
FACTOID: Beckett regularly played chess with French artist Marcel Duchamp.
FACTOID: In 2009 a new bridge named the Samuel Beckett Bridge was opened in Dublin. It is just downstream from the James Joyce Bridge, opened on "Bloomsday" in June, 2003.
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable tradition of Russian literature."
Solzhenitsyn was a Russian novelist, historian and critic of Soviet totalitarianism whose works were suppressed in the Soviet Union, but raised awareness of the gulag world-wide. He served in the army in World War II, and in 1945 he was arrested and tried for making derogatory remarks about Stalin in private letters. He was sentenced to 8 years in the labor camps. He spent time in several camps, and his experiences served as the basis for his masterpiece One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch (1962). He also spent part of his sentence in a special scientific research prison facility, and that experience contributed to his novel The First Circle (1968). After his prison sentence ended, Solzhenitsyn was sent into exile in Kazakhstan where he was diagnosed with cancer. His treatment experience is the basis for his novel Cancer Ward (19).
After Khrushcev's "secret" speech in 1956, Solzhenitsyn was freed from exile. He approached an editor at the Novyi Mir magazine in 1960 with the manuscript of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch , and it was published in an edited form with Khrushchev's explicit approval. During Khrushchev's time, the book was even studied in Soviet schools.
However, after Khruschev was removed in 1964, the climate became more repressive, and Solzhenitsyn had several run-ins with the KGB, including one in 1965 in which the KGB seized the manuscript for The First Circle . In 1969, Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Soviet Union of writers. He did not attend the 1970 Nobel award ceremony because he was afraid that if he left the Soviet Union, he would not be allowed to return. In 1971, the KGB attempted to assassinate Solzhenitsyn with ricin. He became seriously ill, but survived.
During all this time, Solzhenitsyn was secretly working on The Gulag Archipelago . In 1974, triggered by the publication abroad of The Gulag Archipelago (1973-1975), he was expelled from the Soviet Union. Solzhenitsyn had previously resisted all attempts to persuade him to live outside the Soviet Union.
The Gulag Archipelago consists of three volumes and is based on Solzhenitsyn's personal experiences, his own research, and the testimonies of more than 200 former prisoners. It details everything about the Soviet prison system, from interrogation procedures, prison transports, camp culture, prison uprisings, and international exile. According to Anne Applebaum , it is one of the most impactful books of the 20th century.
After the fall of the Soviet Union, Solzhenitsyn returned to Russia in 1994. He was a somewhat controversial figure during his exile in America, as he commented on "weaknessess" in American character (some of these remarks caused him to be admired by one Richard Cheney and one Donald Rumsfeld, then aides in the administration of Gerald Ford). Before his death in 2008, he expressed admiration for Putin's attempts to restore a sense of national pride in Russia.
Other works include August, 1914 (1971) and November, 1916 (1983). Seymour-Smith evaluates him as the "author of one minor classic--his first novel--and two semi-autobiographical works of great humour and generosity { Cancer Ward and The First Circle }." He views The Gulag Archipelago to be of immense historical importance, but not "distinguished as literature."
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Edited: Jun 30, 2015, 12:37pm
1971-1980
Male
Poetry
Awarded "for poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams."
As a youth Neruda knew and was mentored by prior Latin American Nobelist Gabriela Mistral . During the years 1927-35 he traveled widely. He was greatly affected by the Spanish Civil War, and especially the murder of Garcia Lorca, whom he knew. In 1945 he was elected a senator in the Chilean government but left Chile again in 1949 when the government changed (he was a member of the communist party). Later, he was close to Chile's socialist president Allende, and was in the hospital at the time of the coup d'etat that ousted Allende and brought Pinochet to power.
He died shortly after the coup, and Pinochet refused permission for a public funeral. Nevertheless, thousands disobeyed the curfew and took to the streets to honor Neruda. In 2011, after allegations that Neruda had been murdered by the Pinochet regime as he prepared to go into exile, a judge ordered his body exhumed. In 2013, the investigators stated that "no relevant chemical substances that could be linked to death were found."
Gabriel Garcia Marquez called Neruda the greatest poet of the 20th century in any language. Harold Bloom includes him as one of 26 writers central to the western tradition in his book The Western Canon . However, Neruda was a somewhat controversial choice because at one time he wrote quite admiringly of Stalin. Borges, asked about Neruda in the late 1960's stated, "I think of him as a very fine poet, a very fine poet. I don't admire him as a man, I think of him as a very mean man."
Twenty Love Poems , published when Neruda was only 20, is his best-known work. He is also known for Canto General (1950), a Whitmanesque catalogue of South America history and nature. Elemental Odes (1956), odes to ordinary and useful things like socks, wood, salt and watermelon is also a popular collection.
FACTOID: During his exile in the 1950's, Neruda's stay in a villa on the island of Capri was fictionalized in a book by Antonio Skarmata, which inspired the popular film Il Postino (The Postman, 1994).
FACTOID: A children's book written by Pam Munoz Ryan, The Dreamer, is a fictionalized biography of Neruda. It is illustrated by Peter Sis.
FACTOID: Neruda wrote in green ink.
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to the renewal of German literature."
With Gunter Grass , Boll is the most celebrated post-war German novelist. He was the first German to win the Nobel since Thomas Mann in 1929. Seymour-Smith considers him a "prolific, versatile and gifted writer," but "a greatly overrated one." His first book, The Train Was on Time (1949) is about a soldier traveling to the Russian front. Acquainted With the Night (1953) is about the effects of war on family life. The Unguarded House (1954) contrasts the fates of two families, one rich, one poor, who were made fatherless by the war.
His later works became more complex. Billiards At Half-Past Nine (1959) is a study of the concerns that keep generations apart. In The Clown (1963), Hans, a clown, finds his work tolerable while he lives with Marie, but when Catholic intellectual friends influence her to leave him he flounders. The entire novel takes place over the course of a few hours. Group Portrait with Lady (1971) is one of his most admired novels. The Lost Honor of Katherina Blum (1974) considers the theme of the cruelty and amorality of contemporary journalism.
Boll is considered a leader among German writers who tried to come to terms with the memory of Germany's role in World War II and the guilt of the Holocaust.
FACTOID: When Solzhenitsyn was expelled from Russia, he first took refuge in Boll's cottage. Boll, in his role as president of West Germany's PEN, had recommended Solzhenitsyn for the Nobel.
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1973 Patrick White (Wrote in English)
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1974 Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson
The choice of Johnson and Martinson to receive the Nobel in 1974 was extremely controversial, since they were both on the panel that chose the recipient of the award. Other candidates for that year included Graham Greene , Vladimir Nabokov , Saul Bellow and Jorge Luis Borges . When the prize was announced, there were immediate indignant reactions to the fact that the academy had awarded the prize to two of its own members. A later article posted on the Nobel web site considers the worthiness of Johnson and Martinson, and concludes that criticism was directed not against their literary merit, but only against the fact that the academy named two of its own.
Eyvind Johnson (1900-1976)
Prose
Awarded "for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom."
Eyvind Johnson belongs to the school of Swedish proletarian literature. These were self-taught writers whose works investigated working class life. Johnson himself left school and began work at age 14. He labored as a sawmill worker, plumber's assistant, and railroad worker, among many other jobs. He began to write in 1920. His book The Novel of Olof (1934-37) is autobiographical and describes his adolescence and apprenticeship as a timberman. Return to Ithica (1946) is a modern version of The Odyssey. The Days of His Grace (1960) is a dissection of the totalitarian spirit set in the time of Charlamagne. Krilon (1941-3) is a massive trilogy which is an allegory of Natzism. Seymour-Smith finds Johnson sophisticated, but "too restlessly experimental."
Harry Martinson (1904-1978)
Prose
Awarded "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos."
Harry Martinson is also a member of the Swedish proletarians. He was orphaned at age 6 and had a tough early life. He became a sailor at a young age. His novel Cape Farewell (1933) records some of his adventures. His novel The Road (1948) is considered his best book. It is about the life of a hobo in the first decade of the 20th century. His most popular novel is Flowering Nettles (1935), a fictionalized autobiographical account of his life as a foster child in the countryside where he was an outsider. This book has been translated into more than 30 languages.
He is also famous for his poetry, including "Anicara" (1956) a long poem about a spaceship drifting in the void. This poem was adapted into an opera.
Martinson committed suicide in 1978, and some have speculated that he found it difficult to cope with the criticism of his receiving the award.
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Male
Poetry
Awarded "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, and at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of the Spanish poetry between the wars."
Aleixandre studied law, but after 1925 devoted himself to literature. He was plagued by serious illness for much of his life, and, an invalid, he did not go into exile during the Spanish Civil War. According to the academy, "his poetry is difficult, anguished and private," but "always characterized by a glow of feeling toward others."
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1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902- 1991)
US/Poland
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life."
Singer is considered the most important of all Yiddish writers. He was born in Poland, where his father was a rabbi. All his books are originally written in Yiddish, although he lived in the US since 1935. He translated most of his own fiction into English, but referred to his English versions as his "second original." Singer is considered unmatched in his understanding of Jewish-Polish folk-lore, and Irving Howe states of him that his greatness is that he could write of a vanished past as if it still existed. Many of his works were first published in installments in Yiddish newspapers and magazines.
He is the author of at least 18 novels, 14 children's books, a number of memoirs and essays, and dozens of short story collections. His first novel was Satan in Goray (1935) which recounts events stemming from an attack by Cossacks in 1648 in which one-third of Jewish population was lost. His novel The Famiy Moskvat (1945) is considered the Jewish Buddenbrooks , and chronicles the decay of a family in Poland. The Slave (1967) concerns a 17th century Jewish scholar who is sold into slavery. Other important novels are The Manor and The Estate (1933-35), The Magician of Lublin (1968), and Enemies, A Love Story (1972). Short story collections include Gimpel the Fool (1957) and The Spinoza of Market Street (1961). In my Father's Court (1956) is a collection of memories of his father's rabbinical court in Lublin. Seymour-Smith says, "no major modern writer's work has so rich and so affirmative a glow to it."
In addition to the Nobel, Singer has received two US National Book Awards, one in fiction for his book A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1974) and one in children's literature for his memoir A Day of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw (1970). His children's book Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories (ill. by Maurice Sendak) (1966) was a runnerup for the Newberry.
FACTOID: His short story "Yentl" is the basis for the film of the same name starring Barbra Streisand.
FACTOID: Singer spoke English, Hebrew and Polish fluently, but he considered Yiddish his natural tongue.
FACTOID: Singer was a committed vegetarian. When asked if he became a vegetarian for health reasons, he replied, "I did it for the health of the chickens."
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Male
Poetry
Awarded "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek traditions, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness."
Elytis was born on Crete and his poetry was first published in 1935. His most famous poem is "The Axion Esti" (1959) in which he fuses the creation with the modern history of Greece. "Maria Nephele" (1978) consists of long monologues by the poet and a hippy girl. One of the most moving poems to come out of World War II was written by Elytis: "Heroic and Mournful Song the Lost Second Lieutenant of the Albanian Campaign" (1945).
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Male
Poetry
Awarded to Milosz "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts."
Milosz , who had published two volumes of poetry in the 1930's, served as the Polish cultural attache in Paris and in Washington, D.C. after World War II. However, he broke with the Polish government in 1951, and went into exile in France. In 1960, he moved to the US, and became a professor of Slavic languages and literature at Berkley from 1961 to 1998, when he retired. He became a US citizen in 1970. He is fluent in Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, English and French. He wrote his poetry, fiction, and essays in Polish. He is known for his lyrical memoir of his Lithuanian childhood, The Issa Valley (1953) and Native Realm (1959), another memoir. He is also known for The Captive Mind (1953). a study of how intellectuals behave under a repressive regime .
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Edited: Jun 30, 2015, 12:43pm
1981-1990
Prose
Awarded "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power."
Canetti was born in Bulgaria, but his mother tongue was Ladino, an archaic dialect of Spanish. As a child he moved to Vienna, and in 1938 he emigrated to London. He became a British citizen in 1952. He was a novelist, playwright, memoirist, and nonfiction writer, and he wrote in German.
His foremost fictional achievement is the novel Auto da Fe (1935), which was to be part of a planned series of novels taking the shape of a "comedie humaine of madmen." He is also the author of Crowds and Power (1960), an examination of the origin, composition, and reaction patterns of mass movements. He wrote three plays, all "more or less absurd" portraying "extreme situations...and human vulgarity..." His memoirs stand out--he wrote two large volumes covering his childhood and youth.
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1982 Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1928-2014)
Columbia
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts."
Columbian author Garcia Marquez was born in Aracataca, the basis for his imaginary town Macondo---a mountain surrounded swampy wilderness on the Caribbean. From the beginning, his idea was to create a town in which everything "Latin American" could and did happen. He was raised by his grandparents. Garcia Marquez called his grandfather, a veteran and hero of the Thousand Days War, his "umbilical cord with history." His grandmother he considered the "source of the magical, superstitions and supernatural view of reality." Apparently, no matter how fantastic or improbable her statements, she always delivered them as if they were the irrefutable truth. His works were also influenced by William Faulkner, whose narrative techniques, historical themes and rural settings influenced many Latin American authors.
Garcia Marquez began his writing career as a journalist. His first novel, Leaf Storm (1955) portrays the ruin of Macondo in interior reminiscences taking place over less than an hour, as an old colonel attempts to give a proper burial to an unpopular French doctor, supported only by his daughter and grandson. No One Writes the Colonel (1961) is also set in Macondo. An eccentric old colonel whose father served Colonel Aureliano, son of the founder of Macondo, awaits his pension which never arrives. In his third novel, In Evil Hour (1966), the inhabitants of Macondo are driven to panic as a series of posters appear on the streets announcing scandals about them. A number of short stories featuring Macondo also were written during this time. Some critics have said that everything he wrote before One Hundred Years of Solitude is really part of that novel as well.
One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) is the story of the founding of Macondo and of its rise and fall. It is very real, although strange things do happen. There is magical realism, but Seymour-Smith says, "in truth Macondo is as near as any author could come to recreating the whole of Latin America." Author William Kennedy called it "the first piece of literature since the Book of Genesis that should be required reading for the entire human race." It is Marquez's most enduring work, and has sold more than 30 million copies.
The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975) was Marquez 's "dictator" novel. The dictator is an absurd but all-powerful madman, and there are many allusions, and parodies of other writers, including Carpentier. Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981) is a combination of journalism and detective story as it recreates a murder which took place in Columbia in 1951. In Love in the Time of Cholera (1985), lovers find love in old age, with death all around them. The story of the young lovers is based on the story of Marquez's own parents, as his grandparents did all they could to thwart the marriage of their daughter to Marquez's father. Marquez says the story is also based on a newspaper article he read about two Americans who were almost 80 years old, but, married to others, met each year in Acapulco until one year they were murdered. Marquez said, "Through their death, the story of their secret romance became known. I was fascinated by them." Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2004) is the love story of an old man and a young concubine. The General in His Labyrinth (1989) is historical fiction about Simon Bolivar.
Marquez also wrote nonfiction. The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (1970) was adapted from newspaper articles he wrote while he worked as a journalist. It details the true story of how a Columbian navy vessel came to be shipwrecked. In News of a Kidnapping (1996) a series of kidnappings and other terrorist actions committed by the Medellin cartel are examined. He also completed the first part of his projected three part autobiography, Living to Tell the Tale (2002).
Overall, Seymour-Smith says that the power of his writing "lies in its deadpan innocence, Homeric range and his calm acceptance of the fantastic." He is considered one of the most significant writers of the 20th century, and on his death in April 2014, Columbian president Juan Manuel Santos described him as "the greatest Columbian who ever lived."
FACTOID: Because of his outspoken views on US imperialism, Marquez was labeled a subversive and for many years was denied a visa to visit the US. After Bill Clinton was elected president, he lifted the ban, citing One Hundred Years of Solitude as his favorite novel.
FACTOID: Marquez is known through-out Latin America as "Gabo" or "Gabito".
FACTOID: In 1976 Marquez was publicly socked in the face by Mario Vargas Llosa, until then a good friend. They did not speak again.
FACTOID: Where the name Macondo came from: Marquez describes a train trip he took with his mother as a young man:
"The train stopped at a station that had no town and a short while later it passed the only banana plantation along the route that had its name written over the gate: Macondo. This word had attracted my attention ever since the first trips I had made with my grandfather, but I discovered only as an adult that I liked its poetic resonance. I had never heard anyone say it and I did not even ask myself what it meant....I happened to read in an encyclopedia that it is a tropical tree resembling the cieba."
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1983 William Golding (Wrote in English)
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Male
Prose
Awarded to Simon "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition."
Claude Simon began to achieve recognition in the 1950's in connection with the "nouveau roman" (new novel) movement in France. These were novels that broke the rules that a novel should have a realistic story and move along in a coherent way, and consisted instead of fragmented narratives. Such novels were often described as collages, and took place in memory as apparent free association. Fragments from different times would be closely joined on the basis of content or emotional feel. Influences from the visual arts were strong.
Simon's early novels were partly autobiographical. His first novel was The Cheat (1946), and its was strongly influenced by Proust and Faulkner , with sentences going on for pages and pages. His more experimental novels began with The Wind (1957) and The Grass (1958), both of which take place in the south of France. The main character in The Wind is a mysterious man who returns to claim a small fare he inherited and is caught up in various conflicts. Over it all howls the mistral--the wind--an inhuman element in which all the characters are imprisoned.
The Flanders Road (1960) made Simon internationally famous in literary circles. In this strongly autobiographical novel, long flowing narrative framentations pile up. There are discontinuous scenes and stories within stories. It takes shape as a description of the French collapse in 1940, a battle at which Simon fought and was deeply affected by. Cruelty and absurdity dominate. The Flanders Road is considered his best novel.
The novel The Palace (1962) concerns Simon's experiences in the Spanish Civil War. The Georgiques (1981) involves fighters against Franco who split into factions and fight each other. Other works are Histoire (1967) and The Acacia (1989).
Not everyone admired Simon's work. Christopher Hitchens said, "The award of the Nobel Prize to such a shady literary enterprise is a minor scandal, reflecting the intellectual rot which has been spread by pseudo intellectuals."
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1986 Wole Soyika (Wrote in English)
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Poetry
Awarded "for an all embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity."
Brodsky was born in Leningrad, and survived the Siege of Leningrad as a young child. He began writing poetry when he was 18. As a young man he was sentenced to exile for "social parasitism", and in 1972 he was involuntarily deported from the Soviet Union. He came to the US and became a US citizen in 1977. He worked as a visiting professor or poet in residence at the University of Michigan, Queens College, Smith College, Columbia University, and Cambridge University, among others. After the fall of the Soviet Union, he was invited to return, but never did. He died of a heart attack at the young age of 55.
According to the academy, he "belongs to the classical Russian tradition with names such as Osip Mandelstam, Anna Akhmatova....and Boris Pasternak." One of his more famous collections is To Urania (1988). His book of essays on the arts and politics, Less Than One (1986) won the National Book Award for criticism. In 1991, he was appointed Poet Laureate of the US.
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Male
Fiction
Awarded to Mahfouz "who through works rich in nuance---now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous---has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind."
Mahfouz is the only Arab to have won the Nobel Prize for literature. He wrote 34 novels, 350 short stories, 5 plays, and many movie scripts. He was the youngest child of seven and had a strong Islamic upbringing. In later life he said, "You would never have thought that an artist would emerge from that family.
His most famous and enduring work is The Cairo Trilogy , which consists of Palace Walk (1956), Palace of Desire (1957), and Sugar Street (1957). In these novels he follows three generations of one Cairo family from World War I until after the 1952 coup that overthrew King Farouk.
Other works include Children of the Alley (1959), which relates the story of Gebelaawi and his children. This book was banned through-out the Arab world, with the exception of Lebanon, until 2006 when it was finally published in Egypt. (In 1994, Islami extremists attempted to assassinate Mahfouz by stabbing him in the neck. He survived, but nerves in his upper right limb were permanently damaged.) The Thief and the Dogs (1961) depicts the fate of a thief released from prison and planning revenge. Miramar (1967) develops from multiple first person points of view. In Arabian Nights and Days (1981) Mahfouz drew on traditional Arabic narratives. Another of his popular works is Midaq Alley (1947).
Mahfouz has stated, "In all my writings you will find politics. You may find a story which ignores love or any othey subject, but not politics...."
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1989 Camilo Jose Cela (1916-2002)
Spain
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability."
Born in Galicia to a Spanish mother and Italian-English father, Cela has written more than 100 books. More than any other writer he was at the center of the Spanish Civil War. After being wounded, he debuted as a writer. His first novel was The Family of Pascual Duarte (1942), which inaugurated the term "tremendista" novel, so called because the reader's shock at the horror and brutality it reveals is "tremendous." In fact, when the censors read The Family of Pascual Duarte , they banned it. It relates the story of a multiple murderer, and the academy stated that "Next to Don Quixote it must be the most widely read of all Spanish novels."
Cela 's next book, Rest Home (1943) seems less violent, but is actually more despairing. It involves tubercular patients in a sanatarium. The Hive (1951), one of Cela 's better-known works, relates the story of life in Madrid during Franco's reign. It has over 300 characters and according to Seymour-Smith, "It accuses the society it describes, but only by telling the truth." This novel was banned in Spain, and after its publication Cela exiled himself to Mallorca. Other books include Mazurka For Two Dead Men , in which Cela returned to the lives of ordinary people in Galicia.
In terms of nonfiction, Cela wrote some classic travel books in the 1940's and 1950's, including Journey to the Alcarria (1948). He also wrote a modern version of the first Spanish picaresque novel, Lazarillo de Tormes (1946), which gives a grotesque and distorted vision of Spain.
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Poetry
Awarded "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity."
Paz is a Mexican poet, who also served as a diplomat for Mexico to places such as France and India. He wrote his important book The Labyrinth of Solitude , a fundamental study of Mexican identity, while serving in France. The Labyrinth of Solitude , according to Seymour-Smith is "essential" reading for anyone seeking insight into Mexico and its revolution. However, Seymour-Smith says of Paz: "Unequalled as a poet-critic..., his own poetry is unable to find direction," and "ultimately disappointing."
Paz himself considers poetry "the secret religion of the modern age." His works include Collected Poems 1957-1987 (1987). His book of essays Alternating Current (trans by Helen Lane) won the National Book Award for translation in 1974.
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Edited: Jun 29, 2015, 6:45pm
1991-2000
1991 Nadine Gordimer (Wrote in English)
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1992 Derek Walcott (Wrote in English)
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1993 Toni Morrison (Wrote in English)
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15 arubabookwoman
Edited: Jun 29, 2015, 7:23pm
The academy is currently considering the award for 2015. According to the Novel web site, it has received 259 proposals, resulting in 198 nominated persons. Of these, 36 are first time nominees. What do you think--should we set up a separate thread to speculate on who some of these nominees are, or who we think deserves to win? Or just comment here? Or not discuss this at all here?
I don't know if I could think of 198 living writers I think worthy of the prize. My general personal thought would be that since women are shamefully underrepresented, I would hope the academy considers a female writer. Geographically, it also seems to be that the Mideast is also underrepresented.
16 thorold
Jun 30, 2015, 4:31am
Deborah - thanks for doing all that work. What an impressive introduction - we hardly need to read any of the books now!
Independently of this theme, I've accidentally drifted into challenging myself to see how long I can go without reading any books by men, so my priority is going to be with the Magnificent Seven: Selma Lagerlof, Grazia Deledda, Sigrid Undset, Gabriela Mistral, Nelly Sachs, Herta Müller and Elfriede Jelinek.
Shamefully, I've only read one book of Jelinek's and nothing by any of the others. I've got another Jelinek on the TBR pile, which I put aside knowing that this was coming. Since I read German, it will be strange if I don't manage to read anything by Müller or Sachs in the next three months, but I think I might start with Deledda, the only one of the seven whose name meant absolutely nothing to me until I read the introduction above. There are quite a few of her books available online, and I think my Italian might just about be good enough to struggle through one...
(For when I get bored with boycotting male writers, I have Pirandello, Paz, Cela and Canetti waiting on the TBR shelf, and I ought to have a proper go at Beckett some time...)
Speculating about the next laureate is a fairly futile exercise (I've never yet guessed right). And it can be depressing: half the time, when you think of good candidates and look them up, it turns out that they are no longer with us. Last year everyone was shouting "Murakami" and "Ngugi wa Thiong'o", I expect they will be this year again. And Modiano wasn't a bad choice: I'd only vaguely heard of him before, but the Nobel encouraged me to read three of his novels (admittedly, I rather lost interest after the third one...).
>9 arubabookwoman:
Because of his unique circumstances--born in Bosnia, to Croat parents, and later living in Serbia-- Andric's work has been claimed to be part of Serbian literature, Croatian literature, and Bosnian literature.
If I may, it's not just because of "unique circumstances" (nor are the circumstances of his birth unique in ex-Yugoslavia.) Andric was an ideological Yugoslav, i.e. someone whose national and political identity transcended ethnic origin, passionately dedicated to union. He was also a high-ranking diplomat in the service of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (posted ambassador to Germany in 1939) and therefore also had formal reasons for self-describing in a way that represented the unified South Slavs.
As he wrote both in ijekavian (Croatian and Bosnian) and ekavian (Serbian) versions of the language, it's not surprising everyone claims him. He really does belong to everyone.
18 rebeccanyc
Jun 30, 2015, 11:22am
Thanks for doing such a wonderful job introducing the Nobel Laureates to us, Deborah. I love the factoids too!
I am going to start off by reading a book that's been on my TBR for several years, Nobel Lectures: From the Literature Laureates, 1986-2006 . Of course it includes several writers who wrote in English, but I think it should put me in the frame of mind for this theme read. Then, I have books on my TBR by writers I've previously read and enjoyed, including Saramago, Le Clezio, Milosz, Undset, Soyinka (I know he wrote in English . . . but he has a Nigerian frame of mind), Mo Yan, and Singer as well as books by writers I haven't previously read including Solzhenitsyn, Agnon, and Neruda. And I plan on rereading Doctor Faustus by Thomas Mann because I don't feel I really absorbed it the first time around. And I may well be tempted by other authors too . . .
I love many of the other Nobel Laureates too, including Lagerlof, Andric, Pasternak, and Asturias (one book). As a teenager, I liked Hesse, but am not sure if he would hold up; earlier, I enjoyed Garcia Marquez; and I disliked the collection of stories by Bunin that I read.
This will be a fun reading journey.
Jun 30, 2015, 1:47pm
Thanks for the information on the laureates arubabookwoman!
I am hoping to read off my TBR shelves which gives me the possibilities of Boris Pasternak , Orhan Pamuk , and Gabriel García Márquez.
20 Limelite
Jun 30, 2015, 4:00pm
If I've read a dozen of the non-English language winners, I'd be surprised. I'm woefully poorly read when I examine your list.
But I began wondering. . .How many of these winners are still read and as highly regarded, or even as popular as they were in their lifetimes? I went there because of your question about how the most popular winners were chosen, and the only thing I could think of was they were ranked so by book sales figures. If people are still buying books by a laureate alive at the turn of the last century, then those books stood the ultimate test -- the test of time.
For a work of fiction to survive for 100 -200 years and retain its popularity is very rare among writers in the English (say, Austen) whose books may have been more readily and widely available to the reading public than books in other than it and the more widely spoken European languages (Portuguese, etc.). Hence the Eurocentricity of the award -- if Chinese, Indian, and Nigerian writers were not translated into English or other popular European languages, they simply didn't get "discovered" for consideration.
How lucky we are to live in a global library rather than a mostly national or small continental one, where books are more readily translated and so much more easily accessed by everyone.
>20 Limelite:
The question of Eurocentricity is complicated: it's not just the language problem, but also the not insignificant difficulty that people need to learn how to create western-style literary forms (and somehow get access to printing presses, electric light, and bookshops) before you can give them western-style literary awards. You don't give Nobel prizes to village storytellers or anonymous authors of traditional plays, you give them to people like Soyinka who've gone through western-style education and worked out from that how to put ideas from their own cultures into a form that we can identify as "high culture" and with their name on the book jacket.
24 LolaWalser
Jun 30, 2015, 5:06pm
There were schools and poets in China before European aristocracy chanced upon the idea that literacy is a Good Thing.
I'd like to think that the literary committee, some odd past choices and misses notwithstanding, is not composed habitually of complete idiots, and that they might recognise works of literary merit from people who didn't pass through a Western-style educational process, such as any number of literate non-Western writers past and present. If you can get it down on paper or get someone to do it for you, it should be analysable as literature, don't you think? I'm not sure having a Western-like education is a prerequisite at all.
25 LolaWalser
Jun 30, 2015, 5:08pm
This reminds me--but only in the sense that I know I can't remember what or where--of some shock I've felt or read about feeling (yes, it's got to the point I can't tell sometimes which), concerning a famous Chinese writer who'd never heard of Dante and Petrarch.
But I think he may have been a Nobelist.
>31 MMcM:
I tried to find the reference to Dante but couldn't. He refers to Descartes, paraphrasing him to read, "I say, therefore I am." He also mentions Shakespeare's plays and Greek tragedies making the point that the works survive because they're about universal truths of the human condition. And he mentions early on several international authors who had to flee in order to preserve their writing voices.
What I did notice is that he makes only the most general remarks with no particular references to their works to illustrate his pints. I felt that he may have only become acquainted with them by dint of reading widely since he's been exiled from China. But I have no evidence.
His address was warm and well reasoned, nothing too abstract; he makes lots of points about the writer's relationship to himself and the reader and both party's relationship to the characters being the artistic framework that surrounds the literary world, makes it important and necessary. I liked the speech better than Soul Mountain . But now I regret having given my copy away.
Plz drop a hint where I can find Dante, as I've completely missed it.
Jul 2, 2015, 2:16pm
Elias Portolu (1903) by Grazia Deledda (1926 Laureate: Italy / Sardinia)
My first read for this theme was this simple little pastoral tragedy, Grazia Deledda's third novel and the one that first brought her to popular attention.
I picked Deledda to start with because I knew absolutely nothing about her before reading Deborah's introduction to this thread. I must have seen her name in lists of Nobel laureates, but I wouldn't have known without looking her up whether she was a novelist, a tennis player or a 1950s film legend. And I suspect that I'm not the only one - the only thing anyone outside Italy ever seems to mention about he is the Nobel.
Anyway, this book is a fairly straightforward tale of a young shepherd who returns to his family in Sardinia after a spell in jail on the continent and falls heavily in love with the girl that his brother is about to marry. As he evidently has a self-destructive urge as strong as any of Thomas Hardy's unhappy heroes, we have a pretty good idea that things aren't going to work out for the best, and they don't. But of course that's what we're paying for: the interesting thing to watch on the way is how Deledda plays with the interaction between the characters, the Sardinian landscape, and the almost overtly pagan religion of the islanders. There's a wonderful set-piece description of the annual pilgrimage to a mountain chapel to celebrate the festival of Santu Franziscu that clearly has only the most tenuous connection with any sort of Catholicism that would be recognised in Rome, and the hero's mother is forever doing divination ceremonies at her domestic altar.
So, it's a nice example of early twentieth-century pastoral quasi-realism, with the added benefit of Sardinian scenery, but I couldn't help feeling (even though it's a cliché to say this of any Italian story) that it would have worked better as an opera. Elias, in particular, is forever delivering apostrophes to the reader that are only a gnat's crochet away from being arias, and you just imagine the Shearers' Chorus...
(I found the full text of this novel here: http://digilander.libero.it/testi_di_deledda/deledda_elias_portolu.html )
41 arubabookwoman
Jul 2, 2015, 2:40pm
Will post more later, but just piping in to say there have been no other Indian literature laureates. Coincidentally, I am just completing Joseph Anton by Salman Rushdie, and in that book he several times mentions discussions he has had with other contemporary Indian writers, including Anita Desai , about the fact that in his opinion the most prominent Indian writers of today are all writing in English. He mentions writing an essay or op ed on the subject.
I found the subject of the language the laureates wrote in fascinating. Beckett, a native Irishman who hung out with James Joyce for Pete's sake, almost always wrote in French (so he would have "no style" he said). I considered including some info on Wole Soyinka, who I consider an African writer, but then he always wrote in English, and I was tired, so I let it pass.
I will say that as far as I'm concerned, there is no reason to limit our discussion or reading to the Nobelists who did not write in English.
42 arubabookwoman
Edited: Jul 2, 2015, 2:48pm
>40 thorold: Thorold Thank you for the review on Deledda . She is known for including in her novels Sardinian folklore, superstitions, rituals etc. I read her book After the Divorce a few years ago, and it included some fascinating descriptions of an exorcism ritual performed after one of the characters is bitten by a tarantula. It also included some interesting descriptions of the burial ceremonies/rituals. Deledda is one of the Nobelists I'd like to read more of--she's easy to read, interesting and I think an overall good writer.
Even though I didn't read it for this topic, here's my comments on After the Divorce from a few years ago:
Grazia Deledda was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1926, the second woman to be so honored. Many of her novels depict the day-to-day lives of Sardinian peasants, and such peasants are the subject of After the Divorce . Giovanna and Costantino are a young happily married couple with an infant son, when Costantino is wrongly accused and convicted of murder. He is sent to prison on the mainland. Giovanna and their son and her mother, face a life of penury and starvation.
When Giovanna's mother learns that the law has been changed to allow a woman whose husband is in prison for a long time to divorce her husband, she begins to pressure Giovanni to divorce Costantino. Brontu Dejas, a wealthy (by peasant standards) young man who Giovanna had spurned in favor of Costantino, alleges he still loves her and wants to marry her. Giovanna fights the pressure as long as she can, but eventually succumbs to the pressure. After she marries Brontu, she learns that he is a drunken brute, and he and her mother-in-law treat her no better than a slave. Tragically soon after she divorces and remarries, the true murderer is discovered and Costantino is released and returns to the village.
Deledda writes poetically and lyrically--for example, this description of Giovanna's mother: "...a tall tragic-looking figure all in black. The gaunt, yellow face, shaped like that of some bird of prey...two brilliant green spots indicated eyes, deep-set, overhung by fierce, heavy brows and surrounded by livid circles." She is also clearly knowledgeable about peasant life and practices. For example, she describes a rite of exorcism for the cure of a tarantula bite which is nothing less than surreal---the victim must first wallow in a dung heap, and then roast in an oven, all the while accompanied by twenty women "chanting in melancholy monotone" a song of exorcism. Not surprisingly, victims rarely survived. (Although I have heard that tarantula bites are not necessarily fatal.)
Highly recommended
>42 arubabookwoman:
Hmm. From your summary, After the divorce sounds like all the same elements as Elias Portolu put together in slightly different combinations. Probably not a good one to read next! I did also download Canne al vento , so I might have a look at that later.
BTW: I get the feeling that Deledda wasn't exactly a hardline feminist. The women in Elias Portolu just seem to appear as accessories to the men. They don't get anything much to say, especially not to each other, and no-one - including the narrator - seems to be interested in what they are thinking or feeling, apart from motherhood and sexual attraction.
>39 rebeccanyc:
Sorry, I don't remember checking that. . .Just checked and there could be some controversy if V S Naipaul should be counted. Indian ethnicity but native Trinidadian. Otherwise, Tagore is it.
That Tagore wrote in Bengali probably made it imperative to translate his own work into English. Otherwise, he might never have become well known nor widely read since Hindi and English are India's two official languages. Even in India he might have been overlooked nationwide if his works only appeared in Bengali.
45 arubabookwoman
Jul 2, 2015, 8:45pm
>34 charl08: Charlotte-- here is what I wrote about The Issa Valley when I read it a few years ago:
"The Issa Valley has the distinction of being inhabited by an unusually large number of devils."
So begins this magical autobiographical coming of age novel by Nobelist Milosz. Thomas lives in a remote valley in the disputed area between Lithuania and Poland with his grandparents. The time is just after World War I, and pagan spirits and ancient spells are very real to the villagers and to Thomas. As a young boy, Thomas explores nature with scientific avidity. When he's a bit older, he idolizes one of the peasants who is a skilled hunter, and seeks to emulate him, until he discovers he is unable to kill. As Thomas comes of age, the cycles of nature in all its glory and wonder are also prominently displayed. Although there is not much plot, Milosz writes beautifully of Thomas's world, with a unique sense of place and time.
Jul 3, 2015, 9:37am
>44 Limelite: since Hindi and English are India's two official languages
I'm afraid that does not do justice to a very complex situation. That Hindi is the official language at the national level means that laws and proclamations are published in it. It does not even mean that the day-to-day business of interacting with the federal government is carried out in Hindi. At the state level, there are 22 official languages. The language of instruction in primary school is generally the child's mother tongue. And even that is an oversimplification. Last year, the Supreme Court ruled against Karnataka, which had sought to make Kannada the sole medium of primary education.
if his works only appeared in Bengali
Bengali is an official language of West Bengal, which has about 100M people. Add Bangladesh, and there are easily 200M native speakers. By comparison, Hindi has about 300M. A plurality in India, but not a majority (40-odd %). The sociolinguistic result of which is that while the country doesn't hopelessly fall apart by language, neither is there language hegemony, unless it's English.
Moreover, consider that in English Tagore is known as a poet and writer of short fiction, while in Bengali his intellectual reputation is as a much broader man of letters, in, say, art and politics.
>44 Limelite:
India is, as you make clear, a complex country with widely variant subcultures with just as many languages and dialects as there probably are states. But the point persists that Tagore translated his own work into English and not any other native language of India. Perhaps he wasn't fluent in them; perhaps native speakers of those languages who also spoke Bengali did the job for him. Maybe you know. I certainly don't. But he felt compelled to have his work published in a Western European tongue and the way he wanted it comprehended.
As I understand it Hindi (in a certain form) is the official written language of India and as such, I assume all Indians are educated in it. Likewise English is official perhaps in the capacity as a spoken language? (I don't know) So, it is taught across all schools, too, making all literate Indians literate in at least two languages.
I can only conclude that the simplest reason why he took the trouble he did would be because he wished to reach a wider audience than a state or even national Indian one, and that he was concerned with his literary legacy among the Western canon when it came to his fiction. His legacies in the other areas of art he recognized as being local to his cultural tradition rather than universal as the best literature is, no matter what its language of origin.
If my speculation happens to be correct, I don't understand the logic of Tagore being concerned with personally translating his own writing into English on its face. After all, English was widely spoken and there were probably many qualified Indians who could do the job for him. Similarly, many Indians cold translate Bengali into less widely spoken Indian languages. And in that case, he seems unconcerned.
The fact that he insisted on doing the English translation himself is interpreted by me that he felt very strongly that his fiction should be as artful as he could make it in that language as it is in Bengali. He wanted his work recognized by Western literary "standards" on the par of works written by native English speakers, and probably to show the Western audience that excellent literature was being produced beyond its own culture and that they should pay attention to it.
Seems to me he succeeded.
These are just personal thoughts.
48 banjo123
Edited: Jul 3, 2015, 3:21pm
Chinua Achebe , who was never awarded a Nobel, but IMO, should have, had interesting thoughts about writing in English. I understand that his thought evolved over time. Here is a like to an article on the topic. It's obviously a difficult issue for a lot of writers.
I think that the value to reading works not originally written in English, is that it expands our reading to include writers that we'd be otherwise less likely to read from.
That said, I am starting this challenge with Gabriel Garcia Marquez 's Clandestine in Chile , because I just picked up a copy, and I am still on my quest to read all of the works of GGM.
51 Limelite
Jul 4, 2015, 1:10pm
Two writers who are not Nobelists, -- but one day may be -- who write/wrote in their native languages and are now appearing in English translation are Carlos Ruiz Zafón , famous for The Shadow of the Wind , and Pramodya Ananta Toer (Indonesia's Solzhenitsyn, d. 2006) the Java-born creator of the Buru Quartet of which This Earth of Mankind is the first volume.
While there are many Spanish speakers who can enjoy Zafón's writing in the "original," I am not one of them. So, I'm grateful that he's translated into English 'cause I love his stories.
I bought Toer's first book of his Quartet, which he wrote in Indonesian while imprisoned by the Dutch for his dissident activity during his country's fight for independence. But I haven't read "This Earth" yet.
Keep telling myself how lucky I am to be alive when so many books are being translated into languages other than their original and becoming available in e-format so that I can literally own a world library that can go with me anywhere held in the palm of my hand.
52 banjo123
Jul 4, 2015, 2:21pm
>48 banjo123: ; >50 rebeccanyc: and >51 Limelite: Now there's another idea for a theme--writers who we believe deserve the Nobel! I would agree on Ngugi wa Thiong'o! And now I am curious to read Toer.
Speaking of Solzhenitsyn ; I read A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich a couple of years ago, and was surprised at how good it was, and it's short. It could be a good choice for this challenge, if you want to squeeze in a Russian. It made me want to read Gulag as well, but I don't know that I have the stamina for it this summer.
53 avatiakh
Jul 4, 2015, 5:19pm
I'm not doing well with the themed reading so have pulled a shorter work, S. Y. Agnon's novella In the heart of the seas , off the shelf. I thought his Only Yesterday was a brilliant novel and have meant to keep reading his work.
>51 Limelite: What's interesting about Zafon is that he lives in California but continues to write in Spanish and works very closely with his translator, Lucia Graves . I tried to find an article about their translation process but only found this Q&A . My interest is because I went to a talk he gave a couple of years ago and he talked quite a bit about the translation process.
>53 avatiakh:
Now that's very interesting. Do you remember any tidbits from his talk; for instance, why he moved to CA?
Several years ago when we lived in the environs of Miami, we always attended the week long annual Nov. Book Fair (as seen on CSPAN). That particular year, the featured literary guests were native Chinese writers. Some spoke in English, but most chose to speak in their native Chinese (I assume Mandarin) and trusted the interpreter to do his/her best. While the topic was more in keeping with dissident and exiled writers, reflecting their personal experiences, they touched on translations of their works, making the point that they depended on the mostly French and English translations circulating in the West to make their reputations beyond the borders of China where their works were suppressed and often banned.
>54 rebeccanyc:
Of, course, my bad. Well, the committee may have overlooked a deserving recipient. On the other hand, they may have felt as you noted, that his work was too didactic and pedantic, or even propagandistic, to merit their regard.
It's probably difficult for most writers who are inspired by major political events and the impact they have on their lives to create great "art" from those experiences, especially when things like torture and imprisonment are involved. The only thing I know about the Buru Q is that Toer wrote and dictated it mostly while imprisoned by the Dutch under pretty dreadful conditions.
I'll take a gander at the first volume but probably won't finish it if it's as you describe.
Jul 5, 2015, 5:10am
Do writers choose their translators? It depends, I think.
Translation rights are often handled through an author's agent or publisher(s). Some publishers have a pool of translators they frequently work with; others may look for similar books in the same language combination and see if they can contract the person who translated them (i.e., there are translators who specialize in crime novels, or children's books, etc).
Authors living in another country but still writing in their native language are an interesting case, as there is an opportunity for them to be involved more closely in the translation process than is usual. I'm trying to remember if Thomas Mann worked much with H. T. Lowe-Porter (apparently she wasn't his first choice of translator).
The author's knowledge of the language the book is being translated into matters, too. Translations are not necessarily into a commonly-spoken language from a less-widely-spokeon on -- there's a ton of translation the other way around. If a bestselling novel written in English is going to be translated into, say, French, German, Hungarian, and Chinese, there's not much chance that the author is going to be fluent enough in all of those languages to judge the quality of the translations, much less choose the translators.
Then there's the issue of self-translation that came up earlier (Tagore, Ngugi wa Thiong'o; Samuel Beckett also comes to mind). This, too, is complicated, as there are a lot of reasons why an author may choose (or choose not to) translate their books into another language they are fluent in (as is the choice of which language to write in in the first place). A lot of it is going to depend on the author's relationship with both of the languages in question. Is the author living in exile or did they grow up bilingual? Is one of the languages associated with oppression or, conversely, with personal/national identity?
Apart from political and cultural considerations, the individual writing process and aptitude are also going to make a difference. Translation is a very different skill than writing, and even if an author is bilingual it doesn't necessarily mean that they are a good translator -- it requires stepping back from the piece and accepting that it isn't going to sound the same as the original. I believe it's either Nabokov or Brodsky who have been criticized for being bad translators of their own work because they remain too influenced by the original rather than letting the language of the translation blossom in its own way. Some authors who self-translate say that the translation ends up being a different work, because what they have to say shifts and changes when it is written in a different language.
Of course, control also plays a role. Obviously, the more involved an author is with the translation of a work, the more control they can maintain over how the translation turns out. Being translated requires a huge amount of trust -- often blind trust -- and it's natural that the author not want to relinquish all the control. This can be a good thing (the author can catch any mistakes the translator might make, or suggest what nuances they intended) or a bad thing (particularly if the author's grasp of the language of translation is imperfect). Borges must have been an interesting person to translate for -- I vaguely recall there's an anecdote by one of this translators that he found the translation process very fascinating, particularly the chance to write in a different voice; he kept telling the translator to make his text terser, directer, more "Anglo-Saxon". But he may be an exception here.
(Not an expert, just someone with a complicated relationship with two languages who is fascinated by how languages and linguistic identity affect the creative process.)
60 thorold
Jul 5, 2015, 11:30am
The saga of Gösta Berling (1891) by Selma Lagerlöf (1909 Laureate, Sweden) - 2009 Penguin translation by Paul Norlen
I don't know quite why, but I was expecting this to be a kind of generic late 19th century novel - agricultural realism, a family struggling to hang on to their estate in difficult times. And of course it turns out to be something quite different, much harder to pigeon-hole. There is an element of realism in the underlying description of ordinary people's lives, but there's also a picaresque arbitrariness about the sequence of events that seems almost 18th century; larger-than-life characters stomp about in seven-league boots in a rather ETA Hoffmannish way; there's a Faust-story that keeps popping up in the background when we least expect it; nature intervenes whenever it chooses; the whole thing is set seventy years back in the 1820s in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars, and narrated by someone who claims to have been around at the time (but Lagerlöf was only in her late 20s/early 30s when she wrote it); altogether it's difficult to work out when you are supposed to be.
While the story is full of parties, celebrations, escapades and practical jokes, there's a very hard moral line under it all. Frivolity is good and necessary, but as soon as it's taken too far (as it invariably is, here) we are brought down to earth with a painful bump and shown that events have consequences that are almost always both nasty and irreversible. Without order, work, and moral discipline the community falls apart into chaos (but we can't rely on established institutions to keep us in line: it's a matter of individual responsibility). Mostly, but not exclusively, it's the men who make a mess of everything and the women that suffer and try to patch it up again. But practically everyone in the novel is weak and fallible and makes at least one culpable mistake. But don't imagine that it's all dour moralising: apart from the occasional sentimental deathbed scene, the atmosphere is consistently light and ironic, and there are some very good jokes.
I'm one of those evil people mentioned earlier in this thread who try to put translators out of work by knowing more than one language. But I haven't advanced far enough in Swedish to tackle something like this, so I was grateful for Paul Norlen's translation, which reads very naturally and mostly manages to avoid being either intrusively modern or archly Victorian. Penguin are clearly patting themselves on the back because this is the first new English translation in over a hundred years, but that does rather lay them open to the question why didn't they commission one earlier? Could it be that they were just waiting for Lagerlöf's copyright to expire...?
>62 rebeccanyc:
I enjoyed the beginning more than the end: too many morals being drawn and sinners redeemed in the last few chapters. But what I really enjoyed about it was the sense that Lagerlöf knew exactly what kind of novel she wanted to write and wasn't going to listen to anyone who told her that that isn't the way it's done.
64 thorold
Jul 6, 2015, 3:32am
Just for fun, I've started a new list https://www.librarything.com/list/10360/all/Nobel-non-laureates-non-male# for great women writers who could/should have been Nobel laureates but either died too young or were never noticed by the committee. I put a few of the most obvious names on the list to get it started...
>65 charl08:
I hope so. But so far the names that come to mind are mostly "the usual suspects" from Europe and N America. All additions welcome, provided that they are dead and could theoretically have won the prize (i.e. they died after 1901 and published significant works during their lifetime).
I did notice that quite a few of the women I have added to the list died well below the average age of Nobelisation (65, according to Deborah's post above), so they wouldn't have been likely winners, even if the rest of the selection process were totally free of gender-bias.
69 arubabookwoman
Jul 6, 2015, 1:01pm
The nomination information is kept secret for 50 years, but information is available on the Nobel web site for years prior to 1964 as to who was nominated, who were considered serious prospects, etc. I haven't had a chance to search that aspect of the site, but it might be interesting to search the data base to see how many women, including some of those on the list started by Thorold, were even considered (and rejected) by the committee over the years.
It's also true that the committee seems to wait until candidates are exceedingly geriatric, so I wonder how many writers who died prematurely had been considered and rejected before their deaths.
74 LolaWalser
Edited: Jul 6, 2015, 2:17pm
Looking at those nominations, I think these might BE the "seriously" considered? They seem too few to be general. In 1961, out of 93 nominations only five were women... does it seem plausible that only five women were nominated in total?
ETA: Oops, just realised that this is not a grab-bag all-purpose Nobelists thread. Apologies!
75 arubabookwoman
Jul 6, 2015, 4:20pm
>70 LolaWalser: Lola--I based that on what I read on the site for the 1964 nominations, which said there were 76 nominations, 6 of whom were considered "most relevant." The 6 considered most relevant were Sartre , Beckett , Ionesco , Tanizaki , W.H. Auden , and Sholokhov . This resulted in two "suggested" by the committee as winners, Sartre and Sholokhov , and the actual winner for 1964 was of course Sartre .
I briefly skimmed the 1964 nominations and found among the 76 only 4 women nominated, although I was not familiar with all the names and there may potentially be one or two more. These were Judith Wright (Australian poet--I googled since I had never heard of her), Katherine Anne Porter , Nelly Sachs (who later won in 1966), and Ina Seidel .
For what it's worth here's who's allowed to make nominations:
1. Members of the Swedish Academy, or other similar academies, institutions, and societies;
2. Professors of literature and linguistics at universities and colleges;
3. Previous literature laureates; and,
4. Presidents of societies of authors that are representatives of the literary production in their countries.
(This is possibly not complete, but it's what my notes indicate)
Edited: Jul 6, 2015, 4:41pm
>75 arubabookwoman: ...Nelly Sachs (who later won in 1966), and Ina Seidel
Eek! You can see why they don't publish their nominations until 50 years later. If Nelly Sachs had known she'd been on the same list with the lady who composed birthday odes for Hitler...
77 avatiakh
Jul 6, 2015, 5:36pm
>58 spiphany: Thanks for your thoughts on translation. I was thinking that a writer is more interested in the creative process and so translating their own work from one language to another would be a fairly tedious task or perhaps lead them to want to 'improve' their story/writing in some way.
This is a very interesting topic and possibly one that needs a thread of its own.
>64 thorold: Janet Frame was rumoured to have been nominated several times. In 2003 there was a lot of coverage and expectation in our local news here in New Zealand mainly due to a Swedish news report hinting at her win.
Anyway I started In the Heart of the Seas . Agnon wrote in Hebrew though his birth language would have been Yiddish. He learnt Hebrew at a very early age.
I just read this on wikipedia: In later years, Agnon's fame was such that when he complained to the municipality that traffic noise near his home was disturbing his work, the city closed the street to cars and posted a sign that read: "No entry to all vehicles, writer at work!"
78 arubabookwoman
Jul 6, 2015, 5:46pm
Kerry--I read that about the sign posted on Agnon's street too! Was going to include it as a "factoid" but didn't.
82 thorold
Edited: Jul 9, 2015, 4:01am
Jumping ahead a century from Gösta Berling, and I've got a feeling that we're not in Värmland any more...
Lust (1989) by Elfriede Jelinek (2004 Laureate, Austria)
A darkly comical satire on the sex lives of the Austrian Bourgeoisie. Jelinek wants to make us see how the ideas about sexual relations, consumer products, high culture and winter sport that we get from the dominant ideology are all there to reinforce the abusive power of rich over poor, strong over weak, industry over nature, and men over women that go together - in her view - with modern capitalism. She does this by turning all these propaganda tools around to say the opposite of what we're used to hearing. The language of porn is used (quite literally, ad nauseam) to make us see sex as repulsive and abusive; lines from advertisements, political manifestos, poems, and the Bible are wilfully misapplied (a line from a Schubert song suddenly turns out to be talking about a penis instead of a romantic poet...). Very clever, and something only a writer with Jelinek's overpowering anger and magical facility with words could even begin to get away with.
The story follows the lives of a model Austrian family in a small community in the mountains: the Herr Direktor who runs the paperworks that is the only important local employer (and hence has a quasi-feudal power of life or death over everyone in the village); his wife Gerti, and their annoying small son who talks all the time and gets in the way when they want to have sex (evidently a little dig at Hamlet...). Gerti passively acquiesces in her husband's frequent, complex and increasingly obnoxious sexual demands (unfortunately, the HIV panic is at its height, and he's forced to seek all his pleasures at home for the time being), and she accepts the new clothes, hairdressing appointments and consumer durables that she gets in return, but she's also taking to the bottle, and drifts into a brief, unhappy affair with the heartless but angelic skier, Michael. In this world, sex is only marginally about the prospect of brief - and usually illusory - pleasure; what's really going on is men getting a thrill from their dominance and possession, whilst women desperately try to find the validation of having someone out there who needs and appreciates them. Jelinek makes it clear that the Herr Direktor puts Gerti firmly in the same category as his Mercedes, his hi-fi, and the workers' choir he conducts: an expensive bit of precision engineering he can bend to his will by twiddling the appropriate knobs.
I think what Jelinek is doing here is not attempting to persuade us that all marriages are like this, or that Austria is run by robber-barons who haven't changed much since the 14th century, but rather she's using her exaggerated disgust to show us how easily the discourse of sex can be twisted to feed us false ideas. If she can do this to us in 250 pages, how far have our minds been warped by all the stuff we've read about sex and romance, and all the films and washing-powder commercials we've seen...?
I read Die Klavierspielerin (The piano teacher) last year when we did the German theme read: that's a (slightly) more conventional novel and might be a more approachable book to start with if you don't know Jelinek's work yet. But both are highly recommendable. If you've got a reasonably thick skin and a broad mind, that is! And you should be aware that reading Lust might well ruin your illusion that you have a happy sex-life...
Edited: Jul 9, 2015, 4:16pm
Gedichte (Selected poems, 1977) by Nelly Sachs (co-laureate with Agnon in 1966, Germany)
You can't read a collection of lyric poems in one go as you can a novel, so this is a first impression, rather than a review.
This collection was put together posthumously in 1977 by the poet Hilde Domin, who knew Sachs and was also an exile from Germany during the Hitler period. It includes a short but very helpful afterword by Domin summing up Sachs's career, the main themes in her poetry, and her critical reception in postwar Germany.
The poems in this collection are selected from the whole course of Sachs's career as a serious poet (broadly-speaking 1943-1968 - she never allowed her pre-war "juvenilia" to be republished). Most deal in one way or another with her experience as a refugee and as someone who survived when so many were killed. Some are specifically addressed to the man she loved, others to victims and survivors more generally. I was struck by the absence of direct topical references in the poems: as Domin also points out, they come out of the specific event of the Holocaust, but they actually speak just as well for the survivors and refugees of other cataclysmic events. They haven't lost any of their relevance: Domin talks about Vietnam, we could say Syria or North Africa. What's crucial to these poems is that they always seem to be looking for ways to move forward, not dealing in revenge and recrimination. Domin describes the process Sachs is engaged in as giving the victims a worthy burial.
There are also some more obscure, more or less mystical poems in the collection, which didn't mean very much to me on a first reading: she repeatedly uses the same set of images in these poems in different contexts (fish, butterflies, stars, sand, footwear...), and there's obviously a particular language that you need to be familiar with. But I'm quite happy with the idea of keeping this book on my bedside table for a few months to dip into and gain familiarity with the way her poetic imagination works: I'm sure it will be worth it.
Ein Fremder hat immer
für die er vielleicht nichts
als ein Grab sucht.
(A stranger always has / his home in his arms / like an orphan / for whom he's perhaps only / seeking a grave.)
Edited: Jul 12, 2015, 5:22am
Herztier (Land of green plums, 1993) by Herta Müller (2009 laureate, Romania/Germany)
This is probably Müller's best-known work, a semi-autobiographical account of a group of young people growing up in Ceaușescu's Romania and getting into conflict with the authorities. It's particularly about the way the experience of living under an authoritarian regime interferes with the freedom to articulate ideas. Everything has to be deflected into oblique images, as we learn on the opening page of the novel: the things that start out as simply encoded forms of communication (the nail-scissors, shoes and colds that stand for interrogations, searches and being followed in the group's letters) turn out to be deeply internalised in the narrator's own thought-processes.
This is a theme that is clearly central to Müller, and she came back to it in her Nobel lecture , where she uses a trivial image, the handkerchief, to tie together incidents from her own experience with her relatives' experiences under fascism and in Russia in the aftermath of the war. She talks about the moment when she realised that there were things she could not possibly express in speech, and started to write: "Ich lief dem gelebten im Teufelskreis der Wörter hinterher, bis etwas so auftauchte, wie ich es bisher nicht kannte." (I ran after experiences in the vicious circle of words, until something surfaced in a way I hadn't known it before) — that's a process that you can clearly see reflected in her very indirect, elliptical narrative style. And which ties in with her well-known fondness for making collages out of words cut from newspapers.
Interestingly, she uses two key incidents in the Nobel lecture that also appear in this novel: the time when she found that her office at work had been allocated to someone else, and she continued to work sitting on the stairs; and the time when her mother, locked up for the day by an irritable policeman, finds a bucket and spring-cleans the police station for want of anything better to do.
One thing that struck me about this much-translated book is the way it has two quite different families of titles, both referring to key images in the book, but oddly enough bringing out quite different aspects of what the book is about. In the German original and about half the other languages in the list that I can understand, it is called Herztier, "Heart-animal". This is a comforting image used by the narrator's grandmother, the invisible animal accompanying everyone, whose form and size reflect the strength with which we face the challenges of the outside world. (It reminded me of Philip Pullman's "daemons".). In English and the other half of the languages it is The land of green plums: Müller consistently and deliberately uses rural, agricultural imagery that we would normally think of as idyllic and nostalgic to represent the backward, inward-looking and mean-spirited qualities of peasant culture which she identifies as the driving force of the Romanian dictatorship. People who live in small villages are accustomed to denounce their neighbours for petty advantage (in fact it's probably a necessary survival strategy). Policemen are best recruited from raw peasants who haven't learnt the civilised ways of the big city, and who go around helping themselves to plums from the trees. So Herztier seems to be a novel about the internalisation of oppressive politics; Green plums becomes a novel about dictatorship as the apotheosis of rural poverty. And both are valid interpretations, of course...
85 thorold
Jul 12, 2015, 8:10am
...flushed with enthusiasm, I started in on Kristin Lavrandatter , but it turns out that the ebook I got is the Archer and Scott translation into a hideous 1920s version of Ivanhoe-ese. “I saw you had your daughter with you,” she said, when she had greeted them, “and methought I must needs have a sight of her. But you must take the cap from her head; they say she hath such bonny hair.” Which is quite comical for a couple of pages, but I don't think I can bring myself to read any more. I know there's a recent Penguin translation (although apparently not available in the Netherlands as an ebook) - is that any better?
86 anoplph0ra
Edited: Jul 12, 2015, 8:58am
Tiina Nunnally's translation of Kristin Lavransdatter is excellent, and even won an award for best translation. I guarantee it is better than what you've excerpted. Don't miss it.
-
The Treasure; or Herr Arne's Hoard by Selma Lagerlöf .
This is short (novella-length), an easy read, and available online for free. It reads like a folk tale.
Copy-pasted from above, Lagerlöf won the Nobel, "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings." Lofty idealism, definitely, and definitely a strong Christian spiritual perception. As Thorold said about Lagerlöf's The Story of Gösta Berling , the many characters here are weak and fallible, yet there is always the chance for redemption.
>72 thorold: , >73 LolaWalser:
I started on Memoiren einer Idealistin last week, since I was on a boat and didn't have much else to distract me. The first few chapters were slow going and a bit syrupy (what a good little girl I was and how much I loved all my family before they threw me out as a dangerous radical...), but it livens up quite a lot when it gets to 1848, the Hamburger Hochschule and the London exiles. I've just got to Mazzini, and am looking forward to seeing who turns up next!
One thing that makes it harder to read is that since she originally published it anonymously, she missed out many of the names of people and places and identified them indirectly ("the north German town", "my married brother",etc.). Obviously she only put a few key ones back when she later revised the book, which gives some bizarre effects and makes it hard to keep track of who's who. Her home town (Kassel) is named in Chapter 1, but never subsequently, for instance.
Desert by J.M.G. Le Clézio
I'm a Le Clézio fan, and I had been looking forward to reading this book for some years, but I didn't end up liking it as much as other books by him I've read. The novel consists of two interwoven stories, set off typographically. The first, taking place in the early years of the 20th century, tells the tale of the Saharan (and some sub-Saharan) Muslim groups that were targeted by mostly French Christian armies, and thus had to migrate from their traditional homes and livelihoods to find a place where they could be safe and find work/food. This part of the novel focuses on a boy named Nour and a holy man/sheik named Ma al-Aïnine, or Water of the Eyes. (They are Blue Men, or part of the Tuareg tribe.) The second part of the novel takes place probably in the mid-20th century and concerns a teenager named Lalla, a descendent of this group, who lives initially in a run-down area on the coast of Morocco and then ends up in Marseille, fleeing an older rich man who gives her family presents because he wants to marry her.
But the novel really isn't about these characters: it is about, primarily, the harshness and the beauty of the desert and the natural environment in general. In their seemingly endless travels, Nour and his tribe and the tribes that travel with them experience the heat, the light and the darkness, the sand, the dust, the thirst, the hunger, the illnesses, the death that the desert brings. Lalla has a friend, a mute orphan sheepherder, known as the Hartani, who introduces her to the rocks and dunes and hillsides around where she lives, and teaches her how to hide. In both these environments, Le Clézio makes the natural world come alive, as he did in previous books I read. It just seemed these sections went on too long and almost became repetitive after a while. Of course, it could be argued that that's what life was like, especially for Nour, and the book is just reflecting this.
The section in which Lalla flees to Marseille is titled "Life with the Slaves" and the mostly colonized people Lalla meets there are, if not slaves, at least wandering in a desert that is unfamiliar to them. This is in part a book about colonialism, as the ending sections of Nour's story make clear; they are dated (with 1912 dates) and reveal the final attacks by French troops (largely black African colonial soldiers with of course white French officers). Although the French think they are attacking ferocious guerrilla leaders, the reader knows that these are starving men, women, and children who were trying to find a place they could live. The attacks end up being massacres.
To come back to Lalla, she discovers she is pregnant and the end of the book was a little too melodramatic for my taste. But Lalla is a very strong character, both physically and psychologically, and I appreciated that Le Clézio could create such a female character. Lalla also has the ability to see beyond the present, in almost trance-like states.
So why didn't I like this book as much as others? Mainly it's because I thought it was too long and even repetitive, as noted above. The other Le Clézio books I've read were tighter and more focused.
91 thorold
Edited: Jul 27, 2015, 7:27am
Not a laureate, but relevant to this thread because as, >70 LolaWalser: discovered, this was the only woman to be nominated in 1901, the first time the literature prize was awarded:
Memoiren einer Idealistin (originally published in 1869) by Malwida von Meysenbug (1816-1903)
Like her close contemporary, Queen Victoria, Malwida von Meysenbug had her roots in a small, protestant German princely court and developed a great fondness for the Isle of Wight. But beyond that, her career was very different from the home life of our own dear queen. Despite her family having been on the receiving end of a small popular uprising when she was a little girl (their house was surrounded by an angry mob for some hours, and her father was obliged to go into exile together with the ruling prince whose chief minister he was), she grew to become a radical democrat and an atheist (or at times agnostic), determined not to accept the role that society and her family of minor statesmen and diplomats had defined for her as a woman. She was an excited spectator of the events of 1848 in Frankfurt and Berlin, was actively involved in a project to set up a women's higher education college in Hamburg, and had to leave Germany in a hurry when the Prussian police started to take an interest in her contacts with radicals and revolutionaries.
A period of exile in London gave her the opportunity to break with her family and build up an independent career for herself as a translator and journalist, as well as bringing her into close contact with the dazzling array of subversive foreign geniuses that were living in London at the time. In particular, she became very close to Johanna and Gottfried Kinkel, Alexander Herzen, and Giuseppe Mazzini. Presumably because of her friendship with the Kinkels, the most famous London revolutionary of them all, Karl Marx, is only mentioned once, rather dismissively. Whilst she firmly resisted any suggestion that she should take up the demeaning role of governess, she did look after the widowed Herzen's two young daughters "as a friend" for a time. She broke off this arrangement for a while when he installed his Russian mistress and her husband in the house, but went back to him later, adopting Olga Herzen as her "elective daughter".
She was a devoted Wagnerite, becoming a fan of his books before she had ever heard any of the music. She met him a couple of times in London, and later became a firm friend of the Wagners during a stay in Paris. She and Olga were excited participants in the celebrated controversy over the Paris premiere of Tannhäuser in 1861, which she describes in the final chapters of this memoir.
Memoiren einer Idealistin was originally published anonymously, in French, in 1869, and later translated and revised by the author a number of times. Even in the later editions, the book shows signs of its original anonymous form, and is sometimes frustratingly evasive about names and places. It's not a work of outstanding genius, but she generally comes across as a remarkably open and honest narrator. However, there are moments where she does seem to be deliberately muddying things. I was struck by the way she managed to imply that she was still a naive young thing - practically a teenager - during the events of 1848, when she was already over thirty. And the whole business of her relationship with Herzen is rather odd. Very possibly it was all as purely platonic as she says, but she certainly behaved towards him in the way you would expect a jealous lover to do...
For modern readers, the most obvious reason to tackle these three substantial volumes (plus the single-volume postscript Der Lebensabend einer Idealistin of 1896) is probably the glorious feast of nineteenth-century name-dropping (even die-hard eurosceptics will have the pleasure of bumping into Lord Palmerston (MvM was not a fan), Mrs Gaskell and Richard Cobden!). That was my starting point, really, but I found myself drawn in to a surprising amount by MvM's account of her own intellectual development. The "question everything" attitude she taught herself to adopt from an early age reminded me very much of growing up in the 1960s and 70s - it was really fascinating to see it coming out in someone born a couple of years after Waterloo, growing up in exactly the period when fat-headed reaction and social conservatism were becoming the dominant forces in upper-middle-class life throughout Europe. The book seems to have been quite an inspiration to the subsequent generation of feminists, and MvM was something of a minor cult figure for a while, although she now seems to be retreating into obscurity again.
Probably not for everyone, but good fun if you're a fan of 19th century Europe.
92 BLBera
Jul 29, 2015, 10:42pm
Wow, what a great introduction, Deborah. Thanks for doing this. Margaret Atwood should be in the mix, but will probably have to wait because Munro got one just a couple of years ago.
Finished: July 22
Reasons I Hate Snow :
-The main character being called Ka when that was just a shortened version of his real name. The sound annoys me and I hated saying it over and over in my head.
-We hardly need to have a debate about political Islam but suffice it to say I really don't agree and reading the character's opinions really pissed me off. There were so many egregious statements made about Westerners (which to the people in Kars, Turkey the West seemed to be primarily the UK) such as all Westerners are literature-loving atheist snobs.
-There was much of the same old arguments regarding women's rights. One of the characters said that women wearing head scarves "are protecting themselves from the animal instincts of the men in the streets." Because of course all men cannot control themselves and it's the women's job to prevent them from acting on their animalistic notions! Please!
-Amongst the political upheaval that occurs in the three days Ka is trapped in Kars during a snowstorm there are assassinations, beatings and raids carried out by the police, murders, etc. and Ka just walks around the snowy streets writing poems when he feels the need and meeting with people involved in the political battle for no real reason. It's also hard to believe all these events are supposedly happening over just three days!
-There were multiple pages taken up 3 separate times by stories/fables that really weren't necessary and could be completely taken out. One of these stories was the beginning of sci-fi novel one of the religious high school boys was writing. That had no purpose being in the book. Pamuk seemed to need more padding to add to the padding he already had to make this pointless book go over 400 pages.
-Ka keeps getting accosted in the streets by teenage boys from the local religious high school who ask him off-the-wall personal questions and ask him over and over again if he feels suicidal. Why??
-Ka is not even from the city of Kars. He travels there because he is in love with a former classmate of his and has found out she is recently divorced. Ka has not seen or spoken to the woman, Ipek, in years nor did they ever date. But he's convinced he's in love with her. Upon seeing her for the first time in years one of the first thing he says to her is that he loves her and soon after he tells her he wants to marry her! Yet some pages later he says Ipek's sister is beautiful and he could see himself falling in love with her. Ka is 42 but has an immature notion of what love is, can never make up his mind about anything, and never seems to have a real purpose for being in Kars other than to be with Ipek. But half the time he's too afraid to talk to Ipek or express his feelings around her and her family that she lives with. He really lacks conviction in the romance department and in his religious and political beliefs that are questioned throughout the novel. I couldn't connect with him at all.
-Ka lies and says he is reporting for a newspaper in Germany about the suicides of the religious girls that were banned from wearing their head scarves to school and that's the reason he is in Kars. The book needed to stay focused on Turkish politics and government and how it interferes with religion and how it impacts the people like the head scarf girls if the book was going to have any kind of impact and actually say something about political Islam. Instead the book goes off into a military coup that's referred to as a revolution and the head scarf girls and the suicides are not mentioned for a large portion of the book. After the action of the military coup, the book actually got more boring and I fell asleep reading it on more than one occasion despite drinking two cups of coffee.
- Orhan Pamuk inserts himself into the book as a character. This could work in some books but Pamuk could not pull it off. It makes me see Pamuk as a pathetic writer who was desperate to try some fancy literary tricks.
Someone on kidzdoc (Darryl)'s thread commented that they gave up on Snow halfway through because it felt like dragging a lead weight around with them. I have to agree but I plundered through because I wanted to read something off my shelves for this quarterly theme read, somehow Snow made it onto the 1001 Books to Read Before You Die list, and it fit the criteria for several of my personal reading challenges.
>85 thorold: , >86 anoplph0ra: , >87 rebeccanyc:
I was hoping to pick up a copy of the Tina Nunnally Kristin Lavransdatter while I was in the UK, but I didn't come past any bookshop large enough to have it in stock. I had to wait until I got back from my holiday before I could order it. Should be arriving today, so I might even get to read it before the end of the quarter. On reflection, it might have been quicker to learn Norwegian (but then I'd have had to find someone who would sell me Norwegian books in Hollland, so maybe that would take even longer...).
Edited: Aug 24, 2015, 4:07am
...Volume 1 read this weekend:
The Wreath (Kristin Lavransdatter, part 1, 1920) by Sigrid Undset (tr. Tiina Nunnally)
It's obvious from the start that Undset was a very competent historical novelist in the Walter Scott tradition, thoroughly familiar with the primary sources for the period she was writing about, and able to put herself very convincingly into the heads of medieval Norwegians and show us what the world might have looked like through their eyes. There's little intrusive scene-setting and explanation — sometimes almost too little — the narrator never steps outside the frame to relate her story to modern times. But it's hard to see in the early chapters where the added value is going to be: it could almost be the chapter on "medieval farming" from an early 20th century schoolbook. Even when Kristin gets into her teens, it looks for a long time as though this is just going to be another nice girl/bad boy romance. You have to get a long way into the book before it becomes clear that Undset must have read some Ibsen as well as all those medieval texts in her youth, and that she has set up rather a sophisticated and modern psychological study of the main characters. Very subtle and clever, even if it does turn out that it all boils down to Roman Catholic guilt and she's just as much of a crusty old Tory underneath as Sir Walter was...
The Nunnally translation is definitely a lot better than the couple of chapters I read in the Archer/Scott translation. It comes across as very low-key and unobtrusive, with simple, direct syntax. Archaic words seem to be confined to the places where they are essential to convey a precise meaning (the only one I found intrusively quaint was "maiden", but given the plot it might have been hard to find a less dated alternative there). Nunnally's minimal and unpedantic notes and her introduction with a short biographical sketch of the author are also quite helpful. But you may need a brown-paper wrapper to distract you from the very twee imitation Preraphaelite cover art, which conveys the distinct impression that Penguin see their target audience as seven-year-old girls...
(continuing with Volume 2 ...)
98 SassyLassy
Aug 24, 2015, 9:57am
So glad you persisted to find the Ibsen, although I am a Walter Scott fan. You're absolutely right about the Nunnally translation. I too had read the older translation and thought it was awful, but thought there was enough underneath it to read it again with the Nunnally translation. I hope you get to read all three books.
Just as a side note, your comments on the cover made me look at my own cover, which I knew was different. Much to my horror, LT had managed to change it for me to the one you have. I have changed it back to the one my copy has, which is probably more representative of the book. Here it is:
99 rebeccanyc
Edited: Aug 24, 2015, 10:20am
I'm so glad you're enjoying Kristin Lavransdatter . I read it in the omnibus edition -- it was quite a tome! This is the striking but not very expressive cover.
>98 SassyLassy: , >99 rebeccanyc:
I went for separate volumes because I thought the omnibus would be too big to read comfortably, even though it's quite a bit cheaper. When I ordered them from BOL, I thought from the pictures on the website that I was going to get the covers SassyLassy has for at least two volumes, but they must have got new stock from the publisher, as all three came with the black covers and fairy-tale princesses.
(And just to be clear, Scott is a writer I admire very much, too.)
BTW: Do they say anything about what the omnibus cover art is meant for? It looks a bit like a 17th century memorial tablet to me...
regarding Pablo Neruda
Some time ago I received a LT review copy of Roberto Ampuero 's novel The Neruda Case .
for those Neruda "junkies" this would be a fun complement.
ps- unfortunately for English language users this is the only Ampuero translation available.
are there other novels with Nobel Laureates as characters?
Edited: Aug 26, 2015, 7:50am
>102 berthirsch: are there other novels with Nobel Laureates as characters?
Well, Mario Vargas Llosa has written several in which the main character is a novelist called Mario Vargas Llosa, but that probably doesn't count...
There are at least two other Neruda novels - The Postman (basis for the film Il Postino), and The dreamer . Probably more.
Churchill has walk-on parts in hundreds of WWII novels (e.g. A dance to the music of time ). There are probably a few historical novels where he's a main character.
Russell and Sartre both appear in Sophie's World (a book I'm sure none of us will admit to having read...).
Hemingway is a main character in at least Any human heart , The Paris wife and The Kilimanjaro device , and crops up in a host of Paris-between-the-wars or Spanish-civil-war novels.
