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Whose Wild West show, which ran from 1883 until 1908, featured such performers as Annie Oakley, Sitting Bull, and Frank Butler, among many others?	1000+ images about Buffalo Bill Codys Wild West Show on Pinterest \| Buffalo bills, Wild west show and Bill o'brien Forward On June 28,1880, John Burwell Omohundro Jr., better known as Texas Jack, died. Omohundro traveled to TX while still a teen & worked trailing cattle. He cont. his life as a TX cowboy & rode in several early cattle drives, including one across AR to TN, where he got his nickname “Texas Jack.” He met Buffalo Bill Cody in 1869 & later in 1872 the two debuted in Chicago’s The Scouts of the Prairie, one of the 1st Wild West shows. TX Jack was credited with introducing roping acts to the American… 2	Buffalo Bill
The Oscar winning song "A Whole New World" accompanies Aladdin and Jasmine when they explore the world atop of what?	Imagination Gallery B - American Treasures of the Library of Congress \| Exhibitions - Library of Congress American Treasures of the Library of Congress Imagination Gallery B Literary Arts A Voice of Her Own The gifted young black poet Phillis Wheatley (ca. 1753–1784) was celebrated as “the extraordinary poetical genius” of colonial New England even before this compilation of her poems was published in September 1773. Not yet eight years old when she was brought to America from Africa in 1761, Wheatley was educated by her mistress, and her first poem was published in a Rhode Island newspaper when she was only fourteen. Her pious elegies for prominent English and colonial leaders became popular and were often reprinted in colonial newspapers or as broadsides. Wheatley’s 1773 visit to London, ostensibly to improve her frail condition, was cut short by her mistress’ failing health. Although she was entertained by William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth, the abolitionist Grenville Sharpe, John Thornton, and Benjamin Franklin, Wheatley did not meet her patron, Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, to whom she dedicated her Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. Phillis Wheatley (ca. 1753–1784). Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. . . Portrait facing Title Page - Title Page - Page 2 . London, 1773. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj1 We’re Off to See the Wizard The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, published in 1900, is the first American fairy tale and the first fantasy written by an American to enjoy an immediate success upon publication. So powerful was its effect on the American imagination, so evocative its use of the forces of nature in its plots, so charming its invitation to children of all ages to look for the element of wonder in the world around them that author L. Frank Baum was forced by demand to create book after book about Dorothy and her friends—including the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, the Cowardly Lion, and Glinda the Good Witch. When Baum died in 1919, the series lived on under the authorship of Ruth Plumly Thompson and others who themselves had loved the stories as children. Published in many foreign countries, The Wizard even found its way as far as Russia, where it was translated in 1939 by Alexander Volkov, who then wrote two Oz books of his own. That was also the year that Dorothy and her friends appeared on the silver screen in the immortal MGM adaptation featuring Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, and Bert Lahr. This exquisite first edition, vibrantly illustrated by W. W. Denslow, was given to the Library in 1982 by antiquarian book dealer E. R. Meyer, in memory of his daughter, Margit. Lyman Frank Baum (1856–1919). The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Chicago and New York: G. M. Hill, 1900. Page 2 . Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj2 A Whitman Notebook The Library holds the world’s largest Walt Whitman manuscript collection, which numbers 20,000 items and includes many original notebooks. In these sometimes homemade or adapted notebooks the poet jotted down random thoughts in prose and expressions in poetry. Here Whitman breaks off from prose ruminations and speaks—perhaps for the first time—in the revolutionary verse form he created. In this “1847” notebook, these remarkable trial flights of verse for what later evolved into “Song of Myself”—the opening section of Leaves of Grass (1855)—probably date closer to 1854. The Library completely conserved this volume in 1995 when it and three other Whitman notebooks were put on the Internet. Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Holograph notebook, ca. 1847–1854. Page 2 - Page 3 - Page 4 - Page 5 - Page 6 - Page 7 . Manuscript Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj3 The Poetry of Robert Frost Robert Frost wrote a new poem entitled “Dedication” for delivery at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy in 1961, but never read it, because the sun’s glare upon the snow blinded Frost from seeing the text. Instead, he recited “The Gift Outright” from memory. The Library holds Frost’s original, working draft of “Dedication” as well as this fair copy of the more familiar poem. Robert Frost served as the Library’s consultant in poetry (1958–1959) and honorary consultant in the humanities (1958–1963). In addition, Frost recorded readings of his poetry at the Library in 1948, 1953, and 1959 for the Archive of Recorded Poetry and Literature. From the Poetry of Robert Frost, © 1970 by Lesley Frost Ballantine, © 1969 by Henry Holt and Company, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Henry Holt and Company, Inc. Robert Frost (1874–1963). “The Gift Outright.” Holograph. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj4 Groucho’s Letters At the entrance to this exhibition, Groucho Marx appears on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson and discusses a request sent by the Librarian of Congress for the comedian’s papers. Marx did, in fact, donate his papers to the Library and among those materials are a rich trove of letters to and from the comic, literary, and political luminaries of his day. Included in the collection is a series of letters between poet, playwright, and critic T.S. Eliot and Marx in which the correspondence evolves from mutual fan letters with an air of formality to affectionate exchanges with raucous dashes of wit. 1 of 2 Groucho Marx (1890–1977) to T.S. Eliot (1888–1965). Typescript letter with emendations, November 1, 1963. Page 2 - Page 3 . Manuscript Division , Library of Congress. Gift of Groucho Marx,1967 (140.8a-c) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj5 A Voice of Her Generation Edna St. Vincent Millay dominated the American literary scene for the first half of this century. Her publication of “Renascence” in 1912 as a Vassar undergraduate gained her instant recognition. Between 1915 and 1920 she became a celebrity in bohemian Greenwich Village and by 1920 was known as the voice of her generation—full of freshness, gaiety, and implied rebellion. Though her style remained largely traditional, romantic, and lyrical, her free spirit spoke for modernism in the arts during the Jazz Age. In 1923 her third volume of poetry won the first Pulitzer Prize attained by a woman poet. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892–1950). “Renascence,” Pencil holograph of the unfinished original draft, ca. 1912. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj6 Moby Dick Literary Map The Voyage of the Pequod is one of a series of twelve literary maps based on British and American literary classics produced by the Harris-Seybold Company of Cleveland between 1953 and 1964. The map was part of a calendar printed to advertise the capabilities of the company’s lithographic printing equipment. Illustrator Everett Henry was a well-known New York commercial artist also noted for his mural paintings. The Library has more than 225 literary maps that record the location of places associated with authors and their literary works or serve as a guide to their imaginative worlds. Everett Henry (1893–1961). The Voyage of the Pequod from the book Moby Dick by Herman Melville. Cleveland: Harris-Seybold, 1956. Geography and Map Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj7 Anne Bradstreet, colonial poet Anne Bradstreet was the first woman poet to be published in colonial America. Her widely-praised poems, sacred and secular in nature, were published in London in 1650 and posthumously published in an expanded compilation in Boston in 1678. Bradstreet’s poetry is not only significant for her breadth of subjects—home and family, nature, history, philosophy, and religion—but also for her sensitivity to the prejudices against women’s writings. This volume is part of the Library’s extensive American Imprint Collection, books printed in the United States before 1801. Anne Bradstreet (1613–1672) Several Poems Compiled with Great Variety of Wit and Learning . . . . [Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America]. Boston: John Foster, 1678. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress. Purchased from Peter Force, 1867 (177A) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj8 Capturing the Old West Anne Bradstreet was the first woman poet to be published in colonial America. Her widely-praised poems, sacred and secular in nature, were published in London in 1650 and posthumously published in an expanded compilation in Boston in 1678. Bradstreet’s poetry is not only significant for her breadth of subjects—home and family, nature, history, philosophy, and religion—but also for her sensitivity to the prejudices against women’s writings. This volume is part of the Library’s extensive American Imprint Collection, books printed in the United States before 1801. Frederic Remington (1861–1909) to Owen Wister, ca. January 1895. Ink on paper, illustrated letter with sketches by Remington. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress. Gift of Frances Kemble Wister Stokes, 1952 (179.7) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj9 The Virginian Writer Owen Wister had been friends with Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) since his Harvard University days and later dedicated to Roosevelt his most famous Western story, The Virginian (1902). This seminal novel established many of the conventions of the western. It became a best-seller, was widely translated, gave rise to four motion pictures, and spurred radio and television interest in the western genre. 2002 marks the centennial of the book’s publication. Owen Wister (1860–1938). The Virginian, A Horseman of the Plains. New York: MacMillan Co., 1902. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress. Gift of Lessing J. Rosenwald, 1948 (180.3) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj10 Back to top MacLeish’s “Ars Poetica” On March 14, 1925, poet and former Librarian of Congress (1939–1944) Archibald MacLeish drafted what became his most famous poem, “Ars Poetica”—the ultimate expression of American style “art-for-art’s-sake.” Written in three units of rhymed double-line stanzas, it makes the point that a poem is an intimation rather than a full statement, having no relation to generalities of truth or historical fact. It ends: “A poem should not mean/but be.” Archibald MacLeish (1892–1982). 1924–1925 Paris. Notebook. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress. Gift of the author (177.3) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj11 The Virginian, A Literary Map Owen Wister’s The Virginian was one of the first and most influential of a long line of novels romanticizing life in the American West and establishing the cowboy as a folk hero. Against the outline of the Dakotas, Wyoming, Nebraska, and Idaho, this literary map highlights scenes from the classic novel, such as the card game with Trampas during which the Virginian delivers his famous line “When you call me that, smile.” An inset map shows the states where the events in the novel took place, with Wyoming, the primary locale, highlighted. Everett Henry (1893–1961), illustrator. The Virginian from America’s First “Western” Novel, Written by Owen Wister. Cleveland: Harris-Intertype, 1962. Color offset lithograph. Copyright deposit. Geography and Map Division , Library of Congress (183.6) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj12 Philip Roth’s Patrimony This heavily revised page is from the first of five typescript and holograph revisions for the ending of Patrimony, Philip Roth’s 1991 non-fiction work about his father’s last years and death. Roth, one of the most important American novelists of the last half of the century, was awarded the National Book Critics Circle Award for this book. Roth donated all the drafts of his early works, including Goodbye Columbus, to the Library in 1969. The Library now holds his complete collection of manuscripts and correspondence. Philip Roth (b. 1933). Patrimony [1991]. Typescript with holograph emendations. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress. Gift of the author (179.5) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj13 Langston Hughes Requests Loan for Tuition Walter White, the NAACP’s Assistant Secretary and himself an aspiring novelist, worked tirelessly to promote the careers of Harlem Renaissance writers, artists, and performers. Poet Langston Hughes was employed as a busboy at the Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, D.C., when he wrote this letter to White requesting a loan from the NAACP to pay his college tuition. Hughes also reported on the progress of The Weary Blues and his new autobiography, Scarlet Flowers.... In his reply letter White retorted that the latter “sounds like Louisa M. Alcott.” Hughes agreed and eventually published his autobiography under the title The Big Sea (1940). 1 of 2 Walter White (1893–1955) to Langston Hughes, December 15, 1925. Typescript letter. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress. Gift of the NAACP, 1964 (181D.3b) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj14 A Harsh Picture of America Angered by American publication of his work without payment, Charles Dickens portrayed America negatively in the novel Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–1844) through the adventures of Martin and his companion. Dickens attacked American newspapers, politics, commercialism, and deficiencies in manners, conversation, and the arts. Dickens’s American readers bitterly resented the attack. Charles Dickens (1812–1870). Martin Chuzzlewit. Cover . London: Chapman & Hall, September 1843. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress, (181A.5a-t) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj15 Charles Dickens’s Walking Stick During the period of his second tour (1867–1868) to America, Charles Dickens (1812–1870) used this walking stick. Dickens’s ownership of the items is authenticated by accompanying notes from his sister-in-law Georgina Hogarth (1827–1917), to whom Dickens left his personal possessions. Charles Dickens’s walking stick. Wood with ivory head. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress. Gift of John Batchelder, 1936 (180.4) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj16 Charles Dickens’s Traveling Kit Charles Dickens (1812–1870) made two trips to America. His 1842 trip resulted in his travel book American Notes (1842) and the novel Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–1844). Both publications with their unfavorable characterizations of the United States outraged Americans. His second visit, from December 1867 to April 1868, was a highly successful reading tour of his works. His traveling cutlery kit from that time is marked with his initials. Charles Dickens’s traveling cutlery kit. Ivory and metal. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress. Gift of John Batchelder, 1936 (181D.5) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj17 The Bookworm Artist James Montgomery Flagg, best known as the creator of the I Want You for [the] U.S. Army poster, was a frequent contributor to the periodicals of his day. Here Flagg created a cover for The Bookman, an illustrated literary journal dedicated to reviewing contemporary American literature through its four decades of publication. The Bookman was the first American publication to promote best-sellers by listing titles “in order of demand.” James Montgomery Flagg (1877–1960). The Bookman—April . Color lithograph, 1896. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Gift of the Estate of J. H. Corning, 1940 (139.14) [Digital ID# ppmsca-05580] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj18 John Steinbeck Map of America The John Steinbeck Map of America features popular images from Steinbeck’s novels such as Tortilla Flat (1935), The Grapes of Wrath (1939), and The Pearl (1947). The outline of the map shows the route of Travels with Charley (1962), and the central portion consists of detailed street maps of the California towns of Salinas and Monterey, where Steinbeck lived and set some of his works. Numbers on the maps are keyed to lists of events in Steinbeck’s novels. A portrait of the author appears in the upper right corner. Research and design of the map were done by Molly Maguire, who produced a series of literary maps in the 1980s. Molly Maguire. The John Steinbeck Map of America. [Literary map collection.] Color lithograph map. Los Angeles: Aaron Blake, 1986. Geography and Map Division , Library of Congress (181.10) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj19 A Booklover’s Map At the top of the Booklover’s Map of the United States are portraits of a traditional pantheon of American writers including James Fenimore Cooper, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, and Mark Twain. Insets show the important literary areas of New York City, Chicago, and Boston. Writers who lived much of their lives abroad such as Henry James, Pearl Buck, Ernest Hemingway, and Gertrude Stein, are listed on a ribbon at the bottom. of the map. Amy Jones (Designer and illustrator). Booklover’s Map of the United States. New York: R.R. Bowker, 1949. Color lithograph map. Copyright deposit. Geography and Map Division , Library of Congress. (181.12) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj20 Edna Boies Hopkins (1872–1937). Love Apples . Color woodcut, ca. 1915. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Purchase, 1998 (139.9) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj21 June Roses Blanche Lazzell was considered a primary, and particularly avant-garde, member of a group of artists known as the Provincetown Printmakers working in Massachusetts around the early 1900s. June Roses reflects the artist’s growing interest in Cubism and is a stellar example of the Provincetown hallmark style of white-line color woodcut technique and of the Japanese-influenced style known as japonisme. In 1923, Lazzell moved to Paris to pursue studies with leading Cubist painter Fernand Lèger. Blanche Lazzell (1892–1957). June Roses . Color woodcut, 1922. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress (140.10) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj22 Mary Cassatt Mary Cassatt has long been celebrated as the only American artist among the core group of French Impressionists, and one of the rare women in that movement. Under the thrall of Japanese woodcuts she had seen at the École des Beaux-Arts, Cassatt embarked on a set of experimental color intaglio prints that are considered among the finest of her works in any medium. The stylistic idiom of Japonisme is underscored here by the flattened modeling, bold outlining, and the oblique perspective of her composition. The print Gathering Fruit by Impressionist Mary Cassatt is one of a series of works by the artist that relates closely to her commissioned mural for the Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893 on the theme of the “Modern Woman.” The original mural (which now survives only in photographic reproductions) was composed of three allegorical scenes entitled: “Arts, Music, Dancing;” “Young Women Plucking the Fruits of Knowledge or Science;” and “Young Girls Pursuing Fame.” Gathering Fruit is based on the mural’s central panel showing women and young girls harvesting fruit in an orchard—a symbolic gathering and sharing of the “fruits of knowledge.” 1 of 3 Mary Cassatt (1844–1926). Gathering Fruit . Drypoint and aquatint in color, ca. 1893. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Pennell Fund purchase (140.11) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj23 Clarence H. White School of Photography Wynn Richards contracted with the National Cotton Council and began its first national fashion advertising campaign in 1943. For the campaign, Richards photographed various state governors’ wives and children wearing cotton fashions, fashion designers with their creations, and the story of cotton from the field to the mill. Richards’s photographs were reproduced in full-page advertisements in Vogue, Harper’s Bazaar, and Mademoiselle. This image is part of the Warren and Margot Coville Collection of the Clarence H. White School of Photography, containing 280 photographs by White and his students and other printed materials relating to this landmark school located in New York City from 1914 to 1942. Enlarge Wynn Richards (1888–1960). Preparing Yarn for Weaving , 1948. [published in the June 1948 issue of Vogue.] Gelatin silver photo collage. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Gift/purchase from Warren and Margot Coville and the Coville Foundation for Photographic Art. Displayed online courtesy of the National Cotton Council (195.4a) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj24 Libertad One of the defining voices of the Chicano/Chicana political art movement, Ester Hernández is known for her activist imagery in support of farm worker’s rights in California, and for subjects concerned with Chicano culture and history. Of Yaqui and Mexican descent, Hernández was born in California, the sixth child of a farm working family. In Libertad, Hernández lays claim to the Statue of Liberty, which is an emblem of immigration, citizenship, plurality, and freedom. Carved near the base is the word “Aztlán” (“White Land”), the name for the Aztec land of origin, which legend locates somewhere north of Central Mexico-making the point that Chicanos have claim to the land that is now the United States. Ester Hernández. Libertad . Etching, 1977. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Gift/purchase from the artist (82.5) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj25 The Art of Romare Bearden This is one of two Romare Bearden collages that were collected by Ben and Beatrice Goldstein and subsequently acquired by the Library of Congress. Bearden’s prints and drawings are also preserved in the Library’s collections, offering further examples of the artist’s use and mastery of multiple technical and visual languages. As a collagist, Bearden experimented with various image elements including a wide variety of papers and fabrics. He often abraded and hand-painted his surfaces to selectively alter texture, color, and composition. Romare Bearden (1911–1988). At the Window , 1971. Collage, mixed media. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Gift of the Ben and Beatrice Goldstein Foundation (139.12) [Digital ID# ppmsca-05599] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj26 A Romare Bearden Collage One of the premier figures in American art, Romare Bearden embraced the collage technique. The layered, fragmented form allowed him to freely combine ideas, shapes, colors, and cultural references in a way that was both radically modern, and accessible. Bearden drew his subjects from a wide range of sources including his own photography, drawings, and paintings, as well as “found” images from books and magazines. His images were often concerned with his own personal experiences, as well as themes from history, literature, and art. Here, Bearden’s imagery suggests multiple layers of narrative while putting his own unique spin on a well-loved theme of artists—a woman bathing. Romare Bearden (1911–1988). The Calabash , 1970. Collage, mixed media. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Gift of the Ben and Beatrice Goldstein Foundation (140.13) [Digital ID# ppmsca-05600] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj27 A Curious Hieroglyphick Bible, or, Select Passages in the Old and New Testaments, Represented with Emblematical Figures, for the Amusement of Youth. Worcester: Isaiah Thomas, 1788. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj28 Janus Press Night Street, featuring the poetry of Barbara Luck and illustrated by Lois Johnson, is a book in which the design truly bears the influence of the content. Published by the Janus Press, a small but important printing venture, the book is an example of the creativity of the small press movement in America—a movement devoted to the book as a product of collaborative and intensely aesthetic energies on the part of several artists and craftsmen, whether they be artisans of the word, of the visual image, or of the printed and bound page. The Janus Press was founded by Claire Van Vliet in 1955, and with unflagging energy she has run the press for more than forty years. The Library has collected her work from the press’s inception, and recently it received the entire Janus Press archives, comprising drawings, proofs, layouts, and designs for each book Van Vliet has produced. The press strives for a balance between various claims to attention and affection that a book exerts upon the reader/viewer/handler. The Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress has long collected premier examples of the book arts, from the Middle Ages to the present, and is the repository of the collections of the early-twentieth-century book designers Frederic Goudy and Bruce Rogers, as well as contemporaries of Van Vliet such as Leonard Baskin of Gehenna Press and Timothy Ely. Barbara Luck. Night Street. Vermont: Janus Press, 1993. Mixed media. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj29 Master Typographer The designs of master typographer Frederic Goudy are a modern marriage of craft and technology. He was the first American to make the design of type a profession, and his name became synonymous with American typography and design. During his long career, he created 124 typefaces, more than any other person in history. The Library’s collection includes Goudy’s personal library of typography as well as drawings, rubbings, proofs, and posters used in creating and promoting Goudy designs. Frederic William Goudy (1865–1947). “A Specimen of Monotype Kennerly.” Philadelphia: Progressive Composition Company. Broadside. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress. Purchase, 1944 (174.3) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj30 Manuscript for Baum’s Last Book This is the hand-written manuscript for Glinda of Oz, L. Frank Baum’s last book. Glinda was Baum’s fourteenth book in the Oz series and was published posthumously. The miscellaneous notes and references to earlier books Baum jotted on the binder indicate that he may have used it to hold manuscripts for some of his earlier works. L. Frank Baum (1856–1919). Glinda of Oz. Page 2 - Page 3 - Page 4 - Page 5 - Page 6 - Page 7 - Page 8 . Chicago: Reilly and Lee, 1920. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress. Gift of the Baum Family, 2000 (182.4a,b) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj31 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz First Edition The first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published in September 1900. In the introduction, Baum tells readers that the story is “a modernized fairy tale, in which the wonderment and joy are retained and the heart-aches and nightmares are left out.” Baum’s ability to make fantastic circumstances seem plausible and his invention of appealingly outlandish creatures made the book an immediate success. L. Frank Baum (1856–1919). The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, cover. Chicago and New York: George M. Hill, 1900. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress (184) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj32 Thomas Jefferson. [“Maccaroni” machine with instructions for making pasta.] Holograph drawing and text, 1787. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj33 Culinary Arts As the editor of Marie Martinelo’s 1892 New York Cook Book reminds us, “The fashions of the cuisine, like those of the dress, are subject to changes.” Nowhere is that so clear as in the Library’s incomparable collection of cookbooks, including the many cookbooks in the General Collections, and, in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division, the Elizabeth Pennell Collection and the 4,346-volume Katherine Golden Bitting Collection, donated by Bitting’s husband. Katherine Bitting, a food chemist with the Department of Agriculture and herself the author of numerous books and pamphlets about food preservation and consumption, acquired Martinelo’s “complete manual of cookery in all its branches.” In addition to recipes, the book includes helpful household hints on such things as making one’s own soap and ink; how to eradicate “household vermin” like ants and spiders with a mixture of hellebore and molasses; how to remove rust from cutlery (in the days before stainless steel); and how to prepare special dishes for the infirm such as tapioca jelly and wine possets. Appended to this volume is a special treat: “Miss Leslie’s seventy-five receipts for pastry, cakes and sweetmeats,” temptingly illustrated with this chromolithograph of various fashionable desserts that once were common but are now seldom prepared at home by those who are health-conscious and/or pressed for time. The New York Cook Book is one of a number of such volumes at the Library that have been consulted by, among others, film art directors trying to create an authentic period feel in their productions. 1 of 3 800 Proved Pecan Recipes: Their Place In The Menu. Page 2 - Page 3 - Page 4 - Page 5 - Page 6 - Page 7 - Page 8 . Lancaster County, PA: Keystone. Pecan Research Laboratory, 1925. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj34 Martha Jefferson’s Personal Effects This household account and recipe book is one of the few surviving documents written by Thomas Jefferson’s wife, Martha. Kept during the years of her marriage, 1772–1782, the book contains household instructions such as how to extract rennet from the stomachs of young ruminants like calves and sheep to coagulate milk for use in the production of cheese. This thread case, used by Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, is one of the few personal items Thomas Jefferson kept that had belonged to his wife. Some of the original pins and needles can be seen in the case, which Jefferson preserved in his papers. Martha’s thread case, along with her household account and recipe book (kept during the years of her marriage, 1772–1782), containing her household instructions, recipes, and inventory of household goods provide tangible artifacts of the economic and social role of the southern plantation mistress. 1 of 2 Martha Jefferson’s thread case. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress. State Department transfer, 1904 (196.4) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj35 Jefferson’s Recipe for Vanilla Ice Cream A passionate gourmet, Jefferson acquired a stock of standard French recipes for sauces, fruit tarts, French-fried potatoes, blood sausages, pigs’ feet, rabbit, pigeons, and various other dishes. Among the most popular of these recipes at Monticello was this one for vanilla ice cream—written by Jefferson, with his own recipe for Savoy cookies to accompany the dessert on the back. Holograph recipe, 1780s. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj36 World War I Gardeners In 1918 Maginel Wright Enright, sister of Frank Lloyd Wright, submitted to the Division of Pictorial Publicity a pencil sketch for this poster that depicted Uncle Sam as the Pied Piper, in order to stimulate interest in creating war gardens among the country’s school children. This national campaign was launched in 1917 to increase the food supply during World War I. Enright’s design was highly praised by Secretary of the Interior Frederick Lane. He wrote, “I think it is a beautiful piece of work . . . I am sure a great many children will find their hearts stirred by the picture, and no older person can look at it without a thrill of loyalty and desire to do his part.” Maginel Wright Enright (1877–1966). Follow the Pied Piper . Color lithograph, 1918. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress [LC-USZC4-3691] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj37 A First American Cookbook This cornerstone of American cookery is the first cookbook of American authorship to be printed in the United States. Numerous recipes that adapt traditional dishes by substituting native American ingredients such as corn meal and squash are printed here for the first time, including “Indian Slapjack,” “Johny Cake,” and “Squash Pudding.” Simmons’s “Pompkin Pudding,” baked in a crust, is the basis for the classic American pumpkin pie. Although this popular work was published in many editions, only four copies of the original edition are known to have survived. Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj38 The Millinery Trade Review, 1876–1938 The Library of Congress holds an extensive collection of trade journals. This millinery trade review, for example, is rich in details on changing fashions and new materials, hair and make-up styles, ideals of beauty, and costs. The early issues include lists of new millinery businesses (many women-owned), help wanted and sought advertisements, obituaries, and trade union notes. Also included in the early issues of the review are two inserted pages of color illustrations of the newest Paris designs. From these drawings, U.S. hat manufacturers could create extravagant models to delight the hearts of affluent American women. The Millinery Trade Review. March 1897. New York: The Gallison & Hobron Co., 1897. Copyright deposit, 1897. General Collections , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj39 The Home Sewing Machine The sewing machine was the first widely distributed appliance for use in the home. In 1860 more than 110,000 sewing machines were sold in the United States alone. Their ubiquity spawned an pattern industry. The Home machine and shuttle powered by a means of a foot treadle patented by Thomas H. White and William L. Grout in 1870 was first marketed to the public in 1877 through advertising poster like this one. Home Excels All Others. Lithographic Poster, ca. 1877. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress (201.3) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj40 Culinary Arts As a scientist, Katherine Golden Bitting explored the chemistry, bacteriology and preservation of food and built a 2500-volume research collection devoted to the history, sociology and preparation of comestibles from Roman times to the twentieth century. She acquired manuscript and printed sources, looked for cross-cultural influences, and celebrated abundance while identifying the proper place of specific items within the context of a meal. The Bitting Collection is complemented by holdings on gastronomy given by Elizabeth Pennell which is strong in French and Italian cookbooks. Back to top Arbiter of Fashion For one dollar per year, the Butterick Publishing Company brought women across the country the latest styles and homemaking news. Women could purchase paper patterns for twenty-five to thirty cents and re-create in Nebraska or California the clothes of the Parisian haute monde. From 1873 to 1937, the Delineator was one of the major American fashion magazines with a circulation in 1900 of 480,000. Its French, German, and Spanish editions displayed aspects of American attitudes and a way of life to the Western world through editorials, articles, advertisements, and, in later editions, serialized fiction. “Fashions for December 1884,” Delineator, A Monthly Magazine. Vol. 24, no. 6. Page 2 . London and New York: Butterick Publishing Co. Copyright deposit. General Collections , Library of Congress. (202.1) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj42 “America Eats” In the 1930s the federal government, under the auspices of the Work Progress Administration (WPA), created the Federal Writers’ Project to provide work for unemployed professionals during the depression. Shown here are six images produced for the “America Eats” project, depicting eating and cooking food at social gatherings such as picnics, barbecues, and food festivals in locations including California, Alabama, Arkansas, and Mississippi. 1 of 6 Removing the barbeque beef from the pits—Los Angeles Sheriff’s Barbecue , no. 22. Gelatin silver print, ca. 1930–1941. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress, WPA Transfer (199A.2e) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj43 First Yiddish Cookbook in America Written in the language understood by the majority of newly arriving Jewish immigrants, this cookbook served as an introduction to American as well as traditional Jewish cuisine. The recipes encompass Amchanitzki’s forty-five years of experience in European and American kitchens. In her introduction, the author promises that using her recipes will prevent stomachaches and other food-related maladies in children. Hinde Amchanitzki. Lehr-bukh Vi Azoy Tsu Kokhen un Baken [Textbook on How to Cook and Bake]. Page 2 . New York: 1901. African & Middle Eastern Division , Library of Congress (199.6) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj44 Nineteenth-Century Product Labels Early product labels served primarily to identify products and brand names. As later nineteenth-century color lithography developed, illustration and color were combined with text to produce eye-catching designs meant to attract consumers in an even more competitive market place. Advertising schemes ranged broadly and depictions of American Indians, animals, children, flowers, medicinal plants, mythological characters, celebrities, people taking or administering medications, sick and cured people, symbols, and women appeared on products as wide ranging as hair tonic, tobacco, and horse lineament. 1 of 8 Coffee label. United States of America, Our Standard Coffee . Color lithograph. Copyright deposit. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. (204.5i) [Digital ID# ppmsca-05588] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj45 Making Tamales Artist Carmen Lomas Garza is a key figure in the Chicano movement, a movement—both political and aesthetic—centering on first-person expressions by and about Mexican-Americans living in the United States. Lomas Garza’s work revolves largely around her experiences as a Mexican-American growing up in South Texas. Family and community are primary jumping-off points for her images, which describe a rich range of experiences related to Chicano culture and identity. while also speaking of human universals. Carmen Lomas Garza (b. 1948). Tamalada (Making Tamales) , 1990. Color lithograph. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Gift/purchase from the artist (204.7) [Digital ID# ppmsca-09899] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj46 Culinary Arts As a scientist, Katherine Golden Bitting explored the chemistry, bacteriology and preservation of food and built a 2500-volume research collection devoted to the history, sociology and preparation of comestibles from Roman times to the twentieth century. She acquired manuscript and printed sources, looked for cross-cultural influences, and celebrated abundance while identifying the proper place of specific items within the context of a meal. The Bitting Collection is complemented by holdings on gastronomy given by Elizabeth Pennell which is strong in French and Italian cookbooks. 1 of 8 Katharine Burrill, Annie M Booth. The Amateur Cook. New York: F.A. Stokes, ca. 1906. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress (201. 5h) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj47 Doublemint Gum Wrigley’s Doublemint gum was first produced in 1914. Throughout its long history, twins have been used to advertise the product. These two posters, with twins in matching hats, were created as part of a billboard campaign by Otis Shepard, who worked as the art director of the Wrigley Company from 1932 until 1962. His airbrush technique, economy of line, and clean modern design made Otis Shepard one of America’s premier poster designers. Otis Shepard (1894–1969). Wrigley’s Doublemint Chewing Gum advertisements . Poster 1 - Poster 2 . Color offset bus posters, ca. 1939. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Gift of Rebel Randall (204.8a,b) [Digital ID# ppmsca-12396, ppmsca-12397] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj48 Brand-Name Product Advertising During the last two decades of the nineteenth century there was a great change in how food products were distributed and advertised. Buying primarily unpackaged goods was gradually replaced by the availability of sanitary, sealed, individual packaging. Advertising in newspapers, broadsides, and store displays (like the Jell-O poster) was supplemented by company brochures that took advantage of chromolithography, which made mass-production of vividly colored illustrations economically feasible. Due to increasing competition among manufacturers, various advertising techniques were introduced, such as prizes, offers of coupons to be collected for premium household items, and recipe booklets featuring company products. Jell-O Strawberry Flavor. Leroy, New York: The Genesee Pure Food Company. Chromo-lithograph poster, ca. 1905. Copyright deposit. Copyright Office , Library of Congress. (205.3a) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj49 Army and Navy (Cadet School Stories), Vol. 1, no. 27, December 18, 1897. New York: Street & Smith, 1897. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress [Digital ID# at0188a_2] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj50 Tarzan The great adventure strips of the 1940s represent a golden age in American cartoon art. To make them realistic and believable, publishers turned to such talented illustrators as Burne Hogarth and Rubimor who could draw handsome men and beautiful women, lush landscapes, and convincing fight scenes. These artists often collaborated with talented writers like Edgar Rice Burroughs, author of the Tarzan series to create captivating dialogue and evoke the mystique of foreign lands. The Hogarth cartoon is part of the Library’s Caroline and Erwin Swann Collection of Caricature and Cartoon. The Rubimor cartoon is part of the Library’s Art Wood Collection of Caricature and Cartoon. 1 of 2 Enlarge Ruben “Rubimor“ Moreira (1922–1984). Edgar Rice Burroughs’s Tarzan: “Mountain Stronghold”. India ink, red ink, and blue pencil over graphite underdrawing with paste-ons. New York: United Feature Syndicate Inc., December 1, 1946. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Art Wood Collection of Caricature and Cartoon (193.4) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj51 Krazy Kat Creator George Herriman transformed physical space, landscape, language and character to make Krazy Kat unique among American comic strips. In this surreal adventure, Krazy Kat adores Ignatz the mouse who abuses him with bricks only to be jailed by Offissa Pup. The Library has a collection of nearly one thousand original drawings published between the 1890’s and the 1990’s in the Caroline and Erwin Swann Collection of Caricacture and Cartoon and the Cartoon Drawings Collection. George Herriman (1880–1944). Krazy Kat . Ink over Pencil with scraping out and paste-on, June 8, 1941. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. ©1941, King Features Syndicate, Inc. Gift of George Sturman Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj52 The Kin-der-Kids In 1906, well before Lyonel Feininger became a preeminent early modernist painter, the Chicago Tribune hired him to raise the quality of its Sunday comic supplement. Feininger, who was born in New York and educated and worked in Germany as an artist, produced two comic strips, The Kin-der-Kids and Wee Willie Winkie’s World, breaking the boundaries of the new medium by manipulating time, space and color, and experimenting with abstraction. Despite both strips’ popular appeal, the Tribune could not afford Feininger’s salary, and, after nine months, the strips ceased to appear. Lyonel Feininger (1871–1956). [ The Kin-der-Kids ]. How the Jimjam relief expedition set out. Published in the Chicago Tribune, June 24, 1906. Copyright deposit, 1906. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. (194.7) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj53 The Yellow Kid America’s first great comic strip character, “The Yellow Kid” first appeared on May 5, 1895, in a comic panel entitled At the Circus in Hogan’s Alley. New York World cartoonist Richard Felton Outcault created a boisterous cast of characters and an unprecedented explosion of activity in his Hogan’s Alley. One particular character, the gap-toothed kid garbed in an oversize yellow night shirt, captured the country’s imagination. When Outcault moved to the New York Journal, he was allowed to take the Dugan character although the World retained rights to the character and the title Hogan’s Alley, and for more than a year rival “Yellow Kids” appeared in the weekly supplements of both papers. 1 of 2 Richard Outcault (1863–1928). Copyright registration of “ The Yellow Dugan Kid .” Ink, pencil, watercolor, and blue pencil on paper, September 7, 1896. Copyright deposit, 1896. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. (192A.3) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj54 The Funnies George T. Delacorte of Dell Publishing Company was one of the first to recognize the possibilities of the comic book genre and in 1929, published The Funnies, a short-lived newspaper tabloid insert. In 1936, the company joined the burgeoning newsstand comic book business with a new version of The Funnies, a combination of comic strip reprints, original stories, and adaptations of radio broadcasts, such as “Captain Midnight.” In 1942, this comic book became New Funnies and was published until 1962. The Funnies, Vol. 1, no. 57. Dell Publishing Co., July 1941. Copyright deposit. Serial and Government Publications Division , Library of Congress (194.5) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj55 New York’s Skyline, September 11, 2002 Graphic artist Rebecca Minnich depicts the section of the New York City skyline with the World Trade Center in a striking series of images that re-create the stages of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Minnich made her initial drawing with a pencil and a ruler, basing it on a widely reproduced photograph. Using ink and ink wash on prints of her initial image, she added details of planes, crashes, fire, flying debris, and smoke in a sequence that captures the tragedy, from the moments before the first plane’s appearance to a final view minus the towers and smoke of destruction. Rebecca Minnich. [ Fourteen drawings of the New York skyline showing the destruction of the World Trade Center towers during the September 11th terrorist attacks ], 2001. Photomechanical prints with ink, ink wash, porous point pen over graphite under drawing on paper. Published with text in: World War 3 Illustrated, #32. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Gift of the artist, 2002 (194.6a-n) [LC-DIG-ppmsca-01868-1-14] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj56 Drawing on Tragedy Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, comic book artists were among the first to respond creatively to the tragic events. They formed coalitions with editors and publishers and produced remarkable anthologies of comic book art. Mac McGill joined fellow artists who contributed to a special issue of World War 3 Illustrated. He created a series of five imaginative drawings that capture the devastation of the World Trade Center towers, nearby skyscrapers, and myriad human lives in lower Manhattan. McGill uses his accomplished pen- and ink-technique to render screaming buildings that gradually recede in these last two drawings of the sequence. 1 of 2 Charles H. Williamson (1826–1874). Champions of America . Albumen silver print, 1865. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj58 Endless Summer In July 1957, Toni Frissell (1907–1988) made this photograph as part of a Sports Illustrated picture story about a group of families who vacationed together each year at the Thousand Islands, a large group of islands in the St. Lawrence River, located in a widening of the river between New York State and Ontario. For seventy-five years a half-dozen families from various U.S. cities and Europe came together to “the River” to fish, row and sail skiffs unique to the region, and carry on intense three-generational tennis matches and baseball games. Over the years, a dozen marriages resulted from the summer meetings of the clans. Frissell herself joined the tradition when she married into the Bacon family. She had already started making a name for herself as a photographer when she married New York society member Francis Bacon, so she continued her career under her maiden name. She worked on the staffs of Vogue and Harper’s Bazaar and sold stories independently to other top magazines, as well as making two trips to photograph World War II in the European theater. Always the sports enthusiast, Frissell found a way to put her athleticism to professional advantage in 1953 by becoming the first female on the staff of the recently begun Sports Illustrated. A female sports photographer was a rarity at the time. When the Baltimore Museum of Art mounted its “Man in Sport” exhibition in 1968, Frissell was the only woman in a long list of photographers selected for the show. Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj59 Baseball Cards Baseball cards first became popular in the 1880s when tobacco companies used them to stiffen small, soft cigarette packages and to promote sales. Although the cards vary in design and format, most are much smaller than today’s sports trading cards. Cigarette card collector Benjamin K. Edwards preserved in albums a collection of 2,100 baseball cards dating from 1887 to 1914, including these commemorative cards of the most memorable double-play combination in the history of baseball, Chicago Cubs infielders Joe Tinker, John Evers, and Frank Chance, and of such legendary players as Ty Cobb, Cy Young, Charles Bende, Tris (Tristram) E. Speaker, and Walter Perry Johnson. After his death, Edward’s daughter gave the albums to noted poet and Lincoln historian Carl Sandburg, who donated them to the Library in 1954. 1 of 9 Enlarge American Tobacco Company. [Washington Nationals]: Wid Conroy , Walter Johnson , Bill Shipke , Bob Groom . Baseball cards, relief prints with half-tone color. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Gift of Carl Sandburg, 1954 (216.15a-d) [Digital ID#s bbc 1039, 1046, 1051, 1045] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj60 Baseball Cards The birth of baseball was followed quickly by the birth of baseball songs. The first piece of such music was The Baseball Polka written in 1858. The most popular of baseball songs, Take Me Out to the Ball-Game, was penned by two songsters who had never even seen the game. This song has become the game’s anthem. The Library has an extensive collection of sheet music celebrating the game of baseball, its teams, and the sport’s stars reaching as far back as 1858—much of it attained through copyright deposit. An American icon, Babe Ruth is considered by many to be the best baseball player in the history of the game was the subject of numerous popular songs. Batterin’ Babe shown here “dedicated to our own Babe Ruth” was published by St. Mary’s Industrial School, the reformatory and orphanage in Baltimore where Ruth spent much of his youth. 1 of 5 Mrs. Lou Gehrig and Fred Fisher, lyrics and music. “I Can’t Get to First Base with You,” 1935. Music Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj61 Breaking The Color Line Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play Major League baseball in the twentieth century. He quickly became a cultural icon to millions of fans. In 1950, in only his fourth season, he starred as himself in a feature length motion picture (The Jackie Robinson Story) and was the subject of a comic book series. His breaking of the color line in organized baseball led to the signing of many more African Americans, resulting in the ultimate demise of the Negro Leagues by 1960. In response, the Negro leagues drafted women players including Toni Stone, Connie Morgan, and “Peanut” Johnson, prominently featured in this game program, in an effort to increase fan interest and attendance. 1 of 2 Kansas City Monarchs vs. Indianapolis Clowns. Game program front cover - back cover . Offset lithograph, 1954. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj62 The Jackie Robinson Story Arthur Mann collected signatures from Jackie Robinson and other cast members on the cover of the script on which he had sketched profiles of Branch Rickey and Clyde Sukeforth. Mann was an author and journalist who served as Branch Rickey’s assistant while Rickey was General Manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Mann, along with Lawrence Taylor, wrote the script for the 1950 feature film starring Jackie Robinson playing himself in the title role. 1 of 2 Script cover with drawings by Arthur Mann and introduction by Branch Rickey. Page 2 . Graphite on paper and typescript, April, 1950. Manuscript Division , Library of Congress. Gift of Arthur Mann (210.3a,b) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj63 A Letter from Jackie Robinson When Jackie Robinson began his rookie season with the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947, he became the first African American to play major league baseball in the 20th century, breaking down the “color line” in effect since 1876. In this letter to Ralph Norton, a fellow alumnus of Pasadena Junior College, Robinson reports on his historic debut, the appointment of Burt Shotton as the Dodgers’ Manager, and the welfare of his wife and infant son. Autograph Letter Signed, Jackie Robinson to Ralph Norton, May 5, 1947, Page 2 . Manuscript Division , Library of Congress, Jackie Robinson Papers (196C) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj64 “This I believe...” The Jackie Robinson Papers include an extensive speech file that reflects the author’s diverse interests in such topics as baseball, racial equality, politics, religion, drug abuse, and black economic development. In this speech Robinson attributes his success and the prospect of limitless opportunity for all Americans to America’s status as “a free society.” Jackie Robinson (1919–1972). Typed Speech, “This I Believe...,” by Jackie Robinson, n.d., Page 2 . Manuscript Division , Library of Congress, Jackie Robinson Papers (196A) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj65 An American Pastime The Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, sought to assimilate Native Americans into white society. The coeducational school enrolled students from several Native American communities and taught them basic academic courses with emphasis on domestic skills and industrial trades. All-American pastimes, such as football, were also encouraged. The Library’s Panoramic Photograph Collection contains more than four thousand images, featuring American cityscapes, landscapes, and group portraits—many of athletic teams. H.F. Peck (active 1900s). Carlisle, ’05 . Gelatin silver print, 1905. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. LC-USZC4-6022 Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj66 Grand Baseball Match Despite the establishment of the National League as the first major professional baseball league in 1876, most of the public’s exposure to the game was still based on informally arranged matches played between the smaller amateur and semi-professional clubs that had proliferated throughout America in the years following the Civil War. Civic pride for the “local nine” played no small part in attracting spectators. Walt Whitman stated that baseball “has the snap, go, fling of the American atmosphere—belongs as much to our institutions, fits into them as significantly, as our constitutions, laws: is just as important in the sum total of our historic life.” Concord Base Ball Club. Concord, Massachusetts. 4th of July 1879! Grand Base Ball Match! Concord: 1879. Broadside. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj67 Rules of the Game The growth of baseball in the years following the Civil War was given added impetus by the rise of cheap, mass-produced books. Publishers helped standardize the rules and regulations of the sport by issuing playing guides and yearbooks that traveled from the large cities to the smallest hamlets. British-born Henry Chadwick, whose manuals enjoyed great popularity, even made an unsuccessful attempt to spread baseball to Europe. Chadwick’s Base Ball Manual. London: George Routledge, 1874. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress (213) Purchase, 1991 Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj68 Dempsey and Baer in The Ring Max Baer was the reigning heavyweight champion when this May 1935 issue of The Ring was published. He would lose to James Braddock the next month, having held the title exactly one year. Although immensely popular, many felt that he did not live up to his abilities as a fighter. That cannot be said of Jack Dempsey, the “Manassa Mauler,” considered by many one of the great boxers of all time and a sports icon of the1920s. The Library’s holdings of The Ring are incomplete and many volumes are brittle. This issue and several dozen others, all from the 1930s, were donated by the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra in an effort to aid the Library’s ongoing effort to complete its holdings. The Ring. Vol. 14, no. 4, May 1935. Gift of Australian Institute of Sport, 1997 Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj69 Dempsey in The Ring with Firpo Heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey (1895–1983), is considered by many to be one of the great boxers of all time. On September 14, 1923, he fought Argentine Luis Angel Firpo (1894–1960) for the heavyweight title. During the match, pictured here, Firpo knocked his opponent out of the ring in the first round, but Dempsey climbed back in to win by a knockout in the second round. Holdings of The Ring are incomplete, but a gift of several dozen issues by the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra has helped the Library’s ongoing effort to complete its holdings. The Ring. Vol. 2, no. 9, October 1923. Page 2 . Copyright deposit. General Collections , Library of Congress. (210.4) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj70 Back to top Dempsey and Firpo On September 14, 1923, boxers Jack Dempsey and Luis Firpo fought at the Polo Grounds in New York. American artist George Bellows captures the moment Firpo sent his opponent over the ropes and into the press box below. The image quickly became an American classic. During Word War II, the U.S. Armed Forces commissioned a photographic facsimile of the print for distribution to soldiers in camps and hospitals. Bellows has included his self-portrait in the lower left corner of the print. The composition seen here closes in tight to focus attention on the fighters. During World War II, the U.S. Armed Forces commissioned a photographic facsimile of the second (nearly-identical) lithograph for distribution to soldiers in U.S. Armed Forces camps and hospitals. Although Bellows was a ringside observer, artistic integrity was a primary concern and he was widely criticized for showing the right-handed fighter punching from his left. 1 of 2 George Bellows (1882–1925). Dempsey Through the Ropes . Lithograph, 1923–1924. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Pennell Fund Purchase (206.2) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj71 The Cincinnati Reds The 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings was the first all-professional baseball team in America. Led by such legendary future Hall of Famers as Harry Wright and his brother George and the often unhittable pitching of Asa Brainard, the Red Stockings dominated their competition, compiling an unprecidented, unbeaten record of fifty-six wins and one tie. Players’ salaries ranged from a low of $600 for substitute Richard Hurley to the highest sum paid to date of $1,400—awarded to George Wright, the team’s brilliant young shortstop. First Nine of the Cincinnati (Red Stockings) Base Ball Club . New York: Tuchfarber, Walkley & Moelmann. Color lithograph, 1869. Copyright deposit, 1869. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. (207.1) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj72 The Washington Senators The Washington Senators 1913 team included Walter “Big Train” Johnson (pictured third from the right). Johnson, considered to be the greatest pitcher of his era, had already distinguished himself as a star player during the 1910 season, when he struck out 313 men. This team photograph was made with a Cirkut camera, that rotates on a special tripod while exposing a narrow slit of film, which makes it possible for someone to appear in the picture twice [see left and right of the line-up]. The Library’s Panoramic Photograph Collection contains more than 4000 images. Schutz Group Photographers. Washington Senators . Gelatin silver print, 1913. Copyright deposit, 1913. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. LC-USZ62-102418 (213 A.1) [Digital ID# cph.3c02418] Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj73 The Mighty Casey American composer and educator, William Schuman spent from 1951 to 1953 working on his first opera, The Mighty Casey composed to a libretto by Jeremy Gury and based on the famous poem “Casey at the Bat” by Ernest L. Thayer. Schuman, an avid baseball fan, remarked “To me, baseball is the epitome of American life and character. The Mighty Casey . . . musically is a straight, serious piece . . . it requires no technical knowledge to enjoy it, and we shall be satisfied if it only appeals to baseball lovers.” The opera premiered on May 4, 1953, in Hartford, Connecticut. William Schuman (1910–1992). The Mighty Casey. Page 2 . Full score and sketch for “Peanuts, Popcorn, Soda, Cracker Jacks.” Music Division , Library of Congress. Gift of the composer (207.4a,b) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj74 Fashions for Cycling In the 1890s, bicycling became a popular past-time for many American women. The delight of healthy exercise, speed, and freedom from chaperones coupled with long, flowing skirts made this new form of entertainment both dangerous and indecorous. After experimenting with tricycles, side-saddle seats, and screens to keep ankles from view, women pushed the fashion industry to offer new clothing styles for bicycling. This illustration shows a split skirt and a skirt “designed to fit the saddle.” These slight changes satisfied conservatives, but most women cyclists turned to a more radical outfit—bloomers. The Ladies Standard Magazine. Vol. XVII, No. 4 (June 1897). Copyright deposit, 1897. General Collections , Library of Congress. (209.2) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj75 Master Illusionist Harry Kellar (1849–1922) was a dominant force in American magic in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In 1907, Kellar was named the first “Dean of American Magicians,” before retiring from the stage in 1908. He became famous for his self-decapitation effect and advancing the levitation illusion. The Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress has over 140 magic posters, most from the turn of the century, depicting magicians and their various acts. 1 of 2 Kellar . New York: Strobridge Lithograph Company, ca. 1894. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress (217B) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj76 Spinner Play The speed and motion of football are evoked in this lithograph by American artist Benton Spruance. His football subject prints brought him acclaim early in his career, and Spinner Play is a prime example of his ability to combine fluid Modernist forms with a Regionalist’s eye toward daily life in America. It also owes something to the influence of artist George Bellows, whom the artist admired, and to Mexican muralists such as Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco. Benton Murdoch Spruance (1904–1967). Spinner Play . Lithograph, 1934–1935. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. Gift/purchase from the Alfred Bendiner Foundation and Mrs. Alfred Bendiner, 1982–1992 (217A.1) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj77 Swan Dive The Works Progress Administration (W.P.A.), was established in 1935 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as part of his New Deal program to put millions of unemployed Americans back to work. Within the W.P.A., Federal Project Number One (Federal One) was launched as a central administration for the arts-related projects. It provided funds for artists, musicians, actors, and writers through the Federal Art Project (F.A.P), the Federal Music Project, the Federal Theatre Project, and the Federal Writer’s Project. Many New Deal artists and administrators shared a vision in which art could be a part of the daily lives of all Americans, not just the elite. Toward this end, work was made accessible to artists, and art was put within the reach of many through community-based education programs, exhibitions, and affordable purchase prices. WPA/FAP artist Mabel Wellington Jack used the print medium of lithography to produce this stunning chiaroscuro image of a diver in mid-flight. Mabel Wellington Jack (1890–1970). Swan Dive . Lithograph, ca. mid-1930s. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress. W.P.A. transfer (217B.1) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj78 Bob Hope’s Script for His First Radio Series Bob Hope was a successful vaudeville dancer, comedian, and master of ceremonies in the 1920s. In the early 1930s he appeared in several Broadway musicals and was an occasional guest comedian on radio variety programs. On January 4, 1935, Hope became the Master of Ceremonies of the radio series, Intimate Revue, sponsored by Bromo Seltzer. That series lasted only thirteen weeks with Hope. Bob Hope’s First Radio Series Script. Page 2 . Manuscript, January 4, 1935. Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division , Library of Congress. Gift of Bob and Dolores Hope, 2000 (195.1) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj79 A Spalding Guide Spalding Guides were published for more than 50 years. Volumes exist for almost every sport and athletic endeavor. They functioned as manuals of playing techniques, surveys of the previous year’s sporting achievements, and are a valuable resource for studying the development of athletic equipment. This issue covers women’s basketball. Developed by Dr. James Naismith in 1891 as an indoor sport, basketball’s initial noncontact nature made the game particularly appealing to women. Schools like the National Training School for Women and Girls, founded in 1909 by Nannie Helen Burroughs helped the sport gain popularity. Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj80 Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show William Frederick Cody (1846–1917), known as Buffalo Bill, served as U.S. army scout, a buffalo hunter for the railroad, and as a renowned prairie scouts. He is probably best know as the man who gave the “Wild West” its name. In 1883, Cody created the Wild West show, a vehicle that propelled him to fortune and worldwide fame and helped create a lasting image of the American West. The four hour show, which ran from 1883 until 1913, included legendary figures such as Sitting Bull, Calamity Jane and Annie Oakley. It comprised such acts as Indian war dances, an “attack” on a stagecoach, trick riders, ropers, and shooters as well as many different wild American animals. The show was so popular that Cody took it on the road to England in 1887 where it was such a success that Queen Victoria saw it three times. This poster announces the return of Cody to the United States from a highly successful French theatrical tour in 1889. 1 of 2 Merritt & Wagner. Wild West on Voyage from New York to London , 1887. Albumen print mounted on cardstock. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress (209.4) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj81 The Barnum’s American Museum Illustrated Impressario Phineas Taylor Barnum’s (1810–1891) American Museum was an institution that exhibited natural history specimens, oddities, paintings, wax figures, amusements, and memorabilia. It was located, from 1841 to 1865, at the corner of Broadway and Ann Street in New York City. The museum was visited by working class and upper-class citizens of the city as well as those in rural areas. After the museum closed due to a fire, Barnum produced the circus, for which he is known today. Shown is the museums magazine produced during the height of the museum’s popularity. Barnum’s American Museum Illustrated Magazine. New York: 1850. Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress (207.8) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr33b.html#obj82	i don't know
First settled in 1565, what is the oldest, continually occupied European-established city in the continental US?	St. Augustine Florida, The Nation's Oldest City Posted October 2, 2009 09:44 am - Updated September 28, 2010 10:17 am St. Augustine Florida, The Nation's Oldest City The City of St. Augustine is the nation's oldest permanently occupied European settlement, having been founded by the Spanish in 1565. On Sept. 8. 1565, Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles came ashore and named a stretch of land near the inlet in honor of Augustine, a saint of the Roman Catholic Church on whose feast day - Aug. 28 - land was sighted. The location has been pinpointed in recent years by archaeologists from the University of Florida as being where the present-day Mission of Nombre de Dios and the Fountain of Youth stand, several blocks north of the City Gate and the Castillo de San Marcos. The emphasis on "first European settlement" acknowledges that the Timucuan Indians were here first and observed Menendez and his party of about 1,500 soldiers and colonists. Since, the city has been under the governments of Spain, 1565 to 1763 and 1784-1821; Britain, 1763-1784, and United States, 1821-present. Florida became a state in 1845. It was part of the Confederacy from 1861-1862 when it returned to Union control. St. Augustine in the late 1880s had its birth as a resort community with the arrival of Standard Oil co-founder Henry M. Flagler. He built two hotels and took over another to serve as the base of his Flagler System hotels. He founded the Florida East Coast Railway as a means of transporting guests to and from the north to his hotels in St. Augustine, Palm Beach, and Miami. Three of his former St. Augustine hotels are in use today as Flagler College (Hotel Ponce de Leon), Ligntner Building/City Hall (Alcazar) and Casa Monica, redone as a county courthouse in the 1960's. In February 1997 Richard C. Kessler of The Kessler Enterprise, Inc. of Orlando purchased the Courthouse. On December 10, 1999 Richard C. Kessler opens the doors to the restored Casa Monica Hotel. Flagler also developed a neighborhood of 19th and early 20th century homes, two blocks west of the Plaza called the Model Land Company tract. The heart of the city is its downtown Plaza de la Consitucion with most of the historic buildings located within a block or two of the Plaza, to the north and to the south. The Castillo de San Marcos, built of coquina by the Spanish in 1672, anchors the city's north end of the bayfront. The Bridge of Lions, built in 1927, links the downtown with Davis Shores, a residential community dating back to the 1920s and St. Augustine Beach. Today's city has over 12,000* residents. It is the county seat of St. Johns County which has 170,000-plus residents.	St. Augustine, Florida
Durum, Spelt, and Einkorn are all types of what?	Our Blog - Club Continental Our Blog Visit St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park July 25th, 2016 by Corey A. Edwards Come visit one of Florida’s oldest continuously running attractions and every living species of crocodilian at the St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park! St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park opened on May 20th, 1893 and has been continuously running ever since. A lot has changed over the last 100+ years but it’s still one of the best places to come see reptiles, lemurs, toucans, and more. It remains the only place in the world where you can see all 24 species of crocodilians. There is lots to see and do at the St. Augustine Alligator Farm! View the incredible history of crocodilians through fossils skeletons at Fossil Discoveries. Marvel at the rare and oddly colored Louisiana reptiles at the Albino Alligator exhibit. Visit Maximo, a 15 foot 3 inch, 1,250-pound saltwater crocodile, the largest animal at park! Not just crocodilians, St. Augustine Alligator Farm also includes a host of other animals. See a 21-foot long constrictor and other big snakes at the Python Cave. Take a trip to the African savanna at Birds of Africa and see some of that continent’s largest and most impressive feathered scavengers. Florida Native Reptiles focuses on the state’s magnificent bio-diversity with a collection of native reptiles, small mammals, and birds. The Exotic Birds & Mammals exhibit includes ﬁve monkey species, two of which are endangered, and birds from almost every continent. And who can forget the playful and fascinating Lemurs of Madagascar? If the animals aren’t enough St. Augustine Alligator Farm also offers zip-line courses over live alligators, a 40-foot controlled free fall adventure, cafeteria, gift shop, and more! Started as a simple tourist attraction, St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park has been an accredited member of the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums since 1989. This means that the St. Augustine Alligator Farm is not just about tourism and exhibition but also conservation and education. In other words, you can visit the animals here with a clear conscience. Plan your visit today! St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park 999 Anastasia Blvd. St. Augustine, FL 32080 Open every day, 9am to 5pm 9am to 6pm in summer! Visit St. Augustine Alligator Farm online at www.alligatorfarm.com Saint Augustine Lodging While you’re in the area, you’ll find no better place to stay than The Club Continental. The Club Continental in Orange Park, Florida, is a romantic and intimate hotel, private club, and special events venue. Built in 1923 on the banks of the St. Johns River, our 22 guest rooms will have you relaxing under towering, 300 year old Live Oaks draped with Spanish moss. Book your stay at The Club Continental today! 2016 Greater Jacksonville Kingfish Tournament June 24th, 2016 by Corey A. Edwards The 2016 Greater Jacksonville Kingfish Tournament, scheduled for July 18th to the 23rd, is billed as the largest kingfish tournament in the country! Held every July for the last 36 years, the Greater Jacksonville Kingfish Tournament has become a huge event, outsizing all other kingfish tourneys in the states. Not just the country’s largest kingfish tournament, this nearly week-long event ties in a number of other events, including the Junior Angler Offshore Tournament, the Junior Angler Dock Tournament, a Down at the Dock Fishing Derby, and a Redfish Tournament. Read the rest of this page » 2016 Jacksonville Beach Summer Jazz Series June 13th, 2016 by Corey A. Edwards Come out to the beach this summer and cool your heels to the smooth sounds of the Jacksonville Beach Summer Jazz Series, a free, outdoor, live music festival held annually at the SeaWalk Pavilion in Jacksonville, Florida. Summer is here and Jacksonville Beach continues its tradition of great, live entertainment with the Jacksonville Beach Summer Jazz Series. This annual series of free concerts presented at the beautiful SeaWalk Pavilion attracts not just audiences but also local and national artists who put their spin on what is some of today’s very best smooth jazz. Read the rest of this page » See St. Johns River Manatees from Your Balcony! May 27th, 2016 by Corey A. Edwards Stay at Club Continental in Orange City, FL and see St. Johns River manatees from the comfort of your River Suite balcony! A big part of the attraction for most visitors to Florida is the state’s lush, unique, and beautiful flora and fauna. There are so many examples of fascinating wildlife and foliage rarely seen elsewhere in the country but common to our state – and Florida manatees are one of the first that comes to mind. Manatees, Florida’s state marine mammal, are a bit like what you might get if you crossed a walrus with an elephant. As a matter of fact, the manatee is a relative of the elephant! Grayish brown with thick and wrinkled, often algae covered skins, manatees average 10 to 12 feet long and weigh as much as 1,800 pounds. Almost comically pudgy-looking yet strangely graceful, manatees have flippers, round flat tails, and friendly, small-eyed, featureless faces. It is a testament to how long sailors of old were trapped aboard their ships that they saw surfacing manatees as comely mermaids! Manatees require water temperatures above 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Along the Florida coast, manatees can be found in shallow rivers, bays, estuaries, and coastal shallows wherever the water is clear and warmer. While precise numbers are hard to come by, the Florida manatee population is estimated at approximately 5,000, which explains why they are protected as an endangered species. Many manatees are killed annually by run-ins with boats, despite efforts to limit such accidents. Snorkeling with manatees is a popular Florida pastime but one that is practiced with respect for these endangered and harmless, gentle giants. You can see St. Johns River manatees in their natural habitat all year ’round by boat or, if you book your stay in one of Club Continental’s fifteen St. Johns River Suites , you can see them from your private balcony overlooking the St. Johns River! Our luxurious and oversized River Suites include flat screen TV’s, microwave ovens, refrigerators, and large bathrooms. Some also include romantic, two-person Jacuzzi tubs, kitchenettes with stoves, and gas fireplaces – but all have that private balcony and a chance to view St. Johns River manatees in the wild! Relax on your private, Club Continental, St. Johns River Suite balcony and enjoy the serenity of an aggregation of manatees as they rest and play in the warm, clear, St. Johns River shallows. Rare and amazing experiences like these are why you came to Florida to begin with. At Club Continental, it’s possible to have them without even leaving your room! Book your room at Club Continental , now! May 14th, 2016 by Corey A. Edwards Tour Saint Augustine and see Castillo de San Marcos, The oldest masonry fort in the continental US! Romantic St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest continuously occupied, European-established settlement in the United States. When you tour Saint Augustine you’re stepping well back into a long, rich, and fascinating history. Known as the “Ancient City,” Saint Augustine was initially settled in 1565 by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, who can also add first governor of Florida to his resume. With a city that’s been around for well over 400 years, you know there’s going to be plenty to see and do – and Saint Augustine does not disappoint! Its cobblestone streets lead to both historic landmarks and quaint eateries and unique shops, alike. Read the rest of this page » Club House Prime Steaks May 11th, 2016 by Chef Sheldon Club House USDA Prime Steaks! The Chefs at Club Continental are in house aging and hand cutting top quality Steaks. We are proud to add a USDA Prime Steak House Menu for our members and guests. To cook these steaks we have installed a top of the line Vulcan Steakhouse Broiler to bring Steak house quality to your plate. Starting in June we will offer a Steak House Menu in addition to our monthly menu. Look forward to Items like Prime dry aged N.Y strip Steak and Dry aged Prime Tomahawk Cut Ribeye for two. Just another reason to be a Member of the Club Continental.	i don't know