I'm sure there are many more examples.
104 spiphany
Aug 26, 2015, 3:02pm
I started keeping a list at one point of more-or-less realistic historical novels featuring prominent (or less prominent) writers as characters: http://www.librarything.com/list/717/all/Lives-of-the-Poets-and-Philosophers-
I don't recall there being any Nobel winners among the titles I'd found, but the list is very incomplete and was mostly inspired by the results of reading my way through contemporary German fiction and the surprising number of German authors who engage with the literary tradition this way, so it's a bit skewed.
There does seem to be a certain "charisma" factor in choosing writers as the subject of fictional works -- i.e., someone (like Hemingway) who lived an especially interesting life, or was known for having a colorful character, or was particularly troubled. So that raises another question, I suppose: how many of the Nobel Prize winners have had unusual biographies which influenced their writing, and is that necessarily an important factor in the ability to produce "great world literature"...
>103 thorold:
Interesting question, Bethirsch. And thanks for the response Thorold. The only other one I could mention (and I don't know how accessible it is) is the 1978 book by Thorkild Hansen about the legal proceedings against Knut Hamsun for his pro-Nazi activities during WW II, The Hamsun Trial, which was also made into a movie starring Max von Snydow as Hamsun
>104 spiphany: Thanks for the link to the list Spiphany.
Not a novelist writing in a language other than English, but apropos of the discussion re missed opportunities for awarding the prize to a woman writer, I've recently revisited Edith Wharton , after not having read her for probably 30 years, and I think the committee missed the boat in not considering her for the award. (Or maybe they did consider her, but didn't consider her worthy--not sure whether she was ever nominated.) I read Summer , and it was wonderful.
107 spiphany
Aug 27, 2015, 3:24pm
>195 I think background plays more of a role than biography. There aren't all that many Nobelists in literature that had a famously exciting life (apart from the already-mentioned Hemingway, Neruda and Churchill), but there are lots who are noted for writing about the particular place, culture, or historical moment they happen to have grown up in.
Yep, I think you may be right about that; this is what I was sort of vaguely thinking also without really having read enough of the authors on the list to feel that I have an adequate sample size. It does seem that sometimes (often?) they are chosen less for their brilliant and original literary talents, but because they capture something characteristic about an era.
I mean, not that there aren't a lot of excellent writers among them, but if I think about the authors who have really changed literary history, who are still read in part because they are so good at the craft of writing and do interesting and challenging things with words and narratives -- often these are the authors who are conspicuously absent from the list of Nobel Prize winners. Then, again, the ideological element which has always played a role in the selection may have something to do with this as well.
108 Limelite
Aug 27, 2015, 4:48pm
Ha! Thanks to this thread I've just learned that the author, Kenzaburo Oe , of the novel I'm currently reading, A Personal Matter , is a Nobel Laureate, awarded in 1994. At the time he was the second Japanese winner of the prize, Kawabata being the other. Kawabata's novel, Snow Country is stunning. Stylistically, it is as quietly written as falling snow and as devastatingly cold hearted as Japanese winter in the mountains.
Oe's protagonist is immature, immoral, and disgruntled. There's nothing to like about him (yet), still I carry on reading in morbid fascination to follow him as he stumbles from one poor choice to another worse one when he reaches crossroads in his day-to-day life. He has just become the father of an abnormal child born with a "brain hernia" who is not expected to live. Beyond riding numbly in the back of an ambulance to accompany his infant son's transfer to a another hospital, his ineffectiveness takes over and he grabs the proffered bottle of Johnny Walker from his father-in-law after delivering the news of what he's become grandfather of and taxis to his nymphomaniac ex-girlfriend's house to get drunk with her.
Somewhere, and soon I hope, he has to fall in love with this baby; otherwise I will find nothing redeeming in the 1960s post WWII Japanese character, since even the minor players are rude and unempathetic. Quite a taste of what the consequences of their pre-WWII culture led them to throughout the war and especially following the annihilations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. So far, nothing but hopelessness of a "lost" generation.
Oe has a severely disabled son who is the inspiration for all such characters in his work--and they do occur frequently.
Personally I prefer him to Kawabata by quite a lot...
110 thorold
Aug 28, 2015, 11:29am
>107 spiphany: the authors who have really changed literary history, ... often these are the authors who are conspicuously absent from the list of Nobel Prize winners.
Maybe it's more realistic to judge the Nobel Committee by the number of (with hindsight - ) nonentities they pick rather than the geniuses they overlook. Missing someone important could happen (as we've seen) for all sorts of reasons. As long as you insist that the recipients are alive and you have a fixed annual cycle, there are going to be people who deserve the prize but don't get it, simply because they are never the "top nominee" in a year when they would have been eligible. On the other hand, there's no excuse for giving the prize to someone who clearly doesn't deserve it.
Of the people on the list whose works I've read, there are a few I'd class as "worthwhile but not outstanding", and a few who obviously got it more for their ideas than for the influence they had on literature, but I don't see any really undeserving cases. I can't speak for the ones I haven't read, of course, and I probably shouldn't for people like Lagerkvist where I failed to be bowled over by the one book I tried...
>109 LolaWalser:
Yes, I am aware his son has a disability and find myself fascinated that Oe discovered his inspiration there. A strange muse. But what I notice more is the lack of empathy in any of his characters for each other. All seem oddly disassociated from their fellows. Odder still is their nastiness and rudeness on all occasions and in all stations of life.
You probably know that Oe is considered shocking and a fair share of his critics dislike his "precise brutality" of language, which departs from the Japanese literary tradition. It's impossible for me to say I prefer one over the other because Kawabata and Oe are stylistically divergent. I bet the critics have no difficulty with the former's language, though.
Aug 31, 2015, 5:42am
The Wife (Kristin Lavransdatter, part 2, 1921) by Sigrid Undset (tr. Tiina Nunnally)
Volume II sees Kristin married and living on her husband's estate at Husaby (near modern Trondheim). Even after producing industrial quantities of babies and discovering that just about everyone she knows has some kind of sexual irregularity in their family history, she is still distracted with lovely Catholic guilt about the circumstances of her marriage. If you step back a bit from the story, it's a bit hard to accept this central premise - surely she wouldn't have had time for wallowing in the past with a large estate and a herd of small sons to manage and her husband constantly away on military service? But obviously, Kristin isn't meant to be "any normal (medieval) person", and Undset does make a fairly convincing case for her peculiar psychological state. Within the parameters of the novel, you can just about convince yourself that it makes sense, but it does go rather over the top a couple of times. It isn't Undset's fault, of course, that since her time, Evelyn Waugh made it impossible for readers to take seriously any chapter that self-indulgently describes the Good Death of a Catholic Aristocrat...
As in Volume I, the technique involves highly-detailed scenes with jumps of several months or years between them, but this time there's a lot of politics happening offstage in between the acts that Kristin isn't completely aware of. Some of this is explained to the reader, but not all, and I would probably have been rather lost without Sherrill Harbison's introduction explaining the political situation in 14th century Norway and helping the reader sort out what really happened and what Undset added.
Edited: Sep 1, 2015, 11:23am
Pedigree: A Memoir by Patrick Modiano, translated from the French by Mark Polizzotti
This brief memoir by Modiano, the most recent recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, concerns the first 21 years of his life, after he was born to an indifferent Flemish actress and a ne'er-do-well Jewish man in Paris who met during the Occupation. He was the unmarried couple's only surviving child, and he was passed on to relatives and friends like an unwanted pet for most of his early years. Although his parents appear to be colorful, if irresponsible, characters and his childhood would seem to have been a chaotically unique and potentially interesting one, Modiano chooses to list the people that entered and exited his life in a droll chronological matter, without analysis or reflection, as if he was filling out a lengthy school entrance or government form about his past, which made this book a mind numbingly dull read. Fortunately it was a short book, but it was worth about 1/100th of the $25 I paid for it.
114 Limelite
Sep 1, 2015, 4:31pm
I'm gonna be pilloried. Just finished the iconic novel of Nobel laureate, Kenzaburo Oe who probably has many fans on LT and I panned it in my review .
I accept that I may be banned from the site as a result. All I can say in my defense is, "À chacun son goût."
>115 berthirsch:
Hm, linguistically? I think there's as big a difference between Yiddish and Ladino as between German and Spanish.
Ladino is, as far as I could tell from limited sources (a collection of poetry and several CDs with songs), basically Spanish with some lexical and syntactic idiosyncrasies.
Sep 15, 2015, 6:58am
this is true. I was thinking more of the ethnic similarities.
additionally I am aware that Singer became better known to English speaking readers through the translation of his work as done by another laureate: Saul Bellow.
118 FlorenceArt
Sep 16, 2015, 9:20am
Hi! I just joined this group and am a bit late for this thread (I haven't even finished reading all the posts yet), but I wanted to introduce myself. I am reading a Modiano right now, but that doesn't really count for this group as I am French, so he is not "global" to me. On the contrary, he is very local and I am following the search for the narrator's past in Rue des boutiques obscures with a map of Paris at hand (well, on the same iPad as the book anyway).
The name of Octavio Paz keeps coming up in my readings lately, so I think I might try reading one of his books next, but maybe not in time for this thread.
The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta by Mario Vargas Llosa
This is a complex book, as much about storytelling as it is about the ostensible subject, the unsuccessful revolutionary Alejandro Mayta. Each chapter starts with a writer, who says he went to Catholic school with Mayta and has been interested in him ever since, interviewing someone who knew Mayta, but then switching, in typical Vargas Llosa style, back and forth without attribution between Mayta's life and the interviews. (The main action of the novel took place in the late 50s, the interviews 25 years later.) The writer assures everyone he talks to that he is making up the life of Mayta, that it will be fiction, and that he won't use their names. (Of course he does.)
It turns out that Mayta, as described by the writer, started caring about the poor early on and even limited his food so he could experience what they experienced. He later joined a very small offshoot of a very small communist party -- the Revolutionary Worker's Party (Trotskyist), or RWP(T) -- which only seems to have seven members. At a birthday party for a relative, he meets a lieutenant, Vallejos, who appears to be involved in a revolutionary plot in the Andes where he works running a jail in the town of Jauja. Mayta is entranced by the possibility of action, rather than talk, but fails to convince the other members of his party; in fact, they suggest that Vallejos might be an informer. And, it turns out, Mayta is gay, and that ultimately gets him kicked out of the RWP(T), although they state it is for more high-minded revolutionary reasons. Inevitably, Mayta goes to Jauja, the plot of course fails (but why?), and it is a mystery what happened to both Vallejos and Mayta until the very end of the novel. Through this plot, Vargas Llosa satirizes much "revolutionary" activity.
But this plot summary is infinitely more straightforward than the novel. Not only is it occasionally hard to figure out who is talking and what is happening, but part of the novel is about how the writer does his interviewing and what he makes up and what is real. At the end, the "truth" about Mayta is revealed. But is it true? The reader doesn't know.
I am a Vargas Llosa fan, but this wasn't one of my favorites of his.
Iceland's Bell by Halldór Laxness , translated by Philip Roughton
Iceland in the early eighteenth century was one of the most dismal places on earth. Life there was a true example of Hobbes's "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". Death came from starvation, freezing or plague. A colony of Denmark, it was exploited and plundered at every turn. The Great Northern War occupied the Danes and Iceland had to contribute whatever it could. Religious leaders imposing the "Lutheran heresy" were stern. The administration of justice was harsh and severe. The only national treasure was a bell, given to the people by the Norwegian king in 1015. The bell was at the courthouse in Pingvellir, where Icelanders had held their national assemblies and from where they were now ruled by Denmark.
One year when the king decreed that the people of Iceland were to relinquish all their brass and copper so that Copenhagen could be rebuilt following the war, men were sent to fetch the ancient bell at Pingvellir by Öxará.
The king's hangman brought Jón Hreggviðsson, a liar and a thief, to cut down the bell. Jón slandered the king and unable to pay his fine, was subjected to twenty-four lashes, administered by the hangman. Following the punishment, a drunken night ensued for all involved. In the morning, the king's hangman was found dead in the stream. Jón Hreggviðsson was too drunk to remember anything.
Laxness moves quickly, introducing all his major characters right away, setting up the different story lines that are the three books of the text. Before page twenty, we have them all together in Jón Hreggviðsson's hovel under the most unusual circumstances. Arnas Arnæus, an Icelandic scholar living in Copenhagen had come to Iceland
to purchase any and all ancient tatters of writing, whether on parchment or paper: old scrolls, scraps, anything resembling a letter or book that was decaying now in all haste in the keeping of the destitute and wretched inhabitants of this miserable land.
He wanted to
find for these poor scraps of books a place of refuge in his own great mansion in the city of Copenhagen, to be stored for all eternity so that the learned men of the world could be sure that once upon a time there had lived in Iceland folk to be reckoned men.
With Arnæus were the Bishop, and the Magistrate's daughter, Lady Snæfriður. If Jón represented the dregs of Iceland, Snæfriður was all that Iceland wanted to be. She was the very stuff of legends, the girl who would become Iceland's Sun. She was no stereotypical maiden though. She emerges as one of the strongest and most independent women in literature.
Jón would become a convicted murderer, would escape execution and travel as a down and out Everyman through much of northern Europe over the next thirty years, never losing his sense of independence, his insolence, or his gift for seeing through to the heart of things. His attitude to all and sundry, and the resultant escapades, provide the humour that is needed in any great tale.
Arnæus, a fictional representation of the real life Árni Magnússon, is a man consumed by his hunt for every last scrap of Icelandic literature, even if it is a literal scrap. As a friend of the Danish king and his assessor, he is able to wield much influence on the course of events.
Laxness tells the story of these three characters like reciting a saga, all facts and dialogue. We only get to know the characters through his recitation of their words and actions. We also get to know and care a lot about Iceland itself, to want it to have a better fate. Iceland won its independence from Denmark in 1944, while Laxness was writing this book, one which provides a lesson on what colonial status can do to a nation.
Laxness won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1955. Iceland's Bell is just one reason why.
_______________
| The Old Man and the Sea |
Former Governor-General of the Phillipines, who is the only person ever to hold the positions of both US President and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court? | July-September 2015: Nobel Laureates Writing in a Language Other Than English | Reading Globally | LibraryThing
July-September 2015: Nobel Laureates Writing in a Language Other Than English
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1 arubabookwoman
Edited: Jun 29, 2015, 7:16pm
Well, Here we begin the journey of the Nobel laureates. In the entries below are the results of my research. I've not yet completed the 2000's, but am opening the thread for comments anyway. I hope to complete information for the laureates I have not yet written about over the next couple of days, but hopefully, these are the writers who are already more familiar to you.
Just for general information, most of my research consisted of Wikipedia, the Nobel Web site, and The New Guide to Modern World Literature by Martin Seymour Smith . All references to "Seymour-Smith" are to this work.
Before I began my research I had this idea that the Nobel Prize for Literature was the "Prize of Prizes"--that no prize could be more prestigious for a writer. I even had this idea that I wanted to read at least one work by each literature laureate. I've learned that it is true that the award is prestigious, perhaps the most prestigious literary award, but I have come to the conclusion that the prestige of the award does not mean that each laureate is still worth reading, or even that at the time the award was made the recipient was the most deserving, as I discovered many instances in which in all likelihood the award was given for reasons extraneous to literary merit.
So, as you read the laureates, I'm curious about what you think. Do you think the author deserved the prestigious award? If you read one of the earlier works, do you think the work has stood the test of time, and deserves to continue to be read? If you read a contemporaneous work, do you think the work will stand up? Do you think there was a more deserving candidate that year?
Despite these caveats, I will say I discovered dozens of works that appeal and attract, and I can't wait to read. I hope the same is true for you. Enjoy!
2 arubabookwoman
Edited: Jun 23, 2015, 9:32pm
Since it was instituted in 1901, 107 Nobel prizes in literature have been awarded. (The prize was not awarded in 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, and 1943.) The Nobel prize in literature was shared between two individuals on four occasions, 1904, 1917, 1966, and 1974, and thus during the period 1901-2014, 111 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Of these, shamefully, only 13 have been female.
Although it is technically possible, no one has been awarded the Nobel for literature more than once.
The average age of all Literature Laureates is 65. The youngest Literature Laureate was Kipling, who was 42, and the oldest was Doris Lessing, who was 88.
Two people have declined the Nobel prize for literature: Boris Pasternak in 1958, who accepted first but was later caused by the USSR to decline, and Jean Paul Sartre in 1964, because he consistently declined all official honors.
The Nobel Prize for literature has been awarded posthumously only once, in 1931 to Erik Axel Karfeldt. After 1974 the rules stipulate that the prize cannot be awarded posthumously, unless death occurred after the prize was announced.
For a long time the award was criticized as "Euro-centric". In 1984, the Swedish Academy declared that attention to non-European writers was increasing and that attempts were being made "to achieve a global distributuion."
Literature Nobel Laureates to date have written in the following languages:
English 27
Eucken (1908); Bergson (1927); Russell (1950)
Poetry
Sully-Prudhomme (1901); Bjornson (1903); Carducci (1906); Heyse (1910); Tagore (1913); von Heidenstam (1916); Gjellerup (1917); Spitteler (1919); Yeats (1923); Karlfeldt (1931); Mistral (1945); Eliot (1948); Lagerkvist (1951);Jimenez (1956); Pasternak (1958); Quasimodo (1959); Perse (1960); Seferis (1963); Sachs (1966); Neruda (1971); Martinson (1974); Montale (1975); Aleixandre (1977); Elytis (1979); Milosz (1980); Seifert (1984); Soyinka (1986); Brodsky (1987); Paz (1990); Walcott (1992); Heaney (1995); Szymborska (1996); Transtromer (2011)
Prose
Bjornson (1903); Sienkiewicz (1905); Kipling (1907); Lagerlof (1909); Heyse (1910); Maeterlinck (1911); Hauptmann (1912); Rolland (1915); von Heidenstam (1916); Gjellerup (1917); Pontoppidan (1917); Hamsun (1920); France (1921); Reymont (1924); Deledda (1926); Undset (1928); Mann (1929); Lewis (1930); Galsworthy (1932); Bunin (1933); Pirandello (1934); du Gard (1937); Buck (1938); Sillanpaa (1939); Jensen (1944); Hesse (1946); Gide (1947); Faulkner (1949); Lagerkvist (1951); Mauriac (1952); Hemingway (1954); Laxness (1955); Jimenez (1956); Camus (1957); Pasternak (1958); Andric (1961); Steinbeck (1962); Sartre (1964)' Sholokhov (1965); Agnon (1966); Asturias (1967); Kawabata (1968); Beckett (1969); Solzhenitsyn (1970); Boll (1972); White (1973); Johnson (1974); Martinson (1974); Bellow (1976); Singer (1978); Milosz (1980); Canetti (1981); Marquez (1982); Golding (1983); Simon (1985); Soyinka (1986); Mahfouz (1988); Cela (1989); Paz (1990); Gordimer (1991); Morrison (1993); Oe (1994); Saramago (1998); Grass (1999); Xingjian (2000); Naipul (2001); Kertesz (2002); Coetzee (2003); Jelinek (2004); Pamuk (2006); Lessing (2007); Le Clezio (2008); Muller (2009); Vargas Llosa (2010); Yan (2012); Munro (2013); Modiano (2014)
While the prize is for a writer's life work, nine Laureates were singled out for a specific work: Sholokhov--And Quiet Flows the Don; Hemingway--The Old Man and the Sea:; Du Gard--The Thibaults; Galsworthy--The Forsyte Saga; Mann--Buddenbrooks; Reymont--The Peasants; Hamsun--Growth of the Soil; Spitteler--Olympian Spring; Mommsen--A History of Rome.
The Nominations and the opinions written by the committee are kept secret for 50 years. There is a nomination data base on the web site which includes information through 1963. This data base includes information such as the fact that Tagore, Lewis, Pirandello, Buck, and Faulkner were awarded their prizes after being nominated in one year only. In addition, several previous winners have nominated later winners. For example, Thomas Mann nominated Herman Hesse, Sinclair Lewis nominated Carl Sandburg and H.G. Wells, and Pearl Buck nominated Lin Yutang.
As of June 11, 2015, the Nobel Prize web site lists the following as the ten most popular literature Laureates (it does not state the criteria on which the determination of popularity was made):
1. Patrick Modiano
Edited: Jun 23, 2015, 9:42pm
1901-1910
1901 RENE F.A. SULLY-PRUDHOMME (1839-1907)
France
Male
Poetry, Philosophy
Awarded for his "lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"
Sully-Prudhomme was a "Parnassian" poet. The Parnassus School of poetry was a reaction to Romanticism, and tended toward art for art's sake. Parnassian poetry was also influenced by the development of archeaological studies and Buddhism (interpreted as a pessimistic religion of acceptance). The ideal Parnassian poem was "emotionally restrained, descriptive, often pictorial: in a word it set out to achieve....impassiveness." The main Parnassian poet is Baudelaire.
Sully-Prudhomme originally studied to be an engineer. He attempted to transform his extensive knowledge of science and philosopy into poetry, but ended up devoting himself to prose. His most well-known poem is "Le Vase Brise'" ("The Shattered Vase"). According to Seymour-Smith, his lyrical gift was "slight."
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Male
History
Awarded for being "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work "A History of Rome."
Mommsen is chiefly known for his History of Rome (1885), and the academy specifically referenced this work in making the award to him. This work covers Roman history up to the end of the Roman republic, and is one of the great classics of historical works. The presentation speech states that:
"...it is difficult to decide whether one should give higher praise and have more admiration for his vast knowledge and the organizing powers of his mind or for his intuitive imagination and his ability to turn carefully investigated facts into a living picture. His intuition and his creative power bridge the gap between the historian and the poet."
Fellow Nobel Laureate George Bernard Shaw cited Mommsen as one of the inspirations for his play "Caesar and Cleopatra".
Mommsen's works on Roman law and the law of obligations had a significant effect on the German Civil Code.
FACTOID: Until 2007 when Doris Lessing won, Mommsen was the oldest person to receive the prize.
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Male
Poetry, Drama, Fiction
Awarded "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit."
As a writer, Bjornson was overshadowed by Ibsen . A lyric poet, he wrote Norway's national anthem. According to Seymour-Smith, his novels are didactic and ponderous; however, he wrote some charming short fiction, and his tales of peasant life are likely to continue to be read. His play, "A Gauntlet" attacks the blindness and hypocrisy of authority.
Bjornson was a staunch supporter of Alfred Dreyfus. He was also one of the original members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee which awards the Nobel Peace Prize and on which he served from 1901 to 1906.
FACTOID: The presentation speech said of Bjornson's schooling: "He did not do brilliantly, but the development of a great poet is not always measured by such standards."
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1904 FREDERIC MISTRAL (1830-1914) and JOSE ECHEGARAY (1832-1910)
MISTRAL
Male
Poetry, Lexicography of Occitan (Provencal) language.
Awarded for "the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and the native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provencal philologist."
Mistral wanted an autonomous Provence, and he and his work represent Provence as no other. His poems were written in Provencal, and translated by him into French. He wrote lyrical poetry and three long successful epic poems, including "Mireille" (1859), the basis for an opera by Gounod. His huge dictionary of Provencal (Tresor du Felibrige) has been called "a classic of erudition and knowledge of Provencal customs and history".
He devoted his half share of the prize to the creation of the Museum at Arles, considered to be the most important collection of Provencal folk art.
ECHEGARAY
Male
Playwright
Awarded for "the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama."
Echegaray 's most famous play is "El Gran Galeoto", a melodrama. It was filmed as a silent movie under the title "The World and His Wife".
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Novelist
Awarded for his "outstanding merits as an epic writer."
Sienkiewicz was one of the most popular Polish writers of the turn of the 20th century, and many of his novels are still in print. His most well-known book is Quo Vadis (1896), which has been translated into more than 30 languages. It is the story of early Christianity set in Nero's Rome. Possibly his best novel is Dogma (1891) in which he examines the division between Christian and pagan with more honesty than in Quo Vadis .
20th century Polish novelist and dramatist Witold Gombrowicz has described Sienkiewicz as a "first-rate second-rate writer." Seymour-Smith evaluates Sienkiewicz as good with a vast historical canvas, but displaying little interest in character. It is perhaps telling many of those nominating Sienkiewicz were "eminent historians."
FACTOID: He completed university, but failed to receive his diploma because he did not pass the exam in Greek language.
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Male
Poet
Awarded "as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces."
Carducci is considered modern Italy's national poet. He was proudly anti-Christian and anticlerical, and opposed to romanticism. His poetry often had a civic national function. He retired as a professor of Italian literature at the University of Bologna in 1904. Best known work is "Barbarian Odes". (1877-1879).
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1907 RUDYARD KIPLING (Wrote in English)
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1908 RUDOLPH C. EUCKEN (1846-1926)
Germany
Male
Philosophy
Awarded "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life."
Eucken was considered one of the most prominent thinkers of his time.
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Female
Fiction
Awarded "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings."
Lagerlof was the first female winner of the prize. She will be remembered for her first novel, The Story of Gosta Berling (1891), which is really a series of short stories about the womanizing Gosta. She is also known for The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1906-7), a geographical portrait of Sweden as seen from the back of a goose, and The Soul Shall Bear Witness (1912), a novel of the supernatural. Her novel Jerusalem (1901) is the basis for the 1996 movie of the same name. She is considered one of the last great epic writers, writing inventive tales of great complexity from raw folk material.
FACTOID: At the start of WW II she sent her Nobel Prize medal to the government of Finland to help raise money to fight the Soviet Union. The Finnish government raised the money by other means and returned the prize to her.
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1910 PAUL J. L. VON HEYSE (1830-1914)
Germany
Male
Poetry. Drama, Fiction
Awarded "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world reknowned short stories."
Heyse wrote novellas, novels, lyrical poetry, and more than 50 plays. One of the Nobel judges stated that Germany had not had as great a literary genius since Goethe. He was the first Jewish Nobel laureate.
FACTOID: His father was Felix Mendelssohn's tutor (and his mother was the cousin of the mother of Felix Mendelssohn).
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Edited: Jun 23, 2015, 9:50pm
1911-1920
Male
Drama, Poetry, Prose
Awarded "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations."
Maeterlinck began his literary career as a poet. Much of his early poetry was in free-verse, and was influenced by Walt Whitman. Maeterlinck's poetry, in turn, influenced Yeats, Rilke, Eugene O'Neill and others. His later work includes the dramas "Pelleas et Mellisande"", adapted into an opera by Debussey, "L'Oiseaubleu" (described by Seymour-Smith as "an optimistic and charming crib of Barrie's "Peter Pan,") and "The Sightless", in which the guide for a group of blind people suddenly drops dead, and they are left to grope in terror until they meet a stranger (death?). (I wonder if Saramago was familiar with this work when he wrote Blindness ?) Maeterlinck's novel, Diary of a Chambermaid, was translated into English in 1966. He is considered an important part of the Symbolist movement.
FACTOID: Although he was Flemish, Maeterlinck wrote in French.
FACTOID: Maeterlinck had been proposed and considered for the prize several times before.
(An aside: according to wikipedia, Maeterlinck, suffering from depression, rented or bought the Benedictine Abbey of Saint Wandrille in Normandy as a place to stay to help him relax. By so doing, he rescued the Abbey from the desecration of being sold and used as a chemical factory. We visited the Abbey in November 2014, and I'm glad it was saved!)
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Male
Drama, Novels
Awarded "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art."
Hauptmann originally studied to be a sculptor. He took the German-speaking world by storm with his first play "Before Dawn", which began the naturalistic movement in modern German literature. He is also remembered for another important drama," The Weavers", and a lively comedy, "The Beaver Coat". He is also known for his novels The Fool in Christ: Emmanuel Quint (1910), which shows a modern misunderstood Christ coming to grief, and The Heretic of Soana (1918), in which a priest is converted to neo-paganism. The presentation speech stated that Hauptmann's particular virtue was his penetrating and critical insight into the human soul.
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Male
Poetry, Fiction
Awarded "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West."
Tagore was the first non-European to win the prize. He wrote in Bengali, but translated some of his own works into English. His importance in Bengali literature stems from his use of colloquial language in his writings. He wrote poetry, fiction, plays and philosophical works. He also produced accomplished works of art and music. He is most famous for his book of verse, Gitanjali (widely praised by the likes of Yeats), and that is the work to which his Nobel prize is attributed. His best single work is his novel Gora , which considers the clash in all educated Indians between Westernization and "Indianess". His novel The Home and the World is also widely read.
FACTOID: It was Tagore who bestowed upon Ghandi the title Mahatma.
.
FACTOID: Tagore 's compositions were chosen by two nations for their national anthems: India (Jana Gana Mana) and Bangladesh (Amar Shonar Bangla).
FACTOID: In March 2004, Tagore 's Nobel Prize was stolen from the vault at Visva-Bharati University along with several other of Tagore's possessions. In December 2004, the Academy decided to present replica prizes to the university.
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Male
Drama, Fiction, Biography
Awarded "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings."
Rolland , a pacifist in WW I and a supporter of Dreyfus, has been said to be perhaps more important as an idealist than as a writer. He was a musicologist, and was named the first chair of music history at the Sorbonne in 1903. He wrote biographies of Beethoven and Ghandi, among others. As a playwright he wrote "The Wolves" which was about the Drefus affair, and he wrote a cycle of 10 revolutionary dramas entitled "The Triumph of Reason." His long (10 volume!) novel Jean-Christophe is about a musician, and was singled out by the academy in awarding the prize to Rolland . In 1921, his close friend Stefan Zweig published a biography of Rolland
.
FACTOID: Hermann Hesse , a future Nobelist, dedicated Siddhartha to "my dear friend" Romain Rolland.
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1916 VERNER VON HEIDENSTAM (1859-1940)
Sweden
Male
Drama, Poetry, Fiction
Awarded "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature."
von Heidenstam received his first literary recognition for his poetry when he published a collection which marked an abandonment of naturalism that dominated Swedish literature at that time. With his friend and fellow Swede he wrote the play" "Pepita's Marriage", which satirized naturalistic gloom. He also wrote short stories and historical fiction, such as The Tree of the Folkungs , the epic story of a clan of medieval Swedish chieftains. He is considered a minor writer.
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1917 KARL GJELLERUP (1857-1919) and HENRIK PONTOPPIDAN (1857-1943)
GJELLERUP
Poetry, Fiction
Awarded "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals."
Gjellerup began writing naturalistic fiction, but later became a new romanticist. His wife was German, and he moved to Germany, and was considered by many Danes as a German rather than a Danish writer. His most important early novel is The Learner of German. In his later years he was influenced by Buddhism, and his novel The Pilgrim Kamanita , which is his most widely translated work, features an individual's journey from earthly pursuits towards nirvana. He also wrote a drama, "The Wife of the Perfect", inspired by the life of Buddha. Today, he is almost forgotten in Denmark, and it is said that his Nobel Prize came as a shock to everyone, including the Danes.
PONTOPPIDAN
Fiction
Awarded "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark."
Pontoppidan is regarded by many as Denmark's greatest novelist. He wrote realistic fiction, frequently describing the lives of peasants and country workers. He later portrayed psychological and naturalistic problems in socially engaged fiction. He attempted to live a Tolstoian life. His three main novels are considered "description of society" novels in the tradition of Zola and Balzac . These are The Promised Land (1896), Lucky Per (1898) and The Realm of the Dead (1916). Pontoppidan 's last novel is Man's Heaven (1927), the story of a power-seeking man and the corruption of almost everyone during World War I. Today Pontoppidan remains one of the most discussed Danish novelists, but unfortunately he is not widely translated into English.
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1919 CARL F.G. SPITTELER (1845-1924)
Switzerland
Poetry
Awarded "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring."
According to the Nobel web site, Spitteler actually received the prize one year later, in 1920. During the 1919 selection process, the committee decided that none of the year's nominations met the criteria. According to the Nobel Foundation's statutes, the prize can in such a case be reserved until the following year, and it was under this statute that Spitteler received the prize for 1919 in 1920.
"Olympic Spring" is an allegorical epic poem mixing religious and mythological themes. The presentation speech describes it as "a verse epic of 600 pages about the gods of Olympus. Notably, the speech also pointed out that Spitteler had "intentionally chosen a subject and an approach which were bound to bewilder and indeed even repel many readers...."
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Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Essays
Awarded "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil."
Hamsun is an important influential and innovative literary stylist. His work spans 70 years and he wrote more than 20 novels. He influenced writers such as Thomas Mann , Franz Kafka , Stefan Zweig , Herman Hesse , and Maxim Gorky . He pioneered techniques such as stream of consciousness. Isaac Bashevis Singer called him, "the father of the modern school of literature in his every aspect--his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his use of flashbacks, his lyricism. The whole modern school of fiction in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun."
However, he remains a controversial figure, as during World War II Hamsun supported the German war effort. He met with high Nazi officials, including Hitler and Goebbels, and is reported to have sent Goebbels his Nobel Prize medal as a gift. After the war he was detained by the police for commission of acts of treason, but criminal treason charges were dropped due to his advanced age and "permanently impaired mental faculties." However, he was fined in a civil liability case.
He first received literary recognition for his novel Hunger (1890), which describes a young man's descent into madness caused by hunger and poverty. In Growth of the Soil , the work for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize, there is a strong connection between his characters and their natural environment. Many consider his novel Mysteries (1892) to be his best work, and Martin Seymour-Smith says that Mysteries carries within it "the seeds of most of the experiments in fiction that have been made since."
FACTOID: Actor Max von Snydow played Hamsun in a movie based on the book The Hamsun Trial (1978) by Thorkild Hansen , about Hamsun's civil treason.
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Edited: Jun 19, 2015, 8:04pm
1921-1930
Male
Fiction, Poetry
Awarded "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament."
The son of a bookseller and a bibliophile himself, France first achieved recognition with his novel The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard (1881). He took an important part in the Dreyfus Affair, and signed Zola 's Manifesto is support of Dreyfus. He wrote about the Dreyfus Affair in his novel Monsieur Bergeret (1901). His later works include the satirical Penguin Island (1908) and a work of historical fiction set during the French Revolution, The Gods Will Have Blood (1912). Another work of historical fiction, the novel Thais (1896), is set in the Alexandrine world when Christians were vying with the survivors of Hellenic civilization. The Revolt of the Angels (1914) is another of his novels still read today.
FACTOID: France 's entire works were put on the Prohibited Books Index of the Roman Catholic Church in 1922. He regarded this as a "distinction."
FACTOID: France is believed to be the model for the narrator's literary idol Bergotte in Proust 's In Search of Lost Time .
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1922 JACINTO BENAVENTE Y MARTINEZ (1866-1954)
Spain
Male
Drama
Awarded "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama."
According to Martin Seymour-Smith, Benavente "rescued Spanish theatre from ...crude and melodramatic sensationalist realism...." He wrote over 100 plays of all varieties--children's fantasies, character dramas, historical plays, social satire, and tragedies, among others. His most famous play is "The Passion Flower" on the theme of incest. He also translated Shakespeare into Spanish.
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1923 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS (Wrote in English)
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Fiction
Awarded "for his great national epic, The Peasants."
The Peasants (1902-1909), a four volume novel, presents a complete picture of country life in Poland in the "now" of the late 19th century over the course of four seasons. It is written in dialect, and presents an authentic feel for the customs and lives of the immense cast of characters it depicts. Seymour-Smith considers this novel to "outdo Zola", noting that The Peasants is more profound than Zola 's Earth. According to the presentation speech:
"Reymont acknowledged that the idea for his book was evoked by Zola's Earth---but not through admiration but through indignation and opposition. He found it conventionalized, distorted and coarsely characterized the class of society in which Reymont had grown up. Reymont knew this class of society from abundant experience from within and with full understanding."
Another "Zolaesque" novel is The Promised Land, perhaps Reymont 's best-known novel. It is set in the city of Lodz during the industrial revolution and depicts the struggle for survival of three main characters, a German, a Jew, and a Pole. The Promised Land has been translated into 15 languages and has been made into a movie twice.
FACTOID: In 1922 Reymont wrote a novella entitled Bunt, which describes a revolt of animals and which was a metaphor for the Bolshevik Revolution. It is not known whether George Orwell was aware of this work when he wrote Animal Farm more than 20 years later.
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1925 GEORGE BERNARD SHAW (Wrote in English)
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1926 GRAZIA DELEDDA (1871- 1936)
Italy
Female
Fiction
Awarded "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general."
The second woman to win the Nobel Prize for literature, Deledda was a native of Sardinia, and much of her work features the life, customs and traditions of the Sardinian people. As a writer, she is convincing in demonstrating how social customs and tradition both impel people to unwise actions and cut them down. Her first real success came with Elias Portolu (1903) about a convict who returns to Sardinia to have a tragic love affair with his brother's wife. Also notable are After the Divorce (1902) and Ashes (1904), which is described as "almost Faulknerian." The manuscript of her novel Cosima was discovered after her death and was published posthumously.
Deledda died of breast cancer at age 64. Her last novel was a semi-autobiographical account of a young woman coming to terms with her breast cancer.
FACTOID: Deledda had a beloved pet crow named Checcha.
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Fiction
Awarded "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages."
Undset was born in Denmark, but moved to Norway at an early age. The academy cited her depictions in her historical fiction in which, "honour retains all the rigour and all the weight that it had for the chevaliers and great landowners of the fourteenth century. The demands of honour are clearly stated, and the conflicts it creates are worked out regardless of their brutal consequences. Religious life is described with startling truth."
Her best known work is the trilogy Kristin Lavransdatter which portrays life in the Middle Ages. Seymour-Smith calls this a "middle-brow historical novel." She is also known for the 4 volume The Master of Hestviken .
FACTOID: A crater on the planet of Venus is named after her.
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature."
Buddenbrooks (1901) was Mann 's first novel, and brought him phenomenal success at the young age of 26. It tells the story of the decline of a great bourgeois merchant family (partially based on Mann's own family) over three generations. It has been described as both effective popular fiction and as "highbrow." It is the most realistic of his fiction (I've read it twice and loved it both times).
His novella Death in Venice is as highly regarded as his full-scale novels. Mann 's diaries, unsealed in 1975, relate his struggles with bisexuality, which were sometimes reflected in his work, notably Death in Venice .
In The Magic Mountain (1924), Hans Castorp, a young engineer goes to a Swiss sanatorium for a three week visit and ends up staying seven years, during which he is "educated" out of his obsession with death. Mann himself said that The Magic Mountain is "a queer, ironical, almost parodic" version of the Bildungsroman.
Joseph and His Brothers (1933-1943) is a Biblical tetralogy written while Mann was in exile during World War II. Doctor Faustus (1947) presents a portrait of a composer, and explores the price of creativity. In The Holy Sinner (1951) the protagonist is born in incest, marries his "sister" (who is his mother), and becomes Pope. Mann 's last book, The Confessions of Felix Krull, Confidence Man , is a picaresque novel, and is often considered his best novel since his first, Buddenbrooks .
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1930 SINCLAIR LEWIS Wrote in English
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Edited: Jun 23, 2015, 4:28pm
1931-1940
1931 ERIK A KARLFELDT (1864-1931)
Sweden
Poetry
Awarded for "the poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt."
The prize was awarded to Karlfeldt posthumously. It is rumored that he was offered the award in 1919 and declined it, so the Academy decided to grant the prize to him after his death. He wrote symbolist poetry, and his works include "Fridolin's Songs" (1898), "Fridolin's Garden" (1901), and "Arcadia Borealis".
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1932 JOHN GALSWORTHY (Wrote in English)
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing."
Gorky called Bunin the best Russian writer of the day, and he was the first Russian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. He is best known for his two short novels, The Village (1910) and Dry Valley (1912). The Village is a bleak portrayal of Russian villiage life full of brutality and harsh realities. It shattered the idealized dream of the virtuous peasant. Dry Valley concerns the fall of a great land-owning family. He is also known for his autobiographical novel The Life of Arsenyev (1929). Collections of short stories include The Gentleman From San Francisco (1916) and Dark Avenues (1946).
Bunin is considered to be the only 20th century Russian writer to whole-heartedly carry on pre-revolutionary Russian traditions. He lived in exile after the revolution, and was a Russian emigre in Paris at the time he received the prize. In Russia itself, Bunin 's receipt of the prize was considered to be "an imperialist intrigue."
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Drama, Fiction
Awarded for his "bold and brilliant renovation of the drama and the stage."
According to Seymour-Smith, Pirandello is as important to world drama as Ibsen or Strindberg . He led a cruelly unhappy life. His family lost all of its wealth in 1903, which event also drove his wife into an incurable paranoic madness. During this time he wrote his first novel, The Late Mattia Pascal , which contains some autobiographical elements. He continued to live with his wife and care for her until he was forced to institutionalize her 16 years later. He was a member of the Fascist party, and gave his Nobel medal to the government to be melted down.
The Late Mattia Pascal contains the germ of Pirandello 's later work, but he found that the dramatic form was necessary to express his basic themes. The dramas that are considered his masterpieces are Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921) (a play within a play); Each in His Own Way (1928) (a play outside the play); Tonight We Improvise (1930) (scripted improvisation); and Henry IV (1922), which deals with insanity and its relationship to reality. In the Nobel presentation speech, it was said that Pirandello had "the magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theatre."
He also wrote many short stories, most of which have been translated into English, and a total of 8 novels His last novel, One, None and a Hundred Thousand (1926) is his most controversial and fascinating. It is a study of the fragmentation of a personality dissolving into madness.
FACTOID: Pirandello was born in the village of Kaos (Chaos) on the island of Sicily
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1936 Eugene O'Neill (Wrote in English).
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1937 Roger Martin du Gard (1881-1958)
France
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault."
du Gard was one of the most private writers of the 20th century, and he lived most of his life in strict seclusion, although he was a close personal friend of Andre Gide . He trained as an archivist, and this comes through in the massive build-up of detail in his fiction.
The Thibaults , du Gard 's major work, and the work for which he received the award, is a multi-volume "roman fleuve" (a narrative method relatively little concerned with composition, which "advances like a river across vast countries reflecting everything in its way. The essence of such a novel, in large as well as in small matters, consists in the exactitude of this reflection rather than in the harmonious balance of its parts....") The novel follows the fortunes of brothers Antoine and Jacques Thibault through the end of World War I. Six volumes were published between 1922 and 1929. Later a final two installments, Summer, 1914 and Epilogue, which focus on the historical situation leading to the outbreak of war, were completed. Other novels are Jean Barois , set in the context of the Dreyfus Affair and Lieutenant Colonel de Maumort , unfinished at du Gard 's death and published posthumously. (As an aside, I have read most of Lieutenant Colonel de Maumort and can attest to the "massive build-up" of detail--in its attention to capturing the entirety of each moment, it reminded me of Proust , although the sentences were not as wandering.)
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1938 Pearl Buck (Wrote in English).
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1939 Frans E. Sillanpaa (1888-1964)
Finland
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature."
Sillanpaa was born into a peasant family and his fiction is all almost entirely set in and about the small region of Finnish peasants Sillanpaa grew up among. In his work, he attempted to completely represent the harsh realities of their lives, and his work is naturalistic with psychological interpretation and insight into the characters. His style is terse and simple, "in a language of rather limited literary background." He won international fame with his first novel, Meek Heritage (1918), written during the Finnish civil war fought between the nationalists and the communists. He is also known for his novel The Maid Silja (1931). His last important novel is People in the Summer Night (1934).
In the presentation speech in December 1939 ( Sillanpaa was not able to attend the ceremony), it was stated, "At the present moment even the name of your country is significant everywhere. As simple as you see them, your people find themselves a prey to fateful powers....In our thanks for what you have given, our thoughts go still further. They go, with all our admiration and the emotion which grips us, to your people and your nation." I was curious about the context of this statement, and so I did some research to learn that Sillanpaa received the award during the so-called "Winter War" between the Soviet Union and Finland. On November 30, 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Finland, resulting in the Soviet Union's expulsion from the League of Nations. Finland fought bravely, but in the Treaty of Moscow, concluded in March 1940, Finland ceded territory representing 11% of its land and 30% of its economy to the Soviet Union. As I've researched the Nobelists, I couldn't help but wonder whether the award for 1939 was a political act by the academy. If so, it would not be the only time that the award was politically motivated.
FACTOID: An asteroid discovered in 1938 is named after Sillanpaa .
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Edited: Jun 23, 2015, 5:58pm
1941-1950
1941, 1942, 1943 No prize was awarded.
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1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873-1950)
Denmark
Male
Fiction, Poetry
Awarded "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style."
Johannes Jensen is considered the father of Danish modernism, and in 1999 his novel The Fall of the King (1901), a work of historical fiction about King Christian II, was called the best Danish novel of the 20th century. He was born in Himmerland, and his father was a veterinarian. Seymour-Smith calls his first book, People of the Himmerland (1898), "among the best of all modern regional literature." He has a vast body of work, and wrote in many genres, which included, according to the academy presentation speech, "epic and lyric, imaginative and realistic, essays, philosophy and scientific...." He was also a stylistic innovator and a student of biological and philosophical evolution.
Jensen invented a new form he called the "myth", a short piece, often without a plot, concentrating on essences. These are collected in 9 volumes in The Myths (1907-1944). He also wrote a cycle of six novels entitled The Long Journey (1908-1922), which follows man's development from a soulless herd-life where men worship a fire god, to a state of primitive civilization up through the time of the explorations of Christopher Columbus. This work incorporates a number of Jensen's "myths." The Long Journey has been called a "Darwinian alternative to the Biblical Genesis myth".
Jensen's poetry is also highly regarded. He had traveled America, and his poetry was influenced by Walt Whitman. One of his most famous poems, At Memphis Station, begins:
Half-awake and half dozing,
In an inward seawind of dadaid dreams
I stand and gnash my teeth
At Memphis Station, Tennessee.
It is raining.
Presumably because of the war, a ceremony was not held in Stockholm in 1944. Rather, there was an award luncheon in New York at which Jensen was not present. The medal was actually presented the next year, 1945, in Stockholm.
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Female
Poetry
Awarded "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world."
Mistral is the first Latin American to win the prize, and also the first female poet to win. She was raised in small Andean village and attended a school taught by her older sister. Her formal education ended when she was 12 years old. Nevertheless, she was able to obtain a teaching position and rose to progressively more prestigious posts, partially because of her publication of poetry in various national magazines and newspapers. Ultimately she was appointed director of Santiago's most prestigious girl's school, and later went to Mexico to work with its Minister of Education on educational reforms. She also traveled widely in the U.S. and Europe, and lived many years in France.
She was born Lucila Godoy Alcayaya, and reportedly chose the pen name Gabriela Mistral from her two favorite poets, Gabriele D'Annunzio and Frederic Mistral. Her first important literary recognition came in 1914 when she won a national prize for her work "Sonnets of Death," which was dedicated to a man she loved who had committed suicide. She never married or had children, although she is known for her love of children. She adopted a nephew, and he tragically also committed suicide.
Her other works include "Desolation" (1922); "Tenderness" (1924) (simple songs for children); "Tala" (1938) (for the infant victims of the Spanish Civil War); and "Wine Press" (1954). Seymour-Smith says she wrote, "candid--but not really erotic--poetry of love," and that she wrote "with as deep an insight into children as any poet of her generation...." Further, he states,
"If the Nobel Prize were a reliable measure of creative merit, then possibly the poetry of Gabriela Mistral would not be quite up to the
mark....but she was a suitable recipient because of her personality; sorrowful, humane, radiant, remarkably genuine--and with a much
more than merely competent poetic output."
FACTOID: Pablo Neruda was at one time one of her students.
FACTOID: Her portrait is on the 5000 Chilean bank note.
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Male
Fiction, Poetry
Awarded "for his inspired writings, which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style."
In his time, Hesse was popular and well-known in the German-speaking world. However, by the time of his death he was little read, despite his Nobel prize winner status. This changed in the 1960's, though, as the themes of his work--the quest for enlightenment--resonated with the counter-culture, the "hippies." In the space of just a few years, Hesse became one of the most widely read and translated authors of the 20th century. He was especially popular with younger readers, a trend that continues even today.
Hesse was born in Germany, but later moved to Switzerland and became a Swiss citizen in 1923. His mother was born in India, and his uncle was a prominent scholar of India, which may have influenced some of his work. His early work includes the novel Peter Camenzind (1904), about a Swiss peasant who becomes a famous writer, but renounces the decadent life of the city to return to his native countryside. Although he achieved success as a writer, Hesse was unhappy, and this prompted him to visit India in 1911. On his return, he underwent Jungian analysis, and this resulted in his first major novel, Demian (1919). Demian concerns the protagonist, Emil Sinclair's, exploration of a "dark" world in defiance of his bourgeois parents. There are elements akin to magical realism, and Seymour-Smith deems the novel fascinating and readable.
Hesse 's next novel, Siddhartha (1922), drew on his Indian experiences, and tells the tale of a Brahmin whose quest for enlightenment, first as an ascetic, then as a sensualist, does not bear fruit until he becomes the assistant of a ferryman who plies between the two worlds of the spirit and of the flesh. Next came Steppenwolf (1927), which draws on the fairy tales of E.T.A. Hoffman . The protagonist, Haller, who has devoted himself to pure spirit, enters into "the Magic Theatre" and becomes entranced by the world of the flesh. Other works include Narcissus and Goldmund (1930), Journey to the East (1932), and The Glass Bead Game (1943).
FACTOID: T.S. Eliot was a fan of Hesse , and quoted him in the notes to The Wasteland .
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Male
Prose
Awarded "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writing, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight."
Gide was born in Paris to strict Calvinist parents. He wrote fiction, essays, criticism, travel and political books. Many critics claim his best work is his Journals (1889-1939). Gide had a strong tendency to homosexuality, although he married his cousin. She is portrayed in his semi-autobiographical novel, Strait Is the Gate (1909).
Gide's other major works include Fruits of the Earth (1897), which is described as the pagan expression of his reaction to his strict upringing. In The Immoralist (1902) a depraved hero takes his wife to Africa, contracts and recovers from TB, and surrenders to his appetites, including his attraction to young Arab boys. The Vatican Cellars (1914) concerns the theme of "the gratuitous act" by which a man may become free. In this case, the hero commits an act of disinterested murder. In The Counterfeiters (1926), perhaps his most highly regarded work of fiction, a group of young men surround a novelist who is writing a book of the same name.
Seymour-Smith opines that, "there is a full understanding of passion in {Gide's} fiction; but it is not conveyed in the texture of his writing---it is observed."
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1948 T.S. Eliot (Wrote in English).
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1949 William Faulkner (Wrote in English).
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1950 Bertrand Russell (Wrote in English
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Edited: Jun 24, 2015, 2:11pm
1951-1960
Male
Poetry
Awarded "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind."
Lagerkvist is well-known in Sweden for his lyrical poetry. In translation, he is better known for his novels. These include The Dwarf (1944), about a hideous creature drawn against a colorful Renaissance background; Barabbas (1950), a tragic work about the thief who was to have been crucified, but whose place was taken by Christ; The Hangman, a medieval allegory of contemporary (Nazi) evil. Seymour-Smith does not think much of Lagerkvist --his "high philosophical intentions are more impressive...than his creative solutions of them,"---and concludes that the judgment that he is the foremost Swedish writer of the 20th century is "clearly wrong."
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life."
Mauriac was born in Bordeaux and had a sheltered upbringing with a strong maternal influence. Most of his work is set in the area in which he grew up. He remained a life-long Catholic, and his themes frequently include the "meaningless misery of existence without God." However, his is not a rigid dogma, but a self-questioning, merciful and liberal mindset. His first major novel was The Family (1923), which was a study of murderously intense maternal possessiveness and the loneliness of a weak man. Other works include Therese Desqueyroux (1927), in which a young married woman is tempted by boredom into sin (poisoning her husband). In Desert of Love (1925) an estranged father and son are doomed never to find fulfillment in love. The Viper's Tangle (1932) is the story of a millionaire who spitefully intends to disinherit his wife and family, and expresses his hatred of them in a long letter to be read on his death. A Woman of the Pharisees (1941) is the study of a "sour and evil" monster. In the presentation speech, the academy states that Mauriac plunges us into the midst of man's weaknesses and vices; Mauriac himself viewed his work as expressing that "Each of us knows he could become less evil that he is." Seymour-Smith claims that "his books are bewitchingly readable."
Mauriac is also remembered for his bitter dispute with Albert Camus following World War II. Camus believed that France should purge itself of Nazi collaborator elements; Mauriac argued that such disputes should be set aside in the interests of national reconciliation. In later life Mauriac was a journalist and commentator on current affairs.
FACTOID: Mauriac encouraged Elie Wiesel to write about his experiences during the war, and wrote the forward to Wiesel's book, Night .
FACTOID: Mauriac is the father of the writer Claude Mauriac , and the grandfather of Anne Wiazemsky, a French actress married to the French director Jean-Luc Godard.
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1953 Winston Churchill (Wrote in English).
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1954 Ernest Hemingway (Wrote in English)
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Fiction
Awarded "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland."
Laxness is the first literature laureate born in the 20th century, and the sole Icelandic literature laureate. As a young man he traveled widely. He lived more than a year with Benedictine monks in Belgium, and then spent two years in Hollywood attempting to write screenplays for the movies. Some of his work reflects his travels--the early novel The Great Weaver From Kashmir (1927) tells the story of a young Icelander roaming Europe after World War I--but all his important works have Icelandic themes. He is considered an excellent painter of Icelandic settings, and as having "an extraordinarily fine sense of the concrete things of human life, and at the same time an exceptional gift for storytelling...."
His masterwork, Independent People (1934) has been called one of the best books of the 20th century. It was released as a Book of the Month selection in the U.S. in 1946, and became an immediate bestseller. It tells the story of Bjartur, an man with an indomitable will for freedom and independence, and the touching love for his foster daughter Asta Sollilja. Other works include The Bell of Iceland (1943), a work of historical fiction; The Atom Station (1948), which satirized the American presence in Iceland; Paradise Reclaimed (1960), about Iceland's Mormons; Happy Warriors (1952), another work of historical fiction; The Fish Can Sing (1957); and Under the Glacier (1968).
FACTOID: An adaptation of Independent People was filmed in 1954 by Sven Nykvist, a celebrated Swedish cinematographer who frequently worked with Ingmar Berman.
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1956 Juan Ramon Jimenez (1881-1958)
Spain
Male
Poetry
Awarded "for his lyrical poetry, which in the Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity."
Jimenez was born in Andalucia, and celebrated the region in a prose poem about a writer and his donkey, Platero and I (1914). During the Spanish Civil War, he went into exile in Puerto Rico, where he was a Professor of Spanish language and literature at the University of Puerto Rico. Later, he held professorships at the University of Miami at Coral Gables and at the University of Maryland. His poetic output was immense, and according to Seymour-Smith, "his poetry seeks to uncover the language of reality, to relearn the meaning of words." One of his most important contributions is considered to be his advocacy of the French concept of "pure poetry." Seymour-Smith considers his early poetry to be impressionistic and sentimental--"over-decorative"--but his later style is more austere free verse. He was a shy and retiring person, and his wife, who died of cancer two days after he was awarded the Nobel, protected him from the outside world. A selection of his poems in English can be found in Three Hundred Poems (1962).
FACTOID: The epigraph to Farenheit 451 --"If they give you ruled paper, write the other way."--is a quotation from Jimenez.
FACTOID: With his wife, Jimenez translated the complete poems of Tagore .
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Male
Prose
Awarded "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our time."
Camus was born in Algeria to a mother of Spanish descent. His father died in World War I when Camus was one, and he was raised by his mother, an illiterate housecleaner. He attended the University of Algiers, but, having contracted TB at age 17 was only able to study part time.
His name is often associated with that of Sartre , and with the philosophy of existentialism. He did not consider himself an existentialist, and he said, "Sartre and I are always surprised to see our names linked." His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as "absurdism", i.e. the conflict between the human tendency to seek inherent meaning and value in life, and the human inability to find any such meaning or value. He was politically active through-out his life, at times a member of the French communist party (from which he was expelled when he joined the Algerian People's Party), and was also associated with the French anarchist movement. Because of his TB he was rejected from the French army in WW II, but was active in the Resistance publishing an underground newspaper. As a human rights activist he was torn when the Algerian War began in 1954; he identified with the pied-noirs (French living in Algeria), to which his own parents belonged, and, unrealistically, believed the pied-noirs and Arabs could coexist.
Camus ' works include The Myth of Sisyphus (1942) which consists of essays supporting his thesis that man is like Sisyphus in an absurd task, but happy in his losing battle. His novel The Stranger was also published in 1942. The protagonist, Merseault, kills an Arab in apparent self-defense, and through his indifference and an incompetent attorney is condemned to die. In The Plague (1947), a doctor and his assistant tirelessly battle a rat-carried virus. In The Fall (1957), according to Seymour-Smith, the anti-hero, Clamance, "a Gallic Felix Krull a con-man, a disembodied voice 'confesses'...in a Dutch bar, a Paris lawyer abdicated from 'business' to the Amsterdam waterfront because he 'fell' when he failed to rescue a girl from drowning." Exile and the Kingdom (1957) consists of six short stories each with a different technical approach. He is the second youngest recipient of the award, after Rudyard Kipling .
Camus died in a car accident in 1960. In his obituary, Sartre wrote, "Camus could never cease to be one of the principal forces in our cultural domain, nor to represent, in his own way, the history of France and of this century."
FACTOID: Camus used his prize money to adapt and stage Dostoevsky 's Demons . His adaptation required 33 actors, had 24 scenes and lasted 4 hours.
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Male
Poetry, Fiction
Awarded "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."
Pasternak is probably one of the more controversial literature laureates. The novel for which he is most well-known, Doctor Zhivago (1957), was forbidden to be published in the Soviet Union at the time the prize was awarded. When the prize was announced, Pasternak initially accepted and sent a telegram expressing his gratitude. Then after "spontaneous demonstrations" in the Soviet Union denouncing Pasternak , he sent a second telegram stating, "In view of the meaning given the award by the society in which I live, I must renounce this undeserved distinction which has been conferred on me. Please do not take my voluntary renunciation amiss."
Following this, for years there were rumors that the CIA and the British Intelligence Agency M16 had lent a hand to ensure that Doctor Zhivago was submitted to the committee in an attempt to influence its decision, so that Pasternak would win and the credibility of the Soviet Union would be harmed. Finally in 2014, the CIA released declassified documents confirming that it had undertaken a massive propaganda campaign intended to influence the Nobel committee. In order to turn the novel into an international bestseller, the CIA purchased thousands of copies as they were printed through-out Europe. These declassified documents also show that the CIA published thousands of copies of Doctor Zhivago in Russian to be distributed to Soviet visitors at the 1958 World's Fair in Brussells. The CIA also funded the publication of a miniature light weight version of Doctor Zhivago that could be easily concealed for smuggling.
Seymour-Smith considers Doctor Zhivago to be "over-praised", and that Pasternak 's true talent was as a poet. He considers Pasternak 's two long poems, "1905" (1926) and "Lieutenant Schmidt" (1927) to be powerful. Other works of poetry are "My Sister Life" (1922) and "Themes and Variations" (1924). Pasternak also wrote the autobiographical The Childhood of Lovers (1925), a fragment of a longer novel which was destroyed.
Although his work was displeasing to the Soviet authorities, it is believed that Pasternak survived the Stalinist purges because Stalin liked his Georgian poetry. Pasternak was close friends with poets Anna Akhmatova and Osip Mandelstam . He was present when Mandelstam read his poem "The Stalin Epigram", for which Mandelstam was arrested and exiled. Pasternak tried to intercede on behalf of Mandelstam, but was unsuccessful.
FACTOID: Pasternak 's father was an important Russian post-Impressionist painter, and illustrated some of Tolstoy 's works. Tolstoy was a family friend. Pasternak 's mother was a concert pianist, and the composer Scriabin was also a family friend.
FACTOID: Pasternak studied music composition and theory for six years, and intended to be a composer, until he turned to poetry.
FACTOID: Pasternak 's son was ultimately able to accept the prize on behalf of his father in 1988.
FACTOID: Bill Maudlin produced a political cartoon which won a Pulitzer in 1959. It showed Pasternak and another inmate chopping trees in what is apparently Siberia, and the caption reads, "I won the Nobel Prize for literature. What was your crime?"
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Male
Poetry
Awarded "for his lyrical poetry which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times."
Quasimodo was born in Sicily, and in 1929 he moved to Florence. He published his first collection of poetry "Waters and Earths" in 1929. According to Seymour-Smith, "no one has achieved so intense a poetry of social despair, nor so exact an indication of where peace could spring from (the individual's recognition of his nature)." Translations are available in Selected Writings (1960) and To Give and To Have (1975).
An example of a famous short poem from his first collection:
We stand alone on the world's heart
Stabbed by a ray of sun:
And suddenly it's night.
Male
Poetry
Awarded "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time."
Perse was born on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe to a French family that had settled there in the 17th century. At the age of 11, he and his family moved to France. He had a long and successful diplomatic career under his real name, Alexis Leger, including a number of years in Peking. He went into exile after France's occupation by Germany in World War II, and spent most of the rest of his life in the U.S.
His first literary success came with "To Celebrate a Childhood" (1910) with poems evoking memories of the exotic paradise of Guadeloupe. "Anabasis" (1924) is an epic poem written while he was in China, and relates the tale of a mysterious war-like expedition into a desert. Other works include "Exile" (1942); "Rains" (1943); "Winds" (1946); "Snows" (1944); "Seamarks" (1957); "Birds" (1963). His admirers include many of the illustrious names of the 20th century, including Rilke, Eliot and Gide. In fact, the translator of Anabasis was Eliot.
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Edited: Jun 29, 2015, 12:44am
1961-1970
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country."
Because of his unique circumstances--born in Bosnia, to Croat parents, and later living in Serbia-- Andric 's work has been claimed to be part of Serbian literature, Croatian literature, and Bosnian literature. Seymour-Smith characterizes Andric as essentially an epic novelist whose main themes are man's isolation and insignificance before the huge panorama of history. Much of his fiction is set in Bosnia under Turk rule.
His main works are Bosnian Story (1945), which takes place in the time of the Napoleonic Wars and concerns such things as the rivalry between French and Austrian consuls, revolts of Serbo-Croatian peasants, and religious wars between Muslims, Christians and Jews; Bridge on the Drina (1945), which surveys life in the little Bosnian town of Visegrad from the time the first bridge was built in 1516 until World War I; and The Woman from Sarajevo (1945), a purely psychological study of avarice. Together, these three novels are known as the Bosnian Trilogy, although they are not thematically related. Another important work is Devil's Yard (1954), which is an account of the prison at Istanbul during the Ottoman past.
FACTOID: Andric donated all of his prize money for the improvement of libraries in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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1962 John Steinbeck (Wrote in English)
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Male
Poetry
Awarded "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeing for the Hellenic world of culture"
Seferis is the first Greek to receive the award, and is considered one of the most important Greek poets of the 20th century. He described himself thusly: "I am a monotonous and obstinate man who for twenty years has not ceased to say the same things over and over again." According to the Academy. his poetic output was not large, but "because of the uniqueness of its thought and style and the beauty of its language, it has become a lasting symbol of all that is indestructible in the Hellenic affirmation of life."
Seferis was born in Smyrna, but grew up in Greece. He spent years in the Greek diplomatic service, and went into exile with the Free Greek government during World War II. After the military coup d'etat in 1967, and the repressive rule of the colonels, Seferis took a stand against the regime in an important statement on the BBC. He did not live to see the end of the junta.
One of his most famous stanzas was read at the opening ceremonies of the 2004 Olympics in Athens. From "Mythistorema":
I wake with this marble head in my hands;
It exhausts my elbows and I don't know where to put it down.
It was falling into the dream as I was coming out of the dream.
So our life became one and it will be very difficult for it to separate again.
English translations of his poems can be found in Complete Poems (trans. Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard) (1995). Seferis also wrote an important book called On the Greek Style (1962).
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Male
Prose
Awarded "for his work, which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age."
Sartre dominated the French literary scene for more than 25 years, as a "sort of" philosopher, political activist, critic, playwright, and novelist. Known for his existentialist philosophy, Sartre sees man in an absurd and godless universe, but capable of attaining meaning if he would undertake to make the choice to exist as himself. However, man's activity (bourgeois and in bad faith) instead consists of perpetual attempts to alienate himself and others from the freedom involved with choice. As a matter of principle, Sartre refused to accept the Nobel prize.
Some of Sartre 's more important early works are: Nausea (1938), his first and semi-autobiographical novel, and Intimacy (1939), short stories consisting of "gloomy accounts of the various mechanisms by which people remain trapped in boredom...." Another important work is Roads To Freedom, a trilogy consisting of the novels The Age of Reason (1945); The Reprieve (1945); and Iron in the Soul (1949). The hero of the trilogy, Mathieu, is "a true representation of intellectuals of Sartre's generation," and his story is set against France's descent into the disgrace of the Vichy reign.
Sartre was also a dramatist, and No Exit (1945) is considered his best play. In this drama, the characters are confined after their deaths to the drawing room of hell to discuss their lives. Its most famous line is "Hell is other people." His most moving play is Crime Passionel (1948). It is an attack on the inhumanity of certain totalitarian tactics. Loser Wins (1959) is on the theme of personal responsibility/German war-guilt.
FACTOID: Sartre's mother was the first cousin of Albert Schweitzer.
FACTOID: While he was in the French army, Sartre served as a meteorologist.
FACTOID: After Sartre was arrested for civil disobedience during the May 1968 strikes in Paris, Charles de Gaulle pardoned him, saying, "You don't arrest Voltaire."
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people."
Sholokhov was not a Cossack, but he wrote about the Cossack culture movingly and authentically. His best-known book is And Quiet Flows the Don (1940), a great epic novel covering the Revolution, World War I, and the Cossack revolt. Its hero Gregory is delighted with the abolition of the tsars, but hates the Bolsheviks; he recognizes the old Russia is dead, but can't accept the new. Seymour-Smith calls the book a "lyrical affirmation of agricultural life." Other books, Virgin Soil Upturned (1932) and Harvest on the Don (1960) concern the collectivization of the farmlands, and give a true picture of the misery involved.
Sholokov 's award was not without controversy. He had been accused of plagiarizing And Quite Flows the Don . A special committee was formed to investigate, and ultimately accepted his authorship. However, the plagiarism allegations were raised again in the 1960's (with Solzhenitsyn a major proponent of the plagiarism theory). In the 1980's further statistical analysis and documents again concluded there had been no plagiarism.
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1966 S.Y. Agnon (1888-1970) and Nelly Sachs (1891-1970)
S.Y. Agnon
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people."
Agnon was born in a part of Galicia that was Austrian at the time of his birth, but is now Russian. He settled in Israel in 1907, although he lived in Germany for a period from 1913-1924. He was among the best known Hebrew writers for many years, but did not become internationally well-known until after he was awarded the prize. His main subject was the European Jewish diaspora, and not until later in life did he begin to write about Israel.
His most famous book is The Bridal Canopy (1930), which is set in early 19th century Galicia. Reb Yudl travels all around Galicia to collect dowries for his daughters in this episodic novel, which has been called the Jewish counterpart to Don Quixote and Til Eulenspiegel. Other works are And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight (1916), short stories; A Guest For The Night (1945) which considers Galician life between the wars--life is chaotic and the Holocaust looms; Just Yesterday (1947) which is about Galicians living in Israel before World War I; and In the Heart of the Seas (1935).
Agnon is considered a sophisticated writer, and has often been called a surrealist. He frequently used stream of consciousness techniques. The Nobel committee said of his writing that there is, "always a mystical admixture which lends to even the greyest and most ordinary scenes a golden atmosphere of strange fairy-tale poetry, often reminiscent of Chagall's motifs...."
FACTOID: Agnon , with a list of his works, appears on the 50 shekel bill introduced in 1985 by Israel.
Nelly Sachs
Female
Poetry
Sachs , born in Germany, fled to Sweden in 1940 and became a Swedish citizen. She was friends with Selma Lagerlof . She was a poet whose experiences resulting from the rise of the Nazis transformed her into a poignant spokesperson for her fellow Jews. When awarded the prize, she said, "I represent the tragedy of the Jewish people." During her life she suffered several major nervous breakdowns. She experienced hallucinations and paranoia, and spent a number of years institutionalized. Her works are collected in Journey to the Beyond (1961). She also wrote a play about an 8 year old boy beaten to death by a German soldier in Poland, Eli (1950).
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Male
Prose
Awarded "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of the Indian peoples of Latin America."
Asturias was the second Latin American to win the prize. Although he was born and raised in Guatemala, he lived a significant portion of his life abroad. His writing style has been described as "tropical baroque." His first book, Legends of Guatemala (1930) consists of nine stories exploring Mayan myths. It is considered the "first major anthropological contribution to Spanish American literature." His most important novel is The President (1946), a magnificent and tragic satire criticizing a prototype Latin dictator. The novel was influenced by Tyrant Banderas by Valle-Inclan , and explores how evil spreads downward. Another important work is Men of Maize (1949), which is considered a defense of the Mayan culture. The title refers to the Mayan belief that their flesh was made of corn. It is written in the form of a myth, and has been described as experimental and difficult to follow.
Asturias is also known for The Banana Trilogy on the theme of the struggle of exploited Indian plantation workers against the domination by American corporations as epitomized by the United Fruit Company. The three novels in the trilogy are Strong Wind (1950), The Green Pope (1954), and The Eyes of the Interred (1960) (the title of which refers to an Indian belief that the dead sleep with their eyes open until justice reigns on the earth). This trilogy earned Asturias the Lenin Peace Prize in 1966, the year before he was awarded the Nobel.
Of himself, Asturias said, "Among the Indians there's a belief in the Gran Lengua (Big Tongue). The Gran Lengua is the spokesman for the tribe. And in a way that's what I've been: the spokesman for my tribe." Regarding the propensity of Latin American writers to magical realism, Asturias said, "...an Indian or a mestizo in a small village might describe how he saw an enormous stone turn into a person or a giant, or a cloud turn into a stone. That is not a tangible reality but one that involves an understanding of supernatural forces. That is why when I have to give it a literary label I call it 'magic realism'." He further noted that in these cultures, the border between reality and dream is "porous, not concrete."
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind."
Kawabata is the first Japanese to receive the Nobel in literature. The committee stated that his writing is "reminiscent of Japanese painting," and that Kawabata "is a worshiper of the fragile beauty and melancholy picture language of existence in the life of nature and in man's destiny." Kawabata believed that only three groups of people were capable of generating "pure beauty" (which he believed it was the function of literature to record): small children, young women, and dying men.
His major works include: Snow Country (1934-1947), the story of the love affair between a Tokyo man and a provincial geisha; A Thousand Cranes (1949-1951), which centers on the tea ceremony as the backdrop to ugly human affairs; The Sound of the Mountain (1949-1954), which concerns the themes of incest, impossible love, and impending death; The Master of Go (1951), which is the fictionalized account of a major Go match that took place in 1938; The House of the Sleeping Beauties (1961) which collects three stories. In the title story an old man is advised to visit a brothel and spend the night with silent and passive young women (drugged?). He does so, and returns again and again. In the second story, "One Arm" a young man has a dialogue with his girlfriend's arm, which she has lent him for the night. In the final story, "Birds and Beasts" a birdkeeper watches his birds die as he considers his affair with a dancer who is dying. His last major work was Beauty and Sadness (1964) which is about a man's reunion with a lover from his past.
Kawabata committed suicide in 1972.
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Male
Fiction, Drama
Awarded "for his writing which---in new forms for the novel and drama---in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation."
Beckett , though Irish, settled in Paris in 1937, and did almost all of his writing in French. He stated that he wrote in French as a discipline, to prevent himself from lapsing into rhetoric and because it was easier for him to write "without style." In making to award to Beckett, the committee stated that it was "addressed to one man, two languages and a third nation, itself divided."
Although Beckett wrote in French, Seymour-Smith considers him in manner and material an Irish writer. One of the chief influences on him was Jonathan Swift, and in Paris he was a member of the literary circle around James Joyce . As Beckett himself described it, for a time he felt he would always be in the shadow of Joyce, and then one day during a visit to Dublin he had a revelation. "I realized that Joyce had gone as far as one could in the direction of knowing more....I realized that my own way was in impoverishment, in lack of knowledge and in taking away, in subtracting rather than in adding." He decided that in the future his focus would be as a "non-knower" and a "non-can-er" Thus, Waiting for Godot (1952) is a play in which "nothing happens."
His novels include: Murphy (1938), his first novel was written in English. His trilogy, Molloy (1951), Malone Dies (1951), and The Unnamable (1953) were written in French, but according to Seymour-Smith "define Irishness" with their hopelessness, helplessness and despair. Seymour-Smith also stated of Beckett that, "His importance is undoubted; but he is pre-eminently a historian of mental anguish...."
FACTOID: Beckett regularly played chess with French artist Marcel Duchamp.
FACTOID: In 2009 a new bridge named the Samuel Beckett Bridge was opened in Dublin. It is just downstream from the James Joyce Bridge, opened on "Bloomsday" in June, 2003.
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable tradition of Russian literature."
Solzhenitsyn was a Russian novelist, historian and critic of Soviet totalitarianism whose works were suppressed in the Soviet Union, but raised awareness of the gulag world-wide. He served in the army in World War II, and in 1945 he was arrested and tried for making derogatory remarks about Stalin in private letters. He was sentenced to 8 years in the labor camps. He spent time in several camps, and his experiences served as the basis for his masterpiece One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch (1962). He also spent part of his sentence in a special scientific research prison facility, and that experience contributed to his novel The First Circle (1968). After his prison sentence ended, Solzhenitsyn was sent into exile in Kazakhstan where he was diagnosed with cancer. His treatment experience is the basis for his novel Cancer Ward (19).
After Khrushcev's "secret" speech in 1956, Solzhenitsyn was freed from exile. He approached an editor at the Novyi Mir magazine in 1960 with the manuscript of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch , and it was published in an edited form with Khrushchev's explicit approval. During Khrushchev's time, the book was even studied in Soviet schools.
However, after Khruschev was removed in 1964, the climate became more repressive, and Solzhenitsyn had several run-ins with the KGB, including one in 1965 in which the KGB seized the manuscript for The First Circle . In 1969, Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Soviet Union of writers. He did not attend the 1970 Nobel award ceremony because he was afraid that if he left the Soviet Union, he would not be allowed to return. In 1971, the KGB attempted to assassinate Solzhenitsyn with ricin. He became seriously ill, but survived.
During all this time, Solzhenitsyn was secretly working on The Gulag Archipelago . In 1974, triggered by the publication abroad of The Gulag Archipelago (1973-1975), he was expelled from the Soviet Union. Solzhenitsyn had previously resisted all attempts to persuade him to live outside the Soviet Union.