What is ursus arctos horribilis commonly known as?	Ursus arctos horribilis Introductory WILDLIFE SPECIES: Ursus arctos horribilis AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Snyder, S. A. 1991. Ursus arctos horribilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/mammal/urach/all.html [ ]. ABBREVIATION : URARH COMMON NAMES : grizzly bear grizzly brown bear TAXONOMY : The currently accepted scientific name for grizzly bear is Ursus arctos horribilis. It is 1 of 6 subspecies of brown bear (Ursus arctos). Other North American subspecies of brown bear include [ 6 ]: Ursus arctos alascensis, Alaskan brown bear Ursus arctos gyas, peninsular brown bear Ursus arctos middendorffi, Kodiak bear Ursus arctos stickensis, Sitka brown bear or ABC Island bear Ursus arctos stikeenensis, Sitkine brown bear ORDER : Carnivora CLASS : Mammal FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : The grizzly bear is listed as Threatened in most of the conterminous United States. Grizzly bears in Idaho and Montana are listed as an Experimental Population, Non-Essential. Populations in the North Cascades Ecosystem are Under Review for listing. Cabinet-Yaak populations are Under Review for listing as Endangered [ 42 ]. OTHER STATUS : Information on state- and province-level protection status of animals in the United States and Canada is available at NatureServe , although recent changes in status may not be included. WILDLIFE DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE WILDLIFE SPECIES: Ursus arctos horribilis GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : The grizzly bear ranges from Alaska east through the Yukon and Northwest Territories, south through British Columbia and through the western half of Alberta. Isolated populations exist in northwestern Washington, northern Idaho, western Montana, and northwestern Wyoming. Ursus a. horribilis includes all brown bear of continental North America; U. a. ssp. middendorffi includes brown bear on the Alaskan islands of Kodiak, Afognak, and Shuyak. U. a. ssp. nelsoni's range is in northern Mexico [ 6 ]. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES11 Spruce-fir FRES20 Douglas-fir FRES21 Ponderosa pine FRES22 Western white pine FRES23 Fir-spruce FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce FRES25 Larch FRES26 Lodgepole pine FRES29 Sagebrush FRES36 Mountain grasslands FRES37 Mountain meadows FRES38 Plains grasslands FRES44 Alpine STATES : AK YK MEXICO BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 8 Northern Rocky Mountains 9 Middle Rocky Mountains KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest K004 Fir - hemlock forest K005 Mixed conifer forest K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest K011 Western ponderosa forest K012 Douglas-fir forest K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest K015 Western spruce - fir forest K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest K050 Fescue - wheatgrass K052 Alpine meadows and barren K063 Foothills prairie SAF COVER TYPES : 16 Aspen 18 Paper birch 109 Hawthorn 201 White spruce 202 White spruce - paper birch 203 Balsam poplar 204 Black spruce 205 Mountain hemlock 206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir 208 Whitebark pine 210 Interior Douglas-fir 212 Western larch 213 Grand fir 215 Western white pine 217 Aspen 218 Lodgepole pine 219 Limber pine 221 Red alder 222 Black cottonwood - willow 223 Sitka spruce 224 Western hemlock 225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce 226 Coastal true fir - hemlock 227 Western redcedar - western hemlock 228 Western redcedar 229 Pacific Douglas-fir 230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock 235 Cottonwood - willow 237 Interior ponderosa pine 251 White spruce - aspen 252 Paper birch 253 Black spruce - white spruce 254 Black spruce - paper birch SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY PLANT COMMUNITIES : Although timber is an important habitat component, grizzly bear prefer more open habitats. Timbered plant communities most frequented by grizzly bear include subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)-whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), lodgepole pine (P. contorta)-Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and spruce (Picea spp.)-western redcedar (Thuja plicata)-hemlock (Tsuga spp.) forests. Sedge (Carex spp.)-bluegrass (Poa spp.) meadows are also important, as well as shrubfields and low- and high-elevation riparian communities [ 3 , 23 , 36 , 39 ]. BIOLOGICAL DATA AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS WILDLIFE SPECIES: Ursus arctos horribilis TIMING OF MAJOR LIFE HISTORY EVENTS : Mating Season - breed every 2 to 3 years; May through July Birthing Season - late November through February; one to four cubs, two is common Gestation - 6 to 7 months with delayed implantation Age of Maturity - 5 to 8 years for females Life Span - 25 years or more in captivity Denning - between October and May; length of time depends on food availability, weather conditions, and sex of animal; may emerge if disturbed by human activity [ 6 , 17 , 31 ] PREFERRED HABITAT : Grizzly bear prefer open, shrub communities, alpine and low elevation meadows, riparian areas, seeps, alpine slabrock areas, and avalanche chutes [ 32 , 36 , 38 ]. They typically choose low elevation riparian sites, wet meadows, and alluvial plains during spring [ 28 , 36 ]. During summer and fall grizzly bear more frequently use high elevation meadows, ridges, and open, grassy timbered sites [ 28 , 32 ]. Various authors have mapped and evaluated grizzly bear habitat [ 5 , 30 , 35 ]. COVER REQUIREMENTS : Optimal grizzly bear cover is wooded areas interspersed with grass- and shrubland. Ruediger and Mealy [ 29 ] defined hiding cover as that which is capable of hiding an animal at 200 feet (61 m) or less in an area of 30 to 50 acres (12-20 ha). Thermal cover was defined as coniferous trees at least 40 feet (12 m) tall with a 70 percent canopy cover in a 7- to 50-acre (3-20 ha) area. These authors recommended maintaining 30 percent of grizzly bear habitat as cover. McLellan [ 22 ] stated that not enough significance is given to timbered areas as components of grizzly bear habitat. Graham [ 13 ] found that in Yellowstone National Park, grizzly bear preferred open areas that were within 160 feet (50 m) of cover. McLellan and Shakleton [ 23 ] reported that the bears use areas within 300 feet (100 m) of roads during the day, but that darkness is sufficient "cover" for road use at night. Grizzly bear use daybeds in timbered areas that are near feeding sites [ 3 , 28 ]. Winter dens are usually excavated in hillsides, although dens are also made in rock caves, downfall timber, and beneath trees and stumps [ 6 , 31 , 36 ]. FOOD HABITS : Grizzly bear primarily eat grasses, forbs, roots, tubers, and fruits. They also eat carrion, grubs, insects, particularly army cutworm moths (Noctuidae) and ladybird beetles (Coccinelidae), fish, small rodents, various bird species, and garbage [ 39 ]. Adult males also prey on subordinate grizzly bear and on black bear [ 14 ]. Orchards, beehives, and crops may be damaged by grizzly bear; they may also prey on livestock [ 17 , 32 ]. Some of the more common plant foods are russet buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), Sitka mountain-ash (Sorbus sitchensis), snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), whitebark pine seeds, pine (Pinaceae) vascular cambium, willow (Salix spp.), dogwood (Cornus spp.), huckleberry and blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), dandelion (Taraxacum spp.), sweetvetch (Hedysarum spp.), clover (Trifolium spp.), cowparsnip (Heracleum spp.), glacier lily (Erythronium grandiflorum), horsetail (Equisetum spp.), lomatium (Lomatium spp.), kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), strawberry (Fragaria spp.), buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.), paintbrush (Castelleja spp.), thistle (Cirsium spp.), fritillary (Fritillaria spp.), boykinia (Boykinia richardsonii), and sheathed cottonsedge (Eriophorum vaginatum) [ 6 , 8 , 13 , 14 , 26 , 29 , 32 , 37 , 39 ]. PREDATORS : Grizzly bear predators include humans and other grizzly bear [ 17 ]. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Grizzly bear have a low reproductive rate and late maturation age which makes them susceptible to overharvesting. Also, many grizzly bear are poached or hit by cars and trains. Other factors contributing to the bear's decline are habitat use and disturbance by humans, both for commercial and recreational purposes; and fire control, which in some instances can result in reduced acres of food-rich seral shrubfields [ 17 , 19 , 33 , 38 ]. Grizzly bear have been known to prey on livestock where their ranges overlap and occasionally kill humans as a result of chance encounters, usually in the backcountry. Because of conflicts between grizzly bear and humans, grizzly bear habitat should be isolated from developed areas, preferably in areas that receive only light recreational, logging, or livestock use [ 45 ]. Logging can benefit grizzly bear populations if silvicultural treatments promote berry-producing shrubs. However, timber management effects should be considered over the entire rotation because an increase in shrubs may only redistribute grizzly bear and not increase their numbers [ 27 ]. Logging can also increase human access to critical grizzly bear habitat, disturbing populations. Roads should be located away from feeding areas, such as shrubfields, wet meadows, and riparian zones. Road and seasonal trail closures must also be enforced [ 27 , 29 ]. Scarification and dozer pile burning can disturb soil and kill valuable food shrubs [ 38 ]. Several authors list timber management recommendations and road construction guidelines in grizzly bear habitat [ 25 , 28 , 37 , 39 , 41 ]. FIRE EFFECTS AND USE WILDLIFE SPECIES: Ursus arctos horribilis DIRECT FIRE EFFECTS ON ANIMALS : Direct fire-related mortality probably occurs but may not have a significant impact on the grizzly bear population as a whole [ 44 ]. HABITAT RELATED FIRE EFFECTS : Many authors have blamed fire suppression in some areas for the decline of grizzly bear [ 7 , 25 , 35 , 36 ]. Fires can promote and maintain many important berry-producing shrubs and forbs, as well as provide a medium for insects and in some cases carrion. Referring to the Yellowstone National Park fires of 1988, Blanchard and Knight [ 44 ] stated: "The most important apparent immediate effect of fires on grizzly bears was the increased availability of some food items, especially carcasses of elk." Studies in western Montana showed that spring burning in Douglas-fir-ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) types promoted huckleberry sprouting [ 24 ]. The number of stems present after burning were closely related to the number present before burning. Grouse whortleberry (Vaccinium scoparium) declined following fire in western Montana because its shallow rhizomes were killed by the heat [ 37 , 38 ]. In the same study most shrubs occurred on sites burned 35 to 70 years previously. Martin [ 21 ] found that huckleberry was most productive on sites burned between 25 to 60 years previously or on sites clearcut and burned 8 to 15 years previously. Huckleberry on sites left untreated for more than 60 years was least productive. Other shrubs that respond well to overstory removal and broadcast burning are elderberry (Sambucus spp.), Sitka mountain ash, serviceberry, and buffaloberry [ 15 ]. FIRE USE : Fire can be used to create and maintain seral shrub communities for grizzly bear by rejuvenating shrubs, releasing nutrients, and discouraging conifer dominance [ 25 , 37 ]. In the case of postharvest treatment, many authors recommend broadcast burning and discourage dozer pile burning. The latter method can damage rhizomes, root crowns, and the soil [ 4 , 16 , 29 , 37 , 39 ]. Natural fire programs as well as prescribed burning for improved grizzly habitat are encouraged and practiced by some National Forests [ 7 , 11 , 16 , 25 , 35 ]. Garcia [ 11 ] and Holland [ 16 ] discuss burning practices on the Kootenai and Flathead National Forests. A fire-induced increase of berry-producing shrubs may only be beneficial if spread over large areas that encompass home ranges of several bears [ 33 ]. However, prefire plant composition may dictate postfire composition [ 24 ]. Berry-producing shrubs must be provided continually over time to be beneficial [ 15 ]. Miller [ 24 ] recommends burning huckleberry during spring in Montana Douglas-fir-western larch (Larix occidentalis) communities. Also, burning should be conducted when duff is damp; fires that remove most of the duff often reduce huckleberry density. FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes". REFERENCES WILDLIFE SPECIES: Ursus arctos horribilis REFERENCES : 1 . Agee, James K.; Stitt, Susan C. F.; Nyquist, Maurice; Root, Ralph. 1989. A geographic analysis of historical grizzly bear sightings in the North Cascades. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 55(11): 1637-1642. [14672] 2 . Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434] 3 . Blanchard, Bonnie M. 1980. Grizzly bear - habitat relationships in the Yellowstone area. Int. Conf. Bear Research and Management. 5: 118-123. [8386] 4 . Contreras, Glen P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. 1986. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat symposium. General Technical Report INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 252 p. [672] 5 . Contreras, Glen P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. 1986. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat symposium. General Technical Report INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 252 p. [672] 6 . Craighead, John J.; Mitchell, John A. 1987. Grizzly bear. In: Chapman, Joseph A.; Feldhamer, George A., eds. Wild mammals of North America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press: 515-556. [14911] 7 . Contreras, Glen P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. 1986. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat symposium. General Technical Report INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 252 p. [672] 8 . Edge, W. Daniel; Marcum, C. Les; Olson-Edge, Sally L. 1987. Summer habitat selection by elk in western Montana: a multivariate approach. Journal of Wildlife Management. 51(4): 844-851. [14372] 9 . Contreras, Glen P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. 1986. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat symposium. General Technical Report INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 252 p. [672] 10 . Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 11 . Contreras, Glen P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. 1986. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat symposium. General Technical Report INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 252 p. [672] 12 . Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 13 . Graham, Dean Chalmus. 1978. Grizzly bear distribution, use of habitats, food habits and habitat characterization in Pelican & Hayden Valleys, Yellowstone National Park. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 124 p. M.S. thesis. [5165] 14 . Hechtel, John L. 1985. Activity and food habits of barren-ground grizzly bears in arctic Alaska. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 74 p. Thesis. [14905] 15 . Contreras, Glen P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. 1986. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat symposium. General Technical Report INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 252 p. [672] 16 . Contreras, Glen P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. 1986. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat symposium. General Technical Report INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 252 p. [672] 17 . Jonkel, Charles. 1978. Black, brown (grizzly) and polar bears. In: Schmidt, John L.; Gilbert, Douglas L., eds. Big game of North America. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books: 227-248. [14702] 18 . Jonkel, C. J.; McMurray, Nanka. 1978. The Pacific Northwest Trail and grizzly bears. Border Grizzly Special Report No. 15. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Border Grizzly Project. 6 p. [14912] 19 . Knight, Richard R. 1980. Biological considerations in the delineation of critical habitat. In: Martinka, Clifford J.; McArthur, Katherine L., eds. Bears--their biology and management: Proceedings, 4th international conference on bear research and management; 1977 February 21-24; Kalispell, MT. Conference Series No. 3. [Place of publication unknown]. Bear Biology Association: 1-3. [14913] 20 . Kuchler, A. W. 1964. United States [Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States]. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 1:3,168,000; colored. [3455] 21 . Martin, Patricia A. E. 1979. Productivity and taxonomy of the Vaccinium globulare, V. membranaceum complex in western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 136 p. Thesis. [9130] 22 . Contreras, Glen P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. 1986. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat symposium. General Technical Report INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 252 p. [672] 23 . McLellan, B. N.; Shackleton, D. M. 1988. Grizzly bears and resource-extraction industries: effects of roads on behaviour, habitat use and demography. Journal of Applied Ecology. 25: 451-460. [14620] 24 . Miller, Melanie. 1977. Response of blue huckleberry to prescribed fires in a western Montana larch-fir forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-188. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 33 p. [6334] 25 . Moss, Mary Beth; LeFranc, Maurice N., Jr. 1987. Management techniques and strategies. In: LeFranc, Maurice, N., Jr.; Moss, Mary Beth; Patnode, Kathleen A.; Sugg, William C., III., eds. Grizzly bear compendium. Washington, DC: The National Wildlife Federation: 137-156. [14910] 26 . Noble, William. 1985. Shepherdia canadensis: its ecology, distribution, and utilization by the grizzly bear. Unpublished paper on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT: 28 p. [14917] 27 . Knighton, M. Dean. 1981. Growth response of speckled alder and willow to depth of flooding. Res. Pap. NC-198. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,North Central Forest Experiment Station. 6 p. [14328] 28 . Reichert, Chris. 1989. Silviculture in grizzly bear habitat. In: Silviculture for all resources: Proceedings of the national silviculture workshop; 1987 May 11-14; Sacramento, CA. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 48-60. [6398] 29 . Ruediger, William; Mealey, Stephen. 1978. Coordination guidelines for timber harvesting in grizzly bear habitat in northwestern Montana. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 44 p. On file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [19354] 30 . Scaggs, Gordon B. 1974. Vegetation description of potential grizzly bear habitat in the Selway- Bitterroot Wilderness Area, Montana and Idaho. Missoula, MT: Univeristy of Montana. 148 p. Thesis. [14907] 31 . Servheen, Christopher. 1981. Grizzly bear ecology and management in the Mission Mountains, Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 138 p. Dissertation. [14908] 32 . Servheen, Christopher. 1983. Grizzly bear food habits, movements, and habitat selection in the Mission Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management. 47(4): 1026-1035. [14499] 33 . Smith, Barney. 1979. Bears and prescribed burning. In: Hoefs, M.; Russell, D., eds. Wildlife and wildfire: Proceedings of workshop; 1979 November 27-28; Whitehorse, YT. Whitehorse, YT: Yukon Wildlife Branch: 177-182. [14082] 34 . Sullivan, T. P.; Harestad, A. S.; Wikeem, B. M. 1990. Control of mammal damage. In: Lavender, D. P.; Parish, R.; Johnson, C. M.; [and others], eds. Regenerating British Columbia's Forests. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press: 302-318. [10722] 35 . Tirmenstein, Debra A. 1983. Grizzly bear habitat and management in the Rattlesnake National Recreation Area and Wilderness. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 213 p. Thesis. [14906] 36 . Willard, E. Earl; Herman, Margaret. 1977. Grizzly bear and its habitat. Final Report, Cooperative Agreement between U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 1 and University of Montana, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 28 p. [15115] 37 . Zager, Peter Edward. 1980. The influence of logging and wildfire on grizzly bear habitat in northwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 131 p. Dissertation. [5032] 38 . Zager, Peter; Jonkel, Charles; Habeck, James. 1983. Logging and wildfire influence on grizzly bear habitat in northwestern Montana. In: Meslow, E. Charles, ed. 5th International conference on bear research and management; [Date of conference unknown]; Madison, WI. [Place of publication unknown]. International Association for Bear Research and Management: 124-132. [5500] 39 . Zager, Peter E.; Jonkel, Charles J. 1983. Managing grizzly bear habitat in the northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Forestry. 81(8): 524-526, 536. [14790] 40 . Hall, E. Raymond. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1271 p. [14765] 41 . Dood, Arnold R.; Brannon, Robert D.; Mace, Richard D. 1986. Final programmatic environmental impact statement for the grizzly bear in northwestern Montana. Helena, MT: Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 287 p. [14909] 42 . U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 2016. Endangered Species Program, [Online]. Available: http://www.fws.gov/endangered/. [86564] 43 . Montana Natural Heritage Program. 1990. Animal species of special concern. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program. 5 p. [13751] 44 . Blanchard, Bonnie M.; Knight, Richard R. 1990. Reactions of grizzly bears, Ursus arctos horribilis, to wildfire in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 104(4): 592-594. [15305] 45 . Spowart, Richard A.; Samson, Fred B. 1986. Carnivores. In: Cooperrider, Allan Y.; Boyd, Raymond J.; Stuart, Hanson R., eds. Inventory and monitoring of wildlife habitat. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Service Center: 475-496. [13526] 46 . U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. 50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12. Washington, DC: [Publisher unknown]. 42 p. [24413] 47 . Washington Department of Wildlife. 1994. Species of special concern in Washington - state and federal status. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Wildlife. 41 p. [25414] 48 . Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 1992. Canadian species at risk. Ottawa, ON. 10 p. [26183]	Grizzly bear
Gonzo journalism, a style in which reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become the central figures of their stories, was created by whom?	Ursus arctos (Brown Bear, Grizzly Bear) Ursus arctos McLellan, B.N., Proctor, M.F., Huber, D. & Michel, S. Reviewer(s): Garshelis, D.L. Contributor(s): Ambarli, H., Ararat, K., Aryal, A., Badamjav, L., Batmunkh, M., Can, O., Davletbakov, A., Esipov, A., Galbreath, G., Ghaemi, R., Gong, J., Gutleb, B., Han, S., Harris, R., Kaczensky, P., Kubanichbek, J., Lortkipanidze, B., Lukarevskiy, V., Mano, T., Moheb, Z., Nawaz, M.A., Oromov, B., Paczkowski, J., Puchkovskiy, S., Reynolds, H., Saidov, A., Sathyakumar, S., Sato, Y., Seryodkin, I., Tserenbataa, T., Tsuruga, H., Vaisfeld, M. & Xu, A. Justification: The range of the Brown Bear has historically declined in North America, Europe, and Asia, and the species has been extirpated in North Africa. However, it remains widespread across three continents, and is still one of the world’s most widely distributed terrestrial mammals. Globally the population remains large, and is not significantly declining and may be increasing in some areas (Swenson et al. 1998, Schwartz et al. 2006, Mace et al. 2012, Kaczensky et al. 2013, Chapron et al. 2014). There are many small, isolated populations that are in jeopardy of extirpation, but others, under more protection and management, are expanding. Previously published Red List assessments: 2008 – Least Concern (LC) Geographic Range [top] Range Description: The Brown Bear is the most widely distributed ursid. It once ranged across a large portion of western North America, including northern Mexico. There is also some evidence of sporadic occurrence (after retreat of the Wisconsin ice sheet) within the eastern half of the continent (Guilday 1968). Populations on the Ungava Peninsula may have extended to the Atlantic Ocean (Loring and Spiess 2007). They also ranged throughout Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and across North Africa. A history of prolonged overexploitation in Europe stretching back centuries resulted in the elimination of brown bears from many countries. The date of their extirpation from North Africa is uncertain, but they may have existed as late as the 1500s in the Sinai of Egypt (Manlius 1998) and mid-1800s in Algeria and Morocco (Hamdine et al. 1998). During the 20th century, Brown Bears (called Grizzly Bears in interior North America) were intentionally extirpated in Mexico (≈1960), a large portion of southwestern U.S. (Brown 1985, Mattson and Merrill 2002), and most of the Canadian prairies. Bears have been rare in the Middle East throughout the 1900s, and were believed to have been extirpated by the mid-1950s; however, recent sightings of tracks and a photo of a bear in western Syria, near the Lebanon border, suggests either a relict population, vagrants from Turkey, or released captive animals (Garshelis et al. 2015). Presently, Brown Bears occupy approximately 5,000,000 km² of the northwestern portion of North America, 1,200,000 km² of Europe (excluding Russia), and much of northern Asia. Resident populations are known to exist in 45 range countries. The largest numbers exist in Russia, the U.S. (Alaska), and Canada. Many populations in Europe and the more southerly portions of Asia and North America are small and isolated (Servheen et al. 1999, Swenson et al. 2000, Kaczensky et al. 2013). Very small numbers of brown bears still remain in several Asian countries such as Iraq and Nepal (Gurung 2004, Ridings 2006, Aryal et al. 2012). In Europe, Andorra was reoccupied in 2003 from bears reintroduced into the French Pyrenees. A few wandering individuals are periodically crossing into Switzerland from a reintroduced population in northern Italy, and into Lithuania from Latvia and Belarus, but not enough as yet to be considered as occupied range in these countries. Countries occurrence: Native: Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Croatia; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Greece; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mongolia; Montenegro; Nepal; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Tajikistan; Turkey; Ukraine; United States (Georgia); Uzbekistan Possibly extinct: Population [top] Population: The total number of brown bears on earth is estimated to exceed 200,000. Reliable population estimates (derived mainly from mark-recapture or resight, and modifications thereof) exist for several areas in North America and Europe (Miller et al. 1997, Swenson et al. 2000, Bellemain et al. 2005, Mowat et al. 2005, Proctor et al. 2010, 2012, Mowat et al. 2013), but few areas in Asia. Russia has the largest number of brown bears, believed to exceed 100,000, while estimates in the U.S. (mainly in Alaska) are around 33,000, Canada 25,000, and Europe (excluding Russia) 15,400. Whereas the species is relatively abundant in more northern parts of its distribution, the southern portions of the range are highly fragmented, with many small populations. In North America, the southern fringe has isolated populations ranging in size from near 700 bears in and around Yellowstone National Park (Haroldson et al. 2013) to approximately 25 individuals in the Cabinet Mountains of Montana (Proctor et al. 2004, Kendall et al. 2016) and even less, likely <10 bears, in some southern areas of British Columbia. In Europe, Brown Bears occur in 22 countries. Based on the existing data on distribution, as well as a range of geographical, ecological, social and political factors these can be clustered into10 populations (Chapron et al. 2014): Scandinavian, Karelian, Baltic, Carpathian, Dinaric-Pindos, Eastern Balkan, Alpine, Abruzzo, Cantabrian, and Pyrenean. Based on reported and updated census data, the largest population is the Carpathian population (>8,000 bears), followed by the Scandinavian and Dinaric-Pindos populations (> 3,400 and 3,040 bears, respectively). The other populations are much smaller ranging from several hundred (e.g., Baltic ~700, Cantabrian ~200) to less than one hundred (e.g. Alps ~37 bears). Compared to the last survey, which included data up to 2005 (Bear Online Information System for Europe, BOIS), the Scandinavian, Dinaric-Pindos, and Cantabrian populations have recorded a clear increase. The other populations remained stable. The perceived decrease in the Eastern Balkan population is likely due to new monitoring techniques. All population ranges have been relatively stable or slightly expanding. In the Alpine population the loss of the central Austrian segment in the last decade was counter-balanced by the expansion of the north Italian segment in Trentino, due to translocations from Slovenia. The Pyrenean population also grew because of translocations from Slovenia (Kaczensky et al. 2013). Small populations of Brown Bears are also scattered across many portions of Asia, but relatively little is known of numbers or degree of connectivity. In Pakistan there are an estimated 15-30 animals in an isolated population in the Hindu Kush Range (M. A. Nawaz, pers. comm., 2014). Another 130–220 bears are estimated to occur in what is thought to be an isolated population in the Himalaya Mountains of Pakistan and India (Sathyakumar et al. 2012, Abbas et al. 2015). There is another population of bears in the Karakoram-Pamir Mountains of Pakistan and these are likely joined across the Wakhan corridor and the Pamirs of Afghanistan, west of the Taklimakan Desert to the Hissaro-Alai and Pamirs population in southern Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. In China, brown bears exist in sparse, poorly defined populations in the west and also in the northeast, with guesstimates of ~6,000 and ~1,000 in each of these regions, respectively (Gong and Harris 2006). Three GPS-collared bears in the Sanjiangyuan Region of Tibet, two male and one female with cubs, had home ranges of >7,000 km² and 2,200 km² respectively; these expansive home ranges suggest connectivity (but low density) within the dry, high mountains and plateaus of Tibet. A much more dense population on Hokkaido, Japan may have 2,200 or more Brown Bears, although even there, where significant information has been collected through research and sport harvest returns, reliable population estimates are not available (Mano 2006). There appears to be several isolated populations in the Middle East including bears in the Elburz and Zagros Mountains of Iran and bordering areas in Iraq (Kurdistan), and what is thought to be several isolated populations in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. Perhaps the most isolated Brown Bear population in Asia is found in the Gobi desert of southern Mongolia and along the northern China border (currently 21‒29 bears; Tumendemberel et al. 2015). In total, 44 subpopulations of Brown Bear have been identified globally; most occur in the southern portions of their circumpolar distribution across the northern hemisphere. Because many of these subpopulations are small, isolated, and in need of conservation attention, they have been assessed individually using the IUCN Red List criteria for isolated populations following the guidance of Gärdenfors et al. (2001) and IUCN (2012) (see the Supplementary Material attached to this document). For further information about this species, see 41688_Ursus_arctos.pdf . A PDF viewer such as Adobe Reader is required. Current Population Trend: Habitat and Ecology [top] Habitat and Ecology: Brown Bears occupy a great variety of habitats from dry Asian steppes to Arctic shrublands to temperate rain forests. Their range overlaps that of both the American Black Bear (U. americanus) and Asiatic Black Bear (U. thibetanus), and also slightly that of the Polar Bear (U. maritimus). Elevationally they range from sea level to 5,000 m (Sathyakumar 2006). They occupy a greater diversity of habitats than any other species of bear and also exploit a large variety of food items. In terms of diet, they fall between the mainly plant-dependent ursids and the carnivorous polar bear (Mattson 1998, Sacco and Van Valkenburgh 2004). In North America, Brown Bears (Grizzly Bears) are more carnivorous where ungulates (especially in Arctic areas) or spawning salmon (coastal areas) are abundant (Mowat and Heard 2006). The productivity and density of brown bears varies enormously, corresponding with the productivity of their habitats and availability of salmon. Coastal areas of North America and Eastern Russia, with concentrations of spawning salmon, have high densities (>100 bears per 1,000 km²) of Brown Bears (Miller et al. 1997, Seryodkin 2006) with high reproductive rates (Hilderbrand et al. 1999). Deciduous and mixed forests of the Dinaric and Carpathian mountain ranges of Eastern Europe also host high bear densities with high reproductive rates (Kusak and Huber 1998, Frković et al. 2001). More moderate densities of bears (20-50 bears per 1,000 km²) occur across the interior mountain ranges of North America (McLellan 1994, Schwartz et al. 2003, McLellan 2011), Europe, and Asia where they forage on a great variety of grasses, herbs, roots, berries, nuts, as well as animal matter such as insects, mammals, and fish if available. Moderate densities of bears are also found across portions of the boreal forests of North American, Asia and Scandinavia (Bellemain et al. 2005). Lower densities (5‒15 bears per 1,000 km²) are found in dry, desert-like areas, alpine and sub-alpine areas, as well as areas where habitat availability and numbers of bears have been reduced by high human and domestic livestock densities (Nawaz 2007); however, in most of these areas (e.g., northern India, western China) density estimates are not available. Breeding occurs during April to July but implantation of the blastocyst is delayed until late autumn. Cubs, usually in litters of 1 to 3 (rarely 4 or 5), are born in January or early February when the mother is hibernating. In North America, female bears generally have their first litters at 5 to 8 years of age and have litters every three or four years thereafter (Schwartz et al. 2003). In some areas of Europe, however, females generally have their first litter at least one year earlier, and produce litters every two years (Swenson et al. 2000, Frković et al. 2001). At the other extreme, brown bears in northern Pakistan produced litters that average only 1.3 cubs every 5.7 years, on average (Nawaz et al. 2008). Systems: Use and Trade [top] Use and Trade: Where Brown Bears exist in a large, contiguous population, they are sometimes hunted for sport or killed for control purposes, and rates may sometimes be unsustainable at least over the short term (Lamb et al. submitted, McLellan 2015, McLellan et al. submitted). Estimates of sustainable exploitation are hampered by the difficulty and expense of obtaining reliable estimates of population size, natural mortality, and reproductive rates. Most countries do not have the resources to develop and implement adequate monitoring programs and sustainable management plans for brown bears. Moreover, even with such plans in place, illegal or unreported kill may equal or exceed the legal and supposedly sustainable kill (McLellan et al. 1999, McLellan 2015). This is apparently occurring in the Russian Far East and China, where brown bears are poached for the commercial trade in gall bladders and paws (Seryodkin 2006, Servheen 2013, Burgess et al. 2014). In portions of Alaska, the management goal is to reduce bear populations to encourage moose and caribou populations to expand for the benefit of hunters (Miller et al. 2011). Threats [top] Major Threat(s): Although, as a whole, this species is secure with relatively large numbers and an expansive range, many small, isolated populations are threatened due to their low numbers and frequent contact with humans. These small populations tend to be found in remnant wild areas surrounded by more extensive human development. As wide-ranging omnivores, Brown Bears are attracted to areas with available human-related foods; being large and somewhat aggressive, these bears may threaten life and property (often agricultural products) and may be killed as a consequence. Areas of high human use that attract bears may serve as significant mortality sinks (Nielsen et al. 2004, 2006). Additionally, bears living near humans may be killed inadvertently (e.g., vehicle or train collisions), poached for parts or products, or killed by people hunting for other species. Even small numbers of bears removed from small populations can have adverse effects on population growth (Wakkinen and Kasworm 2004); conversely, preventing just a few deaths may avert a population decline (Wiegand et al. 1998, Garshelis et al. 2005). Where Brown Bears exist in a large, contiguous population, they are sometimes hunted for sport or killed for control purposes, and rates may sometimes be unsustainable at least over the short term (Lamb et al. submitted, McLellan 2015, McLellan et al. submitted). Estimates of sustainable exploitation are hampered by the difficulty and expense of obtaining reliable estimates of population size, natural mortality, and reproductive rates. Most countries do not have the resources to develop and implement adequate monitoring programs and sustainable management plans for Brown Bears. Moreover, even with such plans in place, illegal or unreported kill may equal or exceed the legal and supposedly sustainable kill (McLellan et al. 1999, McLellan 2015). This is apparently occurring in the Russian Far East, where brown bears are poached for the commercial trade in gall bladders and paws (Seryodkin 2006). In portions of Alaska, the management goal is to reduce bear populations to encourage moose and caribou populations to expand for the benefit of hunters (Miller et al. 2011). In addition to direct removal of brown bears, many other human activities (such as agriculture, plantation forestry, highways, hydroelectric and wind power developments, and human settlements) eliminate, fragment, or erode the value of bear habitat (Proctor et al. 2005, Waller and Servheen 2005, Proctor et al. 2012). Habitat fragmentation is a serious threat that isolates population units with deleterious demographic and genetic impacts (Proctor et al. 2005, 2012). With increasing human populations, the value of brown bear habitat is being degraded in many areas (e.g., Can and Togan 2004, Nawaz 2007), while in other areas (i.e. Turkey), fewer people are now living in rural areas and conditions are improving for Brown Bears. In Europe, four of ten populations are Critically Endangered. However, the current public interest, financial investment and management actions, seem to presently secure most populations at least for their short to midterm survival. Portions of populations in some countries are less secure due to lower local acceptance and correspondingly high human-caused mortality rates. Almost half of the populations are currently growing, but to guarantee long-term survival, all present and potential future threats must be kept in check. The key threats for bears in Europe were identified as: habitat loss due to infrastructure development, disturbance, low acceptance, poor management structures, intrinsic factors, accidental mortality and persecution. Most threats were expected to increase in the future (Kaczensky et al. 2013). Conservation Actions [top] Conservation Actions: Conservation actions for Brown Bears vary greatly among nations and regions within nations. Large populations of this species (in Russia, Japan, Canada, Alaska, and parts of eastern and northern Europe) are legally hunted, and thus managed as a game animal. Hunting regulations, usually designed to ensure a sustainable harvest of bears, vary among areas but often involve a lottery for a limited number of permits (a quota system) and restricted season length. Most small populations are protected by national laws and international agreements, with varying degrees of enforcement. Brown Bear as a species is listed under CITES Appendix II; the populations in Bhutan (if they exist), China, and Mongolia, and those classified as the subspecies U. a .isabellinus (northern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, to Kazakhstan and Gobi desert) are listed under Appendix I. Furthermore, international trade in bears and bear products from certain populations in countries of the European Union is restricted by EU regulations. In parts of the U.S., small populations of Grizzly Bears have increased under protection of the Endangered Species Act (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2005). Reintroductions, population augmentations, and connectivity management also have helped to restore numbers and geographic range in several locations in the U.S., southern Canada, and Western Europe (Clark et al. 2002, Kasworm et al. 2007). There are numerous protected areas around the world with Brown Bears, but few are large enough to support a viable population; therefore, Brown Bear conservation must be integrated with many other human land-uses (Herrero 1994, Nielsen et al. 2006). Some countries have rules or management guidelines designed to reduce human impacts on Brown Bears and their habitat, whereas in other countries bear management protocols and regulations are limited or non-existent (Servheen et al. 1999, Zedrosser et al. 2001, Kaczensky et al. 2013). In Europe most of the bear populations are protected by the Habitat Directive (Habitat Directive; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:01992L0043-20070101&from=EN ) which is compulsory for all EU countries. Portions of populations that fall within EU countries are not allowed to be classified as game animals. However, Sweden, Finland, Romania, Estonia, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Croatia currently use derogations under article 16 of the Habitat Directive to allow a limited kill of bears by hunters. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Norway manage bears as a game species with annual quotas as they are only limited by the Bern Convention. Trophy hunting of bears enhances local acceptance of these animals by the public in some populations (Knott et al. 2013). Nearly all European countries have some form of bear management plan, action plan or bear management strategy. However, in a number of countries these documents have not been adequately implemented. Citation: McLellan, B.N., Proctor, M.F., Huber, D. & Michel, S. 2016. Ursus arctos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41688A45034772. . Downloaded on 03 January 2017. Disclaimer:	i don't know
Born Lee Jun-fan in San Francisco, what famed martial artist, who died on Jul 20, 1973, founded the martial art known as Jeet Kune Do?	Bruce Lee Bruce Lee 2006 Bruce Lee Foundation. Bruce Lee Bio Bruce Jun Fan Lee was born in the hour of the Dragon, between 6 and 8 a.m., in the year of the Dragon on November 27, 1940 at the Jackson Street Hospital in San Franciscos Chinatown. Today, a plaque in the hospital's entry commemorates the place of his birth. Bruceâ€™s birth, in the hour and the year of the Dragon, is a powerful symbol in Chinese astrology. It would be a strong omen of the powerful life that was to be lived by Bruce Lee and the explosive impact his life would have on countless others. Â Bruce was the fourth child born to Lee Hoi Chuen and his wife Grace Ho. He had two older sisters, Phoebe and Agnes, an older brother, Peter, and a younger brother, Robert. Lee Hoi Chuen was, by profession, a comedian in the Chinese opera and an actor in Cantonese films. At the time Bruce was born, Mr. and Mrs. Lee were on tour with the opera company in the United States. Thus, it was fortuitous for Bruce's future that his birth took place in America, as he would return 18 years later to claim his birthright of American citizenship. Bruce's parents gave him the name â€œJun Fan.â€ Since it is Chinese custom to put the surname first, Bruce's full name is written Lee Jun Fan. The true meaning of Jun Fan deserves an explanation as it, too, would foretell the journey of the newly born Lee son. Literally, JUN means to arouse to the active state or make prosperous. It was a common middle name used by Hong Kong Chinese boys in those days, understandably because China and the Chinese people were very vulnerable at that time, and everyone, including Bruceâ€™s parents, wanted the "sleeping lion of the East" to wake up. The FAN syllable refers to the Chinese name for San Francisco, but its true meaning is "fence of a garden" or "bordering subordinate countries of a big country." During the period of the Ching Dynasty (1644-1911), many Chinese immigrated to Hawaii and San Francisco as laborers, and the implication became that the United States was FAN of the Great Ching Empire. Thus the true meaning of Bruce's name--JUN FAN--was "to arouse and make FAN (the United States) prosperous." The gut feeling of many Chinese at that time, who felt suppressed by and inferior to foreign powers, was that they wished to outshine the more superior countries and regain the Golden Age of China. Bruce's parents wanted Bruce to have his name shine and shake the foreign countries, which he certainly succeeded in doing. The English name, BRUCE, was given to the baby boy by a nurse in the Jackson Street Hospital although he was never to use this name until he entered secondary school and began his study of the English language. The story goes that on the first day of English class, the students were asked to write down their English names, and Bruce, not knowing his name, copied the name of the student next to him. His family almost never used the name Bruce, especially in his growing up years when his nickname in the family was "SAI FON," which literally means Little Peacock. This is a girl's nickname, but in being applied to Bruce, it had a serious purpose. The first-born child of Mr. and Mrs. Lee had been a boy who did not survive infancy. Their belief was that if the gods did not favor the birth of a male child, the babe might be taken away. Thus, the name, Little Peacock, was used as a ruse to fool the gods into thinking that Bruce was a girl. It was a term of great affection within the family circle. At the age of three months, Lee Hoi Chuen, his wife Grace and baby Bruce returned to Hong Kong where Bruce would be raised until the age of 18. Probably because of the long ocean voyage and the change in climates, Bruce was not a strong child in his very early years, a condition that would change when he took up the study of gung fu at the age of 13. (Bruce always spelled his Chinese martial art as GUNG FU, which is the Cantonese pronunciation of the more commonly spelled Kung Fu, a Mandarin pronunciation.) Bruce's most prominent memory of his early years was the occupation of Hong Kong by the Japanese during the World War II years (1941-1945). The residence of the Lee family was a flat at 218 Nathan Road in Kowloon directly across the street from the military encampment of the Japanese. Bruce's mother often told the story of young Bruce, less than 5 years old, leaning precariously off the balcony of their home raising his fist to the Japanese Zeros circling above. Â Another nickname the family often applied to Bruce was "Mo Si Ting" which means "never sits still" and aptly described his personality. The Japanese occupation was Bruce's first prescient memory, but Hong Kong had been a British Crown Colony since the late 1800's. The English returned to power at the end of the war. It is not hard to see why young Bruce would have rebellious feelings toward foreign usurpation of his homeland. In his teenage years Bruce was exposed to the common practice of unfriendly taunting by English school boys who appeared to feel superior to the Chinese. It is not surprising that Bruce and his friends retaliated by returning the taunts and sometimes getting into fights with the English boys. This atmosphere laid the background for Bruce to begin his study of martial arts. Â At the age of 13, Bruce was introduced to Master Yip Man, a teacher of the Wing Chun style of gung fu. For five years Bruce studied diligently and became very proficient. He greatly revered Yip Man as a master teacher and wise man and frequently visited with him in later years. When he first took up gung fu, he used his new skills to pummel his adversaries, but it did not take long for Bruce to learn that the real value of martial arts training is that the skills of physical combat instill confidence to the point that one does not feel the constant need to defend one's honor through fighting. In high school, Bruce, now no longer a weak child, was beginning to hone his body through hard training. Â One of his accomplishments was winning an interschool Boxing Championship against an English student in which the Marquis of Queensbury rules were followed and no kicking was allowed. Given the graceful movements, which would later be spectacularly displayed in his films, it is no surprise that Bruce was also a terrific dancer, and in 1958 he won the Hong Kong Cha Cha Championship. He studied dancing as assiduously as he did gung fu, keeping a notebook in which he had noted 108 different cha cha steps. It is easy to see that Bruce possessed the traits of self-discipline and hard work which would later hold him in good stead, even though at this stage he was not among the best academic students in the class. In addition to his studies, gung fu and dancing, Bruce had another side interest during his school years. He was a child actor under the tutelage of his father who must have known from an early age that Bruce had a streak of showmanship. Bruce's very first role was as a babe in arms as he was carried onto the stage. By the time he was 18, he had appeared in 20 films. In those days movie making was not particularly glamorous or remunerative in Hong Kong, but Bruce loved acting. His mother often told stories of how Bruce was impossible to wake up to go to school, but just a tap on the shoulder at midnight would rouse him from his bed to go to the film studio. Movies were most often made at night in Hong Kong in order to minimize the sounds of the city. (See Filmography) At the age of 18, Bruce was looking for new vistas in his life, as were his parents who were discouraged that Bruce had not made more progress academically. It was common practice for high school graduates to go overseas to attend colleges, but that required excellent grades. Bruceâ€™s brother and sister had come to the United States on student visas for their higher education. Although Bruce had not formally graduated from high school, and was more interested in gung fu, dancing and acting, his family decided that it was time for him to return to the land of his birth and find his future there. In April of 1959, with $100 in his pocket, Bruce boarded a steamship in the American Presidents Line and began his voyage to San Francisco. His passage was in the lower decks of the ship, but it didnâ€™t take long for Bruce to be invited up to the first class accommodations to teach the passengers the cha cha. Landing in San Francisco, Bruce was armed with the knowledge that his dancing abilities might provide him a living, so his first job was as a dance instructor. One of his first students was Bob Lee, brother of James Y. Lee, who would become Bruceâ€™s great friend, colleague in the martial arts, and eventually partner and Assistant Instructor of the Oakland Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute. Â Bruce did not stay long in San Francisco, but traveled to Seattle where a family friend, Ruby Chow, had a restaurant and had promised Bruce a job and living quarters above the restaurant. By now Bruce had left his acting and dancing passions behind and was intent on furthering his education. He enrolled at Edison Technical School where he fulfilled the requirements for the equivalent of high school graduation and then enrolled at the University of Washington. Typical of his personality traits, he attacked learning colloquial English as he had his martial arts training. Not content to speak like a foreigner, he applied himself to learning idiosyncrasies of speech. His library contained numerous books, underlined and dog-eared on common English idiomatic phrases. Although he never quite lost the hint of an English accent when speaking, his ability to turn a phrase or â€œbe coolâ€ was amazing for one who did not speak a word of the language until the age of 12. Bruceâ€™s written English skills exceeded his spoken language abilities at first because he had been well tutored in the Kingâ€™s proper English prose in Hong Kong. When his wife-to-be met him at the University of Washington, he easily edited her English papers for correct grammar and syntax. At the university, Bruce majored in philosophy. His passion for gung fu inspired a desire to delve into the philosophical underpinnings of the arts. Many of his written essays during those years would relate philosophical principles to certain martial arts techniques. For instance, he wrote often about the principles of yin and yang and how they could translate into hard and soft physical movements. In this way he was completing his education as a true martial artist in the time-honored Chinese sense of one whose knowledge encompasses the physical, mental and spiritual aspects of the arts. In the three years that Bruce studied at the university, he supported himself by teaching gung fu, having by this time given up working in the restaurant, stuffing newspapers or various other odd jobs. He and a few of his new friends would meet in parking lots, garages or any open space and play around with gung fu techniques. In the late â€˜50â€™s and early â€˜60â€™s, â€œgung fuâ€ was an unknown term; in fact, the only physical art that might be listed in the yellow pages was Judo. Even the name â€œkarateâ€ was not a familiar term. The small group of friends was intrigued by this art called gung fu. One of the first students in this group was Jesse Glover who continues to teach some of Bruceâ€™s early techniques to this day. It was during this period that Bruce and Taky Kimura became friends. Not only would Taky become Bruceâ€™s gung fu student and the first Assistant Instructor he ever had, but the friendship forged between the two men was a source of love and strength for both of them. Taky Kimura has continued to be Bruceâ€™s staunch supporter, devoting endless hours to preserving his art and philosophy throughout the 30 years since Bruceâ€™s passing. The small circle of friends that Bruce had made encouraged him to open a real school of gung fu and charge a nominal sum for teaching in order to support himself while attending school. Renting a small basement room with a half door entry from 8th Street in Seattleâ€™s Chinatown, Bruce decided to call his school the Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute. In 1963, having established a dedicated group of students and having given numerous demonstrations at the university, Bruce thought he might attract more students by opening a larger school at 4750 University Way where he also lived in a small room in the back of the kwoon. One of his students in 1963 was a freshman at the University of Washington, Linda Emery. Linda knew who Bruce was from his guest lectures in Chinese philosophy at Garfield High School, and in the summer after graduating, at the urging of her Chinese girlfriend, SueAnn Kay, Linda started taking gung fu lessons. It wasnâ€™t long before the instructor became more interesting than the lessons. Bruce and Linda were married in 1964. By this time, Bruce had decided to make a career out of teaching gung fu. His plan involved opening a number of schools around the country and training assistant instructors to teach in his absence. Leaving his Seattle school in the hands of Taky Kimura, Bruce and Linda moved to Oakland where Bruce opened his second school with JamesLee. The two men had formed a friendship over the years with each traveling frequently between Seattle and Oakland. James was a gung fu man from way back, but when he saw Bruceâ€™s stuff he was so impressed that he wanted to join with him in starting a school. Thus the second branch of the Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute was founded. Having now been in the United States for five years, Bruce had left behind any thought of acting as a career, and devoted himself completely to his choice of martial arts as a profession. Up to this time Bruceâ€™s gung fuÂ consisted mostly of wing chun techniques and theory he had learned from Yip Man. Gradually though, because of his burgeoning interest in the philosophy of martial arts and his desire for self improvement, he was expanding his repertoire. A particular incident accelerated his process of self-exploration. In 1964 Bruce was challenged by some gung fu men from San Francisco who objected to his teaching of non-Chinese students. Bruce accepted the challenge and the men arrived at the kwoon in Oakland on the appointed day for the face off. The terms were that if Bruce were defeated he would stop teaching the non Chinese. It was a short fight with the gung fu man from The City giving up when Bruce had him pinned to the floor after about three minutes. The significance of this fight was that Bruce was extremely disappointed in his own performance. Even though he had won, he was winded and discouraged about his inability to put the man away in under three minutes. This marked a turning point for Bruce in his exploration of his martial art and the enhancement of his physical fitness. Thus began the evolution of Â Jeet Kune Do. Just as Bruce was cementing his plans to expand his martial arts schools, fate stepped in to move his life in another direction. In the preceding years Bruce had made the acquaintance of Ed Parker, widely regarded as the father of American Kenpo. In August of 1964, Ed invited Bruce to Long Beach, CA to give a demonstration at his First International Karate Tournament. Bruceâ€™s exhibition was spectacular. He used Taky as his partner and demonstrated his blindfolded chi sao techniques. At one point he used a member of the audience to show the power of his one-inch punch. Such was Bruceâ€™s charisma that he spoke conversationally, injecting humor into his	Bruce Lee
Doing something that must surely have earned him an asswhuppin, for what did Jack of Jack and the Beanstalk fame, trade the cow he was supposed to sell at the market?	Biography of bruce lee \| Chinese Martial Arts Biography of bruce lee You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 2 to 9 are not shown in this preview. This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue? CANCEL We've moved you to where you read on your other device. Get the full title to continue Get the full title to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the preview. Restart preview	i don't know
What sport features a scrum, in which three rows of opposing players lock together and compete for a ball placed on the ground?	Rugby Stretchingï¿½.. We want flexibility from our stretching. The stretch should be for 20 seconds or more and should never be painful to do.ï¿½ Body position for stretching is important for it to be effective. It is better to stretch for shorter periods more frequently, than to stretch for long periods, but seldom. THE NECK With you right hand pull your head to the right shoulder, standing upright. Perform the same stretch with the left. Next, push your head towards your chest, with your hands on the back of your head. Finally, put your hands on your forehead and push forward with your head, using your hands as resistance. SHOULDERS Keep your upper arm parallel to the ground, forearm vertical. Hold the right elbow with the left hand and pull it across to the opposite shoulder. Reverse the stretch.ï¿½ Next, with a straight right arm, have your thumb point downwards. With your left hand pull the right (straight) arm down towards the left hip. Reverse the stretch. BICEPS Hold onto the post or a player beside you. Keep your thumb down and turn your body away from the arm, letting your shoulder roll in.ï¿½ It sounds complicated, but do it against the edge of a door and you will see how easy it is. Reverse arms. TRICEPS Put your hand behind your head and with the opposite hand pull the elbow behind the head. Switch arms. PECTORALS Put your hands up in the fashion of someone holding you up at gunpoint.ï¿½ Have a friend behind you gentle pull your arms backwards by the elbows. Make sure this stretch is not painful. If it is, you are stretching it too much. WRIST AND FOREARMS Place your arm down by your side. Twist it so that your palm is facing outwards. With the opposite hand reach across and pull upwards on the back of the hand. Switch arms. Next, with your arm out straight in front of you, elbow locked, reach with the opposite hand and grasp the palm of the extended hand.ï¿½ Pull the hand towards your body until you feel the stretch in your forearm. BACK EXTENSORS Lie on the ground, pulling your knees up to your chest with your arms curling up into a ball like a hedgehog. LATISSIMUS DORSI On the ground sitting in your heels, bring the torso forward by stretching your right arm forward, right hand on the ground in front of you, keeping your hips up but still sitting on your heels.ï¿½ Place your left hand over the right hand, turning your hips to the right (the side you are stretching). You should feel the stretch from your shoulder blade to your armpit. ABDOMINALS Lie on the ground and extend your arms downwards, with your palms on the ground.ï¿½ Keeping your arms straight and your hips on the ground, lift your upper body to look like a cobra before it strikes. QUADRICEPS Lie on your stomach and with your right hand pull your left foot up to your buttock. Switch sides. CALF Standing with one leg forward, keeping the back straight, lunge forward over your forward leg, both knees bent and both feet flat on the ground.ï¿½ Switch legs. Perform the stretch again, but the second time keep the back leg straight. GROIN Sit on the ground with bent legs in front of you with the soles of your feet touching each other.ï¿½ Place your hands on your ankles and try to brings your elbows to your knees, pushing downwards on your knees if possible. HAMSTRINGS Lie on your back, one leg in the air, knee straight. Have a friend hold the heel of your raised foot and push gently towards your body. Perform this stretch with your toe pointed, and pulled towards you. Also, have your friend provide resistance from the left and right sides while you push against his or her hand. Switch legs. TENSOR FASCIA LATA/ILIO-LIBAL BAND (The muscles running up the side of your leg from the knee to over your hip bone.) Stand up straight. Take your left leg and step behind your right, keeping the left straight (stretching the right). Allow the right knee to relax, rotate, and bend away from your body. Switch legs. BUTTOCK Sit on the ground with both buttocks on the ground and your back straight.ï¿½ Lift one leg, bending at the knee. With the opposite forearm on the outside of the lifted knee, push against it so that it moves towards the other leg.ï¿½ Use your other arm for support. Switch sides. PLAYING A MATCH A match is started by a kick-off from center, which must travel forward ten meters. If the ball does not travel forward ten meters or if it goes into touch, the team can choose either a re-kick or a scrum at center. If however, the ball does not travel ten meters and the opposing team chooses to play the ball, play continues. After the kick-off, any player who is on-side may take the ball and run with it. Any player may throw the ball or kick it. Any player may give the ball to another player. Any player may tackle, hold or shove an opponent who is holding the ball. Any player may fall on the ball. Any player may take part in a scrum, ruck, maul or line-out. Any player may ground the ball in the in-goal area. Whatever a player does must be in accordance with the Laws of the Game. The referee is the final judge of all action. THE PLACE KICK ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ While there are some standard basic guidelines for successful place kicking, the majority of players develop their own personal style and routine that they are comfortable with and gives them a consistent strike.ï¿½ It is a ï¿½feelï¿½ for the ball that individuals must develop. Tilt the ball forward on the tee and watch the contact point at all times Face square onto the ball Try to use the same routine when lining up and approaching each kick Approach the ball in an arc, without rushing acceleration The non-kicking foot should be pointed at the target with your ankle in line with the middle of the ball The non-kicking foot should be the width of your hips from the ball On contact, your shoulder should face the target, opening up the hips Head should be directly above the ball to ensure the force is directed through the ball Make contact with the bone on top of the instep End up on the toes of the supporting leg Transfer weight through the ball Follow through to touch the hand of the balancing arm It is important for players to be able to correct their kicks and make the necessary adjustments. Coverage of the back of the field, kicking Strong kicking ability, able to read field and cover accordingly The Maul A maul occurs when a player carrying the ball is held by one or more opponents, and one or more of the ball-carrierï¿½s team-mates bind on the ball-carrier.ï¿½ All the players involved are on their feet. There are at least three players involved- the ball-carrier and at least one player from either team. Players joining a maul must have their head and shoulders no lower than their hips, and must be caught in the maul or have a proper bind (whole arm). Players must not voluntarily collapse the maul and must endeavor to keep their feet.ï¿½ A maul ends when the ball leaves the maul or a player with the ball leaves the maul. A maul ends unsuccessfully if the maul remains stationary, or the ball is unplayable, and a scrum is ordered by the referee. The ball is thrown in by the team not in possession when the maul began. If the referee cannot decide which team had possession, the scrum is awarded to the team moving forward before the maul stopped.ï¿½ TEACHING THE PASS AND CATCH ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ The first lesson will provide an opportunity to introduce the activity and the expectations of the unit.ï¿½ To begin students will familiarize themselves with the sport of rugby; this will often be their first exposure to the game.ï¿½ For skill development students will soon discover they will be able to use transferable skills and sport specific skills from other sporting areas. A series of lead up activities will quickly give the students confidence and the realization that they possess many of the skills utilized in the game of rugby. Basic Pass ï¿½ students should recognize how to break down the pass into three stages- preparation, execution, and follow-through The pass in the game of rugby must always be backwards. Referees may allow for the ball to be passes straight across, but more often than not it will be called a forward pass.ï¿½ In the basic pass, the person waiting to receive the ball should have both hands out, providing a target for their teammate.ï¿½ When passing the ball, you want to hold the ball with both hands on the side of the ball. The ball should be held vertically, with the tips pointing up and down. The ball is brought across the body and released at the side, towards the target using the wrists. -both hands on the ball -catch and pass the ball with your fingertips -transfer the ball smoothly and rapidly -pass the ball to space and allow the teammate to run onto it -step toward the player you are passing to -provide a target for the sender -keep your body between the ball and the defender -focus eyes on path of object until received -receive object with hands Figure 1 Note the follow through and step in by the passer, the hands out and step in by the receiver The Playing Field The Field-of-play: the area between the goal-lines and the touch-lines. These lines are not part of the field-of-play. The Playing Area: the field-of-play and in-goal areas.ï¿½ The touch-lines, the touch-in-goal lines and dead-ball lines are not part of the playing area. The Playing Enclosure: the playing area and a space around it, not less than 5 meters where practicable, which is known as the perimeter area. In-goal: the area between the goal-line and the dead-ball line, and between the touch-in-goal lines. It includes the goal-line but it does not include the dead-ball line or the touch-in-goal lines. The ï¿½22ï¿½: the area between the goal-line and the 22-meter line, including the 22-meter line but excluding the goal-line. SAFETY: Post-pads should be secured on the uprights if playing on an area with posts. The grounds should be checked to ensure there it is clear of debris which could injure a student (ie. Bottle caps, broken glass, nails, etc.). A thorough checking of the field is necessary at all times. Each player should also be wearing a mouth guard at all times. Also, it may be in the studentsï¿½ best interest to wear shin guards when they are learning the game, as rucking and mauling can lead to some bruised shins.ï¿½ Proper jerseys should be worn, or at least shirts made of thick material, and leg-wear which fellow players can bind onto (wind-pants often are too slippery for a proper bind).ï¿½ Further protection can be provided for players by wearing shoulder pads under their jerseys and scrum caps over their heads. This equipment can be looked at on www.ballsout.com Playing areas should also be marked out using pylons or small plastic cones when possible. While flags are used in games, falling on one could lead to an unnecessary injury. The Ruck A ruck is a phase of play where one or more players from each team, who are on their feet in physical contact, close around the ball when it is on the ground.ï¿½ Players are rucking when they are in a ruck and using their feet to try and win or keep possession of the ball. All players forming or joining a ruck must have their heads and shoulders no lower than their hips. A player joining a ruck must bind onto the ruck with at least one arm around the body of a team-mate, using the whole arm. Placing a hand on another player does not constitute binding. All players forming, joining, or taking part in a ruck must be on their feet. Also, they must endeavor to stay on their feet, and must not voluntarily collapse the ruck or jump on it. Players must not handle the ball in a ruck or pick the ball up using their legs. Players on the ground in or near the ruck must try to move away from the ball. These players must not interfere with the ball in the ruck or as it comes out of the ruck.ï¿½ A ruck ends successfully when the ball leaves the ruck. A ruck ends unsuccessfully when it becomes unplayable and a scrum is ordered by the referee.ï¿½ The team that was moving forward immediately before the ball became unplayable in the ruck throws the ball in. If neither team was moving forward, the attacking team will be awarded the put-in. The Scrum In Detail Forming a Scrumï¿½.. A scrum takes place where the infringement or stoppage happened, or as near to it as is practicable in the field-of-play. The placement of the scrum is marked by the referee as he or she places their heel on the ground to show the ï¿½markï¿½. The opposing front-rows then line up on either side of the mark. The mark can be moved across the field a short distance by the referee to allow for safer play. This occurs frequently under wet conditions, as the second-row players need firmer ground to lock out and keep the scrum upright. If the infringement or stoppage occurred less than 5 meters from the touch-line, the place for the scrum is moved out to 5 meters from the touch line. Also, if the infringement or stoppage occurs in the in-goal area, the place of the scrum is 5 meters from the goal-line. A scrum must have eight players from each team. All eight players must stay bound to the scrum until the scrum has ended. Each front-row has three players in it and the two locks form the second row. When a team is reduced to fewer than fifteen for any reason, the number of players in the scrum may be similarly reduced. Where a permitted reduction is made by one team, there is no requirement for the other team to make a similar reduction. However, a team must not have fewer than five players in the scrum. Before the two front-rows come together they must be standing not more than an armï¿½s length apart. This is a safety precaution, so that the players can keep their shoulders above their hips at all times.ï¿½ The ball is in the scrum-halfï¿½s hands and ready to be thrown into the scrum.ï¿½ The front-rows must crouch so that when they meet, each playerï¿½s head and shoulders will be level and remain above their hips.ï¿½ The front-rows must interlock so that no playerï¿½s head is next to the head of a fellow team-mate.ï¿½ A crouched position is the extension of the normal stance by bending the knees sufficiently to move into the engagement without a charge.ï¿½ The engaging of a scrum is announced by the referee, with the typical command of ï¿½crouchï¿½.pauseï¿½..engageï¿½. Until the ball leaves the scrum-halfï¿½s hands, the scrum must be stationary. A team must not shove the scrum away from the mark before the ball is thrown in. When a scrum is formed, the body and feet of each front-row player should be in position to make a forward shove. This position has been described as ï¿½taking a squat in the woodsï¿½. Feet should be firmly planted and spread a little wider than shoulder length to allow the player to squat down. Players must not cross their feet, although the foot of one player may cross a team-mateï¿½s foot. Until the ball is thrown in, a hooker must be in a position to hook the ball.ï¿½ The hookers must have both feet on the ground, with their weight firmly planted on at least one foot.ï¿½ A hookerï¿½s foremost foot must not be in front of the foremost foot of either prop beside them. When a player binds on a team-mate, that player must use the whole arm from hand to shoulder to grasp the team-mateï¿½s body at or below the level of the armpit.ï¿½ Placing only a hand on another player is not a satisfactory bind. All front-row players must bind firmly and continuously from the start to the finish of the scrum. The hooker may bind either over or under the arms of the props, keeping weight on at least one foot. A loosehead prop must bind on the opposing tighthead prop by placing their left arm inside the right arm of the tighthead prop or by placing the left hand on the left thigh.ï¿½ A tighthead prop must bind on the opposing loosehead prop by placing their right arm outside the upper arm of the opposing loosehead prop. The tighthead prop must grip the loosehead propï¿½s jersey to keep themselves and the scrum steady, but not on the arm or sleeve. They must not exert downward pressure. All players in the scrum other than front-row players must bind on a lockï¿½s body with at least one arm.ï¿½ The locks must bind with the props in front of them. No player other than a prop may hold an opponent. If a scrum collapses, the referee must blow the whistle immediately so that players stop pushing. Also, if a player in a scrum is lifted in the air, or is forced upwards out of the scrum, the referee will blow the whistle. As soon as the front-rows have come together, the scrum-half must throw the ball in without delay. The scrum-half must be one meter from the side of the scrum, holding the ball with two hands, midway between the knee and the ankle. The ball must be thrown in a straight line, so that it first touches the ground immediately beyond the width of the nearer propï¿½s shoulders. The scrum-half must throw the ball with a single forward movement.ï¿½ This means that there must not be any backwards movement of the ball and the scrum-half must not pretend to throw the ball in. Play in the scrum begins when the ball leaves the hands of the scrum-half. If the scrum-half throws the ball in and it comes out at either end of the tunnel, the ball must be thrown in again unless a free kick or a penalty has been awarded.ï¿½ If the ball Is not played by a front-row player and it goes straight through the tunnel and comes out behind the foot of a far prop without being touched, the scrum-half must throw it in again. All front-row players must place their feet to leave a clear tunnel in the scrum. Until the ball has left the scrum-halfï¿½s hands, they must not raise or advance a foot.ï¿½ They must not do anything to stop the ball from being thrown in correctly or from touching the ground in the correct place.ï¿½ Once the ball has touched the ground, any front-row player may use either foot to try to win possession of the ball. A front-row player must not voluntarily kick the ball out of the tunnel in the direction from which it was thrown. A front-row player must not strike for the ball with both feet. No player may voluntarily raise both feet from the ground, either when the ball is thrown in or afterwards.ï¿½ Front-row players must not twist or lower their bodies, or pull opponents, or do anything that is likely to collapse the scrum.ï¿½ This includes voluntarily falling, kneeling, or forcing an opponent upwards out of a scrum. Players must not try to win the ball by using any part of their body except their foot or lower leg. A player who is not in the front-row must not play the ball while in the tunnel.ï¿½ When the ball comes out of the scrum in any direction except through the tunnel, the scrum ends.ï¿½ A scrum-half must not take any action to make the opponents think that the ball is out of the scrum while it is still in the scrum. The hindmost player in a scrum is the player whose feet are nearest the teamï¿½s own goal-line (typically the eightman).ï¿½ This player may pick the ball up when the ball passes through the feet of the locks. When the ball is touched, the scrum has ended. If a scrum is wheeled through more than 90 degrees, the referee will blow the whistle and order another scrum, with the opposing team having the put-in. The Scrum ï¿½ Aï¿½ Review The purpose of the scrum in rugby is to restart the play quickly, safely and fairly, after a minor infringement or a stoppage. A scrum is formed in the field-of-play when eight players from each team, bound together in three rows for each team, close up with their opponents so that the heads of the front-rows are interlocked.ï¿½ This creates a tunnel into which a scrum-half throws in the ball so that front-row players can compete possession by hooking the ball with either of their feet. The tunnel of the scrum is the space between the two front-rows from either team. The player who throws the ball into the scrum from either team is the scrum-half. Figure 1 The women prepare for a scrum in warm-up - note the scrumhalf to the right with the ball and the low and wide base of support by the players. More information on player positions is included. GETTING TACKLED ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ When getting tackled, it is important to recycle the ball and make it accessible to your teammates. As the defense is approaching and about to make contact, hold the ball in two hands, turning with the impact of the tackle.ï¿½ If your arms are free and no other tacklers are about to hit you, pass to a supporting player. If this is not possible, take the ball to ground, landing on the back of your shoulder, placing the ball so that you or your teammates can regain possession. You are allowed to pass the ball off upon contact with the ground, however this must be done with one fluid motion.ï¿½ You can lessen the force of impact on the back of the shoulder by rounding them (hugging the ball might help). Also, bending your knees and tucking your chin in will also cause less strain on the body. When turning with the impact it is important to turn far enough to land on the back of your shoulder and not on your shoulder, as you want as big a surface as possible to break the impact with the ground (not hand or wrist, but back of shoulder, bottom, or legs). If you continue to carry the ball in two hands you will not place a hand out to break your fall, thus causing that hand to take considerable force and weight- yours and the tacklerï¿½s.ï¿½ Figure 1 The tackler has a low position, wrapping the ball-carrier's legs while the ball-carrier is anticipating the tackle and looking for support Common Faults: 1. You cannot turn for your support or you get turned the wrong way in the tackle ï¿½ you need to be more aggressive in the contact, hit or be hit! Figure 2 The ball-carrier has both hands on the ball, allowing him to control the ball at all times 2. You lose the ball as you attempt to place it ï¿½ concentrate on the turn with the impact, round your shoulders and place the ball with TWO HANDS. 3. You place the ball but the opposition take it ï¿½ slow down if your support is not there or place it close to your body and get up over it and be your own loose forward. Donï¿½t lie there and wait for your teammates, thinking you have done your job. When your knees are off the ground you can pick the ball up.ï¿½ This may mean getting tackled again and going to ground again, but all this had bought time for your support to get there. Figure 3 The ball-carrier has turned and will be able to place the ball towards his teammates - note the amount of body surface he is using to take the weight of impact A Note on Long-Body Rucking: ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½Land on hands and knees. When players are held in a tackle and are not going anywhere, they need to drop down and lower themselves onto their hands and knees. First fall on one knee, then fall onto one forearm and the other knee, placing the ball between your legs as you go down. This is also called ï¿½laying an eggï¿½, and allows for easier access to the ball for your teammates. The most important aspect of the lineout is actually the throw-in. Catching at practicing lineouts is all based on relationships.ï¿½ Firstly, between thrower and jumper, then between thrower, jumper and lifters, finally with everyone else. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Lineout drills start around tiny points and focus on the skills required by each individual player.ï¿½ First you have to identify who your best thrower is. Generally the job lands on the shoulders of the hooker but it doesnï¿½t have to be the person in the number 2 jersey.ï¿½ Once you have found the person, they will need to work relentlessly on visualization and technique.ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Points the thrower has to focus on are the simple mechanics of the throw; weight transference from back to front while maintaining balance throughout, leading with the hips for as long as possible, keeping chin and chest up, ensuring the arm movement is led by the elbow and following through with the hand in the desired line of ball flight. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ When throwing, the ball should not pass behind the throwerï¿½s head. Allowing the arm to go all the way back telegraphs where the ball is going and delays getting the ball into play.ï¿½ The shorter the recoil time the more effective the delivery.ï¿½ The thrower should aim to keep the throw sharp and release the ball as quickly and accurately as possible. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ The final aspect the thrower needs to work on is his or her concentration.ï¿½ Emphasis must be placed on the need to block everything else out and for the player to think only of the throw, visualizing the path it is going to take. Figure 1 Note the extension of the arms by the lifters (for more information on lifting in the lineout, check out www.cancoach.com ) Key Points: Elbows and hands above shoulder height Chin up and eyes focused on the point of contact Elbows should be pointed at the target point Hands move directly towards the middle of the lineout and not across the body During the throw it is important to bring the elbow into play by taking it forward and pointing it at the target.ï¿½ The forearm follows forward down the same line, the wrist is released and the hand and fingers release the ball.ï¿½ The fingers do not include the thumb, which is only used to stop the ball from falling out of the hands.ï¿½ If it is used for anything other than a rest, you will find the ball falling short of the target.ï¿½	Rugby
What word, which, when said loud enough, always makes you sound precocious, is defined as what you say when you don't know what to say?	BBC - Ben Dirs: Tackling the scrum Tackling the scrum Post categories: Rugby Union Ben Dirs \| 17:01 UK time, Sunday, 30 January 2011 Last Tuesday, the International Rugby Board (IRB) summoned the coaches of all the Six Nations sides to a forum to discuss the state of the scrum, that once proud edifice that too often nowadays resembles a steaming heap of rubble. The scrum, at the highest level at least, is nothing short of a bad joke: currently, 60% of all scrums collapse in top-level internationals and 40% of scrums have to be reset. In addition, the average time to complete a scrum is just under a minute, which adds up to an awful lot of watching 16 huge men in a pile on the floor. England coach Martin Johnson called last year's Six Nations match between England and Scotland at Murrayfield "a game of rugby trying to break out between scrums". And when BBC pundit Brian Moore , a former hooker who won 64 international caps, is so often moved to admit he hasn't got a clue what's going on at scrum-time, you know you've got a problem. IRB referee manager Paddy O'Brien declared Tuesday's meeting to have been "extremely constructive and highly productive", and to expect a crackdown on illegal front-row binding and incorrect body positions in the upcoming Six Nations . I thought about asking Moore for his opinions, but reckoned he might get too angry. However, BBC Sport has listened to plenty of big men that matter, and their concerns and conclusions are laid out below. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THE SCRUM BE FIXED? Keith Wood (BBC pundit, former Ireland and Lions hooker): The scrum is not killing the game but it is a pain in the neck - and it would kill the game if nothing was done about it. The scrum is magic, one of the cornerstones of rugby union. In order to see this content you need to have both Javascript enabled and Flash installed. Visit BBC Webwise for full instructions. If you're reading via RSS, you'll need to visit the blog to access this content. BBC pundit Brian Moore is frustrated by last season's Calcutta Cup scrum chaos (UK users only) If you got rid of scrummaging, you could then have generic rugby players, a bit like rugby league. But by having big, tall forwards and nuggety front rows like we have in rugby union, who can do all that hard work that needs to be done but maybe aren't as agile around the field, you create mis-matches, because it isn't like against like all the time. Ed Morrison (the Rugby Football Union's head of elite referee development): If we ever lose the scrum we'll lose the game. It's an opportunity to push your opponents back legally and it's an opportunity to gain possession of the ball legally and we need to get back to that mindset. The best recent example of positive scrummaging was the Leicester-Northampton Premiership game, when the scrums were magnificent, they made the game. It was a classic example of how good the scrum can be when it's played, coached and refereed positively. The international game has a massive responsibility to ensure that when people sit down and watch they're seeing a contest in the scrum and not a mess. It's a problem, it has to be rectified and it has to start at the highest level. WHY ARE THERE SO MANY COLLAPSES AND RESETS? Kingsley Jones (former Wales flanker, current head coach at Sale): The scrum is now won and lost on the engagement. Coaches are coaching front-rows to win the race across the gap on the call to 'engage' and introduce the ball immediately. We've got big players who, if they lose the 'hit', look to the safety of the ground. We're not coaching that, but props want to look after themselves. The familiar sight of a scrum collapsing during Australia v England last June When someone loses the race, they go down and the scrum is reset. The next scrum, they don't want to lose the race, so they go early, which results in a free-kick because they jumped the call. Or if I'm an attacking scrum-half, my team hit and lose the engagement, I might say, "I can't put it in ref", because if I put the ball in and my team are going backwards, my coach will tell me what's what after the game. Phil Vickery (former England and Lions prop): It varies so much, but basically if you've got two gangs of people pushing each other there are two ways it can go - it can either go up, where you're forcing each other up in the air, or it can go down, because as a front-row forward you don't want to go back - that's personal pride. So invariably it goes down. KW: The main problem is the 'pause' phase [of the 'crouch-touch-pause-engage' sequence] because it's counter-intuitive, it goes against what you're about to do - it isn't about pausing, it's about going at 100mph, exploding into the 'hit'. Graham Rowntree (former England and Lions prop, current England scrum coach): I know why the 'pause' stage was brought in, it settles everything. Before you had 'crouch-touch-engage', sometimes very quickly, and you had teams rolling into each other and there were too many forces and too much weight involved and you were getting injuries. But there are timing issues. The whole sequence - 'crouch-touch-pause-engage' - can be delivered by different referees at different speeds, especially if both front rows have not followed through the sequence in time. And while that's happening you've got some front rows who are bent and over-balanced and you can physically see them shaking because they're holding up all that weight. And when they meet each other and somebody is off-balance, or the ground conditions aren't very good, that scrum will go down. DOES IT COME DOWN TO CHEATING? KW: There absolutely is deliberate collapsing at the moment, there is plenty, because if you don't get into a good position at the start - if you're waiting and holding up the guys behind you and you don't get a good step on - you might as well collapse it, and that's especially the case with the bigger tight-head props. But I can tell you that every forward pack wants to be as good as it can be, and if an individual doesn't get it right, he won't get picked. If your eight guys can scrum well you provide a great opportunity for your back-line - if it's messy, you don't. That's why your scrum is sacrosanct, it's a great launching pad. In order to see this content you need to have both Javascript enabled and Flash installed. Visit BBC Webwise for full instructions. If you're reading via RSS, you'll need to visit the blog to access this content. Kingsley Jones and Jonathan Davies put the scrum to rights on Scrum V (UK users only) GR: We have a job as players to be as good as we can, to stay in a good position, to push, and I'm not convinced all players do that. I get nothing out of collapsed scrums. These comments suggesting us coaches are underhand and want to keep it in-house are wide of the mark. I'm very open, my philosophy of scrummaging is quite simple - I want a pushing contest, there's no earth-shattering detail to it. I sit in a room with Johnno [Martin Johnson] and he looks at me, furrowed brow, and says: "Graham, what's going on?" I hate seeing collapsed scrums, it embarrasses me. So we're not all trying to cheat, because by us trying to cheat we're only slowing the game down. ARE REFEREES TO BLAME? EM: There's no question that when we were asked to slow down the cadence [of the engagement sequence] and add the 'pause' it took time for referees to adjust to that process. But the real difficulty for the referee is when the scrum engages and it collapses immediately, the referee has to decide in a split second who's responsible. What really pleased me about the IRB statement was the term "collective responsibility" in terms of reducing the number of collapsed and reset scrums. The responsibility absolutely should be shared by referees, coaches and players - all too often in the past total responsibility when things went wrong was shouldered by referees. Ben Kay (former England and Lions lock): The referees need to be better at giving straight penalties, because as soon as penalties start being given in kickable range, as long as the coaches know what the referees are going on about, it will get rid of a lot of the problems and settle things down. GR: I feel sorry for refs, and I don't say that very often. They've got a lot to look at, the intricacies of the scrum, and make decisions in a split second. As coaches we've got to give players the tools to take the referee out of the equation. KW: I do feel sorry for referees and I never did when I played. Life is pretty hard for them, they're hamstrung when it comes to scrummaging because it's very technical. But there are an awful lot of errors happening and different referees have their own way of refereeing, and I know the IRB are striving for more consistency. All the guys are looking for is consistency - if a referee refs a scrum in a particular fashion, he's always going to ref it in that fashion, that is comforting to a player. ARE REFEREES WELL-ENOUGH EDUCATED? EM: There's more education in the refereeing of front rows than there's ever been. As an elite group of referees we use Graham Rowntree, who has been magnificent over the last couple of years - that's the kind of education we need. GR: Refs can't be educated too much, because unless you've played there, you don't really have an understanding of what's going on. I sit down with the RFU's elite referees as much as possible, and often they're very open and admit they don't know what's going on. So it's about telling them what's going on, to reward the best possible position and shape in the scrum. And I'm urging our guys to be proactive, so when the referee sees a collapsed scrum, he sees we're trying to push and the opposition aren't. I don't envy the ref's job, and we've got to make it easy for them. BK: I would make every referee after each game go and sit down with someone like Phil Vickery or Graham Rowntree and go through the video of every scrum - they could tell the referee what the props are trying to do. PV: I was capped by England in 1998 and finished in 2010 and I have never been asked my opinion on scrum rules, engagement set-ups or how I think referees or new laws could help the scrum. I'm not saying I know it all, I certainly don't, but do you think it would help to ask guys who are on the front line and could really give a good insight into what happens in the scrum? I find that sad. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO FIX IT? KJ: The solution is simple. The laws are contradictory at the moment - Law 20.1 states that the scrum must be square and stationary in line with the touchline and over the mark before the ball can be introduced. Law 20.5 then states the ball must be introduced immediately on the front rows' engagement or when the referee instructs the scrum-half to do so. So just put a line through the first part of Law 20.5 - the part where it says the ball must be introduced immediately on the front rows' engagement - because it's causing confusion for everyone. Do that and we will have, like we used to have, a pushing contest and a striking contest once the scrum is stable over the mark. The referee can now manage to look at who's square, who's binding, who's on-side or off-side and whether the ball is introduced correctly. KW: The 'hit' has been an important part of the game for the last 20-30 years, and if you get rid of it you get rid of one element of pure confrontation. But the pressure in the front row of an international scrum is one-and-a-half to two tons, and you're telling these guys to 'pause' before the contact. Unless that pause is exactly the same every time you're just making it harder to get it right, because you're holding back all that weight. If you took the pause stage out of it, it would be fine. GR: There are always ways as a player you can fight to keep the scrum up - our guys are fighting to keep their chests up and keep a really good shape, because we want the ball in and out to the backs, or maybe we want the ball at the back of the scrum because we want to push the opposition pack around. It's about those massive packs, all eight of them, starting in a good position and staying in a good position for as long as possible, it's as simple as that. If they're all doing a good job, they're all trying to be proactive, then the calling sequence shouldn't matter. EM: Good coaches coach good technique. If you get well-organised, well-coached teams who play the game in the manner it was designed to be played, the scrum can be a wonderful spectacle. That's where we want to get to, to where everyone wants to scrum in that positive manner. As a referee, we can't determine that, only the players can. It will be interesting to see, in light of this Six Nations coaches meeting, how the first weekend of the Six Nations pans out. Will everybody go out to scrummage positively? Or will the weaker teams try all the tricks of the trade to ensure the opposing scrum isn't dominating? We shall see. IRB scrum statistics for Six Nations 2009 and 2010: Average scrums per match - 16; average collapsed per match - 9; average resets per match - 6; average penalties/free-kicks per match - 5.2 The 2009 Six Nations had the highest reset rate with 47 per 100 scrums, the 2010 Six Nations had the highest collapse rate with 67 per 100 scrums. November 2009 had the lowest number of resets with 29 per 100 scrums and June 2009 had the lowest number of collapses with 47 per 100 scrums.	i don't know
Which part of the human body does impetigo affect?	Impetigo - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health About the Skin About Impetigo Impetigo (Impetigo contagiosa) is an itchy and sometimes painful infection of the outer layers of skin . It is especially common in young children. The infection is caused by bacteria and is very contagious. Children who have it should not go to daycare, kindergarten or school, where they might infect other children. Symptoms The early signs of impetigo usually appear around the mouth and nose : an itchy reddish rash with liquid-filled blisters that burst very easily. The burst blisters form yellowish crusts, which then later fall off without leaving behind any scars . Causes and risk factors Impetigo is a bacterial infection , usually caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria . These germs can enter your skin in different ways, including through minor cuts or scrapes, a rash or an insect bite. They spread to other people through skin contact, or through contact with objects that an infected person has touched... Read more about Impetigo What works? Research summarized	Skin (Japanese band)
What famous outlaw committed the Wild West's first train robbery on July 21, 1873 in Adair, Iowa?	Impetigo Symptoms, Treatment, Causes - What are the types of impetigo? What are impetigo symptoms and signs? What does impetigo look like? - MedicineNet Medical Author: John Mersch, MD, FAAP John Mersch, MD, FAAP Dr. Mersch received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, San Diego, and prior to entering the University Of Southern California School Of Medicine, was a graduate student (attaining PhD candidate status) in Experimental Pathology at USC. He attended internship and residency at Children's Hospital Los Angeles. Medical Editor: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology. What are the types of impetigo? What are impetigo symptoms and signs? What does impetigo look like? Share Your Story There are two forms of impetigo: Nonbullous impetigo: This is the more common form, caused by both staph and strep bacteria. This form initially presents as small red papules similar to insect bites. These lesions rapidly evolve to small blisters and then to pustules that finally scab over with a characteristic honey-colored crust. This entire process usually takes about one week. These lesions often start around the nose and on the face, but less frequently they may also affect the arms and legs. At times, there may be non-tender but swollen lymph nodes (glands) nearby. Bullous impetigo: This form of impetigo is caused only by staph bacteria. These bacteria produce a toxin that reduces cell-to-cell stickiness (adhesion) causing separation between the top skin layer ( epidermis ) and the lower layer (dermis). This leads to the formation of a blister. (The medical term for blister is bulla.) Bullae can appear in various skin areas, especially the buttocks and trunk. These blisters are fragile and contain a clear yellow-colored fluid. The bullae are delicate and often break and leave red, raw skin with a ragged edge. A dark crust will commonly develop during the final stages of development. With healing, this crust will resolve.	i don't know
What jazz legend was commonly known as Satchmo, short for satchelmouth, and has the New Orleans airport named for him?	Louis Armstrong : Video : Famous : Biography : Information Louis Armstrong Get more books from Amazon.co.uk Louis[1] Armstrong[2] (4 August 1901[3] ï¿½ July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo[4] and Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer. Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative performer whose inspired, improvised soloing was the main influence for a fundamental change in jazz, shifting its focus from collective melodic playing, often arranged in one way or another, to the solo player and improvised soloing. One of the most famous jazz musicians of the 20th century, he was first known as a cornet player, then as a trumpet player, and toward the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and became one of the most influential jazz singers. Early life Armstrong often stated in public interviews that he was born on July 4, 1900 (Independence Day in the USA), a date that has been noted in many biographies. Although he died in 1971, it wasn't until the mid-1980s that his true birth date of August 4th, 1901 was discovered through the examination of baptismal records.[5] He was recorded as an illegitimate black child. Louis Armstrong Sings "What A wonderful World! Video Movie Film Clip Mpeg Armstrong was born into a very poor family in New Orleans, Louisiana, the grandson of slaves. He spent his youth in poverty in a rough neighborhood of Uptown New Orleans, known as ï¿½Back of Townï¿½, as his father, William Armstrong (1881ï¿½1922), abandoned the family when Louis was an infant, and took up with another woman. His mother, Mary Albert Armstrong (1886ï¿½1942), then left Louis and his younger sister Beatrice Armstrong Collins (1903ï¿½1987) in the care of his grandmother, Josephine Armstrong and at times, his Uncle Isaac. At five, he moved back to live with his mother and her relatives, and saw his father only in parades. He attended the Fisk School for Boys where he likely had his first exposure to Creole music. He brought in a little money as a paperboy and also by finding discarded food and selling it to restaurants but it wasnï¿½t enough to keep his mother from prostitution. He hung out in dance halls particularly the ï¿½Funky Buttï¿½ which was the closest to his home, where he observed everything from licentious dancing to the quadrille. He hauled coal to Storyville, the famed red-light district, and listened to the bands playing in the brothels and dance halls, especially Pete Lalaï¿½s where Joe "King" Oliver performed and other famous musicians would drop in to jam. Armstrong grew up at the bottom of the social ladder, in a highly segregated city, but one which lived in a constant fervour of music, which was generally called ï¿½ragtimeï¿½, and not yet ï¿½jazzï¿½. Despite the hard early days, Armstrong seldom looked back at his youth as the worst of times but instead drew inspiration from it, ï¿½Every time I close my eyes blowing that trumpet of mineï¿½I look right in the heart of good old New Orleans...It has given me something to live for.ï¿½[6] After dropping out of the Fisk School at eleven, Armstrong joined a quartet of boys in similar straits as he, and they sang in the streets for money. He also started to get into trouble. Cornet player Bunk Johnson said he taught Armstrong (then 11) to play by ear at Dago Tony's Tonk in New Orleans,[7] although in his later years Armstrong gave the credit to Oliver. His first cornet was bought with money loaned to him by the Karnofskys, a Russian-Jewish immigrant family who had a junk hauling business and gave him odd jobs. To express gratitude towards the Karnofskys, who took him in as almost a family member, and fed and nurtured him, Armstrong wore a Star of David pendant for the rest of his life.[8] Source Louis Armstrong's stage personality matched his flashy trumpet. Armstrong is also known for his raspy singing voice. Armstrong seriously developed his cornet playing in the band of the New Orleans Home for Colored Waifs, where he had been sent multiple times for general delinquency, most notably for a long term after firing his stepfather's pistol into the air at a New Year's Eve celebration, as police records confirm. Professor Peter Davis (who frequently appeared at the Home at the request of its administrator, Captain Joseph Jones)[9] instilled discipline in and provided musical training to the otherwise self-taught Armstrong. Eventually, Davis made Armstrong the band leader. The Home band played around New Orleans and the thirteen year old began to draw attention to his cornet playing, starting him on a musical career.[10]At fourteen he was released from the Home, and living again with his father and new stepmother, and then back to his mother and also back to the streets and its temptations. Armstrong got his first dance hall job at Henry Ponceï¿½s where Black Benny became his protector and guide. He hauled coal by day and played his cornet at night. He also played in the city's frequent brass band parades and listened to older musicians every chance he got, learning from Bunk Johnson, Buddy Petit, Kid Ory, and above all, Joe "King" Oliver, who acted as a mentor and father figure to the young musician. Later, he played in the brass bands and riverboats of New Orleans, and first started travelling with the well-regarded band of Fate Marable which toured on a steamboat up and down the Mississippi River. He described his time with Marable as "going to the University," since it gave him a much wider experience working with written arrangements. In 1919, Joe Oliver decided to go north and he resigned his position in Kid Ory's band, then regarded as the best hot jazz group in New Orleans. Armstrong replaced his mentor and played second cornet. Soon he was promoted to first cornet and he also became second trumpet for the Tuxedo Brass Band, a society band.[11] Background information Joe "King" Oliver, Ella Fitzgerald, Kid Ory Early career On March 19, 1918, Louis married Daisy Parker from Gretna, Louisiana. They adopted a 3-year-old boy, Clarence Armstrong, whose mother, Louis's cousin Flora, died soon after giving birth. Clarence Armstrong was mentally retarded (result of a head injury at an early age) and Louis would spend the rest of his life taking care of him.[12] Louis's marriage to Parker failed quickly and they separated. She died shortly after the divorce. Through his riverboat experiences, Armstrongï¿½s musicianship began to mature. At twenty, he could now read music and he started to be featured in extended trumpet solos, one of the first jazzmen to do this, injecting his own personality and style into his solo turns. He had learned how to create a unique sound, and also started using singing and patter in his performances.[13]In 1922, Armstrong joined the exodus to Chicago, where he had been invited by his mentor, Joe "King" Oliver, to join his Creole Jazz Band, and where he could make a sufficient income so that he no longer need to supplement his music with day labor jobs. It was a boom time in Chicago and though race relations were poor, the ï¿½Windy Cityï¿½ was teeming with jobs for Blacks, who were making good wages in factories and had plenty to spend on entertainment. Oliver's band was the best and most influential hot jazz band in Chicago in the early 1920s, at a time when Chicago was the centre of the jazz universe. Armstrong lived like a king in Chicago, in his own apartment with his own private bath (his first). Excited as he was to be in Chicago, he began his career-long pastime of writing nostalgic letters to friends in New Orleans. As Armstrongï¿½s reputation grew, he was challenged to ï¿½cutting contestsï¿½ by horn men trying to displace the new phenom, who could blow two hundred high Cï¿½s in a row.[14] Armstrong made his first recordings on the Gennett and Okeh labels (jazz records were starting to boom across the country), including taking some solos and breaks, while playing second cornet in Oliver's band in 1923. At this time, he met Hoagy Carmichael (with whom he would collaborate later) who was introduced by pal Bix Beiderbecke, who now had his own Chicago band. Armstrong enjoyed working with Oliver, but Louis' second wife, pianist Lil Hardin Armstrong, urged him to seek more prominent billing and develop his newer style away from the influence of Oliver. She had her husband play classical music in church concerts to broaden his skill and improve his solo play, and she prodded him into wearing more stylish attire to make him look sharp and to better offset his growing girth. Lilï¿½s influence eventually undermined Armstrongï¿½s relationship with his mentor, especially concerning his salary and additional moneys that Oliver held back from Armstrong and other band members. Armstrong and Oliver parted amicably in 1924 and Armstrong received an invitation to go to New York City to play with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, the top Africanï¿½American band of the day. Armstrong switched to the trumpet to blend in better with the other musicians in his section. His influence upon Henderson's tenor sax soloist, Coleman Hawkins, can be judged by listening to the records made by the band during this period. Armstrong quickly adapted to the more tightly controlled style of Henderson, playing trumpet and even experimenting with the trombone, and the other members quickly took up Armstrongï¿½s emotional, expressive pulse. Soon his act included singing and telling tales of New Orleans characters, especially preachers.[15]The Henderson Orchestra was playing in the best venues for white-only patrons, including the famed Roseland Ballroom, featuring the classy arrangements of Don Redman. Duke Ellingtonï¿½s orchestra would go to Roseland to catch Armstrongï¿½s performances and young hornmen around town tried in vain to outplay him, splitting their lips in their attempts. During this time, Armstrong also made many recordings on the side, arranged by an old friend from New Orleans, pianist Clarence Williams; these included small jazz band sides with the Williams Blue Five (some of the best pairing Armstrong with one of Armstrong's few rivals in fiery technique and ideas, Sidney Bechet) and a series of accompaniments with Blues singers, including Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Alberta Hunter. Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames. Armstrong returned to Chicago in 1925 due mostly to the urging of his wife, who wanted to pump up Armstrongï¿½s career and income. He was content in New York but later would concede that she was right and that the Henderson Orchestra was limiting his artistic growth. In publicity, much to his chagrin, she billed him as ï¿½the Worldï¿½s Greatest Trumpet Playerï¿½. At first he was actually a member of the Lil Hardin Armstrong Band and working for his wife.[16]He began recording under his own name for Okeh with his famous Hot Five and Hot Seven groups, producing hits such as "Potato Head Blues", "Muggles" (a reference to marijuana, for which Armstrong had a lifelong fondness), and "West End Blues", the music of which set the standard and the agenda for jazz for many years to come. The group included Kid Ory (trombone), Johnny Dodds (clarinet), Johnny St. Cyr (banjo), wife Lil on piano, and usually no drummer. Armstrongï¿½s band leading style was easygoing, as St. Cyr noted, "One felt so relaxed working with him and he was very broad-minded...always did his best to feature each individual".[17] His recordings with pianist Earl "Fatha" Hines (most famously their 1928 Weatherbird duet) and Armstrong's trumpet introduction to "West End Blues" remain some of the most famous and influential improvisations in jazz history. Armstrong was now free to develop his personal style as he wished, which included a heavy dose of effervescent jive, such as "whip that thing, Miss Lil" and "Mr. Johnny Dodds, Aw, do that clarinet, boy!"[18] Armstrong also played with ï¿½Erskine Tateï¿½s Little Symphonyï¿½, actually a quintet, which played mostly at the Vendome Theatre. They furnished music for silent movies and live shows, including jazz versions of classical music, such as ï¿½Madame Butterflyï¿½, which gave Armstrong experience with longer forms of music and with hosting before a large audience. He began to scat sing (improvised vocal jazz using non-sensical words) and was among the first to record it, on Heebie Jeebies in 1926. So popular was the recording the group became the most famous jazz band in America even though they as yet had not performed live to any great degree. Young musicians across the country, black and white, were turned on by Armstrongï¿½s new type of jazz.[19] After separating from Lil, Armstrong started to play at the Sunset Cafï¿½ for Al Capone associate Joe Glaser in the Carroll Dickerson Orchestra, with Earl Hines on piano, which was soon renamed Louis Armstrong and his Stompers, though Hines was the music director and Glaser managed the orchestra. Hines and Armstrong became fast friends as well as successful collaborators. Armstrong returned to New York, in 1929, where he played in the pit orchestra of the successful musical Hot Chocolate, an all-black revue written by Andy Razaf and pianist/composer Fats Waller. He also made a cameo appearance as a vocalist, regularly stealing the show with his rendition of "Ain't Misbehavin'", his version of the song becoming his biggest selling record to date.