The Gulag Archipelago consists of three volumes and is based on Solzhenitsyn's personal experiences, his own research, and the testimonies of more than 200 former prisoners. It details everything about the Soviet prison system, from interrogation procedures, prison transports, camp culture, prison uprisings, and international exile. According to Anne Applebaum , it is one of the most impactful books of the 20th century.
After the fall of the Soviet Union, Solzhenitsyn returned to Russia in 1994. He was a somewhat controversial figure during his exile in America, as he commented on "weaknessess" in American character (some of these remarks caused him to be admired by one Richard Cheney and one Donald Rumsfeld, then aides in the administration of Gerald Ford). Before his death in 2008, he expressed admiration for Putin's attempts to restore a sense of national pride in Russia.
Other works include August, 1914 (1971) and November, 1916 (1983). Seymour-Smith evaluates him as the "author of one minor classic--his first novel--and two semi-autobiographical works of great humour and generosity { Cancer Ward and The First Circle }." He views The Gulag Archipelago to be of immense historical importance, but not "distinguished as literature."
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Edited: Jun 30, 2015, 12:37pm
1971-1980
Male
Poetry
Awarded "for poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams."
As a youth Neruda knew and was mentored by prior Latin American Nobelist Gabriela Mistral . During the years 1927-35 he traveled widely. He was greatly affected by the Spanish Civil War, and especially the murder of Garcia Lorca, whom he knew. In 1945 he was elected a senator in the Chilean government but left Chile again in 1949 when the government changed (he was a member of the communist party). Later, he was close to Chile's socialist president Allende, and was in the hospital at the time of the coup d'etat that ousted Allende and brought Pinochet to power.
He died shortly after the coup, and Pinochet refused permission for a public funeral. Nevertheless, thousands disobeyed the curfew and took to the streets to honor Neruda. In 2011, after allegations that Neruda had been murdered by the Pinochet regime as he prepared to go into exile, a judge ordered his body exhumed. In 2013, the investigators stated that "no relevant chemical substances that could be linked to death were found."
Gabriel Garcia Marquez called Neruda the greatest poet of the 20th century in any language. Harold Bloom includes him as one of 26 writers central to the western tradition in his book The Western Canon . However, Neruda was a somewhat controversial choice because at one time he wrote quite admiringly of Stalin. Borges, asked about Neruda in the late 1960's stated, "I think of him as a very fine poet, a very fine poet. I don't admire him as a man, I think of him as a very mean man."
Twenty Love Poems , published when Neruda was only 20, is his best-known work. He is also known for Canto General (1950), a Whitmanesque catalogue of South America history and nature. Elemental Odes (1956), odes to ordinary and useful things like socks, wood, salt and watermelon is also a popular collection.
FACTOID: During his exile in the 1950's, Neruda's stay in a villa on the island of Capri was fictionalized in a book by Antonio Skarmata, which inspired the popular film Il Postino (The Postman, 1994).
FACTOID: A children's book written by Pam Munoz Ryan, The Dreamer, is a fictionalized biography of Neruda. It is illustrated by Peter Sis.
FACTOID: Neruda wrote in green ink.
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Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to the renewal of German literature."
With Gunter Grass , Boll is the most celebrated post-war German novelist. He was the first German to win the Nobel since Thomas Mann in 1929. Seymour-Smith considers him a "prolific, versatile and gifted writer," but "a greatly overrated one." His first book, The Train Was on Time (1949) is about a soldier traveling to the Russian front. Acquainted With the Night (1953) is about the effects of war on family life. The Unguarded House (1954) contrasts the fates of two families, one rich, one poor, who were made fatherless by the war.
His later works became more complex. Billiards At Half-Past Nine (1959) is a study of the concerns that keep generations apart. In The Clown (1963), Hans, a clown, finds his work tolerable while he lives with Marie, but when Catholic intellectual friends influence her to leave him he flounders. The entire novel takes place over the course of a few hours. Group Portrait with Lady (1971) is one of his most admired novels. The Lost Honor of Katherina Blum (1974) considers the theme of the cruelty and amorality of contemporary journalism.
Boll is considered a leader among German writers who tried to come to terms with the memory of Germany's role in World War II and the guilt of the Holocaust.
FACTOID: When Solzhenitsyn was expelled from Russia, he first took refuge in Boll's cottage. Boll, in his role as president of West Germany's PEN, had recommended Solzhenitsyn for the Nobel.
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1973 Patrick White (Wrote in English)
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1974 Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson
The choice of Johnson and Martinson to receive the Nobel in 1974 was extremely controversial, since they were both on the panel that chose the recipient of the award. Other candidates for that year included Graham Greene , Vladimir Nabokov , Saul Bellow and Jorge Luis Borges . When the prize was announced, there were immediate indignant reactions to the fact that the academy had awarded the prize to two of its own members. A later article posted on the Nobel web site considers the worthiness of Johnson and Martinson, and concludes that criticism was directed not against their literary merit, but only against the fact that the academy named two of its own.
Eyvind Johnson (1900-1976)
Prose
Awarded "for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom."
Eyvind Johnson belongs to the school of Swedish proletarian literature. These were self-taught writers whose works investigated working class life. Johnson himself left school and began work at age 14. He labored as a sawmill worker, plumber's assistant, and railroad worker, among many other jobs. He began to write in 1920. His book The Novel of Olof (1934-37) is autobiographical and describes his adolescence and apprenticeship as a timberman. Return to Ithica (1946) is a modern version of The Odyssey. The Days of His Grace (1960) is a dissection of the totalitarian spirit set in the time of Charlamagne. Krilon (1941-3) is a massive trilogy which is an allegory of Natzism. Seymour-Smith finds Johnson sophisticated, but "too restlessly experimental."
Harry Martinson (1904-1978)
Prose
Awarded "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos."
Harry Martinson is also a member of the Swedish proletarians. He was orphaned at age 6 and had a tough early life. He became a sailor at a young age. His novel Cape Farewell (1933) records some of his adventures. His novel The Road (1948) is considered his best book. It is about the life of a hobo in the first decade of the 20th century. His most popular novel is Flowering Nettles (1935), a fictionalized autobiographical account of his life as a foster child in the countryside where he was an outsider. This book has been translated into more than 30 languages.
He is also famous for his poetry, including "Anicara" (1956) a long poem about a spaceship drifting in the void. This poem was adapted into an opera.
Martinson committed suicide in 1978, and some have speculated that he found it difficult to cope with the criticism of his receiving the award.
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Male
Poetry
Awarded "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, and at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of the Spanish poetry between the wars."
Aleixandre studied law, but after 1925 devoted himself to literature. He was plagued by serious illness for much of his life, and, an invalid, he did not go into exile during the Spanish Civil War. According to the academy, "his poetry is difficult, anguished and private," but "always characterized by a glow of feeling toward others."
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1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902- 1991)
US/Poland
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life."
Singer is considered the most important of all Yiddish writers. He was born in Poland, where his father was a rabbi. All his books are originally written in Yiddish, although he lived in the US since 1935. He translated most of his own fiction into English, but referred to his English versions as his "second original." Singer is considered unmatched in his understanding of Jewish-Polish folk-lore, and Irving Howe states of him that his greatness is that he could write of a vanished past as if it still existed. Many of his works were first published in installments in Yiddish newspapers and magazines.
He is the author of at least 18 novels, 14 children's books, a number of memoirs and essays, and dozens of short story collections. His first novel was Satan in Goray (1935) which recounts events stemming from an attack by Cossacks in 1648 in which one-third of Jewish population was lost. His novel The Famiy Moskvat (1945) is considered the Jewish Buddenbrooks , and chronicles the decay of a family in Poland. The Slave (1967) concerns a 17th century Jewish scholar who is sold into slavery. Other important novels are The Manor and The Estate (1933-35), The Magician of Lublin (1968), and Enemies, A Love Story (1972). Short story collections include Gimpel the Fool (1957) and The Spinoza of Market Street (1961). In my Father's Court (1956) is a collection of memories of his father's rabbinical court in Lublin. Seymour-Smith says, "no major modern writer's work has so rich and so affirmative a glow to it."
In addition to the Nobel, Singer has received two US National Book Awards, one in fiction for his book A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1974) and one in children's literature for his memoir A Day of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw (1970). His children's book Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories (ill. by Maurice Sendak) (1966) was a runnerup for the Newberry.
FACTOID: His short story "Yentl" is the basis for the film of the same name starring Barbra Streisand.
FACTOID: Singer spoke English, Hebrew and Polish fluently, but he considered Yiddish his natural tongue.
FACTOID: Singer was a committed vegetarian. When asked if he became a vegetarian for health reasons, he replied, "I did it for the health of the chickens."
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Male
Poetry
Awarded "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek traditions, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness."
Elytis was born on Crete and his poetry was first published in 1935. His most famous poem is "The Axion Esti" (1959) in which he fuses the creation with the modern history of Greece. "Maria Nephele" (1978) consists of long monologues by the poet and a hippy girl. One of the most moving poems to come out of World War II was written by Elytis: "Heroic and Mournful Song the Lost Second Lieutenant of the Albanian Campaign" (1945).
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Male
Poetry
Awarded to Milosz "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts."
Milosz , who had published two volumes of poetry in the 1930's, served as the Polish cultural attache in Paris and in Washington, D.C. after World War II. However, he broke with the Polish government in 1951, and went into exile in France. In 1960, he moved to the US, and became a professor of Slavic languages and literature at Berkley from 1961 to 1998, when he retired. He became a US citizen in 1970. He is fluent in Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, English and French. He wrote his poetry, fiction, and essays in Polish. He is known for his lyrical memoir of his Lithuanian childhood, The Issa Valley (1953) and Native Realm (1959), another memoir. He is also known for The Captive Mind (1953). a study of how intellectuals behave under a repressive regime .
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Edited: Jun 30, 2015, 12:43pm
1981-1990
Prose
Awarded "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power."
Canetti was born in Bulgaria, but his mother tongue was Ladino, an archaic dialect of Spanish. As a child he moved to Vienna, and in 1938 he emigrated to London. He became a British citizen in 1952. He was a novelist, playwright, memoirist, and nonfiction writer, and he wrote in German.
His foremost fictional achievement is the novel Auto da Fe (1935), which was to be part of a planned series of novels taking the shape of a "comedie humaine of madmen." He is also the author of Crowds and Power (1960), an examination of the origin, composition, and reaction patterns of mass movements. He wrote three plays, all "more or less absurd" portraying "extreme situations...and human vulgarity..." His memoirs stand out--he wrote two large volumes covering his childhood and youth.
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1982 Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1928-2014)
Columbia
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts."
Columbian author Garcia Marquez was born in Aracataca, the basis for his imaginary town Macondo---a mountain surrounded swampy wilderness on the Caribbean. From the beginning, his idea was to create a town in which everything "Latin American" could and did happen. He was raised by his grandparents. Garcia Marquez called his grandfather, a veteran and hero of the Thousand Days War, his "umbilical cord with history." His grandmother he considered the "source of the magical, superstitions and supernatural view of reality." Apparently, no matter how fantastic or improbable her statements, she always delivered them as if they were the irrefutable truth. His works were also influenced by William Faulkner, whose narrative techniques, historical themes and rural settings influenced many Latin American authors.
Garcia Marquez began his writing career as a journalist. His first novel, Leaf Storm (1955) portrays the ruin of Macondo in interior reminiscences taking place over less than an hour, as an old colonel attempts to give a proper burial to an unpopular French doctor, supported only by his daughter and grandson. No One Writes the Colonel (1961) is also set in Macondo. An eccentric old colonel whose father served Colonel Aureliano, son of the founder of Macondo, awaits his pension which never arrives. In his third novel, In Evil Hour (1966), the inhabitants of Macondo are driven to panic as a series of posters appear on the streets announcing scandals about them. A number of short stories featuring Macondo also were written during this time. Some critics have said that everything he wrote before One Hundred Years of Solitude is really part of that novel as well.
One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) is the story of the founding of Macondo and of its rise and fall. It is very real, although strange things do happen. There is magical realism, but Seymour-Smith says, "in truth Macondo is as near as any author could come to recreating the whole of Latin America." Author William Kennedy called it "the first piece of literature since the Book of Genesis that should be required reading for the entire human race." It is Marquez's most enduring work, and has sold more than 30 million copies.
The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975) was Marquez 's "dictator" novel. The dictator is an absurd but all-powerful madman, and there are many allusions, and parodies of other writers, including Carpentier. Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981) is a combination of journalism and detective story as it recreates a murder which took place in Columbia in 1951. In Love in the Time of Cholera (1985), lovers find love in old age, with death all around them. The story of the young lovers is based on the story of Marquez's own parents, as his grandparents did all they could to thwart the marriage of their daughter to Marquez's father. Marquez says the story is also based on a newspaper article he read about two Americans who were almost 80 years old, but, married to others, met each year in Acapulco until one year they were murdered. Marquez said, "Through their death, the story of their secret romance became known. I was fascinated by them." Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2004) is the love story of an old man and a young concubine. The General in His Labyrinth (1989) is historical fiction about Simon Bolivar.
Marquez also wrote nonfiction. The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (1970) was adapted from newspaper articles he wrote while he worked as a journalist. It details the true story of how a Columbian navy vessel came to be shipwrecked. In News of a Kidnapping (1996) a series of kidnappings and other terrorist actions committed by the Medellin cartel are examined. He also completed the first part of his projected three part autobiography, Living to Tell the Tale (2002).
Overall, Seymour-Smith says that the power of his writing "lies in its deadpan innocence, Homeric range and his calm acceptance of the fantastic." He is considered one of the most significant writers of the 20th century, and on his death in April 2014, Columbian president Juan Manuel Santos described him as "the greatest Columbian who ever lived."
FACTOID: Because of his outspoken views on US imperialism, Marquez was labeled a subversive and for many years was denied a visa to visit the US. After Bill Clinton was elected president, he lifted the ban, citing One Hundred Years of Solitude as his favorite novel.
FACTOID: Marquez is known through-out Latin America as "Gabo" or "Gabito".
FACTOID: In 1976 Marquez was publicly socked in the face by Mario Vargas Llosa, until then a good friend. They did not speak again.
FACTOID: Where the name Macondo came from: Marquez describes a train trip he took with his mother as a young man:
"The train stopped at a station that had no town and a short while later it passed the only banana plantation along the route that had its name written over the gate: Macondo. This word had attracted my attention ever since the first trips I had made with my grandfather, but I discovered only as an adult that I liked its poetic resonance. I had never heard anyone say it and I did not even ask myself what it meant....I happened to read in an encyclopedia that it is a tropical tree resembling the cieba."
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1983 William Golding (Wrote in English)
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Male
Prose
Awarded to Simon "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition."
Claude Simon began to achieve recognition in the 1950's in connection with the "nouveau roman" (new novel) movement in France. These were novels that broke the rules that a novel should have a realistic story and move along in a coherent way, and consisted instead of fragmented narratives. Such novels were often described as collages, and took place in memory as apparent free association. Fragments from different times would be closely joined on the basis of content or emotional feel. Influences from the visual arts were strong.
Simon's early novels were partly autobiographical. His first novel was The Cheat (1946), and its was strongly influenced by Proust and Faulkner , with sentences going on for pages and pages. His more experimental novels began with The Wind (1957) and The Grass (1958), both of which take place in the south of France. The main character in The Wind is a mysterious man who returns to claim a small fare he inherited and is caught up in various conflicts. Over it all howls the mistral--the wind--an inhuman element in which all the characters are imprisoned.
The Flanders Road (1960) made Simon internationally famous in literary circles. In this strongly autobiographical novel, long flowing narrative framentations pile up. There are discontinuous scenes and stories within stories. It takes shape as a description of the French collapse in 1940, a battle at which Simon fought and was deeply affected by. Cruelty and absurdity dominate. The Flanders Road is considered his best novel.
The novel The Palace (1962) concerns Simon's experiences in the Spanish Civil War. The Georgiques (1981) involves fighters against Franco who split into factions and fight each other. Other works are Histoire (1967) and The Acacia (1989).
Not everyone admired Simon's work. Christopher Hitchens said, "The award of the Nobel Prize to such a shady literary enterprise is a minor scandal, reflecting the intellectual rot which has been spread by pseudo intellectuals."
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1986 Wole Soyika (Wrote in English)
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Poetry
Awarded "for an all embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity."
Brodsky was born in Leningrad, and survived the Siege of Leningrad as a young child. He began writing poetry when he was 18. As a young man he was sentenced to exile for "social parasitism", and in 1972 he was involuntarily deported from the Soviet Union. He came to the US and became a US citizen in 1977. He worked as a visiting professor or poet in residence at the University of Michigan, Queens College, Smith College, Columbia University, and Cambridge University, among others. After the fall of the Soviet Union, he was invited to return, but never did. He died of a heart attack at the young age of 55.
According to the academy, he "belongs to the classical Russian tradition with names such as Osip Mandelstam, Anna Akhmatova....and Boris Pasternak." One of his more famous collections is To Urania (1988). His book of essays on the arts and politics, Less Than One (1986) won the National Book Award for criticism. In 1991, he was appointed Poet Laureate of the US.
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Male
Fiction
Awarded to Mahfouz "who through works rich in nuance---now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous---has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind."
Mahfouz is the only Arab to have won the Nobel Prize for literature. He wrote 34 novels, 350 short stories, 5 plays, and many movie scripts. He was the youngest child of seven and had a strong Islamic upbringing. In later life he said, "You would never have thought that an artist would emerge from that family.
His most famous and enduring work is The Cairo Trilogy , which consists of Palace Walk (1956), Palace of Desire (1957), and Sugar Street (1957). In these novels he follows three generations of one Cairo family from World War I until after the 1952 coup that overthrew King Farouk.
Other works include Children of the Alley (1959), which relates the story of Gebelaawi and his children. This book was banned through-out the Arab world, with the exception of Lebanon, until 2006 when it was finally published in Egypt. (In 1994, Islami extremists attempted to assassinate Mahfouz by stabbing him in the neck. He survived, but nerves in his upper right limb were permanently damaged.) The Thief and the Dogs (1961) depicts the fate of a thief released from prison and planning revenge. Miramar (1967) develops from multiple first person points of view. In Arabian Nights and Days (1981) Mahfouz drew on traditional Arabic narratives. Another of his popular works is Midaq Alley (1947).
Mahfouz has stated, "In all my writings you will find politics. You may find a story which ignores love or any othey subject, but not politics...."
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1989 Camilo Jose Cela (1916-2002)
Spain
Male
Fiction
Awarded "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability."
Born in Galicia to a Spanish mother and Italian-English father, Cela has written more than 100 books. More than any other writer he was at the center of the Spanish Civil War. After being wounded, he debuted as a writer. His first novel was The Family of Pascual Duarte (1942), which inaugurated the term "tremendista" novel, so called because the reader's shock at the horror and brutality it reveals is "tremendous." In fact, when the censors read The Family of Pascual Duarte , they banned it. It relates the story of a multiple murderer, and the academy stated that "Next to Don Quixote it must be the most widely read of all Spanish novels."
Cela 's next book, Rest Home (1943) seems less violent, but is actually more despairing. It involves tubercular patients in a sanatarium. The Hive (1951), one of Cela 's better-known works, relates the story of life in Madrid during Franco's reign. It has over 300 characters and according to Seymour-Smith, "It accuses the society it describes, but only by telling the truth." This novel was banned in Spain, and after its publication Cela exiled himself to Mallorca. Other books include Mazurka For Two Dead Men , in which Cela returned to the lives of ordinary people in Galicia.
In terms of nonfiction, Cela wrote some classic travel books in the 1940's and 1950's, including Journey to the Alcarria (1948). He also wrote a modern version of the first Spanish picaresque novel, Lazarillo de Tormes (1946), which gives a grotesque and distorted vision of Spain.
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Poetry
Awarded "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity."
Paz is a Mexican poet, who also served as a diplomat for Mexico to places such as France and India. He wrote his important book The Labyrinth of Solitude , a fundamental study of Mexican identity, while serving in France. The Labyrinth of Solitude , according to Seymour-Smith is "essential" reading for anyone seeking insight into Mexico and its revolution. However, Seymour-Smith says of Paz: "Unequalled as a poet-critic..., his own poetry is unable to find direction," and "ultimately disappointing."
Paz himself considers poetry "the secret religion of the modern age." His works include Collected Poems 1957-1987 (1987). His book of essays Alternating Current (trans by Helen Lane) won the National Book Award for translation in 1974.
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Edited: Jun 29, 2015, 6:45pm
1991-2000
1991 Nadine Gordimer (Wrote in English)
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1992 Derek Walcott (Wrote in English)
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1993 Toni Morrison (Wrote in English)
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15 arubabookwoman
Edited: Jun 29, 2015, 7:23pm
The academy is currently considering the award for 2015. According to the Novel web site, it has received 259 proposals, resulting in 198 nominated persons. Of these, 36 are first time nominees. What do you think--should we set up a separate thread to speculate on who some of these nominees are, or who we think deserves to win? Or just comment here? Or not discuss this at all here?
I don't know if I could think of 198 living writers I think worthy of the prize. My general personal thought would be that since women are shamefully underrepresented, I would hope the academy considers a female writer. Geographically, it also seems to be that the Mideast is also underrepresented.
16 thorold
Jun 30, 2015, 4:31am
Deborah - thanks for doing all that work. What an impressive introduction - we hardly need to read any of the books now!
Independently of this theme, I've accidentally drifted into challenging myself to see how long I can go without reading any books by men, so my priority is going to be with the Magnificent Seven: Selma Lagerlof, Grazia Deledda, Sigrid Undset, Gabriela Mistral, Nelly Sachs, Herta Müller and Elfriede Jelinek.
Shamefully, I've only read one book of Jelinek's and nothing by any of the others. I've got another Jelinek on the TBR pile, which I put aside knowing that this was coming. Since I read German, it will be strange if I don't manage to read anything by Müller or Sachs in the next three months, but I think I might start with Deledda, the only one of the seven whose name meant absolutely nothing to me until I read the introduction above. There are quite a few of her books available online, and I think my Italian might just about be good enough to struggle through one...
(For when I get bored with boycotting male writers, I have Pirandello, Paz, Cela and Canetti waiting on the TBR shelf, and I ought to have a proper go at Beckett some time...)
Speculating about the next laureate is a fairly futile exercise (I've never yet guessed right). And it can be depressing: half the time, when you think of good candidates and look them up, it turns out that they are no longer with us. Last year everyone was shouting "Murakami" and "Ngugi wa Thiong'o", I expect they will be this year again. And Modiano wasn't a bad choice: I'd only vaguely heard of him before, but the Nobel encouraged me to read three of his novels (admittedly, I rather lost interest after the third one...).
>9 arubabookwoman:
Because of his unique circumstances--born in Bosnia, to Croat parents, and later living in Serbia-- Andric's work has been claimed to be part of Serbian literature, Croatian literature, and Bosnian literature.
If I may, it's not just because of "unique circumstances" (nor are the circumstances of his birth unique in ex-Yugoslavia.) Andric was an ideological Yugoslav, i.e. someone whose national and political identity transcended ethnic origin, passionately dedicated to union. He was also a high-ranking diplomat in the service of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (posted ambassador to Germany in 1939) and therefore also had formal reasons for self-describing in a way that represented the unified South Slavs.
As he wrote both in ijekavian (Croatian and Bosnian) and ekavian (Serbian) versions of the language, it's not surprising everyone claims him. He really does belong to everyone.
18 rebeccanyc
Jun 30, 2015, 11:22am
Thanks for doing such a wonderful job introducing the Nobel Laureates to us, Deborah. I love the factoids too!
I am going to start off by reading a book that's been on my TBR for several years, Nobel Lectures: From the Literature Laureates, 1986-2006 . Of course it includes several writers who wrote in English, but I think it should put me in the frame of mind for this theme read. Then, I have books on my TBR by writers I've previously read and enjoyed, including Saramago, Le Clezio, Milosz, Undset, Soyinka (I know he wrote in English . . . but he has a Nigerian frame of mind), Mo Yan, and Singer as well as books by writers I haven't previously read including Solzhenitsyn, Agnon, and Neruda. And I plan on rereading Doctor Faustus by Thomas Mann because I don't feel I really absorbed it the first time around. And I may well be tempted by other authors too . . .
I love many of the other Nobel Laureates too, including Lagerlof, Andric, Pasternak, and Asturias (one book). As a teenager, I liked Hesse, but am not sure if he would hold up; earlier, I enjoyed Garcia Marquez; and I disliked the collection of stories by Bunin that I read.
This will be a fun reading journey.
Jun 30, 2015, 1:47pm
Thanks for the information on the laureates arubabookwoman!
I am hoping to read off my TBR shelves which gives me the possibilities of Boris Pasternak , Orhan Pamuk , and Gabriel García Márquez.
20 Limelite
Jun 30, 2015, 4:00pm
If I've read a dozen of the non-English language winners, I'd be surprised. I'm woefully poorly read when I examine your list.
But I began wondering. . .How many of these winners are still read and as highly regarded, or even as popular as they were in their lifetimes? I went there because of your question about how the most popular winners were chosen, and the only thing I could think of was they were ranked so by book sales figures. If people are still buying books by a laureate alive at the turn of the last century, then those books stood the ultimate test -- the test of time.
For a work of fiction to survive for 100 -200 years and retain its popularity is very rare among writers in the English (say, Austen) whose books may have been more readily and widely available to the reading public than books in other than it and the more widely spoken European languages (Portuguese, etc.). Hence the Eurocentricity of the award -- if Chinese, Indian, and Nigerian writers were not translated into English or other popular European languages, they simply didn't get "discovered" for consideration.
How lucky we are to live in a global library rather than a mostly national or small continental one, where books are more readily translated and so much more easily accessed by everyone.
>20 Limelite:
The question of Eurocentricity is complicated: it's not just the language problem, but also the not insignificant difficulty that people need to learn how to create western-style literary forms (and somehow get access to printing presses, electric light, and bookshops) before you can give them western-style literary awards. You don't give Nobel prizes to village storytellers or anonymous authors of traditional plays, you give them to people like Soyinka who've gone through western-style education and worked out from that how to put ideas from their own cultures into a form that we can identify as "high culture" and with their name on the book jacket.
24 LolaWalser
Jun 30, 2015, 5:06pm
There were schools and poets in China before European aristocracy chanced upon the idea that literacy is a Good Thing.
I'd like to think that the literary committee, some odd past choices and misses notwithstanding, is not composed habitually of complete idiots, and that they might recognise works of literary merit from people who didn't pass through a Western-style educational process, such as any number of literate non-Western writers past and present. If you can get it down on paper or get someone to do it for you, it should be analysable as literature, don't you think? I'm not sure having a Western-like education is a prerequisite at all.
25 LolaWalser
Jun 30, 2015, 5:08pm
This reminds me--but only in the sense that I know I can't remember what or where--of some shock I've felt or read about feeling (yes, it's got to the point I can't tell sometimes which), concerning a famous Chinese writer who'd never heard of Dante and Petrarch.
But I think he may have been a Nobelist.
>31 MMcM:
I tried to find the reference to Dante but couldn't. He refers to Descartes, paraphrasing him to read, "I say, therefore I am." He also mentions Shakespeare's plays and Greek tragedies making the point that the works survive because they're about universal truths of the human condition. And he mentions early on several international authors who had to flee in order to preserve their writing voices.
What I did notice is that he makes only the most general remarks with no particular references to their works to illustrate his pints. I felt that he may have only become acquainted with them by dint of reading widely since he's been exiled from China. But I have no evidence.
His address was warm and well reasoned, nothing too abstract; he makes lots of points about the writer's relationship to himself and the reader and both party's relationship to the characters being the artistic framework that surrounds the literary world, makes it important and necessary. I liked the speech better than Soul Mountain . But now I regret having given my copy away.
Plz drop a hint where I can find Dante, as I've completely missed it.
Jul 2, 2015, 2:16pm
Elias Portolu (1903) by Grazia Deledda (1926 Laureate: Italy / Sardinia)
My first read for this theme was this simple little pastoral tragedy, Grazia Deledda's third novel and the one that first brought her to popular attention.
I picked Deledda to start with because I knew absolutely nothing about her before reading Deborah's introduction to this thread. I must have seen her name in lists of Nobel laureates, but I wouldn't have known without looking her up whether she was a novelist, a tennis player or a 1950s film legend. And I suspect that I'm not the only one - the only thing anyone outside Italy ever seems to mention about he is the Nobel.
Anyway, this book is a fairly straightforward tale of a young shepherd who returns to his family in Sardinia after a spell in jail on the continent and falls heavily in love with the girl that his brother is about to marry. As he evidently has a self-destructive urge as strong as any of Thomas Hardy's unhappy heroes, we have a pretty good idea that things aren't going to work out for the best, and they don't. But of course that's what we're paying for: the interesting thing to watch on the way is how Deledda plays with the interaction between the characters, the Sardinian landscape, and the almost overtly pagan religion of the islanders. There's a wonderful set-piece description of the annual pilgrimage to a mountain chapel to celebrate the festival of Santu Franziscu that clearly has only the most tenuous connection with any sort of Catholicism that would be recognised in Rome, and the hero's mother is forever doing divination ceremonies at her domestic altar.
So, it's a nice example of early twentieth-century pastoral quasi-realism, with the added benefit of Sardinian scenery, but I couldn't help feeling (even though it's a cliché to say this of any Italian story) that it would have worked better as an opera. Elias, in particular, is forever delivering apostrophes to the reader that are only a gnat's crochet away from being arias, and you just imagine the Shearers' Chorus...
(I found the full text of this novel here: http://digilander.libero.it/testi_di_deledda/deledda_elias_portolu.html )
41 arubabookwoman
Jul 2, 2015, 2:40pm
Will post more later, but just piping in to say there have been no other Indian literature laureates. Coincidentally, I am just completing Joseph Anton by Salman Rushdie, and in that book he several times mentions discussions he has had with other contemporary Indian writers, including Anita Desai , about the fact that in his opinion the most prominent Indian writers of today are all writing in English. He mentions writing an essay or op ed on the subject.
I found the subject of the language the laureates wrote in fascinating. Beckett, a native Irishman who hung out with James Joyce for Pete's sake, almost always wrote in French (so he would have "no style" he said). I considered including some info on Wole Soyinka, who I consider an African writer, but then he always wrote in English, and I was tired, so I let it pass.
I will say that as far as I'm concerned, there is no reason to limit our discussion or reading to the Nobelists who did not write in English.
42 arubabookwoman
Edited: Jul 2, 2015, 2:48pm
>40 thorold: Thorold Thank you for the review on Deledda . She is known for including in her novels Sardinian folklore, superstitions, rituals etc. I read her book After the Divorce a few years ago, and it included some fascinating descriptions of an exorcism ritual performed after one of the characters is bitten by a tarantula. It also included some interesting descriptions of the burial ceremonies/rituals. Deledda is one of the Nobelists I'd like to read more of--she's easy to read, interesting and I think an overall good writer.
Even though I didn't read it for this topic, here's my comments on After the Divorce from a few years ago:
Grazia Deledda was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1926, the second woman to be so honored. Many of her novels depict the day-to-day lives of Sardinian peasants, and such peasants are the subject of After the Divorce . Giovanna and Costantino are a young happily married couple with an infant son, when Costantino is wrongly accused and convicted of murder. He is sent to prison on the mainland. Giovanna and their son and her mother, face a life of penury and starvation.
When Giovanna's mother learns that the law has been changed to allow a woman whose husband is in prison for a long time to divorce her husband, she begins to pressure Giovanni to divorce Costantino. Brontu Dejas, a wealthy (by peasant standards) young man who Giovanna had spurned in favor of Costantino, alleges he still loves her and wants to marry her. Giovanna fights the pressure as long as she can, but eventually succumbs to the pressure. After she marries Brontu, she learns that he is a drunken brute, and he and her mother-in-law treat her no better than a slave. Tragically soon after she divorces and remarries, the true murderer is discovered and Costantino is released and returns to the village.
Deledda writes poetically and lyrically--for example, this description of Giovanna's mother: "...a tall tragic-looking figure all in black. The gaunt, yellow face, shaped like that of some bird of prey...two brilliant green spots indicated eyes, deep-set, overhung by fierce, heavy brows and surrounded by livid circles." She is also clearly knowledgeable about peasant life and practices. For example, she describes a rite of exorcism for the cure of a tarantula bite which is nothing less than surreal---the victim must first wallow in a dung heap, and then roast in an oven, all the while accompanied by twenty women "chanting in melancholy monotone" a song of exorcism. Not surprisingly, victims rarely survived. (Although I have heard that tarantula bites are not necessarily fatal.)
Highly recommended
>42 arubabookwoman:
Hmm. From your summary, After the divorce sounds like all the same elements as Elias Portolu put together in slightly different combinations. Probably not a good one to read next! I did also download Canne al vento , so I might have a look at that later.
BTW: I get the feeling that Deledda wasn't exactly a hardline feminist. The women in Elias Portolu just seem to appear as accessories to the men. They don't get anything much to say, especially not to each other, and no-one - including the narrator - seems to be interested in what they are thinking or feeling, apart from motherhood and sexual attraction.
>39 rebeccanyc:
Sorry, I don't remember checking that. . .Just checked and there could be some controversy if V S Naipaul should be counted. Indian ethnicity but native Trinidadian. Otherwise, Tagore is it.
That Tagore wrote in Bengali probably made it imperative to translate his own work into English. Otherwise, he might never have become well known nor widely read since Hindi and English are India's two official languages. Even in India he might have been overlooked nationwide if his works only appeared in Bengali.
45 arubabookwoman
Jul 2, 2015, 8:45pm
>34 charl08: Charlotte-- here is what I wrote about The Issa Valley when I read it a few years ago:
"The Issa Valley has the distinction of being inhabited by an unusually large number of devils."
So begins this magical autobiographical coming of age novel by Nobelist Milosz. Thomas lives in a remote valley in the disputed area between Lithuania and Poland with his grandparents. The time is just after World War I, and pagan spirits and ancient spells are very real to the villagers and to Thomas. As a young boy, Thomas explores nature with scientific avidity. When he's a bit older, he idolizes one of the peasants who is a skilled hunter, and seeks to emulate him, until he discovers he is unable to kill. As Thomas comes of age, the cycles of nature in all its glory and wonder are also prominently displayed. Although there is not much plot, Milosz writes beautifully of Thomas's world, with a unique sense of place and time.
Jul 3, 2015, 9:37am
>44 Limelite: since Hindi and English are India's two official languages
I'm afraid that does not do justice to a very complex situation. That Hindi is the official language at the national level means that laws and proclamations are published in it. It does not even mean that the day-to-day business of interacting with the federal government is carried out in Hindi. At the state level, there are 22 official languages. The language of instruction in primary school is generally the child's mother tongue. And even that is an oversimplification. Last year, the Supreme Court ruled against Karnataka, which had sought to make Kannada the sole medium of primary education.
if his works only appeared in Bengali
Bengali is an official language of West Bengal, which has about 100M people. Add Bangladesh, and there are easily 200M native speakers. By comparison, Hindi has about 300M. A plurality in India, but not a majority (40-odd %). The sociolinguistic result of which is that while the country doesn't hopelessly fall apart by language, neither is there language hegemony, unless it's English.
Moreover, consider that in English Tagore is known as a poet and writer of short fiction, while in Bengali his intellectual reputation is as a much broader man of letters, in, say, art and politics.
>44 Limelite:
India is, as you make clear, a complex country with widely variant subcultures with just as many languages and dialects as there probably are states. But the point persists that Tagore translated his own work into English and not any other native language of India. Perhaps he wasn't fluent in them; perhaps native speakers of those languages who also spoke Bengali did the job for him. Maybe you know. I certainly don't. But he felt compelled to have his work published in a Western European tongue and the way he wanted it comprehended.
As I understand it Hindi (in a certain form) is the official written language of India and as such, I assume all Indians are educated in it. Likewise English is official perhaps in the capacity as a spoken language? (I don't know) So, it is taught across all schools, too, making all literate Indians literate in at least two languages.
I can only conclude that the simplest reason why he took the trouble he did would be because he wished to reach a wider audience than a state or even national Indian one, and that he was concerned with his literary legacy among the Western canon when it came to his fiction. His legacies in the other areas of art he recognized as being local to his cultural tradition rather than universal as the best literature is, no matter what its language of origin.
If my speculation happens to be correct, I don't understand the logic of Tagore being concerned with personally translating his own writing into English on its face. After all, English was widely spoken and there were probably many qualified Indians who could do the job for him. Similarly, many Indians cold translate Bengali into less widely spoken Indian languages. And in that case, he seems unconcerned.
The fact that he insisted on doing the English translation himself is interpreted by me that he felt very strongly that his fiction should be as artful as he could make it in that language as it is in Bengali. He wanted his work recognized by Western literary "standards" on the par of works written by native English speakers, and probably to show the Western audience that excellent literature was being produced beyond its own culture and that they should pay attention to it.
Seems to me he succeeded.
These are just personal thoughts.
48 banjo123
Edited: Jul 3, 2015, 3:21pm
Chinua Achebe , who was never awarded a Nobel, but IMO, should have, had interesting thoughts about writing in English. I understand that his thought evolved over time. Here is a like to an article on the topic. It's obviously a difficult issue for a lot of writers.
I think that the value to reading works not originally written in English, is that it expands our reading to include writers that we'd be otherwise less likely to read from.
That said, I am starting this challenge with Gabriel Garcia Marquez 's Clandestine in Chile , because I just picked up a copy, and I am still on my quest to read all of the works of GGM.
51 Limelite
Jul 4, 2015, 1:10pm
Two writers who are not Nobelists, -- but one day may be -- who write/wrote in their native languages and are now appearing in English translation are Carlos Ruiz Zafón , famous for The Shadow of the Wind , and Pramodya Ananta Toer (Indonesia's Solzhenitsyn, d. 2006) the Java-born creator of the Buru Quartet of which This Earth of Mankind is the first volume.
While there are many Spanish speakers who can enjoy Zafón's writing in the "original," I am not one of them. So, I'm grateful that he's translated into English 'cause I love his stories.
I bought Toer's first book of his Quartet, which he wrote in Indonesian while imprisoned by the Dutch for his dissident activity during his country's fight for independence. But I haven't read "This Earth" yet.
Keep telling myself how lucky I am to be alive when so many books are being translated into languages other than their original and becoming available in e-format so that I can literally own a world library that can go with me anywhere held in the palm of my hand.
52 banjo123
Jul 4, 2015, 2:21pm
>48 banjo123: ; >50 rebeccanyc: and >51 Limelite: Now there's another idea for a theme--writers who we believe deserve the Nobel! I would agree on Ngugi wa Thiong'o! And now I am curious to read Toer.
Speaking of Solzhenitsyn ; I read A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich a couple of years ago, and was surprised at how good it was, and it's short. It could be a good choice for this challenge, if you want to squeeze in a Russian. It made me want to read Gulag as well, but I don't know that I have the stamina for it this summer.
53 avatiakh
Jul 4, 2015, 5:19pm
I'm not doing well with the themed reading so have pulled a shorter work, S. Y. Agnon's novella In the heart of the seas , off the shelf. I thought his Only Yesterday was a brilliant novel and have meant to keep reading his work.
>51 Limelite: What's interesting about Zafon is that he lives in California but continues to write in Spanish and works very closely with his translator, Lucia Graves . I tried to find an article about their translation process but only found this Q&A . My interest is because I went to a talk he gave a couple of years ago and he talked quite a bit about the translation process.
>53 avatiakh:
Now that's very interesting. Do you remember any tidbits from his talk; for instance, why he moved to CA?
Several years ago when we lived in the environs of Miami, we always attended the week long annual Nov. Book Fair (as seen on CSPAN). That particular year, the featured literary guests were native Chinese writers. Some spoke in English, but most chose to speak in their native Chinese (I assume Mandarin) and trusted the interpreter to do his/her best. While the topic was more in keeping with dissident and exiled writers, reflecting their personal experiences, they touched on translations of their works, making the point that they depended on the mostly French and English translations circulating in the West to make their reputations beyond the borders of China where their works were suppressed and often banned.
>54 rebeccanyc:
Of, course, my bad. Well, the committee may have overlooked a deserving recipient. On the other hand, they may have felt as you noted, that his work was too didactic and pedantic, or even propagandistic, to merit their regard.
It's probably difficult for most writers who are inspired by major political events and the impact they have on their lives to create great "art" from those experiences, especially when things like torture and imprisonment are involved. The only thing I know about the Buru Q is that Toer wrote and dictated it mostly while imprisoned by the Dutch under pretty dreadful conditions.
I'll take a gander at the first volume but probably won't finish it if it's as you describe.
Jul 5, 2015, 5:10am
Do writers choose their translators? It depends, I think.
Translation rights are often handled through an author's agent or publisher(s). Some publishers have a pool of translators they frequently work with; others may look for similar books in the same language combination and see if they can contract the person who translated them (i.e., there are translators who specialize in crime novels, or children's books, etc).
Authors living in another country but still writing in their native language are an interesting case, as there is an opportunity for them to be involved more closely in the translation process than is usual. I'm trying to remember if Thomas Mann worked much with H. T. Lowe-Porter (apparently she wasn't his first choice of translator).
The author's knowledge of the language the book is being translated into matters, too. Translations are not necessarily into a commonly-spoken language from a less-widely-spokeon on -- there's a ton of translation the other way around. If a bestselling novel written in English is going to be translated into, say, French, German, Hungarian, and Chinese, there's not much chance that the author is going to be fluent enough in all of those languages to judge the quality of the translations, much less choose the translators.
Then there's the issue of self-translation that came up earlier (Tagore, Ngugi wa Thiong'o; Samuel Beckett also comes to mind). This, too, is complicated, as there are a lot of reasons why an author may choose (or choose not to) translate their books into another language they are fluent in (as is the choice of which language to write in in the first place). A lot of it is going to depend on the author's relationship with both of the languages in question. Is the author living in exile or did they grow up bilingual? Is one of the languages associated with oppression or, conversely, with personal/national identity?
Apart from political and cultural considerations, the individual writing process and aptitude are also going to make a difference. Translation is a very different skill than writing, and even if an author is bilingual it doesn't necessarily mean that they are a good translator -- it requires stepping back from the piece and accepting that it isn't going to sound the same as the original. I believe it's either Nabokov or Brodsky who have been criticized for being bad translators of their own work because they remain too influenced by the original rather than letting the language of the translation blossom in its own way. Some authors who self-translate say that the translation ends up being a different work, because what they have to say shifts and changes when it is written in a different language.
Of course, control also plays a role. Obviously, the more involved an author is with the translation of a work, the more control they can maintain over how the translation turns out. Being translated requires a huge amount of trust -- often blind trust -- and it's natural that the author not want to relinquish all the control. This can be a good thing (the author can catch any mistakes the translator might make, or suggest what nuances they intended) or a bad thing (particularly if the author's grasp of the language of translation is imperfect). Borges must have been an interesting person to translate for -- I vaguely recall there's an anecdote by one of this translators that he found the translation process very fascinating, particularly the chance to write in a different voice; he kept telling the translator to make his text terser, directer, more "Anglo-Saxon". But he may be an exception here.
(Not an expert, just someone with a complicated relationship with two languages who is fascinated by how languages and linguistic identity affect the creative process.)
60 thorold
Jul 5, 2015, 11:30am
The saga of Gösta Berling (1891) by Selma Lagerlöf (1909 Laureate, Sweden) - 2009 Penguin translation by Paul Norlen
I don't know quite why, but I was expecting this to be a kind of generic late 19th century novel - agricultural realism, a family struggling to hang on to their estate in difficult times. And of course it turns out to be something quite different, much harder to pigeon-hole. There is an element of realism in the underlying description of ordinary people's lives, but there's also a picaresque arbitrariness about the sequence of events that seems almost 18th century; larger-than-life characters stomp about in seven-league boots in a rather ETA Hoffmannish way; there's a Faust-story that keeps popping up in the background when we least expect it; nature intervenes whenever it chooses; the whole thing is set seventy years back in the 1820s in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars, and narrated by someone who claims to have been around at the time (but Lagerlöf was only in her late 20s/early 30s when she wrote it); altogether it's difficult to work out when you are supposed to be.
While the story is full of parties, celebrations, escapades and practical jokes, there's a very hard moral line under it all. Frivolity is good and necessary, but as soon as it's taken too far (as it invariably is, here) we are brought down to earth with a painful bump and shown that events have consequences that are almost always both nasty and irreversible. Without order, work, and moral discipline the community falls apart into chaos (but we can't rely on established institutions to keep us in line: it's a matter of individual responsibility). Mostly, but not exclusively, it's the men who make a mess of everything and the women that suffer and try to patch it up again. But practically everyone in the novel is weak and fallible and makes at least one culpable mistake. But don't imagine that it's all dour moralising: apart from the occasional sentimental deathbed scene, the atmosphere is consistently light and ironic, and there are some very good jokes.
I'm one of those evil people mentioned earlier in this thread who try to put translators out of work by knowing more than one language. But I haven't advanced far enough in Swedish to tackle something like this, so I was grateful for Paul Norlen's translation, which reads very naturally and mostly manages to avoid being either intrusively modern or archly Victorian. Penguin are clearly patting themselves on the back because this is the first new English translation in over a hundred years, but that does rather lay them open to the question why didn't they commission one earlier? Could it be that they were just waiting for Lagerlöf's copyright to expire...?
>62 rebeccanyc:
I enjoyed the beginning more than the end: too many morals being drawn and sinners redeemed in the last few chapters. But what I really enjoyed about it was the sense that Lagerlöf knew exactly what kind of novel she wanted to write and wasn't going to listen to anyone who told her that that isn't the way it's done.
64 thorold
Jul 6, 2015, 3:32am
Just for fun, I've started a new list https://www.librarything.com/list/10360/all/Nobel-non-laureates-non-male# for great women writers who could/should have been Nobel laureates but either died too young or were never noticed by the committee. I put a few of the most obvious names on the list to get it started...
>65 charl08:
I hope so. But so far the names that come to mind are mostly "the usual suspects" from Europe and N America. All additions welcome, provided that they are dead and could theoretically have won the prize (i.e. they died after 1901 and published significant works during their lifetime).
I did notice that quite a few of the women I have added to the list died well below the average age of Nobelisation (65, according to Deborah's post above), so they wouldn't have been likely winners, even if the rest of the selection process were totally free of gender-bias.
69 arubabookwoman
Jul 6, 2015, 1:01pm
The nomination information is kept secret for 50 years, but information is available on the Nobel web site for years prior to 1964 as to who was nominated, who were considered serious prospects, etc. I haven't had a chance to search that aspect of the site, but it might be interesting to search the data base to see how many women, including some of those on the list started by Thorold, were even considered (and rejected) by the committee over the years.
It's also true that the committee seems to wait until candidates are exceedingly geriatric, so I wonder how many writers who died prematurely had been considered and rejected before their deaths.
74 LolaWalser
Edited: Jul 6, 2015, 2:17pm
Looking at those nominations, I think these might BE the "seriously" considered? They seem too few to be general. In 1961, out of 93 nominations only five were women... does it seem plausible that only five women were nominated in total?
ETA: Oops, just realised that this is not a grab-bag all-purpose Nobelists thread. Apologies!
75 arubabookwoman
Jul 6, 2015, 4:20pm
>70 LolaWalser: Lola--I based that on what I read on the site for the 1964 nominations, which said there were 76 nominations, 6 of whom were considered "most relevant." The 6 considered most relevant were Sartre , Beckett , Ionesco , Tanizaki , W.H. Auden , and Sholokhov . This resulted in two "suggested" by the committee as winners, Sartre and Sholokhov , and the actual winner for 1964 was of course Sartre .
I briefly skimmed the 1964 nominations and found among the 76 only 4 women nominated, although I was not familiar with all the names and there may potentially be one or two more. These were Judith Wright (Australian poet--I googled since I had never heard of her), Katherine Anne Porter , Nelly Sachs (who later won in 1966), and Ina Seidel .
For what it's worth here's who's allowed to make nominations:
1. Members of the Swedish Academy, or other similar academies, institutions, and societies;
2. Professors of literature and linguistics at universities and colleges;
3. Previous literature laureates; and,
4. Presidents of societies of authors that are representatives of the literary production in their countries.
(This is possibly not complete, but it's what my notes indicate)
Edited: Jul 6, 2015, 4:41pm
>75 arubabookwoman: ...Nelly Sachs (who later won in 1966), and Ina Seidel
Eek! You can see why they don't publish their nominations until 50 years later. If Nelly Sachs had known she'd been on the same list with the lady who composed birthday odes for Hitler...
77 avatiakh
Jul 6, 2015, 5:36pm
>58 spiphany: Thanks for your thoughts on translation. I was thinking that a writer is more interested in the creative process and so translating their own work from one language to another would be a fairly tedious task or perhaps lead them to want to 'improve' their story/writing in some way.
This is a very interesting topic and possibly one that needs a thread of its own.
>64 thorold: Janet Frame was rumoured to have been nominated several times. In 2003 there was a lot of coverage and expectation in our local news here in New Zealand mainly due to a Swedish news report hinting at her win.
Anyway I started In the Heart of the Seas . Agnon wrote in Hebrew though his birth language would have been Yiddish. He learnt Hebrew at a very early age.
I just read this on wikipedia: In later years, Agnon's fame was such that when he complained to the municipality that traffic noise near his home was disturbing his work, the city closed the street to cars and posted a sign that read: "No entry to all vehicles, writer at work!"
78 arubabookwoman
Jul 6, 2015, 5:46pm
Kerry--I read that about the sign posted on Agnon's street too! Was going to include it as a "factoid" but didn't.
82 thorold
Edited: Jul 9, 2015, 4:01am
Jumping ahead a century from Gösta Berling, and I've got a feeling that we're not in Värmland any more...
Lust (1989) by Elfriede Jelinek (2004 Laureate, Austria)
A darkly comical satire on the sex lives of the Austrian Bourgeoisie. Jelinek wants to make us see how the ideas about sexual relations, consumer products, high culture and winter sport that we get from the dominant ideology are all there to reinforce the abusive power of rich over poor, strong over weak, industry over nature, and men over women that go together - in her view - with modern capitalism. She does this by turning all these propaganda tools around to say the opposite of what we're used to hearing. The language of porn is used (quite literally, ad nauseam) to make us see sex as repulsive and abusive; lines from advertisements, political manifestos, poems, and the Bible are wilfully misapplied (a line from a Schubert song suddenly turns out to be talking about a penis instead of a romantic poet...). Very clever, and something only a writer with Jelinek's overpowering anger and magical facility with words could even begin to get away with.
The story follows the lives of a model Austrian family in a small community in the mountains: the Herr Direktor who runs the paperworks that is the only important local employer (and hence has a quasi-feudal power of life or death over everyone in the village); his wife Gerti, and their annoying small son who talks all the time and gets in the way when they want to have sex (evidently a little dig at Hamlet...). Gerti passively acquiesces in her husband's frequent, complex and increasingly obnoxious sexual demands (unfortunately, the HIV panic is at its height, and he's forced to seek all his pleasures at home for the time being), and she accepts the new clothes, hairdressing appointments and consumer durables that she gets in return, but she's also taking to the bottle, and drifts into a brief, unhappy affair with the heartless but angelic skier, Michael. In this world, sex is only marginally about the prospect of brief - and usually illusory - pleasure; what's really going on is men getting a thrill from their dominance and possession, whilst women desperately try to find the validation of having someone out there who needs and appreciates them. Jelinek makes it clear that the Herr Direktor puts Gerti firmly in the same category as his Mercedes, his hi-fi, and the workers' choir he conducts: an expensive bit of precision engineering he can bend to his will by twiddling the appropriate knobs.
I think what Jelinek is doing here is not attempting to persuade us that all marriages are like this, or that Austria is run by robber-barons who haven't changed much since the 14th century, but rather she's using her exaggerated disgust to show us how easily the discourse of sex can be twisted to feed us false ideas. If she can do this to us in 250 pages, how far have our minds been warped by all the stuff we've read about sex and romance, and all the films and washing-powder commercials we've seen...?
I read Die Klavierspielerin (The piano teacher) last year when we did the German theme read: that's a (slightly) more conventional novel and might be a more approachable book to start with if you don't know Jelinek's work yet. But both are highly recommendable. If you've got a reasonably thick skin and a broad mind, that is! And you should be aware that reading Lust might well ruin your illusion that you have a happy sex-life...
Edited: Jul 9, 2015, 4:16pm
Gedichte (Selected poems, 1977) by Nelly Sachs (co-laureate with Agnon in 1966, Germany)
You can't read a collection of lyric poems in one go as you can a novel, so this is a first impression, rather than a review.
This collection was put together posthumously in 1977 by the poet Hilde Domin, who knew Sachs and was also an exile from Germany during the Hitler period. It includes a short but very helpful afterword by Domin summing up Sachs's career, the main themes in her poetry, and her critical reception in postwar Germany.
The poems in this collection are selected from the whole course of Sachs's career as a serious poet (broadly-speaking 1943-1968 - she never allowed her pre-war "juvenilia" to be republished). Most deal in one way or another with her experience as a refugee and as someone who survived when so many were killed. Some are specifically addressed to the man she loved, others to victims and survivors more generally. I was struck by the absence of direct topical references in the poems: as Domin also points out, they come out of the specific event of the Holocaust, but they actually speak just as well for the survivors and refugees of other cataclysmic events. They haven't lost any of their relevance: Domin talks about Vietnam, we could say Syria or North Africa. What's crucial to these poems is that they always seem to be looking for ways to move forward, not dealing in revenge and recrimination. Domin describes the process Sachs is engaged in as giving the victims a worthy burial.
There are also some more obscure, more or less mystical poems in the collection, which didn't mean very much to me on a first reading: she repeatedly uses the same set of images in these poems in different contexts (fish, butterflies, stars, sand, footwear...), and there's obviously a particular language that you need to be familiar with. But I'm quite happy with the idea of keeping this book on my bedside table for a few months to dip into and gain familiarity with the way her poetic imagination works: I'm sure it will be worth it.
Ein Fremder hat immer
für die er vielleicht nichts
als ein Grab sucht.
(A stranger always has / his home in his arms / like an orphan / for whom he's perhaps only / seeking a grave.)
Edited: Jul 12, 2015, 5:22am
Herztier (Land of green plums, 1993) by Herta Müller (2009 laureate, Romania/Germany)
This is probably Müller's best-known work, a semi-autobiographical account of a group of young people growing up in Ceaușescu's Romania and getting into conflict with the authorities. It's particularly about the way the experience of living under an authoritarian regime interferes with the freedom to articulate ideas. Everything has to be deflected into oblique images, as we learn on the opening page of the novel: the things that start out as simply encoded forms of communication (the nail-scissors, shoes and colds that stand for interrogations, searches and being followed in the group's letters) turn out to be deeply internalised in the narrator's own thought-processes.
This is a theme that is clearly central to Müller, and she came back to it in her Nobel lecture , where she uses a trivial image, the handkerchief, to tie together incidents from her own experience with her relatives' experiences under fascism and in Russia in the aftermath of the war. She talks about the moment when she realised that there were things she could not possibly express in speech, and started to write: "Ich lief dem gelebten im Teufelskreis der Wörter hinterher, bis etwas so auftauchte, wie ich es bisher nicht kannte." (I ran after experiences in the vicious circle of words, until something surfaced in a way I hadn't known it before) — that's a process that you can clearly see reflected in her very indirect, elliptical narrative style. And which ties in with her well-known fondness for making collages out of words cut from newspapers.
Interestingly, she uses two key incidents in the Nobel lecture that also appear in this novel: the time when she found that her office at work had been allocated to someone else, and she continued to work sitting on the stairs; and the time when her mother, locked up for the day by an irritable policeman, finds a bucket and spring-cleans the police station for want of anything better to do.
One thing that struck me about this much-translated book is the way it has two quite different families of titles, both referring to key images in the book, but oddly enough bringing out quite different aspects of what the book is about. In the German original and about half the other languages in the list that I can understand, it is called Herztier, "Heart-animal". This is a comforting image used by the narrator's grandmother, the invisible animal accompanying everyone, whose form and size reflect the strength with which we face the challenges of the outside world. (It reminded me of Philip Pullman's "daemons".). In English and the other half of the languages it is The land of green plums: Müller consistently and deliberately uses rural, agricultural imagery that we would normally think of as idyllic and nostalgic to represent the backward, inward-looking and mean-spirited qualities of peasant culture which she identifies as the driving force of the Romanian dictatorship. People who live in small villages are accustomed to denounce their neighbours for petty advantage (in fact it's probably a necessary survival strategy). Policemen are best recruited from raw peasants who haven't learnt the civilised ways of the big city, and who go around helping themselves to plums from the trees. So Herztier seems to be a novel about the internalisation of oppressive politics; Green plums becomes a novel about dictatorship as the apotheosis of rural poverty. And both are valid interpretations, of course...
85 thorold
Jul 12, 2015, 8:10am
...flushed with enthusiasm, I started in on Kristin Lavrandatter , but it turns out that the ebook I got is the Archer and Scott translation into a hideous 1920s version of Ivanhoe-ese. “I saw you had your daughter with you,” she said, when she had greeted them, “and methought I must needs have a sight of her. But you must take the cap from her head; they say she hath such bonny hair.” Which is quite comical for a couple of pages, but I don't think I can bring myself to read any more. I know there's a recent Penguin translation (although apparently not available in the Netherlands as an ebook) - is that any better?
86 anoplph0ra
Edited: Jul 12, 2015, 8:58am
Tiina Nunnally's translation of Kristin Lavransdatter is excellent, and even won an award for best translation. I guarantee it is better than what you've excerpted. Don't miss it.
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The Treasure; or Herr Arne's Hoard by Selma Lagerlöf .
This is short (novella-length), an easy read, and available online for free. It reads like a folk tale.
Copy-pasted from above, Lagerlöf won the Nobel, "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings." Lofty idealism, definitely, and definitely a strong Christian spiritual perception. As Thorold said about Lagerlöf's The Story of Gösta Berling , the many characters here are weak and fallible, yet there is always the chance for redemption.
>72 thorold: , >73 LolaWalser:
I started on Memoiren einer Idealistin last week, since I was on a boat and didn't have much else to distract me. The first few chapters were slow going and a bit syrupy (what a good little girl I was and how much I loved all my family before they threw me out as a dangerous radical...), but it livens up quite a lot when it gets to 1848, the Hamburger Hochschule and the London exiles. I've just got to Mazzini, and am looking forward to seeing who turns up next!
One thing that makes it harder to read is that since she originally published it anonymously, she missed out many of the names of people and places and identified them indirectly ("the north German town", "my married brother",etc.). Obviously she only put a few key ones back when she later revised the book, which gives some bizarre effects and makes it hard to keep track of who's who. Her home town (Kassel) is named in Chapter 1, but never subsequently, for instance.
Desert by J.M.G. Le Clézio
I'm a Le Clézio fan, and I had been looking forward to reading this book for some years, but I didn't end up liking it as much as other books by him I've read. The novel consists of two interwoven stories, set off typographically. The first, taking place in the early years of the 20th century, tells the tale of the Saharan (and some sub-Saharan) Muslim groups that were targeted by mostly French Christian armies, and thus had to migrate from their traditional homes and livelihoods to find a place where they could be safe and find work/food. This part of the novel focuses on a boy named Nour and a holy man/sheik named Ma al-Aïnine, or Water of the Eyes. (They are Blue Men, or part of the Tuareg tribe.) The second part of the novel takes place probably in the mid-20th century and concerns a teenager named Lalla, a descendent of this group, who lives initially in a run-down area on the coast of Morocco and then ends up in Marseille, fleeing an older rich man who gives her family presents because he wants to marry her.
But the novel really isn't about these characters: it is about, primarily, the harshness and the beauty of the desert and the natural environment in general. In their seemingly endless travels, Nour and his tribe and the tribes that travel with them experience the heat, the light and the darkness, the sand, the dust, the thirst, the hunger, the illnesses, the death that the desert brings. Lalla has a friend, a mute orphan sheepherder, known as the Hartani, who introduces her to the rocks and dunes and hillsides around where she lives, and teaches her how to hide. In both these environments, Le Clézio makes the natural world come alive, as he did in previous books I read. It just seemed these sections went on too long and almost became repetitive after a while. Of course, it could be argued that that's what life was like, especially for Nour, and the book is just reflecting this.
The section in which Lalla flees to Marseille is titled "Life with the Slaves" and the mostly colonized people Lalla meets there are, if not slaves, at least wandering in a desert that is unfamiliar to them. This is in part a book about colonialism, as the ending sections of Nour's story make clear; they are dated (with 1912 dates) and reveal the final attacks by French troops (largely black African colonial soldiers with of course white French officers). Although the French think they are attacking ferocious guerrilla leaders, the reader knows that these are starving men, women, and children who were trying to find a place they could live. The attacks end up being massacres.
To come back to Lalla, she discovers she is pregnant and the end of the book was a little too melodramatic for my taste. But Lalla is a very strong character, both physically and psychologically, and I appreciated that Le Clézio could create such a female character. Lalla also has the ability to see beyond the present, in almost trance-like states.
So why didn't I like this book as much as others? Mainly it's because I thought it was too long and even repetitive, as noted above. The other Le Clézio books I've read were tighter and more focused.
91 thorold
Edited: Jul 27, 2015, 7:27am
Not a laureate, but relevant to this thread because as, >70 LolaWalser: discovered, this was the only woman to be nominated in 1901, the first time the literature prize was awarded:
Memoiren einer Idealistin (originally published in 1869) by Malwida von Meysenbug (1816-1903)
Like her close contemporary, Queen Victoria, Malwida von Meysenbug had her roots in a small, protestant German princely court and developed a great fondness for the Isle of Wight. But beyond that, her career was very different from the home life of our own dear queen. Despite her family having been on the receiving end of a small popular uprising when she was a little girl (their house was surrounded by an angry mob for some hours, and her father was obliged to go into exile together with the ruling prince whose chief minister he was), she grew to become a radical democrat and an atheist (or at times agnostic), determined not to accept the role that society and her family of minor statesmen and diplomats had defined for her as a woman. She was an excited spectator of the events of 1848 in Frankfurt and Berlin, was actively involved in a project to set up a women's higher education college in Hamburg, and had to leave Germany in a hurry when the Prussian police started to take an interest in her contacts with radicals and revolutionaries.
A period of exile in London gave her the opportunity to break with her family and build up an independent career for herself as a translator and journalist, as well as bringing her into close contact with the dazzling array of subversive foreign geniuses that were living in London at the time. In particular, she became very close to Johanna and Gottfried Kinkel, Alexander Herzen, and Giuseppe Mazzini. Presumably because of her friendship with the Kinkels, the most famous London revolutionary of them all, Karl Marx, is only mentioned once, rather dismissively. Whilst she firmly resisted any suggestion that she should take up the demeaning role of governess, she did look after the widowed Herzen's two young daughters "as a friend" for a time. She broke off this arrangement for a while when he installed his Russian mistress and her husband in the house, but went back to him later, adopting Olga Herzen as her "elective daughter".
She was a devoted Wagnerite, becoming a fan of his books before she had ever heard any of the music. She met him a couple of times in London, and later became a firm friend of the Wagners during a stay in Paris. She and Olga were excited participants in the celebrated controversy over the Paris premiere of Tannhäuser in 1861, which she describes in the final chapters of this memoir.
Memoiren einer Idealistin was originally published anonymously, in French, in 1869, and later translated and revised by the author a number of times. Even in the later editions, the book shows signs of its original anonymous form, and is sometimes frustratingly evasive about names and places. It's not a work of outstanding genius, but she generally comes across as a remarkably open and honest narrator. However, there are moments where she does seem to be deliberately muddying things. I was struck by the way she managed to imply that she was still a naive young thing - practically a teenager - during the events of 1848, when she was already over thirty. And the whole business of her relationship with Herzen is rather odd. Very possibly it was all as purely platonic as she says, but she certainly behaved towards him in the way you would expect a jealous lover to do...
For modern readers, the most obvious reason to tackle these three substantial volumes (plus the single-volume postscript Der Lebensabend einer Idealistin of 1896) is probably the glorious feast of nineteenth-century name-dropping (even die-hard eurosceptics will have the pleasure of bumping into Lord Palmerston (MvM was not a fan), Mrs Gaskell and Richard Cobden!). That was my starting point, really, but I found myself drawn in to a surprising amount by MvM's account of her own intellectual development. The "question everything" attitude she taught herself to adopt from an early age reminded me very much of growing up in the 1960s and 70s - it was really fascinating to see it coming out in someone born a couple of years after Waterloo, growing up in exactly the period when fat-headed reaction and social conservatism were becoming the dominant forces in upper-middle-class life throughout Europe. The book seems to have been quite an inspiration to the subsequent generation of feminists, and MvM was something of a minor cult figure for a while, although she now seems to be retreating into obscurity again.
Probably not for everyone, but good fun if you're a fan of 19th century Europe.
92 BLBera
Jul 29, 2015, 10:42pm
Wow, what a great introduction, Deborah. Thanks for doing this. Margaret Atwood should be in the mix, but will probably have to wait because Munro got one just a couple of years ago.
Finished: July 22
Reasons I Hate Snow :
-The main character being called Ka when that was just a shortened version of his real name. The sound annoys me and I hated saying it over and over in my head.
-We hardly need to have a debate about political Islam but suffice it to say I really don't agree and reading the character's opinions really pissed me off. There were so many egregious statements made about Westerners (which to the people in Kars, Turkey the West seemed to be primarily the UK) such as all Westerners are literature-loving atheist snobs.
-There was much of the same old arguments regarding women's rights. One of the characters said that women wearing head scarves "are protecting themselves from the animal instincts of the men in the streets." Because of course all men cannot control themselves and it's the women's job to prevent them from acting on their animalistic notions! Please!
-Amongst the political upheaval that occurs in the three days Ka is trapped in Kars during a snowstorm there are assassinations, beatings and raids carried out by the police, murders, etc. and Ka just walks around the snowy streets writing poems when he feels the need and meeting with people involved in the political battle for no real reason. It's also hard to believe all these events are supposedly happening over just three days!
-There were multiple pages taken up 3 separate times by stories/fables that really weren't necessary and could be completely taken out. One of these stories was the beginning of sci-fi novel one of the religious high school boys was writing. That had no purpose being in the book. Pamuk seemed to need more padding to add to the padding he already had to make this pointless book go over 400 pages.
-Ka keeps getting accosted in the streets by teenage boys from the local religious high school who ask him off-the-wall personal questions and ask him over and over again if he feels suicidal. Why??
-Ka is not even from the city of Kars. He travels there because he is in love with a former classmate of his and has found out she is recently divorced. Ka has not seen or spoken to the woman, Ipek, in years nor did they ever date. But he's convinced he's in love with her. Upon seeing her for the first time in years one of the first thing he says to her is that he loves her and soon after he tells her he wants to marry her! Yet some pages later he says Ipek's sister is beautiful and he could see himself falling in love with her. Ka is 42 but has an immature notion of what love is, can never make up his mind about anything, and never seems to have a real purpose for being in Kars other than to be with Ipek. But half the time he's too afraid to talk to Ipek or express his feelings around her and her family that she lives with. He really lacks conviction in the romance department and in his religious and political beliefs that are questioned throughout the novel. I couldn't connect with him at all.
-Ka lies and says he is reporting for a newspaper in Germany about the suicides of the religious girls that were banned from wearing their head scarves to school and that's the reason he is in Kars. The book needed to stay focused on Turkish politics and government and how it interferes with religion and how it impacts the people like the head scarf girls if the book was going to have any kind of impact and actually say something about political Islam. Instead the book goes off into a military coup that's referred to as a revolution and the head scarf girls and the suicides are not mentioned for a large portion of the book. After the action of the military coup, the book actually got more boring and I fell asleep reading it on more than one occasion despite drinking two cups of coffee.
- Orhan Pamuk inserts himself into the book as a character. This could work in some books but Pamuk could not pull it off. It makes me see Pamuk as a pathetic writer who was desperate to try some fancy literary tricks.
Someone on kidzdoc (Darryl)'s thread commented that they gave up on Snow halfway through because it felt like dragging a lead weight around with them. I have to agree but I plundered through because I wanted to read something off my shelves for this quarterly theme read, somehow Snow made it onto the 1001 Books to Read Before You Die list, and it fit the criteria for several of my personal reading challenges.
>85 thorold: , >86 anoplph0ra: , >87 rebeccanyc:
I was hoping to pick up a copy of the Tina Nunnally Kristin Lavransdatter while I was in the UK, but I didn't come past any bookshop large enough to have it in stock. I had to wait until I got back from my holiday before I could order it. Should be arriving today, so I might even get to read it before the end of the quarter. On reflection, it might have been quicker to learn Norwegian (but then I'd have had to find someone who would sell me Norwegian books in Hollland, so maybe that would take even longer...).
Edited: Aug 24, 2015, 4:07am
...Volume 1 read this weekend:
The Wreath (Kristin Lavransdatter, part 1, 1920) by Sigrid Undset (tr. Tiina Nunnally)
It's obvious from the start that Undset was a very competent historical novelist in the Walter Scott tradition, thoroughly familiar with the primary sources for the period she was writing about, and able to put herself very convincingly into the heads of medieval Norwegians and show us what the world might have looked like through their eyes. There's little intrusive scene-setting and explanation — sometimes almost too little — the narrator never steps outside the frame to relate her story to modern times. But it's hard to see in the early chapters where the added value is going to be: it could almost be the chapter on "medieval farming" from an early 20th century schoolbook. Even when Kristin gets into her teens, it looks for a long time as though this is just going to be another nice girl/bad boy romance. You have to get a long way into the book before it becomes clear that Undset must have read some Ibsen as well as all those medieval texts in her youth, and that she has set up rather a sophisticated and modern psychological study of the main characters. Very subtle and clever, even if it does turn out that it all boils down to Roman Catholic guilt and she's just as much of a crusty old Tory underneath as Sir Walter was...
The Nunnally translation is definitely a lot better than the couple of chapters I read in the Archer/Scott translation. It comes across as very low-key and unobtrusive, with simple, direct syntax. Archaic words seem to be confined to the places where they are essential to convey a precise meaning (the only one I found intrusively quaint was "maiden", but given the plot it might have been hard to find a less dated alternative there). Nunnally's minimal and unpedantic notes and her introduction with a short biographical sketch of the author are also quite helpful. But you may need a brown-paper wrapper to distract you from the very twee imitation Preraphaelite cover art, which conveys the distinct impression that Penguin see their target audience as seven-year-old girls...
(continuing with Volume 2 ...)
98 SassyLassy
Aug 24, 2015, 9:57am
So glad you persisted to find the Ibsen, although I am a Walter Scott fan. You're absolutely right about the Nunnally translation. I too had read the older translation and thought it was awful, but thought there was enough underneath it to read it again with the Nunnally translation. I hope you get to read all three books.
Just as a side note, your comments on the cover made me look at my own cover, which I knew was different. Much to my horror, LT had managed to change it for me to the one you have. I have changed it back to the one my copy has, which is probably more representative of the book. Here it is:
99 rebeccanyc
Edited: Aug 24, 2015, 10:20am
I'm so glad you're enjoying Kristin Lavransdatter . I read it in the omnibus edition -- it was quite a tome! This is the striking but not very expressive cover.
>98 SassyLassy: , >99 rebeccanyc:
I went for separate volumes because I thought the omnibus would be too big to read comfortably, even though it's quite a bit cheaper. When I ordered them from BOL, I thought from the pictures on the website that I was going to get the covers SassyLassy has for at least two volumes, but they must have got new stock from the publisher, as all three came with the black covers and fairy-tale princesses.
(And just to be clear, Scott is a writer I admire very much, too.)
BTW: Do they say anything about what the omnibus cover art is meant for? It looks a bit like a 17th century memorial tablet to me...
regarding Pablo Neruda
Some time ago I received a LT review copy of Roberto Ampuero 's novel The Neruda Case .
for those Neruda "junkies" this would be a fun complement.
ps- unfortunately for English language users this is the only Ampuero translation available.
are there other novels with Nobel Laureates as characters?
Edited: Aug 26, 2015, 7:50am
>102 berthirsch: are there other novels with Nobel Laureates as characters?
Well, Mario Vargas Llosa has written several in which the main character is a novelist called Mario Vargas Llosa, but that probably doesn't count...
There are at least two other Neruda novels - The Postman (basis for the film Il Postino), and The dreamer . Probably more.
Churchill has walk-on parts in hundreds of WWII novels (e.g. A dance to the music of time ). There are probably a few historical novels where he's a main character.
Russell and Sartre both appear in Sophie's World (a book I'm sure none of us will admit to having read...).
Hemingway is a main character in at least Any human heart , The Paris wife and The Kilimanjaro device , and crops up in a host of Paris-between-the-wars or Spanish-civil-war novels.
I'm sure there are many more examples.
104 spiphany
Aug 26, 2015, 3:02pm
I started keeping a list at one point of more-or-less realistic historical novels featuring prominent (or less prominent) writers as characters: http://www.librarything.com/list/717/all/Lives-of-the-Poets-and-Philosophers-
I don't recall there being any Nobel winners among the titles I'd found, but the list is very incomplete and was mostly inspired by the results of reading my way through contemporary German fiction and the surprising number of German authors who engage with the literary tradition this way, so it's a bit skewed.
There does seem to be a certain "charisma" factor in choosing writers as the subject of fictional works -- i.e., someone (like Hemingway) who lived an especially interesting life, or was known for having a colorful character, or was particularly troubled. So that raises another question, I suppose: how many of the Nobel Prize winners have had unusual biographies which influenced their writing, and is that necessarily an important factor in the ability to produce "great world literature"...
>103 thorold:
Interesting question, Bethirsch. And thanks for the response Thorold. The only other one I could mention (and I don't know how accessible it is) is the 1978 book by Thorkild Hansen about the legal proceedings against Knut Hamsun for his pro-Nazi activities during WW II, The Hamsun Trial, which was also made into a movie starring Max von Snydow as Hamsun
>104 spiphany: Thanks for the link to the list Spiphany.
Not a novelist writing in a language other than English, but apropos of the discussion re missed opportunities for awarding the prize to a woman writer, I've recently revisited Edith Wharton , after not having read her for probably 30 years, and I think the committee missed the boat in not considering her for the award. (Or maybe they did consider her, but didn't consider her worthy--not sure whether she was ever nominated.) I read Summer , and it was wonderful.
107 spiphany
Aug 27, 2015, 3:24pm
>195 I think background plays more of a role than biography. There aren't all that many Nobelists in literature that had a famously exciting life (apart from the already-mentioned Hemingway, Neruda and Churchill), but there are lots who are noted for writing about the particular place, culture, or historical moment they happen to have grown up in.