[20] He started to work at Connieï¿½s Inn in Harlem, the second nightspot in fame to the Cotton Club, and a front for gangster Dutch Schultz. Armstrong also had considerable success with vocal recordings, including versions of famous songs composed by his old friend Hoagy Carmichael. His 1930s recordings took full advantage of the new RCA ribbon microphone, introduced in 1931, which imparted a characteristic warmth to vocals and immediately became an intrinsic part of the 'crooning' sound of artists like Bing Crosby. Armstrong's famous interpretation of Hoagy Carmichael's "Stardust" became one of the most successful versions of this song ever recorded, showcasing Armstrong's unique vocal sound and style, and his innovative approach to singing songs that had already become standards. Armstrong's radical re-working of Sidney Arodin and Carmichael's "Lazy River" (recorded in 1931) encapsulated many features of his groundbreaking approach to melody and phrasing. The song begins with a brief trumpet solo, then the main melody is stated by sobbing horns, which are memorably punctuated by Armstrong's growling interjections at the end of each bar: "Yeah! ..."Uh-huh" ..."Sure" ... "Way down, way down". In the first verse, he ignores the notated melody entirely, and sings as if playing a trumpet solo, pitching most of the first line on a single note and using strongly syncopated phrasing. In the second stanza he breaks into an almost fully improvised melody, which then evolves into a classic passage of Armstrong "scat singing." As with his trumpet playing, Armstrong's vocal innovations served as a foundation stone for the art of jazz vocal interpretation. The uniquely gritty coloration of his voice became a musical archetype that was much imitated and endlessly impersonated. His scat singing style was enriched by his matchless experience as a trumpet soloist. His resonant, velvety lower-register tone and bubbling cadences on sides such as "Lazy River" exerted a huge influence on younger white singers such as Bing Crosby. The Depression of the early Thirties was especially hard on the Jazz scene. The Cotton Club closed in 1936 after a long downward spiral and many musicians stopped playing altogether as club dates evaporated. Bix Beiderbecke died and Fletcher Hendersonï¿½s band broke up. King Olivier made a few records but otherwise struggled. Sidney Bechet became a tailor and Kid Ory returned to New Orleans and raised chickens.[21] Armstrong moved to Los Angeles in 1930 seeking new opportunities. He played at the New Cotton Club in LA with Lionel Hampton on drums, and the band drew the Hollywood crowd which could still afford a lavish night life, and radio broadcasts from the club connected with younger audiences at home. Bing Crosby and many other celebrities were regulars at the club. In 1931, Armstrong appeared in his first movie, Ex-Flame. Armstrong was convicted of marijuana possession but received a suspended sentence. He returned to Chicago in late 1931, and played in bands more in the Guy Lombardo vein and he recorded more standards. When the mob insisted that he get out of town, Armstrong visited New Orleans and got a heroï¿½s welcome, and saw old friends. He sponsored a local baseball team known as ï¿½Armstrongï¿½s Secret Nineï¿½ and got a cigar named after himself.[22] But soon he was on the road again and after a tour across the country shadowed by the mob, Armstrong decided to go to Europe to escape. After returning to the States, he undertook several exhausting tours. His agent Johnny Collinsï¿½ erratic behaviour and his own spending ways left Armstrong short of cash. Breach of contract violations plagued him. Finally, he hired Joe Glaser as his new manager, a tough mob-connected wheeler-dealer, who began to straighten out his legal mess, his mob troubles, and his debts. Armstrong also began to experience problems with his fingers and lips, which were aggravated by his unorthodox playing style. As a result he branched out, developing his vocal style and making his first theatrical appearances. He appeared in movies again. In 1937, Armstrong substituted for Rudy Vallee on the CBS radio network and became the first black to host a sponsored, national broadcast.[23] He finally divorced Lil in 1938 and married longtime girlfriend Alpha. After spending many years on the road, he settled permanently in Queens, New York in 1943 in contentment with his fourth wife, Lucille. Although subject to the vicissitudes of Tin Pan Alley and the gangster-ridden music business, as well as anti-black prejudice, he continued to develop his playing. During the subsequent thirty years, Armstrong played more than three hundred gigs a year. Bookings for big bands tapered off during the 1940s due to changes in public tastes: ballrooms closed, and there was competition from television and from other types of music becoming more popular than big band music. It became impossible under such circumstances to support and finance a 16-piece touring band. The All Stars Following a highly successful small-group jazz concert at New York Town Hall on May 17, 1947, featuring Armstrong with Jack Teagarden, Armstrong's manager Joe Glaser dissolved the Armstrong big band on August 13, 1947 and established a six-piece small group featuring Armstrong with (initially) Teagarden, Earl Hines and other top swing and dixieland musicians, most of them ex-big band leaders. The new group was announced at the opening of Billy Berg's Supper Club. This group was called the All Stars, and included at various times Earl "Fatha" Hines, Barney Bigard, Edmond Hall, Jack Teagarden, Trummy Young, Arvell Shaw, Billy Kyle, Marty Napoleon, Big Sid Catlett, Cozy Cole, Barrett Deems and the Filipino-American percussionist, Danny Barcelona. During this period, Armstrong made many recordings and appeared in over thirty films. He appeared on the cover of Time Magazine on February 21, 1949. In 1964, he recorded his biggest-selling record, "Hello, Dolly!". The song went to #1 on the pop chart, making Armstrong the oldest person to ever accomplish that feat at age 63. In the process, Armstrong dislodged The Beatles from the #1 position they had occupied for 14 consecutive weeks with three different songs.[24] Armstrong kept up his busy tour schedule until a few years before his death in 1971. In his later years he would sometimes play some of his numerous gigs by rote, but other times would enliven the most mundane gig with his vigorous playing, often to the astonishment of his band. He also toured Africa, Europe, and Asia under sponsorship of the US State Department with great success, earning the nickname "Ambassador Satch." While failing health restricted his schedule in his last years, within those limitations he continued playing until the day he died. Personality The nickname Satchmo or Satch is short for Satchelmouth (describing his embouchure). In 1932, then Melody Maker magazine editor Percy Brooks greeted Armstrong in London with "Hello, Satchmo!" shortening Satchelmouth (some say unintentionally), and it stuck. Early on he was also known as Dippermouth. This is a reference to the propensity he had for refreshing himself with the dipper (ladle) from a bucket of sugar water which was always present on stage with Joe Oliver's band in Chicago in the early nineteen-twenties. The damage to his embouchure from his high pressure approach to playing is acutely visible in many pictures of Louis from the mid-twenties. It also led to his emphasizing his singing career because at certain periods, he was unable to play. This did not stop Louis though, because after setting his trumpet aside for a while, he amended his playing style and continued his trumpet career. Friends and fellow musicians usually called him Pops, which is also how Armstrong usually addressed his friends and fellow musicians (except for Pops Foster, whom Armstrong always called "George"). He was also criticized for accepting the title of "King of The Zulus" (in the New Orleans African American community, an honoured role as head of leading black Carnival Krewe, but bewildering or offensive to outsiders with their traditional costume of grass-skirts and blackface makeup satirizing southern white attitudes) for Mardi Gras 1949. Whatever the case, where some saw a gregarious and outgoing personality, others saw someone trying too hard to appeal to white audiences and essentially becoming a minstrel caricature. Some musicians criticized Armstrong for playing in front of segregated audiences, and for not taking a strong enough stand in the civil rights movement suggesting that he was an Uncle Tom. Billie Holiday countered, however, "Of course Pops toms, but he toms from the heart." Armstrong, in fact, was a major financial supporter of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights activists, but mostly preferred to work quietly behind the scenes, not mixing his politics with his work as an entertainer. The few exceptions made it more effective when he did speak out; Armstrong's criticism of President Eisenhower, calling him "two-faced" and "gutless" because of his inaction during the conflict over school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 made national news. As a protest, Armstrong cancelled a planned tour of the Soviet Union on behalf of the State Department saying "The way they're treating my people in the South, the government can go to hell" and that he could not represent his government abroad when it was in conflict with its own people.[25] The FBI kept a file on Armstrong, for his outspokenness about integration.[26] He was an extremely generous man, who was said to have given away as much money as he kept for himself. Armstrong was also greatly concerned with his health and bodily functions. He made frequent use of laxatives as a means of controlling his weight, a practice he advocated both to personal acquaintances and in the diet plans he published under the title Lose Weight the Satchmo Way. Armstrong's laxative of preference in his younger days was Pluto Water, but he then became an enthusiastic convert when he discovered the herbal remedy Swiss Kriss; he would extol its virtues to anyone who would listen and pass out packets to everyone he encountered, including members of the British Royal Family. (Armstrong also appeared in humorous, albeit risquï¿½, advertisements for Swiss Kriss; the ads bore a picture of him sitting on a toilet ï¿½ as viewed through a keyhole ï¿½ with the slogan "Satch says, 'Leave it all behind ya!'")[27] The concern with his health and weight was balanced by his love of food, reflected in such songs as "Big Butter & Egg Man", "Cheesecake", "Cornet Chop Suey", and, especially, "Struttinï¿½ with Some Barbecue".[28] He kept a strong connection throughout his life to the cooking of New Orleans, always signing his letters, "Red beans and ricely yours,".[29] Although Armstrong is not known to have fathered any children, he loved children and would go out of his way to entertain the neighbourhood kids in Corona, and to encourage young musicians. Armstrongï¿½s gregariousness extended to writing. On the road, he wrote constantly. Many of the favourite themes of his life he shared with correspondents around the world. He avidly typed or wrote on whatever stationery was at hand, instant takes on music, sex, food, childhood memories, his heavy ï¿½medicinalï¿½ marijuana use, and even his bowel movements, which were gleefully described.[30] He had a fondness for lewd jokes and dirty limericks as well. Armstrong was an avid audiophile. He had a large collection of recordings, including reel-to-reel tapes which he took on the road with him in a trunk during his later career. He enjoyed listening to his own recordings, and comparing his performances musically. In the den of his home, he had the latest audio equipment and would sometimes rehearse and record along with his older recordings or the radio.[31] Music In his early years, Armstrong was best known for his virtuosity with the cornet and trumpet. The greatest trumpet playing of his early years can be heard on his Hot Five and Hot Seven records. The improvisations which he made on these records of New Orleans jazz standards and popular songs of the day, to the present time stack up brilliantly alongside those of any other later jazz performer. The older generation of New Orleans jazz musicians often referred to their improvisations as "variating the melody"; Armstrong's improvisations were daring and sophisticated for the time while often subtle and melodic. He often essentially re-composed pop-tunes he played, making them more interesting. Armstrong's playing is filled with joyous, inspired original melodies, creative leaps, and subtle relaxed or driving rhythms. The genius of these creative passages is matched by Armstrong's playing technique, honed by constant practice, which extended the range, tone and capabilities of the trumpet. In these records, Armstrong almost single-handedly created the role of the jazz soloist, taking what was essentially a collective folk music and turning it into an art form with tremendous possibilities for individual expression. Armstrong's work in the 1920s shows him playing at the outer limits of his abilities. The Hot Five records, especially, often have minor flubs and missed notes, which do little to detract from listening enjoyment since the energy of the spontaneous performance comes through. By the mid 1930s, Armstrong achieved a smooth assurance, knowing exactly what he could do and carrying out his ideas with perfectionism. As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it. He had a hit with his playing and scat singing on "Heebie Jeebies" when, according to some legends, the sheet music fell on the floor and he simply started singing nonsense syllables. He also sang out "I done forgot the words" in the middle of recording "I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas". Such records were hits and scat singing became a major part of his performances. Long before this, however, Armstrong was playing around with his vocals, shortening and lengthening phrases, interjecting improvisations, using his voice as creatively as his trumpet. During his long career he played and sang with the most important instrumentalists and vocalists; among the many, singing brakeman Jimmie Rodgers, Bing Crosby, Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Bessie Smith, and notably with Ella Fitzgerald. His influence upon Bing Crosby is particularly important with regard to the subsequent development of popular music: Crosby admired and copied Armstrong, as is evident on many of his early recordings, notably "Just One More Chance" (1931). The New Grove Dictionary Of Jazz describes Crosby's debt to Armstrong in perfect detail, although it does not acknowledge Armstrong by name: "Crosby...was important in introducing into the mainstream of popular singing an Afro-American concept of song as a lyrical extension of speech...His techniques - easing the weight of the breath on the vocal cords, passing into a head voice at a low register, using forward production to aid distinct enunciation, singing on consonants (a practice of black singers), and making discreet use of appoggiaturas, mordents, and slurs to emphasize the text - were emulated by nearly all later popular singers". Armstrong recorded three albums with Ella Fitzgerald: Ella and Louis, Ella and Louis Again, and Porgy and Bess for Verve Records. His recordings Satch Plays Fats, all Fats Waller tunes, and Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy in the 1950s were perhaps among the last of his great creative recordings, but even oddities like Disney Songs the Satchmo Way are seen to have their musical moments. And, his participation in Dave Brubeck's high-concept jazz musical The Real Ambassadors was critically acclaimed. For the most part, however, his later output was criticized as being overly simplistic or repetitive. Armstrong had many hit records including "Stardust", "What a Wonderful World", "When The Saints Go Marching In", "Dream a Little Dream of Me", "Ain't Misbehavin'", and "Stompin' at the Savoy". "We Have All the Time in the World" featured on the soundtrack of the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and enjoyed renewed popularity in the UK in 1994 when it featured on a Guinness advert. It reached number 3 in the charts on being re-released. In 1964, Armstrong knocked the Beatles off the top of the Billboard Top 100 chart with "Hello, Dolly", which gave the 63-year-old performer a U.S. record as the oldest artist to have a #1 song. In 1968, Armstrong scored one last popular hit in the United Kingdom with the highly sentimental pop song "What a Wonderful World", which topped the British charts for a month; however, the single did not chart at all in America. The song gained greater currency in the popular consciousness when it was used in the 1987 movie Good Morning, Vietnam, its subsequent rerelease topping many charts around the world. Armstrong even appeared on the 28 October 1970 Johnny Cash Show, where he sang Nat "King" Cole's hit "Rambling Rose" and joined Cash to re-create his performance backing Jimmie Rodgers on "Blue Yodel # 9."" Armstrong enjoyed many types of music, from the most earthy blues to the syrupy sweet arrangements of Guy Lombardo, to Latin American folksongs, to classical symphonies and opera. Armstrong incorporated influences from all these sources into his performances, sometimes to the bewilderment of fans who wanted Armstrong to stay in convenient narrow categories. Armstrong was inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence. Some of his solos from the 1950s, such as the hard rocking version of "St. Louis Blues" from the WC Handy album, show that the influence went in both directions. Radio, films and TV Armstrong appeared in more than a dozen Hollywood films, usually playing a band leader or musician. His most familiar role was as the bandleader cum narrator in the 1956 musical, High Society, in which he sang the title song and performed a duet with Bing Crosby on "Now You Has Jazz". In 1947, he played himself in the movie New Orleans opposite Billie Holiday, which chronicled the demise of the Storyville district and the ensuing exodus of musicians from New Orleans to Chicago[4]. He was the first African American to host a nationally broadcast radio show in the 1930s. He was heard on such radio programs as The Story of Swing (1937) and This Is Jazz (1947), and he also made countless television appearances, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, including appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Louis Armstrong has a record star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 7601 Hollywood Boulevard. Many of Armstrong's recordings remain popular. More than three decades since his passing, a larger number of his recordings from all periods of his career are more widely available than at any time during his lifetime. His songs are broadcast and listened to every day throughout the world, and are honored in various movies, TV series, commercials, and even anime and computer games. "A Kiss to Build a Dream On" was included in the computer game Fallout 2, accompanying the intro cinematic (and the year after in the movie Sleepless in Seattle). His 1923 recordings, with Joe Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band, continue to be listened to as documents of ensemble style New Orleans jazz, but more particularly as ripper jazz records in their own right. All too often, however, Armstrong recorded with stiff, standard orchestras leaving only his sublime trumpet playing as of interest. "Melancholy Blues," performed by Armstrong and his Hot Seven was included on the Voyager Golden Record sent into outer space to represent one of the greatest achievements of humanity. Most familiar to modern listeners is his ubiquitous rendition of "What a Wonderful World." Argentine writer Julio Cortï¿½zar, a self-described Armstrong admirer, asserted that a 1952 Louis Armstrong concert at the Thï¿½ï¿½tre des Champs-ï¿½lysï¿½es in Paris played a significant role in inspiring him to create the fictional creatures called Cronopios that are the subject of a number of Cortï¿½zar's short stories. Cortï¿½zar once called Louis Armstrong himself "Grandï¿½simo Cronopio" (Most Enormous Cronopio). Armstrong also appears as a minor character in Harry Turtledove's Timeline-191 series. When he and his band escape from a Nazi-like Confederacy, they enhance the insipid mainstream music of the North. Louis Armstrong is also referred to in The Trumpet of the Swan along with Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday. Three siblings in the film are named Louis, Billie, and Ella. The main character, Louis, plays a trumpet, an obvious nod to Armstrong. In the original EB White book, he is referred to by name by a child who hears Louis playing and comments "He sounds just like Louis Armstrong, the famous trumpet player". Death Louis Armstrong died of a heart attack on July 6, 1971, at age 69, the night after playing a famous show at the Waldorf Astoria's Empire Room. Shortly before his death he stated, "I think I had a beautiful life. I didn't wish for anything that I couldn't get and I got pretty near everything I wanted because I worked for it."[32] He was residing in Corona, Queens, New York City, at the time of his passing. He was interred in Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, in Queens, New York City. His honorary pallbearers included Governor Rockefeller, Mayor Lindsay, Bing Crosby, Ella Fitzgerald, Guy Lombardo, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, Pearl Bailey, Count Basie, Harry James, Frank Sinatra, Ed Sullivan, Earl Wilson, Alan King, Johnny Carson, David Frost, Merv Griffin, Dick Cavett and Bobby Hackett. Awards and honours Grammy Awards Armstrong was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1972, by the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. This Special Merit Award is presented by vote of the Recording Academy's National Trustees to performers who, during their lifetimes, have made creative contributions of outstanding artist significance to the field of recording.[33] Grammy Award at 7601 Hollywood Blvd. Legacy On December 31, 1999, US President Bill Clinton announced that Armstrong's trumpet was among several items of national memorabilia that were to be interred in a Millennial time capsule to be opened 100 years later.[36] Today, the house where Louis Armstrong lived at the time of his death (and which was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977) is a museum. The Louis Armstrong House & Archives, at 34-56 107th Street (between 34th and 35th Avenues) in Corona, Queens, presents concerts and educational programs, operates as an historic house museum and makes materials in its archives of writings, books, recordings and memorabilia available to the public for research. The museum is operated by the City University of New York's Queens College, following the dictates of Armstrongï¿½s will. The museum was opened to the public on October 15, 2003. In 2005, it was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which was made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.[37][38] The influence of Armstrong on the development of jazz is virtually immeasurable. Yet, his irrepressible personality both as a performer, and as a public figure later in his career, was so strong that to some it sometimes overshadowed his contributions as a musician and singer. As a virtuoso trumpet player, Armstrong had a unique tone and an extraordinary talent for melodic improvisation. Through his playing, the trumpet emerged as a solo instrument in jazz and is used widely today. He was a masterful accompanist and ensemble player in addition to his extraordinary skills as a soloist. With his innovations, he raised the bar musically for all who came after him. Armstrong is considered by some to have essentially invented jazz singing. Ethel Waters precedes his scatting on record in the 1930s according to Gary Giddens and others (See Ken Burns' Jazz CD Set liner notes). He had an extremely distinctive gravelly voice, which he deployed with great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also greatly skilled at scat singing, or wordless vocalizing. Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra are just two singers who were greatly indebted to him. Holiday said that she always wanted Bessie Smith's 'big' sound and Armstrong's feeling in her singing. On August 4, 2001, the centennial of Armstrong's birth, New Orleans' airport was renamed Louis Armstrong International Airport in his honor. In 2002, the Louis Armstrong's Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings (1925-1928) are preserved in the United States National Recording Registry, a registry of recordings selected yearly by the National Recording Preservation Board for preservation in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress.[39] The US Open tennis tournament's former main stadium was named Louis Armstrong Stadium in honor of Armstrong who had lived a few blocks from the site.[40] References and Notes	Louis Armstrong
According to Greek mythology, both blessed and cursed by the god Apollo, which daughter of King Priam was given the gift of prophecy with the rub that nobody would believe her?	Louis Armstrong in The Jazz Club Forum Member Since: 09/15/04 Nov 22 04 11:44 AM Here's the AMG biography of Louis Armstrong along with their review of the Hot Fives and Sevens Box Set released by JSP. QUOTE Biography by William Ruhlmann Louis Armstrong was the first important soloist to emerge in jazz, and he became the most influential musician in the music's history. As a trumpet virtuoso, his playing, beginning with the 1920s studio recordings made with his Hot Five and Hot Seven ensembles, charted a future for jazz in highly imaginative, emotionally charged improvisation. For this, he is revered by jazz fans. But Armstrong also became an enduring figure in popular music, due to his distinctively phrased bass singing and engaging personality, which were on display in a series of vocal recordings and film roles. Armstrong had a difficult childhood. William Armstrong, his father, was a factory worker who abandoned the family soon after the boy's birth. Armstrong was brought up by his mother, Mary (Albert) Armstrong, and his maternal grandmother. He showed an early interest in music, and a junk dealer for whom he worked as a grade-school student helped him buy a cornet, which he taught himself to play. He dropped out of school at 11 to join an informal group, but on December 31, 1912, he fired a gun during a New Year's Eve celebration, for which he was sent to reform school. He studied music there and played cornet and bugle in the school band, eventually becoming its leader. He was released on June 16, 1914, and did manual labor while trying to establish himself as a musician. He was taken under the wing of cornetist Joe "King" Oliver, and when Oliver moved to Chicago in June 1918, he replaced him in the Kid Ory Band. He moved to the Fate Marable band in the spring of 1919, staying with Marable until the fall of 1921. Armstrong moved to Chicago to join Oliver's band in August 1922 and made his first recordings as a member of the group in the spring of 1923. He married Lillian Harden, the pianist in the Oliver band, on February 5, 1924. (She was the second of his four wives.) On her encouragement, he left Oliver and joined Fletcher Henderson's band in New York, staying for a year and then going back to Chicago in November 1925 to join the Dreamland Syncopators, his wife's group. During this period, he switched from cornet to trumpet. Armstrong had gained sufficient individual notice to make his recording debut as a leader on November 12, 1925. Contracted to OKeh Records, he began to make a series of recordings with studio-only groups called the Hot Fives or the Hot Sevens. For live dates, he appeared with the orchestras led by Erskine Tate and Carroll Dickerson. The Hot Fives' recording of "Muskrat Ramble" gave Armstrong a Top Ten hit in July 1926, the band for the track featuring Kid Ory on trombone, Johnny Dodds on clarinet, Lillian Harden Armstrong on piano, and Johnny St. Cyr on banjo. By February 1927, Armstrong was well-enough known to front his own group, Louis Armstrong and His Stompers, at the Sunset Caf� in Chicago. (Armstrong did not function as a bandleader in the usual sense, but instead typically lent his name to established groups.) In April, he reached the charts with his first vocal recording, "Big Butter and Egg Man," a duet with May Alix. He took a position as star soloist in Carroll Dickerson's band at the Savoy Ballroom in Chicago in March 1928, later taking over as the band's frontman. "Hotter than That" was in the Top Ten in May 1928, followed in September by "West End Blues," which later became one of the first recordings named to the Grammy Hall of Fame. Armstrong returned to New York with his band for an engagement at Connie's Inn in Harlem in May 1929. He also began appearing in the orchestra of Hot Chocolates, a Broadway revue, given a featured spot singing "Ain't Misbehavin'." In September, his recording of the song entered the charts, becoming a Top Ten hit. Armstrong fronted the Luis Russell Orchestra for a tour of the South in February 1930, then in May went to Los Angeles, where he led a band at Sebastian's Cotton Club for the next ten months. He made his film debut in Ex-Flame, released at the end of 1931. By the start of 1932, he had switched from the "race"-oriented OKeh label to its pop-oriented big sister Columbia Records, for which he recorded two Top Five hits, "Chinatown, My Chinatown" and "You Can Depend on Me" before scoring a number one hit with "All of Me" in March 1932; another Top Five hit, "Love, You Funny Thing," hit the charts the same month. He returned to Chicago in the spring of 1932 to front a band led by Zilner Randolph; the group toured around the country. In July, Armstrong sailed to England for a tour. He spent the next several years in Europe, his American career maintained by a series of archival recordings, including the Top Ten hits "Sweethearts on Parade" (August 1932; recorded December 1930) and "Body and Soul" (October 1932; recorded October 1930). His Top Ten version of "Hobo, You Can't Ride This Train," in the charts in early 1933, was on Victor Records; when he returned to the U.S. in 1935, he signed to recently formed Decca Records and quickly scored a double-sided Top Ten hit, "I'm in the Mood for Love"/"You Are My Lucky Star." Armstrong's new manager, Joe Glaser, organized a big band for him that had its premiere in Indianapolis on July 1, 1935; for the next several years, he toured regularly. He also took a series of small parts in motion pictures, beginning with Pennies From Heaven in December 1936, and he continued to record for Decca, resulting in the Top Ten hits "Public Melody Number One" (August 1937), "When the Saints Go Marching in" (April 1939), and "You Won't Be Satisfied (Until You Break My Heart)" (April 1946), the last a duet with Ella Fitzgerald. He returned to Broadway in the short-lived musical Swingin' the Dream in November 1939. With the decline of swing music in the post-World War II years, Armstrong broke up his big band and put together a small group dubbed the All Stars, which made its debut in Los Angeles on August 13, 1947. He embarked on his first European tour since 1935 in February 1948, and thereafter toured regularly around the world. In June 1951 he reached the Top Ten of the LP charts with Satchmo at Symphony Hall ("Satchmo" being his nickname), and he scored his first Top Ten single in five years with "(When We Are Dancing) I Get Ideas" later in the year. The single's B-side, and also a chart entry, was "A Kiss to Build a Dream On," sung by Armstrong in the film The Strip. In 1993, it gained renewed popularity when it was used in the film Sleepless in Seattle. Armstrong completed his contract with Decca in 1954, after which his manager made the unusual decision not to sign him to another exclusive contract but instead to have him freelance for different labels. Satch Plays Fats, a tribute to Fats Waller, became a Top Ten LP for Columbia in October 1955, and Verve Records contracted Armstrong for a series of recordings with Ella Fitzgerald, beginning with the chart LP Ella and Louis in 1956. Armstrong continued to tour extensively, despite a heart attack in June 1959. In 1964, he scored a surprise hit with his recording of the title song from the Broadway musical Hello, Dolly!, which reached number one in May, followed by a gold-selling album of the same name. It won him a Grammy for best vocal performance. This pop success was repeated internationally four years later with "What a Wonderful World," which hit number one in the U.K. in April 1968. It did not gain as much notice in the U.S. until 1987 when it was used in the film Good Morning, Vietnam, after which it became a Top 40 hit. Armstrong was featured in the 1969 film of Hello, Dolly!, performing the title song as a duet with Barbra Streisand. He performed less frequently in the late '60s and early '70s and died of a heart ailment at 69. Louis Armstrong was embraced by two distinctly different audiences: jazz fans who revered him for his early innovations as an instrumentalist, but were occasionally embarrassed by his lack of interest in later developments in jazz and, especially, by his willingness to serve as a light entertainer; and pop fans, who delighted in his joyous performances, particularly as a vocalist, but were largely unaware of his significance as a jazz musician. Given his popularity, his long career, and the extensive label-jumping he did in his later years, as well as the differing jazz and pop sides of his work, his recordings are extensive and diverse, with parts of his catalog owned by many different companies. But many of his recorded performances are masterpieces, and none are less than entertaining. The Hot Fives And Sevens(JSP)(Box) QUOTE Review by Stephen Cook One of a handful of absolutely essential jazz collections, and at a bargain price too. With this four-disc set of Armstrong's bedrock Hot Fives & Sevens sides, JSP throws down the gauntlet for labels reissuing early jazz (hats off especially to John R.T. Davies for his superb remastering work). Covering the years 1925-1929, the 90 tracks include the complete Hot Fives & Sevens recordings (save for alternate takes) with Johnny Dodds, Lil Hardin Armstrong, Kid Ory, Johnny St. Cyr, and others. Amidst a wealth of important cuts, the pinnacle standouts include "Cornet Chop Suey," "West End Blues" and "Weather Bird" (both with Earl Hines), and "Struttin' With Some Barbecue." There are also several of Armstrong's first big band sides from 1929, not to mention a smattering of fine vocals by Hoagy Carmichael and blues singer May Alix (blues guitarist Lonnie Johnson also chimes in). As good a place as any to start your jazz library. Tracks Nov 23 04 11:54 AM Attached today is an interview Armstrong was a part of that appeared in Downbeat. QUOTE Archives:Stories: Louis Armstrong "Bop Will Kill Business Unless It Kills Itself First" --Louis Armstrong At the end of the international jazz festival, correspondent Ernest Borneman spent the night in Louis Armstrong's room at the Negresco hotel in Nice, talking to Louis, Mezz Mezzrow, Barney Bigard, Big Sid Catlett and others about progress and tradition in jazz until the sun came up and it was time to catch the early morning plane for Paris. Others present were Velma Middleton, Louis' featured singer, and Honey Johnson, Rex Stewart's vocalist. Louis asked that some of the things said be considered "among friends." These parts of the conversation have therefore been kept off the record. A transcript of the remaining passages, mainly those of argument between Louis, Bigard and Mezz, is given below because it seems to cover nearly all the points of opinion that have recently divided the old school of jazz from the novelty school. The interview might also be considered as a fitting reply to Stan Kenton's statement that "Louis...plays without any scientific element" and that "all natural forms of inspiration in music have been exhausted." The actual text of Mike Levin's interview with Stan had of course not reached Louis yet at the time of the Nice festival, but some of Louis' statements sound almost telepathic in view of their direct relationship to the questions which Stan raised simultaneously in New York.) Borneman: Well, now that it's all over, what do you think the verdict is going to be in the cold light of the morning after? Mezzrow: If it proves anything, it shows that jazz is the greatest diplomat of them all. Did you dig those young French cats playing like Joe Oliver? Man, that's old Johnny Dodds on clarinet and Baby on woodblocks. And that's thirty years later and in another country. If that's not the great leveler, I don't know what is. Bigard: You mean Claude Luter? You must be kidding. Mezz: What do you mean kidding? Those cats sound real good to me. Bigard: They're out of tune so bad it hurts your ears. Louis: What's that you're saying, man? Ain't you never played out of tune? Bigard Sure, man, but I try to do better. I learned a few things all those years since I was a kid in New Orleans. And if you blow wrong you try to keep it to yourself. Louis: How about records? How about that thing you made with Duke, the one about the train? Bigard: "Happy Go Lucky Local?" I didn't make that. Louis: No, the other one. "Daybreak Express." Bigard: That was the trumpet, and maybe they just cut him off in the end. Louis: Yeah, maybe. Bigard: And how about the one you made with the big band on "Struttin' With Some Barbecue?" How about that clarinet? Louis: That was half a tone off, but it sold all right. Bigard: Yeah, but you were satisfied with it? Louis: It sold all right. Them cats know that a guy got to blow the way he feels and sometimes he hits them wrong. That's better than them young guys who won't blow for fear they'll be off. Mezz: I'll tell you why he hit it wrong that time, Barney. The guy was playing tenor at the time and then switched to clarinet and his embouchure knocked him out. Bigard: Embouchure, huh! I was playing tenor too. I had two embouchures. For tenor on this side and for clarinet on that one so what about that? Louis: That's not what we're talking about. You're always knocking somebody, pops. I say that little French band plays fine. I could take them youngsters up to the Savoy and bring the walls down with them any day. Bigard: That's because you can take any kind of outfit and blow everyone else out of the room. Louis: That's a fine band, pops. That little cornet player sounds just like Mutt Carey to me, I can hear all them pretty little things Mutt used to do when that boy gets up and plays. That's the real music, man. Bigard: Real music! Who wants to play like those folds thirty years ago? Louis: You see, pops, that's the kind of talk that's ruining the music. Everybody trying to do something new, no one trying to learn the fundamentals first. All them young cats playing them weird chords. And what happens? No one's working. Bigard: But Louis, you got to do something different, you got to move along with the times. Louis: I'm doing something different all the time, but I always think of them fine old cats way down in New Orleans--Joe and Bunk and Tio and Buddy Bolden--and when I play my music, that's what I'm listening to. The way they phrased so pretty and always on the melody, and none of that out-of-the-world music, that pipe-dream music, that whole modern malice. Borneman: What do mean by that, Louis? Louis: I mean all them young cats along the Street with their horns wrapped in a stocking and they say "Pay me first, pops, then I'll play a note for you," and you know that's not the way any good music ever got made. You got to like playing pretty things if you're ever going to be any good blowing your horn. These young cats want to make money first and the hell with the music. And then they want to carve everyone else because they're full of malice, and all they want to do is show you up, and any old way will do as long as it's different from the way you played it before. So you get all them weird chords which don't mean nothing, and first people get curious about it just because its new, but soon they get tired of it because it's really no good and you got no melody to remember and no beat to dance to. So they're all poor again and nobody is working, and that's what that modern malice done for you. Mezz: Because they're full of frustration, full of neuroses, and then they blow their top 'cause they don't know where to go from here. All they know is that they want to be different, but that's not enough, you can't be negative all the time, you got to be positive about it, you can't just say all the time "That's old, that stinks, let's do something new, let's be different." Different what way? Go where? You can't take no for an answer all the time. You got to have a tradition. They lost it. Now they're like babes in the wood, crying for mammy. Poor little guys, and one after the other blows his top. They ought to see a psychoanalyst before they start playing music. We made a blues about it for King Jazz, and we called it "The Blues and Freud." Bigard: But we're in a new age now, man. It's a nervous age, you got to bring it out in your music. Louis: When they're down, you gotta help them up, not push them in still deeper. Bigard: You can say that because you're a genius. I'm just an average clarinet player. Louis: Now none of that, pops, you're all right. You just got off the right track when you were playing with [name withheld]. All that soft-mike stuff that can't cut naturally through the brass. You just remember the way the boys used to play way down on Rampart Street and you'll kill the cats. Bigard: You know who has the best band in America now? Kid Ory. Mezz: Treason! Bigard: And I'll tell you why. Because they got a full tone and they play in tune. Mezz: An no mop-mops and be-bops. Louis: Because they play together, not every prima donna for herself. And not like them cats who got too big for their boots when somebody gave them a chance to lead a band and now they can't play their instruments no longer. Look at [name withheld] starting off "West End blues" in the wrong key. He don't remember his own solo no more. I remember every note I ever played in my life. Bigard: But that's what I was saying. It's all so easy for you to talk because you're an exception in everything. We others just got to keep scuffling, and if they want us to play bop, we gotta play bop. It don't matter if we like it or not. Louis: No, that's because I got some respect for old folks who played trumpet before me. I'm not trying to carve them and do something different. That's the sure way to lose your style. They say to you "I got to be different. I got to develop a style of my own." And then all they do is try and not play like you do. That's not the way to do anything right. That's the sure way you'll never get any style of your own. Like I was telling you about [name withheld]. He had a style once because he played like the old timers did on their horns, and all he tries now is to play solos and not back up a band or a singer. Bigard: That's because he was a leader, man, and he just got used to waving a stick. Louis: Jack was a leader too. You were a leader. I've been a leader for some time now, but don't try and carve you when we play a passage together. Mezz: That modern malice. Louis: You see, pops, it's wonderful with the trumpet players because the trumpet is an instrument full of temptation. All the young cats want to kill papa, so they start forcing their tone. Did you listen to [name withheld] last night? He was trying to my piece, make fun of me. But did you hear his tone? 