Yep, I think you may be right about that; this is what I was sort of vaguely thinking also without really having read enough of the authors on the list to feel that I have an adequate sample size. It does seem that sometimes (often?) they are chosen less for their brilliant and original literary talents, but because they capture something characteristic about an era.
I mean, not that there aren't a lot of excellent writers among them, but if I think about the authors who have really changed literary history, who are still read in part because they are so good at the craft of writing and do interesting and challenging things with words and narratives -- often these are the authors who are conspicuously absent from the list of Nobel Prize winners. Then, again, the ideological element which has always played a role in the selection may have something to do with this as well.
108 Limelite
Aug 27, 2015, 4:48pm
Ha! Thanks to this thread I've just learned that the author, Kenzaburo Oe , of the novel I'm currently reading, A Personal Matter , is a Nobel Laureate, awarded in 1994. At the time he was the second Japanese winner of the prize, Kawabata being the other. Kawabata's novel, Snow Country is stunning. Stylistically, it is as quietly written as falling snow and as devastatingly cold hearted as Japanese winter in the mountains.
Oe's protagonist is immature, immoral, and disgruntled. There's nothing to like about him (yet), still I carry on reading in morbid fascination to follow him as he stumbles from one poor choice to another worse one when he reaches crossroads in his day-to-day life. He has just become the father of an abnormal child born with a "brain hernia" who is not expected to live. Beyond riding numbly in the back of an ambulance to accompany his infant son's transfer to a another hospital, his ineffectiveness takes over and he grabs the proffered bottle of Johnny Walker from his father-in-law after delivering the news of what he's become grandfather of and taxis to his nymphomaniac ex-girlfriend's house to get drunk with her.
Somewhere, and soon I hope, he has to fall in love with this baby; otherwise I will find nothing redeeming in the 1960s post WWII Japanese character, since even the minor players are rude and unempathetic. Quite a taste of what the consequences of their pre-WWII culture led them to throughout the war and especially following the annihilations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. So far, nothing but hopelessness of a "lost" generation.
Oe has a severely disabled son who is the inspiration for all such characters in his work--and they do occur frequently.
Personally I prefer him to Kawabata by quite a lot...
110 thorold
Aug 28, 2015, 11:29am
>107 spiphany: the authors who have really changed literary history, ... often these are the authors who are conspicuously absent from the list of Nobel Prize winners.
Maybe it's more realistic to judge the Nobel Committee by the number of (with hindsight - ) nonentities they pick rather than the geniuses they overlook. Missing someone important could happen (as we've seen) for all sorts of reasons. As long as you insist that the recipients are alive and you have a fixed annual cycle, there are going to be people who deserve the prize but don't get it, simply because they are never the "top nominee" in a year when they would have been eligible. On the other hand, there's no excuse for giving the prize to someone who clearly doesn't deserve it.
Of the people on the list whose works I've read, there are a few I'd class as "worthwhile but not outstanding", and a few who obviously got it more for their ideas than for the influence they had on literature, but I don't see any really undeserving cases. I can't speak for the ones I haven't read, of course, and I probably shouldn't for people like Lagerkvist where I failed to be bowled over by the one book I tried...
>109 LolaWalser:
Yes, I am aware his son has a disability and find myself fascinated that Oe discovered his inspiration there. A strange muse. But what I notice more is the lack of empathy in any of his characters for each other. All seem oddly disassociated from their fellows. Odder still is their nastiness and rudeness on all occasions and in all stations of life.
You probably know that Oe is considered shocking and a fair share of his critics dislike his "precise brutality" of language, which departs from the Japanese literary tradition. It's impossible for me to say I prefer one over the other because Kawabata and Oe are stylistically divergent. I bet the critics have no difficulty with the former's language, though.
Aug 31, 2015, 5:42am
The Wife (Kristin Lavransdatter, part 2, 1921) by Sigrid Undset (tr. Tiina Nunnally)
Volume II sees Kristin married and living on her husband's estate at Husaby (near modern Trondheim). Even after producing industrial quantities of babies and discovering that just about everyone she knows has some kind of sexual irregularity in their family history, she is still distracted with lovely Catholic guilt about the circumstances of her marriage. If you step back a bit from the story, it's a bit hard to accept this central premise - surely she wouldn't have had time for wallowing in the past with a large estate and a herd of small sons to manage and her husband constantly away on military service? But obviously, Kristin isn't meant to be "any normal (medieval) person", and Undset does make a fairly convincing case for her peculiar psychological state. Within the parameters of the novel, you can just about convince yourself that it makes sense, but it does go rather over the top a couple of times. It isn't Undset's fault, of course, that since her time, Evelyn Waugh made it impossible for readers to take seriously any chapter that self-indulgently describes the Good Death of a Catholic Aristocrat...
As in Volume I, the technique involves highly-detailed scenes with jumps of several months or years between them, but this time there's a lot of politics happening offstage in between the acts that Kristin isn't completely aware of. Some of this is explained to the reader, but not all, and I would probably have been rather lost without Sherrill Harbison's introduction explaining the political situation in 14th century Norway and helping the reader sort out what really happened and what Undset added.
Edited: Sep 1, 2015, 11:23am
Pedigree: A Memoir by Patrick Modiano, translated from the French by Mark Polizzotti
This brief memoir by Modiano, the most recent recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, concerns the first 21 years of his life, after he was born to an indifferent Flemish actress and a ne'er-do-well Jewish man in Paris who met during the Occupation. He was the unmarried couple's only surviving child, and he was passed on to relatives and friends like an unwanted pet for most of his early years. Although his parents appear to be colorful, if irresponsible, characters and his childhood would seem to have been a chaotically unique and potentially interesting one, Modiano chooses to list the people that entered and exited his life in a droll chronological matter, without analysis or reflection, as if he was filling out a lengthy school entrance or government form about his past, which made this book a mind numbingly dull read. Fortunately it was a short book, but it was worth about 1/100th of the $25 I paid for it.
114 Limelite
Sep 1, 2015, 4:31pm
I'm gonna be pilloried. Just finished the iconic novel of Nobel laureate, Kenzaburo Oe who probably has many fans on LT and I panned it in my review .
I accept that I may be banned from the site as a result. All I can say in my defense is, "À chacun son goût."
>115 berthirsch:
Hm, linguistically? I think there's as big a difference between Yiddish and Ladino as between German and Spanish.
Ladino is, as far as I could tell from limited sources (a collection of poetry and several CDs with songs), basically Spanish with some lexical and syntactic idiosyncrasies.
Sep 15, 2015, 6:58am
this is true. I was thinking more of the ethnic similarities.
additionally I am aware that Singer became better known to English speaking readers through the translation of his work as done by another laureate: Saul Bellow.
118 FlorenceArt
Sep 16, 2015, 9:20am
Hi! I just joined this group and am a bit late for this thread (I haven't even finished reading all the posts yet), but I wanted to introduce myself. I am reading a Modiano right now, but that doesn't really count for this group as I am French, so he is not "global" to me. On the contrary, he is very local and I am following the search for the narrator's past in Rue des boutiques obscures with a map of Paris at hand (well, on the same iPad as the book anyway).
The name of Octavio Paz keeps coming up in my readings lately, so I think I might try reading one of his books next, but maybe not in time for this thread.
The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta by Mario Vargas Llosa
This is a complex book, as much about storytelling as it is about the ostensible subject, the unsuccessful revolutionary Alejandro Mayta. Each chapter starts with a writer, who says he went to Catholic school with Mayta and has been interested in him ever since, interviewing someone who knew Mayta, but then switching, in typical Vargas Llosa style, back and forth without attribution between Mayta's life and the interviews. (The main action of the novel took place in the late 50s, the interviews 25 years later.) The writer assures everyone he talks to that he is making up the life of Mayta, that it will be fiction, and that he won't use their names. (Of course he does.)
It turns out that Mayta, as described by the writer, started caring about the poor early on and even limited his food so he could experience what they experienced. He later joined a very small offshoot of a very small communist party -- the Revolutionary Worker's Party (Trotskyist), or RWP(T) -- which only seems to have seven members. At a birthday party for a relative, he meets a lieutenant, Vallejos, who appears to be involved in a revolutionary plot in the Andes where he works running a jail in the town of Jauja. Mayta is entranced by the possibility of action, rather than talk, but fails to convince the other members of his party; in fact, they suggest that Vallejos might be an informer. And, it turns out, Mayta is gay, and that ultimately gets him kicked out of the RWP(T), although they state it is for more high-minded revolutionary reasons. Inevitably, Mayta goes to Jauja, the plot of course fails (but why?), and it is a mystery what happened to both Vallejos and Mayta until the very end of the novel. Through this plot, Vargas Llosa satirizes much "revolutionary" activity.
But this plot summary is infinitely more straightforward than the novel. Not only is it occasionally hard to figure out who is talking and what is happening, but part of the novel is about how the writer does his interviewing and what he makes up and what is real. At the end, the "truth" about Mayta is revealed. But is it true? The reader doesn't know.
I am a Vargas Llosa fan, but this wasn't one of my favorites of his.
Iceland's Bell by Halldór Laxness , translated by Philip Roughton
Iceland in the early eighteenth century was one of the most dismal places on earth. Life there was a true example of Hobbes's "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". Death came from starvation, freezing or plague. A colony of Denmark, it was exploited and plundered at every turn. The Great Northern War occupied the Danes and Iceland had to contribute whatever it could. Religious leaders imposing the "Lutheran heresy" were stern. The administration of justice was harsh and severe. The only national treasure was a bell, given to the people by the Norwegian king in 1015. The bell was at the courthouse in Pingvellir, where Icelanders had held their national assemblies and from where they were now ruled by Denmark.
One year when the king decreed that the people of Iceland were to relinquish all their brass and copper so that Copenhagen could be rebuilt following the war, men were sent to fetch the ancient bell at Pingvellir by Öxará.
The king's hangman brought Jón Hreggviðsson, a liar and a thief, to cut down the bell. Jón slandered the king and unable to pay his fine, was subjected to twenty-four lashes, administered by the hangman. Following the punishment, a drunken night ensued for all involved. In the morning, the king's hangman was found dead in the stream. Jón Hreggviðsson was too drunk to remember anything.
Laxness moves quickly, introducing all his major characters right away, setting up the different story lines that are the three books of the text. Before page twenty, we have them all together in Jón Hreggviðsson's hovel under the most unusual circumstances. Arnas Arnæus, an Icelandic scholar living in Copenhagen had come to Iceland
to purchase any and all ancient tatters of writing, whether on parchment or paper: old scrolls, scraps, anything resembling a letter or book that was decaying now in all haste in the keeping of the destitute and wretched inhabitants of this miserable land.
He wanted to
find for these poor scraps of books a place of refuge in his own great mansion in the city of Copenhagen, to be stored for all eternity so that the learned men of the world could be sure that once upon a time there had lived in Iceland folk to be reckoned men.
With Arnæus were the Bishop, and the Magistrate's daughter, Lady Snæfriður. If Jón represented the dregs of Iceland, Snæfriður was all that Iceland wanted to be. She was the very stuff of legends, the girl who would become Iceland's Sun. She was no stereotypical maiden though. She emerges as one of the strongest and most independent women in literature.
Jón would become a convicted murderer, would escape execution and travel as a down and out Everyman through much of northern Europe over the next thirty years, never losing his sense of independence, his insolence, or his gift for seeing through to the heart of things. His attitude to all and sundry, and the resultant escapades, provide the humour that is needed in any great tale.
Arnæus, a fictional representation of the real life Árni Magnússon, is a man consumed by his hunt for every last scrap of Icelandic literature, even if it is a literal scrap. As a friend of the Danish king and his assessor, he is able to wield much influence on the course of events.
Laxness tells the story of these three characters like reciting a saga, all facts and dialogue. We only get to know the characters through his recitation of their words and actions. We also get to know and care a lot about Iceland itself, to want it to have a better fate. Iceland won its independence from Denmark in 1944, while Laxness was writing this book, one which provides a lesson on what colonial status can do to a nation.
Laxness won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1955. Iceland's Bell is just one reason why.
_______________
| i don't know |
Known as the Barefoot Bandit, what is the name of the Camano Island "folk hero"/asshat who was recently apprehended in Eleuthera, Bahamas, after stealing five small aircraft, a boat and two cars, and in the burglaries of at least 100 homes? | Barefoot Bandit History
Barefoot Bandit History
Colton Harris-Moore is a former fugitive from Camano Island, Washington. He is suspected in the theft of at least five small aircraft, a boat and two cars, and in the burglaries of at least 100 private residences in various locations around of the United States and Canada. He fled to the Bahamas, allegedly in a plane stolen from Indiana. Harris-Moore was arrested in Harbour Island Bahamas, after police shot out the engine of the boat he was attempting to flee in.
Friday, July 16, 2010
Court papers that list charges against accused serial burglar Colton Harris-Moore, are shown Tuesday, Sept. 29, 2009, on Camano Island, Wash. Harris-Moore is suspected in about 50 burglary cases since he slipped away from a halfway house in April 2008.
Posted by
'Barefoot bandit' returned to United States from Bahamas
The "barefoot bandit," teenager Colton Harris-Moore, was taken Tuesday from the Bahamas to Miami to face charges, the FBI said.
Special Agent Judith Orihuela said he landed at 6:23 p.m. aboard an American Eagle flight on which the FBI was aboard, and will appear Wednesday at 1:30 p.m. in federal court in Miami.
The 19-year-old's arrival occurred a few hours after he pleaded guilty in a Bahamian court to a charge of illegally landing a plane, paid a $300 fine and was ordered deported, his lawyer said.
A federal law enforcement official said the $300 came from a program for U.S. citizens abroad who are strapped for cash.
Harris-Moore's lawyer, Monique Gomez, said her fee was being paid not by her client but by "an anonymous donor."
"He seems to be very remorseful," the lawyer told CNN in a telephone interview from Nassau about her client, who attended the court hearing wearing white sneakers, shorts and a T-shirt bearing the word "Bahamas."
Harris-Moore was taken into custody on Harbour Island in the Bahamas early Sunday. He is sought in a string of home and airport break-ins in various U.S. locations along with thefts of vehicles.
Asked whether he acknowledges guilt in the other cases, his lawyer said, "Let me put it this way -- he wishes he had done things a little differently in his life."
Still, she added, he appeared "in good spirits."
Authorities in Madison County, Nebraska, issued an arrest warrant for Harris-Moore last month on charges of burglary and theft by unlawful taking or deception. The affidavit supporting the warrant alleges the youth waged a crime spree.
He faces charges in Washington state in the theft of an aircraft, and police have said they believe he stole a Cessna in Indiana and flew it to the Bahamas, where it was found in the shallows off Abaco Island.
The teen had been on the run since he escaped from a juvenile halfway house in Renton, Washington, in 2008. The FBI had offered a $10,000 reward for information leading to his arrest.
Typically in extradition cases, the accused makes a first appearance in the federal court closest to where he was arrested, said Emily Langlie, spokeswoman for the U.S. Attorney's Office in the Western District of Washington.
The Southern District of Florida, in Miami, is the closest jurisdiction to the Bahamas, said Langlie.
In his initial U.S. appearance, he will be told of his rights and read an initial charge of interstate transportation of stolen property, Langlie said. The complaint, which was sealed until last week, was filed last December and stems from his allegedly stealing a plane in Bonner's Ferry, Idaho, and crashing it outside Granite Falls, Washington, she said.
U.S. marshals will then take him to the Western District of Washington in Seattle.
Under the federal system, the case will then go to a grand jury. If an indictment is returned, more charges could be filed.
The federal charge of interstate transportation of stolen goods carries a penalty of up to 10 years.
Federal prosecutors are working with other states to determine the best way to go forward in this case, but the Washington courts will get him first since he was arrested on their warrant, she said.
Harris-Moore is called the "barefoot bandit" because he was without shoes when he allegedly broke into houses. He also was barefoot when apprehended in the Bahamas at the Romora Bay Resort and Marina by police responding to a reported sighting Sunday.
The youth has amassed more than 80,000 Facebook fans. In December, Time magazine dubbed him "America's Most Wanted Teenage Bandit." Also, 20th Century Fox has purchased the rights for a film based on his exploits.
Romora Bay officials said in a statement Harris-Moore arrived on Harbour Island from the nearby island of Eleuthera in a 15-foot skiff. The marina's security director, Kenneth Strachan, reported seeing him running down the dock about 2 a.m. Sunday, carrying a gun. The young man told him, "They're going to kill me," Strachan reported. He put out a call for help.
Guards disabled the skiff's engine, but the young man attempted to steal a second boat, according to resort manager Anne Ward. However, he ran aground in the shallow water. Authorities surrounded him and shot out the boat's engines, Ward said.
"At one point, the boy threw his computer in the water and put a gun to his head," she said in the statement. "He was going to kill himself. Police talked him out of it." Authorities loaded him into a resort work truck and took him to a police station, the statement said. Police said a gun and other items were seized from him.
Posted by
Authorities target 'barefoot burglar' in Bahamas
Accused teen thief from US said to have crash-landed plane on island
A wily teenage thief who hopscotched his way across the U.S. and escaped in a stolen plane to the Bahamas lived up to his legend Wednesday, eluding a manhunt after allegedly committing a new series of break-ins on a normally quiet island.
Bahamian police interviewed burglary victims while searching for Colton Harris-Moore on sun-speckled Great Abaco Island days after the fugitive who has been dubbed the “Barefoot Bandit” crash-landed the plane and made his way to shore.
His arrival coincided with an annual regatta that may make it easy for him to blend in among the crowds of visiting tourists.
A Royal Bahamian Police Force bulletin warned that the 19-year-old should be considered “armed and dangerous.” Back in the U.S., he has become a folk hero of sorts, with a fan club hawking T-shirts emblazoned with his image, songs about his exploits and tens of thousands of followers on Facebook.
Bar and restaurant owner Alistair McDonald said he was one of the thief’s latest victims.
McDonald said surveillance video captured the suspect inside his establishment in Great Abaco’s Marsh Harbour before dawn Tuesday. He said the teen at one point looked directly into a security camera, then shone a flashlight into it to blur the image and turned all three security cameras to face the wall.
“He seemed pretty relaxed and at ease,” McDonald said, adding he thinks the thief was looking for money or got spooked because he left without stealing anything, not even a bottle of water. He gave the tape to police.
Posted by
Colton Harris-Moore aka "Barefoot Bandit" captured !
A two-year, cross-country, international, multimillion-dollar crime spree ended with the arrest early Sunday of Colton Harris-Moore, the notorious Camano Island fugitive known as the “Barefoot Bandit.”
For the first time since escaping a Renton group home in April 2008, Harris-Moore, 19, again was in shackles, where he was found at a dock in the Bahamas. This time he's at risk of prosecution for more than 70 crimes across eight states and in three countries.
More than $3 million in stolen or ruined property is connected to him.
“No comment. No, no, no,” Pam Kohler told The Herald on Sunday when contacted about the arrest. She's Harris-Moore's mother and lives on south Camano Island. In the past, she's been supportive of her son's efforts to remain free. She recently retained assistance of a prominent entertainment lawyer.
Despite no flight training, no driver's license, no formal education for years and a tumultuous childhood, Harris-Moore is suspected of piloting planes, stealing luxury cars, making off in pleasure boats and travelling from the far Northwest to the Bahamas — all while wanted by authorities.
He reportedly was seen running from police without shoes, which led to his headline-grabbing nickname. He was photographed walking barefoot Sunday, his ankles tethered by shackles, while heavily armed police stood guard.
As news of the arrest quickly spread, area law enforcement officials, victims and residents took some comfort that Harris-Moore's flight from justice had ended without injury.
“I am thankful that Colton Harris-Moore has been taken into custody by the Bahamian authorities,” Island County Sheriff Mark Brown said. “I pledge my commitment to seek accountability for the many crimes suffered by the citizens of Island County at the hands of this criminal.”
Armed confrontation
Around 3 a.m. Sunday, Bahamian officials moved in on Harris-Moore near a dock.
“It went down like you expect of Colt,” said Bob Friel, an Orcas Island writer who went to the Bahamas after learning the notorious teen fugitive was suspected of crashing a plane there.
Friel, who is writing a book about Harris-Moore, said he was near where the arrest was made. He said Harris-Moore chatted with locals prior to being confronted by authorities.
“He tried to run to the very end. A sandbar and police bullets finally stopped his boat and convinced him to give up,” the writer told The Herald.
Police had to fire at the boat's engines to force him to stop. There were reports that Harris-Moore held a gun to his head, and that police talked him out of harming himself, but that wasn't immediately confirmed.
Harris-Moore was taken by plane to Nassau, the island nation's capital, for processing. He's expected to appear in court there sometime this week.
Harris-Moore is a suspect in more 70 criminal investigations in the U.S., according to federal charges filed in December and unsealed last week.
Federal prosecutors in Seattle charged him by complaint with interstate transportation of stolen property. He also faces a number of charges already filed in Island and San Juan counties and in Nebraska.
Troubled childhood
Harris-Moore began acting out and causing problems at 10, court records show.
He grew up in a turbulent household. His father, Gordon Moore, was a drug user who was sent to prison by the time the boy was a toddler and was never a consistent presence in his life. His mother, Pam Kohler, 59, often argued violently with the boy.
When Kohler drank, she became mean and would break her son's things, Harris-Moore told a psychiatrist during a court-ordered evaluation in 2008.
“She seemed to care less and less about his attending school and functioning as a student,” court records said.
By 12, Harris-Moore was in criminal trouble. He was accused of breaking into a Stanwood business, setting fire to Stanwood Middle School and ruining a bulletin board at the Thriftway. He pleaded guilty to possession of stolen property, a felony.
In summer 2006, he was supposed to be in court at the Denney Juvenile Justice Center in Everett. He didn't show.
He later told a court official he was afraid to go back to jail, and “took off before the day of the trial.”
He was soon breaking into homes on Camano Island, often using home computers to surf for porn on the Internet. Frustrated after a six burglaries and worried about the safety of residents — and of the 15-year-old suspect — the Island County sheriff's office in January 2007 issued wanted signs for Harris-Moore.
Within weeks of stories appearing about his crimes, Harris-Moore was nabbed when a neighbor spied lights on in an empty vacation home. Police used a ruse to snare him. Flashlight beams from two deputies gave the appearance of a larger force outside the house. He surrendered.
Facing 23 criminal charges in Island County Superior Court, Harris-Moore pleaded guilty to three and was sentenced to more than three years in the custody of the state's Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration.
Escape from custody
Officials said he excelled at reform school and quickly was moved from a jail-like lockup in Eastern Washington to a less-secure group home near Seattle.
After lights-out in April 2008, Harris-Moore slipped out a window and ran.
And ran. And ran.
It wasn't long before the break-ins began again on south Camano Island.
In July 2009, police accused Harris-Moore of stealing a Mercedes-Benz from one of his mother's neighbors and crashing it into a propane tank behind the Elger Bay Grocery Store. He left behind a backpack, where police found a journal and a stolen digital camera with self-portraits of Harris-Moore — the now-iconic image of him wearing a Mercedes-logo polo shirt.
Soon, the teen's exploits took off, literally.
In September 2009, the San Juan County sheriff announced that Harris-Moore, who has no flight training, was a suspect in two plane thefts and several burglaries. He was believed to be headed for Canada in a stolen boat.
He allegedly made his way through British Columbia before sneaking across the U.S. border to Bonners Ferry, Idaho, where on Sept. 29, he allegedly flew a stolen plane back to Snohomish County.
A logger found the wreckage in a clear-cut near Granite Falls on Oct. 1. Police traced bare footprints to a camp in the woods. Days later, someone fired a weapon at deputies in the area.
Notoriety spreads
The serial burglar's reputation leapt onto the Internet after a Mukilteo man started a Facebook fan page urging people to support Harris-Moore. “Run Colton Run,” was their rallying cry. T-shirts and mugs with Harris-Moore's face sold quickly.
International media took notice of the “Barefoot Bandit” story.
In truth, officials said he more often wore shoes, but the nickname stuck. Later, Harris-Moore himself used the name to sign notes.
News crews from Brazil, Canada and national networks in the U.S. scoured the woods of Camano Island for a glimpse of the fugitive, or to nab a snarky quote from his mom, or to be the “first” to report a sign posted along the dirt driveway saying tresspassers will be shot.
Friel, the freelance writer, published a story in “Outside” magazine. He later inked a book deal based on the story, which in turn was sold to a Hollywood studio to be adapted into a movie.
Some reporters said they got Kohler's cooperation by bringing her Pall Mall cigarettes and beer. Others reportedly paid for the privilege.
The crimes continued.
In February a stolen plane from Anacortes skirted the attention of officials monitoring airspace above the Vancouver, B.C., Olympics and landed in the mud on Orcas Island.
Harris-Moore was suspected of that theft, and also of breaking into the Homegrown Market and Gourmet Deli. The burglar ate a meal, vandalized the security system and drew bare human feet on the floor using chalk. The “footprints” led out the door, along with this message: “Cya.”
The burglary cost $6,500 in theft and damage, a financial blow that put 20 employees at risk of losing their jobs, the store's owner, Kyle Ater, told The Herald on Sunday.
“He's a real, tangible criminal, because until now he's been a ghost of a criminal,” he said. “Hopefully he can pay for his crimes.”
Teams on the hunt
Intense manhunts were launched near Granite Falls and on Orcas Island. Law officers used sophisticated helicopters, man-trackers and SWAT teams.
They came up empty.
Various police agencies joined the fray. The FBI, U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the U.S. Coast Guard, and sheriff's deputies from at least six counties participated in that hunt.
Some officials talked openly about their investigations. Others, including the Snohomish County Sheriff's Office, refused to even mention Harris-Moore's name. The FBI said the case should be handled by local authorities. In December, though, they worked with federal prosecutors to secretly file a criminal complaint in U.S. District Court in Seattle, charging Harris-Moore with stealing the plane that was found near Granite Falls.
It wasn't until months later, after Harris-Moore embarked on a cross-country crime wave and allegedly crashed a stolen $650,000 plane off the Bahamas, that the FBI acknowledged their interest in the case.
“We want to get him. He's turned from a regional nuisance into an international problem,” FBI Special Agent Steven Dean said last week.
In the Bahamas, video surveillance cameras reportedly captured glimpses of him prowling through bars and restaurants in the sandy, sun-splashed resort islands off the Florida coast.
Officials there turned up the heat, handing out wanted posters.
The FBI offered a $10,000 reward.
Late in the week, the hunt moved to Eleuthera Island and Harris-Moore began to run out of hiding places. By Friday, it appeared that he was becoming reckless.
Prior to the arrest Sunday, James Alan Fox, an expert criminologist who teaches at Northeastern University in Boston, said Harris-Moore's running was coming to an end.
“At some point, he'll feel so invincible and unstoppable he won't be so careful,” Fox said.
Bahamas arrest
An alert ferry boat captain in the Bahamas on Wednesday spotted the 6-foot, 5-inch Harris-Moore bathing on the northern end of Eleuthera Island.
Freddie Grant said he didn't think much of the incident until he noticed that somebody had damaged the ignition systems on boats owned by the ferry system.
A bar at the ferry landing also was burglarized Wednesday night by a thief who cut a screen to break in, dismantled a security light, and moved the television's remote controls, said Denaldo Bain, the 30-year-old manager of Coakley's International Sporting Lounge.
“He was watching television. He was just chilling,” Bain said.
Camano Island resident Mike Kermbach, 65, said Sunday it was a shame that such a seemingly intelligent young man didn't find a more productive use of his talents. After all the hype, Kermbach now is looking for prosecutors to cut away the myths using hard evidence.
“It'll be nice to know what he did and what he didn't do. He's kind of a scapegoat,” Kermbach said. “Until facts are proven in a court of law, we can't just blame him for everything.”
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| Colton Harris-Moore |
According to the 1973 motion picture, what was “Soylent Green”? | Barefoot Bandit History
Barefoot Bandit History
Colton Harris-Moore is a former fugitive from Camano Island, Washington. He is suspected in the theft of at least five small aircraft, a boat and two cars, and in the burglaries of at least 100 private residences in various locations around of the United States and Canada. He fled to the Bahamas, allegedly in a plane stolen from Indiana. Harris-Moore was arrested in Harbour Island Bahamas, after police shot out the engine of the boat he was attempting to flee in.
Friday, July 16, 2010
Court papers that list charges against accused serial burglar Colton Harris-Moore, are shown Tuesday, Sept. 29, 2009, on Camano Island, Wash. Harris-Moore is suspected in about 50 burglary cases since he slipped away from a halfway house in April 2008.
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'Barefoot bandit' returned to United States from Bahamas
The "barefoot bandit," teenager Colton Harris-Moore, was taken Tuesday from the Bahamas to Miami to face charges, the FBI said.
Special Agent Judith Orihuela said he landed at 6:23 p.m. aboard an American Eagle flight on which the FBI was aboard, and will appear Wednesday at 1:30 p.m. in federal court in Miami.
The 19-year-old's arrival occurred a few hours after he pleaded guilty in a Bahamian court to a charge of illegally landing a plane, paid a $300 fine and was ordered deported, his lawyer said.
A federal law enforcement official said the $300 came from a program for U.S. citizens abroad who are strapped for cash.
Harris-Moore's lawyer, Monique Gomez, said her fee was being paid not by her client but by "an anonymous donor."
"He seems to be very remorseful," the lawyer told CNN in a telephone interview from Nassau about her client, who attended the court hearing wearing white sneakers, shorts and a T-shirt bearing the word "Bahamas."
Harris-Moore was taken into custody on Harbour Island in the Bahamas early Sunday. He is sought in a string of home and airport break-ins in various U.S. locations along with thefts of vehicles.
Asked whether he acknowledges guilt in the other cases, his lawyer said, "Let me put it this way -- he wishes he had done things a little differently in his life."
Still, she added, he appeared "in good spirits."
Authorities in Madison County, Nebraska, issued an arrest warrant for Harris-Moore last month on charges of burglary and theft by unlawful taking or deception. The affidavit supporting the warrant alleges the youth waged a crime spree.
He faces charges in Washington state in the theft of an aircraft, and police have said they believe he stole a Cessna in Indiana and flew it to the Bahamas, where it was found in the shallows off Abaco Island.
The teen had been on the run since he escaped from a juvenile halfway house in Renton, Washington, in 2008. The FBI had offered a $10,000 reward for information leading to his arrest.
Typically in extradition cases, the accused makes a first appearance in the federal court closest to where he was arrested, said Emily Langlie, spokeswoman for the U.S. Attorney's Office in the Western District of Washington.
The Southern District of Florida, in Miami, is the closest jurisdiction to the Bahamas, said Langlie.
In his initial U.S. appearance, he will be told of his rights and read an initial charge of interstate transportation of stolen property, Langlie said. The complaint, which was sealed until last week, was filed last December and stems from his allegedly stealing a plane in Bonner's Ferry, Idaho, and crashing it outside Granite Falls, Washington, she said.
U.S. marshals will then take him to the Western District of Washington in Seattle.
Under the federal system, the case will then go to a grand jury. If an indictment is returned, more charges could be filed.
The federal charge of interstate transportation of stolen goods carries a penalty of up to 10 years.
Federal prosecutors are working with other states to determine the best way to go forward in this case, but the Washington courts will get him first since he was arrested on their warrant, she said.
Harris-Moore is called the "barefoot bandit" because he was without shoes when he allegedly broke into houses. He also was barefoot when apprehended in the Bahamas at the Romora Bay Resort and Marina by police responding to a reported sighting Sunday.
The youth has amassed more than 80,000 Facebook fans. In December, Time magazine dubbed him "America's Most Wanted Teenage Bandit." Also, 20th Century Fox has purchased the rights for a film based on his exploits.
Romora Bay officials said in a statement Harris-Moore arrived on Harbour Island from the nearby island of Eleuthera in a 15-foot skiff. The marina's security director, Kenneth Strachan, reported seeing him running down the dock about 2 a.m. Sunday, carrying a gun. The young man told him, "They're going to kill me," Strachan reported. He put out a call for help.
Guards disabled the skiff's engine, but the young man attempted to steal a second boat, according to resort manager Anne Ward. However, he ran aground in the shallow water. Authorities surrounded him and shot out the boat's engines, Ward said.
"At one point, the boy threw his computer in the water and put a gun to his head," she said in the statement. "He was going to kill himself. Police talked him out of it." Authorities loaded him into a resort work truck and took him to a police station, the statement said. Police said a gun and other items were seized from him.
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Authorities target 'barefoot burglar' in Bahamas
Accused teen thief from US said to have crash-landed plane on island
A wily teenage thief who hopscotched his way across the U.S. and escaped in a stolen plane to the Bahamas lived up to his legend Wednesday, eluding a manhunt after allegedly committing a new series of break-ins on a normally quiet island.
Bahamian police interviewed burglary victims while searching for Colton Harris-Moore on sun-speckled Great Abaco Island days after the fugitive who has been dubbed the “Barefoot Bandit” crash-landed the plane and made his way to shore.
His arrival coincided with an annual regatta that may make it easy for him to blend in among the crowds of visiting tourists.
A Royal Bahamian Police Force bulletin warned that the 19-year-old should be considered “armed and dangerous.” Back in the U.S., he has become a folk hero of sorts, with a fan club hawking T-shirts emblazoned with his image, songs about his exploits and tens of thousands of followers on Facebook.
Bar and restaurant owner Alistair McDonald said he was one of the thief’s latest victims.
McDonald said surveillance video captured the suspect inside his establishment in Great Abaco’s Marsh Harbour before dawn Tuesday. He said the teen at one point looked directly into a security camera, then shone a flashlight into it to blur the image and turned all three security cameras to face the wall.
“He seemed pretty relaxed and at ease,” McDonald said, adding he thinks the thief was looking for money or got spooked because he left without stealing anything, not even a bottle of water. He gave the tape to police.
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Colton Harris-Moore aka "Barefoot Bandit" captured !
A two-year, cross-country, international, multimillion-dollar crime spree ended with the arrest early Sunday of Colton Harris-Moore, the notorious Camano Island fugitive known as the “Barefoot Bandit.”
For the first time since escaping a Renton group home in April 2008, Harris-Moore, 19, again was in shackles, where he was found at a dock in the Bahamas. This time he's at risk of prosecution for more than 70 crimes across eight states and in three countries.
More than $3 million in stolen or ruined property is connected to him.
“No comment. No, no, no,” Pam Kohler told The Herald on Sunday when contacted about the arrest. She's Harris-Moore's mother and lives on south Camano Island. In the past, she's been supportive of her son's efforts to remain free. She recently retained assistance of a prominent entertainment lawyer.
Despite no flight training, no driver's license, no formal education for years and a tumultuous childhood, Harris-Moore is suspected of piloting planes, stealing luxury cars, making off in pleasure boats and travelling from the far Northwest to the Bahamas — all while wanted by authorities.
He reportedly was seen running from police without shoes, which led to his headline-grabbing nickname. He was photographed walking barefoot Sunday, his ankles tethered by shackles, while heavily armed police stood guard.
As news of the arrest quickly spread, area law enforcement officials, victims and residents took some comfort that Harris-Moore's flight from justice had ended without injury.
“I am thankful that Colton Harris-Moore has been taken into custody by the Bahamian authorities,” Island County Sheriff Mark Brown said. “I pledge my commitment to seek accountability for the many crimes suffered by the citizens of Island County at the hands of this criminal.”
Armed confrontation
Around 3 a.m. Sunday, Bahamian officials moved in on Harris-Moore near a dock.
“It went down like you expect of Colt,” said Bob Friel, an Orcas Island writer who went to the Bahamas after learning the notorious teen fugitive was suspected of crashing a plane there.
Friel, who is writing a book about Harris-Moore, said he was near where the arrest was made. He said Harris-Moore chatted with locals prior to being confronted by authorities.
“He tried to run to the very end. A sandbar and police bullets finally stopped his boat and convinced him to give up,” the writer told The Herald.
Police had to fire at the boat's engines to force him to stop. There were reports that Harris-Moore held a gun to his head, and that police talked him out of harming himself, but that wasn't immediately confirmed.
Harris-Moore was taken by plane to Nassau, the island nation's capital, for processing. He's expected to appear in court there sometime this week.
Harris-Moore is a suspect in more 70 criminal investigations in the U.S., according to federal charges filed in December and unsealed last week.
Federal prosecutors in Seattle charged him by complaint with interstate transportation of stolen property. He also faces a number of charges already filed in Island and San Juan counties and in Nebraska.
Troubled childhood
Harris-Moore began acting out and causing problems at 10, court records show.
He grew up in a turbulent household. His father, Gordon Moore, was a drug user who was sent to prison by the time the boy was a toddler and was never a consistent presence in his life. His mother, Pam Kohler, 59, often argued violently with the boy.
When Kohler drank, she became mean and would break her son's things, Harris-Moore told a psychiatrist during a court-ordered evaluation in 2008.
“She seemed to care less and less about his attending school and functioning as a student,” court records said.
By 12, Harris-Moore was in criminal trouble. He was accused of breaking into a Stanwood business, setting fire to Stanwood Middle School and ruining a bulletin board at the Thriftway. He pleaded guilty to possession of stolen property, a felony.
In summer 2006, he was supposed to be in court at the Denney Juvenile Justice Center in Everett. He didn't show.
He later told a court official he was afraid to go back to jail, and “took off before the day of the trial.”
He was soon breaking into homes on Camano Island, often using home computers to surf for porn on the Internet. Frustrated after a six burglaries and worried about the safety of residents — and of the 15-year-old suspect — the Island County sheriff's office in January 2007 issued wanted signs for Harris-Moore.
Within weeks of stories appearing about his crimes, Harris-Moore was nabbed when a neighbor spied lights on in an empty vacation home. Police used a ruse to snare him. Flashlight beams from two deputies gave the appearance of a larger force outside the house. He surrendered.
Facing 23 criminal charges in Island County Superior Court, Harris-Moore pleaded guilty to three and was sentenced to more than three years in the custody of the state's Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration.
Escape from custody
Officials said he excelled at reform school and quickly was moved from a jail-like lockup in Eastern Washington to a less-secure group home near Seattle.
After lights-out in April 2008, Harris-Moore slipped out a window and ran.
And ran. And ran.
It wasn't long before the break-ins began again on south Camano Island.
In July 2009, police accused Harris-Moore of stealing a Mercedes-Benz from one of his mother's neighbors and crashing it into a propane tank behind the Elger Bay Grocery Store. He left behind a backpack, where police found a journal and a stolen digital camera with self-portraits of Harris-Moore — the now-iconic image of him wearing a Mercedes-logo polo shirt.
Soon, the teen's exploits took off, literally.
In September 2009, the San Juan County sheriff announced that Harris-Moore, who has no flight training, was a suspect in two plane thefts and several burglaries. He was believed to be headed for Canada in a stolen boat.
He allegedly made his way through British Columbia before sneaking across the U.S. border to Bonners Ferry, Idaho, where on Sept. 29, he allegedly flew a stolen plane back to Snohomish County.
A logger found the wreckage in a clear-cut near Granite Falls on Oct. 1. Police traced bare footprints to a camp in the woods. Days later, someone fired a weapon at deputies in the area.
Notoriety spreads
The serial burglar's reputation leapt onto the Internet after a Mukilteo man started a Facebook fan page urging people to support Harris-Moore. “Run Colton Run,” was their rallying cry. T-shirts and mugs with Harris-Moore's face sold quickly.
International media took notice of the “Barefoot Bandit” story.
In truth, officials said he more often wore shoes, but the nickname stuck. Later, Harris-Moore himself used the name to sign notes.
News crews from Brazil, Canada and national networks in the U.S. scoured the woods of Camano Island for a glimpse of the fugitive, or to nab a snarky quote from his mom, or to be the “first” to report a sign posted along the dirt driveway saying tresspassers will be shot.
Friel, the freelance writer, published a story in “Outside” magazine. He later inked a book deal based on the story, which in turn was sold to a Hollywood studio to be adapted into a movie.
Some reporters said they got Kohler's cooperation by bringing her Pall Mall cigarettes and beer. Others reportedly paid for the privilege.
The crimes continued.
In February a stolen plane from Anacortes skirted the attention of officials monitoring airspace above the Vancouver, B.C., Olympics and landed in the mud on Orcas Island.
Harris-Moore was suspected of that theft, and also of breaking into the Homegrown Market and Gourmet Deli. The burglar ate a meal, vandalized the security system and drew bare human feet on the floor using chalk. The “footprints” led out the door, along with this message: “Cya.”
The burglary cost $6,500 in theft and damage, a financial blow that put 20 employees at risk of losing their jobs, the store's owner, Kyle Ater, told The Herald on Sunday.
“He's a real, tangible criminal, because until now he's been a ghost of a criminal,” he said. “Hopefully he can pay for his crimes.”
Teams on the hunt
Intense manhunts were launched near Granite Falls and on Orcas Island. Law officers used sophisticated helicopters, man-trackers and SWAT teams.
They came up empty.
Various police agencies joined the fray. The FBI, U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the U.S. Coast Guard, and sheriff's deputies from at least six counties participated in that hunt.
Some officials talked openly about their investigations. Others, including the Snohomish County Sheriff's Office, refused to even mention Harris-Moore's name. The FBI said the case should be handled by local authorities. In December, though, they worked with federal prosecutors to secretly file a criminal complaint in U.S. District Court in Seattle, charging Harris-Moore with stealing the plane that was found near Granite Falls.
It wasn't until months later, after Harris-Moore embarked on a cross-country crime wave and allegedly crashed a stolen $650,000 plane off the Bahamas, that the FBI acknowledged their interest in the case.
“We want to get him. He's turned from a regional nuisance into an international problem,” FBI Special Agent Steven Dean said last week.
In the Bahamas, video surveillance cameras reportedly captured glimpses of him prowling through bars and restaurants in the sandy, sun-splashed resort islands off the Florida coast.
Officials there turned up the heat, handing out wanted posters.
The FBI offered a $10,000 reward.
Late in the week, the hunt moved to Eleuthera Island and Harris-Moore began to run out of hiding places. By Friday, it appeared that he was becoming reckless.
Prior to the arrest Sunday, James Alan Fox, an expert criminologist who teaches at Northeastern University in Boston, said Harris-Moore's running was coming to an end.
“At some point, he'll feel so invincible and unstoppable he won't be so careful,” Fox said.
Bahamas arrest
An alert ferry boat captain in the Bahamas on Wednesday spotted the 6-foot, 5-inch Harris-Moore bathing on the northern end of Eleuthera Island.
Freddie Grant said he didn't think much of the incident until he noticed that somebody had damaged the ignition systems on boats owned by the ferry system.
A bar at the ferry landing also was burglarized Wednesday night by a thief who cut a screen to break in, dismantled a security light, and moved the television's remote controls, said Denaldo Bain, the 30-year-old manager of Coakley's International Sporting Lounge.
“He was watching television. He was just chilling,” Bain said.
Camano Island resident Mike Kermbach, 65, said Sunday it was a shame that such a seemingly intelligent young man didn't find a more productive use of his talents. After all the hype, Kermbach now is looking for prosecutors to cut away the myths using hard evidence.
“It'll be nice to know what he did and what he didn't do. He's kind of a scapegoat,” Kermbach said. “Until facts are proven in a court of law, we can't just blame him for everything.”
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Burgess Meredith and Danny Devito have both played which Batman character? | Who’s The Penguin & What’s a Fish Mooney? Your Guide To The Villains Of ‘Gotham’ | Decider | Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Instant, HBO Go
Who’s The Penguin & What’s a Fish Mooney? Your Guide To The Villains Of ‘Gotham’
Sep 22, 2014 at 2:00pm
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Photo Illustration: Jaclyn Kessel; Photos: FOX
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By now, you’ve probably caught on to the fact that the new FOX drama, Gotham , tells the story of Gotham City before Bruce Wayne becomes Batman. The show is going to follow Ben McKenzie as young Jim Gordon. He’s not Commissioner yet. He’s just a rookie detective who wants to find out who killed Thomas and Martha Wayne. Of course, the intricate crime world of Gotham and the city’s corrupt police force isn’t going to make that task easy for the noble young Gordon.
Do you know what else might not be easy? Knowing which classic Batman villains are being brought to life in Gotham. Some of them, like Robin Lord Taylor ‘s young Penguin, are easy to spot, but others, like the Riddler, are still masquerading as normal, ordinary, decent Gotham citizens. Here’s a handy rundown of who’s who in the rogue’s gallery of Gotham‘s villains.
Penguin
Who We Know Him As: The Penguin, aka Oswald Cobblepot, sees himself as a “gentleman of crime.” Both Burgess Meredith and Danny DeVito have portrayed him as a rotund crime lord, though DeVito also imbued the character with a penchant for the grotesque. In the comics, the Penguin is one of the few Batman villains who is not criminally insane. He has an umbrella.
Who He Is In Gotham: Young Oswald Cobblepot is not yet a major crime lord. He’s Fish Mooney’s main serving boy and lackey. He’s clever, conniving, duplicitous, and he exhibits a sadistic streak. He would be completely unlikable, but Robin Lord Taylor plays him with a streak of vulnerability that makes you understand his actions. You actually want to root for him. Oh, and he hates being called a “penguin.”
Catwoman
Who We Know Her As: The seductive cat burglar, Selena Kyle, is perhaps the most morally ambiguous of Batman’s nemeses. She’s more interested in accumulating wealth than exacting revenge, and she and Bruce Wayne usually have some sort of flirtation. Onscreen she’s been portrayed by everyone from Eartha Kitt and Michelle Pfieffer to Julie Newmar and Anne Hathaway.
Who She Is In Gotham: We don’t hear her speak in the pilot, but Gotham opens on young Catwoman (Camren Bicondova) scaling the city’s roofs, picking pockets, and accidentally witnessing the murder of the Waynes. For the rest of the episode, the lithe teen sneaks in the shadows as she stalks young Bruce Wayne.
The Riddler
Who We Know Him As: Edward Nigma, the crazed costumed villain obsessed with riddles. Hence, why he’s called “The Riddler.” He’s been most famously portrayed by Jim Carrey in Batman Forever.
Who He Is In Gotham: He’s an obnoxious forensics expert for the Gotham City Police Department played by up-and-coming actor Cory Michael Smith. He seems to hit it off with Detective Gordon in his brief pilot appearance.
Poison Ivy
Who We Know Her As: Poison Ivy didn’t appear in the original Adam West series, but she was brought to slinky, seductive life by Uma Thurman in Joel Schumacher’s disastrous Batman & Robin. Her alter ego is Dr. Pamela Isley and she’s usually painted as a crazed, man-hating environmentalist. In Batman: The Animated Series, she’s besties (and maybe more) with Harlequin.
Who She Is In Gotham: She’s Ivy Pepper, the surly and downbeaten daughter of a felon who is accused of the Waynes’ murders. She likes plants and dislikes the cops. She’s being played by Clare Foley.
Fish Mooney
Who We Know Her As: No one. She’s an original character.
Who She Is In Gotham: Fish Mooney is an imposing and shrewd crime lord with ambitions to take over all crime in Gotham City. She is seductive, dramatic, and a tiny bit unhinged. However, she is also extremely smart and dangerous. She is played with a lot of gusto by Jada Pinkett Smith .
The Joker
Who We Know Him As: Batman’s greatest rival. He is a deranged and sometimes nihilistic psychopath. He’s been famously played by both Cesar Romero and Jack Nicholson. However, Heath Ledger gave us the most iconic and the most unhinged onscreen interpretation of the character to date in Christopher Nolan’s The Dark Knight.
Who He Is In Gotham: We don’t know yet. However, there have been hints that Gotham City’s most famous bad guy, the Joker, might be pulling the strings from behind-the-scenes. There was a peculiar scene in the pilot where Jada Pinkett Smith’s Fish Mooney is relaxing by letting a puppy-faced hack comedian (Jon Beavers) tell her cheesy jokes. If Gotham is hiding the Joker anywhere in the pilot, we think this comedian might be an early version of him.
Also causing trouble in Gotham? Tons of corrupt cops, politicians, and then there’s noted crime lord Carmine Falcone. Falcone has appeared in Batman adaptations before, but he’s never really been one of the caped crusader’s more famous nemeses. Suffice to say, that Gotham is one scary city. Trust no one. Well, maybe trust Alfred (or don’t?).
Gotham debuts on Fox at 7/8 C tonight.
Like what you see? Follow Decider on Facebook and Twitter to join the conversation, and sign up for our email newsletters to be the first to know about streaming movies and TV news!
Photos: Everett Collection & FOX
| Penguin (comics) |
Cesar Romero and Jack Nicholson have both played which Batman character? | 12 Most Recognizable DC Characters
12 Most Recognizable DC Characters
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Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice is less than three months away from its release, and it’s ready to unveil a whole team of DC superhero movies, ready to fight against Lex Luthor and Doomsday (in the movie) and Marvel’s Avengers (at the box office).
Marvel has dominated the superhero landscape in past decade, but now it’s DC’s time to see if they can compete with Marvel. Yet it remains to be seen if DC can bring their second-tier characters the level of fame that the Marvel movies have brought to Iron Man, Thor or Guardians of the Galaxy. This list will take a look at how popular some of the top characters in the DC universe are to casual fans of superhero movies. How recognizable are they to someone who doesn’t know a whole lot about comics and superheroes?
Here is Screen Rant’s list of the 12 Most Recognizable DC Characters.
12. THE PENGUIN
Aside from The Joker and Catwoman, The Penguin is the most recognizable villain in Batman’s diverse gallery of rogues. Oswald Chesterfield Cobblepot a.k.a The Penguin is easily distinguishable by his long pointy nose, top hat, and the umbrella that he uses as a weapon. Over the years, in television and film, the character has been played by a number of actors. Burgess Meredith portrayed the character in the 1960s television series and Danny DeVito played The Penguin in Tim Burton’s Batman Returns, in which the character largely deviated from his comic version, looking and behaving more like a grotesque character inspired the German Expressionist films of FW Murnau and Fritz Lang than the distinguished and refined Penguin of the Batman comics.
More recently, the Fox television show Gotham has increased the popularity of The Penguin by including a younger version of the character, played by Robin Lord Taylor, as he becomes The Penguin of the comics.
11. AQUAMAN
The oft-mocked Aquaman is human hybrid who can breathe both air and water. The character has gone through many changes since his introduction in 1941. From his origins story to his appearance, Aquaman has become a more fierce character over the years. The King of the underwater Atlantis, many efforts have been made by DC in recent years to make the character seem edgier and more complex than the 1960s animated TV series that bares his name.
The HBO series Entourage included a storyline where Vincent Chase (Adrian Grenier) played Aquaman in a film that was directed by James Cameron, but the upcoming Dawn of Justice will mark the debut of the cinematic Aquaman, played by Jason Momoa, who is also slated to star in a solo Aquaman movie for 2018. This is a character that’s destined to gain a lot of attention in the coming years. Aquaman is kind of a big deal. The dude gets to hang out with dolphins and mermaids, so why wouldn’t he make this list?
10. GREEN ARROW
If this list was being put together a few years ago, Green Arrow, a.k.a. Oliver Queen, might not have made it. Due to the huge popularity of the CW show Arrow, however, that is no longer the case. That series opened the door for DC television shows that have followed, including The Flash and Supergirl. Actor Stephen Amell has injected “coolness” to the character who has often been viewed as a second-rate superhero that sometimes gets confused with Marvel’s Hawkeye (or even DC’s own Green Lantern).
He doesn’t have the greatest of superpowers, aside from being an ace with the bow and arrow, but that’s what makes him pretty awesome. Like Batman, his superheroism comes from rigorious training rather than supernatural abilities. Arrow is a DC character that’s just getting noticed by the mainstream, and continued success with the CW show is only enhancing the characters popularity.
9. LEX LUTHOR
You don’t have to be a fan of comics to know the name Lex Luthor. Known for for his trademark bald head, as well as being Superman’s top nemesis. Lex doesn’t have any superpowers or super strength. Instead, he is a wealthy entrepreneur and scientific genius who can wreak havoc with the resources at his disposal from LexCorp. He has a hefty bank account to help him in his battles with Superman.
Luther has been portrayed in film by Hollywood heavyweights such as Gene Hackman and Kevin Spacey. Michael Rosenbaum played the younger Lex on Smallville for 7 seasons, and was arguably more popular among fans than Tom Welling’s Clark Kent. Jesse Eisenberg will take on the role of Lex in Dawn of Justice, where his fast-talking appearance in the trailer has already caused consternation among fans.
8. CATWOMAN
Unless you are a fan of comics, you probably wouldn’t know who Selina Kyle is, but most people on the street could tell you they have heard of Catwoman. The most famous female comic villain has worn a lot of outfits over the years, from the grey costume of Batman: The Animated Series, to the purple attire she wears in the comics. Most variations of Catwoman include her wearing a mask to cover up her identity, and more recently the using goggles to cover her eyes.
Catwoman has been known for walking the line between being Batman’s villain and ally (and sometimes, his lover). In Batman Returns, Catwoman was played by Michelle Pfeiffer in a leather catsuit covered in zippers. The solo Catwoman starred Halle Berry in an even skimpier outfit, and it’s notorious both for its poor quality and for heavily deviating from the comic book character.
7. GREEN LANTERN
This is where the list starts to get tricky. Which incarnation of Green Lantern are we referring to? Hal Jordan? Alan Scott? Kyle Rayner? Guy Gardner? Simon Baz? John Stewart? Well, how about all of them. Each Green Lantern character is a bearer to a ring with the ability to construct solid green objects which can aid them in battle. The ring bearers also have the ability to fly and travel inordinate distances across galaxies.
The Lantern is a staple of the Justice League. Comics aside, the Green Lantern has been featured in many DC animated movies, video games, and a feature film starring Ryan Reynolds. The 2011 film received negative reviews and disappointed at the box office, which halted production of any slated sequels, but it’s likely he’ll be revived as a part of the DC Expanded Universe .
6. the FLASH
As with Green Lantern, a number of characters have taken on the moniker of The Flash. Most notably, Wally West was The Flash in his Golden Age, while Barry Allen became the most famous flash in the Silver Age. The Flash is a core member of the Justice League, and mostly known as being the comedic relief of the group.
Go to your local Walmart and you can find T-shirts featuring the iconic yellow Flash thunderbolt symbol inside a white circle. The red jumpsuit he wears with the bolts on the side of his mask or helmet are also pretty iconic. Pay attention to Sheldon’s T-shirt next time you watch The Big Bang Theory, and you’ll see what we’re talking about. Currently you can see actor Grant Gustin as the most recent incarnation of Barry Allen on CW’s The Flash, but Ezra Miller is set to take on the character within the DC Extended Universe.
5. WONDER WOMAN
The Warrior Princess of the Amazon is one of the leaders of the Justice League, and her iconic attire consists of a lasso, indestructible bracelets, and a tiara. Wonder Woman is one of the first female superheroes, a strong female character that’s been embraced for decades.
Lynda Carter portrayed the character on television from 1975-1979 on the popular Wonder Woman TV series, but Gal Gadot will be taking on the role in Dawn of Justice, which will be the first time the character will appear on the big screen. It will be followed by a solo movie in 2017. DC is wasting no time in making Wonder Woman a huge part of in their superhero universe.
4. ROBIN
Dick Grayson is easily the most famous Robin, but there were also a few others that followed him. Dick Grayson, Jason Todd, Tim Drake, and Damian Wayne all played the role of Robin, Batman’s teenage sidekick, at some point. Stephanie Brown was a female version of Robin, but if you aren’t an avid comic book fan you probably don’t know much about her. Robin is another character that has distinctive attire. Robin’s appearance remained mostly intact throughout the years with the mustard yellow cape, green tights, eye mask, and an “R” on his chest making up his signature look.
The Christopher Nolan Batman movies didn’t include Robin, but he did appear, played by Chris O’Donnell, in both Batman Forever and Batman & Robin. The character will always be linked with Batman due to their long history, but various versions of Robin have gone on to become superheroes in their own right, such as Dick Grayson’s transition into Nightwing.
3. the JOKER
The most famous comic book villain of all-time is clearly The Joker. If you know nothing about comics, you still know that The Joker is Batman’s arch-nemesis. The green hair, clownish make-up, purple suit, and that creepy laugh all make for a pretty iconic character. Cesar Romero was the first to play Joker in the 1960s Batman television show. Jack Nicholson took on the role in Tim Burton’s Batman. Mark Hamill has been the iconic voice of the Joker for various animated series, movies and video games over the years.
Perhaps most notably, however, Heath Ledger won an Oscar for his interpretation of the Joker in Chris Nolan’s The Dark Knight. Jared Leto is about to introduce us to his take on the Joker this summer in Suicide Squad. You couldn’t possibly find a better group of accomplished actors to play one character.
2. BATMAN
What is there to say about one of the most famous characters every created. Easily recognizable with his long black cape, the intimidating mask, and the bat symbol across his chest. Batman is not just one of the most famous superheroes of all-time, but also a cultural icon. Batman’s appeal is worldwide. The history of the character is as rich as any comic book character ever
He has appeared in literally hundred of comics with many variations. The list of actors to play Batman is also very impressive. The men who have worn the mask and cape have included Adam West, Michael Keaton, Val Kilmer, George Clooney, Christian Bale, and now Ben Affleck will take on the cape and cowl in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.
1. SUPERMAN
Superman isn’t just a comic character, he’s a symbol of truth, justice and the American way. There might not be many humans on the planet who haven’t heard of Superman. The Superman “S” logo is the most recognizable logo around. Whether or not Batman or Superman is the most popular superhero is up for debate, but Superman is easily the most recognizable, having been popular now for almost seven decades.
In film, Superman has been portrayed by Christopher Reeve, Brandon Routh and, most recently, Henry Cavill. Cavill will be taking up the role once again, after his well-liked performance in Man of Steel, to battle Ban Affleck’s Batman mano-a-mano in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Is there any way Superman can lose this battle? We don’t know, but we’re dying to find out!
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Do you agree with the choices and ranking of this list? Share your thoughts and options in the comments section below.
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If a team at contract bridge wins a grand slam, how many tricks have they won? | Scoring | Contract Bridge | Fandom powered by Wikia
game (different in rubber and duplicate)
honours (only in rubber)
In rubber bridge, scores are entered above and below the line. Only contract points are entered below the line and counted towards games, all others are bonuses. In duplicate bridge, the elements are added together and represented as a single directed number which can be compared with other tables directly. The aim of rubber bridge is to win the rubber (2 games), while the aim of duplicate bridge is to perform the best among tables playing the same deal.
Understanding the element of scoring is a key to more advanced techniques like sacrificing .
contract
Edit
For a contract made, each odd trick (tricks above the first 6 called the book) is 20 points (♣/♦) or 30 points (♥/♠/NT). The first NT odd trick is 40 points. They can be doubled or redoubled. In rubber bridge, they are entered below the line.
slam
A 6-level contract (small slam) bid and made adds 500 points (750 points if vulnerable). A 7-level contract (grand slam) bid and made adds 1000 points (1500 points if vulnerable). They are entered above the line in rubber bridge.
overtricks
Edit
When the contract is not doubled, they behave as additional odd tricks, but entered above the line instead in rubber bridge. However, when the contract is doubled, each overtrick is 100 points (200 if vulnerable), doubled if the contract is redoubled.
undertricks
Edit
If the contract is set, each undertrick (trick short of contract) is 50 points to the opponents (100 points is vulnerable). However, when doubled, the first is 100, the second and third is 200 each and 300 each afterwards (the first is 200, 300 each afterwards when vulnerable), doubled if the contract is redoubled. They are entered above the line in rubber bridge.
game
Edit
When 100 points are accumulated below the line in rubber bridge, a game is finished. A new line is drawn below everything, hence all below-the-line score becomes above-the-line. When a partnership finishes 2 games, they won the rubber and 700 points are awarded if 2-0, 500 points are awarded if 2-1.
In duplicate bridge, all deals are independent. A game is a contract with >=100 contract points. 300 points are added is a game is made (500 if vulnerable). Otherwise, it is called a part score and 50 points are added.
double
A double bonus, or called an insult, worth 50 points for a doubled contract or 100 points for a redouble contract, is given above the line whenever a doubled or redoubled contract is made.
honours
Edit
In rubber bridge, if 4 out of the top 5 trumps are held in one hand, he/she may immediately claim 100 points above the line at the end of the deal. If all top 5 trumps or all aces in a NT contract are held, 150 points may be claimed. This is purely an element of luck and some players don't count it.
Examples
Edit
Initially, horizontal line and a vertical line is drawn on a paper to separate it into two columns and two rows. The columns are labelled "we" and "they", or alternately the names. "The line" refers to the horizontal line. Scores are entered above and below the line, only scores below the line count towards games .
The bonus of a rubber is 700 if the rubber is won 2-0, and 500 if won 2-1. If the rubber is unfinished, the side with a game on scores 300, and the side with a partscore on scores 100.
Here is an example of scoring of a rubber (the superscripts are for illustration only and do not exist on real scoring sheets):
We
Edit
There are two main types of duplicate scoring: MP (Matchpoint) or IMP (International Match Point). MP scoring is more common in pairs events and IMP scoring is more common in teams events. Some literature assumed the above [1] but the usage of the other form is also possible.
MP scoring
Edit
In MP scoring, a table is compared to every other table, and gets 1 MP for winning, 0.5 MPs for drawing, 0 MPs for losing. (A variant is 2 MPs for winning, 1 MP for drawing, 0 MPs for losing. The effect is identical.) Therefore, for n tables, the maximum possible score is (n-1) MPs, the minimum possible score is 0 MPs.
The application is very easy. It is equivalent to just sorting all the result and sequentially assigning the number of MPs. The average is used for drawing boards.
Usually, the number of MPs is converted to a percentage. An alternate name in team events is board-a-match.
Example in a pair event
Remarks:
Flat board.
Our team made a game but their team failed to bid it. 10 IMPs were won.
It is probably the result of competing in partscores. The 10 point difference was nullified in IMPs but significant in MPs.
Their team on this table gained an overtrick but our team didn't, which was a loss of 1 IMP.
We safely arrived a minor suit game contract but their team arrived at a wrong game, resulting a set. 13 IMPs are won.
We bid too high, resulting a set. They stopped at the 1 level just made. We lost 3 IMPs.
They missed a grand slam. We won 17 IMPs.
They found a good sacrifice. We lost 3 IMPs.
Overall, we won the round greatly. However, at MPs, it would be a loss (see above). Generating large swings for games and slams are very important in IMPs but have little use at MPs.
VP scoring
Edit
To further reduce swings produced by opponents with great difference in skill, sometimes, the total IMP difference in a round is converted to VPs (victory points) by using a table. There is no standard VP table. The overall winner is determined by total VPs.
VP scoring is only used in matches with more than two teams.
Tactics
MP scoring emphasises win as often as possible while IMP scoring emphasises win as much as possible. Therefore, tactics are different between these two forms of scoring.
Illustration
That is, a successful game wins 6 (10) IMPs over those who doesn't bid game.
3♥= 140 (140)
4♥-1 -50 (-100)
That is, an unsuccessful game loses 5 (6) IMPs over those who doesn't bid game.
Therefore, a game needs only 45% to make when non-vulnerable and 38% to make when vulnerable to break even at IMPs. However, at MPs, anything and only things that have over 50% success rate will get a success in the long run.
Double or not?
4♥-1 -50 (-100)
4♥x-1 -100 (-200)
That is, a successful double on a game wins 2 (3) IMPs over those who doesn't double.
4♥= 420 (620)
4♥x= 590 (790)
That is, an unsuccessful double on a game loses 5 IMPs over those who doesn't double.
Therefore, at IMPs, usually a double is only made when the contract will surely be set. However, at MPs, this may be a 50/50 bet in hope for generate more tops.
Overall, the competitiveness is higher at MP scoring, including:
more overcalls
Moreover, players strongly prefer NT contracts to major suit contracts if they generate the same number of tricks since the 10 point difference may mean a top rather than an average. Furthermore, the hunt for an overtrick is worthy even at the cost of the contract, since an overtrick may put you on top.
However, at IMP scoring, as the bonuses for games and slams are attractive, more of them are bid and the most important thing is to make the contract as overtricks are nearly worthless (about 1 IMP per overtrick only) unless the contract is doubled or redoubled. Also, the choice of denomination is not as important as in MPs, that is, if you need to choose between 3NT and 5♣ , you just pick the one which is more likely to make.
Recent changes of scoring
Edit
Before 1990, each undertrick after the second in a non-vulnerable doubled contract scores 200 to the defenders. However, sacrificing against grand slams was found to be too easy after Jeff Meckstroth bid 7♠ holding ♠9xxxx over 7♥ by Edgar Kaplan and Norman Kay and got down 10 and still got profit, which lead to scoring change to 300 for each undertrick from the 4th. Also, the insult for a redoubled contract was increased to 100 and the bonus of unfinished partscore in a rubber was increased to 100.
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While filming the documentary Super Size Me, Morgan Spurlock ate at what fast food restaurant exclusively for 30 days? | Bridge
Bridge
On Sale Now
Bridge
Contract Bridge is played by four people in two partnerships with a standard 52-card pack. The cards in each suit rank from ace (the highest) to the 2 (the lowest). The suits rank in this order: spades, hearts, diamonds, and then clubs.
Cards are dealt one at a time, face down, clockwise until each player has received 13 cards.
The bidding or auction stage comes next, beginning with the dealer. The various things you can do are known as calls:
Pass: You may pass rather than make a bid.
Bid: This is your declaration that you intend to win a certain number of odd tricks (odd meaning more tricks than six; the first six tricks are called the book). You must either name a trump suit or choose no-trump. The lowest possible bid is one, the highest is seven. (There are 13 tricks in all, but remember that the first six don’t count in this process.) For example, you might say "one diamond," "one no-trump," "four spades," and so on.
Your bid must overcall, or top the preceding bid (if any). This is also called making a sufficient bid. Overcalling a bid means you must name a higher number of odd-tricks and/or a higher-ranking denomination: no-trump (high), spades, hearts, diamonds, and then clubs. One spade will overcall one heart; two clubs will overcall one spade; two diamonds will overcall one no-trump; etc.
Double: You can double the last bid, so long as one of your opponents made that bid, and no one has yet called a double. What a double does is to double the value of tricks taken. However, if the bid doubled was for, say, three spades, any player in the rest of the bidding could overcall it with three no-trumps, four clubs, etc., thereby canceling the double. A particular bid can be doubled only once.
Redouble: A player may in turn redouble the last bid, if a) the bid was made by that player or by that player’s partner; b) if the bid has been doubled by an opponent; and c) if the bid hasn’t already been redoubled. This further increases the scoring values, but, like the double, it can be canceled by a higher bid. A particular bid can be redoubled only once.
The auction begins when any player makes a bid. If all four players pass the first time around, the cards are thrown in and the next dealer in turn deals. When a bid, double, or redouble is followed by three consecutive passes, the auction is closed. The suit named in the final bid is the trump suit for that hand (if the final bid was a no- trump, the hand will be played without trumps). The player who first bid the suit (or the no-trump) is the declarer. The number of odd- tricks named in the final bid is that player’s contract.
The player to the declarer’s left leads the first card. The declarer’s partner then places his or her hand face-up. This hand, and declarer’s partner, are called the "dummy." The declarer’s partner takes no further part in the hand. The declarer selects the cards to play from the dummy hand.
The object of play is to win tricks. A player is required to follow suit if possible. A trick is won by the highest trump, or, if no trumps come out, by the highest card of the suit led. The player that wins a trick leads the next. Play continues until all 13 tricks have been taken.
Keeping Score
Bridge score sheets are halved by a horizontal line. The trick score goes below the line; all other scores (usually called the honor score) go above the line. If the declarer fulfills the contract, winning as many or more odd-tricks than the contract called for, he or she scores below the line for every odd-trick named in the contract. Any trick won by the declarer in excess of his or her contract is called an overtrick and is scored above the line.
When a side has scored 100 or more points below the line (trick points), it has won a game. A game may require more than one hand to decide the outcome. The next game begins with both sides back to zero.
A side that has won a game is said to be vulnerable. A vulnerable side receives increased bonuses in some cases and is subject to higher penalties if it does not fulfill a contract.
Games are played best two out of three. When one side wins two games, they have won the rubber. All points scored by both sides, both above the line and below the line, are then added up. The side that has the greatest number of points wins the difference between its score and its opponents’ score.
The Contract Bridge Scoring System
Trick points (scored below the line by declarer)
Each odd-trick bid & made in ♥ or ♠
20
Four aces in one hand (No-Trump contract)
150
Strategies
The importance of learning to bid effectively cannot be overemphasized. A proper bid provides substantial information to your partner, as his or her response should to you. Unfortunately, you are also conveying the same information to your opponents, just as their bidding provides some guide to you as to how you should play your hand to make the bid or defend against your opponents’ bid.
Effective bidding of necessity is based on an understanding of what "points" are. The two kinds of points are high-card points and distribution points.
High card points
Doubleton in a suit = One point
Jack = One point
In reaching your total points you cannot count both high-card points and distribution points for the same card.
Opening Bids
The opening bid is a team’s first bid. The general rule in bridge is that if you have 13 points (combined high-card points and distribution points) and you want a happy partner, you should find a bid somewhere, even if it is in a four card minor suit. Opening bids are invariably on your longest suit. If suits are of equal length, bid the highest ranking suit.
Generally if it is the first (opening) round and your hand has only 11-12 points (combined high-card and distribution points) and you do not have a fairly strong biddable suit (for example, five or six cards headed by at least two face cards and a singleton or doubleton in the other suits) then the appropriate bid would be a pass.
Response to Opening Bid
If you’re a beginner, keep it simple. If you have some strength in a suit your partner has bid, always raise. Strength can be defined as at least six points in your hand and three cards in your partner’s suit.
This hand contains six points (A, J, J) and at least the minimum three cards in spades, hearts, and diamonds. If your partner bid one club, however, your hand is too weak, and you should pass.
Any suit of five or more cards is always biddable.
Bidding No-trump
A bid of no-trump is best when you have 15 high-card points, and your hand’s distribution is balanced, meaning a 4-3-3-3, 4-4-3-2, or 5-3-3-2 combination.You should also have all suits stopped, meaning you have the A, the K-Q, the Q-J-10, and/or the J-10-9-8 in each suit. These card combinations will prevent your opponents from taking a run of tricks in one suit. Most of the time, however, you’ll have to make do with "probable" stoppers, such as K-x, Q-J- x, Q-10-x, or even Q-x-x.
Your 5-3-3-2 suit combination gives you a balanced hand. You have guaranteed stoppers in diamonds and clubs, and probable stoppers in spades and hearts.
Playing
If you’re the defender and you can’t decide what to lead, here’s an old bit of Bridge lore: when in doubt, lead the fourth-best card from your longest suit. This is called leading from length. It’s considered the standard way to lead in a no-trump contract, and it’s a safe way to proceed in a suit contract.
Typically, an unbalanced hand is more suitable to play a trump contract. A balanced hand is good for a no-trump contract. Whenever a player has a balanced or an unbalanced hand, it is very common for more than one of the other hands to have a similar distribution, and it’s something to plan for in the play of the hand.
If you are defending (your team lost the bid) and have a six-card suit as shown, even though it contains the ace, there is a good probability that the ace will be trumped on the first round. The preponderance of diamonds in your hand makes it more likely some- one else has a void in diamonds. Likewise, if your hand is balanced, it is probable that other players also have balanced hands.
The partnership playing a trump contract should be in command of the trump suit. Decades of Bridge experience have demonstrated that the partners playing the contract should have at least eight trumps between them (the best distributions are 5-3, 4-4, and even 6-2).
The best lead is a card from a combination of top cards in any suit.
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How many cups are in a gallon? | Gallons to Cups - How many cups in a gallon?
Gallons to Cups Conversion
How many cups in a gallon?
Fluid and dry gallons to cups conversion factors are listed below. To find out how many cups in gallons, multiply by the factor or instead, use the converter below for fluid gallons.
1 Gallon [Fluid, US] = 16 Cups [US]
1 Gallon [Dry, US] = 18.618355 Cups [US]
1 Gallon [UK] = 18.18436 Cups [Metric]
For cup to gallon converter, please go to cup to gallon
For other volume unit conversions, please go to Volume Conversion
Converter
Enter a US fluid gallon value that you want to convert into cups and click on the "convert" button.
Gallon is an imperial and U.S. customary unit. There is one type of gallon in imperial system and 2 types (liquid and dry) in united states customary system. It is widely used in daily life, such as measuring the fuel efficiency as miles per gallon, etc. The abbreviation is "gal".
Cup is a volume unit and used mostly in cooking to measure liquid and bulk, dry foods. There is no international standard for cup sizes but mostly united states customary and metric cups are used and they are different in sizes.
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Which stock market trend is associated with decreased investor confidence? Bull? Or Bear? | Ounces to Cups to Pints to Quarts to Gallons - TechBlazer
TechBlazer
Ounces to Cups to Pints to Quarts to Gallons
Ounces to Cups to Pints to Quarts to Gallons
How many oz make a cup?
8 oz = 1 cup
How many oz/cups make a pt?
16 oz = 1 pt
How many pt/oz/cups make a qt?
2 pt = 1 qt
How many qt/pt/oz/cups make a half-gallon?
2 qt = 1/2 gallon
How many qt/pt/oz/cups make a gallon?
4 qt = 1 gallon
angie
August 31, 2012
thanks for this, i hate when i see a recipe and it says cups, drives me batty, im gonna have to print this out and have it laminated inside our recipe book cupboard. 🙂
August 31, 2012
[…] Techblazers info for measuring […]
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On July 16, 1945, the nuclear age was ushered in with the explosion of a test bomb at the Trinity test site in what US state? | Manhattan Project: The Trinity Test, July 16, 1945
THE TRINITY TEST
The Manhattan Project and the Second World War, 1939-1945
Until the atomic bomb could be tested, doubt would remain about its effectiveness. The world had never seen a nuclear explosion before, and estimates varied widely on how much energy would be released. Some scientists at Los Alamos continued privately to have doubts that it would work at all. There was only enough weapons-grade uranium available for one bomb, and confidence in the gun-type design was high, so on July 14, 1945, most of the uranium bomb ("Little Boy") began its trip westward to the Pacific without its design having ever been fully tested. A test of the plutonium bomb seemed vital, however, both to confirm its novel implosion design and to gather data on nuclear explosions in general. Several plutonium bombs were now "in the pipeline" and would be available over the next few weeks and months. It was therefore decided to test one of these.