'Nuff said. Bigard: I won't argue with that. Louis: I'll tell you another. Remember Lunceford? Those first things he did, "White Heat Jazznocracy," why, that was wonderful work on reeds. And then the trumpets came in and that was the end. They killed it stone dead every time. Bigard: That was Steve. Louis: No, that wasn't Steve. Steve was all right. It was [name withheld]. And I'll tell you another one. You know [name withheld]? One day he told Braud I was playing 1918 trumpet and the hell with me. You know that was the wrong man to talk. Braud nearly killed him for it. Now they tell me he never said it, he loves me too much, but I know those cats. They want to play good trumpet, and they want to show off at the same time. But you can't have it both ways. You can play good trumpet with a pretty tone and a fine melody or you can play them weird chords. You can't do both at the same time and if you try, that's when you get unhappy and hate everybody and then you blow your top. Bigard: That's right. I don't go for those guys who get so high they can't work and then come sucking around you looking for sympathy. Last night [name withheld] comes up to me and says he can't send money home to his wife because the French won't let him. So I say to him, "What were you doing when you were touring [name withheld] where they let you send money home? Who was buying all your drinks then?" That's the way they talk and all the time you know they get high just because they're fighting their horns. Louis: This cat comes up to me last night and says: "Louis, don't you like me no more? You don't ever talk to me." I say "Pops, don't give me none of that Harlem jive," and I leave him standing there. I don't dig those cats. Mezz: And [name withheld], how about [name withheld]? Louis: Best white drummer I ever heard and can't hold a job and that's why he keeps knocking everybody in the business. Mezz: That modern malice (laughs). Louis: Pops, I'll tell you what it's all about. Just look at the Street today. Don't let me tell you nothing. Just look at the Street. They've thrown out the bands and put in a lot of chicks taking their clothes off. That's what the bop music has done for the business. And look at them young cats too proud to play their horns if you don't pay them more than the old timers. 'Cause if they play for fun they aren't king no more. So they're not working but once in a while and then they play one note and nobody knows if its the right note or just one of them weird things where you can always make like that was just the note you were trying to hit. And that's what they call science. Not play their horns the natural way. Not play the melody. And then they're surprised they get thrown out and have strippers put in their place. Bigard: Well, I don't know. Louis: Well, you oughta know, pops, you've been around long enough. Look at the legit composers always going back to folk tunes, the simple things, where it all comes from. So they'll come back to us when all the shouting about bop and science is over, because they can't make up their own tunes, and all they can do is embroider it so much you can't see the design no more. Mezz: But it won't last. Louis: It can't last. They always say "Jazz is dead" and then they always come back to jazz. Enter Louis' valet dragging a trunk: We gotta pack, pops. (Draws the curtain.) It's daylight, boys. We gotta be at the airport in a hour. Mezz: Well, let's scuffle. Louis: It's always the same thing in all languages. You make a pretty tune and you play it well and you don't have to worry about nothing. If you swing it, that's fine, and if you don't, well look at Lombardo and Sinatra and they're still not going hungry. We'll be around when the others will be forgotten. Mezz: They'll be cleaning the streets of the city when we eat lobster at Negresco. "A revolution without dancing is a revolution not worth having." Location: just outside of Pittsburgh, PA Interact Nov 24 04 12:51 PM Here's a Downbeat review of Armstrong's collaboration with Duke Ellington QUOTE Archives:Reviews: Louis Armstrong Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington We have a&r man Bob Thiele and Roulette to thank for what is the most inspired Armstrong record performance since the W. C. Handy session for Columbia a few years ago. Most of the credit for quality of the date, however, must go to Ellington, whose presence evidently brought out the creative powers that Armstrong still possesses but doesn't display often enough these days. True, Armstrong's trumpet tone and execution are not what they were when he was a young man, but the qualities that made, and make, him one of the really great jazzmen never left him -- his gift for playing beautifully constructed melodies and, even more, his sensitiveness, that deep well of warmth and poignancy that can cause eyes to shine with tears. Although some of his trumpet solos here are reworkings of earlier recorded performances, most are made up of fresh singing lines that are nearly as classic as his flights in the late 1920s. Armstrong's best trumpet tracks are American, on which he makes a dramatic delayed entrance; Mood, where, in the theme statement, he plays two heart-breaking asides; Mellowtone and Cotton, both of which find him relaxed and quite sure of himself. It's also interesting to hear Louis play the Bubber Miley breaks at the end of Fantasy leading to Chopin's Funeral March close. His vocal abilities are very much in evidence, too; he sings on all but American, Fantasy, and Mooch. Two of his vocals are exceptional, Lucky and Cotton. On Cotton he sings two scat choruses, the second (one of the best moments of the album) seemingly an afterthought to the first. His Lucky vocal is the epitome of jazz ballad singing -- no tricks, just feeling and understanding. Ellington's accompaniment to Louis' vocals is delightful, especially on Lucky, which also has an exquisite James P. Johnson-ish solo by him. In fact, Duke is in fine fettle throughout, playing lean, thoughtful solos on every track. His sense of humor gets the better of him in his out-of-tempo Mooch ending; the very last note comes out of left field, producing a sort of raised-eyebrow effect. So much has been said about, and so much read into, the similarity of Ellington's piano playing and Thelonious Monk's that it is enough to say that if there is any doubt about it, such doubt is shattered by Duke's playing on this album. Ellington is playing better now than he has ever before. Someone should record him solo -- at length, the way Norman Granz recorded Art Tatum. Such a series of albums would be invaluable. As inspired as Duke and Louis are, the enthusiasm doesn't rub off on Bigard, or, at least, very little of it does. Most of his solos are reruns of what he has played before. Young, on the other hand, is very good, his solos driving and heated, reminiscent, at times, of J. C. Higginbotham. Both Young and Bigard seem lost, however, on Ellington's Beautiful theme, dashed off at the studio and sounding it. Herbert and Barcelona are competent, Herbert more than that on Cotton. A successful album, a good turn that deserves another. Personnel: Armstrong, trumpet, vocals; Trummy Young, trombone; Barney Bigard, clarinet; Ellington, piano; Mort Herbert, bass; Danny Barcelone, drums. "A revolution without dancing is a revolution not worth having." Location: just outside of Pittsburgh, PA Interact Nov 25 04 2:55 PM Today, A Downbeat review of Louis and Ella's "Porgy & Bess." QUOTE Porgy and Bess In the rash of recent vocal recordings on Porgy and Bess, this two-disc package is not only the best; it is perhaps the only one that has musical justification for its existence, as opposed to the purely economic justification of cashing in on the release of the film version of the Gershwin work. This pairing was inspired. Made about two years ago, the album was held for release until now by the astute Norman Granz. Miss Fitzgerald, singing with a throaty power that is rare even for her, reaches near-operatic heights on some of the material, particularly My Man's Gone Now; and she makes the streetcall Strawberry Woman into a gem of charm and piquance. Indeed, as the tracks progress, you think she is cutting Armstrong -- only to turn around and believe that Armstrong is cutting her. The truth, of course, is that they are outdoing themselves. As for Armstrong ... well, this is an Armstrong the younger generation has had little chance to know. Though his voice is one of the most unpromising instruments any man ever chose to work with, what he does with it here is remarkable. Like a Rubenstein saddled with a battered old upright, he overcomes his instrument by sheer force of innate musicianship, and achieves a degree of acting realism that is seldom heard this side of Frank Sinatra or some of Maria Callas' better performances. He seems to have been enormously impressed by, even reverent towards, the Gershwin material, and Armstrong the Clown doesn't get a look-in during the whole album. When he, as Porgy, tells Miss Fitzgerald, as Bess, that now she must "laugh and sing and dance for two," he'll break your heart, if you are emotionally susceptible. Although he's heard here as a singer (he plays only a few trumpet solos), the spirit is that of Armstrong the trumpeter and great lyric spirit; the faded colors of his glory return to brightness. Russell Garcia's arrangements leave nothing whatever to be desired. Though modern in idiom, they retain the flavor of what Gershwin and his collaborators intended. From the skillfully-contrived overture on Side 1 to Armstrong's strolling swinger, On My Way, at the end, his arrangements are colorful and yet always in control, providing backing for the singers that is solid, and has beauty of its own as well. As if all this weren't enough, Verve -- normally the provider of the most uninformative liner notes in the record business -- has thrown in 10 pages of interesting and informative reading on the background of Porgy and on the recording project, and then done the whole thing up in one of the most handsome packages of the year. This is a Porgy performance you would be ill-advised to miss. Personnel: Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong, vocals; Armstrong, trumpet; arrangements and musical direction, Russell Garcia. "A revolution without dancing is a revolution not worth having." Location: just outside of Pittsburgh, PA Interact Nov 26 04 12:58 PM Satchmo Plays King Oliver QUOTE One of the most important events in the history of jazz took place on a hot July afternoon in 1922. Twenty-two-year-old Louis Armstrong was playing in a parade with the Tuxedo Brass Band in his native New Orleans that afternoon when he received a telegram from the man who had been his mentor a few years earlier - Joe Oliver, the crusty, brilliant cornetist whose place in the jazz world of that day was implicit in the billing he always received, "King Oliver." The telegram asked young Louis to join Oliver's celebrated� Creole Jazz Band in Chicago, a band which was then generally accepted as the best jazz band in existence. Armstrong leapt at the opportunity, took off for Chicago immediately and for the next two years Louis and Oliver formed the most brilliant two-horn team the jazz world has ever heard.� This record is Louis' tribute to the man who helped shape his trumpet style back in New Orleans and whose invitation to join his band in Chicago put him in the spotlight which has shone on him ever since, Typically of Louis, this is neither an overly sentimental nor a lugubrious remembrance. It's lighthearted, full of melody and rhythm and thoroughly adventurous in its outlook. All of the tunes were Louis' own selections. The reason for some of his choices are obvious-they are pieces which he recorded with Oliver and the Creole Jazz Band or they are tunes that Oliver wrote or they are numbers that both he and Oliver recorded separately. But Louis has gone farther than such directly connected tunes for you'll also find pieces that are not associated with either Oliver or Armstrong but were being played and sung in the New Orleans that Joe Oliver knew as a young man and in that slightly later New Orleans that Louis Armstrong knew. too, There's even one total maverick - "My Old Kentucky Home". How did that get in?� "Well," Louis explained with gravel-throated ingenuousness, "Joe might have played it."� To produce this labor of love, Louis and his regular band - Trummy Young, trombone, Peanuts Hucko, clarinet, Billy Kyle, piano, Mort Herbert, bass, and Danny Barcelona, drums - got together on three days at the end of September and the beginning of October, 1959, in Radio Recorders Studio in Hollywood where Louis was working on a TV show with Bing Crosby. Louis was casually dressed in Bermuda shorts and a checked sports shirt, a huge towel draped down the front of his shirt, his glasses case peeking out of his shirt pocket, as be ran through the numbers with his men. All of this was fresh material, tunes they were not used to playing during their steady grind of one-nighters. It was a refreshing change for all of them and they showed it in the exuberance and inventiveness of their playing. In a surprising number of instances,� Louis was the only one in the group who knew the tunes and he had to teach them to the others.� "None of these boys even lived in King Oliver's time," Louis laughed as he showed them how to play "Doctor Jazz", "Drop That Sack", "I Ain't Gonna Give Nobody None of My Jelly Roll", "Chimes Blues", "Jelly Roll Blues" and - believe it or not - "Frankie and Johnny".� Personnel : LOUIS ARMSTRONG, trumpet� Nov 27 04 11:21 AM QUOTE Louis Armstrong From Armstrong 101, an educational publication produced by Jazz at Lincoln Center: www.jazzatlincolncenter.org. Louis Armstrong was born on August 4, 1901, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the birthplace of jazz. He is considered the most important improviser in jazz, and he taught the world to swing. Armstrong, fondly known as "Satchmo" (which is short for "Satchelmouth" referring to the size of his mouth) or "Pops," had a sense of humor, natural and unassuming manner, and positive disposition that made everyone around him feel good. With his infectious, wide grin and instantly recognizable gravelly voice, he won the hearts of people everywhere. He had an exciting and innovative style of playing that musicians imitate to this day. Throughout his career, Armstrong spread the language of jazz around the world, serving as an international ambassador of swing. His profound impact on the music of the 20th century continues into the 21st century. Armstrong grew up in a poor family in a rough section of New Orleans. He started working at a very young age to support his family, singing on street corners for pennies, working on a junk wagon, cleaning graves for tips, and selling coal. His travels around the city introduced him to all kinds of music, from the blues played in the Storyville honky tonks to the brass bands accompanying the New Orleans parades and funerals. The music that surrounded him was a great source of inspiration. A born musician, Armstrong had already demonstrated his singing talents on the streets of the city and eventually taught himself to play the cornet. He received his first formal music instruction in the Colored Waif's Home for Boys, where he was allegedly confined for a year and a half as punishment for firing blanks into the air on New Year's Eve. As the young Armstrong began to perform with pick-up bands in small clubs and play funerals and parades around town, he captured the attention and respect of some of the older established musicians of New Orleans. Joe "King" Oliver, a member of Kid Ory's band and one of the finest trumpet players around, became Armstrong's mentor. When Oliver moved to Chicago, Armstrong took his place in Kid Ory's band, a leading group in New Orleans at the time. A year later, he was hired to work on riverboats that traveled the Mississippi. This experience enabled him to play with many prominent jazz musicians and to further develop his skills, learning to read music and undertaking the responsibilities of a professional gig. In 1922, Oliver invited Armstrong to Chicago to play second cornet in his Creole Jazz Band. As a member of Oliver's band, Armstrong began his lifetime of touring and recording. In 1924, he moved on to New York City to play with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra at the Roseland Ballroom. Armstrong continued his touring and recording activities with Henderson's group and also made recordings with Sidney Bechet, Ma Rainey, and Bessie Smith. In 1925, Armstrong returned to Chicago and made his first recordings as a band leader with his Hot Five (and later his Hot Seven). From 1925 to 1928 he continued a rigorous schedule of performing and recording, which included Heebie Jeebies, the tune that introduced scat singing to a wide audience and West End Blues, one of the most famous recordings in early jazz. During this period, his playing steadily improved, and his traveling and recording activities introduced his music to more and more people. In 1929, Armstrong returned to New York City and made his first Broadway appearance. His 1929 recording of Ain't Misbehavin' introduced the use of a pop song as material for jazz interpretation, helping set the stage for the popular acceptance of jazz that would follow. During the next year, he performed in several U.S. states, including California, where he made his first film and radio appearances. In 1931, he first recorded When It's Sleepytime Down South, the tune that became his theme song. In 1932, he toured England for three months, and during the next few years, continued his extensive domestic and international tours, including a lengthy stay in Paris. When Armstrong returned to the U.S. in 1935, Joe Glaser became his manager. Not only did Glaser free Armstrong from the managerial battles and legal difficulties of the past few years, he remained his manager for the duration of his career and helped transform Armstrong into an international star. Under Glaser's management, Armstrong performed in films, on the radio, and in the best theaters, dance halls, and nightclubs. He worked with big bands, playing music of an increasingly commercial nature as well as small groups that showcased his singing of popular songs. In 1942, Armstrong married Lucille Wilson, a dancer at the Cotton Club where his band had a running engagement. The following year, they purchased a home in Corona, Queens, where they lived for the rest of their lives. In 1947, Armstrong formed a small ensemble called the All-Stars, a group of extraordinary players whose success revitalized mainstream jazz. Throughout the 1950s and 60s, he continued to appear in popular films and made numerous international tours, earning him the title "Ambassador Satch." During a trip to West Africa, Armstrong was greeted by more than one hundred thousand people. In the early 1960's, he continued to record, including two albums with Duke Ellington and the hit Hello Dolly, which reached number one on the Billboard charts. Armstrong performed regularly until recurring health problems gradually curtailed his trumpet playing and singing. Even in the last year of his life, he traveled to London twice, appeared on more than a dozen television shows, and performed at the Newport Jazz Festival to celebrate his 70th birthday. Up until a few days before his death, on July 6, 1971, he was setting up band rehearsals in preparation to perform for his beloved public. "A revolution without dancing is a revolution not worth having." Location: just outside of Pittsburgh, PA Interact Mar 18 08 9:57 AM So far this AM : Louis Armstrong: The Complete RCA Victor Recordings, Disc 3 Thank you Muddy for the recommendation. This set is pure joy. Peace, Blue Trane St Louis, MO " Jazz is the music of the freedom of collective improvisation."- Duke Ellington in Music Is My Mistress. “I merely took the energy it takes to pout and wrote some blues.” Duke Ellington quote It is from the blues that all that may be called American music derives its most distinctive character.-James Weldon Johnson "And what gift of America to the rest of the world is actually most appreciated by the rest of the world? It is African-American jazz and its offshoots. What is my definition of jazz? 'Safe sex of the highest order.'"-Kurt Vonnegut Interact	i don't know
What can be a South American capital, a pepper, or a Porsche?	Cayenne, Habanero, Poblano, Serrano: Know Your Chile Peppers - Chowhound About 4 to 5 inches long SPICINESS: 2 to 3 2. Guindilla Verde From the Basque area in Spain, this is a tender pepper with a distinct sweetness. The variety shown is from the Bilbao region, and Winsberg says it’s a good fryer served alongside meat like lamb or pork. It shouldn’t be confused with the more widely available jarred guindillas . Winsberg says guindilla is a name applied to several distinct regional varieties in Spain ranging from marble-size scorchers to these sweet large fryers, which he says are similar in flavor to a Hatch chile but without the heat. AVERAGE SIZE: SPICINESS: 1 3. Chilaca (a.k.a. Pasilla) This is a Mexican variety that matures from dark green to dark chocolate brown. It’s a versatile pepper that’s good for sauces, roasting, and grilling when fresh, says Winsberg. Chilacas are medium hot but “not so much that they are scary.” When dried, they are called pasillas and are common in mole recipes; pasillas (also known as chiles negros) are available both whole and powdered. AVERAGE SIZE: About 7 to 9 inches long SPICINESS: 2 to 3 4. Basque Fryer (a.k.a. Piment d’Anglet, Doux Long des Landes) A French pepper used in many French Basque recipes. It is a twisty, long pepper that when green has a “very distinct peppery taste with a very tender skin, and lend[s] a nice chile zest without adding heat,” says Winsberg. When it turns red, it gets very sweet. It excels in sauces, chopped up and sautéed for a pipérade (the Basque fryer would replace the bell peppers in our recipe), or fried with meats or sausage. AVERAGE SIZE: SPICINESS: 1 5. Anaheim Named after the city in Southern California, the Anaheim is a big, mild chile that’s good for stuffing. Its skin is a little tough, but it peels pretty easily if you roast it first . Anaheims are good roasted, cut into strips, and thrown into a salad; stuffed with meat and grilled; used in salsa verde; or added to cheese enchiladas. AVERAGE SIZE: About 5 to 6 inches long SPICINESS: 1 6. Cayenne This bright red pepper is usually consumed in its dried, powdered form, known as cayenne pepper. When ripe and fresh, cayenne chiles are long, skinny, and very hot. Winsberg says they are relatives of wild chiles from South and Central America. AVERAGE SIZE: About 2 to 6 inches long SPICINESS: 4 to 5 7. Guernica The Guernica is a Spanish pepper similar to the Padrón in flavor but bigger and without any heat, says Winsberg. It is often served fried like the Padrón or stuffed with cheese or other fillings. It develops a tougher skin as it matures, and then is best roasted and peeled. AVERAGE SIZE: About 3 to 5 inches long SPICINESS: 1 8. Hot Banana Happy Quail grows both sweet and hot varieties of the banana pepper, known as bácskai fehér in Hungary. Winsberg says they are often used in Hungarian lecsó (a dish of stewed peppers and eggs), pickled, or served grilled with meats. AVERAGE SIZE: About 6 to 7 inches long SPICINESS: 2 9. Jalapeño (a.k.a. Chipotle) Familiar stuffed with cream cheese and deep-fried as a bar snack, or chopped up in salsa, the jalapeño is probably the best-known pepper in the States. It gets its name from Jalapa (also spelled Xalapa), the capital of Veracruz, Mexico. Harvested at both its green and red stages, the jalapeño is spicy but easy to seed and devein if you wish to remove some of the heat. When dried and smoked, it’s called a chipotle chile. AVERAGE SIZE: About 2 to 3 inches long SPICINESS: 2 to 3 10. Serrano Spicier than the jalapeño, the serrano is a small Mexican pepper with thick, juicy walls, so it’s a great hot-salsa pepper, and is widely available and versatile. It is most commonly sold in its green stage (it turns red and then yellow as it gets older). You can also find serranos pickled or dried. AVERAGE SIZE: About 1.5 to 2.5 inches long SPICINESS: 3 11. Habanero Native to parts of Central America and the Caribbean, this little pepper packs a lot of heat. But contrary to popular belief, the Red Savina habanero is not the hottest type of chile; that distinction now goes to the Indian bhut jolokia, or ghost chile. Still, habaneros add a lot of heat to cooking and should be used judiciously. You’ll find different colors, ranging from red to white-yellow and even brown, but orange is the most common. Great for salsa, hot sauces, or a fiery jerk chicken. AVERAGE SIZE: SPICINESS: 5 12. Pimiento de Padrón This pepper is a specialty grown in Galicia in northern Spain. It is traditionally eaten as a simple tapa, fried in olive oil and tossed with salt; it is harvested young and small, with a tender skin and no mature seeds, so it’s perfect for eating whole, bitten right off the stem. It is generally mild with a nutty flavor at this stage, but it gets hotter as it matures. Part of the fun of eating these peppers is that about one in a dozen will be pretty hot, says Winsberg. AVERAGE SIZE: About 2 to 4 inches long SPICINESS: 1 (but the hot ones, even when young, can be 2 to 3) 13. Aji Rojo Common in a lot of Peruvian cooking, the aji rojo is more of an orange-red than a true red pepper. It has a similar heat level to cayenne and can be chopped finely and added to ceviche or mixed with cheese or cream to make a sauce to serve over potatoes or chicken. AVERAGE SIZE: About 2 to 3 inches long SPICINESS: 4 14. Thai This tiny chile adds serious amounts of heat to Southeast Asian cuisines. You may find either green or red Thai chiles; both are very spicy. Throw them whole into Thai soups like tom kha gai, purée them for curry pastes, or chop them up for any dish where you want to add heat without a lot of pieces of pepper. AVERAGE SIZE: About 1 to 2 inches long SPICINESS: 5 15. Bell The most common sweet pepper , bells are usually seen in red, green, and yellow, but there are also purple, brown, and orange varieties. They are a crunchy, juicy pepper that is great for eating raw on salads, sautéing, or roasting and chopping up to throw on a pizza or a sandwich. AVERAGE SIZE: About 3 to 6 inches long SPICINESS: 1 16. Hot Cherry These vary in size and shape and are very hot. They are usually round, though sometimes more of a triangular shape. Cherry peppers can also be sweet. They’re most often used in pickling: You can throw one in a jar with cucumber pickles to spice things up, or pickle them with other, more mild peppers. AVERAGE SIZE: About 1 to 2 inches long SPICINESS: 4 17. Hungarian Pimento This is a type of pimento (or pimiento) pepper, which is what you often find stuffed in green olives. It is a large, sweet red pepper, similar to a bell but with an extra-thick, juicy wall. The skin comes off easily, so this is an ideal pepper for roasting. It’s also great to eat raw with dip. AVERAGE SIZE: About 4 to 6 inches long SPICINESS: 1 18. Piquillo The ultimate pepper for roasting, the Spanish piquillo has become very popular because of its intensely sweet flavor and bright red color. It is usually only available canned or jarred, but it’s becoming easier to find fresh. It is often roasted, peeled, and stuffed with a variety of fillings like salt cod, tuna, or cheese. AVERAGE SIZE: SPICINESS: 1 19. Shishito Popular in Japan, the shishito has thin walls, mild heat, and a little sweetness. It is good served like the Padrón: simply fried, drizzled with some soy sauce and sesame oil, and eaten whole. It also makes very tasty tempura. AVERAGE SIZE: About 2 to 4 inches long SPICINESS: 1 to 2 (occasionally you might get a 2 to 3) Now that you've got the details on 19 different peppers, you're more equipped than ever to use them. Try some of our ideas for cooking with these chile peppers. RECIPES: 1. Red Pepper Hummus Roasted bell peppers are pureed with beans, tahini, and an array of spices and herbs to create a creamy red pepper twist on a Middle Eastern classic. This dip is filling enough to serve on bread with veggies for an easy meal or perfect as a snack served with warmed pita. The dip only takes 15 minutes to prepare and requires minimal effort. Get our Red Pepper Hummus recipe . 2. Chilaquiles Dried ancho chiles are the secret flavor powerhouse in this recipe for chilaquiles. This traditional Mexican dish is typically made with fried corn tortillas and then topped with anything from spicy chili sauce to meat to eggs. This versatile dish is perfect for anyone who loves tacos, nachos , or Mexican cuisine in general. Get our Chilaquiles recipe . 3. Pipérade This French sauté is full of bright bell peppers and French spices. It can be served over almost any meat but we recommend Braised Chicken and Julia Child prefers it over an omelet. This recipe is perfect for the summer months when you have an abundance of vegetables and herbs lying around. Get our Pipérade recipe . 4. Roasted Red Pepper and Spicy Sausage Grilled Pizza Dried chili flakes are used in this recipe for Roasted Red Pepper and Spicy Sausage Grilled Pizza to create chili oil that is drizzled on the pizza. The pizza is also cooked on the grill for an irresistibly crunchy crust. This recipe can be made from scratch or sped up by starting with store-bought pizza dough. Get our Roasted Red Pepper and Spicy Sausage Grilled Pizza recipe . 5. Slow Cooker Quinoa-Stuffed Peppers This recipe is the perfect meatless meal. Red bell peppers are stuffed with protein-packed quinoa and salty feta. Serve this with a side salad for an easy weeknight dinner. Get our Slow Cooker Quinoa-Stuffed Peppers recipe . 6. Grilled Padrón Peppers These small and slightly sweet peppers are generally mild, but one in every handful will be surprisingly spicy. They’re usually deep-fried, but grilling is a healthy and quick preparation that adds a smoky layer of flavor. Get our Grilled Padrón Peppers recipe . 7. Basic Roasted Bell Peppers Instead of placing the peppers directly under the broiler, we give them a little room by setting them in the middle of the oven. This extra distance allows them to roast a bit before their skins blister. Get our Basic Roasted Bell Peppers recipe . 8. Stuffed Bell Peppers with Feta and Herbs The sweetness of the bell peppers plays off the golden raisins in the filling, and the vegetal note is heightened by the herbs. Get our Stuffed Bell Peppers with Feta and Herbs recipe . 9. Chiles Rellenos Mexico’s version of comfort food. Chiles rellenos fillings can range from ground or stewed meats to a medley of vegetables, but this version sticks to classic cheese. Get our Chiles Rellenos recipe . 10. Stuffed Poblanos with Black Beans and Cheese Serve these stuffed peppers them as a vegetarian main course or as a starter. They’re loaded with rice, black beans, sour cream, cheese, tomatoes, and cilantro, then grilled until the peppers are charred and tender. Get our Stuffed Poblanos with Black Beans and Cheese recipe . 11. Basic Jalapeño Poppers Broiling the peppers gives them a nice outer char and leaves the filling browned and bubbling. Get our Basic Jalapeño Poppers recipe . 12. Chicken Chile Verde With Anaheim chiles, poblanos, and dried Aleppo peppers, this dish is always a big hit. It’s great rolled into a burrito, but you can also serve it on its own topped with scallions, sour cream, and tortilla chips. Get our Chicken Chile Verde recipe . 13. Chicken-Fried and Pickled Pepper Sandwiches Use a variety of small peppers for pickling, such as baby bells, Cubanelles, or banana peppers. They combine on a sandwich roll with chicken breasts are dipped in buttermilk, then dredged in flour seasoned with paprika, black pepper, and ground mustard. Get our Chicken-Fried and Pickled Pepper Sandwiches recipe . 14. Roasted Red Pepper Tart Roasted bell peppers and a creamy ricotta-feta mixture make for an easy, Mediterranean-inspired side dish that also travels well. Get our Roasted Red Pepper Tart recipe . Images: Chowhound	Cayenne
July 18, 1925 saw the publication of the first volume of the book whose title translates as My Struggle or My Battle, written by what 20th century total asshat?	Cayenne Pepper - Kitchen Dictionary - Food.com Nutrition A hot, pungent powder made from various tropical chiles. The cayenne chile is a bright red chile that ranges from 2-5 inches long and about 1/2 inch in diameter. Cayenne chiles are generally sold dried and used in soups and sauces. The majority of cayenne chiles are used to make cayenne pepper. Used both in cooking and medicine, it owes its hot flavor to a chemical called capsaicin, which comprises about 12% of the chile. The word cayenne seems to come from kian, the name of a pepper among the Tupi Indians in what is now French Guiana and was named after either the Cayenne River or the capital of the country, Cayenne. Season:	i don't know
Produced by the The Herman Goelitz Candy Company, Jelly Bellys, a favorite of Ronald Reagan, are what type of candy?	Company History \| Jelly Belly Candy Company Gustav's sons continue the family candy making tradition. 1898 The second generation of the Goelitz candy-making family specializes in Candy Corn and "royal buttercreams." 1940s Although sugar rationing during World War II limits candy production, the company introduces Mint Wafers. 1960s The third and fourth generation descendants of Gustav Goelitz, cook candies such as tangerine slices, spice drops and jelly beans. 1965 A flavor breakthrough is made when the Mini Jelly Beans are infused with flavor in the center. 1966 Goelitz Mini Jelly Beans are discovered by California Governor Ronald Reagan. "We can hardly start a meeting or make a decision without passing the jar of jelly beans," he wrote in a letter to the company in 1973. 1973 Chocolate Dutch Mints®: are introduced. A creamy mint center is drenched in dark chocolate and finished with a crisp, candy shell. A classic confection. 1976 The breakthrough recipe of the Mini Jelly Bean inspired the first eight flavors of Jelly Belly beans: Root Beer, Green Apple, Licorice, Cream Soda, Lemon, Tangerine, Very Cherry, and Grape. 1980s More Jelly Belly jelly bean flavors are developed, pushing the flavor horizons with an ever growing range. 1980 The world discovers President Ronald Reagan eats Jelly Belly beans. About 3.5 tons were shipped to Washington, D.C., for his 1981 inauguration celebrations. 1981-1988 "You can tell a lot about a fella’s character by whether he picks out all of one color or just grabs a handful." - President Reagan on Jelly Belly beans. 1983 "Mr. Jelly Belly, a lovable candy character, makes his first public appearance - and it is love at first sight." 1986 New company headquarters are built in Fairfield, Calif., and free public tours begin soon after. 1989 Buttered Popcorn flavor of Jelly Belly bean is introduced, the world’s first "savory" jelly bean flavor. (It is now among the most popular flavors.) 1993 Jelly Belly Sours are introduced, a novelty at the time that has since become an enduring favorite. 1996 The ultimate sign of good taste – The Jelly Belly name is stamped on every jelly bean. 2000 Bertie Bott's Every Flavour Beans®: inspired by the Harry Potter series are brought to life by the company's candy makers in wild flavors like Dirt, Bacon and Spinach. 2001 A second public tour opens in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. The Jelly Belly Express takes fans on an indoor train ride to discover fun candy facts. 2001 The Company, known for four generations by the family name Goelitz, is renamed Jelly Belly Candy Company and continues to make more than 100 fine confections. 2005 Sport Beans® debut. A sports performance jelly bean that provides carb replenishment for athletes. 2007 Offering a flavor experience with wild and wacky flavors, Jelly Belly debuted BeanBoozled jelly beans in 2007 with ten lookalike pairs. Will it be Juicy Pear or Booger? Buttered Popcorn or Rotten Egg? There’s only one way to find out! 2010 Jelly Belly Jelly Bean Chocolate Dips® the world's first chocolate-covered jelly bean, is introduced in six flavors: Very Cherry, Orange, Strawberry, Coconut, Raspberry and Mint.	Jelly bean