Robert Oppenheimer chose to name this the "Trinity" test, a name inspired by the poems of John Donne. The site chosen was a remote corner on the Alamagordo Bombing Range known as the "Jornada del Muerto," or "Journey of Death," 210 miles south of Los Alamos. The elaborate instrumentation surrounding the site was tested with an explosion of a large amount of conventional explosives on May 7. Preparations continued throughout May and June and were complete by the beginning of July. Three observation bunkers located 10,000 yards north, west, and south (right) of the firing tower at ground zero would attempt to measure key aspects of the reaction. Specifically, scientists would try to determine the symmetry of the implosion and the amount of energy released. Additional measurements would be taken to determine damage estimates, and equipment would record the behavior of the fireball. The biggest concern was control of the radioactivity the test device would release . Not entirely content to trust favorable meteorological conditions to carry the radioactivity into the upper atmosphere, the Army stood ready to evacuate the people in surrounding areas.
On July 12, the plutonium core was taken to the test area in an army sedan (left). The non-nuclear components left for the test site at 12:01 a.m., Friday the 13th. During the day on the 13th, final assembly of the "Gadget" (as it was nicknamed) took place in the McDonald ranch house. By 5:00 p.m. on the 15th, the device had been assembled and hoisted atop the 100-foot firing tower. Leslie Groves, Vannevar Bush, James Conant, Ernest Lawrence, Thomas Farrell, James Chadwick, and others arrived in the test area, where it was pouring rain.
Groves and Oppenheimer, standing at the S-10,000 control bunker, discussed what to do if the weather did not break in time for the scheduled 4:00 a.m. test. To break the tension, Fermi began offering anyone listening a wager on "whether or not the bomb would ignite the atmosphere, and if so, whether it would merely destroy New Mexico or destroy the world." Oppenheimer himself had bet ten dollars against George Kistiakowsky's entire month's pay that the bomb would not work at all. Meanwhile, Edward Teller was making everyone nervous by applying liberal amounts of sunscreen in the pre-dawn darkness and offering to pass it around. At 3:30, Groves and Oppenheimer pushed the time back to 5:30. At 4:00, the rain stopped. Kistiakowsky and his team armed the device shortly after 5:00 and retreated to S-10,000. In accordance with his policy that each observe from different locations in case of an accident, Groves left Oppenheimer and joined Bush and Conant at base camp. Those in shelters heard the countdown over the public address system, while observers at base camp picked it up on an FM radio signal.
During the final seconds, most observers laid down on the ground with their feet facing the Trinity site and simply waited. As the countdown approached one minute, Isidore Rabi said to the man lying next to him, Kenneth Griesen, "Aren't you nervous?" "Nope" was Griesen's reply. As Groves later wrote, "As I lay there in the final seconds, I thought only of what I would do if the countdown got to zero and nothing happened." Conant said he never knew seconds could be so long. As the countdown reached 10 seconds, Griesen suddenly blurted out to his neighbor Rabi, "Now I'm scared." Three, two, one, and Sam Allison cried out, "Now!"
At precisely 5:30 a.m. on Monday, July 16, 1945, the nuclear age began. While Manhattan Project staff members watched anxiously, the device exploded over the New Mexico desert, vaporizing the tower and turning the asphalt around the base of the tower to green sand. Seconds after the explosion came a huge blast wave and heat searing out across the desert. No one could see the radiation generated by the explosion, but they all knew it was there. The steel container "Jumbo," weighing over 200 tons and transported to the desert only to be eliminated from the test, was knocked ajar even though it stood half a mile from ground zero. As the orange and yellow fireball stretched up and spread, a second column, narrower than the first, rose and flattened into a mushroom shape, thus providing the atomic age with a visual image that has become imprinted on the human consciousness as a symbol of power and awesome destruction.
The most common immediate reactions to the explosion were surprise, joy, and relief. Lawrence was stepping from his car when, in his words, everything went "from darkness to brilliant sunshine in an instant"; he was "momentarily stunned by the surprise." ( Click here to read Lawrence's thoughts on the Trinity test. ) A military man was heard to exclaim, "The long-hairs have let it get away from them!" Hans Bethe , who had been looking directly at the explosion, was completely blinded for almost half a minute. Norris Bradbury reported that "the atom bomb did not fit into any preconceptions possessed by anybody." The blast wave knocked Kistiakowsky (who was over five miles away) to the ground. He quickly scrambled to his feet and slapped Oppenheimer on the back, saying, "Oppie, you owe me ten dollars." The physicist Victor Weisskopf reported that "our first feeling was one of elation." The word Isidor Rabi used was "jubilant." Within minutes, Rabi was passing around a bottle of whiskey. At base camp, Bush, Conant, and Groves shook hands. Rabi reported watching Oppenheimer arrive at base camp after the test:
You've seen pictures of Robert's hat. And he came to where we were in the headquarters, so to speak. And his walk was like "High Noon" -- I think it's the best I could describe it -- this kind of strut. He'd done it.
When they met, Groves said to Oppenheimer, "I am proud of you." Groves's assistant, Thomas Farrell, remarked to his boss that "the war is over," to which Groves replied, "Yes, after we drop two bombs on Japan." ( Click here to read Groves's observations of the Trinity test [pdf]. ) Probably the most mundane response of all was Fermi's: he had calculated ahead of time how far the blast wave might displace small pieces of paper released into it. About 40 seconds after the explosion, Fermi stood, sprinkled his pre-prepared slips of paper into the atomic wind, and estimated from their deflection that the test had released energy equivalent to 10,000 tons of TNT. The actual result as it was finally calculated -- 21,000 tons (21 kilotons) -- was more than twice what Fermi had estimated with this experiment and four times as much as had been predicted by most at Los Alamos.
Soon shock and euphoria gave way to more sober reflections. Rabi reported that after the initial euphoria, a chill soon set in on those present. The test director, Kenneth Bainbridge, called the explosion a "foul and awesome display" and remarked to Oppenheimer, "Now we are all sons of bitches." Expressions of horror and remorse are especially common in the later writings of those who were present. Oppenheimer wrote that the experience called to his mind the legend of Prometheus, punished by Zeus for giving man fire, and said also that he thought fleetingly of Alfred Nobel's vain hope that dynamite would end wars. Most famously, Oppenheimer later recalled that the explosion had reminded him of a line from the Hindu holy text, the Bhagavad-Gita: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." The terrifying destructive power of atomic weapons and the uses to which they might be put were to haunt many of the Manhattan Project scientists for the remainder of their lives.
The success of the Trinity test meant that both types of bombs -- the uranium design, untested but thought to be reliable, and the plutonium design, which had just been tested successfully -- were now available for use in the war against Japan. Little Boy, the uranium bomb, was dropped first at Hiroshima on August 6, while the plutonium weapon, Fat Man, followed three days later at Nagasaki on August 9. Within days, Japan offered to surrender .
Sources and notes for this page .
The text for this page was adapted from, and portions were taken directly from the Office of History and Heritage Resources publication: F. G. Gosling, The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb (DOE/MA-0001; Washington: History Division, Department of Energy, January 1999) , 48-49. On the availability of additional plutonium bombs (but not uranium), see " The Manhattan Engineer District, 1945-1946 ." The "long-hairs" remark is quoted in Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos: Beginning of an Era, 1943-1945 (Los Alamos: Public Relations Office, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, ca. 1967-1971) , 53; the anecdotes re the final seconds of the countdown are from Los Alamos: Beginning of an Era, 50-51. Click here for information on the color photograph of Trinity . The photograph of SED Herb Lehr holding the Gadget's core is courtesy the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and is reprinted in Rachel Fermi and Esther Samra, Picturing the Bomb: Photographs from the Secret World of the Manhattan Project (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1995), 138. The following pictures are also courtesy LANL: the bunker at S-10,000, the plutonium core being unloaded from the car, the gadget being hoisted up the tower, the unidentified man sitting next to the gadget, and the photograph of Kenneth Bainbridge. The map of the Trinity Test Site is reproduced from Vincent C. Jones, Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb, United States Army in World War II (Washington: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1988), 479. The photograph of Robert Oppenheimerwith Leslie Grovesat the Trinity Site appears on the cover of the History Office publication: The Signature Facilities of the Manhattan Project (Washington: History Division, Department of Energy, 2001). The photograph of Fat Man is courtesy the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (via the National Archives ).
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What kind of pet did Lord Byron supposedly keep in his rooms at Cambridge University because the rules clearly stated that dogs weren't permitted? | Trinity Atomic Web Site
Trinity Atomic Web Site
Nuclear Weapons: History, Technology, and Consequences in Historic Documents, Photos, and Videos
Trinity Site
by the U.S. Department of Energy
National Atomic Museum,
The National Atomic Museum
The First Atomic Test
On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when the first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico desert. Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top-secret Manhattan Engineer District, this test was code named Trinity. The Trinity test took place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, about 230 miles south of the Manhattan Project's headquarters at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Today this 3,200 square mile range, partly located in the desolate Jornada del Muerto Valley, is named the White Sands Missile Range and is actively used for non-nuclear weapons testing.
Before the war the range was mostly public and private grazing land that had always been sparsely populated. During the war it was even more lonely and deserted because the ranchers had agreed to vacate their homes in January 1942. They left because the War Department wanted the land to use as an artillery and bombing practice area. In September 1944, a remote 18 by 24 square mile portion of the north- east corner of the Bombing Range was set aside for the Manhattan Project and the Trinity test by the military.
The selection of this remote location in the Jornada del Muerto Valley for the Trinity test was from an initial list of eight possible test sites. Besides the Jornada, three of the other seven sites were also located in New Mexico: the Tularosa Basin near Alamogordo, the lava beds (now the El Malpais National Monument) south of Grants, and an area southwest of Cuba and north of Thoreau. Other possible sites not located in New Mexico were: an Army training area north of Blythe, California, in the Mojave Desert; San Nicolas Island (one of the Channel Islands) off the coast of Southern California; and on Padre Island south of Corpus Christi, Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico. The last choice for the test was in the beautiful San Luis Valley of south- central Colorado, near today's Great Sand Dunes National Monument.
Based on a number of criteria that included availability, distance from Los Alamos, good weather, few or no settlements, and that no Indian land would be used, the choices for the test site were narrowed down to two in the summer of 1944. First choice was the military training area in southern California. The second choice, was the Jornada del Muerto Valley in New Mexico. The final site selection was made in late August 1944 by Major General Leslie R. Groves, the military head of the Manhattan Project. When General Groves discovered that in order to use the California location he would need the permission of its commander, General George Patton, Groves quickly decided on the second choice, the Jornada del Muerto. This was because General Groves did not want anything to do with the flamboyant Patton, who Groves had once described as "the most disagreeable man I had ever met."[ 1 ] Despite being second choice the remote Jornada was a good location for the test, because it provided isolation for secrecy and safety, was only 230 miles south of Los Alamos, and was already under military control. Plus, the Jornada enjoyed relatively good weather.
The history of the Jornada is in itself quite fascinating, since it was given its name by the Spanish conquerors of New Mexico. The Jornada was a short cut on the Camino Real, the King's Highway that linked old Mexico to Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. The Camino Real went north from Mexico City till it joined the Rio Grande near present day El Paso, Texas. Then the trail followed the river valley further north to a point where the river curved to the west, and its valley narrowed and became impassable for the supply wagons. To avoid this obstacle, the wagons took the dubious detour north across the Jornada del Muerto. Sixty miles of desert, very little water, and numerous hostile Apaches. Hence the name Jornada del Muerto, which is often translated as the journey of death or as the route of the dead man. It is also interesting to note that in the late 16th century, the Spanish considered their province of New Mexico to include most of North America west of the Mississippi!
The origin of the code name Trinity for the test site is also interesting, but the true source is unknown. One popular account attributes the name to J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific head of the Manhattan Project. According to this version, the well read Oppenheimer based the name Trinity on the fourteenth Holy Sonnet by John Donne, a 16th century English poet and sermon writer. The sonnet started, "Batter my heart, three-personed God."[ 2 ] Another version of the name's origin comes from University of New Mexico historian Ferenc M. Szasz. In his 1984 book, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, Szasz quotes Robert W. Henderson head of the Engineering Group in the Explosives Division of the Manhattan Project. Henderson told Szasz that the name Trinity came from Major W. A. (Lex) Stevens. According to Henderson, he and Stevens were at the test site discussing the best way to haul Jumbo (see below) the thirty miles from the closest railway siding to the test site. "A devout Roman Catholic, Stevens observed that the railroad siding was called 'Pope's Siding.' He [then] remarked that the Pope had special access to the Trinity, and that the scientists would need all the help they could get to move the 214 ton Jumbo to its proper spot."[ 3 ]
The Trinity test was originally set for July 4, 1945. However, final preparations for the test, which included the assembly of the bomb's plutonium core, did not begin in earnest until Thursday, July 12. The abandoned George McDonald ranch house located two miles south of the test site served as the assembly point for the device's core. After assembly, the plutonium core was transported to Trinity Site to be inserted into the thing or gadget as the atomic device was called. But, on the first attempt to insert the core it stuck! After letting the temperatures of the core and the gadget equalize, the core fit perfectly to the great relief of all present. The completed device was raised to the top of a 100-foot steel tower on Saturday, July 14. During this process workers piled up mattresses beneath the gadget to cushion a possible fall. When the bomb reached the top of the tower without mishap, installation of the explosive detonators began. The 100-foot tower (a surplus Forest Service fire-watch tower) was designated Point Zero. Ground Zero was at the base of the tower.
As a result of all the anxiety surrounding the possibility of a failure of the test, a verse by an unknown author circulated around Los Alamos. It read:
From this crude lab that spawned a dud. Their necks to Truman's ax uncurled Lo, the embattled savants stood, and fired the flop heard round the world.[ 4 ]
A betting pool was also started by scientists at Los Alamos on the possible yield of the Trinity test. Yields from 45,000 tons of TNT to zero were selected by the various bettors. The Nobel Prize-winning (1938) physicist Enrico Fermi was willing to bet anyone that the test would wipe out all life on Earth, with special odds on the mere destruction of the entire State of New Mexico!
Meanwhile back at the test site, technicians installed seismographic and photographic equipment at varying distances from the tower. Other instruments were set up for recording radioactivity, temperature, air pressure, and similar data needed by the project scientists.
According to Lansing Lamont in his 1965 book Day of Trinity, life at Trinity could at times be very exciting. One afternoon while scientists were busily setting up test instruments in the desert, the tail gunner of a low flying B-29 bomber spotted some grazing antelopes and opened up with his twin .50-caliber machine guns. "A dozen scientists, ... under the plane and out of the gunner's line of vision, dropped their instruments and hugged the ground in terror as the bullets thudded about them."[ 5 ] Later a number of these scientists threatened to quit the project.
Workers built three observation points 5.68 miles (10,000 yards), north, south, and west of Ground Zero. Code named Able, Baker, and Pittsburgh, these heavily-built wooden bunkers were reinforced with concrete, and covered with earth. The bunker designated Baker or South 10,000 served as the control center for the test. This is where head scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer would be for the test.
A fourth observation point was the test's Base Camp, (the abandoned Dave McDonald ranch) located about ten miles southwest of Ground Zero. The primary observation point was on Compania Hill, located about 20 miles to the northwest of Trinity near today's Stallion Range Gate, off NM 380.
The test was originally scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday July 16, but was postponed to 5:30 due to a severe thunderstorm that would have increased the amount of radioactive fallout, and have interfered with the test results. The rain finally stopped and at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time, the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age was born. The nuclear blast created a flash of light brighter than a dozen suns. The light was seen over the entire state of New Mexico and in parts of Arizona, Texas, and Mexico. The resultant mushroom cloud rose to over 38,000 feet within minutes, and the heat of the explosion was 10,000 times hotter than the surface of the sun! At ten miles away, this heat was described as like standing directly in front of a roaring fireplace. Every living thing within a mile of the tower was obliterated. The power of the bomb was estimated to be equal to 20,000 tons of TNT, or equivalent to the bomb load of 2,000 B-29, Superfortresses!
After witnessing the awesome blast, Oppenheimer quoted a line from a sacred Hindu text, the Bhagavad-Gita: He said: "I am become death, the shatterer of worlds."[ 6 ] In Los Alamos 230 miles to the north, a group of scientists' wives who had stayed up all night for the not so secret test, saw the light and heard the distant sound. One wife, Jane Wilson, described it this way, "Then it came. The blinding light [no] one had ever seen. The trees, illuminated, leaping out. The mountains flashing into life. Later, the long slow rumble. Something had happened, all right, for good or ill."[ 7 ]
General Groves' deputy commander, Brigadier General T. F. Farrell, described the explosion in great detail: "The effects could well be called unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous, and terrifying. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue. It lighted every peak, crevasse and ridge of the nearby mountain range with a clarity and beauty that cannot be described but must be seen to be imagined..."[ 8 ]
Immediately after the test a Sherman M-4 tank, equipped with its own air supply, and lined with two inches of lead went out to explore the site. The lead lining added 12 tons to the tank's weight, but was necessary to protect its occupants from the radiation levels at ground zero. The tank's passengers found that the 100-foot steel tower had virtually disappeared, with only the metal and concrete stumps of its four legs remaining. Surrounding ground zero was a crater almost 2,400 feet across and about ten feet deep in places. Desert sand around the tower had been fused by the intense heat of the blast into a jade colored glass. This atomic glass was given the name Atomsite, but the name was later changed to Trinitite.
Due to the intense secrecy surrounding the test, no accurate information of what happened was released to the public until after the second atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. However, many people in New Mexico were well aware that something extraordinary had happened the morning of July 16, 1945. The blinding flash of light, followed by the shock wave had made a vivid impression on people who lived within a radius of 160 miles of ground zero. Windows were shattered 120 miles away in Silver City, and residents of Albuquerque saw the bright light of the explosion on the southern horizon and felt the tremor of the shock waves moments later.
The true story of the Trinity test first became known to the public on August 6, 1945. This is when the world's second nuclear bomb, nicknamed Little Boy, exploded 1,850 feet over Hiroshima, Japan, destroying a large portion of the city and killing an estimated 70,000 to 130,000 of its inhabitants. Three days later on August 9, a third atomic bomb devastated the city of Nagasaki and killed approximately 45,000 more Japanese. The Nagasaki weapon was a plutonium bomb, similar to the Trinity device, and it was nicknamed Fat Man. On Tuesday August 14, at 7 p.m. Eastern War Time, President Truman made a brief formal announcement that Japan had finally surrendered and World War II was over after almost six years and 60 million deaths!
On Sunday, September 9, 1945, Trinity Site was opened to the press for the first time. This was mainly to dispel rumors of lingering high radiation levels there, as well as in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Led by General Groves and Oppenheimer, this widely publicized visit made Trinity front page news all over the country.
Trinity Site was later encircled with more than a mile of chain link fencing and posted with signs warning of radioactivity. In the early 1950s most of the remaining Trinitite in the crater was bulldozed into a underground concrete bunker near Trinity. Also at this time the crater was back filled with new soil. In 1963 the Trinitite was removed from the bunker, packed into 55-gallon drums, and loaded into trucks belonging to the Atomic Energy Commission (the successor of the Manhattan Project). Trinity site remained off-limits to military and civilian personnel of the range and closed to the public for many years, despite attempts immediately after the war to turn Trinity into a national monument.
In 1953 about 700 people attended the first Trinity Site open house sponsored by the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce and the Missile Range. Two years later, a small group from Tularosa, NM visited the site on the 10th anniversary of the explosion to conduct a religious service and pray for peace.
Regular visits have been made annually in recent years on the first Saturday in October instead of the anniversary date of July 16, to avoid the desert heat. Later Trinity Site was opened one additional day on the first Saturday in April. The Site remains closed to the public except for these two days, because it lies within the impact areas for missiles fired into the northern part of the Range.
In 1965, Range officials erected a modest monument at Ground Zero. Built of black lava rock, this monument serves as a permanent marker for the site and as a reminder of the momentous event that occurred there. On the monument is a plain metal plaque with this simple inscription: "Trinity Site Where the World's First Nuclear Device Was Exploded on July 16, 1945."
During the annual tour in 1975, a second plaque was added below the first by The National Park Service, designating Trinity Site a National Historic Landmark. This plaque reads, "This site possesses national significance in commemorating the history of the U.S.A."
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The March of Dimes was originally started to raise money to combat what disease? | A history of the March of Dimes | March of Dimes
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A history of the March of Dimes
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The polio years
The March of Dimes has always approached its mission with a spirit of adventure. Born on the eve of World War II as the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP), the Foundation achieved an instantaneous popularity that reflected the contemporary popularity of its founder, Franklin D. Roosevelt. FDR’s polio disability – he was never able to walk again on his own after contracting polio – translated into a systematic program to uncover the mysteries of polio and to lend a helping hand to Americans suffering from the disease. The war years were a time of titanic struggle, and efforts to launch the March of Dimes were boosted by radio, Hollywood, and the personal appeal of the president. Basil O’Connor, a close associate of FDR through his entire presidency, became the leading light of the March of Dimes for over three decades, and his immediate task in 1938 was to build an organization that could quickly respond to polio epidemics anywhere in the nation. As president of the NFIP, Basil O’Connor set out at once to create a network of local chapters that could raise money and deliver aid – an adventurous program that paid off substantially just as polio was on the rise.
Little was known about polio then, but the scientific committees established by the NFIP to fund virus research found opportunities to assist the war effort by investigating diseases affecting those in uniform. In 1943, the NFIP awarded a grant to the U.S. Army Neurotropic Virus Commission to study polio in North Africa; Albert Sabin, MD was dispatched to conduct parts of this study. The end of the war ushered in new complexities to effective fund-raising, though FDR was memorialized on the U.S. dime in 1946 thanks to a polio patients’ club of the Norfolk Hospital Association Chapter of the NFIP. This assured the remembrance of FDR’s intrinsic connection to the March of Dimes in perpetuity. March of Dimes-funded medical research accelerated as the patient aid program was taxed to its limits, particularly in the huge polio epidemic of 1949. Entering the 1950s, the 3,100 chapters of the NFIP operated almost completely by volunteers who proved that the March of Dimes was a grass-roots movement, captured nicely in the ubiquitous slogan “Join the March of Dimes.”
The NFIP closed in on a solution to polio thanks to not only countless medical researchers supported by March of Dimes grants, but also to energetic staffers like Elaine Whitelaw, who cultivated volunteers nationwide, and Charles Bynum, an African-American educator who recognized that polio care was also a civil rights issue. The greatest promise, however, came in a breakthrough at the University of Pittsburgh by a young physician whose name soon became a household word as a symbol of hope. A March of Dimes grantee, Jonas Salk, MD, pressed forward from a routine virus typing project to the creation of a vaccine that spelled the end of polio in a matter of years. Tested in a massive field trial in 1954 that involved 1.8 million schoolchildren known as “polio pioneers,” the Salk vaccine was licensed for use on April 12, 1955, the very day it was announced to the news media as “safe, effective, and potent.” Many had labored diligently to reveal how poliovirus functioned and how to stop it, but no accomplishment seemed as dramatic and instantly newsworthy as the Salk vaccine. From this point, polio declined rapidly from tens of thousands of new cases per year to a mere handful; a fearsome disease had been put to rest by the sustained efforts of millions of volunteers, coordinated by the NFIP.
A new mission: Birth defects
Basil O’Connor had been preparing the next move for five years. On July 22, 1958, at a press conference held in the grand ballroom of New York’s Waldorf-Astoria, he announced the Foundation’s new mission: birth defects prevention. This choice was in keeping with a continued focus on disabilities and disorders appearing in infancy and childhood. Through careful study and rigorous public opinion polls, the Foundation shifted gears into wholly new territory, seeking to become a “flexible force” in the field of public health. Developing a strategy to cope with birth defects, however, was quite unlike fighting epidemic polio, but before long the “New March of Dimes” was funding genetics research and establishing birth defects treatment centers in hospitals across the country. At this juncture the Foundation also played a major role in the creation of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, bringing to fruition Jonas Salk’s scientific vision of an interdisciplinary research center that would reveal the hidden mechanisms of disease. In 1964, the March of Dimes held its first Volunteer Leadership Conference in La Jolla to inaugurate the Salk Institute and to celebrate the gains of the first years of birth defects prevention.
If any individual stands as a pivotal figure at this time of transition, it was surely Virginia Apgar, MD. Widely known for the “Apgar Score,” a clinical system of evaluating the physical condition of newborns at birth, Dr. Apgar joined the March of Dimes in 1959, eventually to become Vice President for Medical Affairs and a leading publicist for the new mission. In fact, Dr. Apgar could be hailed as the “founder” of our interest in prematurity, for it was she who first brought attention to the problems of premature birth, as early as 1960. Virginia Apgar was a charismatic and tireless advocate for those affected by birth defects, and she never missed an opportunity to focus on the well-being of the newborn in the delivery room in her educational outreach. In her March of Dimes career she orchestrated a campaign for immunization against rubella, promoted the establishment of birth defects registries, and insisted that genetic history and pregnancy history be made a routine part of medical record-keeping for pregnant women. By the time of her death in 1974, Dr. Apgar had helped pave the way for yet another transition that culminated in the publication of Toward Improving the Outcome of Pregnancy in 1976.
A shift of focus: Healthy pregnancy
As the March of Dimes developed its programs of research and education in initial efforts to fathom the universe of birth defects, it became apparent that these conditions and disorders were inextricably linked to the medical, social and epidemiological circumstances of pregnancy itself. With Dr. Apgar’s lead, the March of Dimes broadened its approach to improving birth outcomes by incorporating perspectives in perinatal health that appropriately considered the health of all pregnant women and babies. By the 1970s, the March of Dimes focus on prevention of birth defects and infant mortality began to encompass the problems of premature birth and low birthweight to integrate these fully into our mission. March of Dimes grants for medical services shifted to neonatal intensive care, genetic counseling and perinatal networks; and funds for statewide networks of intensive care for high-risk infants led in turn to grants for the training of medical professionals in prenatal evaluation and care of high-risk pregnancies. The March of Dimes slogan, Be Good to Your Baby before It Is Born, embodied a philosophy about proactive prenatal care in programs such as Operation Stork and Stork’s Nest to educate women about healthy pregnancy at the community level. Dr. Apgar played an instrumental role in convening the Committee on Perinatal Health that published Toward Improving the Outcome of Pregnancy, a model for the regionalization of perinatal health care.
The turn toward perinatal health dovetailed with an initiative to map the human genome through a series of international gene mapping workshops as the Foundation appeared to have reinvented its mission once again. The promise of reinvention was evident no less in the fund-raising arena as March of Dimes chapters began to hold local “walk-a-thons” as community fund-raisers in 1970. The idea caught hold, took off, and soared; before long WalkAmerica (rebranded as March for Babies in 2008) became the premier walking event that matched the widespread popularity of the original “March of Dimes” fund-raisers of the 1940s. The 1980s brought cataclysmic challenges in the form of HIV-AIDS and substance abuse, and the March of Dimes addressed such problems wherever they impacted the health of mothers and babies, just as it would do through assistance to newborn intensive care units (NICUs) in hospitals of the Gulf Coast states in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Our research grantees during this period ranged from David Smith, MD, and Kenneth Lyons Jones, MD, who identified fetal alcohol syndrome as a clinically defined birth defect to T. Allen Merritt, MD, who developed an early pulmonary surfactant used to treat respiratory distress in premature babies. The Foundation articulated these breakthroughs into wide-ranging public health messages about avoiding alcohol during pregnancy and vigorous support for surfactant therapy.
The crisis of prematurity
The March of Dimes has had but four presidents. Joseph Nee and subsequently Charles Massey succeeded Basil O’Connor after his death in 1972. In 1990, Dr. Jennifer L. Howse began her tenure as president and launched the Campaign for Healthier Babies as a platform to promote cost effective prenatal care programs focusing on reducing low birthweight and infant mortality. In its multi-faceted approach to birth defects, the March of Dimes redoubled its efforts to open every window of opportunity to improve infant health and reduce premature birth. The 1990s saw the advent of a workplace wellness initiative, Healthy Babies Healthy Business; our Office of Government Affairs spearheaded several public health policy initiatives, including the Birth Defects Prevention Act of 1998; and the establishment of our Office of Global Programs led to worldwide partnerships bringing immediate benefits in prenatal education and care to communities in Latin America, Europe and Asia. An unusual occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Brownsville, Texas, coupled with new evidence that folic acid was instrumental in fighting this scourge, led to the March of Dimes Folic Acid Campaign in 1998. Based on a U.S. Public Health Service recommendation that women of child-bearing age take 400 micrograms of the B vitamin folic acid daily to reduce the likelihood of NTDs in newborns, the campaign succeeded in its goal of raising awareness and reducing the incidence of this class of birth defect with the help of grain fortification mandated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
For the past thirty years, well into the 21st century, the rate of premature birth in the United States has risen steadily. In 2003, the March of Dimes launched its Prematurity Campaign to confront this alarming trend, the nation’s most serious perinatal health problem. Initial Prematurity Campaign goals were to increase public awareness of the problem and to decrease the preterm birth rate by at least 15 percent by 2010. While awareness has measurably increased, the preterm birth rate itself has continued to climb; e.g., more than 520,000 babies were born prematurely in 2005. In that year, the Foundation formally added prematurity to its mission statement and three years later extended the Prematurity Campaign to the year 2020 in an effort to apply additional scientific, clinical and public policy advances to solve this problem. Our work continues on all fronts. The March of Dimes NICU Family Support program provides information, comfort and support to families during NICU hospitalizations. Our longstanding advocacy for newborn screening has led to nearly complete mandated coverage in all states for 30 serious disorders. And our recent focus on late preterm birth – infants born between 34 and 36 weeks gestation – has alerted health care providers, mothers and mothers-to-be that every week of pregnancy up to full term is critically important. From Prematurity Awareness Month (November) to the annual March for Babies, from our national Prematurity Research Initiative to countless local community grants across the United States, the March of Dimes is proud to uphold its commitment as the champion for all babies.
August 26, 2010 / David Rose / March of Dimes Archives
Mission
| Poliomyelitis |
Much to the dismay of Paul Simon, what Kodak product was recently retired after a 74 year run? | 6 Awful Illnesses Suffered By US Presidents | Mental Floss
6 Awful Illnesses Suffered By US Presidents
Public Domain / Courtesy of FDR Library
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Being the president of the United States comes with all kinds of perks, but political office can't protect a person from disease. Here are six ailments that afflicted US presidents, many of which can be prevented today.
1. Polio (1 President)
In 1921, Franklin Delano Roosevelt contracted a rare adult case of polio, which left him paralyzed from the waist down for the rest of his life. The affliction didn't stop him from becoming president in 1933 and forming the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (commonly known as the "March of Dimes") in 1938 to fight polio.
FDR held annual "Birthday Balls" in part to raise money for the March of Dimes, which in turn funded research that led to the polio vaccine. That vaccine eventually rid more than 99% of the world of polio , though FDR didn't live to see it.
Note: Although polio is prevented by the vaccine, it's still extremely hard to treat in the unvaccinated. For this one, the only "cure" is prevention.
2. Malaria (8 Presidents + 1 First Lady)
Theodore Roosevelt, 1915. Courtesy of the Library of Congress .
Malaria has afflicted a bunch of presidents. George Washington had it, as did Andrew Jackson, Zachary Taylor, James Madison, and Ulysses S. Grant. James Monroe reportedly came down with malaria after visiting a swampy part of the Mississippi River, though some sources dispute this . Rough Rider Theodore Roosevelt contracted malaria in the Amazon rainforest (leading me to suggest that future world travelers "speak softly and carry a bednet ").
James Garfield contracted malaria in 1848 when he was just 16. He was working on the Ohio Canal at the time, and made a full recovery. In 1881, his wife Lucretia contracted malaria while Garfield was president. She was apparently bitten by a mosquito inhabiting the marshes that still abutted the White House at the time. Lucretia Garfield was in New Jersey recovering from her illness when James Garfield was shot. Lucretia recovered; James did not.
In 2005, President George W. Bush started the President's Malaria Initiative to combat the disease. About time!
Malaria has many treatments , including quinine, which was originally delivered in tonic water , often alongside a cheery dash of gin. (Quinine is still often present in tonic water, though now its dose is non-medicinal.)
3. Tuberculosis, Dysentery, Diphtheria, You Name It (1 Very Special President)
"Life of George Washington -- The Christian Death" by Junius Brutus Stearns, courtesy of the Library of Congress
George Washington is likely the founding father to have suffered from the widest variety of awful diseases, so let's review some of the worst things that happened to him. As a young man, Washington traveled to Barbados with his brother Lawrence in 1751, in an attempt to cure Lawrence of his TB with fresh air. The attempted cure failed, and George became infected with TB in the process. He also managed to pick up smallpox while in Barbados.
George Washington returned from Barbados only to come down with pleurisy, while his brother Lawrence died from TB. George also contracted malaria (see above), and later suffered from dysentery. He died at age 67 while being treated for a throat infection . The treatment involved bleeding him (32 ounces of blood removed -- probably what actually killed him), making him gargle vinegar, inducing vomiting, and nearly suffocating him with a molasses/butter/vinegar potion.
Washington's struggle with disease was so epic that PBS produced an entire article describing and discussing his medical problems and how they might have been solved today. (They noted that he also suffered from diphtheria, quinsy, a carbuncle, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. Ouch. Oh yeah, and he lost his teeth to infection and decay, leaving him with just one remaining tooth upon inauguration as president. He lost that one too.)
4. Smallpox (At Least 2 Presidents)
In 1863, Abraham Lincoln came down with smallpox shortly after delivering the Gettysburg Address. He reportedly had to shave his iconic beard due to a rash that appeared during treatment. Lincoln suffered from a variety of ailments , nearly reaching Washingtonian levels of ill health.
As mentioned above, George Washington also suffered from smallpox. The smallpox vaccine protected later presidents, and indeed smallpox was the first infectious disease to be eradicated in humans , reaching that milestone in 1979.
5. Cholera (At Least 2 Presidents)
Zachary Taylor tintype, public domain, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons / Heritage Auction Galleries.
Zachary Taylor believed, like many of his era, that cholera was an act of God. Today we know that cholera comes from dirty water. (This discovery, and ongoing efforts to provide clean water and sanitation to developing countries, has resulted in a drastic decrease in cholera, though it still breaks out from time to time.)
In an attempt to stop the spread of cholera, President Taylor ordered a one-day fast for the first Friday of August in 1849. It didn’t work. Sadly, Taylor died from cholera .
James K. Polk also appears to have died from cholera , just a few months after his term as president ended. He died in Nashville, just 103 days after leaving office.
Cholera has been the subject of a fascinating book , and one of the most remarkable facts about the disease is how easy its treatment can be: you simply hydrate the patient and wait for the diarrhea to pass.
6. Pneumonia (At Least 3 Presidents)
Andrew Jackson died from either tuberculosis or pneumonia, two curable diseases that still afflict millions worldwide. In 2012, according to the WHO , TB infected 8.6 million people, and 1.3 million died from the disease. Meanwhile, pneumonia remains the leading cause of death among children worldwide, killing more children under age 5 every year than AIDS, malaria, and TB combined.
"Death of Harrison" / Currier & Ives, Courtesy of the Library of Congress .
William Henry Harrison was also a victim of pneumonia. The Miller Center at UVa reports on his death (emphasis added):
William Henry Harrison's inaugural address lasted nearly two hours, but in the days before electronic media, oratory of such duration was common. During the address, the new president wore no coat or hat. As a soldier, farmer, and outdoorsman, Harrison had spent much of his life in bad weather. But he was far from young now, and when he followed the address with a round of receptions in his wet clothing, it resulted in a bad chill. Within days, he had a cold, which developed into pneumonia.
Doctors were called in, but their medical practices were crude: heated suction cups to supposedly draw out the disease, and the same bleeding tactics that had killed George Washington. All this only weakened Harrison further, and three weeks after taking office, he was clearly dying. As a last resort, a number of Native American "remedies" were tried, including one involving the use of live snakes. Exactly one month after taking the oath of office, Harrison was dead. It was the most fleeting presidency ever, lasting one scant month.
Pneumonia is still very dangerous, though antibiotics are often effective in treating it . Unfortunately, no such drugs were available for Jackson, Harrison, or Washington.
February 17, 2014 - 12:00pm
| i don't know |
At what address did fictional detective Sherlock Holmes live/work with Dr. Watson? | Home address of the famous fictional detective - Telegraph
Home address of the famous fictional detective
The number 221B should not be on the front door of Sherlock Holmes' residence
Dr John Watson outside the London home of Sherlock Holmes in the BBC’s new series Photo: BBC/Hartswood Films
6:58AM GMT 08 Jan 2014
SIR – Every film and television portrayal of Sherlock Holmes repeats the same mistake in having the number 221B on the front door of the detective's house.
Residences in Baker Street like Sherlock Holmes’s were originally built as large family houses, but their functions were overtaken by social change in the late Victorian age, and many became economically viable only as sets of rooms let floor by floor. 221B would thus have been the first-floor lodging of Holmes and Watson, 221A the ground-floor set, with the housekeeper, Mrs Hudson, living in the basement. The number of the front door, however, would have been plain old no 221.
Norman White
| 221B Baker Street |
In the English language version of Scrabble, what is the point value of the vowels? | Straight out of fiction: Inside the home of Sherlock Holmes
Straight out of fiction: Inside the home of Sherlock Holmes
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Have you ever wondered what would be like to be inside the residence where one of the most famous fictional detectives in the world and his room mate lived? If you are a Sherlock Holmes fan you probably know about this apartment, the starting place of almost all of Sherlock’s and Watson’s adventures. You can actually go inside it, in London, on the same legendary street often mentioned in the books.
The Sherlock Holmes Museum is a privately-run museum in London opened in 1990. It is dedicated to the celebrated 19th-century detective created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The museum is situated in Baker Street number 221b, the address of the fictional detective, although it actual address is between numbers 237 and 241.
The owners of the museum did a really good job at finding the right place. The Sherlock Holmes Museum is inside a Georgian four-story town house that was used as a boarding house from 1860 to 1936. This perfectly matches with the period of 1881 to 1904, the time when Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson were living on Baker Street as tenants of Mrs Hudson (according to the novels). The museum is run by a non-profit organization called “the Sherlock Holmes International Society”.
If you decide to visit, your experience will start on the Baker Street metro station, where you will be immediately welcomed by the familiar silhouette of detective Holmes.
Baker Street
The Museum has four stories. On the ground floor, there is a gift shop where you can by all sorts of Sherlock Holmes souvenirs. The famous living room and bedroom of Holmes are on the second floor. The rooms for Watson, Mrs. Hudson, the landlady and the owner of the house are on the third floor. On the fourth floor, there is a display of wax figures of various characters from the Sherlock Holmes stories.
The front door of Sherlock’s residence
Everything inside is authentic for the time period
In the living room you can find many items that are often mentioned in the novels: Holmes felt hat, smoking pipes, Sherlock’s violin, a magnifying glass, notebooks, a variety of chemicals and equipment that Holmes used in the cases, Persian slippers (in which Holmes sometimes stored tobacco), etc
Holmes’ work desk
The dining table near a window overlooking Baker Street
An unusual statue
| i don't know |
What, according to legend, did Davey Crocket name his rifle? | The War Room
Date: Fri, 28 Mar 1997
From: Johnny Johnson
Well, as a big Crockett fan, I would like to think that Davy died like the Disney movie portrayed it. However, I am forced to accept the fact that Davy probably was captured at the end of the battle. I do not share Jeff Long's opinion, which he states in his book "Duel of Eagles", that Crockett tried to plead for his life with Santa Ana. I believe that Davy probably knew the end was near and didn't try to prolong his life any further. There are simply too many reports of his capture, to believe that he died swinging his rifle "among a pile of 18 or 20 of the enemy."
Johnny Johnson
Date: Tue, 13 May 97
From: Ryszard Marciniak
I believe Davy Crockett died as shown in the books. That famous picture of him swinging that club and killing ten mexicans.
Ryszard Marciniak
Date: 05/29/97
From: Chuck Chappell
I, too, prefer to think of Davy Crockett swinging ol' betsy till the end but, of course, there's nothing to verify this. However, I'm certainly not going to take the word of a victorious army led by such a -- shall we say "politician" -- as Santa Anna! He would have every incentive to play down the heroism of the garrison as well as undercount his casualties and showed a propensity to do just that in his political "career." I salute those in the Mexican Army as the brave men they were. Men who fought, and died, in a frontal assault of a prepared position -- all so the Generalisimo could put the Alamo behind him. "Eye witness accounts" recorded by those in the Mexican Army must be viewed with suspicion in my humble opinion, if for no other reason, because the political ax the General would have had to grind in that day. It really doesn't matter how Davy Crockett died though. What matters is that he stayed and fought against insurmountable odds for a noble cause in which he believed. He was obviously a selfless man who believed in freedom so much that he willingly laid down his life so that his fellow man might benefit. What happened in the last few minutes of his life pails in comparison to a lifetime of courage, bravery and selflessness. Surely any right thinking person must admire such a man! The state of Tennessee and the state of Texas share a rich heritage in the person of Davy Crockett. Remember the Alamo and God bless the State of Texas!
Chuck Chappell
Subject: How Did David Crockett Die
Date: 06/06/97
From: David Folds
Obviously, Crockett died in a war, whether as Disney or John Wayne portrayed, or as a captive. Crockett died a hero either way. Every man defending that ground was a hero just because they stood against such odds to defend what they believed was right. Sometimes, though, I think people forget that Crockett was a politician...he wasn't an "injun fighter". He actually lived most of his life in peace. I'm sure he had no desire to die and was probably caught in San Antonio by his reputation. But Crockett had never shown any signs of cowardness, and when the fight came to him, he obviously met it head on. If he died fighting, then strike one up for Disney. But if he looked around and had enough horsesense to realize that the few surviving defenders were no match for the army pouring over the walls, who could blame him for surrending and trying to survive to possibly live to fight another day. Either way, Crockett is a great American hero.
David Folds
Date: 06/08/97
From: Eric Jamborsky
Despite "de la Pena", Kilgore, et al, Davy went down fighting. The surrender stories all seem to go back to Cos, whose veracity is doubtful. And the Pena diary (if actual) is very full of errors of identification. Some Texan might have surrendered, but not a Tennessean! (OK, that might be a little inflamatory.)
Eric Jamborsky
Subject: A hero that died a hero
Date: 06/12/1997
From: Patrick O'Connor
The way that Crockett died was after he let his men go in the chapel with a cannon, Davy stayed outside and swung " Old Betsy." After killing 10-20 mexicans Crockett died by getting stabbed and shot at the way my dad told me.
Patrick O'Connor
| Betsy |
In the stupid celebrity kids name category, what superhero inspired name did Nicholas Cage bestow upon his son? | Sweethearts Of The West: THE TRUTH AND MYTHS ABOUT DAVID 'DAVY' CROCKETT
THE TRUTH AND MYTHS ABOUT DAVID 'DAVY' CROCKETT
By: Ashley Kath-Bilsky
If there is one thing history has taught us, it’s that every age loves a hero—individuals who seem larger than life, and who through their words, experiences or contributions helped blaze the trail for others to follow. Unfortunately, very often the truth about them has been misinterpreted, fictionalized, and/or so embellished over time that the line between fact and fiction became so blurred we don’t really know what the “truth” is anymore. Such is the case for the subject of my post today.
Last September, I wrote a Sweethearts post about the State Fair of Texas. While visiting the fairgrounds with my family, we saw an exhibit about Texas heroes. Among the heroes included in this exhibit was the now legendary Davy Crockett.
As I studied the fiddle, pipe, and derringer that allegedly belonged to Crockett, I found my curiosity about the man triggered. I’d never seen the ‘Davy Crockett’ television series starring Fess Parker, although I have seen several films about the Alamo. But since Hollywood has a way of embellishing or distorting the truth about historical figures for the purpose of ‘entertainment’, I wanted to know how much about the established folklore on Crockett was true.
My journey led me to the one historical resource that I found most intriguing and trusted for accuracy, an 1834 autobiography written by Crockett himself. One of the first things I noted was that he never went by the nickname “Davy”, but used David Crockett throughout his lifetime. The nickname, right along with the coonskin cap and notion (as popularized by the Disney theme song) that he killed a bear when just three years old, have become part of the mythology connected with this man.
When I read the story of Crockett’s life written by his own hand, I soon learned that even in 1834 he was aware that stories were being told about him that just weren’t true. Some were exaggerations about his appearance and preconceived notions about his intelligence, or blatant lies being perpetuated by political rivals. In the preface of his book, ‘A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett of the State of Tennessee’, Crockett made a point to state why he chose to write a book about himself. “A publication has been made to the world, which has done me much injustice; and the catchpenny errors which it contains, have been already too long sanctioned by my silence.” He then conveys that he is aware of a curiosity about him, which when compounded by the erroneous statements about him as a person made him more of a caricature than a human being.
“I know, that obscure as I am, my name is making a considerable deal of fuss in the world. I can’t tell why it is, nor in what is it to end. Go where I will, everybody seems anxious to get a peep at me…” ~ David Crockett
I must confess that 176 years after his death, I also wanted to get a peep at him—but beyond the larger than life folklore and misty myths. I wanted to get to know DAVID CROCKETT – the real man who lived and died – from boyhood to adulthood. I wanted to see beyond the image of a coonskin cap wearing mountain man that has become iconic imagery, and feel as if I were sitting down and talking with him in person. I felt I was able to do that by his reading his words about his life.
Ask any Texan and they will proudly tell you that Davy Crockett was a famous frontiersman and one of the valiant heroes who fought and died at the Battle of the Alamo in 1836. There is even a famous painting of him brandishing his rifle “Betsy” like a club at soldiers of General Santa Ana’s army because he had no more ammunition.
Yet, even this image, so deeply embedded in the minds and hearts of many Texans—and even portrayed in several motion pictures on the subject—has been subject to scrutiny by historians and scholars over the years. Although I can well understand the historical significance of the battle and its moment-by-moment sequence of events, does it really matter at what time and how Davy Crockett died? The fact remains Col. David Crockett fought bravely, just as he had done many times throughout his life—and died a true hero. In my opinion, the focus should not be on how he died, but rather how this man lived.
David Crockett was the fifth of six sons born to John Crockett and Rebecca Hawkins on 17 August 1786. His father, of Irish heritage, also served as a soldier in the American Revolution. After the war, John Crockett settled in eastern Tennessee, along with his parents and siblings. Those were dangerous, brutal times, and both of John Crockett’s parents were killed in their home by Creek Indians. John Crockett’s brother, Joseph, was wounded in the attack, but escaped. However, a younger, disabled brother named James was taken prisoner. His fate would not be known until “seventeen years and nine months” later when John Crockett, and his elder brother William found him. They purchased their younger brother from an Indian trader, and James Crockett was returned to relatives. In 1834, when David Crockett wrote his autobiography, his Uncle James was alive and living in Cumberland County, Kentucky.
John Crockett was a farmer and very poor. In addition to their six sons, John and Rebecca Crockett also had three daughters. There is no question the family endured harsh, difficult lives in the wilderness of Tennessee. However, it should be noted that when David Crockett cites his earliest childhood memory, it had nothing to do with killing a bear as a toddler.
Rather, Crockett states: “…to show how soon I began to be a sort of a little man, I have endeavoured to take the back track of life, in order to fix on the first thing I can remember.” He then shares with the reader his earliest memory of playing with his four older brothers by a riverbank, along with a 15-year old neighbor boy. The older boys left David on the shore as they went out on the river in his father’s canoe. David (who recalls being too young to even wear breeches at the time) watched—not at all happy they had left him behind. He recollected watching them then steer themselves into great danger, and how a neighbor saw the canoe headed toward the rapids and proceeded to strip and jump in the river to save them. The neighbor was able to intervene and bring the frightened boys (with their father’s canoe) safely back to shore. Yet, even the sight of the life-threatening drama did not ease young David’s indignation. Rather, he felt they got what they deserved for leaving him behind on shore.
This is not only the first memory Crockett shares, but conveys his stubborn streak and desire for adventure very early in childhood. This desire for adventure would become a constant thread in David’s life. Because they were extremely poor, struggling to survive, the Crockett children worked with their father from an early age on the family farm. Schooling was not possible at this time for them. However, like most men, John Crockett wanted to improve his situation in life and provide better for his family.
When David was about seven, the family moved to the mouth of Cove creek where his father joined with a business partner to build a mill. In his book, Crockett related, “They went on very well with their work until it was nigh done, when there came the second epistle to Noah’s fresh, and away went their mill, shot, lock, and barrel. I remember the water rose so high, that it got up into the house we lived in, and my father moved us out of it, to keep us from being drowned.“
The Crockett family next moved to Jefferson County, where John Crockett opened a tavern on the road from Abbingdon to Knoxville (pictured).
It was while living here that young David would experience his first adventure away from home. An old Dutchman, moving from Tennessee to Virginia, had stopped at John Crockett’s tavern. The man needed someone to help on his journey and asked John Crockett if he could hire his then 12-year old son, David.
Thinking the work experience might help his son learn an occupation, especially since at 12 years of age David Crockett still could not read or write, his father allowed the Dutchman to hire his son just for the journey. Having never lived away from his parents, young David left on a four hundred mile journey by foot with someone he’d never met before. “I set out with a heavy heart,” David Crockett wrote. He conveys that though the journey was not of his choosing, he did it out of obedience to his father. There was just one problem. When the journey ended, the Dutchman persuaded David to stay with him. The continued offer of employment was confusing to the 12-year old. As to the dilemma he faced, Crockett wrote: “I had been taught so many lessons of obedience by my father, that I at first supposed I was bound to obey this man, or at least I was afraid openly to disobey him; and I therefore staid with him…”
Still, the boy longed for home, despite the brave front he showed his employer. And a month later, chance offered him an opportunity to go home. David happened to see three wagons while playing by the road near his employer, and recognized the drivers. He struck up a conversation with them and when he learned they were going to Knoxville, he told Mr. Dunn of his situation and that he wanted to go home. Mr. Dunn told him that they would be spending the night at a tavern seven miles distance,and that if David could get to them by the next morning, they would take him home. Mr. Dunn further added that if David was scared, he would protect him. Such acts of kindness from people who often helped David Crockett in his life was something he never forgot, and would have a profound effect on the compassionate man he would become.
The longing to be back home with his parents was so strong, that David returned to his employer’s house and gathered his meager belongings, stowing them under the head of his bed. “I went to bed early that night, but sleep seemed to be a stranger to me. For though I was a wild boy, yet I dearly loved my father and mother, and their images appeared to be so deeply fixed in my mind, that I could not sleep for thinking of them.”
Three hours before dawn, this 12-year old boy began his trek—in a blinding snowstorm—to reach Mr. Dunn seven miles away by the designated time. Here is our next insight to David Crockett the man. From an early age, he possessed courage and determination. When he set his mind to something, he did it. “I had not even the advantage of moonlight, and the whole sky was hid by the falling snow, so that I had to guess at my way…”. He continues, “…the earth was covered about as deep as my knees; and my tracks filled so briskly after me, that by daylight, my Dutch master could have seen no trace which I left.”
He reached the tavern in time, and Mr. Dunn treated him with care and kindness. “My heart was more deeply impressed by meeting such a friend, and ‘at such a time’, than by wading the snow-storm at night, or all the other sufferings which my mind had endured.”
David Crockett returned to the warm embrace of his family; in the fall, he attended a country school for the first time in his life. However, four days later, David had an altercation with a much bigger, older boy. Having taken just about as much as he could, David waited in the bushes and when the bully was walking home from school, he leapt out and began to give the older boy ‘salt and vinegar’. Thus, is unveiled the next aspect of David Crockett’s personality. He’d always had a longing for education, and recognized that he lacked book learning. However, he deeply resented when people assumed that because he was poor and had no formal schooling that he was not intelligent.
After the incident with the bully, Crockett never went back to school. He knew the schoolmaster would punish him and David Crockett refused to get a whipping. Instead, he concocted a plan. He would leave with his brothers for school in the morning then hide all day in the woods, and walk back home with them. Of course, the deception eventually became known to his father, and an argument ensued. John Crockett ordered his son back to school. David said he would not go back and get whipped. With his father’s Irish temper now in full swing, John Crockett grabbed a hickory switch and said he would give his son a whipping. A chase ensued, and it was only by outrunning and diving into some bushes at the top of a hill that David was able to hide from his father. Then, fearing the punishment when he went back home that evening, he ran away.
It would be several years before David returned home again. He traveled from Tennessee to Baltimore, and worked for farmers, waggoners, and even a hatter in Virginia. He even came close to becoming a cabin boy on a ship bound for London. There’s that love of adventure again. And, without question, he had a strong work ethic. But once more he missed his loved ones. Not knowing what type of welcome he would receive, or if his father was still angry with him, a now 15-year old David Crockett entered his father’s tavern with a group of waggoners who had stopped for the night. But he’d grown up so much, no one recognized him. So, in silence, he sat and watched his family—soaking up the sight of them again. It was not until everyone was called to supper, and he sat down at the table, that his eldest sister recognized him. Just like the parable of the Prodigal Son, she jumped up and ran and hugged him, exclaiming, “Here is my lost brother!”
Crockett wrote of the incident as follows: “The joy of my sisters and my mother, and, indeed, of all the family, was such that it humbled me, and made me sorry that I hadn’t submitted to a hundred whippings, sooner than cause so much affliction as they had suffered on my account.”
While home again, he worked hard to help his father, and even indentured himself to two different men to pay off debts his father had owed. Not long after these notes were paid, David developed his first crush on a pretty Quaker girl, the niece of his last employer. When he learned she was engaged to another man, he felt his lack of schooling was an impediment to proving his worth as a prospective suitor for any woman. He contracted to work for another Quaker man who kept a school a few miles away. In exchange for going to school four days a week, David worked the other two days to pay his board and the cost for schooling. The total of six months learning he received during this time would be the only schooling David Crockett ever had.
He eventually became engaged to a beautiful but conniving female who two-timed him and promised to also marry another man. He became very depressed and began to think there might be something wrong with him. He even confided to some neighbors, a Dutch widow and her daughter, about his fears. The kindly daughter told him if he would come to a reaping scheduled very soon, she would introduce him to the “one of the prettiest little girls” he would ever see. Although skeptical, David attended and brought several friends with him. Not only did he find Mary “Polly” Finlay more beautiful, she was "sweeter than sugar". He courted her and they married on 12 August 1806.
David and Polly would have two sons, John Wesley Crockett and William Finlay Crockett, born in 1807 and 1808 respectively. Like his father before him, David wanted to provide well for his wife and children. In 1809, they moved to Lincoln County where Crockett began to “distinguish himself as a hunter”. But the need for bigger game to better feed his family prompted Crockett to relocate them again in 1811 to Beans Creek in Franklin County.
A daughter named Margaret would be born in 1812. Then, on 29 August 1813, Chief Red Eagle and his Creek warriors attacked Fort Mims and massacred over 500 men, women, and children. Thus began the Indian Wars, and David Crockett volunteered to fight in the militia. His young wife begged him not to go. She was now a stranger in a part of the backwoods country where they lived, and had no family or friends there.
“It was mighty hard to go against such arguments as these”, Crockett wrote, "but my countrymen had been murdered, and I knew that the next thing would be, that the Indians would be scalping the women and children all about there, if we didn’t put a stop to it. I reasoned the case with her as well as I could, and told her, that if every man would wait till his wife got willing for him to go to war, there would be no fighting done, until we would all be killed in our own houses; that I was as able to go as any man in the world; and that I believed it was a duty I owed my country."
And so he went and served. Due to his skill with a rifle and as a woodman, he was chosen to scout for Major Gibson’s special regiment. During the war, he often went off alone to hunt and help feed his fellow soldiers who were all but starving from lack of provisions. His initiative to do this is another trait Crockett possessed. After the war, and for the remainder of his life, whenever a neighbor or even a stranger was hungry and needed to feed their family, David Crockett would take it upon himself to go hunting with them. Even at times when he was not feeling well or just exhausted from a hunting trip to feed his own family, he would turn around and go out again, unable to refuse someone in need. An interesting side note of his compassion and determination to feed his fellow soldiers is when he even traded gun powder and 10 lead bullets to an Indian for a hat full of corn. At this time, the war was winding down, and they were so isolated from the main army, Crockett knew if he didn’t find a way to feed the soldiers in his unit, they would die.
He returned home after the war ended, and worked his farm. But, tragedy would pierce his heart on 11 Jun 1815. Crockett writes, “Death, that cruel leveler of all distinctions,--to whom the prayers and tears of husbands, and of even helpless infancy, are addressed in vain,--entered my humble cottage, and tore from my children an affectionate good mother, and from me a tender and loving wife.” He goes on to poignantly share his emotional turmoil, devastation and his need to trust in God, “whose ways are always right, though we sometimes think they fall heavily on us; and as painful as is even yet the remembrance of her sufferings, and the loss sustained by my little children and myself, yet I have no wish to lift up the voice of complaint. I was left with three children; the two oldest were sons, the youngest a daughter, and, at that time, a mere infant.”
[Pictured: Gravesite of Mary "Polly" Finlay Crockett.
Unable to bear the thought of “scattering his children”, Crockett realized he needed to marry again. His second wife was Elizabeth Patton, a widow whose husband had been killed in the Indian Wars. She also had a son and daughter, close in age to Crockett’s children. David and Elizabeth would remain married until his death in 1836, and have three children together: Robert Patton Crockett, Rebecca Crockett, and Matilda Crockett.
Crockett would eventually relocate to Shoals Creek for 2-3 years. Since there was no law in this deep backwoods area, the need to establish a form of government found David Crockett appointed one of the magistrates. This position eventually led Crockett to the state Legislature, and eventually to Congress. Without question, the rise of David Crockett from an illiterate, uneducated backwoods frontiersman to a popular and respected member of Congress was a remarkable journey. He was truly a man of the people, and felt a serious obligation to those people who believed in him and voted him into office. As a result, he cared not for party loyalties but followed his own conscience and sense of right and wrong. In fact, it was ultimately this innate honesty and strength of character which made him stand up against the Indian Bill of President Andrew Jackson.
[Pictured: President Andrew Jackson]
Other members of Congress even told Crockett he would be ‘ruining himself’ since the Indian Bill was a “favourite” measure of the president.
In 1834, Crockett wrote: “I told them I believed it was a wicked, unjust measure, and that I should go against it, let the cost to myself be what it might. I voted against this Indian bill, and my conscience yet tells me that I gave a good honest vote, and one that I believe will not make me ashamed in the day of judgment.”
When his term ended, Crockett left Washington, D.C., and went home to Tennessee. Almost immediately, measures were taken by the media, politicians, and “pin-hook lawyers” to try and discredit him, his character, and destroy his political future. He writes in his autobiography that to go against President Jackson at that time was, “considered an unpardonable sin”.
It is ironic to compare the media manipulation and corruption we so often find common in politics today and the striking realities of its existence and influence in the early part of the 19th century. All too often we tend to look through rose-colored glasses on the past. We fail to realize there were men even then who cared more for power and political careers than the best interest of the nation they were elected to serve and protect.
Today, President Andrew Jackson’s Indian Bill is remembered for its cruel persecution of Native Americans, and the shame it brought to the United States. In what became known as the “Trail of Tears”, the president’s ‘favourite’ Indian Bill ordered the “forced relocation” of Native American Indians from their home lands to the Indian Territory (now the state of Oklahoma). Many died from exposure, starvation, and disease. In fact, 4,000 of the 15,000 members of the Cherokee nation died on the journey.
[Pictured: Trail of Tears exhibit – Cherokee Heritage Center, Tahlequah, Oklahoma]
Ultimately, it was a combination of many things that led David Crockett to Texas in 1836. He had become disgusted with Washington, D.C., and the corruptive partisan politics that all too often had little regard for what the people of the United States wanted. And when we remember his strong work ethic, love of adventure, and determination to provide a better life for himself and his family, clearly, the promise of adventure, opportunity, and freedom in a new frontier beckoned him to Texas.
David Crockett was 49 years old when he died during the Battle of the Alamo on March 6, 1836. Without question, he died a hero, fighting with honor to the very end. But, it is important to also remember him as a flesh and blood man—just like the other men at the mission. He knew poverty and hunger, and had fought for survival most all his life. Whether walking knee-deep in snow to get home, working as an indentured servant to help his beloved father, or years later braving icy, swollen rivers to feed his family and neighbors in the dead of winter. It was the sum total of his hopes, dreams, beliefs, and lifetime experiences that ultimately brought David Crockett to Texas.
A devoted son and brother, he was also a trusted friend and caring human being. A loving husband and father, he experienced joy and heartache, as well as the worry, fear and determination to do whatever was necessary to provide for his family. He was a patriot who loved his country and was ever willing to fight and die for freedom. At the same time, he was not afraid to stand his ground—alone, if need be—and disagree with the President of the United States when he knew something was unjust and wrong. He faced numerous struggles, illness, and adversity with a positive attitude, determination to persevere, and good humor. He was a self-taught man who repeatedly proved his insightful intelligence and wit. He loved and respected nature, as well as the elements. Most of all, he was a man of faith who believed the principles of honesty, fairness, and compassion—especially toward those in need—were of greatest value in a man’s life.
Thank you for stopping by and reading my post about the ‘real’ David Crockett. I hope you enjoyed it, and truly appreciate your taking the time to visit. ~ AKB
Resource: A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett of the State of Tennessee (1834) by: David Crockett [Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1834, BY DAVID CROCKETT, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Office of the District of Columbia]
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To what type of animal does ursine relate? | Ursine - definition of ursine by The Free Dictionary
Ursine - definition of ursine by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ursine
Of or characteristic of bears or a bear.
[Latin ursīnus, from ursus, bear; see r̥tko- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
ursine
(Zoology) of, relating to, or resembling a bear or bears
[C16: from Latin ursus a bear]
ur•sine
of or pertaining to a bear or bears; bearlike.
[1540–50; < Latin ursīnus=urs(us) bear + -īnus -ine 1]
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
ursine - of or relating to or similar to bears
Translations
misiowatyniedziwiedzi
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Ursine seal
References in classic literature ?
One perhaps was ursine chiefly, another feline chiefly, another bovine chiefly; but each was tainted with other creatures,--a kind of generalised animalism appearing through the specific dispositions.
View in context
The heart of this sweet-natured ursine klutz beats strong and true in a film which takes a tale of a bear in search of a home and expands it into a sticky furry love letter to London,'' Wendy Ide wrote in the British newspaper The Times.
Bear necessity
S" ENTIALS (A) REVERE (10) REVERSE (B) CRIES (20) CRISES (C) PARLEY ( 7) PARSLEY (D) BACKLASH (13) BACKSLASH (E) VERIFY ( 2) VERSIFY (F) DECENT ( 9) DESCENT (G) THIRTY (18) THIRSTY (H) DEPOT ( 4) DESPOT (I) INANE (17) INSANE (J) DESERT ( 6) DESSERT (K) INURE (11) INSURE (L) OUTER ( 1) OUSTER (M) SPARE ( 8) SPARSE (N) ROOTER (15) ROOSTER (0) MEALY (19) MEASLY (P) POTAGE ( 3) POSTAGE (Q) URINE (12) URSINE (R) RETRAIN (5) RESTRAIN (S) TENOR (16) TENSOR (T) COMIC (14) COSMIC
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Lake Ontario is the smallest of the Great Lakes by area. What is the smallest by volume? | Farm Animals | Healthy Pets Healthy People | CDC
Healthy Pets Healthy People
CDC would like to thank Scott Weese, DVM, DVSc, Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, for his careful review of these pages.
Interacting with farm animals is an important experience for children and adults.
Being able to touch and watch the animals helps people to learn about agriculture and encourages the human-animal bond.
For many, interacting with live farm animals, including cattle; sheep; pigs; goats; llamas; alpacas; and poultry only happens at petting zoos or on farm visits. For others, working with farm animals has been a lifestyle and tradition. Some people even choose to keep farm animals, including pot-bellied pigs, as pets.
Despite the many benefits of interacting with farm animals, people should be aware that farm animals can carry germs that make people sick.
Diseases that pass from animals to humans are called zoonotic diseases. These diseases can cause a variety of illnesses, from minor skin rashes to serious infections.
By following some simple health tips you and your family are
less likely to get sick from touching, petting, or owning farm animals.
Some of the diseases associated with farm animals that can cause human illness are listed here. If you visit a health care provider for any of the symptoms described here, tell the provider that you keep farm animals and have frequent contact with them.
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Anthrax is a naturally occurring disease of animals caused by a type of bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. People and animals can get anthrax when they accidentally breathe in or swallow spores in contaminated soil, food, or water. The greatest risk is from contact with bodily fluids of an animal that has, or has recently died, from anthrax. Anthrax can also get into open wounds. People who live in areas where anthrax has occurred should consider vaccinating their livestock against the disease.
Anthrax is a serious but rare disease in the United States. The symptoms of anthrax depend on the way someone becomes infected and can take anywhere from 1 day to more than 2 months to appear. All types of anthrax have the potential, if untreated, to spread throughout the body and cause severe illness and even death.
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus, Brucella suis)
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease that affects the ability of animals to reproduce. The disease can be spread to humans through contact with birthing tissues from infected animals or through drinking unpasteurized (raw) milk. Farm animals that are most commonly infected include sheep; cattle; goats; pigs; and dogs, among others. Infected animals may have decreased appetite, weight loss, behavioral changes, and lack of energy, but most animals infected with brucellosis show no signs of illness. Brucellosis can cause early-term deaths in growing fetuses in some animals and occasionally people.
People can get the disease when they are in contact with infected animals or animal products contaminated with the bacteria. One of the most common ways people become infected is through drinking unpasteurized (raw) milk. People who are infected with brucellosis will usually become sick within 6-8 weeks of exposure. Sick people will have flu-like symptoms that last 2-4 weeks. Sometimes brucellosis can become a chronic illness that can be difficult to treat.
Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter spp.)
Campylobacter is shed in the stool of infected animals. It is spread to people through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with contaminated stool. Many animals, including farm animals, may carry the bacteria without looking sick.
Most people who become sick with campylobacteriosis will have diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, and fever within 2-5 days after exposure to the bacteria. Campylobacter can cause serious life-threatening infections in infants, the elderly, and those with weak immune systems.
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Escherichia coli is a type of bacteria that is normally found in the intestinal tracts of healthy farm animals. Most types of E. coli are harmless, but some can cause serious disease in people. E. coli is a common food-borne bacterium, but it can also be transmitted to people by farm animals and their environment. Farm animals including sheep, goats, calves, and backyard poultry affected by E. coli might not show any signs of disease.
Symptoms in people vary but often include severe stomach cramps, diarrhea (often bloody), and vomiting. Although E. coli infection rarely ends in death, blood in the urine is a sign of more severe disease potentially affecting the kidneys.
Influenza (particularly bird and swine influenza)
Influenza is a viral disease that can infect people, pets, and wildlife. Aquatic birds, including ducks, as well as pigs can have influenza virus in their respiratory and intestinal tracts. Birds affected with the influenza virus can appear healthy or only show mild signs of illness (for example, ruffled feathers or decreased egg production). Pigs infected with influenza may be coughing, sneezing, have difficulty breathing, discharge from their nose or eyes, or have no signs of illness at all.
It is rare for bird or swine influenza to spread to people, but occasionally, variants of the virus do infect people. People who work closely with large numbers of birds and pigs, such as poultry or pig producers, are more at risk of infection. People who become sick with variants of bird or swine flu may have fever, chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and body aches and feel tired. Illness in affected people can range from mild to very severe and life threatening.
Leptospirosis (E. coli spp.)
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease of humans and animals that is transmitted through contaminated water and urine or other body fluids from an infected animal. The Leptospira spp. bacteria can infect cows, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, and small rodents, and they may not have any signs of illness. Though it is difficult to detect early stages of leptospirosis in animals, the disease can lead to kidney and liver failure if left untreated.
People who become infected with leptospirosis might not have any signs of the disease. Others will have flu-like signs (fever, headache, chills, vomiting, rash) within 2-7 days after exposure. These symptoms usually go away without medical treatment but can reappear and lead to more severe disease (yellow skin and eyes, rash, kidney or liver failure, meningitis).
Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)
Listeria monocytogenes is a type of bacteria that is spread to people and animals through contaminated food, soil, or water. Farm animals that are at risk for Listeria infection include sheep, cattle, goats, and occasionally pigs. Infected animals can have a variety of signs including drooping ears or lips that hang open. Animals sometimes become disoriented and press themselves into corners. Listeria can also cause reproductive problems including abortions and can lead to death of the infected animal.
Listeria is spread to people most commonly through contaminated food. Some people who are affected may not have any signs at all, but the disease can cause headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions in addition to fever and muscle aches. Listeria infections during pregnancy can be life threatening for the fetus.
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria that is naturally found on skin and nasal passages of many healthy people and animals. However, it can cause disease in some situations. MRSA is the same bacterium that has become resistant to certain antibiotics, which can make infections harder to treat. MRSA can be passed back and forth between people and farm animals through direct contact.
In humans, MRSA can cause skin infections that may become severe. If left untreated, MRSA can spread to the bloodstream or lungs and cause life-threatening infections.
Q fever (Coxiella )
Coxiella burnetii is a type of bacteria that can cause Q fever in animals and humans. Cattle, sheep, and goats are the animals most commonly affected. C. burnetii is spread through drinking contaminated milk, breathing in dust that is contaminated with C. burnetii, or by coming into contact with contaminated urine, feces, or the birthing tissues of infected animals. Contact with sheep and goats around the time they give birth creates the greatest risk for people to become infected.
People who work closely with farm animals are most at risk. Symptoms of disease usually develop 2-3 weeks after exposure and range from flu-like symptoms to more severe symptoms. In untreated, the infection can lead to pneumonia, liver disease, and heart disease.
Rabies
Rabies is a fatal neurologic disease that can affect many farm animals and people. Animals and people are most commonly infected through bites from rabid animals. Infected animals may have a variety of signs, but most often have a sudden behavioral change and followed by paralysis. Rabies can be prevented in some animals by vaccination.
The first symptoms in people can start days to months after exposure and include weakness, fever, and headache. Within a few days after those first symptoms appear, symptoms will get worse and include confusion, anxiety, unusual behavior, and delirium. If you are bitten by an animal that is acting strange, contact a health care provider right away. Once symptoms appear, it is almost always too late for a person to be treated.
Ringworm (dermatophytosis)
Ringworm is a condition caused by a fungus that can infect skin, hair, and nails of both people and animals. Ringworm is spread from animals to people through direct contact with an infected animal's skin or hair. Cows, sheep, goats, and pigs can have ringworm on their skin. Affected animals typically have small areas of hair loss around their ears, face or legs with scaly or crusty skin. Some animals carrying ringworm will not have any signs of infection at all.
Ringworm infections in people can appear on almost any area of the body. These infections are usually itchy. Redness, scaling, cracking of the skin, or a ring-shaped rash may occur. If the infection involves the scalp or beard, hair may fall out. Infected nails become discolored or thick and may possibly crumble.
Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)
Salmonella is a type of bacteria that spreads to people through contaminated food (eggs and meat) or water or contact with the stool of affected animals, particularly poultry. Salmonella can be found on the bodies of healthy animals when even when they appear healthy and clean. Although it usually doesn’t make farm animals sick, Salmonella can cause serious illness when it is passed to people.
People exposed to Salmonella might have diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or abdominal cramps. Infants, elderly persons, and those with weakened immune systems are more likely than others to develop severe illness.
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is a group of bacteria that cause a disease called tuberculosis. A variety of animals including cattle, goats, and deer can carry tuberculosis bacteria. Infected animals can have a variety of symptoms including weakness, lack of appetite, weight loss, and fever, or they may have a cough that lasts a long time. Some animals might show no symptoms at all.
People are most likely become infected if they consume unpasteurized (raw) milk or milk products (such as cheese) from infected animals. Infections can also happen by consuming undercooked meat, accidentally breathing in the bacteria, or through the skin via cuts or scrapes. Depending on the route of infection, people may have sores, swollen lymph nodes, difficulty breathing, weight loss, night sweats, fever, or intestinal upset.
Vesicular stomatitis
Vesicular stomatitis is caused by a virus that can infect livestock as well as several wildlife animals. The disease in animals usually appears as vesicles, or fluid-filled blisters, around the mouth, under the belly, or on the feet. This disease is typically seen in cattle, horses, and pigs and very rarely in sheep, goats, and llamas.
People may become infected through contact with the skin lesions or secretions from infected animals, especially the fluid from blisters and saliva. Other possible routes of infection include contact with insects that spread the disease. People exposed to the virus may not show any symptoms of disease or they may develop flu-like symptoms or vesicles themselves.
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Where do the 12 Greek gods call home? | The Twelve Olympians - Greek Gods & Goddesses
By deTraci Regula
Updated April 30, 2016.
The Greeks didn't have a "Top Ten" list of deities - but they did have the "Top Twelve" - those lucky Greek gods and goddesses living on top of Mount Olympus .
Aphrodite - Goddess of love, romance, and beauty. Her son was Eros, god of Love (though he is not an Olympian.)
Apollo - Beautiful god of the sun, light, medicine, and music.
Ares - Dark god of war who loves Aphrodite , goddess of love and beauty.
Artemis - Independent goddess of the hunt, the forest, wildlife, childbirth, and the moon. Sister to Apollo.
Athena - Daughter of Zeus and goddess of wisdom, war, and crafts. She presides over the Parthenon and her namesake city, Athens. Sometimes spelled "Athene".
Demeter - Goddess of agriculture and mother of Persephone (again, her offspring is not considered to be an Olympian.)
Hephaestus - Lame god of fire and the forge. Sometimes spelled Hephaistos. The Hephaestion near the Acropolis is the most beautifully preserved ancient temple in Greece.
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Greek Gods and Goddesses
Mated to Aphrodite.
Hera - Wife of Zeus, protector of marriage, familiar with magic.
Hermes - The speedy messenger of the gods, god of business and wisdom. The Romans called him Mercury.
Hestia - Calm goddess of home and homelife, symbolized by the hearth which holds the continually-burning flame.
Poseidon - God of the sea, horses, and of earthquakes.
Zeus - Supreme lord of gods, god of the sky, symbolized by the thunderbolt.
Hey - Where's Hades?
Hades , although he was an important god and the brother of Zeus and Poseidon, was not generally considered to be one of the twelve Olympians since he dwelled in the underworld. Similarly, Demeter's daughter Persephone is also omitted from the list of the Olympians, though she dwells there for one-half or one-third of the year, depending on which mythological interpretation is preferred.
The Six Olympians?
While we generally think today of the "12 Olympians", there was a smaller core group of just six who were the children of Cronus and Rhea - Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. In that group, Hades is always included.
Who Else Lived at Olympus?
While the twelve Olympians were all divine, there were some other long-term visitors to Mount Olympus. One of these was Ganymede, the Cup-bearer to the gods, and a special favorite of Zeus. In this role, Ganymede replaced the goddess Hebe, who is not usually considered an Olympian and who belongs to the next generation of divinities. The hero and demi-god Hercules , was allowed to live at Olympus after his death, and married Hebe, goddess of youth and health, a daughter of the goddess Hera with whom he reconciled.
Renaissance of the Olympians
In the past, most American high school students took Greek as part of the standard curriculum, but those days are long gone - which is unfortunate, because that was a natural introduction to the glories of Greece and Greek mythology. But popular media seems to be stepping into the gap with book and movie series which have reignited interest in Greece and the Greek pantheon.
All of the Greek gods and goddesses are getting more attention because of many recent movies with Greek mythology themes: Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief and the remake of the Ray Harryhausen classic, Clash of the Titans , the sequel Wrath of the Titans , and the Immortals Movie , to name only a few.
More Fast Facts on Greek Gods and Goddesses :
Plan Your Own Trip to Greece
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George Washington was the first US president. Who was the second? | The 12 Olympians of Greek Mythology
The alternates among the Roman gods and goddesses are:
Asculapius, Hercules, Vesta, Proserpine, and Pluto.
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10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know
Also Known As: Theoi Olympioi, Dodekatheon
Alternate Spellings: Hephaestus' name is sometimes spelled Hephaistos or Hephestus.
Examples:
"Iuno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars,
Mercurius, Iovis, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo."
Ennius Ann. 62-63 Vahl.
From "Plautus as a Source Book for Roman Religion," by John A. Hanson, TAPhA (1959), pp. 48-101.
The 12 Olympians were the major gods and goddesses with prominent roles in Greek mythology . Although being an Olympian meant a throne on Mt. Olympus, some of the major Olympians spent most of their time elsewhere. Poseidon lived in the sea and Hades in the Underworld.
Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Demeter, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Hera, Hermes, Poseidon, and Zeus are the names of the Olympian gods on the Parthenon frieze, according to the Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World. However, Elizabeth G. Pemberton, in "The Gods of the East Frieze of the Parthenon" (American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 80, No. 2 [Spring, 1976] pp. 113-124), says that on the East frieze of the Parthenon, in addition to the 12 are Eros and Nike.
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What is the largest member of the cat family that purrs? | Fun Cat Facts for Kids
Home » Animals » Mammals » Cats Family » Cat Family and Its Members
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Cat Family and Its Members
What does your house cat have in common with a cheetah or a lion? Almost everything. All cats belong to the same feline family and there are 36 species of cats on the earth. All cats are carnivores, meaning they eat meat.
They have fast, agile bodies and can move without making a sound. Cats can climb trees and run. Your kitty probably doesnât like water, but all cats can swim.
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All about the Cat Family: All cats belong to the same feline family including home pet cat.
Fun Facts about the Cat Family for Kids
Cats have great night eye sight. Their ability to see at night is six times better than ours.
They can also hear sounds that we canât hear. House cats can hear high, squeaky sounds like those made by mice. Lions can hear low-pitched sounds that we canât hear.
Cats have retractable claws, which means their claws can come out to pounce or scratch and then disappear.
Some type of wild cat, such as lions, cheetahs and mountain lions, live on every continent except Australia and Antarctica.
Small cats can purr but they canât roar. Big cats can roar but they canât purr.
Newborn kittens learn to purr when they are only 2 days old.
Newborn kittens learn to purr when they are only 2 days old but that’s not all about the cat family.
Cat Family Vocabulary
Feline: A member of the cat family
Carnivore: An animal that eats meat most or all of the time
Agile: Graceful, flexible, fast
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What famed Welsh pirate lends his name to a brand of rum? | Big Cats Facts - National Geographic
Big Cats Facts
Unlike most African predators, cheetahs hunt during the daytime. When they spot prey, they can accelerate faster than most cars: from 0 to 60 miles (96 kilometers) an hour in only three seconds.
Photograph by Chris Johns
Big Cats Facts
The cheetah is the world's fastest land mammal. It can run at speeds of up to 70 miles an hour (113 kilometers an hour).
An adult lion's roar can be heard up to five miles (eight kilometers) away.
Long, muscular hind legs enable snow leopards to leap seven times their own body length in a single bound.
A tiger's stripes are like fingerprints—no two animals have the same pattern.
The strongest climber among the big cats, a leopard can carry prey twice its weight up a tree.
The Amur leopard is one of the most endangered animals in the world.
In one stride, a cheetah can cover 23 to 26 feet (7 to 8 meters).
The name "jaguar" comes from a Native American word meaning "he who kills with one leap."
In the wild, lions live for an average of 12 years and up to 16 years. They live up to 25 years in captivity.
The mountain lion and the cheetah share an ancestor.
Cheetahs do not roar, as the other big cats do. Instead, they purr.
Tigers are excellent swimmers and do not avoid water.
A female Amur leopard gives birth to one to four cubs in each litter.
Fossil records from two million years ago show evidence of jaguars.
Lions are the only cats that live in groups, called prides. Every female within the pride is usually related.
The leopard is the most widespread of all big cats.
Mountain lions are strong jumpers, thanks to muscular hind legs that are longer than their front legs.
Tigers have been hunted for their skin, bones, and other body parts, used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Unlike other cats, lions have a tuft of hair at the end of their tails.
After humans, mountain lions have the largest range of any mammal in the Western Hemisphere.
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Michael Jackson’s number one hit “Ben” was an ode to what type of animal? | Michael Jackson's Top 50 Billboard Hit Songs on Hot 100 Chart | Billboard
"Lookin' Through The Windows" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 16
Peak Date: August 26, 1972
Weeks On Chart: 10
Jackson's Billboard chart history began with a streak of extraordinary success, as the Jackson 5's first 20 entries on what's now known as R&B/Hip-Hop Songs all reached the top 10. This song marked the 10th top 10 in-a-row for the act on R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, reaching No. 5 in 1972. On the Billboard Hot 100, the track peaked at No. 16. The title cut from the group's fifth studio album illustrated the maturation of Michael, then 13, from boy soprano to the tenor who would subsequently reign as the King of Pop.
49
Hot 100 Peak Position: 28
Peak Date: October 6, 1973
Weeks On Chart: 13
The Jacksons' 1984 "Victory" album spawned multiple hits, including this funky rock number, which peaked at No. 17 on the Hot 100. While it was the second single from "Victory," it yielded the first music video produced for the album. Ironically, though Michael and Jermaine Jackson share lead on the song, neither appears in the clip, which was choreographed by Paula Abdul.
48
"Get It Together" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 28
Peak Date: October 6, 1973
Weeks On Chart: 13
In 1973, Michael and his brothers weren't begging girls to stick around just yet. In fact, the Jackson 5's funk-flavored pop single "Get It Together" featured sweet vocals delivering a not-so-sweet message: "Get up off your high horse, girl." The band wasn't messing around in its lyrics or on the charts. Although the song peaked at No. 28 on the Hot 100, it was a No. 2 smash for the group on Billboard's R&B songs chart.
47
"You Rock My World" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 10
Peak Date: September 22, 2001
Weeks On Chart: 20
The lead single from Jackson's 2001 studio album "Invincible" peaked at No. 10 on the Hot 100, marking the King of Pop's final top 10 hit on the tally to-date. Co-produced by Jackson and Rodney Jerkins, the song was ushered in by an unsurprisingly lavish music video directed by Paul Hunter. The clip features Chris Tucker as Jackson's comic foil, along with turns from Michael Madsen and Marlon Brando.
46
Hot 100 Peak Position: 22
Peak Date: February 14, 1981
Weeks On Chart: 16
"Heartbreak Hotel" was released June 17, 1980, and was the second single off the Jacksons' "Triumph" album. It peaked at No. 22 on the Hot 100. "One time Michael called me into a Hollywood studio to play a solo on a song that turned out to be 'Heartbreak Hotel,' " says Paul Jackson Jr., his longtime guitarist. "I asked him what kind of solo he wanted. The solo I played on the record is what he sang to me note for note."
45
"Corner Of The Sky" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 18
Peak Date: December 16, 1972
Weeks On Chart: 12
The Jackson 5 lent its soulful pop to the 1970s musical "Pippin" in the form of the track "Corner Of The Sky." In line with the musical's plot, "Corner Of The Sky" is about seeking out happiness in life ("But I won't rest/ 'Til I know I have it all"). The song, which also appeared on the Jackson 5's 1973 album "Skywriter," hit No. 18 on the Hot 100 and No. 9 on Billboard's R&B songs chart.
44
"Little Bitty Pretty One" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 13
Peak Date: May 27, 1972
Weeks On Chart: 9
Few songs show off artists' vocal chops as well as this one, and the Jackson 5 reinforced their timeless family harmonies on this well-loved doo-wop classic. Thurston Harris introduced the song to pop audiences in 1957 and it has since been recorded by a wide range of acts, including the Allman Brothers, Huey Lewis & the News and Aaron Carter. The Jackson 5's version of the song reached No. 8 on R&B songs chart and No. 13 on the Hot 100 in 1972.
43
"I Want To Be Where You Are" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 16
Peak Date: July 15, 1972
Weeks On Chart: 11
"I Want to Be Where You Are" was released May 2, 1972, and appears on the album "Got to Be There." It was Jackson's third consecutive top 40 pop hit in the beginning of his solo career with Motown. The single peaked at No. 16 on the Hot 100 and would become one of Jackson's most covered songs, with Marvin Gaye, the Fugees and Jason Weaver doing their own renditions.
42
Hot 100 Peak Position: 14
Peak Date: January 26, 2002
Weeks On Chart: 20
In what remains his last studio album, "Invincible" in 2001 served as the long-awaited follow-up to 1991's "Dangerous." The former set featured three neo-soul-styled tracks, including "Butterflies." With the help of British duo Floetry on backing vocals, the single peaked at No. 14 on the Hot 100.
41
"I Am Love (Parts I & II)" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 15
Peak Date: March 22, 1975
Weeks On Chart: 14
1975's "I Am Love" by the Jackson 5 was part soulful ballad (led by Jermaine) and part Michael-fronted, danceable funk/rock. But no matter the musical style, the message was the same: the brothers weren't letting their loves get away. The song was the Jackson 5's last top 20 hit with Motown, reaching No. 15 on the Hot 100 in 1975. It also went to No. 5 on Billboard's R&B songs chart.
Hot 100 Peak Position: 12
Peak Date: November 15, 1980
Weeks On Chart: 18
Once the Jackson 5 grew up and parted ways with Motown, they became the Jacksons -- and they knew all about the growing pains that come with young romance. The 1980 funk song "Lovely One" sees Michael, backed by brothers Jackie, Tito, Randy and Marlon, confronting a skeptical lover and trying to prove his dedication. The track peaked at No. 12 on the Hot 100 but hit No. 2 on Billboard's R&B songs chart and No. 1 on the Dance Club Songs chart.
39
"Another Part Of Me" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 11
Peak Date: September 10, 1988
Weeks On Chart: 13
Released as the sixth single from Jackson's "Bad" album in summer 1988, the synthy uptempo hit was actually first heard nearly two years earlier, in the most unlikely of places. On Sept. 12, 1986, visitors at the Epcot theme park at the Walt Disney World resort in Orlando, Fla. got the first public taste of the song, one of two new compositions recorded for Jackson's star turn in the 3D film "Captain EO," which premiered that day in the park. The song ultimately reached No. 11 on the Hot 100. By 1998, all of the "Captain EO" attractions had ended their runs at the assorted Disney Parks throughout the world. The company was moved, however, to return the show to its parks in 2010, starting with Disneyland's version.
38
"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 10
Peak Date: November 26, 1983
Weeks On Chart: 16
"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" was released Sept. 19, 1983, as the sixth single from the "Thriller" album and featured Janet Jackson and LaToya Jackson on backup vocals. The single peaked at No. 10 on the Hot 100, becoming the sixth consecutive top 10 song from the album. "P.Y.T." has been sampled by many artists, including Monica on "All Eyez on Me" and Kanye West on "Good Life."
37
"Sugar Daddy" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 10
Peak Date: January 22, 1972
Weeks On Chart: 10
Written and produced by The Corporation, a Motown collective assembled specifically for cranking out Jackson hits, "Sugar Daddy" peaked at No. 3 on Billboard's R&B songs chart. Older brothers Tito and Jermaine backed up Michael on the poppy, organ-filled ditty, which featured multiple food-related entendres ("I've got your lollipop/ Well, my flavor's long lastin', girl"). It was included as a new track on the group's 1971 "Greatest Hits" album.
36
"In The Closet" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 6
Peak Date: May 30, 1992
Weeks On Chart: 20
When the public first got a listen of "In the Closet" on Jackson's 1991 "Dangerous" album, people immediately began to wonder who his female duet partner was on the song. She was billed only as "Mystery Girl" in the set's liner notes and some began to assume -- perhaps because of her whispery, come-hither vibe -- that it was Madonna. As it turns out, the mysterious woman was revealed to be, of all people, Princess Stephanie of Monaco. But folks weren't far off in their theories: "In the Closet" was initially conceived as a collaboration between the King and Queen of Pop. The pair, however, couldn't come to an agreement on the song's direction and the singers parted ways.
35
"Off The Wall" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 10
Peak Date: April 12, 1980
Weeks On Chart: 17
When the title track to his fifth studio album debuted on the Hot 100 dated Feb. 16, 1980, Jackson was following up back-to-back No. 1s for the first time in his solo career. The single could not match the success of the album's previous singles, but managed to land the album's third top 10 peak, reaching No. 10 in April 1980.
34
"She's Out Of My Life" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 10
Peak Date: June 21, 1980
Weeks On Chart: 16
Quincy Jones used simple instrumentation to produce this ballad from "Off the Wall." Over the lyrics "I don't know whether to laugh or cry / I don't know whether to live or die," the song's tempo sounds nearly at a stand-still compared to his best-known dance jams. (Jackson is even heard crying at song's end). The cut peaked at No. 10 on the Hot 100 in 1980.
33
"Scream/Childhood" Michael Jackson & Janet Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 5
Peak Date: June 17, 1995
Weeks On Chart: 17
The double A-side single was released as the lead off Jackson's 1995 set, "HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I." "Scream" was his first duet with sister Janet Jackson; the song is an effort to retaliate against the media's obsession with his personal life and it resulted in a memorable video directed by Mark Romanek. "Childhood" was solely written and composed by Michael. The single peaked at No. 5 on the Hot 100.
32
"Will You Be There" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 7
Peak Date: September 11, 1993
Weeks On Chart: 20
This gospel-tinged track became the seventh song to reach the Hot 100's top 40 from Jackson's "Dangerous" album, peaking at No. 7 in 1993. The song was truly a whale of a hit: doubling as the theme to the film "Free Willy," it won the MTV Movie Award for "Best Song in a Movie" in 1994. "American Idol " season nine finalist Michael Lynche introduced the song to a new generation with his faithful rendition.
31
Hot 100 Peak Position: 7
Peak Date: January 14, 1989
Weeks On Chart: 15
"Smooth Criminal," like "Thriller," is one of Michael Jackson's songs whose memory in the public's collective consciousness is intrinsically tied to its music video. With "Smooth Criminal," Jackson further lifted the art of music videos, serving as the centerpiece of his theatrical film "Moonwalker," co-starring Joe Pesci. "Smooth Criminal" was the seventh and final single from Jackson's "Bad" album, peaking at No. 7 on the Hot 100 in January 1989.
29
"Mama's Pearl" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 2
Peak Date: February 27, 1971
Weeks On Chart: 10
"Mama's Pearl" features pretty mature lyrics for the young Michael: "You send cold chills up and down my spine/ We kiss for thrills, then you draw the line," he belts over classic Motown string arrangements and plucky piano. Peaking at No. 2 on both the Hot 100 and Billboard's R&B songs charts in 1971, the song was the second single from the group's "Third Album."
28
Hot 100 Peak Position: 4
Peak Date: March 3, 1984
Weeks On Chart: 14
"Thriller" was one of seven top 10 singles from the groundbreaking album of the same name, now tied (according to the RIAA) with the Eagles' "Greatest Hits 1971-1975" as the best-selling U.S. album. Written by Rod Temperton and featuring Vincent Price's iconic cameo, Jackson's zombie fest peaked at No. 4 on the Hot 100. "After 'Off the Wall,' " producer Quincy Jones recalls, "we were kicking booty and fearless; ready to do anything. It was a very exciting time."
27
Hot 100 Peak Position: 6
Peak Date: February 19, 1977
Weeks On Chart: 21
The Jacksons' first single after their departure from Motown and subsequent name change from the Jackson 5, 1976's "Enjoy Yourself" featured jazzy, cheery horns and a funky guitar lick. Imploring the listener to "enjoy yourself with me," the voice of the then 18-year-old Michael bridged the gap between his cutesy pre-adolescent falsetto and his more mature adult tone. Audiences apparently enjoyed the track -- it hit No. 6 on the Hot 100 and No. 2 on Billboard's R&B songs chart.
26
"Shake Your Body (Down To The Ground)" The Jacksons
Hot 100 Peak Position: 7
Peak Date: May 19, 1979
Weeks On Chart: 22
In one of the most familiar hooks in dance music history, Michael Jackson implores listeners, "Let's dance/ Let's shout/ Shake your body down to the ground." The track was produced, written, and performed by the talented brothers and ended up being their biggest dance record ever. The song was a mainstream success and charted at No. 3 on Billboard's R&B songs chart, and No. 7 on the Hot 100.
25
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 5
Peak Date: July 16, 1983
Weeks On Chart: 15
To say that 1983 was the year of Michael Jackson would be a gross understatement. Between January and December, he charted seven Hot 100 top 10 hits, six from "Thriller." This single was the fourth released from the Epic set and peaked at No. 5 on the Hot 100. The song returned to the chart in 2008 after Jackson reissued "Thriller" in an expanded 25th anniversary form, with a remix of this song by Akon. The redux peaked at No. 81.
24
"Remember The Time" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 3
Peak Date: March 7, 1992
Weeks On Chart: 20
Partnered with producer Teddy Riley, Jackson's eighth studio album "Dangerous" in 1991 marked the singer's leap into New Jack Swing. This single peaked at No. 3 on the Hot 100 in March 1992. Its video premiered not just on cable (BET and MTV), but the Fox network, as well. The star-studded clip includes appearances by Eddie Murphy, supermodel Iman and Earvin "Magic" Johnson.
"State Of Shock" The Jacksons
Hot 100 Peak Position: 3
Peak Date: August 4, 1984
Weeks On Chart: 15
With lead vocals shared between Michael and the Rolling Stones' Mick Jagger, "State of Shock" was the first single from the Jacksons' much-anticipated 1984 reunion album "Victory." The single entered the Hot 100 at No. 30 on June 30 -- at that point the second-highest entry of the year -- and peaked at No. 3. "State of Shock" initially began as a duet between Jackson and Queen's Freddie Mercury when the two were collaborating on material in the early '80s. Though the Mercury version was never released, you can easily find demo recordings of it floating around the Web.
22
"You Are Not Alone" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (one week)
Peak Date: September 2, 1995
Weeks On Chart: 20
Written and co-produced by R. Kelly, "You Are Not Alone" made history as the first song to enter the Hot 100 at No. 1, bowing atop the chart dated Sept. 2, 1995. The ballad became Jackson's last No. 1 to date and the 13th of his solo career, a sum that stands as the most by a male artist in the chart's 55-year history.
21
"Never Can Say Goodbye" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 2
Peak Date: May 8, 1971
Weeks On Chart: 12
Not many 12-year-olds can maturely depict a romantic situation like Michael did in the Jackson 5's hit single, "Never Can Say Goodbye." Michael describes a situation where he is incapable of leaving his partner, no matter how close he gets. "There's that same unhappy feeling/ There's that anguish/ There's that doubt," Michael expertly croons in the ballad. The song struck a chord with a relating crowd, charting at No. 1 on Billboard's R&B songs chart and No. 2 on the Hot 100.
19
Hot 100 Peak Position: 2
Peak Date: April 22, 1972
Weeks On Chart: 13
Michael Jackson's cover of "Rockin' Robin" by Bobby Day reached No. 2 on the Hot 100 and Billboard's R&B songs chart in 1972. 13-year-old Michael brings playfulness to the classic, with more advanced production including a bird-like melody. The star keenly reports on a popular local songbird, "All the little birdies on Jaybird street/ Love to hear the robin go tweet tweet tweet" -- not dissimilar from the effect Jackson's singing had on his audience.
18
"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (1 week)
Peak Date: October 13, 1979
Weeks On Chart: 21
While Michael had first topped the Hot 100 apart from the Jackson 5 with the ballad "Ben" at age 14 in 1972, his second No. 1 and first on Epic Records set in motion his monumental rise to superstardom as a solo performer, while introducing fans to a more mature artist in both sound and lyrical content. This song ushered in Jackson's "Off the Wall" album and became the first of the set's four Hot 100 top 10s.
17
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (1 week)
Peak Date: July 2, 1988
Weeks On Chart: 14
In the world of stalky, creepy women in Michael Jackson's lyrics, "Dirty Diana" is right up there with "Billie Jean" and Susie from "Blood on the Dance Floor." The R&B/rock tune about a groupie gone all sorts of wrong features Steve Stevens on guitar and became the "Bad" album's fifth and final No. 1 on the Hot 100 in 1988. With the song's coronation, Jackson set a record that still stands for most Hot 100 No. 1s (five) from one album. (Katy Perry's "Teenage Dream" equaled the mark with five No. 1s in 2010-11.)
16
"Got To Be There" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 4
Peak Date: December 11, 1971
Weeks On Chart: 14
Smartly capitalizing on the group's immense success, Motown Records released Michael's debut single while the Jackson 5 was still enjoying chart achievements with its third album. "Got to Be There" peaked at No. 4 on the Hot 100 dated Dec. 11, 1971, the same date as the debut of the Jackson 5's "Sugar Daddy," which would later peak at No. 10.
15
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (2 weeks)
Peak Date: October 24, 1987
Weeks On Chart: 14
Although braggadocious at first listen, Jackson's "Bad" was actually inspired by a real-life story about a boy who went off to a private boarding school and was murdered out of jealousy when he returned back home. The track was helmed by longtime producer Quincy Jones and released as the second single from the "Bad" album. The song peaked at No. 1 on the Hot 100, staying there for two weeks.
14
"I Just Can't Stop Loving You" Michael Jackson with Siedah Garrett
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (1 week)
Peak Date: September 19, 1987
Weeks On Chart: 14
Despite the majority of uptempo tracks on "Bad," Epic introduced the follow-up album to "Thriller" with a sleek, sultry love song. This duet with Quincy Jones protégé Siedah Garrett soared to No. 1 on the Hot 100 in its seventh week in September 1987. The cut scaled Adult Contemporary even more quickly, reaching the summit in four weeks to become Jackson's second of two career leaders on the list, following "The Girl Is Mine," with Paul McCartney, in 1982-83.
13
"Black Or White" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (7 weeks)
Peak Date: December 7, 1991
Weeks On Chart: 20
The pop music landscape was shifting in late 1991, with Nirvana introducing grunge and rap gaining a larger foothold. Jackson's appeal, however, proved impenetrable with the first single from "Dangerous." Featuring guitarist Slash, "Black or White" tallied seven weeks atop the Hot 100, matching "Billie Jean" for Jackson's longest reign. The song's video remains memorable for its pioneering use of morphing technology and subsequently deleted scenes of Jackson violently smashing car windows against a backdrop of racist graffiti.
12
"The Way You Make Me Feel" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (1 week)
Peak Date: January 23, 1988
Weeks On Chart: 18
The third single from "Bad" became the album's third consecutive Hot 100 No. 1 in January 1988, marking Jackson's only set to yield more than two toppers ("Bad" would eventually yield a record five Hot 100 leaders; see No. 17, "Dirty Diana"). In 2005, veteran pop crooner Paul Anka stamped a lounge spin on the song on his jazz-inflected covers album, "Rock Swings."
11
"The Love You Save/ I Found That Girl" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (2 weeks)
Peak Date: June 27, 1970
Weeks On Chart: 13
Jackson knew all about growing up too fast and trying to preserve youth. That's why it comes as no surprise that 1970's "The Love You Save," by the Jackson 5, finds him, along with brother Jermaine, warning a "fast" girl to slow down atop an uptempo production. "The Jackson 5 was the only group in history to have their first four singles go to [No. 1]," Motown founder Berry Gordy wrote in the introduction to "Moonwalk." "For Michael, it was the inspiration to break all the rest [of the chart records]. And he did."
"The Girl Is Mine" Michael Jackson & Paul McCartney
Hot 100 Peak Position: 2
Peak Date: January 8, 1983
Weeks On Chart: 18
Surprising to some, "The Girl Is Mine" was actually the first single from Michael Jackson's 1982 "Thriller" album -- not "Billie Jean" or "Beat It." A duet with McCartney, the song was released in October 1982 and quickly debuted on the Hot 100 at No. 45, eventually rising to No. 2. "The Girl Is Mine" also famously kicked off an incredible run of hits from the "Thriller" album; It was the first of seven straight Hot 100 top 10 hits from the release, the first album to yield such a streak.
9
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (2 weeks)
Peak Date: April 25, 1970
Weeks On Chart: 13
In somewhat of a case of chart fortune-telling, it was perhaps fitting that the Jackson 5's second Hot 100 No. 1 dislodged the Beatles' second-to-last No. 1, "Let It Be," from the top of the chart dated April 25, 1970, as arguably the most influential group in the history of pop music symbolically passed the baton to the format's future King. The Jackson 5's next leader, "The Love You Save" (see No. 11), would likewise bump the Beatles' last No. 1, "The Long and Winding Road," from the summit in June 1970.
8
"I Want You Back" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (1 week)
Peak Date: January 31, 1970
Weeks On Chart: 19
A new era in Motown's storied history -- and one of the most impressive chart resumes in Billboard's archives -- began rather unassumingly. Michael Jackson's six-decade tenancy on the Billboard charts began the week of Nov. 15, 1969, when the then-11-year-old and his four brothers entered the chart at No. 90 with "I Want You Back." On Jan. 31, 1970, the song completed the first of Jackson's 17 trips to the top (four with the Jackson 5, 13 solo).
7
"Man In The Mirror" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (2 weeks)
Peak Date: March 26, 1988
Weeks On Chart: 17
When "Man in the Mirror" reached No. 1 on the Hot 100 in 1988, Jackson became the first artist in the chart's history to pull four No. 1 songs from one album -- in this case, "Bad." After Jackson's death in 2009, "Mirror" re-entered the U.K. singles chart at No. 11 and peaked at No. 2. "I wrote the music, and [Siedah Garrett] wrote the words," co-writer Glen Ballard told Billboard in 2001. "It only took a couple of hours to write."
6
"Dancing Machine" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 2
Peak Date: May 18, 1974
Weeks On Chart: 22
The funky, early-disco title track from the group's 1974 album danced close to the top of the Hot 100, halting at No. 2 (stuck behind Ray Stevens' "The Streak.") "Dancing Machine" was the final Hot 100 top 10 for the group on Motown Records, as the act departed the label for Epic in 1976, re-christened as The Jacksons.
5
"Rock With You" Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (4 weeks)
Peak Date: January 19, 1980
Weeks On Chart: 24
Penned by British songwriter Rod Temperton of the R&B group Heatwave, Jackson's third No. 1 spent four weeks in the Hot 100's top slot, the longest of any of his singles at the time. The track ranked at No. 4 on Billboard's top Hot 100 songs of 1980, helping Jackson earn Top Singles Artist honors that year.
4
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (3 weeks)
Peak Date: April 30, 1983
Weeks On Chart: 25
Jackson wasted little time in achieving his second Hot 100 No. 1 from "Thriller," with only two weeks separating the last of seven weeks on top for "Billie Jean" and the first frame in charge for "Beat It." The dancefloor gem "Beat It" also reached No. 14 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart, thanks to Eddie Van Halen's guitar work.
3
"I'll Be There" The Jackson 5
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (5 weeks)
Peak Date: October 17, 1970
Weeks On Chart: 16
This single was the last and longest-reigning (five weeks) of four consecutive Hot 100 No. 1s in 1970 for the brothers from Gary, Ind. The group earned seven more Hot 100 top 10s by the end of its active recording career in 1989 but never again reached No. 1. Mariah Carey -- who was seven months old when the Jackson 5's version of the song topped the Hot 100 -- returned the composition to the chart's top spot when her version from MTV's "Unplugged" series led the list for two weeks in 1992.
2
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (7 weeks)
Peak Date: March 5, 1983
Weeks On Chart: 24
Jackson was already a superstar after earning three solo Hot 100 No. 1s -- including two from "Off the Wall," his first album for Epic -- but "Billie Jean" propelled the singer to a true worldwide sensation. With seven weeks at No. 1, the song introduced the iconic "Thriller" album to the masses.
1
"Say Say Say" Paul McCartney & Michael Jackson
Hot 100 Peak Position: 1 (six weeks)
Peak Date: December 10, 1983
Weeks On Chart: 22
After the success of Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson's "The Girl Is Mine" duet, the former Beatle recruited the King of Pop for this collaboration on his 1983 album, "Pipes of Peace." "Paul and I shared the same idea of how a pop song should work and it was a real treat to work with him," Jackson wrote in his 1988 autobiography, "Moonwalk."
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17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC
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Soundtrack | Actor | Producer
Michael Joseph Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana on August 29, 1958, and entertained audiences nearly his entire life. His father, Joe Jackson , had been a guitarist, but was forced to give up his musical ambitions following his marriage to Katherine Jackson (née Katherine Esther Scruse). Together, they prodded their growing family's musical ... See full bio »
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Nominated for 2 Primetime Emmys. Another 17 wins & 13 nominations. See more awards »
Known For
2016-2017 Goji ni muchu! (TV Series) (performer - 31 episodes)
- Hirotada Ototake (2017) ... (performer: "I Want You Back")
- Peter & Mieko Hirota (2017) ... (performer: "I Want You Back")
- Peter (2016) ... (performer: "I Want You Back")
- Takafumi Horie (2016) ... (performer: "I Want You Back")
- Tsutomu Iwamoto (2016) ... (performer: "I Want You Back")
- Episode dated 1 July 2013 (2013) ... (music: "Eat It" - uncredited)
2016 Superstar Duets (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes)
- Finale (2016) ... (writer: "Smooth Criminal")
- Do or Die (2016) ... (writer: "Beat It")
Who's Doing the Dishes? (TV Series) (performer - 5 episodes, 2016) (writer - 4 episodes, 2016)
- Jodie Prenger (2016) ... (performer: "Bad" - uncredited) / (writer: "Bad" - uncredited)
- Jay Aston (2016) ... (performer: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'") / (writer: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'")
- Diana Moran (2016) ... (performer: "Dirty Diana" - uncredited) / (writer: "Dirty Diana" - uncredited)
- Mark Lester (2016) ... (performer: "The Way You Make Me Feel" - uncredited) / (writer: "The Way You Make Me Feel" - uncredited)
- Charlotte Hawkins (2016) ... (performer: "Ben" - uncredited)
2016 Michael Jackson: Black or White (Video short) (performer: "Black or White' - uncredited) / (writer: "Black or White' - uncredited)
Sounds of the 80s (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2016) (writer - 1 episode, 2016)
- Idris Elba/Heidi Klum/Lukas Graham (2016) ... (writer: "Smooth Criminal" - uncredited)
- Justin Timberlake (2014) ... (writer: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'")
2016 Lucha Mexico (Documentary) (performer: "THRILLER")
2016 Rizzoli & Isles (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Cops vs. Zombies (2016) ... (performer: "Thriller")
2016 The Voice (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- The Superbattles (2016) ... (writer: "Billie Jean", "They Don't Care About Us")
Britain's Got More Talent (TV Series) (writer - 6 episodes, 2011 - 2016) (performer - 5 episodes, 2011 - 2016)
- Episode #10.13 (2016) ... (performer: "Black or White" - uncredited) / (writer: "Black or White" - uncredited)
- Episode #10.12 (2016) ... (performer: "Bad" - uncredited) / (writer: "Bad" - uncredited)
- Episode #10.6 (2016) ... (performer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited) / (writer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited)
- Episode #10.2 (2016) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Billie Jean", "Jam", "Beat It" - uncredited) / (writer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Billie Jean", "Jam", "Beat It" - uncredited)
- Episode #9.3 (2015) ... (writer: "Beat It" - uncredited)
- 2016: Auditions 3 (2016) ... (performer: "Thriller" - uncredited)
- 2016: Auditions 1 (2016) ... (writer: "Can You Feel It", "They Don't Care About Us" - uncredited)
- 2015: Live Semi-Final 2 (2015) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited)
- 2015: Auditions 6 (2015) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited) / (writer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited)
- Aljur Abrenica vs. Kris Bernal (2016) ... (writer: "Smooth Criminal")
Land Van Lubbers (TV Mini-Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2016) (writer - 1 episode, 2016)
- Kruisraketten nooit! (2016) ... (performer: "Beat It" - uncredited) / (writer: "Beat It" - uncredited)
Benidorm (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2016) (writer - 1 episode, 2016)
- Episode #8.3 (2016) ... (performer: "Bad", "Don't Stop Til' You Get Enough") / (writer: "Bad", "Don't Stop Til' You Get Enough")
2016 Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall (Documentary) (performer: "Ben", "Burn This Disco Out", "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Ease On Down The Road", "Get On The Floor", "Girlfriend", "I Can't Help It", "It's The Falling In Love", "Off The Wall", "Rock With You", "She's Out Of My Life", "Workin' Day and Night", "You Can't Win " - uncredited) / (writer: "Destiny", "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Get On The Floor", "Shake Your Body", "Workin' Day and Night" - uncredited)
2015 Dolezal Backstage (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #2.4 (2015) ... (performer: "State of Shock")
2015 Skam (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Jeg tenker at du har blitt helt psyko (2015) ... (performer: "Billie Jean")
2015 Els dies clau (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode)
- El mundo que nos conmovió (2014) ... (performer: "Thriller") / (writer: "We Are the World")
World Championship Snooker (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes, 2014 - 2015) (writer - 2 episodes, 2014 - 2015)
- 2015: Day 4, Part 1 (2015) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited) / (writer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited)
- 2014: Day 6, Part 1 (2014) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited) / (writer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited)
Ladbrokes World Grand Prix (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2015) (writer - 1 episode, 2015)
- 2015: Day Four - Part 1 (2015) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited) / (writer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited)
EastEnders (TV Series) (performer - 4 episodes, 2013 - 2015) (writer - 3 episodes, 2013 - 2015)
- Episode #1.5017 (2015) ... (performer: "Beat It") / (writer: "Beat It")
- Episode dated 26 August 2013 (2013) ... (performer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited) / (writer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited)
2015 The 10 Faces of Michael Jackson (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Ben" (uncredited), "Rock With You" (1979), "Thriller" (1983), "Billie Jean" (uncredited), "Bad" (1987), "Smooth Criminal" (1988), "Man in the Mirror" (1988), "Black or White" (1991), "You Are Not Alone" (1995), "Earth Song" (uncredited), "You Rock My World" (2001)) / (writer: "Billie Jean" (uncredited), "We Are the World" (1985), "Bad" (1987), "Smooth Criminal" (1988), "Black or White" (1991), "Earth Song" (uncredited), "You Rock My World" (2001))
2015 Twenty-Eight Nights and a Poem (performer: "Smooth Criminal")
Svédská trojka (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2015) (writer - 1 episode, 2015)
- Náchodský rap! (2015) ... (performer: "Beat It") / (writer: "Beat It")
2015 Cirque du Soleil: Le Grand Concert (TV Movie) (writer: "Earth Song")
Strictly Come Dancing (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes, 2014) (writer - 1 episode, 2014)
- Week 6: Halloween Special (2014) ... (performer: "Thriller" - uncredited)
- Week 5 (2014) ... (performer: "Blame It on the Boogie")
Rude Tube (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes, 2010 - 2014) (performer - 1 episode, 2014) (music - 1 episode, 2010)
- Bad Ass Beasts (2014) ... (performer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited) / (writer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited)
- Rude Tunes (2010) ... (writer: "We Are the World" - uncredited)
- Epic Fails (2010) ... (music: "Eat It" - uncredited)
Scandal (TV Series) (1 episode, 2013) (performer - 1 episode, 2014) (writer - 1 episode, 2014)
- The Last Supper (2014) ... (performer: "Working Day and Night" - uncredited) / (writer: "Working Day and Night" - uncredited)
- YOLO (2013) ... ("Ben", uncredited)
Chelsea Lately (TV Series) (music - 1 episode, 2014) (writer - 1 episode, 2014)
- Live Finale (2014) ... (music: "Goodbye to E!")
- Episode #8.101 (2014) ... (writer: "We Are the World" - uncredited)
2014 Daily Ukulele (TV Series short) (writer - 1 episode)
2014 2014 Billboard Music Awards (TV Special) (performer: "Slave to the Rhythm")
2014 Michael Jackson: Love Never Felt So Good (Video short) (performer: "Love Never Felt So Good") / (writer: "Love Never Felt So Good")
Dancing with the Stars (TV Series) (3 episodes, 2006 - 2012) (writer - 6 episodes, 2006 - 2014) (performer - 1 episode, 2008)
- Semifinals (2014) ... ("Love Never Felt So Good") / (writer: "Love Never Felt So Good")
American Dad! (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2014) (writer - 1 episode, 2014)
- She Swill Survive (2014) ... (performer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited) / (writer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited)
- The Rise of Global Religion (2014) ... (writer: "We Are the World" - uncredited)
2014 The Block (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Beach Volleyball Tournament (2014) ... (writer: "Can You Feel It" - uncredited)
2014 Fiston (performer: "My Girl")
Dancing in Small Spaces (TV Series short) (performer - 1 episode, 2014) (writer - 1 episode, 2014)
- Bed (2014) ... (performer: "Workin' Day and Night") / (writer: "Workin' Day and Night")
Dancing on Ice (TV Series) (performer - 4 episodes, 2010 - 2014) (writer - 4 episodes, 2010 - 2014)
- Week 7: The Skate-Off (2014) ... (performer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited) / (writer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited)
- Week 5: The Skate-Off (2014) ... (performer: "Beat It" - uncredited) / (writer: "Beat It", "Don't Stop the Music" - uncredited)
- Week 5 (2014) ... (performer: "Beat It" - uncredited) / (writer: "Beat It" - uncredited)
- Preview Show (2010) ... (performer: "Can You Feel It") / (writer: "Can You Feel It")
Warren (TV Series short) (performer - 1 episode, 2014) (writer - 1 episode, 2014)
- Warren Goes Bowling (2014) ... (performer: "Black or White" - uncredited) / (writer: "Black or White" - uncredited)
2014 Autopsy: The Last Hours Of (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Michael Jackson (2014) ... (performer: "Billie Jean", "Earth Song", "The Way You Make Me Feel" - uncredited)
2009-2013 Saturday Night Live (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes)
- Jimmy Fallon/Justin Timberlake (2013) ... (writer: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" - uncredited)
- Jennifer Lopez (2010) ... (writer: "We Are the World" - uncredited)
- Taylor Lautner/Bon Jovi (2009) ... (writer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited)
All at Sea (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2013) (writer - 1 episode, 2013)
- Gymnast (2013) ... (performer: "Beat It" - uncredited) / (writer: "Beat It" - uncredited)
The Slammer (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2013) (writer - 1 episode, 2013)
- Officer Meadows (2013) ... (performer: "Smooth Criminal") / (writer: "Smooth Criminal")
2013 All Cheerleaders Die (writer: "Next phase", "Look Alive", "Rap Stampede")
2013 The Voice of the Philippines (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes)
- Episode #1.17 (2013) ... (writer: "I Just Can't Stop Loving You")
- Episode #1.13 (2013) ... (writer: "Please Don't Stop the Music")
- Episode #1.12 (2013) ... (writer: "The Way You Make Me Feel")
2013 (My) Immortal: The Web Series (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Snap and Loopin (2013) ... (performer: "Blood On The Dance Floor (Bass Intro Remix)")
2013 Sunday All Stars (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- 1960s, 1970s, 1980s (2013) ... (writer: "The Way You Make Me Feel")
2013 Die schlechtesten Filme aller Zeiten (TV Series) ("Bad")
2013 Steel River (TV Mini-Series short) (writer - 1 episode)
2011-2013 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (TV Series) (writer - 17 episodes)
- Episode #21.150 (2013) ... (writer: "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" - uncredited)
- Episode #21.125 (2013) ... (writer: "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" - uncredited)
- Episode #21.105 (2013) ... (writer: "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" - uncredited)
- Episode #21.51 (2012) ... (writer: "Beat It" - uncredited)
- Episode #21.29 (2012) ... (writer: "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" - uncredited)
- Tear Down These Walls (2013) ... (writer: "We Are the World" - uncredited)
2013 20 Feet from Stardom (Documentary) (performer: "Thriller") / (writer: "We Are the World" - uncredited)
2013 The Filthy Frank Show (TV Series short) (performer - 1 episode)
- Paraplegic Swag (2013) ... (performer: "Man in the Mirror")
2012 EastEnders: All I Want for Christmas Is... (TV Short) (performer: "Rockin' Robin" - uncredited)
2012 This Is 40 (writer: "(Dance and Shout) Shake Your Body Down to the Ground")
2012 Elisabeth Heller: Die Jahrhundertfrau (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Thriller")
Some Jerk with a Camera (TV Series documentary) (performer - 5 episodes, 2011 - 2012) (writer - 2 episodes, 2011)
- Erik Santos/Raymond Lauchengco/Eula Valdez (2012) ... (writer: "Eaten Alive")
2012 Criança Esperança 2012 (TV Special) (writer: "Ponta de Lança Africano (Umbabarauma) / Hit the Road Jack / Superstition / Black or White")
- Global Kryner beim Woodstock der Blasmusik (2012) ... (writer: "Billie Jean", "Beat It")
2012 Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Beat It", "Billie Jean", "Black or White", "Childhood", "Dangerous", "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough", "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Is It Scary", "Jam", "Man in the Mirror", "Scream", "Smooth Criminal", "State of Shock", "They Don't Care About Us", "This Place Hotel", "You Rock My World", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", "Workin' Day and Night'") / (writer: "Beat It", "Billie Jean", "Black or White", "Can You Feel It", "Childhood", "Dangerous", "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough", "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Is It Scary", "Jam", "Scream", "Shake Your Body (Down To The Ground)", "Smooth Criminal", "State of Shock", "They Don't Care About Us", "This Place Hotel", "You Rock My World", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", "Workin' Day and Night'")
2011 Generació D (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Man in the Mirror")
2011 Happy Feet 2 (writer: "(Dance and Shout) Shake Your Body down to the Ground")
2011 Late Show with David Letterman (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes)
- Episode #19.39 (2011) ... (writer: "Beat It" - uncredited)
- Episode #18.162 (2011) ... (writer: "Bad" - uncredited)
2011 Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon (Documentary) (performer: "Ben", "Forever Came Today", "I Wanna Be Where You Are", "My Girl", "One Day in Your Life")
Celebrity Big Brother (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes, 2007 - 2011) (writer - 1 episode, 2011)
- Episode #8.4 (2011) ... (performer: "Bad" - uncredited) / (writer: "Bad" - uncredited)
- Day 17 (2007) ... (performer: "Man in the Mirror" - uncredited)
Queens of Pop (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode, 2011) (writer - 1 episode, 2011)
- Madonna (2011) ... (performer: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'") / (writer: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'")
2011 Dancing Stars (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes)
- Episode #6.8 (2011) ... (writer: "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" - uncredited)
- Episode #6.7 (2011) ... (writer: "Billie Jean")
American Idol (TV Series) (1 episode, 2011) (performer - 1 episode, 2011) (writer - 1 episode, 2009)
- Reporter Who Can't Break Glass (2010) ... (performer: "Smooth Criminal" - uncredited) / (writer: "Smooth Criminal" - uncredited)
2011 Music Nuggets (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 5 February 2011 (2011) ... (performer: "Hold My Hand")
2011 Sing Your Song (Documentary) (writer: "We Are the World')
2010 Helden von morgen (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Dione/Antony (2010) ... (writer: "Bad")
Das Supertalent (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes, 2010) (writer - 1 episode, 2010)
- Episode #4.9 (2010) ... (performer: "Black or White" - uncredited)
- Episode #4.4 (2010) ... (performer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited) / (writer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited)
2010 Hewy's Animated Movie Reviews (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Megamind (2010) ... (performer: "Bad")
Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2010) (writer - 1 episode, 2010)
- Mark Franks v Paul Hayes: Showdown (2010) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited) / (writer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" - uncredited)
2010 SOKO Stuttgart (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Tödliche Falle (2010) ... (performer: "Thriller")
Simons Danseskole (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode, 2010) (writer - 1 episode, 2010)
- Episode #1.3 (2010) ... (performer: "Black or White" - uncredited) / (writer: "Black or White" - uncredited)
Live from Studio Five (TV Series) (writer - 7 episodes, 2009 - 2010) (performer - 6 episodes, 2009 - 2010)
- Episode #1.125 (2010) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Bad", "Thriller") / (writer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Bad")
- Episode #1.109 (2010) ... (performer: "Bad") / (writer: "Bad")
- Episode #1.106 (2010) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough") / (writer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough")
2010 Skins (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- JJ (2010) ... (performer: "Man in the Mirror" - uncredited)
2010 XV premio cinematográfico José María Forqué (TV Movie) (performer: "They Don't Care About Us") / (writer: "They Don't Care About Us")
2010 Gopnik (Short) ("Gopnik")
2009 Alesha Dixon: Who's Your Daddy? (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Billie Jean") / (writer: "Billie Jean")
2009 Karaoke Revolution (Video Game) (performer: "Ben")
2009 Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band: The Official BBC Children in Need Medley (Video short) (writer: "Can You Feel It" - as Jackson)
2009 This Is It (Documentary) (performer: "They Don't Care About Us", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", "Speechless", "Bad", "Smooth Criminal", "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Jam", "HIStory", "Human Nature", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "I'll Be There", "I Want You Back", "The Love You Save", "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Thriller", "Threatened", "Who Is It", "Beat It", "Black or White", "Earth Song", "Billie Jean", "Man in the Mirror", "This Is It", "Heal the World") / (writer: "They Don't Care About Us", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", "Speechless", "Bad", "Smooth Criminal", "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Jam", "HIStory", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Threatened", "Who Is It", "Beat It", "Black or White", "Earth Song", "Billie Jean", "This Is It", "Heal the World")
2009 Electric Dreams (TV Mini-Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- The 1980s (2009) ... (performer: "Somebody's Watching Me")
- Episode #1.4 (2009) ... (performer: "Beat It")
Wir sind Kaiser (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2009) (writer - 1 episode, 2009)
- Episode #4.1 (2009) ... (performer: "Bad") / (writer: "Bad")
2009 Entourage (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Berried Alive (2009) ... (performer: "I Wanna Be Where You Are" - uncredited)
2009 Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Telethon 2009 (2009) ... (writer: "Please Don't Stop The Music")
Welcome to the 80's (TV Series documentary) (performer - 2 episodes, 2009) (writer - 2 episodes, 2009)
- Charts, Clips und Kommerz (2009) ... (performer: "Thriller", "Billie Jean" (uncredited)) / (writer: "Billie Jean" - uncredited)
- Postpunk und Neue Deutsche Welle (2009) ... (performer: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" - uncredited) / (writer: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" - uncredited)
2009 Michael Jackson Memorial (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Will You Be There")
Loose Women (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2009) (writer - 1 episode, 2009)
- Episode #13.203 (2009) ... (performer: "You Are Not Alone", "Billie Jean") / (writer: "Billie Jean")
2009 Michael Jackson Is Dead (Short) (writer: "Michael Jackson is Dead")
2009 This Morning (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Live Show #4 (2008) ... (writer: "Beat it!")
Por Toda Minha Vida (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2008) (writer - 1 episode, 2008)
- Chacrinha (2008) ... (performer: "Billie Jean") / (writer: "Billie Jean")
2008 Idols (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Spectacular 8 - Ultimate Wishlist (2008) ... (writer: "Black or White")
2008 Operación triunfo (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Gala 13 (2008) ... (writer: "Don't Stop The Music")
60/90 (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2008) (writer - 1 episode, 2008)
- Els Beatles i el Cobi (2008) ... (performer: "They Don't Care About Us") / (writer: "They Don't Care About Us")
2003-2008 Deutschland sucht den Superstar (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes)
- Das Halbfinale (2008) ... (writer: "Don't Stop the Music")
2008 Ashes to Ashes (TV Series) (1 episode)
- Episode #1.7 (2008) ... ("One Day In Your Life", uncredited)
So You Think You Can Dance Australia (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2008) (writer - 1 episode, 2008)
- Top 18 Results (2008) ... (performer: "Wanna Be Startin' Something", "PYT (Pretty Young Thing)") / (writer: "Wanna Be Startin' Something")
2008 Gardens of the Night (writer: "Right Now")
2008 27 Dresses (performer: "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough") / (writer: "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough")
- Episode #5.12 (2007) ... (performer: "Thriller")
2002-2007 Idols (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes)
- Top 50: Group 2 (2002) ... (writer: "We Are the World")
2003-2007 Australian Idol (TV Series) (writer - 5 episodes)
2004 Idol stjörnuleit (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Episode #1.10 (2004) ... (writer: "We Are the World")
2003 Pop Idol (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Live Show 4: Disco Songs (2003) ... (writer: "Can You Feel It")
2003 Karaoke Revolution (Video Game) ("Billie Jean", "Smooth Criminal")
2003 I Love the '80s Strikes Back (TV Series documentary) (performer - 2 episodes)
- 1987 (2003) ... (performer: "Bad")
- 1980 (2003) ... (performer: "Rock With You")
2003 'Weird Al' Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection (Video) ("Fat", "Eat It") / (writer: "Fat", "Eat It")
2003 Nouvelle Star (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Episode #1.9 (2003) ... (writer: "Can You Feel It")
2003 Living with Michael Jackson: A Tonight Special (TV Special documentary) (performer: "Billie Jean", "Bad", "Human Nature", "Thriller", "Smile", "Smooth Criminal", "I'll Be There", "Music and Me") / (writer: "Billie Jean", "Bad", "Smooth Criminal")
2002 I Love the '80s (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode)
- 1983 (2002) ... (performer: "Thriller")
2002 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (Video Game) (performer: "Billie Jean", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'") / (writer: "Billie Jean", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" - as M. Jackson)
2002 Drumline (performer: "Been Away") / (writer: "Can You Feel It")
2002 Undercover Brother (performer: "Beat It") / (writer: "Beat It")
2002 ARFF (Short) (writer: "Song #3")
2001 Scrubs (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- My Super Ego (2001) ... (writer: "Smooth Criminal" - uncredited)
2001 Zoolander (performer: "Beat It") / (writer: "Beat It")
2001 Michael Jackson: You Rock My World (Video short) (performer: "You Rock My World") / (writer: "You Rock My World")
2001 American Pie 2 (writer: "Smooth Criminal")
2001 Rush Hour 2 (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough") / (writer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough")
Top of the Pops (TV Series) (performer - 26 episodes, 1979 - 1996) (writer - 20 episodes, 1979 - 2001)
- Crash of Moons (1992) ... (writer: "Bad" - uncredited)
1998 Rush Hour (performer: "Another Part of Me") / (writer: "Another Part of Me")
Seinfeld (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1998) (writer - 1 episode, 1998)
- The Chronicle (1998) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" - uncredited) / (writer: "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" - uncredited)
1991-1998 The Simpsons (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes)
- Simpson Tide (1998) ... (writer: "Do the Bartman")
- Stark Raving Dad (1991) ... (writer: "Happy Birthday, Lisa", "Billie Jean", "Beat It" - uncredited)
The Jamie Foxx Show (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1998) (writer - 1 episode, 1998)
- You Ain't Gotta Go Home, But... (1998) ... (performer: "Beat it") / (writer: "Beat it")
1997 Red Corner (courtesy: Video clip of "Blood On The Dance Floor") / (performer: Video clip of "Blood On The Dance Floor")
1997 Nothing to Lose (writer: "Wanna Be Startin' Something")
1997/I Ghosts (Short) (performer: "GHOST") / (producer: "2 BAD", "GHOST") / (writer: "2 BAD", "GHOST")
1997 Happy Birthday Elizabeth: A Celebration of Life (TV Special) (performer: "Elizabeth, I Love You" - uncredited) / (writer: "Elizabeth, I Love You" - uncredited)
1996 Get on the Bus (performer: "On The Line")
1996 Sunset Park (writer: "Keep On Keepin' On" - as M. Jackson)
1996 Brit Awards 1996 (TV Special) (performer: "Earth Song", "Thriller' (uncredited), "You Are Not Alone") / (writer: "Earth Song", "You Are Not Alone")
MTV Star Trax (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1996) (writer - 1 episode, 1996)
- East 17 (1996) ... (performer: "Earth Song") / (writer: "Earth Song")
1995 Television's Greatest Performances I (TV Special) (performer: "Billie Jean") / (writer: "Billie Jean")
1995 Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home (performer: "Childhood (Theme from 'Free Willy 2')") / (producer: "Childhood (Theme from 'Free Willy 2')") / (writer: "Childhood (Theme from 'Free Willy 2')")
1995 Michael Jackson's Scream: HIStory in the Making - An MTV News Special (TV Short documentary) (performer: "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)", "Come Together", "Thriller", "Billie Jean", "Rock with You", "Beat It", "Childhood (Theme From 'Free Willy 2')", "Scream" - uncredited)
1995 The Magic of David Copperfield XVI: Unexplained Forces (TV Special) (performer: "Jam (Roger's Jeep Mix)") / (producer: "Jam (Roger's Jeep Mix)") / (writer: "Jam (Roger's Jeep Mix)")
1995 Without Walls (TV Series documentary) (1 episode)
- Der Fluch (1994) ... (performer: "Thriller" - uncredited)
Married with Children (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1993) (writer - 1 episode, 1993)
- Hood in the Boyz (1993) ... (performer: "Beat It") / (writer: "Beat It")
1993 The Meteor Man (performer: "Can't Let Her Get Away") / (writer: "Can't Let Her Get Away")
1993 Free Willy (performer: "Will You Be There") / (producer: "Will You Be There") / (writer: "Will You Be There")
1993 Super Bowl XXVII Halftime Show (TV Movie) (performer: "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White", "Heal the World" - uncredited) / (writer: "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White", "We Are the World", "Heal the World" - uncredited)
1992 Marienhof (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Inges Vater (1992) ... (performer: "Black Or White" - uncredited)
Forsthaus Falkenau (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1992) (writer - 1 episode, 1992)
- Der Schützenkönig (1992) ... (performer: "Bad") / (writer: "Bad")
1992 Kahit buhay ko... (performer: "Remember the Time") / (writer: "Remember the Time")
1991 Michael Jackson: Black or White (Video short) (performer: "Black or White") / (writer: "Black or White")
1991 Palm Harbor Vice (performer: "Somebody's Watching Me")
1990 Do the Bartman (TV Short) (producer: "Do the Bartman") / (writer: "Do the Bartman")
1990 Moonwalker (Video Game) (writer: "Bad", "Smooth Criminal", "Beat It", "Another Part of Me", "Billie Jean")
1990 Sammy Davis, Jr. 60th Anniversary Celebration (TV Special) (lyrics: "You Were There") / (music: "You Were There")
1990 Gülen Adam (performer: "Bad" - uncredited) / (writer: "Bad" - uncredited)
1990 Tohuwabohu (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Day of the Orphan/King Mario of Cramalot (1989) ... (performer: "Bad" - uncredited) / (writer: "Bad" - uncredited)
1989 Otto - Der Außerfriesische ("The Way You Make Me Feel")
1989 Frank, Liza & Sammy: The Ultimate Event (TV Special documentary) (writer: "Bad" - uncredited)
1989 O stragalistis tis sygrou (Video) (performer: "Smooth Criminal" - uncredited) / (writer: "Smooth Criminal" - uncredited)
1989 The Ryan White Story (TV Movie) (performer: "Beat It") / (writer: "Beat It")
The Country Doctor (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1989) (writer - 1 episode, 1989)
- Der Spieler (1989) ... (performer: "The Way You Make Me Feel") / (writer: "The Way You Make Me Feel")
1988 Moonwalker (performer: "Man in the Mirror", "Music and Me", "Ben", "Rock With You", "Human Nature", "Beat It", "Thriller", "Billie Jean", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Dirty Diana", "Bad", "Speed Demon", "Leave Me Alone", "Smooth Criminal", "Come Together", "Dont Stop 'Til You Get Enough") / (writer: "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "Can You Feel It", "Beat It", "Billie Jean", "State of Shock", "We Are the World", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Dirty Diana", "Bad", "Speed Demon", "Leave Me Alone", "Smooth Criminal", "Dont Stop 'Til You Get Enough")
1988 Tommys Hollywood Report (TV Movie) (writer: "Muscles" - uncredited)
1987 Superman (performer: "Beat It") / (writer: "Beat It")
1987 DTV Monster Hits (TV Movie) (performer: "Thriller")
1987 Michael Jackson: Bad (Video short) (performer: "Bad") / (writer: "Bad")
1987 DTV 'Doggone' Valentine (TV Movie) ("Eat It") / (writer: "Eat It")
1986 The Making of 'Captain Eo' (TV Special documentary) ("We Are Here to Change The World")
1986 Captain EO (Short) (performer: "We Are Here to Change the World", "Another Part of Me") / (writer: "We Are Here to Change the World", "Another Part of Me")
1986 Playing for Keeps (writer: "MUSCLES")
1986 Lola (performer: "Billy Jean" - as Michel Jackson) / (writer: "La canción de los Pitufos", "Billy Jean" - as Michel Jackson)
1985 I Have Three Hands (writer: "Maid in the Philippines")
1985 Live Aid (TV Special documentary) (writer: "We are the World", "State of Shock")
1985 Rodney Dangerfield: Exposed (TV Movie) ("Read It", uncredited)
1985 We Are The World: The Story Behind The Song (TV Movie documentary) ("We Are the World", uncredited) / (arranger: "We Are the World" - uncredited) / (writer: "We Are the World" - uncredited)
1985 Der Leihopa (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Das Rumpelstilzchen (1985) ... (performer: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'")
1985 Wurlitzer (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #1.1 (1985) ... (performer: "Say Say Say", "Thriller")
Patrik Pacard (TV Series) (lyrics - 1 episode, 1984) (music - 1 episode, 1984) (performer - 1 episode, 1984)
- Teil 6 (1984) ... (lyrics: "Beat It" - uncredited) / (music: "Beat It" - uncredited) / (performer: "Beat It" - uncredited)
1984 Shake, Rattle & Roll (performer: "Thriller", "Billie Jean") / (writer: "Billie Jean")
1st & Ten: The Championship (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1984) (writer - 1 episode, 1984)
- By the Bulls (Pilot) (1984) ... (performer: "Billie Jean", "Beat It") / (writer: "Billie Jean", "Beat It")
1984 Starrcade (TV Special) (performer: "Beat It") / (writer: "Beat It")
- The Gang's All Here/Snow Job (1984) ... (writer: "Beat It")
Fame (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes, 1983 - 1984) (lyrics - 2 episodes, 1982 - 1983) (music - 2 episodes, 1982 - 1983)
1984 Young Girls Do (writer: "Beat It" - uncredited)
Automan (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes, 1983) (performer - 1 episode)
- Staying Alive While Running a High Flashdance Fever (1983) ... (writer: "Beat It")
- Club Ten ... (performer: "Beat It" - uncredited) / (writer: "Beat It" - uncredited)
1983 The Making of 'Thriller' (Video documentary) (writer: "Beat It", "Billie Jean", "Can You Feel It", "Working Day & Night")
1983 Michael Jackson: Thriller (Video short) (performer: "Thriller") / (producer: "Thriller")
Manimal (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1983) (writer - 1 episode, 1983)
- Manimal (1983) ... (performer: "Beat It" - uncredited) / (writer: "Beat It" - uncredited)
1983 Emu's World (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Episode #4.2 (1983) ... (writer: "Can You Feel It" - uncredited)
1983 Michael Jackson: Billie Jean (Video short) (performer: "Billie Jean") / (writer: "Billie Jean")
1981 Modern Romance (performer: "SHE'S OUT OF MY LIFE")
1980 In Our Lives (TV Series) (performer: "Bad") / (writer: "Bad")
1980 The Magic of David Copperfield III: Levitating Ferrari (TV Special) (performer: "A Brand New Day")
WKRP in Cincinnati (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1979) (writer - 1 episode, 1979)
- Baby, If You've Ever Wondered (1979) ... (performer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough") / (writer: "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough")
1979 Skatetown, U.S.A. (writer: "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)")
1979 Aplauso (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
1979 The Midnight Special (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)
- Episode #7.15 (1979) ... (writer: "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "Things I Do for You", "Destiny", "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) (Reprise)")
1978 The Wiz (performer: "You Can't Win, You Can't Break Even", "Ease On Down The Road #1", "Ease On Down The Road #2", "Ease On Down The Road #3", "Be A Lion", "Everybody Rejoice/A Brand New Day")
1977 The Jacksons (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
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According to the fairy tale Goldilocks, whose bed was too hard? | The Story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears
DLTK's Crafts for Kids
The Story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears
Once upon a time, there was a little girl named Goldilocks. She went for a walk in the forest. Pretty soon, she came upon a house. She knocked and, when no one answered, she walked right in.
At the table in the kitchen, there were three bowls of porridge. Goldilocks was hungry. She tasted the porridge from the first bowl.
"This porridge is too hot!" she exclaimed.
So, she tasted the porridge from the second bowl.
"This porridge is too cold," she said
So, she tasted the last bowl of porridge.
"Ahhh, this porridge is just right," she said happily and she ate it all up.
After she'd eaten the three bears' breakfasts she decided she was feeling a little tired. So, she walked into the living room where she saw three chairs. Goldilocks sat in the first chair to rest her feet.
"This chair is too big!" she exclaimed.
So she sat in the second chair.
"This chair is too big, too!" she whined.
So she tried the last and smallest chair.
"Ahhh, this chair is just right," she sighed. But just as she settled down into the chair to rest, it broke into pieces!
Goldilocks was very tired by this time, so she went upstairs to the bedroom. She lay down in the first bed, but it was too hard. Then she lay in the second bed, but it was too soft. Then she lay down in the third bed and it was just right. Goldilocks fell asleep.
As she was sleeping, the three bears came home.
"Someone's been eating my porridge," growled the Papa bear.
"Someone's been eating my porridge," said the Mama bear.
"Someone's been eating my porridge and they ate it all up!" cried the Baby bear.
"Someone's been sitting in my chair," growled the Papa bear.
"Someone's been sitting in my chair," said the Mama bear.
"Someone's been sitting in my chair and they've broken it all to pieces," cried the Baby bear.
They decided to look around some more and when they got upstairs to the bedroom, Papa bear growled, "Someone's been sleeping in my bed,"
"Someone's been sleeping in my bed, too" said the Mama bear
"Someone's been sleeping in my bed and she's still there!" exclaimed Baby bear.
Just then, Goldilocks woke up and saw the three bears. She screamed, "Help!" And she jumped up and ran out of the room. Goldilocks ran down the stairs, opened the door, and ran away into the forest. And she never returned to the home of the three bears.
THE END
| Papa Bear |
Before being supposedly discovered at the counter of Schwab's Drug store, Marilyn Monroe was known as who? | Goldilocks (Literature) - TV Tropes
Not as creepy as the burger king, but still...
A classic folktale.
Once Upon a Time , there was a little girl called Goldilocks whose hair was the color of gold. One day, she took a walk in the woods and came to a house where three bears lived - a papa bear, a mama bear and a baby bear. The bears weren't home, but they'd left their door unlocked, and so Goldilocks came in.
There were three bowls of porridge she tasted. Papa Bear's was too hot, Mama Bear's was too cold, but Baby Bear's was just right. Goldie ate Baby Bear's food, for she was hungry. Then there were three chairs she tested. Papa Bear's was too hard, Mama Bear's was too soft, but Baby Bear's was just right � or it would've been if it hadn't broken under her.
Then there were three beds she tested. Papa Bear's was too hard, Mama Bear's was too soft, but Baby Bear's was just right, and she fell asleep there.
Then the bears came home. They saw the evidence of the break-in, the eating of porridge, the sitting in chairs, the sleeping in beds. Goldilocks didn't wake up until they got there, so you can guess how it ends.
Like many Fairy Tales , this one has evolved over the years. According to that other wiki
, the original tale was probably that of Scrapfoot the vixen (as in a fox), who was an unwelcome guest at the bears' castle (yes, you read right. Castle). Robert Southey apparently heard this tale from an uncle and was the first to publish it. However, he accidentally thought it was the wrong kind of vixen, which got her changed into a mean old woman who, after not being invited around to the bears' place, decides to go check it out for herself . She falls out the window and is never seen again. Goldilocks as we know her only turns up in Joseph Cundall's version 12 years later and only to stop confusion with other old ladies in other fairy tales. Nor was she the only little girl; for a long time, she was dubbed Silverhair (and George MacDonald did a Shout-Out to the tale in The Golden Key by that title).
Full text here
, with a link to many variants of it.
As with other fairy tales, we have seen Goldie and the bears get fractured until they are shattered . We've also seen her get added to the lineup of the Dark Parables , which makes her not only an adult but also a Badass Princess .
This story provides examples of:
An Aesop : Usually along the lines of, Don't break into people's houses and use their things without permission. Especially if they're talking bears.
Bears are Bad News : For Goldilocks, anyway. Though she brought it upon herself by breaking into their house.
Beary Friendly : The bears are usually shown as a quiet little family, just understandably annoyed at Goldilocks for messing with their things.
Catch Phrase : Baby Bear: "My X is just right!"
Dumb Blonde : What else would you call a girl who enters a house without permission, steals food, breaks furniture, and then goes to sleep at the scene of the crime?
One owned by bears no less.
Oral Tradition
Rule of Three : Three bears, three bowls of porridge, three chairs, three beds.
Schmuck Banquet : Three bowls of freshly-cooked porridge just sitting there unattended? Eh, what could go wrong . (An Unbuilt Trope in this story, because the meal wasn't specifically set there to lure passing humans; Goldilocks was just greedy.)
In one Bugs Bunny story, the bears did intend to lure someone. Bugs becomes their victim because Mama Bear made carrot soup instead of porridge.
Too Dumb to Live : Hey, look, a mysterious unlocked house in the middle of the creepy woods. Lets go inside!
Alternative Title(s): Goldilocks And The Three Bears, The Story Of The Three Bears, The Three Bears
:: Indexes ::
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What "melts in your mouth, not in your hands?" | The most-liked advertising slogan: M&M’s ‘Melts in your mouth, not in your hand’ - The Washington Post
The most-liked advertising slogan: M&M’s ‘Melts in your mouth, not in your hand’
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Capitalism: Selling stuff to you since the 1300s.
That’s not a particularly memorable slogan — but a recent study tried to quantify what makes an advertising slogan good.
As researchers led by Mayukh Dass of Texas Tech University explained in “ A study of the antecedents of slogan liking ” in the Journal of Business Research:
Firms often spend millions of dollars in slogan development and promotion … Yet, while some, such as DeBeers’ 1938 slogan, “A Diamond is Forever,” or Allstate Insurance Company’s 1956 slogan, “You’re in Good Hands with Allstate,” endure the test of time, others, such as Dodge’s 1954 slogan, “Elegance in Action,” or Pepsi’s, “Any Weather is Pepsi Weather,” do not. Such wide variation in their effectiveness or longevity raises questions about what makes customers like some slogans and not others.
After settling on a list of 150 familiar slogans, the team asked 595 people their opinions about them and collected demographic data.
Some of the results:
“Melts in your mouth, not in your hand” (M&M)
“The few, the proud, the Marines”
“What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas”
“The happiest place on the earth” (Disney)
“Easy breezy beautiful” Covergirl
“Red Bull gives you wings”
“Think outside the bun” (Taco Bell)
“Get in the Zone” (AutoZone)
MOST RECALLED
“I’m lovin’ it” (McDonald’s)
“Have it your way” (Burger King)
“Melts in your mouth, not in your hand”
“Got milk?”
“Mmm mmm good!” (Campbell Soup)
“You’re in good hands with Allstate”
“Think outside the bun”
“The ultimate driving machine” (BMW)
But Dass et. al. didn’t stop there — they generated a “bilinear mixed model of slogan liking.”
The Morning Mix’s limited computing power prevents the entire formula from being replicated here. However, it includes variables for message clarity, creativity, brand appropriateness, product appropriateness, gender, age, income and whether a jingle or a rhyme is present.
Other findings: Women liked slogans more than men, younger respondents liked them more than older respondents, and richer people liked them more than poorer people.
The study’s somewhat obvious conclusion: “Slogans should be carefully crafted keeping the strategic objective for the brand in mind.”
In other words, advertisers: If you don’t get it, you don’t get it.
| M&M's |
The detonation of the first atomic bomb, Trinity, ushered in the Atomic Age, when the bomb was tested outside of Alamogordo in what US state on July 16, 1945? | M&Ms, Melts In Your Mouth, Not In Your Hand | Americana Persona
The History of Advertising From the Past to the Present
M&Ms, Melts In Your Mouth, Not In Your Hand
First introduced to American soldiers during World War II in 1941, M&Ms are produced by the candy mogul Mars, Incorporated. The candy coated chocolate morsels come in numerous flavors and sizes including Milk Chocolate, Peanut (1954), White Chocolate, White Chocolate With Peanuts, Dark Chocolate (2005), Mint, Peanut Butter (1990), Almond (1988), Crispy (discontinued), Toffee, Dulce De Leche, and Cherry Cordial. M&M candies come in three sizes – Regular, Mini (1996), and Mega (2005).
The current M&M packages include red, orange, blue, yellow, green, and brown MandMs. However, M&Ms are produced in a large selection of colors, available at M&M WORLD stores and online at MMs.com The “M” printed on each candy is printed with vegetable dye.
M&M introduced their Spokescandies in 1954, and even today they remain an integral part of the M&M advertising campaigns. The Spokescandies include Red, Yellow, Blue, Green, Crispy (Orange), and M&M Minis.
In 1996 the M&M character campaign was voted the number one ad campaign of the year by USA TODAY. That same year, the popularity of the Spokescandies surpassed both Bart Simpson and Mickey Mouse.
In 1954, M&M trademarked their still popular tagline “The Milk Chocolate That Melts In Your Mouth, Not In Your Hand.” The M&M Company constantly involves consumers with the brand through promotions.
In 1993, M&Ms held a promotion asking consumers to choose the next new M&M color. The color choices were blue, purple and pink. Blue was the winner, and the color to replace tan in 1995.
M&M WORLD stores sell numerous product extensions for the brand, including clothes, cups, stuffed animals, and every color of M&M imaginable. The first M&M WORLD was built in Las Vegas in 1997. Today, there are additional stores in New York and Orlando.
In 1998, M&M tagged their M&M characters as “The official Spokescandies of the New Millennium,” a clever angle since the roman numerals MM stand for 2000. The M&M Spokescandies also starred in their own feature film in 1998, which premiered at the M&M WORLD in Las Vegas.
The Spokescandies have appeared in numerous television commercials since their creation. In 2000, the Blue M&M character outsmarts actor Steve Baldwin who was trying to eat him. An ad ran during the 2002 Super Bowl played on the complimentary chocolate on hotel pillows by showing the Red M&M character laying on a hotel pillow waiting for the guest to arrive.
The M&M “Most Colorful M&Ms Brand Moment” campaign held in 2003 encouraged consumers to entertain their favorite M&M memories online and then vote for their favorite M&M commercial. The winning commercial, titled “Switch” featured actor Patrick Warburton along with the Red, Yellow and Orange Spokescandies. The commercial, which aired during the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade on NBC, shows Warburton catching the Spokescandies in the act of eating bags of “their own kind.” Warburton tells them how wrong that is, so the characters switch bags – therefore switching from eating their exact match – and continue eating.
M&Ms now uses the Spokescandies, edited to resemble celebrities to promote their “There’s An M&M in Everyone” campaign. The campaign premiered during American Idol in 2007, and has an online component at becomeanmm.com, with 27 million possible combinations.
In 2001, M&Ms created a campaign targeting women ages 25-49. The campaign aimed to strengthen the sale of M&M candy gift boxes called Celebrations – a product competing with boxed chocolates and flowers. The campaign included coupons and email blasts, as well as print ads which ran in magazines including People, Better Homes and Gardens and Good House Keeping.
M&M also promotes itself by running videos and ads at their M&M WORLD locations, and during pre-movie entertainment at movie theaters.
M&Ms have sponsorships with Special Olympics and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation (for which the M&M Company donates proceeds of bags of special Pink M&Ms to).
In 2003, M&Ms held their Groovy Summer campaign, which rolled out with new, eye catching packaging designed by famous artist Michael Rios who is best known for his artwork on Santana album covers. The packages held “Groovy” colored M&Ms inside.
In 2004, there was 2.5 months of black and white M&Ms, in order to release a new tagline in March: “Chocolate Is Better in Color.”
M&Ms also sponsors NASCAR drivers and does numerous movie tie-ins. Most recent movie tie-ins included Star Wars, Pirates of the Caribbean and Indiana Jones. With the release of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith in 2005, M&Ms released Dark Chocolate candies for the first time. With the release of Pirates brought White Chocolate candies, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull brought Wild Cherry and Mint Crisp.
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What does one have a pocketful of in the nursery rhyme “Sing a Song of Sixpence”? | The Straight Dope: What's the nursery rhyme "Sing a Song of Sixpence" all about?
A Staff Report from the Straight Dope Science Advisory Board
What's the nursery rhyme "Sing a Song of Sixpence" all about?
April 4, 2001
Dear Straight Dope:
Recently while reading some nursery rhymes to my children at bed time, we read about "sing a song of sixpence, a pocket full of rye." What is the significance of a "song of sixpence," and why would a "pocket full of rye" make any difference? This poem seems to be rather nonsensical. I mean, how large would a pie have to be to hold 24 blackbirds anyway? Could you just explain the whole damn poem? Inquiring minds want to know.
— Steve S., Salt Lake City, UT
It's difficult to know exactly where or how folksongs and folktales got started or exactly what they mean. "Sing a Song of Sixpence" is no exception. It appears as the third rhyme in Volume II of Tom Thumb's Pretty Song Book, published around 1744. No copy of Volume I is known to exist. There is only one known copy of Volume II, which is kept in the British Museum and is generally agreed to be the earliest existing book of nursery rhymes.
The rhyme appears in almost the same version that we have today, as follows:
Sing a Song of Sixpence,
A bag full of Rye,
Four and twenty
When the pie was opened,
The birds began to sing;
Was not that a dainty dish,
To set before the king?
The king was in his counting-house,
Counting out his money;
The queen was in the parlor,
Eating bread and honey.
The maid was in the garden,
Hanging out the clothes,
There came a little blackbird,
And snapped off her nose.
You will note a few changes since then, but not many.
The rhyme is almost certainly older than 1744, but no earlier publication has been found (at least, not as of 1970). There are earlier indirect references. Shakespeare, in Twelfth Night: "Come on, there is sixpence for you; let's have a song." And a 1614 work by Beaumont and Fletcher includes the line, "Whoa, here's a stir now! Sing a song of sixpence!"
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, an Italian cookbook from 1549 (translated into English in 1598) actually contains a recipe "to make pies so that birds may be alive in them and flie out when it is cut up." The ODNR also cites a 1723 cook who describes this as an earlier practice, the idea being that the birds cause "a diverting Hurley-Burley amongst the Guests."
It was not uncommon in the 16th century for a chef to hide surprises in the dinner pie; this is also reflected in the nursery rhyme "Little Jack Horner" (of which more later). So the most obvious explanation of "Sing a Song of Sixpence" is that it reflected an actual practice--baking a pie full of live birds that popped out when the pie was opened.
Other theories include:
The 24 blackbirds reflect 24 hours in a day; the king is the sun, the queen is the moon.
King Henry VIII is the king, Catherine of Aragon is the queen, and Anne Boleyn is the maid. The blackbirds are--get ready for this--manorial deeds baked in a pie. During the period when Henry VIII was taking over the property of the Catholic Church, the abbot of Glastonbury is said to have sent his steward to London with a Christmas gift intended to appease the king--a pie in which were hidden the deeds to twelve manorial estates. The steward, Thomas Horner, is alleged to have opened the pie and extracted one deed, that of the manor of Mells, where his descendents still live. This may be the origin of the aforementioned Little Jack Horner nursery rhyme.
The song commemorates the publication of the first English bible, with the blackbirds being the letters of the alphabet set in pica type ("baked in a pie"). Personally My own uneducated opinion is that this interpretation is dubious, since the 24-letter alphabet only existed between the 10th and 11th Centuries. (W appeared in the 11th Century to condense UU, and J in the 15th Century as an initial form of I.)
A few other explanatory notes, some courtesy of William S. and Ceil Baring-Gould, authors of The Annotated Mother Goose:
The "bag" in the 1744 version later became a pocket full, and it's presumed that a "pocket full" was once a specific measurement, like a cupful.
Rye is, of course, a grain that was (and is) commonly used in bread making, or piecrust making, as the case may be.
The number four and twenty is among the most common in Mother Goose rhymes. It is twice twelve, or a double dozen. The number 12 brims over with tradition and associations. We have already described why the birds might be baked in a pie.
The "counting house" was the place used to conduct business, and is referenced many times in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
That pretty much explains the obscurer references; the rest of the rhyme is sort of self-explanatory. I shan't bother with explaining that "hanging up the clothes" was the way to let them dry after washing in the pre-Kenmore era.
By the way, some later versions of the rhyme include happier endings for the maid, such as:
They sent for the king's doctor,
Who sewed it on again,
He sewed it on so neatly,
The seam was never seen.
— Dex
Staff Reports are written by the Straight Dope Science Advisory Board, Cecil's online auxiliary. Though the SDSAB does its best, these columns are edited by Ed Zotti, not Cecil, so accuracywise you'd better keep your fingers crossed.
| Rye |
Which author of books such as The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, First Things First, Principle-Centered Leadership, and The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Families, died on Monday due to complications from a bicycle accident? | Sing a Song of Sixpence | Nursery Rhymes & Kids' Songs | BusSongs.com
Sing a Song of Sixpence
Song Video
Sing a song of sixpence,
A pocket full of rye;
Four and twenty blackbirds
When the pie was opened,
They all began to sing.
Now, wasn't that a dainty dish
To set before the King?
The King was in his countinghouse,
Counting out his money;
The Queen was in the parlor
Eating bread and honey.
The maid was in the garden,
Hanging out the clothes.
Along there came a big black bird
And snipped off her nose!
This song was originally posted at:
http://bussongs.com/songs/sing-a-song-of-sixpence.php
Link to this song from your website or blog:
<a href="http://bussongs.com/songs/sing-a-song-of-sixpence.php/">Sing a Song of Sixpence Lyrics on BusSongs.com</a>
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Information About Sing a Song of Sixpence
Sing a Song of Sixpence is a renowned English nursery rhyme and dates back to at least the 18th eighteenth century. There is no evidence to the rhyme's definitive origins. The song first appeared in a book named "Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book" published in 1744.
During Tudor times cooks in rich homes would try every possible way to make as many meat dishes as different, colourful and exciting as possible, especially at banquets. It is said that one such dish was a pie filled with live blackbirds and presented at such a banquet for Henry VII and of course when opened the birds flew out singing.
Sing a Song of Sixpence was originally used as a coded message to tell a potential crew that there was a pirate ship in dock.
For further information about the song "Sing a Song of Sixpence" you may find Wikipedia helpful.
Alternative Lyrics & Related Songs
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Signed on July 16, 1790, the Residence Act established what as the US Capitol? | Residence Act: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)
Manuscript Division (102)
The Residence Act , officially titled "An Act for Establishing the Temporary and Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States," was passed on July 16, 1790, and selected a site on the Potomac River as the permanent capital (Washington, D.C.), in ten years times. Also, this act designated Philadelphia as the temporary capital for a period of ten years. The Residence Act was the result of a compromise reached between Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison concerning the permanent location of the Federal capital. In exchange for locating the new capital on the Potomac River, Madison agreed not to block legislation mandating the assumption of the states' debts by the Federal government.
Maps: Cities and Towns
This category includes maps that depict individual buildings to panoramic views of large urban areas. These maps record the evolution of cities illustrating the development and nature of economic activities, educational and religious facilities, parks, street patterns and widths, and transportation systems.
The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress
The complete Thomas Jefferson Papers from the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress consists of approximately 27,000 documents. The collection is organized into ten series, including Series 3. District of Columbia Miscellany. 1790-1808 . This series contains a wide variety of Jefferson's letters, drawings, maps, and notes that document the building of Washington, D.C.
Jefferson's account of the Compromise of 1790 involving the location of the Federal capital is available in the Introduction to the "Anas" from February 4, 1818.
"I proposed to him (Hamilton) however to dine with me the next day, and I would invite another friend or two, bring them into conference together, and I thought it impossible that reasonable men, consulting together coolly, could fail, by some mutual sacrifices of opinion, to form a compromise which was to save the union. The discussion took place. I could take no part in it, but an exhortatory one, because I was a stranger to the circumstances which should govern it. But it was finally agreed that, whatever importance had been attached to the rejection of this proposition, the preservation of the union, & of concord among the states was more important, and that therefore it would be better that the vote of rejection should be rescinded, to effect which some members should change their votes. But it was observed that this pill would be peculiarly bitter to the Southern States, and that some concomitant measure should be adopted to sweeten it a little to them. There had before been propositions to fix the seat of government either at Philadelphia, or at Georgetown on the Potomac; and it was thought that by giving it to Philadelphia for ten years, and to Georgetown permanently afterwards, this might, as an anodyne, calm in some degree the ferment which might be excited by the other measure alone. So two of the Potomac members (White & Lee, but White with a revulsion of stomach almost convulsive) agreed to change their votes, & Hamilton undertook to carry the other point." [ Transcription ]
Words and Deeds in American History
In honor of the Manuscript Division's centennial, its staff has selected for online display approximately ninety representative documents spanning from the fifteenth century to the mid-twentieth century.
| Washington, D.C. |
What is the more common name for a lexicon, of which Dr. Johnson's is an early example? | Washington Dc Is In What State - Washington DC Net Worth
Washington Dc Is In What State
Read more...
Washington DC
Washington DC Net Worth is 4,488,100 Population. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the Unit. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to a...
Washington DC Net Worth is 4,488,100 Population.
Washington DC Net Worth is 4,488,100 Population. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the Unit Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the Residence Act approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. As permitted by the U.S. Constitution, the District is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States Congress and is therefore not a part of any U.S. state.
The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, which included the preexisting settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria; however, Congress returned the Virginia portion in 1846. Named in honor of George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. Congress created a single municipal government for the whole District of Columbia after the American Civil War.
Washington, D.C., had an estimated population of 617,996 in 2011, the 25th most pop...
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Which Mesoamerican culture worshipped the feathered serpent known as Quetzalcoatl? | Quetzalcoatl - Pan-Mesoamerican Feathered Serpent God
Quetzalcoatl - Pan-Mesoamerican Feathered Serpent God
Did the Aztecs Really Think Cortes was the Returning Quetzalcoatl?
Feathered Serpent Image at the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, Detail of carved head of plumed serpent. Religious Images/UIG / Getty Images
By Nicoletta Maestri
Updated August 03, 2016.
Quetzalcoatl (“The Feathered Serpent” and pronounced Keh-tzal-coh-WAH-tul), is the name of an important Mesoamerican deity whose origins can be traced back to the city of Teotihuacan . During the Postclassic period, several cultures--including the Maya, Toltecs, Aztecs and other polities in Central Mexico --all worshiped some version of the Quetzalcoatl cult. However, the majority of information about this god comes from Aztec/Mexica sources.
The Origins of Quetzalcoatl
Experts on Aztec religion believe that the figure of Quetzalcoatl (pronounced Keh-tzal-coh-WAH-tul) emerged from the combination of a pan-Mesoamerican god and a historical leader, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl. The story goes that Quetzalcoatl was a hero, probably a king and/or a priest, who left the Toltec capital of Tula after an episode of treachery, and promised to return. Whether or not this legend describes real events is still under debate among scholars. This episode is also linked to the similar legend of the mythical city of Tollan, whose peaceful king Quetzalcoatl was ousted by his violent opponent, Tezcatlipoca, and forced into exile.
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Aztec Gods and Goddesses
Whether or not this legend describes real events is still under debate among scholars. The figure of Quetzalcoatl, or at least a Feathered Serpent god, is well-attested in many Mesoamerican cultures. The earliest examples come from the city of Teotihuacan, where one of the main temples , the Temple of Quetzalcoatl in the Ciudadela, is decorated with carvings of feathered serpents.
Among the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl was the name of two high-ranked priests who attended the shrines of Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli , in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan, as well as the actual deity. As an deity, Quetzalcoatl was a creative god, who–according to the Legend of the Suns –ruled over the second era of Aztec creation . He was also the patron of arts and knowledge and, according to Aztec religion, he was the god who provided humans with their first maize to plant.
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The Cortés Myth
Quetzalcoatl’s fame is also linked to the false but prevalent story about Hernan Cortes, the Spanish conquistador credited with conquering the Aztec Empire. That story is that the last emperor Moctezuma mistook Cortés as the returning god, based on the supposed resemblance between the Spanish conquistador and the god. This story may have arisen from a misinterpreted welcoming speech pronounced by the Aztec king. In this speech, if it ever happened, Moctezuma used a form of Aztec politeness that was mistaken by the Spanish for a form of submission.
However, many scholars now consider the idea that Cortes and Quetzalcoatl were confused by the Mexica was entirely created by Franciscan friars, and elaborated during the post-Conquest period.
Quetzalcoatl in other Mesoamerican Cultures
Among the Classic Maya, the figure of a feathered serpent is illustrated in many stone monuments and murals, and is often related to the worship of royal ancestors. During the Terminal Classic , or Epiclassic, period the cult of the Feathered Serpent spread dramatically in Mesoamerica . In Central Mexico, other centers where the cult of the feathered serpent is widespread are Xochicalco , Cholula, and Cacaxtla .
The most famous example of this cult is the site of Chichen Itza in the Yucatan Peninsula and its connections with the central Mexican site of Tula, capital of the Toltecs. According to local and colonial sources, Quetzalcoatl-Kukulcan (his Mayan name) arrived in the Yucatan bringing with him a new set of religious and political practices associated with militarism, and human sacrifices . These themes are easily recognizable in the architecture and sculptures of Maya sites such as Chichen Itza and Mayapan . During the Postclassic period, the Aztecs/Mexica revitalized the cult of Quetzalcoatl, which was also associated to the figure of Ehecatl, the wind god, and to the planet Venus.
Quetzalcoatl’s Images
The figure of Quetzalcoatl is represented in many different ways according to different epochs and Mesoamerican cultures. He is both represented in his non-human form, as a feathered serpent, with plumage along its body and around the head, as well as in his human form, especially among the Aztecs and in Colonial codices. In his human aspect, he is often depicted in dark color with a red beak, symbolizing Ehecatl, the wind god; and wearing a cut shell as a pendant, symbolizig Venus. In many images he is depicted wearing a plumed headdress and holding a plumed shield.
Quetzalcoatl Cult Centers
Temples dedicated at the cult of Quetzalcoatl have been identified in many Mesoamerican sites, such as Xochicalco, Teotihuacan, Cholula, Cempoala , Tula, Mayapan, Chichen Itza.
Sources
This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Aztec Gods , and the Dictionary of Archaeology .
Adams, Richard E.W., 1991, Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Third Edition. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Carrasco David, Lindsay Jones, and Scott Session (eds.), 2002, Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.
Millar Mary, and Kart Taube, 1993, The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London, Thames and HudsonSmith Michael, 2003, The Aztecs. Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing.
Van Tuerenhout Dirk R., 2005, The Aztecs. New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO Inc. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO and Oxford, England.
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Mesoamerican Calendar Studies
Quetzalcoatl: Manifestations of the Feathered Serpent
Of all deities that can be found throughout the ancient world, none has inspired the human imagination and curiosity more than the concept of the Feathered Serpent from ancient Mexico. The reason for this curious phenomenon would of course be obvious. The elemental concept of the Feathered Serpent is wholly a human conceptualization of nature, consisting of two opposites converging that amounts to a being that was at first a (Feathered) Bird, and then also finally a Serpent. The question then, and which has haunted the contemporary mind for so many decades now is: “How did this Serpent ever become feathered?” There almost seems to be a process involved, now forgotten over the long era's of time since this deities inception, which came shortly after the birth of Mesoamerica perhaps now almost 3,000-years ago.
Furthermore, the image and iconography of the Feathered Serpent is in itself intriguing, as the image seems to conjure up so much uplifting emotion, and flights of fancy that relate to the notion of a transformation of the mind, within the environmental entrapment’s of matter that finally congeal pointedly to emerge in the realization of an ultimate oneness that is found between the opposite forces of matter the (Serpent), and the mental spirit or the (Feathered Bird). Therefore, with this intriguing symbol we are summoned to seek the psychological transformation that we innately sense as our own personal right, and as our ultimate human duty. The intuitive conclusion is that Quetzalcoatl as the Feathered Serpent, is a symbol of the spiritual enlightenment that is found and discovered through the convergence and full consolidation of life's lessons, which are to be perceived within the infinite potential of the moment at hand. To this degree, the Feathered Serpent is indeed a symbol of personal fulfillment through the endorsement of transformed perception – thus the implication of this deities resplendent feathers that grace the body of the symbolically rejuvenated reptile.
The very word “Quetzalcoatl,” is a joint Nahuatl word meaning, Quetzal (Bird) and Coatl (Serpent). However, because the deity in concept is older than the Nahuatl language itself, it has of course then taken on other names throughout the time of Mesoamerican history. For that matter, the deity is a cultural inheritance that was for the most part, previously derived from the southeastern regions of the rainforests where the ancient Olmec and Maya had once dwelled. One of the oldest monuments dedicated to the likeness of the Feathered Serpent, in fact comes from the rainforest region of La Venta, which displays a priest involved in a ritualistic adornment, and who almost seems to be coiled and emerging, as he is pulled upwards along with the large beaked serpent whose head travels up towards the heavens with a characteristic crest of feathers indicating its transformed status from one being into another. A being which like a cloud emerges from the lower worlds of water, and evaporates up into the higher worlds of the air through the dynamic element of fire. Indeed, the flight of clouds thru the air is in reality one of the original and preeminent symbols of the Feathered Serpent, since its initial conceptualization with the original agricultural societies within Mesoamerica.
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Monument 19 from La Venta
One of the earliest depictions of Quetzalcoatl, as "The Feathered Serpent," from the ancient Olmec site of La Venta. The deity as a full fledged concept is plainly pronounced with the depiction of a crest of feathers atop the serpents head, which itself has been endorsed with the beak of a bird to indicate the transformed status of the zoological phenomenon that bridges the opposites of the higher, and the lower worlds as a indication of the precipitation and floral bounty found throughout the rainforests. The human being at the center of the stela does not necessarily itself have to represent Quetzalcoatl as the human archetype found in later representations throughout ancient Mesoamerica, however it could very well be just that, implying that the figure is beginning a trip into the underworld via the path of the Feathered Dragon.
In the premier agricultural realm of Teotihuacan, we find many iconographic displays of this deity's image strewn all throughout the ancient city. This is especially prevalent upon the frontal decoration of what is presumed to be the temple of this deity at Teotihuacan, where carved serpent heads with crested feather collars alternate with another deity that is presumed to be an ancient version of the goggled eyed rain god later known as Tlaloc. This ancient Teotihuacan version of Tlaloc was previously in those times a war god, whose frightening characteristics of thunder and lightning no doubt then colored his later emergence as a war god, right along with the multitudinous drops of rain that fell like arrows across the land. This is despite this deities previous positioning as an agricultural god, which he would by default naturally retain along with the attractive company of the Feathered Serpent as a companion deity; and or, as an avatar as some prefer to see these two separate deities as operating within the realms of rain, water, and fecundity.
The ancient Teotihuacan war god or "Tlaloc," was first and foremost a solar agricultural deity, which was responsible for bringing the rain waters from within the underworlds of the mountain caves out into the open air in the form of the clouds that then became the much needed and desired precipitation. The legacy of this ancient deity displays clearly the iconographic marks of a bird deity, which are plainly displayed with the curious "goggle eye's," so common in many other ancient Mesoamerican deity's of rain. The goggle eyes are apparently a symbol of the midnight owl who's flight into the underworld darkness was designed to retrieve the the essence of the water serpent found in the deeps of the mountain caves. As the bird of midnight (the sun) obtained the water serpent, and then rose once again with the serpent within it's beak, the two beings then merged as one to become a Feathered Serpent, or symbolically the form of a rain cloud also represented by the form of the Milky Way. This Teotihuacan mural form the De Young Museum collection clearly shows the iconographic mark of the owl with the "owl claw," that emanates outward from the headdress to the lower right. This is undoubtedly the symbol of the midnight sun with its duty of retrieving the water serpent. The pinnacles within the headdress are apparently snow capped mountains, which contained the watery resource.
The difference which lies between the two deities of Tlaloc and Quetzalcoatl is an important question to explore, since they both pertain to the generation of rain storms, and to the abundance of agricultural greenery that is produced therein. However, as both god heads refer to the characteristics of the seasonal onslaught of life giving rain storms, it was the symbol of Quetzalcoatl as the Feathered Serpent that would eventually come to embrace the image of the shifting winds, and even more specifically, to the hurricanes that visit the coasts from the immediate seas where these cyclones are born. Tlaloc on the other hand, is the inland storm whose collective eminence is born from the peaks of mountains where rain clouds gather; or from the massive mountainous white thunderheads that rise from the inland desert floor.
In any case, it seems that the Tlaloc rain god is to be understood as the elder deity, while the Feathered Dragon is to be understood as the cultural aftermath that really is in essence finally an avatar or “reincarnation” of Tlaloc, just as would be the case in: Tlaloc as (Mountain Water Source), and Quetzalcoatl as (Wind and Rain Cloud). Once again however, it would be the difference between the inland environments, and the outward designations of the watery sea's that should ultimately create a diversion between these two companion deities from an earlier historical standpoint. For that matter, Quetzalcoatl would have previously, early on retained a relationship to the ancient primordial water goddess; the one who we would come to know thru the Nahuatl name as the “Precious Skirt of Jade,” Chalchihuitlicue. This feminine water source deity would be the earlier counterpart of the upcoming masculine Quetzalcoatl, who would later become by reputation as a rain maker, also the male god of water. Finally, in the latest version of Aztec mythologies we see Tlaloc and Chalchihuitlicue as being related thru marriage. Therefore, it is to be understood that there is a correlation between all three of these deities that would subsist on the most basic and essential element of water and its availability through the seasons. We should take special note of the fact that Chalchihuitlicue serves as the ruler of the day sign of "Coatl," or the Serpent, which holds a high degree of physical similarity with the movement and flow of waters found within the indispensable rivers of ancient history that were a key source of survival and territorial designation for those times.
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The ancient Teotihuacan version of the water goddess "Chalchihuitlicue," meaning, 'Skirt of Jade'. She was the personification of all water sources in the forms of lakes, rivers, and the oceans as well. In this pictograph mural, she is seen pouring fourth the bounty of the waters, which in them contain life forms such as sea shells, and other beings indicating her status as a bearer and a preserver of all life forms. In her headdress, there is the symbol of the Quetzal Bird, which also bears the fangs of the solar Tlaloc Rain deity. The curious headdress itself is a symbolic pictograph of the Milky Way, which in this case also apparently contain the implications of male sexual organs as symbols of fertility. The goddess herself also wears the "Tlaloc Rain Fangs," as a nose pendant indicting her affiliation to the cult of fertility.
The opposite of water is fire, and the direct manifestation of the earthly fire is the upward solar fire or sun, which is the true source of rain and its deliverance. When in coming to terms with the ancient Tlaloc deity, one must go beyond singular definitions of godhead, and instead journey into the realm of the multifaceted manifestations that permeate various monotheistic concepts. In this respect, the ancient Tlaloc is not only the primordial and fecundate earth monster, but it is also the sun that arises out of the bowels of earth at dawn, and that will plunge into the darkness of evening to be finally delivered to the hour of midnight in the form of an owl – the midnight solar bird of darkness. The solar connection of the ancient Tlaloc deity to the owl is obvious, with the trademark goggled eyes that designate this god all throughout Mesoamerican history. The origins of this goggled eyed characteristic are to be found specifically with the Zapotec conceptual rain deity of “Cocijo.” As well, goggled eyed deities are to be found within the Maya realm as well, although usually in more of a subtle form, but nonetheless just as frequently. In short, these goggled eyes, which permeate Mesoamerican iconography could just as well be said to represent the midnight sun. Indeed, the true identity of the ancient Tlaloc deity is the midnight sun, in the form of an owl that finally picks up the water serpent at the midnight hour. Upon rising upward, these two animals merge as one to become a Feathered Serpent, or more specifically the form of a rain cloud.
Mural 1: Olmec Cave Rock Painting from Oxtotitlan.
These rock paintings that are to be found at the natural rock shelter of "Oxtotitlan," are said to represent the earliest sophisticated paintings of the Mesoamerican culture, and are dated from about 900 BCE to 500 BCE. The human figure is clearly regarded as a ruler deity or (Quetzalcoatl) who is wearing the contraption of an Owl Costume, and once again representing here the nature of the precipitation phenomenon in the form of the midnight sun, which is an owl that takes up the water serpent that is found within the resource of the mountains, and the caves. The painting itself is a full sky constellation form, with the double avian seat of the ruler representing the Milky Way. From the mouths of the double avian images seem to hang the formation of water serpents; but also at once the frontal version of the image indicates that this is a serpent head with fangs, and so therefore once again indicating the message of the retrieved Feathered Serpent. The Owl Head to the upper left is the constellation of Ursa Major, while the Red Dot above the rulers hand is the star Arcturus. The backward slash symbols or, "\\ \\" are in all probability the specified direction of the spiral arms of the Andromeda Galaxy as they are seen appearing within the Milky Way Arm. (Interpretation from the author: October 2011).
Thus, for that matter the true facial identity of the ancient Tlaloc Serpent Mask is that of an owl picking up a serpent with its beak, only that the owl beak for aesthetic reasons has long ago disappeared from the iconographic record. For that matter, it is also true that the Tlaloc Mask also bears features of the "Midnight Mountain Jaguar," Tepeyollotl, and therefore making this Tlaloc being a mixed combination of owl and jaguar. The fangs of the Tlaloc being indeed are to be understood as elongated drops of rain falling from the bitten 'rain serpent', and in essence representing the serpents blood, which has fallen as a result of being consumed by the midnight owl. However, it could also be added that at least in concept that if this ' midnight sun owl' has indeed arrived to the center of the earth, then in keeping with tradition it has in a sense died there as well. Thus, for having caught the rain serpent at the hour of midnight, the midnight bird has died as well along with the water serpent, and now (at least theoretically) the spirit of both beings will emerge to finally rise from the head of the dead owl (now a Jaguar being) as one entity, in the form of the resplendent and luminous Feathered Milky Way being, which is the true iconographic source of the "Quetzalcoatl Concept" since its initial inception so long ago. With this idea we also become more familiar with Quetzalcoatl's vague iconographic Jaguar affiliation. (From the Author: October 1, 2011).
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The famous drawing by Alfonso Caso, showing the evolutionary source of the Tlaloc Mask as it stemmed initially from the Olmec sources, and moved simultaneously into the Mayan and Zapotec worlds, and which finally amounted to the Teotihuacan version that would finally become the Mixtec version; which finally became the well outlined and documented "Tlaloc Rain God Mask," of the later Nahuatl speaking Aztec Civilizations. The mask is principally understood as a Jaguar being, however there are also the overriding implications of the "Midnight Owl," aspect indicated by the goggles as a symbol of the midnight sun, which takes part in the seasonal precipitation phenomenon.
By applying this intuitive hypothesis variably, we perhaps can now become more acquainted with how the Quetzalcoatl Milky Way being had ever become the symbol of the wind, with the notion that this luminous Milky Way being could indeed be the 'released spirit' of the physical midnight sun, which theoretically had died with the water serpent in its mouth within a heroic act of service towards life and humanity. Of course, the traditional Quetzalcoatl symbol displays the more esteemed and colorful feathers of the Guatemalan Quetzal Bird, and this is perhaps indicative of the difference that is found between the two formulations in the whole process of the resurrection, and diffusion of energy that is finally symbolized with the fecundate, dark-gray bloated rain clouds that vacillate over head. These will bring about the desirable and renewed greenness to the land, thus the implication of the green Quetzal Bird.
The Teotihuacan Quetzalcoatl Dragon Maw: A symbol of the Milky Way and the Galactic Center as a source of fertility.
Furthermore, it is the luminous conglomeration of the Galactic Center that seems to be billowing from out of the Feathered Milky Way Dragons Maw. This bright luminous center had become the preeminent symbol of wind and rainfall as this constellation center was seen moving across the southern sky's during the summer months when the monsoon rains of Mexico were in their season. In its own way, this massive Dragon constellation form seems to be deliberately showering the earth as it moves across the sky. Many murals at Teotihuacan recall just such an image of the early Quetzalcoatl Milky Way being as the deliverer of rain and the following abundance it produces. Also, for that matter however, it would appear that the Milky Way Dragon would also be responsible for the other more powerful forces of hurricanes which battered the land with destructive winds, and that were in turn greatly feared for having the potential to carry off the populace, just as was said to have happened to the 2nd Sun of "Ehecatl Tonatiuh," as it is seen featured on the face of the Aztec Sunstone. These people of the second creation were said in myth to have been transformed into Monkey's. In this way, the zoological reference of the Monkey then by default becomes an inherit aspect of the Quetzalcoatl concept.
However, it is precisely where the ancient Milky Way Dragon begins to become more, and more diversified in concept that the initial premonition of the Feathered Dragon as the wind and rain giver, then eventually begins to fade into many other much more numerous, and yet less concise conceptualizations. It could be said for that matter that at some hypothetical point in history, that the Milky Way Dragon had lost its sole identification with the sinuous Feathered Body of the early Serpent form, in order to take on a more resolute and determined role as the servant of man. This change seemed to have taken place sometime after the fall of Teotihuacan, with the later emergence of groups such as the Mixtec's. Indeed, it is in the Mixtec Codices that we are to find the likeness of a “man-like being,” who emerges and is born from within the core of the heavens, and then takes on the name of “9-Wind,” the birth date name of the conceptualized “Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl,” or “Wind Serpent Man.”
Soon after this point in history, it would then seem that the initial fertile aspect of the Milky Way Dragon had disappeared a little further into the background, in order so that the more male oriented element of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl, which was positioned as a being that acted as a cultural curator of the arts, and the sciences could then emerge as an archetype for the new growing communities. It is also true that the iconographic representations listed earlier above and beginning as far back with the Olmec may have been representing this man like archetype as well, however it becomes even more prominent later in Mesoamerican history. With this change that was initiated, the priests then began to further construct and advertise a man like entity gifted with the pertinent intellectual skills, and the superhuman prowess that retained some of the earlier supernatural powers of the Milky Way Dragon as being a bearer, and creator of either the constructive or destructive weather conditions that man subsisted on. For that matter, the Milky Way Dragon was retained as the logo of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl, but was also reserved as an iconographic eccentricity that recalled the past, and the greatness of the former civilizations from within Mesoamerica's ancient foundations.
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Quetzalcoatl from the Codex Laud: Here in the form of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl, the male human orientated figure inherits the luminous "Dragon Maw Mask" of the Milky Way, although now more specifically it is the eccentric "Buccal Wind Mask," often thought of as the relic of an exotic jungle bird. The actual Feathered Serpent can also dawn this mask as well, for in reality the mask initially came from the earlier dragon source anyway. Also however, the mask can symbolize the stars of Leo, where Quetzalcoatl's royal scepter is to be found as the sun passes along throughout the hurricane season through these and other nearby stars. (From the Author: May 1994). Ehecatl's function found here on the royal Jaguar seat indicates his status as the god of royal lineages, and the foundation of law and order. The above image may contain some of the legacy about Quetzalcoatl as the high priest who attempted to abolish sacrifice in a acculturated mythological concept, but not necessarily as a historical fact, which it is usually pursued as. The concept and source of the Feathered Dragon is more important to the study and comprehension of the deity, as it comes down to us from the confused mythological histories of Mesoamerica. For that matter, the brightness of the nearby Galactic Center to the concept of the Dragon Maw, may in itself just as well indeed create a bridge-link between the significance of the brightness of the planet Venus, and the meaning of Quetzalcoatl as well as being related to stellar light sources.
Also deep within the former glory of the Feathered Dragon as a zoological stellar being, and also as a being, which for having been related to the production of weather it was to also have had by default very specific 'solar associations' that were more pronounced with the 'solar Tlaloc war god affiliation' that had denoted the cycles of the sun as the seasonal cause of annual precipitation. Along with the daily, and the yearly cycles of the sun, the cycle of Venus as a companion of the sun on its journey throughout the parameters of space and time had been closely noted long ever since the time of Mesoamerica's beginnings. The connection of the planet Venus to a water and fertility Milky Way Dragon has naturally been lost due to the misappropriation of the stellar cosmologies that once permeated the Mesoamerican psychological landscape. Along with the stellar orientation of the summer solstice sun, we are also to find and discover the most important and brightest star in the sky “Sirius,” shining brightly in the Milky Way Dragons tail near the ecliptic when the sun entered the summer months. Due to the inherit brightness of the star Sirius, and the planet Venus, a simulacrum had been long developed between the two bodies, which could have also hinged on the cycle of the rains found during those summer months when the sun was generally conjunct the star Sirius. With this innate affiliation of the star Sirius and the planet Venus we might finally resurrect a connection between the planet Venus and the cycles of rain that are aptly an integral part of the Quetzalcoatl legacy. Because the brightness of the star Sirius directly opposes the Galactic Center at the opposite end of the Milky Way Dragon, there may indeed be the bases of a long lost concept of death and resurrection of the solar god head at the two ends of the winter and summer solstices.
Tlaloc-Mixcoatl-Tlahuizcalpantecutli: In this unique aboriginal representation of the Tlaloc Rain Deity, we can see elements of three different godheads stemming from the rain god, with the ancient hunter associations of the Mixcoatl (Cloud Serpent), which bears the red and white stripes of the 'running blood rain clouds'. For this prevalent aspect, there then is also is a Venus War element that must be acknowledged as well, as we see the deity bearing a shield on his wrist, while he hurls a lighting bolt in the other. The jaw bone deities painted on the vessel also allude to the Venus Warlord principal of this Tlaloc manifestation, which is probably related more specifically to the winter and summer solstice rains.
Traditionally, as well the planet Venus had always had associations of war due to its observed cycles falling in conjunction with the various conflicts throughout the land. For this reason, the following archetype of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl was to retain certain attributes of battlefield skills that aided the warrior on the battlefield; these were retained in the form of the Venus War lord "Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli." These warrior like aspects of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl could even indeed be said to have been initially garnered from the even more ancient deity of "Mixcoatl," a Nahuatl word meaning "Cloud Serpent," that also referred to the Milky Way Dragon. The two mythologies of Quetzalcoatl, and Mixcoatl in fact have so much in common that in one corpse of mythologies, Mixcoatl was said to be the father of Quetzalcoatl under his veneration of the date name of "Ce Acatl," or 1-Reed, which outlined Quetzalcoatl's jurisdiction as the Toltec god of warriors. Here again, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli would configure heavily within the Quetzalcoatl mythologies, and more specifically we might even conclude that Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli is actually a regenerated derivative of the earlier Mixcoatl aboriginal legacy.
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Official Map of the Universe. Copyright. Courtesy of: Tomas J. Filsinger
Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli: Lord of the House of Dawn, was more likely a derivative of the aboriginal hunter plains deity of Mixcoatl. In this observation, we are more likely to derive a Dragon aspect for the Venus War Lord, which could take on many aspects of the fearful portent that went along with the sight of Venus as both the Morning or Evening Star. Above we see a turquoise back shield made in the image of the god, which encapsulates the four directions. It is being assumed here by this author that the "Bird-Dragon," aspect of the symbol has been extracted specifically from the southern end of the Milky Way as a Double Headed Dragon. The eye of the deity in this case sits in an area where the summer solstice currently resides, there can also be found as well various stellar filaments that resemble an eye; giving new meaning to the concept of "Gem in Eye." The mouth in this case incloses the 1st brightest star Sirius, counterpart of the Venus War Lord, and then curves upward geometrically to surmount the 14th brightest star of Procyon. Orion in this case forms the lower jaw of the Dragon. (Personal Discovery of the Author: 2002).
Both the legacy of Mixcoatl as an ancient aboriginal hunter-warrior, and the legacy of the meaning of the 'reed shaft' as an arrow used in the art of the hunt and war may variably and justifiably be related to the star Sirius, and the similar stellar locality of the hunter constellation of Orion. Indeed for that matter, Mixcoatl in the Mesoamerican mythologies was known as a god of the rains, which was demonstrated by the red and white body paintings that signified a rain of blood falling like water from the whiteness of clouds above; and which were also symbolized by way of a simulacrum with the “White Milky Way Cloud Dragon.” Mixcoatl was indeed related though somewhat confusingly along with Quetzalcoatl to the planet Venus, but this can be further confirmed and corroborated with the star Sirius and planet Venus connection. The legacy of Mixcoatl in Mesoamerica, can very much resemble that of Osiris in the ancient Egyptian world as a superintendent of the dead signified by the white road of the Milky Way, the passage way to the underworld.
Mixcoatl from the Codex Laud. Here we see Mixcoatl in a classic and repeated image of the god attacking a jaguar, and as a symbol of the Milky Way the cat is bleeding. The cat is seen turning around to claw the organ of the naked aboriginal god - in truth this Codice painting is a star map in reverse. The gods organ is the Andromeda Galaxy, while the jaguars paw is the constellation of Perseus. See star map above. (From the Author: October 2011).
Intrinsic to the Quetzalcoatl / Mixcoatl archetypical affiliation garnered through the Milky Way Dragon, and the planet Venus associations, there was to remain as well, the underworld association brought forth from the earlier Mixcoatl blueprint that survived in the newly emerging Quetzalcoatl archetype within the form of his inherit twin deity known as "Xolotl," who is outlined as specifically a god of death, the place of the underworld, and it's inherit dark contraption of the ball game. Within this dualistic two fold mythology between Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl, we then find the appropriation of the two different phases of Venus as a Morning and Evening star as being assigned to each one of these two Quetzalcoatl archetypes. Naturally, as Xolotl was to absorb the more dark and deathly element of the Quetzalcoatl religion, this deity would of course be identified with the Evening Star phase of Venus, which follows the sun into the dark underworld after sunset. Accompanying the sun on it's underworld journey, this deity was aptly to absorb the classic affiliation of the 'dog servant ' companion of the sun through the underworld. The vestiges of Sirius as the "Dog Star," are evident here with the earlier mention of the Sirius / Venus connection that pervades the cyclic nature of the sun, and it's celestial journeys through the encampments of night, and the passageways of the ecliptic throughout the year where the sun once again meets with Sirius for a helical setting in May, and later a helical rising in August.
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A unique and rare ceramic mask of a humanoid dog being wearing the "Tlaloc Owl Eyes," of the underworld. Such a comparative blend of mythological elements proves indeed that the Owl Eyes are an aspect of the underworld, which the sun traverses at night. The dog is the companion of the dead on the journey through the underworld, and often dogs were ritually killed ahead of time to assist the owner in their future deaths. The twin of Quetzalcoatl, or Xolotl, which basically means "wrinkled," had assigned manifestations of the Lord of the Dead (Mictlantecuhtli). One of these ancient aspects of Mictlantecuhtli was the symbol of the dog as a celestial omen and as the 10th day sign of "Izcuintli," which is seen mounted on the face of the Aztec Calendar Stone in conjunction with a Sirius star symbol along side the 11th sign of the Monkey. When Xolotl is featured in the Codices wearing the dog head it specifically represents Quetzalcoatl's Evening Star aspect. Picture is used with permission from the Justin Kerr collection at the Maya Vase website. #6486©
http://www.famsi.org/research/kerr/ www.mayavase.com .
Due to the dual nature of the Quetzalcoatl / Xolotl archetype, the planet Venus with its dual modes of Morning and Evening Star appearances has been the most formally accepted version of the Quetzalcoatl identity. However, this “Venus Archetype,” for the Quetzalcoatl legacy has suffered on certain accounts of iconographic identification since in reality, once again, the true meaning of 'Quetzalcoatl' is indeed the image of the “Feathered Serpent,” while Venus can only fulfill the nature of a serpent form conceptually, and perhaps only as being a 'forerunner' and providing the official path of the sun on its journey throughout the heavens. For this matter, in reality, as we saw earlier the true identity of the Feathered Serpent image should come to be understood as being originally derived from the Milky Way, mean while the location of the star Sirius within the Milky Way Dragons tail could indeed provide some good evidence for the further associations of the planet Venus to the legacy of the Feathered Dragon and its iconographic designations. However, this does not mean that there are not to be other stellar iconographic legacies that are to be related to the Quetzalcoatl archetype as it was exercised throughout Mesoamerican history.
Germane to the Quetzalcoatl iconographic legacy is also the scepter that he is often seen carrying, which is called the "xoniquilli," and which is usually seen encrusted with seven stars that have been said to represent the 'little dipper' or Ursa Minor. The specifics of the stellar connection to Quetzalcoatl's scepter have been outlined by various authors (Brundage.1981:85). Yet along with Ursa Minor, the curved constellation of Leo may configure strongly as well in this regard since the scepter held by Quetzalcoatl has implications of royalty. These royal implications are stressed as well by the location of Ursa Major in the sky, which serves as the rotating pivotal center symbolized by the star Polaris. While authors have noted this inherent connection of Ursa Minor, what has not been well noted, or understood is the fact that a stellar representation of Quetzalcoatl is actually holding the royal xoniquilli in the northern sky. (From the Author: June 1986) This formal image of Quetzalcoatl is indeed the stellar body of Perseus as it appears to be standing on the Pleiades star cluster. For this reason, Quetzalcoatl has been referred to as the "god who stands on the marketplace stars." This perception is instructively reinforced with the pointed constellation of Cassiopeia that is seen routinely emerging out of the northeastern sky as a symbol of Quetzalcoatl's pointed "Huaxtec Cap."
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Quetzalcoatl from the Codex Ramirez, and as is seen in the book "Americas Assignment with Destiny," by Manny P. Hall. Unknown to the general public, and the scholarly community as well, this codice picture actually outlines one of the most important constellation forms in ancient Mesoamerica, which is Quetzalcoatl as the Perseus and Cassiopeia star groups. The Mesoamerican Pleiades symbol are quite evident below this deities foot, and the scepter he bears is also well known and accepted to be the constellation of Ursa Minor. The journey that the Perseus star group makes into the underworld on a daily and seasonal basis provides strong evidence for the legend of Quetzalcoatl's underworld journey to retrieve the bones of man. The constellation form is routinely seen rising in the north-eastern horizon beginning in the summer months at the time of dawn. This is due to the fact that when the sun is at the summer solstice, that it is also apparent that the constellation form seems to be pulling ahead of the sun at dawn, somewhat in the same sense that the planet Venus moves ahead of the sun as the Morning Star. This constellation form also lies within a vicinity of the Milky Way where it would seem that it is darting out like an arrow of light from the vicinity of the star Sirius. (Specific Discovery of the Author: See T.I.M.E. Chapter above for more details pp. 2 and 3). Also Note: That this constellation discovery was the bases and the inspiration of the painting at the top of this page in the header that was created by the author in 1991.
There then are the legends of Quetzalcoatl as the deity that journeys into the underworld to retrieve the bones of man. At times he is specifically designated as the god Xolotl in this case. As usual, we are perhaps to retrieve the usual planetary Venus archetype to understand this occupation of the legendary Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl here as the redeemer of man. However, due to the periodic rising's and falling of the Perseus constellation, we might actually have the bases of the myth that sends Quetzalcoatl into the underworld to retrieve the bones of man, and where he then confronts the Lord of the Dead (Mictlantecuhtli) who tests and challenges Quetzalcoatl before finally tripping him as he tries to flee from the underworld with the bones of man. Quetzalcoatl having been tripped by the Lord of the Dead, then accidentally drops the bones of man, which shatters the bones into numerous pieces. Having been evaded of the Perseus connection of the Quetzalcoatl legacy, we have not yet been able to retrieve the possibility concerning the whereabouts of the broken bones of man. However, in truth, the Pleiades star cluster has been referred to as many things throughout history. In Mesoamerica, they could be thought of as a hand full of seeds, but always they were thought of pertaining to the concept of 'many' parts due to their numerous bright appearance. For that matter, one of their current Nahuatl names is known as “Miactin,” meaning 'many'. Although far from the usual deliverance of narrative information, the facts nonetheless could point to the Pleiades as being the dropped and shattered bones of man. Bones were indeed thought of as the 'seeds' of life that were rejuvenated by the labors of Quetzalcoatl. (From the Author: September 23, 2010).
This particular stellar constellation of Quetzalcoatl may have been important to the Xochicalco New Fire Ceremony, which reopened the new 52-year cycle with the date of 2-Serpent. The assumption here would be that the old 52-year cycle was closed with the date of 1-Lizard, which is related to the constellation of Perseus by virtue of the angle that this constellation rises in, and which is found in the north-eastern direction where the 4th sign of the Lizard or (Cuetzpallin) is situated within the 20-day horizontal compass. If this 52-year New Fire Ceremony reopening had taken place on the date of 2-Serpent, in the year of 1-Rabbit, then the date of observance would have been around October 20th. This may have meant that this particular version of the rite was taken care of nearer to the dawn, and as well it is the speculation of this author that it may have involved the situation of the Andromeda Galaxy with respect to the Pleiades, since both stars are located within the Perseus stellar complex. In fact, interestingly, the smaller portion of the Andromeda Galaxy seems to be the expelled breath of this Perseus-Quetzalcoatl constellation as it relates to the star group of Cassiopeia. (See page 10 of the "New Fire Ceremony," chapter found above).
Of course, as is well known, the name of this 4th sign of the 20-day cycle in the Mayan version is called "KAN," and specifically refers to 'ripe corn'. The legacy of the Quetzalcoatl archetype revolves around the rejuvenation of mankind through resurrecting the bones of man from the underworld. Alternatively, Quetzalcoatl is said to have resurrected the corn seed from the same location as well, and then was to mix the two with his own blood to create the new version of man. For the matter of the Mayan day sign, this Perseus star group buried in the middle of the Milky Way Arm indeed can resemble a corn plant as it 'sprouts' from the north eastern horizon. On the subject of the origin of the Quetzalcoatl mythology, some would prefer to believe that the earlier Mayan mythology of Hun Nal Ye was to be the precursor to the Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl concept. However, in reality, there are many elements of iconography that displace such a narrowed view point that assigns the origins of Quetzalcoatl specifically to Hun Nal Ye.
For one thing, there never was any specific association of Hun Nal Ye, to the Milky Way Dragon. Nor was there ever any association of Hun Nal Ye to the wind or the rain. Only does this most precise association come through with the death and resurrection of the corn god from the underworld, and the occupation of the 'twins' who execute this duty, and who only resemble Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl in concept. For that matter, the reality of the situation is that Hun Nal Ye is more aptly related to the Flayed God of Springtime, Xipe Totec. In truth, this ancient horrific deity is actually the true counterpart to Quetzalcoatl in his more humanoid archetypical form. Indeed, the Perseus star group is also related to Xipe Totec as well. As can be seen in various iconographical representations, both gods wear the conical "Huaxtec Cap," which is variably related to the Cassiopeia star group. Also, both deities of Xipe, and Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl have the characteristic stripe down the eye and through the cheek. This is firstly an aspect of the Xolotl Dog, and the Huehue Coyotl concept that was then projected upon these two deities by virtue of the stellar location of the Andromeda Galaxy and its barred spiral arm. (From the Author: 2002). The buccal nose mask seen above and so indicative to Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl is borrowed over from the area of the Galactic Center as an initial aspect of the "Feathered Milky Way Dragon," which was then placed upon the more humanoid Quetzalcoatl archetype.
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Xipe Totec from the Codex Laud: Here he is seen as the god of spring, and attending to the planting care of the young corn deity, who is subject to interference from animals and birds. This gods Metztli, which took place in the spring of late February and early March, was also relevant to the placement of the sun within and around the constellations of Perseus and Cassiopeia. Therefore, Xipe Totec's 2nd Metztli is indispensable in recognizing that the 18-periods of the year in the Aztec Calendar are not part of a slip cycle, but instead are fixed by virtue of the correction procedure held in every 52-years when the Pleiades reached the zenith at midnight in the year 2-Reed on the day 4-Movement.
The relative relationship of Xipe Totec, and Quetzalcoatl is reinforced and yet suppressed all at once, with the location of the spring rites of the second 20-day Metztli of "Tlacaxipeualiztli," and finally the 3rd and 4th Metztli's of "Tozoztontli," and "Huey Tozoztli," the Small and Great Feasts of "Vigilance," implying 'penance'. Xipe and Quetzalcoatl are the two gods of penance and sacrifice, except that Quetzalcoatl had become the god of self-sacrifice and penance. This idea is recognized and put forward in the 40-day period of Tozoztli, but strangely these two 20-day Metztli cycles found in late March and April are not ruled by him. It is the supposition of this author that possibly these two Metztli cycles were at one time perhaps related to Quetzalcoatl in other cultures, but were to have been later suppressed by the Mexica-Azteca. If this is by any chance the case, then it is no wonder that Quetzalcoatl has no official rulership of any of the 20-day Metztli cycles found in the later Mexica-Azteca religions. The first smaller feast was officially ruled by the earth goddess Coatlique, while the great feast was ruled by the corn god "Centeotl," and "Chicome Coatl," or 7-Serpent; two deities which are variably Quetzalcoatl affiliations. It is also worth noting as well that these two ceremonies took place, and still occur when the sun is within a relative vicinity to the Perseus constellation complex.
The 3rd and 4th Metztli cycles of Tozoztontli, and Hue Tozoztli: "The Lesser and Greater Vigil's" that were celebrated in late March, and through the latter part of April, were specifically dedicated to the gods of the spring and the blossoming of the earth with flowers and agriculture. The first cycle was ruled by the earth goddess Coatlique (Serpent Skirt), while second greater cycle was ruled by Centeotl, and Chicome Coatl (7-Serpent), and who are both agricultural deities of the of corn growing ritual. Above it can be seen that both cycles have been represented by a stellar constellation represented by a bird being pierced by a bone. These two diagrams, which are both from Diego Duran's "Ancient Calendar," specifically show elements of the spring blossoming as part of the environmental scenario. According to Duran, as it was mentioned by him in his manuscript, this stellar formation was thought to be specifically the stars of "Taurus," and while this idea may be subject to further debate we can still be assured that this is nonetheless a spring ceremony when the sun is approaching the Hades Star Cluster in any case. In the opinion of this author, rather it would seem instead that the bird iconography is not so precise in this case, and that instead the light of the Andromeda Galaxy would represent the bone thrusted into the image of an outstretched bird that is the full extent of the Milky Way. When this is taken into consideration, it can be seen where the constellation form would correspond perfectly with the solar time of year when the sun is just within the vicinity of the Andromeda Galaxy. Other than that the Gemini / Orion / Taurus star groups would be setting in the west at sunset during this time of year. (See star map under page 5 above).
As the theory is generally accepted, Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl as a legendary and/or mythological ruler was to have undergone a certain historical expulsion from his empire between 923 and 947 CE. The evidence for such a divine human legacy in Mesoamerica is actually, though not surprisingly very sparse. The uniqueness of a semi-divine ruler has permeated high culture ever since the dawn of major civilizations, and was used to serve as a bases of edict for their ruling classes. The consequences have always naturally resulted in the negative circumstances, or of failure for the semi-divine ruler, who for having succumbed to their own human nature had become derailed by typical community sins. With this natural inclination of the semi-divine ruler as being part human in the first place, a role model was being provided to remind the earthly human rulers of their own mortality, and potential for personal ruin through negligence, and lack of religious vigilance.
The myth of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl is no different in this respect, and for that matter there were many historical rulers and priests who were given the name, title, and role of "Quetzalcoatl." It is very unfortunate that the general public who briefly peers into the mysteries of ancient Mesoamerica, must become forever sidetracked by relating every aspect of the Feathered Serpent symbolism to the legend of the mythical ruler for the city of "Tollan," which means the 'Place of Reeds' by the archetypical lake of the community of: In Atl, In Tepetl: The place of 'the water, and the mountain', which served as the celestial foundation of the human home and community on earth. For that matter, there were to be many Tollans as well, found throughout the land of ancient Mexico, both in concept and in name. Of course, it was the natural reaction of the natives to focus the mythological reputation of a conceptual community history onto their own past and cultural record, in order to serve as a bases for their own social engineering.
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Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl from the Florentine Codex: After the Spanish Conquest Bernadino de Rivera (Sahagun) had written a volume on the myth of Topiltzin (Our Prince) Quetzalcoatl, as advised through native informants. However, despite the implied legitimacy of the former rulers legacy, in truth each and every aspect of this 'deities' regalia is a result of stellar iconography: The Pointed Crown, the Curved Staff, the Shelled Earing, the Striped Cheek, and even the pose of letting blood from the shins is of a stellar origin. The Shield? Therefore, what aspect of this 'deity' is actually human? Deep within the reservoir of the symbolic language of mythology, and the stellar format from which it is derived, there remains the potential within the development of so many gods arriving from the heavens to finally embody a 'flesh and blood presence' about them. This is demanded by the community at large, who would demand that their gods should be as real as they feel they are. For this task of being real, there is also the command that these 'super-humans' should also rule them as well. The concept of a celestial emissary has haunted the imagination of man for as long as the concept has been needed to relieve the hardship of political rivalry, and social confusion in a world ruled at large by humans.
In the case of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, the legacy of his implied rulership centers around the abolishment of human sacrifice throughout the land, and pointing therefore to the controversial need to do so in Mesoamerica. In place of the old edict, the divine ruler only demanded that there should be the sacrifice of butterfly's, snakes, birds, and other animals, as offerings to the gods. As an aspect of social legitimacy, the offering of one's own blood was the center piece of the royal edict, which then became part of the essential symbolism repeated within the iconographic legacy associated with the divine ruler. As earlier mentioned above, this may have been part and parcel of the spring rites of "Tozoztontli," and "Hue Tozoztli," the Small and Great Vigil, which took place after the rites of Xipe Totec. However, for the mythological reputation associated with Quetzalcoatl as being anti-human sacrifice, the later Mexica-Azteca may have suppressed this aspect of the deities affiliation with those ceremonies. Nonetheless, this spring ceremony affiliation might have been principally recognized in places sacred to the Quetzalcoatl mythology, such as in the ancient city of Cholula, (circa 100-1521 CE) where the largest pyramid in Mesoamerica now stands; and where in truth the original edict for the abolishment of human sacrifice may have actually ever arrived from, if it indeed is true. The city of Cholula was an eventual mecca point for the authority of kings who had arrived there from throughout the land to receive royal legitimacy born from out of the Quetzalcoatl concept.
However, royal lineage was a legacy of Mesoamerica in whole since its beginning, therefore there is no need to associate the bases of the royal lineage with the mythological legacy of Topitzin Quetzalcoatl. Rather instead, the Feathered Serpent concept had gained this aspect of social hegemony, for the very element of reliability and stability that the Feathered Serpent had portended as a good omen pertaining to a generous rainfall, and the blossoming of vegetation that came about as a result. Quetzalcoatl was the myth of plenty, and the promise of fulfillment found in a structured world of divine order. For this reason, his early mythology related heavily to the needs of man for the bases of rain, and the abundant foods it produced. Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent was therefore the god of universal generosity, and an advocate for the survival of man as being apart of his very spirit as the movement of the winds.
Naturally, as a part of the overall Milky Way serpent legacy, the virtual image of man was to be found there in the heavens as well. The suggestion has been earlier given by default, with the explanation of so many deities arriving out of the heavens in the basic form of man with his serpent like body, and other serpent like extensions to aid him in the environment. Therefore, the Feathered Dragon had early on in Mesoamerica, had become the god of man both in physical form, and therefore in religious resolution. In Mesoamerica, the 5-fold star created by the 584-day journey of Venus upon the ecliptic may have been a symbol of man's body, although admitting as well that there is no official word of this found in any codices. Nonetheless, most anything associated with man was associated with Quetzalcoatl as the Feathered Dragon in Mesoamerica; and that included both man's life at birth, and as well as his death. For this reason when we see the image of a man arriving out of the jaws of a Feathered Dragon in Mesoamerica, we do not necessarily see the image of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl as an ancient king, but rather our own image as a divine mortal of periodic reawakening's.
All original information Copyright. 2011 Camden M. Andersen / Tonal Inquiry Mesoamerican Experiences
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Although it was headquartered at Oak Ridge, TN, and the University of Chicago, what was the name of the WWII project that created the atomic bomb? | Manhattan Project facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Manhattan Project
Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security
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Manhattan Project
█ BRENDA WILMOTH LERNER
The Manhattan Project was an epic, secret, wartime effort to design and build the world's first nuclear weapon. Commanding the efforts of the world's greatest physicists and mathematicians during World War II , the $20 billion project resulted in the production of the first uranium and plutonium bombs. The American quest for nuclear explosives was driven by the fear that Hitler's Germany would invent them first and thereby gain a decisive military advantage. The monumental project took less than four years, and encompassed construction of vast facilities in Oak Ridge, Tennessee , and Hanford, Washington, that
were used for the purpose of obtaining sufficient quantities of the isotopes uranium-235 and plutonium-239, necessary to produce the fission chain reaction, which released the bombs' destructive energy. After a successful test in Alamogordo, New Mexico , the United States exploded a nuclear bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Three days later another bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki , and spurred the Japanese surrender that ended World War II.
In the 1930s and early 1940s, fundamental discoveries regarding the neutron and atomic physics allowed for the possibility of induced nuclear chain reactions. Danish physicist Neils Bohr's (1885–1962) compound nucleus theory, for example, laid the foundation for the theoretical exploration of fission, the process whereby the central part of an atom, the nucleus, absorbs a neutron, then breaks into two equal fragments. In certain elements, such as plutonium-239, the fragments release other neutrons which quickly break up more atoms, creating a chain reaction that releases large amounts of heat and radiation.
Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard (1898–1964) conceived the idea of the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, and immediately became concerned that, if practical, nuclear energy could be used to make weapons of war. Szilard, who fled Nazi persecution first in his native Hungary , then again in Germany, conveyed his concerns to his friend and contemporary, noted physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). In 1939, the two scientists drafted a letter (addressed from Einstein) warning United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the plausibility of nuclear weapons, and of German experimentation with uranium and fission. In December, 1941, after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor and the United States' entry into the war, Roosevelt ordered a secret United States project to investigate the potential development of atomic weapons. The Army Corps of Engineers took over and in 1942 consolidated various atomic research projects into the intentionally misnamed Manhattan Engineering District (now commonly known as the Manhattan Project), which was placed under the command of Army Brigadier General Leslie Richard Groves.
Groves recruited American physicist Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967) to be the scientific director for the Manhattan Project. Security concerns required the development of a central laboratory for physics weapon research in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Oppenheimer's leadership attracted many top young scientists, including American physicist Richard Feynman (1918–1988), who joined the Manhattan Project while still a graduate student. Feynman and his mentor Hans Bethe (1906–) calculated the critical mass fissionable material necessary to begin a chain reaction.
Fuel for the nuclear reaction was a primary concern. At the outset, the only materials seemingly satisfactory for sustaining an explosive chain reaction were either U-235 (derived from U-238) or P-239 (an isotope of the yet unsynthesized element plutonium). Additional requirements included an abundant supply of heavy water (e.g., deuterium and tritium). At Oak Ridge, the process of gaseous diffusion was used to extract the U-235 isotope from uranium ore. At Hanford, production of P-239 was eventually made possible by leaving plutonium-238 in a nuclear reactor for an extended period of time.
In 1942, Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) supervised the first controlled sustained chain reaction at the University of Chicago . Underneath the university football stadium, in modified squash courts, Fermi and his team assembled a lattice of 57 layers of uranium metal and uranium oxide embedded in graphite blocks to create the first reactor pile.
The Manhattan Project eventually produced four bombs. Little Boy, the code name for the uranium bomb, utilized explosives to crash pieces of uranium together to begin an explosive chain reaction. Fat Man, the code name for the plutonium bomb, was more difficult to design. It required a neutron-emitting source to initiate a chain reaction within a series of concentric nested spheres. The outermost shell was an explosive lens system surrounding a pusher/neutron absorber shell designed to reduce the effect of Taylor waves, the rapid drop in pressure that occurs behind a detonation front and could interfere with an implosion. The next nested sphere was a uranium tamper/reflector shell containing a plutonium pit and beryllium neutron initiator. The spheres were designed to implode, causing the plutonium to fuse, reach critical mass, then start the reaction
The simple design of the uranium bomb left scientists confident of its success, but the complicated implosion trigger required by the plutonium bomb raised engineering concerns about reliability. On July 16, 1945, a plutonium test bomb code named Gadget was detonated in a remote area near Alamogordo, New Mexico. Observed by scientists wearing only welder's glasses and suntan lotion for protection, the test blast (code named Trinity) was more powerful than originally thought, roughly equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT, and caused total destruction up to one mile from the blast center.
Protecting the secrecy of the Manhattan Project was one of the most complex intelligence and security operations during the war. At the Los Alamos facility, all residents were confined to the project area and surrounding town. Though several leading scientists knew the nature and scope of the entire project, most lab facilities were compartmentalized with various teams working on different project elements. Those who worked in the lab were forbidden to discuss any aspect of the project with friends or relatives. Military security personnel guarded the grounds and monitored communications between research teams. Official communications outside of Los Alamos, especially to the other Manhattan Project sites, were coded and enciphered. Mail was permitted, but heavily censored. Since the actual location of the Los Alamos facility was secret, all residents used the clandestine address "Box 1663, Santa Fe, New Mexico," for correspondence.
Communities were created around other project sites as well. The government created the towns of Oak Ridge and Hanford, relocating thousands of area residents before beginning construction. The towns, thus secured for facility personnel and their families, placed severe restrictions on civilian activities. In some areas, private telephones and radios were prohibited. Residents were encouraged to use simple pseudonyms outside of the lab. Children did not use their full names in school in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Managing several different facilities, spaced nearly two thousand miles apart, raised some significant security challenges. Communication was limited, and incoming and outgoing traffic from facility areas was closely monitored. Security of key documents was a constant concern. The isolated locations of the sites helped to insulate them from enemy espionage. However, the separate locations were also a key security strategy. Breaking the Manhattan Project into various smaller operations prevented jeopardizing the entire project in the event of a nuclear accident. The compartmentalization of such projects remains a common practice.
On August 6, 1945, an American B-29 "Flying Fortress," the Enola Gay, dropped the uranium bomb over Hiroshima. Sixty thousand people were killed instantly, and another 200,000 subsequently died as a result of burn and radiation injuries. Three days later, a plutonium bomb was dropped over Nagasaki. Although it missed its actual target by over a mile, the more powerful plutonium bomb killed or injured more than 65,000 people and destroyed half of the city. Ironically, ground zero, the point under the bomb explosion, turned out to be the Mitsubishi Arms Manufacturing Plant, at one time the major military target in Nagasaki. The fourth bomb remained unused.
Many Manhattan Project scientists eventually became advocates of the peaceful use of nuclear power and advocates for nuclear weapons control.
█ FURTHER READING:
BOOKS:
Fermi, Rachel, and Esther Samra. Picturing the Bomb: Photographs from the Secret World of the Manhattan Project. New York : H. N. Abrams, 1995.
Norris, Richard. Racing For the Bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project's Indespensable Man. South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 2002.
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Touchstone, 1995 (reprint).
ELECTRONIC:
Los Alamos National Laboratory. Manhattan Project History. "The Italian Navigator Has Landed in the New World. Secret Race Won with Chicago's Chain Reaction" < http://www.lanl.gov/worldview/welcome/history.shtml > (February, 24, 2003).
National Atomic Museum, Albuquerque , New Mexico. "The Manhattan Project." <http://www.atomicmuseum.com/tour/manhattanproject.cfm> (February 24, 2003).
SEE ALSO
The Oxford Companion to American Military History
© The Oxford Companion to American Military History 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000.
Manhattan Project, the U.S. effort in World War II that developed the atomic bomb. The possibility of developing an atomic bomb became evident late in 1938 when scientists in Germany successfully split a uranium atom by bombarding it with neutrons. In the United States , Leo Szilard , a physicist at the University of Chicago , recognized that as a result of such nuclear fission, a critical mass of uranium could produce enough neutrons to generate a chain reaction of radioactive material culminating in an enormous nuclear explosion. Prodded by Szilard, Albert Einstein, world‐renowned German physicist who had fled to the United States, wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 2 August 1939 warning that the Nazis might develop an atomic bomb.
Roosevelt formed a committee of scientists headed first by Enrico Fermi and subsequently by Vannevar Bush (renamed the National Defense Research Committee) to study the feasibility of building such a weapon. In October 1941, this was merged into the new Office of Scientific Research and Development. In spring 1942, Ernest Lawrence of the University of California , Berkeley, demonstrated that in addition to the scarce uranium isotope U‐235, the more available U‐238 could be converted into a new element, plutonium, which was also fissionable. After the United States entered the war, Roosevelt gave the development of nuclear weapons top priority, and in August 1942 he assigned the top‐secret project to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Its code name, the “Manhattan Project,” derived from the Manhattan Engineer District established to supervise the weapon's construction. The commanding officer, Maj. (later Brig. Gen.) Leslie R. Groves, spent $2 billion to develop the atomic bomb.
The Manhattan Project had four main facilities. In the basement of the unused football stadium of the University of Chicago, scientists Enrico Fermi and Arthur Compton built an atomic pile and in December 1942 produced the first chain reaction in uranium. At Hanford, Washington, a plant produced plutonium‐239 from uranium‐238. The Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , separated uranium‐235 from uranium‐238 through gaseous diffusion. A secret new laboratory, headed by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer , was built in 1943 on a secluded mesa at Los Alamos, New Mexico , to design and build atomic bombs.
Secrecy was an obsession with Groves, and only a handful of the 125,000 people at the Project's four facilities understood the purpose of their work. Just a few military and congressional leaders knew the reason for the project's huge expenditures, which were concealed within War Department appropriations.
Since scientists in Britain had been working toward a bomb since 1940 and discovered the new element called “plutonium,” Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston S. Churchill cooperated in the research. However, in September 1944, the two leaders decided not to share their information with the Soviet Union . Russia initiated an intense espionage effort in Britain and the United States to aid its own program, headed by physicist Igor Kurchatov.
Soviet leader Josef Stalin learned details of the bomb's progress from Communist sympathizers, among them atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs in Britain, and David Greenglass, an American soldier stationed near Los Alamos. In a controversial trial in 1950, following Fuchs's postwar confession, Greenglass testified that his brother‐in‐law, Julius Rosenberg, and Rosenberg's wife, Ethel, had passed to the Russians atomic secrets he had obtained. The Rosenbergs were executed in 1953. (The Nazi regime did not race to build an atomic bomb, although whether this was due to pessimistic miscalculations by its leading physicist, Werner Heisenberg, or to his moral opposition to such a weapon, remains unclear.)
Following Roosevelt's death on 12 April 1945, President Harry S. Truman was told about the atomic bomb (code‐named “S‐1”) twelve days later. With Germany nearing surrender and the construction of a test device only three months away, Truman created an Interim Committee to study the use of atomic bombs against Japan .
On 31 May 1945, the Interim Committee, composed of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , Secretary of State designate James Byrnes, Harvard president James Conant, physicist and educator Karl Compton, Vannevar Bush, and a few others, listened to Oppenheimer predict the bomb would be equal to 2,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT and with its blast and radiation would kill perhaps 20,000 Japanese. After consulting other scientists and the Joint Chiefs of Staff , the committee agreed on 1 June 1945 that for maximum psychological effect, the atomic bomb should be used without warning against a Japanese city containing a military facility.
Not all the scientists working on the Manhattan Project agreed with this. Szilard, James Franck, and a majority of the scientists at the Chicago laboratory asserted that military use against a Japanese city was unnecessary and immoral and would start a postwar nuclear arms race . In response to their petition for a test demonstration and warning for Japan, a special scientific advisory committee—composed of Fermi, Lawrence, Oppenheimer, and Arthur Compton—met on 16 June but rejected the idea of a noncombat demonstration (the bomb might not explode, and even if it did, its lethality would not be adequately demonstrated).
On 16 July 1945, the first atomic weapon test, code‐named “Trinity,” was held on a desert bombing range at Alamogordo, New Mexico, 200 miles south of Los Alamos. Mounted on a metal tower, the test device—13.5 pounds of plutonium inside 2.5 tons of explosives—was exploded at 5:29 A.M. as Groves, Oppenheimer, Bush, and others watched in awe. The blast equaled 15,000–20,000 tons of TNT and generated a fireball visible for 60 miles.
Truman learned of the successful test while at the Potsdam Conference in Germany. After mentioning cryptically to Stalin that the United States had a new weapon, Truman on 24 July ordered preparations for use against Japan. On the 26th, he issued the Potsdam Declaration, a vague modification of unconditional surrender. When Tokyo declined to consider the offer because it did not guarantee retention of the emperor, Truman, on 30 July, ordered the Army Air Forces to use America's two atomic bombs—one uranium‐cored, the other plutonium‐cored—against Japan. On 6 and 9 August, solitary American B‐29s carried out the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The bombings, combined with the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan on 8 August, led Tokyo to surrender on 14 August 1945. World War II ended; the atomic age had begun.
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MANHATTAN PROJECT
MANHATTAN PROJECT, the secret American effort during World War II to construct an atomic bomb. Following the discovery of nuclear fission in Nazi Germany in late 1938, physicists the world over recognized the possibility of utilizing the enormous energy released by the splitting of an atom. If enough neutrons could be emitted by any given "broken" atom, such that at least one neutron struck another atom, causing it to break apart, a self-perpetuating "chain reaction" would result. Such a process, if controlled at a suitable rate, could serve as a power source, or "reactor." If a chain reaction proceeded unchecked, it could result in an explosion of unprecedented magnitude.
Several European scientists who had fled Nazi persecution in Europe felt it was their duty to alert the U.S. government to this new danger. In August 1939, the Hungarian émigré physicist Leo Szilard convinced Albert Einstein to write President Franklin D. Roosevelt and urge increased government support for research on the element most likely to support a chain reaction, uranium. By early 1940, government funding had commenced on a variety of related subjects, and in 1941 a series of studies confirmed the potential that uranium research held to create a usable weapon before the end of the war. In January 1942—only weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor—Roosevelt gave the go-ahead to proceed with a full-scale effort to develop the atomic bomb.
By this time it was obvious that large factories would eventually have to be built. Because the work was now being done in secrecy, and considerable construction was foreseen, the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was created in August 1942 to oversee the entire atomic bomb program. (It was initially headquartered in New York in order to be close to the fission research then being conducted at Columbia University.) The following month, Colonel Leslie R. Groves was promoted to brigadier general and given command of what was coming to be known as the Manhattan Project. Groves quickly brought in major contractors such as Stone and Webster and the Dupont Chemical Company. Less than four years after the discovery of fission, the program to build an atomic bomb had grown from a primarily academic pursuit to what was becoming, by September 1942, a prototypical example of what Dwight D. Eisenhower would later dub the "military-industrial complex." At its height a mere three years later, the Manhattan Project employed more than 130,000 men and women, having already spent more than $2 billion.
The most pressing problem immediately facing Groves was the acquisition, in an extremely short amount of time, of a quantity of fissionable material sufficient first for experimentation and thereafter for the production of at least one bomb. The kind of uranium needed to generate a chain reaction, the isotope U-235, comprised only 0.7 percent of all naturally occurring uranium, and a variety of exotic and unproven techniques were proposed for "enriching" uranium, or increasing the amount of U-235 contained in a sample. Following a period of intense debate, the scientists in November 1942 made their best guess as to which of these methods showed the most promise, choosing gaseous diffusion and electromagnetic separation. Groves immediately ordered the construction of two massive, full-scale uranium-enrichment plants. In less than three years their site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, grew from remote farmland to the fifth largest town in the state.
In early 1941, a second path to the atomic bomb was pioneered by the discovery of a new element: plutonium. This substance did not occur in nature but could be created by irradiating common uranium. In December 1942, Enrico Fermi demonstrated this by producing the world's first controlled nuclear chain reaction in a "pile," or reactor, constructed beneath the west stands of the University of Chicago's Stagg Field. Soon, three gigantic reactors were under construction on the banks of the Columbia River near Hanford, Washington, to mass produce plutonium.
The final task remaining was to devise the actual means by which these "special nuclear materials" could be transformed into practical weapons. In late 1942, Groves placed J. Robert Oppenheimer in charge of the
new weapons laboratory to be built on an isolated mesa in the desert at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Oppenheimer soon managed to assemble a virtual "dream team" of scientists drawn from around the world. Relatively little difficulty was encountered in the design of a uranium weapon. One piece of U-235 could be fired at another in a gun barrel, such that together they would form a critical, or explosive, mass. For technical reasons this crude method was unsuitable for plutonium, however, and, ultimately, a new technique called implosion was conceived, wherein a small sphere of plutonium was rapidly compressed to critical mass by conventional high explosives.
There had never been much doubt that "Little Boy," the gun-type uranium weapon, would work, and on 14 July 1945 it was shipped from Los Alamos to begin its journey westward toward Japan. Because the implosion process was so novel, however, a test of the plutonium design was held near Alamagordo, New Mexico, on 16 July 1945. This test, named "Trinity" by Oppenheimer, exceeded the expectations of almost every scientist at Los Alamos by exploding with a force equivalent to more than 18,000 tons of TNT. Oppenheimer later reported that the blast reminded him of a line from the Bhagavad-Gita: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." The reaction of the test director, Kenneth Bainbridge, was more succinct: "Now we are all sons of bitches." On the morning of 6 August 1945, an American B-29 bomber dropped the uranium bomb on the Japanese port city of Hiroshima; three days later the second, plutonium device "Fat Man," was dropped on Nagasaki. Japan offered to surrender the following day. Although estimates vary, it is likely that by the end of 1945, there were at least 200,000 deaths directly attributable to the two bombings. Most were civilians. The total number of deaths after five years, including radiation and other secondary effects, may have been well over 300,000. At the beginning of 1947, control of the growing U.S. nuclear arsenal was formally transferred to the civilian Atomic Energy Commission, and in August of that year, the Manhattan Engineer District was formally disbanded.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gosling, F. G. The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.: History Division, Department of Energy, 1999.
Hewlett, Richard G., and Oscar E. Anderson Jr. A History of theUnited States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 1: The New World, 1939–1946. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962. Comprehensive official history.
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986. Pulitzer Prize–winning account focusing on the activities at Los Alamos.
DavidRezelman
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Manhattan Project
Nuclear scientists knew in the 1930s that there was a tremendous amount of energy locked in the atomic nucleus. The problem was how to access this energy. With the discovery of nuclear fission in Germany by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann in late 1938 and the subsequent explanation of the process by Meitner and Otto Frisch, many scientists who had been forced to flee from Europe became concerned that Germany might somehow take advantage of this discovery and develop weapons based on nuclear energy. Germany had many competent nuclear scientists, access to heavy water in Norway , quantities of uranium oxide, and a strong engineering history. In the fall of 1939, Leo Szilard, a Hungarian-born physicist who had fled Germany for America, drafted a letter with Albert Einstein to send to President Franklin Roosevelt under Einstein's signature to warn Roosevelt that weapons could be created using a nuclear chain reaction in uranium and that it was very likely that Germany had started working on a uranium bomb. This letter led to the formation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium. The committee did little, however, until Rudolf Peierls and Frisch, working in England , made detailed calculations about the feasibility of nuclear weapons and proposed some possible approaches to making an atomic bomb.
Although government support was relatively weak, important nuclear-science discoveries, unannounced for security reasons, were made in the United States in 1940 and 1941. Potential pathways for enriching 235U, the self-fissioning isotope of uranium, were developed, and Glenn Seaborg and Arthur Wahl produced plutonium, an element that had great potential for use in a nuclear weapon. In December 1941, President Roosevelt authorized the formation of the Manhattan Engineer District of the Army Corps of Engineers ("Manhattan Project" ) as the organization that would oversee the development of the atomic bomb. Groups of scientists, some of whom were already working on nuclear energy research, were organized to work on various aspects of the bomb project. One such project was called the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago , where Italian-born physicist Enrico Fermi and other scientists worked on the construction of the first nuclear reactor, powered by uranium enriched in 235U.
The Manhattan Project officially began on September 23, 1942, when Colonel Leslie Groves was named director of the project. Groves acquired production sites at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , and Hanford, Washington, and he brought in Robert Oppenheimer, a physicist from the University of California at Berkeley, as the scientific director at Los Alamos, New Mexico . Los Alamos was to be the center of physics research, engineering, and weapons design. Oak Ridge was to be the site to enrich 235U, and Hanford was to produce plutonium in nuclear reactors. Many of the country's leading chemical and engineering firms were called in to design and construct these production facilities
Oak Ridge was to produce uranium enriched in the self-fissioning isotope 235U by gaseous diffusion of the volatile compound UF6 at the K-25 plant, a facility more than a mile long, and by electromagnetic separation at the Y-12 plant. Nuclear reactors were built at Hanford to produce plutonium from natural uranium, 238U. Processes were developed to chemically separate and purify the plutonium isotopes 239Pu and 240Pu. Scientists from Great Britain also played key roles in the efforts at Los Alamos, and they were instrumental in developing the functional design of the atomic bomb. Work went on at a feverish pace during 1943 and 1944, and it was estimated that an atomic weapon would be completed by early 1945.
In the spring of 1945, preparations began in the Pacific for the use of the atomic bomb. On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered, and the project was then focused solely on Japan . On July 16, 1945, a test device code-named "Gadget" was detonated at the Alamogordo Bombing Range in New Mexico as part of Project Trinity, the first explosion of a nuclear weapon. The success of the first test of a nuclear weapon was a testament to the ability of the leadership of the Manhattan Project to carry out an unprecedented industrial project, with the world's most talented scientists
cooperating and focusing on a single goal. That the people involved in the Manhattan Project were able to achieve such a spectacular success working in a realm of utmost secrecy in isolated locations was a most singular achievement.
On August 6, 1945, after Japan refused to surrender unconditionally, the first atomic bomb, named "Little Boy," a 235U-based bomb, was dropped over Hiroshima , Japan. Three days later, "Fat Man," a plutonium-based weapon, was dropped on Nagasaki .
Whether Germany really attempted to build an atomic weapon is debated even today. German scientists, led by physicist Werner Heisenberg, certainly had the talent to build a device. Germany had access to large uranium mines in Czechoslovakia and produced heavy water, a form of H2O in which the hydrogen atoms have an extra neutron, in Norway. Most likely there never was a serious effort in Germany to build an atomic weapon, possibly as result of sabotage of the project by Heisenberg or because of a lack of interest by Adolf Hitler .
see also Einstein, Albert; Fermi, Enrico; Heisenberg, Werner; Meitner, Lise; Nuclear Fission; Oppenheimer, Robert; Radiation; Seaborg, Glenn Theodore.
W. Frank Kinard
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Copyright The Columbia University Press
Manhattan Project, the wartime effort to design and build the first nuclear weapons ( atomic bombs ). With the discovery of fission in 1939, it became clear to scientists that certain radioactive materials could be used to make a bomb of unprecented power. U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt responded by creating the Uranium Committee to investigate this possibility. Progress was slow until Aug., 1942, when the project was placed under U.S. Army control and reorganized. The Manhattan Engineer District (MED) was the official name of the project. The MED's commanding officer, Gen. Leslie R. Groves , was given almost unlimited powers to call upon the military, industrial, and scientific resources of the nation.
A $2-billion effort was required to obtain sufficient amounts of the two necessary isotopes, uranium-235 and plutonium-239. At Oak Ridge, Tenn., the desired uranium-235 was separated from the much more abundant uranium-238 by a laborious process called gaseous diffusion. At the Hanford installation (Wash.), huge nuclear reactors were built to transmute nonfissionable uranium-238 into plutonium-239. This method was based on the principle of the self-sustaining nuclear reaction (nuclear pile) that had first been achieved under the leadership of Enrico Fermi at the metallurgical laboratory of the Univ. of Chicago. At the radiation laboratory of the Univ. of California at Berkeley costly efforts were made to separate the two uranium isotopes using cyclotrons, but only about a gram of pure uranium-235 was obtained. The actual design and building of the plutonium and uranium bombs took place at Los Alamos, N.Mex., under the leadership of J. Robert Oppenheimer . Gathered at this desert laboratory was an extraordinary group of American and European-refugee scientists.
The only nuclear test explosion, code-named Trinity, was of a plutonium device; it took place on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, N.Mex. The first uranium bomb ( "Little Boy" ) was delivered untested to the army and was dropped on Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945, killing at least 70,000 inhabitants. On Aug. 9, 1945, a plutonium bomb virtually identical to the Trinity device was dropped on Nagasaki, killing at least 35,000 inhabitants.
See L. R. Groves, Now It Can Be Told (1962); L. Lamont, Day of Trinity (1965); H. Feis, The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (rev. ed. 1966); R. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1987); R. S. Norris, Racing for the Bomb (2002).
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THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
In 1939 scientist Albert Einstein wrote a letter to U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt encouraging government funding for atomic and nuclear fission research for use in atomic weapons. His letter was prompted by rumors that Adolf Hitler and the Nazis were close to creating an atomic bomb. Roosevelt agreed and placed General Leslie Groves and physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer in charge of the Manhattan Project two years later. The name "Manhattan Project" was the code word for the development of the atomic bomb. On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was tested at the Trinity Site in New Mexico . The weapon was later used against the Japanese to end World War II .
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| Manhattan Project |
If you are eating salted, unfertilized sturgeon roe, what are you eating? | Chicago | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers | scientific events
Chicago ( Listen i /ʃɨˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɨˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) is the third most populous city in the United States , after New York City and Los Angeles . With 2.7 million residents, [5] it is the most populous city in both the U.S. state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States . Its metropolitan area, sometimes called Chicagoland , is home to 9.9 million people and is the third-largest in the United States. [6] Chicago is the seat of Cook County . [a]
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed , and experienced rapid growth in the mid-nineteenth century. [9] Today, the city is an international hub for finance, commerce, industry, technology, telecommunications, and transportation, with O'Hare International Airport being the busiest airport in the world ; it also has the largest number of U.S. highways and railroad freight entering its region. [10] In 2012, Chicago was listed as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , [11] and ranks seventh in the world in the 2014 Global Cities Index . [12] As of 2012 [update] , Chicago had the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United States, after the New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas, at a sum of US$571 billion. [13]
In 2014 [update] , Chicago hosted 50.2 million international and domestic visitors. [14] Chicago's culture includes contributions to the visual arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy , and music, particularly jazz , blues , soul , and the creation of house music . The city has many nicknames, which reflect the impressions and opinions about historical and contemporary Chicago. The best-known include the "Windy City" and "Second City" . [15] Chicago has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues .
Contents
Traditional Potawatomi costume on display at the Field Museum
The name "Chicago" is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, translated as "wild leek" or "wild onion" or "wild garlic" , from the Miami-Illinois language . [16] [17] [18] [19] The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir. [20] Henri Joutel , in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called "chicagoua," grew abundantly in the area. [17] During the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi , who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. [21] The 1780s saw the arrival of the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable , who was of African and European (French) descent. [22] [23] [24] He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago."
In 1795, following the Northwest Indian War , an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the United States for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville . In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn , which was destroyed in the War of 1812 , Battle of Fort Dearborn and later rebuilt. [25] The Ottawa , Ojibwe , and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis . The Potawatomi were eventually forcibly removed from their land following the Treaty of Chicago in 1833. [26] [27] [28]
Founding and 19th century
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State and Madison Streets , once known as the busiest intersection in the world (1897)
On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of around 200. [28] Within seven years it would grow to a population of over 4,000. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales commenced with Edmund Dick Taylor as U.S. receiver of public moneys. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837 and went on to become the fastest growing city in the world for several decades. [29]
As the site of the Chicago Portage , [30] the city emerged as an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad , opened in 1848, which also marked the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal . The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River . [31] [32] [33] [34]
A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. [35] The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first ever standardized 'exchange traded' forward contracts, which were called futures contracts . [36]
In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas , the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery. [37] These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln , to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for the nation's presidency at the 1860 Republican National Convention and went on to defeat Douglas in the general election, setting the stage for the American Civil War . [38]
To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city implemented various infrastructural improvements. In February 1856, the Chesbrough plan for the building of the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system was approved by the Common Council. [39] The project raised much of central Chicago to a new grade. While raising Chicago, and at first improving the health of the city, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River , then into Lake Michigan , polluting the primary source of fresh water for the city. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs . In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River , which flows into the Mississippi River . [40] [41] [42]
An artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871
In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire broke out, destroying an area of about 4 miles long and 1 mile wide, a large section of the city at the time. [43] [44] [45] Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards , survived intact, [46] and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone which would set the precedent for worldwide construction. [47] [48] During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction. [49] [50]
Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States . Of the total population in 1900, no less than 77% were foreign-born, or born in the United States of foreign parentage. Germans , Irish , Poles , Swedes and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). [51] [52]
Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams to co‑found Hull House in 1889. [53] Programs developed there became a model for the new field of social work . [54]
During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City, and later state laws, that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever were not only passed, but also enforced. These in turn became templates for public health reform in many other cities and states. [55]
The city invested in many large, well-landscaped municipal parks , which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate and driving force for improving public health in Chicago was Dr. John H. Rauch, M.D. , who established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866, created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with festering, shallow graves, and helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health in 1867 in response to an outbreak of cholera. Ten years later he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. [56]
In the 19th century, Chicago became the nation's railroad center, by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of 6 different downtown terminals. [57] [58] In 1883, the standardized system of North American time zones was adopted by the general time convention of railway managers in Chicago. [59] This gave the continent its uniform system for telling time.
In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of Jackson Park . The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history. [60] [61] The University of Chicago was founded in 1892 on the same South Side location. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance , a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects Washington and Jackson Parks. [62] [63]
Men outside a soup kitchen during the Great Depression (1931)
20th and 21st centuries
File:Chicago Downtown71.jpg
Old photography of downtown Chicago
The World War I period and the 1920s also saw a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African-Americans from the Southern United States . Between 1910 and 1930, the African-American population of Chicago dramatically increased from 44,103 to 233,903. [64] Arriving in the hundreds of thousands during the Great Migration , the newcomers had an immense cultural impact, called the Chicago Black Renaissance , part of the New Negro Movement , in art, literature, and music. [65] Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the Chicago Race Riot of 1919 , also occurred. [66]
The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters , including Al Capone , Dion O'Banion , Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era. [67] Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, where Al Capone sent men to gun down members of his rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran . [68]
In 1924, Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization, the Society for Human Rights . This organization produced the first American publication for gays, Friendship and Freedom . Police and political pressure soon caused it to disband. [69]
In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition Worlds Fair . [70] The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. [71]
In March 1937, there was a violent strike by approximately 3500 drivers for Checker and Yellow Cab Companies which included rioting that went on for weeks. The cab companies hired “strike breakers”, and the cab drivers union hired “sluggers” who ragged through the downtown Chicago area looking for cabs and drivers not participating in the strike. [72]
On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project . This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945. [73]
Mayor Richard J. Daley , a Democrat , was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics . Starting in the early 1960s due to blockbusting , many white residents, as in most American cities, left the city for the suburbs. Whole neighborhoods were completely changed based on race. [74] Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers. In 1966, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement , which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. [75]
Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention , which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, including full-scale riots , or in some cases police riots , in city streets. [76] Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower , which in 1974 became the world's tallest building ), University of Illinois at Chicago , McCormick Place , and O'Hare International Airport , were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. [77] In 1979, Jane Byrne , the city's first female mayor, was elected. She helped mitigate crime in the Cabrini-Green housing project and guide Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. [78]
In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of the city of Chicago. Washington's first term in office saw attention given to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack a short time later. [79] The balance of Washington's second term was served by 6th ward Alderman Eugene Sawyer .
Richard M. Daley , son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development . After successfully standing for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. [80] [81]
On February 23, 2011, former Illinois Congressman and White House Chief of Staff, Rahm Emanuel , won the mayoral election, beating five rivals with 55 percent of the vote, [82] and was sworn in as Mayor on May 16, 2011.
Geography
The Chicago River is the south border (right) of the Near North Side and Streeterville and the north border (left) of Chicago Loop , Lakeshore East and Illinois Center (from Lake Shore Drive 's Link Bridge with Trump International Hotel and Tower at jog in the river in the center).
Topography
File:Full chicago skyline.jpg
Downtown and the North Side with beaches lining the waterfront.
Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of Lake Michigan . It is the principal city in Chicago Metropolitan Area situated in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region . Chicago rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage , connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds . The city lies beside huge freshwater Lake Michigan, and two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow entirely or partially through Chicago. [83] [84] Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect, moderating Chicago's climate; making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. [85]
When Chicago was founded in 1833, most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks. [86] The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is Script error: No such module "convert". above sea level . The lowest points are along the lake shore at Script error: No such module "convert"., while the highest point, at Script error: No such module "convert"., is the morainal ridge of Blue Island in the city's far south side. [87]
Chicago Half Marathon on Lake Shore Drive next to Harold Washington Park on the South Side .
The Chicago Loop is the central business district, but Chicago is also a city of neighborhoods . Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's lakefront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park , Grant Park , Burnham Park and Jackson Park . Twenty-four public beaches are also found across Script error: No such module "convert". of the waterfront. [88] Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier , Northerly Island , the Museum Campus , and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings can be found close to the waterfront.
An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland". There is no precise definition for the term "Chicagoland", but it generally means the city and its suburbs combined together. The Chicago Tribune , which coined the term, includes the city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County , eight nearby Illinois counties: Lake , McHenry , DuPage , Kane , Kendall , Grundy , Will and Kankakee , and three counties in Indiana : Lake , Porter and LaPorte . [89] The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County without the city of Chicago, and only Lake, DuPage, Kane and Will counties. [90] The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook and DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will counties. [91]
File:Chicago community areas map.svg
Community areas of the City of Chicago.
Major sections of the city include the central business district, called The Loop , and the North, the South , and West Sides . [92] The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes. [93] The North Side is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront. [94] The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains the University of Chicago and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago . [95]
In the late 1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct community areas , which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally defined neighborhoods . [96] [97]
Streetscape
Main article: Roads and expressways in Chicago
Chicago's streets were laid out in a street grid that grew from the city's original townsite plat. Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction. The grid's regularity would provide an efficient means to develop new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the Plan of Chicago , but only the extension of Ogden Avenue was ever constructed. [98]
Most of the city's residential streets tend to have a wide patch of grass and/or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself.[ citation needed ] This has the effect of keeping pedestrians walking on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago's Western Avenue is the longest continuous urban street in the world. [99] Other famous streets include North Michigan Avenue , North State Street , Clark , and Belmont Avenue . The City Beautiful movement inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.
Architecture
File:2010-03-03 1856x2784 chicago chicago building.jpg
The Chicago Building by Holabird & Roche (1904–05) is a prime example of the Chicago School , displaying both variations of the Chicago window.
The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building , the Home Insurance Building , rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the skyscraper era , [50] which would then be followed by many other cities around the world. [100] Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and most dense. [101]
Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago; Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in the Western Hemisphere after One World Trade Center , and Trump International Hotel and Tower is the third tallest in the country. [102] The Loop's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building , the Fine Arts Building , 35 East Wacker , and the Chicago Building , 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Mies van der Rohe . Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such as Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, and Helmut Jahn. [103] [104]
The Merchandise Mart , once first on the list of largest buildings in the world , currently listed as 44th largest (as of September 9, 2013), has its own zip code , and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River. [105] Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code), Trump International Hotel and Tower , the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the John Hancock Center . Industrial districts , such as some areas on the South Side , the areas along the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal , and Northwest Indiana are clustered. [106]
Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the Prairie School , two movements in architecture. [107] Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brick bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture . The Chicago suburb of Oak Park was home to famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright , who had designed The Robie House located near the University of Chicago . [108] [109]
Monuments and public art
More representational and portrait statuary includes a number of works by Lorado Taft ( Fountain of Time , The Crusader , Eternal Silence , and the Heald Square Monument completed by Crunelle ), French's Statue of the Republic , Edward Kemys's Lions , Saint-Gaudens's Abraham Lincoln: The Man (a.k.a. Standing Lincoln) and Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State (a.k.a. Seated Lincoln), Brioschi's Christopher Columbus , Meštrović's The Bowman and The Spearman , Dallin's Signal of Peace , Fairbanks's The Chicago Lincoln , Boyle's The Alarm , Polasek's memorial to Masaryk , memorials along Solidarity Promenade to Kościuszko , Havliček and Copernicus by Chodzinski , Strachovský , and Thorvaldsen , a memorial to General Logan by Saint-Gaudens , and Kearney's Moose (W-02-03) . A number of statues also honor recent local heroes such as Michael Jordan (by Amrany and Rotblatt-Amrany ), Stan Mikita , and Bobby Hull outside of the United Center ; Harry Caray (by Amrany and Cella) outside Wrigley field , Jack Brickhouse (by McKenna ) next to the WGN studios, and Irv Kupcinet at the Wabash Avenue Bridge . [111]
There are preliminary plans to erect a 1:1‑scale replica of Wacław Szymanowski 's Art Nouveau statue of Frédéric Chopin found in Warsaw 's Royal Baths along Chicago's lakefront in addition to a different sculpture commemorating the artist in Chopin Park for the 200th anniversary of Frédéric Chopin 's birth. [112]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Chicago
The city lies within the humid continental climate zone ( Köppen : Dfa ), and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm to hot and humid, with a July daily average of Script error: No such module "convert".. In a normal summer, temperatures can exceed Script error: No such module "convert". on 21 days. Winters are cold and snowy with few sunny days, and the normal January high is just below freezing. Spring and autumn are mild seasons with low humidity. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from Script error: No such module "convert". in June to Script error: No such module "convert". in July. [113] The city is part of the USDA Plant Hardiness zone 6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs. [114]
According to the National Weather Service , Chicago's highest official temperature reading of Script error: No such module "convert". was recorded on July 24, 1934, [115] although Midway Airport reached Script error: No such module "convert". the same day and recorded a heat index of Script error: No such module "convert". during the 1995 heatwave . [116] The lowest official temperature of Script error: No such module "convert". was recorded on January 20, 1985 , at O'Hare Airport. [113] [116] The city can experience extreme winter cold waves and summer heat waves that may last for several consecutive days. Thunderstorms are not uncommon during the spring and summer months which may sometimes produce hail, high winds, and tornadoes . [117]
Main article: Demographics of Chicago
During its first 100 years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. Within the span of forty years, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 in 1850 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world, [125] and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million, [126] and reached its highest ever-recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.
From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland , Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including Italians , Jews , Poles , Bosnians and Czechs . [127] To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrial working class , were added an additional influx of African-Americans from the American South — with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930. [127]
The great majority of American blacks moving to Chicago in these years were clustered in a so‑called " Black Belt " on the city's South Side. [127] By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's African-American population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition. [127] Chicago's South Side emerged as America's second largest urban black concentration, following New York's Harlem . [127]
Racial composition
0.5% American Indian .
Chicago has a Hispanic or Latino population of 28.9%. (Its members may belong to any race; 21.4% Mexican, 3.8% Puerto Rican, 0.7% Guatemalan, 0.6% Ecuadorian, 0.3% Cuban, 0.3% Colombian, 0.2% Honduran, 0.2% Salvadoran, 0.2% Peruvian) [132]
The city's former most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 59% in 1970 to 31.7% in 2010. [129]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey data estimates for 2008-2012, the median income for a household in the city was $47,408, and the median income for a family was $54,188. Male full-time workers had a median income of $47,074 versus $42,063 for females. About 18.3% of families and 22.1% of the population lived below the poverty line. [133]
According to the 2008-2012 American Community Survey, the ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were: [134]
Irish: (137,799)
Christianity is predominant among the city's population who worship. The Chicago metropolitan area also includes adherents of Judaism , Islam , Buddhism , Hinduism , Jainism , Sikhism , and the Bahá'í , among others.
The wealth of Chicago's religious heritage is evident in its many noted examples of sacred architecture and institutions. Many of these religious edifices are Christian in origin, with Roman Catholic structures particularly prevalent. However, the city of Polish Cathedrals is rife with numerous historic synagogues, as well as the noteworthy sacred spaces of other religions. The Kehilath Anshe Ma'ariv Synagogue, now the Pilgrim Baptist Church was designed by Adler & Sullivan in 1890. The Fourth Presbyterian Church is one of the biggest Presbyterian congregations in the U.S. Chicago's northern suburb of Wilmette, Illinois , has the Bahá'í Temple , the only temple for the Bahá'í Faith in North America.
The city played host to the first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993. [135] Chicago contains many theological institutions, which include seminaries and colleges such as the Meadville Lombard Theological School , the Moody Bible Institute , the Chicago Theological Seminary , the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago , and Catholic Theological Union . Chicago is the seat of several religious denominations, including the Assyrian Church of the East , the Evangelical Covenant Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America .
Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including Mother Teresa and the Dalai Lama . [136] Pope John Paul II visited Chicago in 1979 during his first trip ever to the United States after being elected to the papacy in 1978. [137]
Economy
The Chicago Board of Trade Building
Chicago has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—approximately $532 billion according to 2010 estimates, [138] [139] after only the urban agglomerations of New York City and Los Angeles , in the first and second place, respectively. The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification. [140] Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. [141] Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for calendar year 2014. [142] The Chicago metropolitan area has the third largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation. [143] In 2009 Chicago placed 9th on the UBS list of the world's richest cities. [144] Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists John Crerar , John Whitfield Bunn , Richard Teller Crane , Marshall Field , John Farwell , Julius Rosenwald and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.
Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second largest central business district in the United States.[ citation needed ] The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to major financial and futures exchanges , including the Chicago Stock Exchange , the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) by Chicago's CME Group . The CME Group, in addition, owns the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes . [145] Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago school of economics , the city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange ) and equity style indices (on the U.S. Futures Exchange ). Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower . [146]
The city and its surrounding metropolitan area are home to the third largest labor pool in the United States with approximately 4.48 million workers, as of 2014. [147] In addition, the state of Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies, including those in Chicago. [148] The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one Dow 30 company: aerospace giant Boeing , which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001. [149] [150] Two more Dow 30 companies, Kraft Foods and McDonald's are in the Chicago suburbs, as are Sears Holdings Corporation and the technology spin-offs of Motorola . Chicago is also home to United Continental Holdings , with headquarters in the United Building and operations center at Willis Tower , and its United Airlines subsidiary.
Manufacturing, printing, publishing and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International , Boeing , Abbott Laboratories , and the Healthcare Financial Services division of General Electric . In addition to aircraft maker Boeing, which located its headquarters in Chicago in 2001, and United Airlines in 2011, GE Transportation moved its offices to the city in 2013, as did ThyssenKrupp North America, and agriculture giant Archer Daniels Midland . [10] Moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River , and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major grain port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour and Company , created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy, Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center. Lured by a combination of large business customers, federal research dollars, and a large hiring pool fed by the area's universities, Chicago is also home to a growing number of web startup companies like CareerBuilder , Orbitz , 37signals , Groupon , Feedburner , and NowSecure . [151]
Chicago has been a hub of the Retail sector since its early development in America, when it was the home of Montgomery Ward , Sears , and Marshall Field's . Today the Chicago metro area is the home of several retailers, including Walgreens , Sears , OfficeMax , Ace Hardware , Claire's , and Crate & Barrel .
Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, as home to Western Wheel Company , which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs, [152] while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile , which was founded there in 1907. [153] Chicago was also home to the Schwinn Bicycle Company .
Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place . With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third largest in the world. [154] Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando ) in number of conventions hosted annually. [155]
Culture and contemporary life
The National Hellenic Museum in Greektown is one of several ethnic museums comprising the Chicago Cultural Alliance .
The city's waterfront location and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods of Rogers Park in the north to South Shore in the south. [156] The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the Mexican American neighborhoods, such as Pilsen along 18th street, and La Villita along 26th Street; the Puerto Rican enclave of Paseo Boricua in the Humboldt Park neighborhood; Greektown , along South Halsted Street , immediately west of downtown; [157] Little Italy , along Taylor Street; Chinatown in Armour Square ; Polish Patches in West Town ; Little Seoul in Albany Park around Lawrence Avenue; Little Vietnam near Broadway in Uptown; and the Desi area, along Devon Avenue in West Ridge . [158]
Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental and commercial institutions and home to Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , are located within a section of downtown called " The Loop ", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the Near North Side , the Near South Side , and the Near West Side , as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous skyscrapers , abundant restaurants, shopping , museums , a stadium for the Chicago Bears , convention facilities , parkland , and beaches .
Lincoln Park is home to the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory . The River North Gallery District features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City. Lakeview is home to Boystown , which, along with Andersonville , are the best-known LGBT neighborhoods.
The South Side neighborhood of Hyde Park is home to the University of Chicago (U of C), ranked one of the world's top ten universities; [159] and the Museum of Science and Industry . The Script error: No such module "convert". long Burnham Park stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park , bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is home of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits Washington Park . The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the Midway Plaisance , running adjacent to the U of C. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic , which travels from Bronzeville to Washington Park. Ford Motor Company has an automobile assembly plant located in Hegewisch , and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.
The West Side holds the Garfield Park Conservatory , one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include Humboldt Park 's Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture and the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as the National Museum of Mexican Art and St. Adalbert's Church in Pilsen . The Near West Side holds the University of Illinois at Chicago and Oprah Winfrey 's Harpo Studios .
Entertainment, the arts, and performing arts
Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Steppenwolf Theatre Company and Victory Gardens Theater in Lincoln Park; the Goodman Theatre in the Loop; and the Chicago Shakespeare Theater at Navy Pier. Broadway In Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre , Bank of America Theatre , Cadillac Palace Theatre , Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place . Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park . Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modern improvisational theater , and includes the prominent groups The Second City and I.O. (formerly ImprovOlympic).
Classical music offerings include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO), which performs at Symphony Center , and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world. [160] Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta , a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park . Ravinia Festival , located Script error: No such module "convert". north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago . The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956, [161] and presents operas in Lithuanian .
The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park . Chicago is home to several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Dance Crash .
Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Chicago blues , Chicago soul , jazz , and gospel . The city is the birthplace of house music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene . In the 1980s, the city was a center for industrial , punk and new wave . This influence continued into the alternative rock of the 1990s. The city has been an epicenter for rave culture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie . Annual festivals feature various acts, such as Lollapalooza and the Pitchfork Music Festival . A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by the University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances." [162]
Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism , as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke . In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists , such as Roger Brown , Leon Golub , Robert Lostutter , Jim Nutt , and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings.
Chicago is home to a number of large, outdoor works by well-known artists. These include the Chicago Picasso , Miró's Chicago , Flamingo and Flying Dragon by Alexander Calder , Agora by Magdalena Abakanowicz , Monument with Standing Beast by Jean Dubuffet , Batcolumn by Claes Oldenburg , Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor , Crown Fountain by Jaume Plensa , and the Four Seasons mosaic by Marc Chagall .
Chicago also has a nationally televised Thanksgiving parade that occurs annually. The McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade is seen across the nation on WGN-TV and WGN America , featuring a variety of diverse acts from the community, marching bands from across the country, and is the only parade in the city to feature inflatable balloons every year. [163]
Tourism
File:Chicago Water tower.jpg
The Magnificent Mile hosts numerous upscale stores, as well as landmarks like the Chicago Water Tower
In 2012 [update] , Chicago attracted 34.07 million domestic leisure travelers, 10.92 million domestic business travelers and 1.369 million overseas visitors. [164] These visitors contributed more than US$12.8 billion to Chicago's economy. [164] Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street , thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the fourth most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States. [165] Most conventions are held at McCormick Place , just south of Soldier Field . The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago Public Library , now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries and exhibit halls. The ceiling of its Preston Bradley Hall includes a Script error: No such module "convert". Tiffany glass dome. Grant Park holds Millennium Park , Buckingham Fountain (1927), and the Art Institute of Chicago . The park also hosts the annual Taste of Chicago festival. In Millennium Park, there is the reflective Cloud Gate sculpture. Cloud Gate, a public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor, is the centerpiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park. Also, an outdoor restaurant transforms into an ice rink in the winter season. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain . The fountain's two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces, along with water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry 's detailed, stainless steel band shell, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion , hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance , an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including the Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque .
Navy Pier , located just east of Streeterville , is Script error: No such module "convert". long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Its Script error: No such module "convert". tall Ferris wheel is one of the most visited landmarks in the Midwest, attracting about 8 million people annually. [166] Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel.
On June 4, 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus , a Script error: No such module "convert". lakefront park, surrounding three of the city's main museums, each of which is of national importance: the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum , the Field Museum of Natural History , and the Shedd Aquarium . The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park , which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago . Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the Chicago History Museum , the Driehaus Museum , the DuSable Museum of African American History , the Museum of Contemporary Art , the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum , the Polish Museum of America , the Museum of Broadcast Communications , the Pritzker Military Library , the Chicago Architecture Foundation , and the Museum of Science and Industry .
The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. The Willis Tower has an observation deck open to tourists year round with high up views overlooking Chicago and Lake Michigan. The observation deck includes an enclosed glass balcony that extends 10 feet out on the side of the building. Tourists are able to look straight down.
In 2013, Chicago was chosen as one of the "Top Ten Cities in the United States" to visit for its restaurants, skyscrapers, museums, and waterfront, by the readers of Condé Nast Traveler . [167] [168]
Cuisine
File:Polish Market in Chicago.jpeg
A Polish market in Chicago
Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties, all of which reflect the city's ethnic and working class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned deep-dish pizza ; this style is said to have originated at Pizzeria Uno . [169] The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city. [170]
The Chicago-style hot dog , typically a Vienna Beef dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes neon green pickle relish , yellow mustard , pickled sport peppers , tomato wedges, dill pickle spear and topped off with celery salt on a S. Rosen's poppy seed bun . [171] Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style dog frown upon the use of ketchup as a garnish, but may prefer to add giardiniera . [172] [173] [174]
There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches, among them the Italian beef sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef slowly simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the Maxwell Street Polish , a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa — on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers. [175]
Ethnically originated creations include chicken Vesuvio , with roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. Another is the Puerto Rican-influenced jibarito , a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. There is also the tamale with chile, mother-in-law sandwich . [176] The tradition of serving the Greek dish, saganaki while aflame, has its origins in Chicago's Greek community. The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with Metaxa and flambéed table-side by the server to shouts of 'Opa!' [177]
The annual summer festival, the Taste of Chicago in Grant Park , highlights food in the city with many local restaurants taking part.
A number of well-known chefs have had restaurants in Chicago, including Charlie Trotter , Rick Tramonto , Grant Achatz , and Rick Bayless . In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination." [178]
Carl Sandburg 's most famous description of the city is as "Hog Butcher for the World/Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat/ Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler,/ Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders."
Literature
Further information: Chicago literature
Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of social realism . In the Encyclopedia of Chicago , Northwestern University Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago. [179] Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time, [180] and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie. [181] Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.
At least, three short periods in the history of Chicago have had a lasting influence on American Literature . [182] These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the Great Depression through the 1940s.
What would become the influential Poetry magazine was founded in 1912 by Harriet Monroe , who was working as an art critic for the Chicago Tribune . The magazine discovered such poets as Gwendolyn Brooks , James Merrill , and John Ashbery . [183] T. S. Eliot 's first professionally published poem, " The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ", was first published by Poetry. Contributors have included Ezra Pound , William Butler Yeats , William Carlos Williams , Langston Hughes , and Carl Sandburg , among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the Imagist and Objectivist poetic movements.
Sports
Main article: Sports in Chicago
Chicago was named the "Best Sports City" in the United States by the Sporting News in 1993, 2006, and 2010. [184] Along with Boston, Chicago is the only city to continuously host major professional sports since 1871, having only taken 1872 and 1873 off due to the Great Chicago Fire. Additionally, along with Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia, Chicago is one of the six cities in the United States to have won championships in the four major professional sports leagues and, along with New York and Los Angeles, is one of three cities to have won soccer championships as well.
The city is home to two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League (NL), who play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the Chicago White Sox of the American League (AL), who play in U.S. Cellular Field on the South Side. Chicago is the only city that has had more than one MLB franchise every year since the AL began in 1901 (New York only hosted one between 1958 and 1962, and Los Angeles has only done so since 1961.) The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city, one of nine out of the sixteen teams to predate expansion that have not changed cities. They have played in Chicago since 1871, and continuously so since 1874 due to the Great Chicago Fire. They have played more games, have more wins and scored more runs than any other team in Major League baseball since 1876. [185] They have won two World Series titles and are fifth among National League teams with 16 pennants, but have the dubious honor of having the two longest droughts in professional sports: They have not won their sport's title since 1908 , and have not participated in a World Series since 1945 , both records in their respective rights. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901, with all three of their home fields throughout the years being within mere blocks of one another. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. The Sox are fifth in the American League in all-time wins, and sixth in pennants.
The Chicago Bears , one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships , including Super Bowl XX . The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals , also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals . The Bears have won more games in the history of the NFL than any other team, and only the Green Bay Packers , their longtime rivals, have won more championships. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field , named after "The men and women of the armed forces". It is located next to the shores of Lake Michigan, on Lake Shore Drive. Soldier Field was an aging stadium and was in dire need of renovation by the end of the 20th century. In 2003, the stadium re-opened after an extensive renovation, which increased the number of luxury boxes and dramatically improved the game day experience for Bears fans. However, because of this renovation, the stadium lost its National Historic Landmark designation on February 17, 2006.
The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.[ citation needed ] During the 1990s, with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls took six NBA championships in eight seasons. [186] [187] They also boast the youngest player to win the NBA Most Valuable Player Award , Derrick Rose , who won it for the 2010–11 season . [188]
The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the " Original Six " teams of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team has won five Stanley Cups , including in 2013 . Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center on the Near West Side.
Top: United Center ; Bottom: U.S. Cellular Field
The Chicago Fire Soccer Club is a member of Major League Soccer (MLS) and plays at Toyota Park in suburban Bridgeview , after playing its first eight seasons at Soldier Field . The Fire have won one league title and four U.S. Open Cups , since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field .
The Chicago Sky is a professional basketball team based in Rosemont, Illinois , playing in the Eastern Conference in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They play home games at the Allstate Arena . The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began. It is owned by Michael J. Alter (principal owner) and Margaret Stender (minority owner).
While six of the eight major franchises have won championships within recent years – the Bears (1985), the Bulls (91, '92, '93, '96, '97, and '98), the White Sox (2005), the Blackhawks (2010, 2013),the Fire (1998) and the Chicago Wolves (2008) — the Chicago Cubs are known for their drought of over 100 years without a championship (currently 106 years, as of the 2014 MLB season). The last time the Cubs were in a World Series was 1945. Some fans claim the Curse of the Billy Goat is responsible for the drought.
Club
Portage Park on the Northwest Side and Washington Square Park on the Near North Side .
When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a Latin phrase which translates into English as "City in a Garden". Today, the Chicago Park District consists of more than 570 parks with over Script error: No such module "convert". of municipal parkland . There are 31 sand beaches , a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas. [191] Lincoln Park , the largest of the city's parks, covers Script error: No such module "convert". and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after Central Park in New York City , and the National Mall and Memorial Parks in Washington, D.C. [192]
With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system. [193] In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park , which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.
The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves , a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie , wetland , streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's periphery, [194] home to both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield . [195] In addition, Washington Park is one of the city's biggest parks as well; covering nearly Script error: No such module "convert".. The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago .
Law and government
File:Daley Plaza 060716.jpg
Daley Plaza with Picasso statue and City Hall in background. State law courts are in the Daley Plaza Building at right
The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. [196] The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions and approves the city budget. [197]
The Chicago Police Department provides law enforcement for the City of Chicago and its residents. The Chicago Fire Department provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the City of Chicago and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois , in the federal system. In the former, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney , in the latter, the United States Attorney .
Politics
Main article: Political history of Chicago
During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations. [198] For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been " solid blue " in presidential elections since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent the rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but 8 of Illinois' 19 U.S. Representatives have part of Chicago in their districts .
Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities. [199] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley , the son of Richard J. Daley. On May 16, 2011, Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.
Crime
Chicago Police Department SUV, 2011
Chicago had a murder rate of 18.5 per 100,000 residents in 2012, ranking 16th among cities with 100,000 people or more. [200] This was less in comparison to smaller American cities, including New Orleans , Newark , and Detroit , which saw 53 murders per 100,000 residents in 2012. [201] Though it has a significantly lower murder rate than many smaller American cities, the two largest cities in the United States, New York City and Los Angeles, have lower rates and lower total homicides. According to reports in 2013, "[m]ost of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories", [202] and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel , which by 2006 had decided to seek to control illicit drug distribution, over against local street gangs. [203] Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime. [202] In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people; [204] the murder rate was 10.4 -- while high crime districts saw 38.9, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000. [205]
The total number of murders in Chicago peaked in 1974, with 970 murders when the city's population was over 3 million people (resulting in a murder rate of around 29 per 100,000), and came close to peaking again in 1992 with 943 murders, resulting in a murder rate of 34 per 100,000. [206] Chicago, along with other major U.S. cities, experienced a significant reduction in violent crime rates through the 1990s, eventually recording 448 homicides in 2004, the lowest total since 1965 (15.65 per 100,000.) Chicago's homicide tally remained steady throughout 2005, 2006, and 2007 with 449, 452, and 435 respectively.
In 2008, murders rebounded to 510, breaking 500 for the first time since 2003. [207] [208] For 2009, the murder count was down about 10% for the year, to 458. [209] 2010 saw Chicago's murder rate at its lowest levels since 1965. Overall, 435 homicides were recorded for the year (16.14 per 100,000), a 5% decrease from 2009. [210] 2011 saw Chicago's murders at 431 for a murder rate of 15.94 per 100,000 for a drop of 1.2% from 2010. [211]
2012 saw a spike in murders to 506. [212] [213] That year the city ranked 21st in the United States in numbers of homicides per person, while the first half of 2013 saw a significant drop per-person, in all categories of violent crime in Chicago, including homicide (down 26%). [214] Chicago ended 2013 with 415 murders, the lowest number of murders since 1965, and overall crime rates dropped by 16 percent. [211]
It is estimated that in 2012 shootings cost the city of Chicago $2.5 billion according to Jens Ludwig, director of the University of Chicago Crime Lab. [215]
Education
Main article: Chicago Public Schools
Schools and libraries
Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the governing body of the school district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are ten selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools. [216] They are designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. The schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses. [217] Northside College Preparatory High School is ranked number one in the city of Chicago. Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked second. The oldest magnet school in the city, Whitney M. Young Magnet High School , which was opened in 1975, is ranked number three. The magnet school with the largest enrollment is Lane Technical College Prep High School .[ citation needed ] Lane is one of the oldest schools in Chicago and in 2012 was designated a National Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education. [218]
Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests. [219] The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013-2014 20th Day Enrollment), ranks as the third largest in the U.S. [220] On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources and other issues. [221] According to data complied in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are approximately 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools). [222]
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates the city's Catholic schools , including the Jesuit preparatory schools . Some of the more prominent Catholic schools are St. Rita of Cascia High School , De La Salle Institute , Josephinum Academy , DePaul College Prep , Cristo Rey Jesuit High School , Brother Rice High School , St. Ignatius College Preparatory School , Mount Carmel High School , Queen of Peace High School , Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School , Marist High School , St. Patrick High School and Resurrection High School .
In addition to Chicago's network of Lutheran schools , [223] there are also several private schools run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge . Additionally, a number of private schools are run in a completely secular educational environment, such as the Latin School of Chicago in the Near North Side neighborhood, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park, the British School of Chicago and the Francis W. Parker School in Lincoln Park, the Lycée Français de Chicago in Uptown, the Feltre School in River North and the Morgan Park Academy . Chicago is also home of the private Chicago Academy for the Arts , a high school focused on six different categories of the arts. Also, Chicago is home of the public Chicago High School for the Arts , a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.
The Chicago Public Library system operates 79 public libraries, including the central library, two regional libraries, and numerous branches distributed throughout the city.
Colleges and universities
The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America, after New York City and Los Angeles. [226] Each of the big four U.S. television networks , CBS , ABC , NBC and Fox , directly owns and operates a high-definition television station in Chicago ( WBBM , WLS , WMAQ and WFLD , respectively). WGN‑TV , which is owned by the Tribune Company , is carried with some programming differences, as " WGN America " on cable and satellite TV nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean . The city has also been the home of several talk shows, including, formerly, The Oprah Winfrey Show . Chicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRI 's This American Life and NPR 's Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me! Chicago's PBS station can be seen on WTTW , producer of shows such as Sneak Previews , The Frugal Gourmet , Lamb Chop's Play-Along and The McLaughlin Group , just to name a few and WYCC .
There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago: the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times , with the former having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as Chicago , the Dziennik Związkowy (Polish Daily News) , Draugas (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the Chicago Reader , the SouthtownStar , the Chicago Defender , the Daily Herald , Newcity , [227] [228] StreetWise and the Windy City Times . The entertainment and cultural magazine Time Out Chicago and GRAB magazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazine Chicago Innerview . In addition, Chicago is the recent home of satirical national news outlet, The Onion , as well as its sister pop-culture publication, The A.V. Club . [229]
File:Circle Interchange Chicago.jpg
Aerial photo of the Jane Byrne Interchange, opened in 1960s
Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore . [230]
Expressways
Further information: Roads and expressways in Chicago
Seven mainline and four auxiliary interstate highways ( 55 , 57 , 65 (only in Indiana), 80 (also in Indiana ), 88 , 90 (also in Indiana ), 94 (also in Indiana ), 190 , 290 , 294 , and 355 ) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson .
The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois. [231]
Transit systems
Chicago Union Station , opened in 1925, is the third busiest rail terminal in the United States
The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.
The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) handles public transportation in the City of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a rapid transit elevated and subway system known as the 'L' (for "elevated"), with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve both Midway and O'Hare Airports . The CTA's rail lines consist of the Red , Blue , Green , Orange , Brown , Purple , Pink , and Yellow lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.
Metra , the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line commuter rail service in Chicago and throughout the Chicago suburbs. The Metra Electric Line shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's South Shore Line , which provides commuter service between South Bend and Chicago.
Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit. [232]
Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America) .
Passenger rail
Amtrak train on the Empire Builder route departs Chicago from Union Station
Amtrak long distance and commuter rail services originate from Union Station . Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. The services terminate in San Francisco, Washington, D.C., New York City, Indianapolis , New Orleans, Portland , Seattle , Milwaukee , Quincy , St. Louis , Carbondale , Boston, Grand Rapids , Port Huron , Pontiac , Los Angeles, and San Antonio . An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad . Parts of this were built, but it was ultimately never completed.
Freight rail
Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry. [233] Six of the seven Class I railroads meet in Chicago, with the exception being the Kansas City Southern Railway . [234] As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days). [235] About one-third of the country's freight trains pass through the city, making it a major national bottleneck. [236] Announced in 2003, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency (CREATE) initiative is using about $1.5 billion in private railroad, state, local, and federal funding to improve rail infrastructure in the region to reduce freight rail congestion by about one third. [237]
Airports
O'Hare International Airport
Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport , the world's second busiest airport, [238] on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second busiest by total passenger traffic (due to government enforced flight caps). [239] Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport , located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois , respectively, can serve as alternate Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago. [240] The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines , the world's third largest airline.
Port authority
Main article: Port of Chicago
The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . [241]
Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes Script error: No such module "convert". of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,390,000 square feet) of storage.
Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the Grand Calumet River and Little Calumet River Script error: No such module "convert". inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (315,000 square feet) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3,000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along Lake Calumet .
The Illinois International Port district also operates Foreign trade zone No. 22, which extends Script error: No such module "convert". from Chicago's city limits.
Utilities
Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison , also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon ) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city started the installation of wind turbines on government buildings with the aim to promote the use of renewable energy. [242] [243] [244]
Natural Gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group , which is headquartered in Chicago.
Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled , mainly in the Calumet area . From 1995 to 2008, the city had a blue bag program to divert certain refuse from landfills. [245] In the fall of 2007 the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling similar to that of other cities due to low participation rates in the blue bag program. After completion of the pilot the city will determine whether to roll it out to all wards.
Prentice Women's Hospital at the McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University
Health systems
Chicago is home to the Illinois Medical District , on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center , the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago , Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County , one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation. [246]
Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the University of Chicago Medical Center . The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the Feinberg School of Medicine ; Northwestern Memorial Hospital , which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2010–11; [247] the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago , which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by U.S. News & World Report; [248] the new Prentice Women's Hospital ; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.
The University of Illinois College of Medicine at UIC is the largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and Urbana–Champaign ). [249]
See also: List of diplomatic missions and trade organizations in Chicago
Chicago has 28 sister cities around the world. [250] Like Chicago, many of them are or were the second most populous city or second most influential city of their country, or they are the main city of a country that has had large amounts of immigrants settle in Chicago. These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, educational, and other ties. [251] [252]
To celebrate the sister cities, Chicago hosts a yearly festival in Daley Plaza , which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities. [250] In addition, the Chicago Sister Cities program hosts a number of delegation and formal exchanges. [250] In some cases, these exchanges have led to further informal collaborations, such as the academic relationship between the Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society at the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of Ukraine (originally of the Soviet Union ), that was originally established as part of the Chicago-Kiev sister cities program. [253]
Sister cities
^ http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/sister-cities-chicagos-international-family-110498
^ Berdes, PhD, Celia; Levin, Andrew. "Director Emeritus James Webster Looks Backward, Forward" (PDF). Annual Report 2008. Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society. pp. 5–7. Retrieved July 1, 2009. [ dead link ]
^ "Partnerská města HMP" [Prague - Twin Cities HMP] . Portál "Zahraniční vztahy" [Portal "Foreign Affairs"] (in Czech). July 18, 2013. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
^ "Partnerstädte der Stadt Luzern" . Stadt Luzern (in German). Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
Bibliography
Bach, Ira J. (1980). Chicago's Famous Buildings. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-03396-1 . LCCN 79023365 .
Clymer, Floyd (1950). Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925. New York: Bonanza Books. OCLC 1966986 .
Sampson, Robert J. (2012). Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73456-9 .
Sawyer, R. Keith (2002). Improvised dialogue: emergence and creativity in conversation. Westport, Conn.: Ablex Pub. ISBN 1-56750-677-1 . OCLC 59373382 .
Schneirov, Richard (1998). Labor and urban politics: class conflict and the origins of modern liberalism in Chicago, 1864–97. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06676-6 . OCLC 37246254 .
Slaton, Deborah, ed. (1997). Wild Onions: A Brief Guide to Landmarks and Lesser-Known Structures in Chicago's Loop (2nd ed.). Champaign, Ill: Association for Preservation Technology International. OCLC 42362348 .
Smith, Carl S. (2006). The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City. Chicago visions + revisions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0-226-76471-0 . OCLC 261199152 .
Spears, Timothy B. (2005). Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76874-0 . OCLC 56086689 .
Swanson, Stevenson (1997). Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City. Chicago Tribune (Firm). Chicago: Cantigny First Division Foundation. ISBN 1-890093-03-3 . OCLC 36066057 .
Zurawski, Joseph W. (2007). Polish Chicago: Our History-Our Recipes. G. Bradley Pub, Inc. ISBN 978-0-9774512-2-7 .
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Obtained from the ore cinnabar, vermilion is a shade of what color? | Cinnabar and Vermilion - Beautiful and Toxic Mineral and Pigment | Owlcation
Cinnabar and Vermilion - Beautiful and Toxic Mineral and Pigment
Updated on April 26, 2015
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Cinnabar on dolomite
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Cinnabar is a beautiful orange red to dark red mineral that is prized for both its color and its mercury content. In ancient times, cinnabar was ground into a powder, forming a pigment called vermilion. This pigment was used for art and decoration and was also added to cosmetics. It's still used in artists’ paints today, although it's often replaced by synthetic and less toxic pigments.
Cinnabar is made of a compound called mercury (ll) sulfide or mercuric sulfide. The chemical formula of this compound is HgS. Mercury (ll) sulfide occurs in two forms in nature - the more common red or cinnabar form and the rarer black or metacinnabar form. Mercury and mercury compounds are toxic to humans, although cinnabar is not as poisonous as some other forms of mercury.
Cinnabar is usually found in rocks that form near volcanic activity or in hot springs. It’s produced near the Earth’s surface from hot liquids that bubble up from deeper in the Earth. Most of the world’s mercury supply is obtained from cinnabar. Major cinnabar producers today include Spain, China, Italy, Serbia, Slovenia and parts of the United States.
Cinnabar, quartz and dolomite
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Uses of Cinnabar in the Past
Cinnabar, vermilion, mercury (ll) sulfide and mercuric sulfide all refer to the same substance (with the exception of the rare black form of mercury (ll) or mercuric sulfide). Like several other red materials in nature, cinnabar was also known by the evocative name of “dragon’s blood” in earlier times. Its vibrant red color was a great attraction for people looking for pigments.
Ancient Romans created paintings and decorated statues and their faces with ground cinnabar mixed with a medium such as egg yolk or plant gums. The Mayan people used cinnabar to decorate burial chambers, the sarcophagi and the dead bodies of important members of their society.
Earlier women in India wore vermilion along the parting of their hair and in a dot on their foreheads to indicate that they were married. Some modern Indian women still follow this custom. Today the pigment, known as sindoor, is made of turmeric, lime juice and other substances instead of cinnabar.
Ancient Chinese people used cinnabar in their famous red lacquers and in special inks. The technique for making artificial vermilion from mercury and sulfur was apparently first devised in China in the eighth century. Vermilion from China is sometimes known as China Red.
A Large Specimen of Cinnabar
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Art and Vermilion in the Villa of Mysteries in Pompeii
Vermilion was loved by artists of the past. Paintings with vibrant red colors created by vermilion have survived, including some in an Ancient Roman villa shown in the video below. The villa paintings may not have been as richly colored in the past as they are today, however. They've been preserved with a wax layer, which darkened the paint when it was applied.
The name of the villa which has left us such interesting art is the Villa of Mysteries. It stands just outside the city of Pompeii. The villa was affected by the famous eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D., but not to the same extent as many other buildings in the area.
The villa is believed to have been used for initiation into a mystery cult of Dionysus, the god of wine. The murals on the walls appear to depict initiates and their experiences, although expects are not quite certain about the meaning of the paintings. The murals are frescoes - paintings created on wet plaster that become an integral part of a wall.
Frescoes in the Villa of Mysteries
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Color Change in Vermilion
Unfortunately, in some cases vermillion used in historical art has turned brown over time. The darkening of vermilion is of great concern to art historians and to those working in art conservation.
Researchers have discovered a chemical reaction which may be responsible for vermilion's loss of color. They say that chlorine salts in the air may act as a catalyst for a reaction that releases mercury from the pigment when it's exposed to light. Mercury looks black when it's present in a thin layer. The combination of a mercury layer on top of the layer of vermilion may produce the dull brown appearance.
Once the cause or causes of vermilion's color change have been discovered, it may be possible to protect historical art from further damage. If a way to reverse the damage is discovered, it may even be possible to return the art to its former glory.
A detail from "Assumption of the Virgin" painted by Titian in 1516 to 1518; the orange robes were created with vermilion
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Uses of Cinnabar Today
In more recent times, powdered cinnabar or vermillion was added to candies as a food coloring, although it's no longer used for this purpose. However, cinnabar is still part of many traditional Chinese medicines.
Cinnabar in the form of natural or artificially made vermillion is sold today as an artist’s paint. The paint is accompanied with a warning to avoid ingestion and skin contact. Many artists use cadmium red as a replacement for vermillion because it's safer and more permanent.
Some rock and mineral collectors like to include cinnabar samples in their collection. The color of the mineral varies considerably and ranges from orange to a deep purple-red. Some people enjoy the hunt for the perfect specimen.
The main use of cinnabar today is for mercury production. To extract mercury from cinnabar, the cinnabar must be heated. The mercury escapes from the cinnabar as a gas, which is then cooled and condensed to make liquid mercury. Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature. It needs to be treated with great caution because it can be absorbed through the skin and releases dangerous vapors.
The early alchemists called mercury “quicksilver” for two reasons. One is that mercury is silver in color. The other is that when it’s placed on a surface it forms beads that roll around as though they are alive.
A cinnabar lacquer box from China, 1736 - 1795
Other Meanings of the Word Cinnabar
The word "cinnabar" is sometimes used to name items unrelated to the cinnabar mineral in order to convey an exotic impression. For example, Cinnabar perfume contains no mercury. Today's cinnabar boxes are generally made of wood that is covered by a red lacquer containing no cinnabar or by a red resin polymer and then imprinted with a design. Cinnabar jewelry doesn't contain the cinnabar mineral, since mercury compounds shouldn't stay in contact with the skin.
Mercury Poisoning
Mercury exists in three forms – elemental mercury (pure metallic mercury), organic mercury (mainly methylmercury, the form found in some fish) and inorganic mercury, such as the mercury (ll) sulfide that makes up cinnabar. Unlike organic mercury, inorganic mercury doesn't contain carbon.
The severity of mercury poisoning in humans depends on many factors, including the form of the mercury, the way in which the mercury is absorbed into the body (through ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption), the dose of mercury absorbed, the duration of the exposure, the frequency of the exposure and the age and health of the affected person. Mercury poisoning can result in damage to the nervous and muscular systems as well as damage to the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys and respiratory system.
Mercury in a thermometer
Inorganic Mercury Toxicity
Inorganic mercury such as the mercury found in cinnabar is the least toxic form of mercury, but it's still poisonous.
Inorganic mercury is absorbed through the lining of the digestive tract, but in lower quantities than organic mercury.
Inorganic mercury doesn’t vaporize much at room temperature, so inhalation is not a major problem. The dust is dangerous for the lungs, however.
Small amounts of inorganic mercury compounds can be absorbed through the skin.
Contact with high levels of inorganic mercury can cause skin rashes.
Although it’s less likely to cause nervous system damage than other forms of mercury, chronic exposure to inorganic mercury can damage the kidneys and the nervous system.
Mercury Safety from the CDC
The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) has a useful webpage about mercury facts in relation to health.
Mercury - Properties and Safety
Toxicity and Safe Use of Cinnabar
There is uncertainty about how poisonous cinnabar is and about the amount required to produce dangerous effects. Scientists generally recommend that we limit our exposure to all mercury compounds, however, including inorganic mercury.
People using cinnabar are warned not to inhale cinnabar dust and to be very careful when breaking the mineral in case dust is created. The mineral mustn’t be ingested or licked. In addition, it mustn’t be heated, which might trigger mercury vapor release. Opinions are divided about whether cinnabar is safe to touch. Mercury (ll) sulfide can be absorbed through the skin, but how much is actually absorbed from a lump of cinnabar mineral is unknown. Since there are unanswered questions about the mineral's safety, it's best to wear gloves when handling it.
One potentially serious problem is that sometimes drops of liquid mercury can be found in a piece of cinnabar mineral, which are more dangerous than the cinnabar itself. Liquid mercury releases a poisonous vapor.
Cinnabar and alunite
A Beautiful Mineral
Cinnabar is a beautiful but potentially dangerous mineral. Anyone coming into close contact with the mineral - especially if this happens on a frequent basis - should be aware of important safety precautions. It's wonderful to be able to admire the mineral at close range, as long as this is done safely.
© 2011 Linda Crampton
| Red |
What 1980s-era video game was set in a maze of mushrooms? | GemRX: Cinnabar
CINNABAR
(Fr- cinnabre; Ger- Zinnober; Nor- Sinnober; Rus-
)
Cinnabar, HgS. (See also CHICKEN-BLOOD STONE entry.)
A. Cinnabar, upper left. High-grade mercury ore specimen (height - 3.9 cm) from Almadén district, Spain. (© photo from Graham C. Wilson, www.turnstone.ca)
B. Cinnabar lacquer, middle. Carved box with floral designs (overall width - ca.18.5 cm, height - ca. 5.9 cm). "This 'tsuishu' (carved cinnabar) box is an exquisite example of the . . . intricacy of the Chinese art and craftworks." (© photo courtesy Chuu Inc., www.chuu.com)
C. "Cinnabar" brooch (greater axis ca. 3.3 cm) is carved into flowers; bezel is gold wash over silver. Cleora's Vintage Costume Jewelry. (© photo by Cleora Craw, pages.tias.com/stores/cleora)
D. Cinnabar, lower left. Microcrystalline cinnabar atop bleached basalt (specimen width - 8.75 cm) from east dump, Sulfur Bank mine, Clear Lake, Lake County, California. (© photo by J.A. Crowley, www.crystal-mine.com)
E. "Cinnabar quartz" – i.e., cinnabar-bearing, quartz-rich breccia – cabochon (height ca. 3.0 cm). Specimen is from an unlisted locality. Heaven & Earth, LLC . (© photo, www.heavenandearthjewelry)
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PREAMBLE: This late entry was prepared in response to comments and requests made by visitors to this web site. Cinnabar was not included originally because the jewelry and decorative items marketed as cinnabar (with and without enclosing quotations marks) that I had examined consist of red lacquer. In addition, even had I known about the use of natural cinnabar as a gemrock, I would have had misgivings about including it because of its toxicity -- i.e., I would have worried that including it might prompt someone to search for it, collect it, and try to fashion it into something, which could lead to their contracting physiological and/or mental problems, and perhaps even death.
Whatever, readers' continual urging prompted me finally to search for and record pertinent information. From that information I found, some of which I consider of doubtful verity, I postulated a hypothetical history that has the use of massive cinnabar as a gemrock as the precursor of similar uses of cinnabar-pigmented lacquer -- see paragraph three of REMARKS -- and decided I could present information treating toxicity problems with appropriate (Better Safe than Sorry!!) emphasis.
In addition, the compiled information led me to think that cinnabar-pigmented lacquer -- unlike simulants of other entries -- should be described virtually as fully as cinnabar per se. With such coverage, however, to be sure readers will have no doubts about what pertains to natural massive cinnabar and what pertains to the lacquer, the information is given under Massive cinnabar and Cinnabar lacquer (short for cinnabar-pigmented lacquer) as secondary headings under each of the major subheadings, which are the same ones that are used for the other entries in this GEMROCKS document.
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Massive cinnabar: Properties for compact masses (i.e., not for crystals) follow:
Color - cochineal red to brownish red
H. 2 - 2½
S.G. 8.0 - 8.1
Luster - dull to submetallic or adamantine
Miscellany - streak -vermillion; photo sensitive -- i.e., extended exposure to light causes it to darken; volatilizes on heating, emitting toxic fumes.
Cinnabar lacquer: Properties for relatively thick masses of the polymerized resins used as a medium for carving jewelry etc. -- see also the first paragraph under the Cinnabar Lacquer secondary heading, in REMARKS -- follow:
Color - vivid reddish orange to dark reddish purple
H. ~ 2 ½
S.G. < 1, ranging slightly higher with amount of pigment -- Notice how much this differs from the specific gravity of massive cinnabar(!)
Luster - satinlike to glossy
Miscellany - some is photo sensitive like massive cinnabar; see also paragraph two under REMARKS about Cinnabar Lacquer).
OTHER NAMES: Listing "other names" for this entry is a nomenclature nightmare: 1.As well as being the accepted name of the trigonal trimorph of HgS, cinnabar (with or without enclosing quotation marks) is used both as a noun and an adjective for cinnabar-pigmented lacquers -- and, in addition, for at least a few other red lacquers with other pigments -- that have been fashioned into jewelry and/or other pieces. [and] 2.The term lacquer, with no modifiers, is used widely for red lacquers (originally cinnabar-pigmented ones) despite the fact that lac tree sap and lacquer produced from it is a dull gray color until it has been colored, by the addition of, for example, yellow, green, brown, and/or black, as well as other red pigments. Problem "1" is apparently based on the fact that cinnabar has become in essence a color term in general parlance. Aspect "2" (in my opinion) directs attention to the fact that the term lacquer should be used as a generic noun preceded by its color and/or the identity of its pigment.
Nonetheless, a few other names seem noteworthy.
Massive cinnabar:
"Cinnabar quartz" - quartz-rich rocks with sporadic irregular masses -- e.g., veinlets -- of massive cinnabar.
Cinnabar matrix - not massive cinnabar per se but noteworthy here -- "term applicable to various varieties of minerals containing numerous inclusions of cinnabar but especially to a Mexican variety of jasper." (Shipley, 1951)
Hepatic cinnabar (also called liver ore) - a liver brown or nearly black variety of cinnabar, which so far as I have been able to determine has not been used as a gemrock.
Mercury blende - term used, particularly in the past, by miners and some economic geologists.
Minium - former name applied to the "Sulphuret of Mercury ... the Vermilion used in painting" (King, 1865), who also notes that this cinnabar minium came from "the quicksilver mine Miniaria (fodina) . . . the source of the Italian [word] 'miniera,' and of our [word] 'mine.'"
Natural vermilion - term applied in the marketplace, apparently because powdered cinnabar was the so-named red pigment "well known to the Romans and widely used in China since the third millennium B.C." (www.iconofile./pigments_cinnabar)
Cinnabar lacquer: see names of predominantly lacquer materials given under SIMULANTS.
USES:
Massive cinnabar: As well as its probable historical role as a gemrock, even now "Massive cinnabar in limestone is a very desirable carving material among the Chinese" (Kellar and Fuquan, 1986). In addition, cinnabar-bearing rocks such as breccias and "cinnabar quartz" have been fashioned into cabochons used as pendants, earrings, and ring stones (see Figure E). See also the CHICKEN-BLOOD STONE entry.
Cinnabar lacquer: Although some jewelry, such as beads and pendants, has been carved from cinnabar-pigmented lacquer masses, many of these and other pieces that are so represented have been carved from wood and are only coated with a red lacquer, not necessarily even cinnabar-pigmented lacquer. These beads, pendants etc. are frequently combined with, for example, tumbled chips, spheres, ellipsoids, or even faceted beads of other materials such as silver, gold, diverse jades, lapis lazuli, black "onyx," tiger's-eye, pearls, coral, and ivory. Examples of relatively small functional and decorative pieces made from or coated by red lacquer, some of which is cinnabar lacquer, include the following: boxes for all sorts of uses, candle sticks, lamp bases, snuff bottles, trays, and vases. Lacquer pieces with inlays of, for example, mother-of-pearl, which have been used both in jewelry and for several of the other decorative and functional objects, are additionally noteworthy here.
OCCURRENCES:
Massive cinnabar occurs as relatively thin crusts to relatively thick coatings on fracture surfaces, as veins, and as impregnations, some of which are interpreted to have replaced preexisting components of the current host rocks; host rocks represented are of several diverse compositions and nearly all geological eras. Most occurrences, however, are in disturbed areas and thought to have been deposited by hydrothermal solutions spatially associated with relatively recent volcanic activities or in so-called hot spring areas. For additional information, see Becker (1888).
Cinnabar lacquer does not occur naturally.
NOTEWORTHY LOCALITIES:
Massive cinnabar: Almadén del Azoque, Ciudad Real, Spain, where mining dates back to at least 415 B.C.; Idria, Slovenia (formerly Gorizia, Italy); Guiyang, Guizhou Province (formerly Kweiyang, Kweichow/chau Province), China; the Cordillera Occidental (e.g., near Huancavelica), Peru, "where, as all historians are agreed, the subjects of the Incas were familiar with the use of vermilion" (Becker, 1888, p.8); and sporadicially in the Coast Range of, for example, Lake and Napa counties, California, where discovery of cinnabar-bearing ore bodies predated the 1849 gold rush. For additional world-wide localities, see, Becker (ibid.).
Cinnabar lacquer does not occur naturally.
REMARKS: According to Mitchell (1979), the name cinnabar is "from Medieval Latin cinnabaris; with a long history which can be traced to Persian zinjifrah, apparently meaning dragon's blood, in allusion to its red color."
The toxicity of mercury and cinnabar appears to have been recognized before 2000 B.C., when "the task of mining quicksilver [was assigned] to slaves and prisoners. The average life span of miners was 3 years from when they started this hazardous work." Nonetheless, during the Middle Ages, many alchemists used mercury in their experiments and procedures -- athough they, too, suffered ill effects. Among several widely cited examples are: King Charles II of England; Sir Isaac Newton "who actually tasted the chemicals he worked with ... -- In 1979, hair strands from his corpse were tested for mercury and found to contain 75 parts per million (Normal levels are about 5 parts per million.)"; Michael Faraday; Abraham Lincoln; and hat makers of Danbury, Connecticut, where a "mercuric nitrate was used to soften fur for hats, [and] exposed workers contracted the classic syndrome called the 'Danbury Shakes'." (Preceding quotations, paraphrased statements, and additional pertinent information are on, for example, mercuryinschools.uwex. edu.) In addition, recall the plights of Lewis Carroll's Mad Hatter in "Alice in Wonderland." In any case, mercury toxicity is well established, and "Cinnabar (used in jewelry)" is listed as one of the sources of mercury exposure. (e.g., www.ephca.com)
Unfortunately, contrary statements relating to the toxicity of cinnabar, especially that powdered and used as a pigment, have been published and repeated(!!) in some fairly recent literature -- e.g., Wehlte, 1975, p.106 and Albus, 2000, p.315; because such misinformation is in the literature and repeated on web sites, I think it is important to direct attention to the fact that both of those authors are artists, not mineralogists or chemists, and to reiterate the following statements: 1."Toxicity: Some authorities consider natural cinnabar to be non-toxic. Anita Albus writes that the deadly poison of mercury becomes harmless when it is stably bound with sulfur. However, we consider cinnabar to be toxic and urge caution in handling the dry powder pigment, as well as the pigment dispersed in medium." (from a pigment marketer - www.iconofile./pigments_cinnabar) 2.According to Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials (10th ed., 2000), which is widely considered to be the authoritative source on toxic materials, Mercury Sulfide is given the highest Hazard Rating (3 on a scale of 1-3). [and] 3."It is not generally appreciated that mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison since only small amounts of the element can be eliminated at a time by the human organism." (Lide, 2002)
There are two additional aspects of toxicity that relate to the toxicity of cinnabar lacquer, although I hasten to add I have found no recorded data about either -- i.e., each is only a conjecture as to why or how pieces fashioned from cinnabar-pigmented lacquer might have relatively low toxicities: 1.lacquer has less cinnabar per unit volume so its toxicity is of lower concentration; and 2.one or more layers of colorless, cinnabar-free lacquer could be used as the final sealing coats and might so-to-speak encapsulate the toxicity. So far as this latter possibility -- if indeed it might serve the desired purpose -- the sealing coats would, of course, have to be applied after any carving (etc.) to provide the inferred safety.
Hypothesized History: Chiefly because of its vivid red color, powdered cinnabar was among the mineral pigments used during ancient times for such things as "war" and ceremonial face and body paint. With extended "artistic" efforts, for the most part for self adornment, massive cinnabar became a favored medium because of its fairly widespread availability and the ease with which, for example, pendants and beads could be fashioned from it. With time, however, it became apparent that the artisans who fashioned those things and also those who wore them often developed physiological and/or mental problems (because of cinnabar's toxicity). In spite of such recognition, the desire for pieces having the attractive red hues of cinnabar prevailed. As a result of this scenario, probably as the result of several experiments and/or errors, it was discovered that cinnabar-pigmented lacquer could be applied in multiple coats to produce masses large enough to be carved (etc.). Subsequently, these masses of cinnabar lacquer gained their role, which ultimately essentially supplanted the use of massive cinnabar so far as fashioning beads, pendants, etc., and later led to their use for fashioning several other decorative pieces. ----- (A tangent: Whether mixtures of lac pigmented by powdered cinnabar had already been produced, for whatever use, and found apparently not to affect people negatively is not significant so far as this hypothetical history.) ----- To me, the least supported parts of this hypothetical history relate to the following: 1.early use of massive cinnabar as the medium from which pendants etc. were fashioned; and 2.the implied thought processes that recognized the likelihood that cinnabar-pigmented lacquer might be less toxic than massive mercury, and, in turn, the consequent devising of procedures for producing large masses of cinnabar lacquer. -- The color, availability, and easy workability of massive cinnabar support the first premise, and the following published statement can be construed as at least permissively supportive: "The Greeks shot arrows at lofty cliffs to dislodge the cinnabar, and cinnabar carvings were popular during the Ming dynasty in China." (www.janmichaels.com). I cannot, however, vouch for the veracity of that information. The second premise -- the alluded-to thought processes -- is pure conjecture, at least in my mind. However, IF the hypothesized history is accepted, ancient uses of massive cinnabar as a gemrock became the precursor of similar uses of specially prepared, relatively large masses of cinnabar-pigmented lacquer. AND, continued and extended utilization of the lacquer for all practical purposes, supplanted gemrock uses of its natural cinnabar precursor. [[As already note, however, this is not to say that utilization of massive cinnabar preceded all uses of cinnabar-pigmented lacquer. Indeed, apparently well documented evidence indicates that such lacquer was used at least as early as during the Han dynasty (B.C.206 - A.D.220), and archaeological discoveries coupled with Carbon-14 dating indicate that black lacquer ware dates back to Neolithic times in China (see wwwregenttour.camalso; and also see www.isei.or.ip/Lacquer_Museum)]]
Massive cinnabar: Derivation of the name cinnabar has been attributed differently by different authors. According to Mitchell (1979) it is "from Medieval Latin cinnabaris; with a long history which can be traced to Persian zinjifrah, apparently meaning dragon's blood, in allusion to its red color."
Cinnabar lacquer: Production of cinnabar lacquer used for carvings etc.: Early red lacquer consisted of a resinous sap collected from the lac tree, Rhus verniciflua -- which is related to poison ivy, poison sumac, etc. -- grown in central and southern China, plus powdered cinnabar. The cinnabar lacquer masses used, especially in the past, commonly consist of more than 200 (some times as many as 500) coats, with the built up masses made thick enough for carving the desired items (e.g., beads, brooches, and pendants; boxes, bowls, and trays). The process was laborious and time-consuming because each coat of lacquer had to be applied and then completely dried under carefully monitored conditions before the next coat was applied.... Indeed, it is recorded that "a fine large piece might take years to prepare and then years to carve ... [and that] Ten years was not considered excessive." (www.tellmewhereonearth.com) For additional information, and suggestions dealing with the care of lacquer, see www.bishopmuseum.org/research).
According to Grove's Dictionary of Art "Vermilion has proved to be essentially a stable pigment, although this is not always the case. In an aqueous medium and exposed to strong light it can change to the metastable black modification of mercuric sulphide, metacinnabar" (groveart.com). Consequently, just as for anything fashioned from massive cinnabar, cinnabar-pigmented lacquer pieces should not be kept wet for any extended period (if, for example, they are washed with water, they should be dried with all due haste) and they should not be exposed to extensive sunlight, at least not for any prolonged time. The following recorded examples are of interest so far as the photo sensitive characteristic of lacquer: "Colour may be fugitive. ... It is said that a twelfth-century monochrome box when recovered from a tomb was a lustrous coral red that later darkened; and a nineteenth-century box darkened merely from being exposed for a few months on an occasionally sunlit window-sill whereas the under curve of the box, being in shade, remained in a higher key.” (Clifford, 1992, p.22)
Two tidbits for possible conversation use by those showing their cinnabar lacquer pieces: 1.A set of four postage stamps issued in 1993 by the People's Republic of China features cinnabar lacquerware: A bowl, a duck, a round tray and a box with lid are shown. 2.A carved cinnabar lacquer circular box and cover (diameter, 32 cm) -- "Yongle six-character mark and period (1403-1424)" -- was sold at Auction for a "world record price for an Asian work . . . of Chinese lacquer." The price was $1,578,850 (Auction Report, 18 May 2001 - www.cloud band.com).
SIMULANTS: In one sense, all of the materials listed under this subheading -- i.e., under both secondary headings -- could be considered simulants of Massive cinnabar. Those below the "Cinnabar lacquer" secondary heading are given there because they appear to represent materials produced to resemble it rather than natural massive cinnabar.
Massive cinnabar:
***Lacquer - especially that with cinnabar pigment but also those with other red pigments are simulants for two reasons: 1.If the hypothesized history fundamental to including this entry is accepted/correct, the original thick masses of cinnabar-pigmented lacquer were prepared to serve as simulants. 2.In the marketplace, cinnabar (in some cases enclosed in quotation marks) -- used as a noun or adjective preceding lacquer -- is used widely to designate jewelry and other pieces fashioned from or coated by lacquer. See listings under the next secondary heading.
***Polymer clay -- this material, appropriately color-dyed, is commonly stamped into, for example, beads and other items that appear to have been carved.
***Synthetic cinnabar -- Although synthesis has been accomplished using different procedures, most of which are relatively simple and have been used for several centuries (see, for example, Palache, Berman, and Frondel, 1944), I have found no record of synthetic cinnabar's ever having been used for fashioning jewelry etc.
Cinnabar lacquer: The starting point here is the tentative assumption that materials listed under this subheading have been used to simulate cinnabar lacquer jewelry and pieces such as those noted under the USES subheading. Three different kinds of material warrant mention: 1.Red lacquers the colors of which derive from a pigment other than cinnabar -- e.g., cadmium red (also toxic), cochineal, hematite, lead chromate (called Austrian cinnabar or Persian red), madder, pig’s blood, or safflower; however, to me, and I suspect several others, none of these quite matches the red hues that I associate with cinnabar- pigmented lacquer; 2.Materials that consist of one or more other materials, such as wood, bone or metal, that are merely coated with red lacquer, be its pigment cinnabar or something else; [and] 3.Other materials such as red colored plastics. Those given below are only examples -- i.e., the list is not comprehensive.
Bastard lacquer (also called "piled red") - name applied to lacquer with brick dust as the pigment (Clifford, 1992, p.107).
Cinebar - designation (apparently not just a "typo") given an otherwise unidentified material that in photographs accompanying advertisements for pendants closely resembles cinnabar-pigmented lacquer.
"Cinnabar wood"- marketplace designation applied to some wood carved articles with red lacquer coatings. A large percentage of the beads, pendants (etc,) marketed today as "Cinnabar" consist of a carved wood base and untold layers of lacquer. Two procedures have been used: 1.Coating wood with lacquer and then carving the lacquer, and 2.Carving the wood and then covering it with lacquer. Different references describe such pieces in different ways: "Sendai Tsuishu ('layered [or built up] red') is a lacquerware made by coating wood with over a hundred layers of vermillion lacquer, and then carving traditional patterns in them." (www.siip.city.sendai.jp/kankokoryu); and "This new craft was given the name Kamakura bori, or "Kamakura carving." (www.kyohaku.go.im/mus_dict/hd22e)
***Cinnebar (the "e" is as it appears) - A description of "hand carved" cinnebar beads -- which closely resemble lacquer -- states that "Cinnebar is from the Cinnebar Tree which grows in Southeast Asia. The beads are made by pressing a pattern into the wood and then the color is enhanced with a resin to give it stability as the wood is very soft. Do not confuse this material with the mineral also known as cinnabar." (www.jewelex.com)
***Japanese Cinnabar Lacquer - a particular name given several pieces that consist largely of wood overlaid with layers and layers of lacquer -- cf. "Cinnabar wood" listing.
***Porcelain - Reticulated pieces -- e.g., snuff bottles -- that resemble carved lacquer are available in the marketplace.
REFERENCES:
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