What was the number of the mobile hospital unit on TVs MAS*H?	Contact The Jelly Belly Legacy Third generation candy maker, Herman G Rowland, Sr made the Jelly Belly Candy Company what it is today. Listen as he shares his insights about the history of the company, how it became associated with President Ronald Reagan and their philosophy behind the creation of their flavors on American Dreams. Transcript: Segment 1 Alan: Welcome back, I’m here visiting today with Herm Rowland. He's the chairman of the board of the Jelly Belly Candy Company here in Fairfield California. Welcome to today’s show. Herman: Thank you Alan, glad to be here. Alan: So Herm, tell me about your background. It’s fascinating being in this wonderful candy company and seeing all sorts of things around me that I have enjoyed for years growing up as a kid, but how did you get into the Jelly Belly business Herman: My gosh it goes back a long ways Alan, 1869 with the great-grandparents coming from Germany and my grandfather joining his brothers in Chicago in the very early 1900’s, 1903-1904-1905.and the family business started in 1898 and then he became president of that company for period of time in 1917 he want to Portland Oregon made candy corn up there Alan: Candy Corn, was he one of the first makers of candy corn? Herman: No, actually there was a maker before us but we, kind of took it over in 1898 and we were the candy corn king of America and made the worlds greatest candy corn Alan: Wow Herman: Still do today but, he went to Portland and found out that wasn’t a place to make candy because of the high humidity, of course there was no air-conditioning back then. Then he went down to Oakland 1922 and made candy corn there quite successfully. Then my dad married his only daughter- a beautiful young lady, and then he went into the business with my grandfather and he was the mechanical kind of guy. It was a real small business, but he was real tough working because it was all by hand. So he developed a lot of equipment and was ahead of his age with the equipment. Then of course I came along in 1941 and I went to work when I was about 13 with him and learned every nut and bolt in the factory. I don't have much of an education except for learning from my dad how to run a candy factory, how to put a candy factory together, every nut and bolt, every wire, every machine. And of course today that's help me a lot to go ahead and develop the company. Alan: So when you were growing up, your pathway was set that you always wanted to step in and run the company per say? Herman: Well school was tough for me and you know, they didn’t know what to call you, I just thought I was a big dumb fat kid. And that’s what I was, but I didn't realize that I had all the things that they talk about today- dyslexia and in all the fancy words for it and its hard for me to read hard for me to write hard for me to do all that kind of stuff. That kind of puts you in a box off to the side but it does give you a certain amount of character when you have that kind of a problem. I got into high school, got very into metal shop, wood shop, art all those good things. I love biology of all things, but swimming and football- football taught me how to work with people taught me how to take direction, learning the playbook was even tough for me but what I learned every single bit of it and I love to play ball. I had a wonderful coach. So that was a big thing for me and also all the way through high school every summer I worked for my dad at the factory learning how to again repair machines but also making candy. I learned how to make all the different candies there were. So I got married in and 1960 and I went to work full-time and did every job there was in the place and then it just went on from there. Alan: So when did you step in as the chairman of the board? Herman: I'd have to go the archives to really try to find out when that was. I know that we incorporated in the early 70s and they needed a president, so my parents put me in as president… but it was a small company family company. We started off in the 60’s with 10 to 12 people and then we grew and pretty soon we had 30 and then we had 50 and then we had 100 and today we have over 800 and some odd people working for us in three different plants. Alan: Are all the plants here in the U.S.? Herman: Well we have another plant in North Chicago, Illinois and that's actually the factory that my grandfather went to an early 1900’s it was started in 1898. One of the original buildings in that particular location was built in 1913 and we’re still working out of one of those buildings. We’ve added onto it and bought buildings around it buildings around it and the location… it’s old its clean it's beautiful and paid for, Alan: It’s a key in this society to have things that are paid for. Herman: Absolutely. Alan: I’m visiting here today with Herm Rowland, he's the chairman of the board of the jelly that Belly Candy Company here in Fairfield California. We’ll be right back after these messages. Segment 2 Alan: Welcome back, I'm here visiting today with Herm Rowland, he is the chairman of the board of the Jelly Belly Candy Company here in Fairfield California. Herman: Great to be here Alan Alan: Thank you Herm. When we were talking before about how your family has a history in the candy industry we left off about the mid-70s and you began to take a substantial role as president of the family candy company, but where did the name Jelly Belly come from? Herman: Well in the late 60s we started making all different types of candies, and one of the candies was a mini gourmet jelly bean. That's the bean that Present Reagan ate when he was governor. Now in 1976 a man named David Klein called me up and he wanted us to make the world's best jelly bean. He said "I know you make the best now but I want to make a better, I want to make it with real purée of real orange juice, some real chocolate and real stuff. Can you do that?" 'Well yeah I think we have the technology to do that.' From that point he started in '76, and by '78 the products that the he came up with- his idea for the name Jelly Belly and the idea of putting the real ingredients in the center and selling one flavor of time at a very high price did very well and in 79’, '80 we bought him out and then of course Reagan came in office. In '81 when he was inaugurated, the inauguration committee called us up really on January third or fourth and said, "Would you supply jelly beans to the inauguration?" and we said sure we would, so we supplied 7000 pounds to the inauguration, 1000 jars that set on tables all over Washington D.C. and then we backed that up with a case of beans and at each table and those were information tables. We were invited to go to the inauguration, it was incredible to go to all the different balls and go to see this whole thing happened but most exciting thing for us was to see the jar Jelly Belly on every information table everyplace we went. Alan: Well seeing such a strong demand coming into the inauguration, I imagine you were certainly on the map by that time. How were the orders? Herman: Well we actually fell from the first of the year for about three months we fell about 77 weeks behind on orders, 77 weeks within three months. Two years almost behind and we had to send letters out to our customers early on and say 'hey you are a customer if you want to have beans you need to place your order for the next year' but we did that and within a month or so the whole year was filled up for both our factories and then we send another letter out saying you need to place it for two years. Now these huge big stores which would normally hardly let you call on them were actually sending their VPs to our office trying to set up quantities of product for their store, but we wanted to be fair to all our customers. We gave them an allowance of what they had gotten in the past they could have that again plus a little bit but I don't think we did 10% of the sales of jelly beans during that year 1981. The whole world everybody that could make a being called it the president's beans, Ronnie's beans whatever. We didn't want to use Ronald Reagan's name or whatever, we just made Jelly Belly and we made the beans perfect, we didn't try to rush the process and make more because we wanted to be the ones were left over after this whole thing came to slowdown. It took two years for it to slowdown, but we're here today. So many people said, ‘when Reagan's out of office, you’re going to be gone’ well sorry. When you have something that tastes good and is fun to eat people want to continue to eat it and we worked very hard to make every single bean that we produce perfect. Alan: You’re worldwide on distribution right now? Herman: Yes we are. We’re in about 70 countries and it’s continuing to grow. Our Thailand plant- we built a Thailand Plant, my oldest son runs that plant- it’s been over there about for five years now, but that plant takes care of all of our international sales all around the world. That's continuing to grow it's all kind of new found territory so that's really fun. Alan: So in managing this global infrastructure you started from small to big but, you’ve managed it quite well. What are your dreams 5 to10 years down the road? Herman: Well I think my dreams are for my kids to run this place and they are doing that. My daughter right now is heading up the company with the president of the company and I'm incredibly proud of her. My two sons are in the company, my other daughter- her husband is in the company and I have three or four grandkids in the company and hopefully someday I'll see my 12 or 13-year-old great-grandson get down here. I don’t want him to hear that… but I've got 11 grandkids and two great grandkids and that just thrills me, that's what I'm here for. It’s a family business and although, I hate get into this, but it’s tougher every day to stay in business in this country and in California. It's really tough but we’re fighting, fighting to be here and were fighting to stay in business. Alan: You know it does seem that we’re in a world ever-changing, but the fact that you’re surrounded by family and you’ve been able to successfully transition the next generation really compliments you, not many businesses are able to see that. Herman: You know it's the people that work for you. It's the people that believe in your company and every year we have a couple meetings with them, every year I always talk about the aspect that they’re making the most beautiful bean there is in the world and many other confections we produce but every single bean that they make- billions of beans- is going to go in somebody's mouth and they treat that bean that way, they respect the bean and they try to make every single bean perfect and I know all the folks are doing that. Alan: What’s your latest flavor of bean that you just came out with? Herman: Well, probably Tabasco, we use the real Tabasco and we put that in the bean and watch out- because it is hot, but you know you can eat them. It gets really hot for a minute or two but then it smooths out and it's a wonderful Tabasco flavor. Alan: I’m here today with Herm Rowland. He’s the chairman of the board of the Jelly Belly Candy Company. We’ll be right back after these messages. Segment 3 Alan: Welcome back, I’m here visiting today with herm Rowland, he’s the chairman of the board of the Jelly Belly Candy Company here in Fairfield California. So Herm we were speaking before about the days of Ronald Reagan and I’m fascinated, here you have next to you a Waterford crystal jar. Is there a story behind that? Herman: Oh is there a story behind it- Alan, this is the kind of jar that the Waterford Crystal Company supplied to Ronald Reagan while he was in the White house. It really starts when Ronald Reagan was a governor. He had a small jar with a goldleaf seal of the governorship on it and they would get the beans from us, (inaudible). [Someone from the office] would call up and say send a couple more cases and we would send the mini gourmet jelly beans, those were before Jelly Belly. They would pack that into jars and he would use those jars to give way away to dignitaries and to friends and whoever came but he would also use it and he told me personally about this when I visited him in the Oval Office. He said, “I used to take those jars and when my cabinet would get out of hand, I'd slide that jar down the table and tell them ‘dig into those beans, have a few beans, let's get this meeting back into order’” and I heard it many times and I saw him quoted by times in the paper about that, but when you go in the Oval Office and you meet the man in 1981 like we did… I met him when he was governor but when he’s president, it's like wow. I don't get all of my throat very often but when you're ready to walk down the hall to the Oval Office and you see him standing there and greets us and just breaks down all tension right away just by how he welcomes you and then he told that story again about how he used the jar and then next thing we know we’re looking in the back the office and there’s a guy digging in this big tall Waterford Crystal jar at the couch and the president is laughing. So then this guy turns around and begins walking and says ‘hi I’m George Bush’ and he was back there digging looking for his favorite licorice bean. So he introduced himself like we didn’t even know who he was. So that's the kind of guys those guys are and they were really terrific. But this jar was throughout the White House and it was on the conference table and he used this jar on a conference room table just like he did the jar he did in in California. This jar has little story to it, see this little thin lid, they actually had to start removing them from all the tables and coffee tables in the White House because the guards at night and Secret Service, they would get in there or the cleaning people, and dig in and set this thing down here and they'd set it in such a way that it would break the jar so would break the lid. So that was a big story, they had to remove the jars every night from the conference table, just the little inside stories were a lot of fun. Alan: I got to ask you, Harry Potter, these weird flavors… how did that come about? Herman: Well we actually started working on some- just for fun. We worked on hot dog and hamburger and ketchup and pickle relish and mustard and mayonnaise and all of those have a different story behind them, but then Harry Potter came along the book came along and we were asked by one of the people that had licenses for Harry Potter ‘could you make Harry Potter for us’? Well they wanted sardine and they wanted spinach… earwax and they wanted dirt and so we said sure, we already had some of them produced because we were playing with that already. So we went ahead and did those things and everyone has a little different story behind it. The vomit which is one I thought I could never do- I had lost sleep over that- but one of my employees came in and said, ‘Herm do you remember that pepperoni pizza we did that was so bad that we couldn't even eat it, remember that?’ and I said yeah… okay let's throw another batch together and see what it’s like. That was like four years before that… So we did, I tasted it was pretty bad but it needed to be worse. It needed to have little acid in it because when you throw up you will burning you know. So we put citric acid in it and that became the Harry Potter vomit. You know what so crazy, out of all the other ones, rotten egg and spinach and moldy cheese and everything else earwax, that vomit was the one that all the kids wanted, to feed grandma and to have fun with. Alan: You know I have to ask you, what is your favorite flavor of jelly bean? Herman: I get asked that a lot. The other day I was driving on the route truck with my son, he did he delivers candy to our stores, and I hadn’t done that before. I was sitting eating a little packet of the jelly belly one bean a time. I'm just sitting there and it's quiet in the truck and we’re bouncing along eating one flavor… ‘That’s really good. Then I ate the next one, ‘that’s really good,’ ate the next one… you don’t get a chance to do that very often we don't just sit there and eat one flavor at a time. And I’m going, ‘those are really good,’ but you know when it really comes down to it I think juicy pear or peach are two of my favorite flavors. Alan: Very good, well Herm I appreciate you being on today’s show. Herman: Alright good, well it’s been a lot of fun, thanks for all the questions and good luck to you guys. Alan: Thank you, I’m here today with Herm Rowland of the Jelly Belly Candy Company here in Fairfield California we’ll be right back after these messages. About Herman G Rowland, Sr: Herman G. Rowland, Sr., is Chairman of the Board of Jelly Belly Candy Company headquartered in Fairfield, California. The firm manufactures Jelly Belly® jelly beans and 70 Confections® by Jelly Belly gourmet candies and operates three manufacturing facilities. Rowland is the great-grandson of Gustav Goelitz, a German immigrant who launched the family’s candymaking tradition in this country. Gustav and his brother, Albert, began selling handmade confections in 1869 from a storefront and then a horse-drawn cart in Belleville, Illinois. He was honored for lifetime achievement in 1988 and awarded the prestigious Kettle Award. Rowland was also inducted into the Candy Hall of Fame in 1989 by the National Confectionery Sales Association of America and honored with the Henry J. Bornhofft Memorial Award from the Retail Confectioners International trade organization in 1987. In 2010, Rowland was made an Honorary Base Commander at Travis Air Force Base. Shortly thereafter he volunteered to lead the Capital Campaign to build the new Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum. Alan Olsen's American Dreams: Keys to Life's Success airs every Wednesday Evening from 6:00-7:00pm. on KDOW 1220am. American Dreams Hot Topics Finance Tax Issues Building a Company Investment Innovation Golden State Warriors American Dreams Listen to Alan Olsen's American Dreams: Keys to Life's Success radio show. Each week expert guests will join Alan as they discuss how to make businesses thrive during challenging economic times and overcoming adversity.	i don't know
On July 17, 1938 Douglas "Wrong Way" Corrigan filed a flight plan that indicated he was flying from New York to Low Angeles. True to his name, where did he end up?	"Wrong Way Corrigan" "Wrong Way Corrigan" 1938 When 31-year-old Douglas Groce Corrigan took off from Brooklyn's Floyd Bennett Field on July 17, 1938, in a modified Curtiss Robin, he carried two chocolate bars, two boxes of fig bars, a quart of water and a U.S. map with the route from New York to California marked out. Corrigan, who had spent three years trying to get permission to fly from New York to Dublin, had been told that he could fly nonstop from New York to California, but an ocean crossing was out of the question. It was a foggy morning. Corrigan flew into the haze and disappeared. Twenty-eight hours later, he landed in Dublin and instantly became a national hero. Here's How It All Happened Texas-born Douglas Corrigan had flown for the first time when he was 18, taking a 10-minute sightseeing ride in a Curtiss JN-4D Jenny at a Los Angeles airfield operated by B.F. Mahoney and Claude Ryan. The ride, which cost him $2.50, changed his life, setting him on a course that would lead to disappointment, danger, excitement, fame and even a movie deal. Although he had hoped to become an architect, after that 1925 flight his dreams changed. He went back to the airfield a week later and took a flying lesson. After that, he started going to the field every Sunday, taking a lesson and then hanging around for the rest of the day, helping the mechanics. Corrigan first soloed on Sunday, March 25, 1926. He later said that he looked back on that Sunday as the most important day of his life. Ryan and Mahoney soon closed down their operation in Los Angeles and opened Ryan Aeronautical Company in San Diego, where they offered young Corrigan a job. When he arrived, it seemed as though the factory's future was pretty shaky. The building contained half a dozen unfinished airplanes--unfinished because the orders for them had been canceled. Then a telegram arrived from Charles A. Lindbergh, who wanted to know if Ryan Aeronautical could build a plane capable of transatlantic flight. Ryan and Mahoney responded that they could have such an aircraft ready within two months, and it would cost about $10,000. Lindbergh liked the price as well as the time frame. He headed for San Diego to check out the Ryan factory. In February 1927 Corrigan saw Mahoney talking to a tall young man. Corrigan, along with a mechanic, was sent out to the field to get one of the aircraft started so that the lanky youngster could test-fly it. As they were walking out to the plane, the mechanic explained, "This is that fellow from St. Louis that wants to fly from New York to Paris." Corrigan glanced back at Charles Lindbergh and said: "Gosh, he looks like a farmer. Do you suppose he can fly?" They started up a Ryan M-1, but Corrigan didn't think the engine sounded very good. "That's all right," said Lindbergh, and he promptly climbed into the plane. He took off, flew around the field for a few minutes, headed upwind and did nine consecutive loops, finishing up with a wingover. Watching him, Corrigan and the mechanic agreed that Charles Lindbergh could, in fact, fly. And Lindbergh decided to have Ryan build Spirit of St. Louis. During the two months it took to construct the aircraft, designated the NYP by Ryan, Corrigan and the rest of the crew often worked well past midnight. Corrigan himself assembled the wing and installed the gas tanks and the instrument panel. Lindbergh also spent a considerable amount of time at the factory, supervising the construction. Corrigan later recalled that everyone at Ryan Aeronautical seemed motivated by Lindbergh and his goal. Apparently, Lindbergh was equally impressed with his new associates, writing of the Ryan crew, "They're as anxious to build a plane that will fly to Paris as I am to fly it there." Ryan managed to meet Lindbergh's deadline, completing the aircraft in time for him to fly Spirit of St. Louis from San Diego to St. Louis in May 1927, and then to New York City. From there, of course, he set off for Paris. 1927 Rollout photo of the just completed Spirit of St. Louis and its construction crew with Charles Limbergh at Ryan Aviation in San Diego. Douglas Corrigan 6th from right. Ryan Aeronautical had built what was now the most famous plane in the world, and all of a sudden business was booming. The factory moved to St. Louis in October 1928, but Corrigan stayed in California and got a job as a mechanic for a new flying operation called the Airtech School, run by the San Diego Air Service. Once it got started, the Airtech School was busy with more than 50 students in training each day. The only chance Corrigan got to fly was on his lunch hour. He loved doing stunts, especially chandelles--steep, climbing turns--that he would start as soon as the plane was off the ground. Corrigan would often do 10 or 11 chandelles in a row. The company pilot thought he was crazy; when Corrigan stepped out of the plane, the other flier would read him the riot act. Corrigan would just look surprised. "I didn't think it was dangerous," he would say, smiling innocently. But the company pilot won out, and Corrigan was forbidden to do stunts in the company planes. Corrigan subsequently stopped stunting near the airfield. Instead, he flew down to a small field near the Mexican border and did stunts there. Corrigan went to New York with a friend in 1930, working at Roosevelt Field for a while and barnstorming along the East Coast. He and his partner would land near a small town and talk people into buying airplane rides. Business was pretty good--they sometimes took in as much as $140 a week. When Corrigan decided to go back to California in 1933, he started looking for a plane in which to make the trip--a cheap one, since he didn't even own a car. He soon found a Curtiss Robin priced at $325. "It looked pretty good, and flew all right," he said. He started out for the West Coast a few days after buying the plane. He would stop every 100 miles or so and pick up passengers when he could find them, in order to make a little money while he was traveling. Once, when he was running low on gas, he passed over several towns without finding a field that looked good enough for a landing. He finally came down in a field that was overgrown with brush. It was a rough landing--one of the wheels hit a tree stump, damaging the landing gear. Luckily, there was a farmyard nearby. Corrigan walked over, found a few pieces of wood and cut some wire off a fence--all he needed for some quick repairs. He borrowed some gasoline from a farmer's tractor and flew on after his repair work was completed. Corrigan returned to San Diego and worked in an aircraft factory for a while, but that did not satisfy his zest for adventure. He decided to refurbish his Curtiss Robin and pursue his dream of flying across the Atlantic. He knew that attempting such a flight might kill him--but he was sure it certainly would not be boring. Since he was Irish American, Corrigan naturally chose Dublin as his destination. He bought a new engine for his plane--a Wright J6-5 with 165 horsepower and five cylinders. He also built and installed the extra gas tanks that he would need if he were to attempt a transatlantic flight. As far as he was concerned, Douglas Corrigan was all set to be the first man to fly nonstop from New York to Dublin. But it was not to be that simple. When a federal inspector checked out the plane, he licensed it for cross-country flights only. But Corrigan refused to give up. In 1936, he flew to New York, stopping over at St. Louis on the way. Then he wrote to the Federal Bureau of Air Commerce, asking for permission to go ahead with the flight. For no apparent reason he was told to wait until the following year. Then he was told that he would need a radio operator's license to make the flight--even though his plane had no radio. He went back to California, got the license and installed two more gas tanks for good measure. The next year, 1937, he reapplied for permission to make the flight, but Amelia Earhart had disappeared over the Pacific just a few months earlier, and nobody in Washington wanted to give the go-ahead for another solo ocean flight at that juncture. Worse yet, the government even refused to renew the license for Corrigan's plane, which meant that he would not be able to fly anywhere. "It looked like I was stopped now for sure," he later wrote. But the pilot was not completely out of options. Although he had been denied permission to fly, he still had his plane. "They can't hang you for flying a plane without a license," he figured. "Columbus took a chance, so why not me?" He flew toward New York, planning to head for Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn. He thought perhaps he could land by night, after the officials had gone home. Then he could fill his gas tanks and fly across the ocean--damn the torpedoes! In preparation for his great adventure, Corrigan gave his plane a name. "I had always considered my plane as a little ray of sunshine," he said, "so now I put the name Sunshine on the cowling." The flight to New York did not go well, however. Bad weather forced Corrigan to land in Arizona the first day. More bad weather forced him to land in New Mexico the next day. The pattern continued throughout the trip. It took him two days just to get across Texas. Corrigan was forced to land in open fields, near various towns that nobody flies to on purpose, including Arkadelphia, Ark.; Ezel, Ky.; and Buckhannon, W.Va. It took him nine days to make it from California to New York. By then it was the end of October and getting cold. Corrigan decided not to risk an ocean flight. Offending bureaucrats was one thing, but facing the cold skies of the North Atlantic could be quite a bit more dangerous. And the trip Corrigan planned would be dangerous enough in good weather. He decided instead to try flying nonstop back to California. Corrigan landed at Floyd Bennett Field one afternoon, filled his gas tanks and took off again. No one stopped him, and no one said anything about the plane being unlicensed. He soon had reason to be thankful he had not tried an Atlantic crossing. Even over Mississippi, it was so cold that ice began forming on the carburetor. That caused the engine to slow down, and Corrigan had to keep moving the throttle back and forth in order to break the ice loose and keep it from forming again. The winds were against him, too, which meant he did not have enough gas to make it nonstop to Los Angeles. He did reach California, though, landing at Adams Airport, in the San Fernando Valley. That's where the feds caught up with him. An inspector saw the plane and told the airport officials not to let Corrigan fly it. Sunshine stayed in the Adams hangar for the next six months. Corrigan, however, had no intention of staying on the ground that long. He visited most of the airfields around Los Angeles and managed to get in some flight time in other aircraft. But since he also wanted to fly his own plane again, he overhauled the engine and had the plane inspected. The federal inspector who came to examine Sunshine after that said it was good enough for an experimental license. Corrigan received permission to make a nonstop flight to New York, and then--if he made it--a nonstop flight back to Los Angeles. To prepare for the trip, Corrigan ran some tests on gasoline consumption at various speeds, eventually deciding that 85 mph was the best speed for his Curtiss Robin. Then he watched the weather. Corrigan took off from Long Beach on July 7, 1938. He hit turbulence while crossing the desert and flew over a dust storm in New Mexico. Next came rain squalls with enormous lightning bolts. Since he did not want to use up extra gasoline flying around the storm, he flew straight into it. Fortunately, the gamble paid off. He reached clear air an hour later. The main gas tank developed a leak toward the end of the trip, and Corrigan wasn't sure if he would be able to make it nonstop after all. But he was determined to keep flying until the gas ran out. He opened the cabin windows and stuck his head out--partly to keep awake and partly to avoid the fumes. By that time he was down to the last tank of fuel, and he could only guess how much was left in it. But he kept going. He was able to catch a tailwind near Philadelphia, and by sundown, he made it to New York and landed at Roosevelt Field. He had only four gallons of fuel left when he touched down. After Corrigan looked over the plane, he decided not to do anything about the gas leak, since it would have taken him more than a week's work to remove the tank and make the repairs. He was eager to get going on his dream flight. His flight plan was filed--New York to California, just as his license said. And the only map he had was of the United States. On July 16 he flew to Floyd Bennett Field and filled his tanks with gasoline. Corrigan At Floyd Bennet Field At 4 o'clock the next morning, he was ready to go. Corrigan started the plane himself on July 17 and then took out a flashlight to look at the engine and make sure it was running OK. It looked and sounded good, so he climbed into Sunshine and took off, heading east on an eastwest runway. The plane was so weighed down with fuel that it traveled 3,200 feet down the runway before leaving the ground. When it passed the eastern edge of the airfield, it was only 50 feet above the ground. Not long after that, it disappeared into the fog, heading east. Corrigan had been flying east for 10 hours when his feet suddenly felt cold. The leak in the main gas tank had gotten worse, and gasoline was running all over his shoes and onto the floor of the cockpit. He was somewhere over the Atlantic Ocean at that point--and he was losing fuel by the minute. He flew on through the darkness. Time was not on his side, and the leak was getting worse. Before long, there was gasoline an inch deep on the cockpit floor. Just losing the gas was bad enough, but Corrigan was worried that it would leak out near the exhaust pipe--and he was well aware that he had no chance of surviving if that happened. He knew he had to do something about the leak, but he did not have much to work with. He had only brought a screwdriver with him. With it, he punched a hole in the floor. The gasoline trickled out--on the side opposite the exhaust pipe. He was still losing fuel, but at least the plane was not likely to explode. Although it was impossible for him to fix the leak, Corrigan kept trying to think of some way to compensate for it. The problem had not been nearly this bad on his cross-country flight, and he had just barely made it to New York. And on this trip there was no place to land if his gas ran out. He had planned to conserve fuel by running the engine slowly, but now he realized that that would only give the fuel more time to leak out. He decided to run the engine fast instead, using the precious gasoline while he had it. He boosted his rpms from 1,600 to 1,900, then maintained that speed for the rest of the trip. Corrigan flew straight ahead, hoping he would have enough fuel to reach land. When he saw a fishing boat, he went down close to the water and flew past it. Corrigan realized it was unlikely that such a small boat would be very far from shore. It looked like he was going to make it, and he opened a package of fig bars to celebrate. He had finished the cookies and started on a chocolate bar when land came into sight. Sometime later, he recalled, "I noticed some nice green hills." It was not long before he reached Baldonnel Airport, in Dublin, landing on July 18. Corrigan had achieved his dream, but he was not sure how much it was going cost him. He had broken the rules, after all--and he realized that how he played things from here on out would probably determine how he was going to spend the next few years. The first person Corrigan met was an army officer. Corrigan introduced himself saying, "I left New York yesterday morning headed for California." He added, "I got mixed up in the clouds, and I must have flown the wrong way." The officer responded, "Yes, we know." Corrigan was surprised, "Really?" he said. "How did you find out?" The officer replied: "Oh, there was a small piece in the paper saying someone might be flying over this way. Then we got a phone call from Belfast saying a plane with American markings had passed over, headed down the coast." A customs official in a blue uniform came up and asked Corrigan if he had landed anywhere else. "I did pass over a city--I guess it must have been Belfast," explained Corrigan. "But I didn't see an airport there. This is the first place I've landed since leaving New York." "That makes it easier for us, then," said the customs agent amiably. They led Corrigan into the field office, where he signed the airport register. Then they showed him the newspaper article, which talked about an unknown pilot who had disappeared over the Atlantic. Corrigan not only did not have permission to make the flight, he had neither a passport nor entry papers. The officials were not surprised. The officer said he would call the American minister, Stephen Cudahy. "Why don't you come down to the barracks and have a spot of tea while we're waiting?" suggested the officer. Corrigan gladly accepted the invitation. When Cudahy was ready to see him, the customs man was reluctant to let Corrigan go. "I haven't heard from my superiors yet," he objected. "Why don't you wait around awhile longer?" The officer spoke up: "What's the matter? You're not putting him under arrest, are you?" The customs man seemed confused. "No, but this never happened before," came the response. "I don't know what to do." The officer just laughed, and he and Corrigan left. When they met with Cudahy, the American minister wanted an explanation as to how Corrigan ended up in Ireland. Corrigan knew this was a key moment. He smiled and explained that he had taken off from Floyd Bennett Field--heading east. "It was a very foggy morning," he pointed out. "I see," said Cudahy dryly. Corrigan went on to tell the same story he later told in his autobiography. He explained that the plane was so weighed down with fuel that it would not climb fast enough, so he had decided to fly east for a few miles and burn off some fuel before he turned around. He also said his main compass was broken--the liquid had somehow leaked out, and he had had to use a backup compass. "Couldn't you see anything below you?" asked Cudahy. "It was just too foggy," responded Corrigan. "At one point there was a break, and I could see a city. I figured it was Baltimore--which would have meant I was on course for California." The city had actually been Boston. That was the only break in the clouds he had seen, Corrigan said. He spent the rest of the flight navigating by compass alone. When he finally emerged from the clouds 26 hours later, he saw only ocean. "That was strange, as I had only been flying 26 hours and shouldn't have come to the Pacific yet," he said. "I looked down at the compass, and now that there was more light I noticed I had been following the wrong end of the magnetic needle on the whole flight. As the opposite of west is east, I realized that I was over the Atlantic Ocean somewhere!" So he just flew on from there. Finally, he saw a city below him, and he noticed that the airport was marked Baldonnel. "Having studied the map of Ireland two years before, I knew this was Dublin." Cudahy was skeptical. "It was hazy when you took off, was it?" he said. "Well, your story seems a little hazy, too--now come on and tell me the real story." "I've just told you the real story," replied Corrigan. "I don't know any other one." "So you're sticking to that story, are you?" "That's my story," said the pilot, "but I sure am ashamed of that navigation." Wrinkled But Grinning After Landing In Ireland Word of Corrigan's daring flight quickly spread. The area around the American legation was swarming with reporters, photographers and newsreel cameramen by that evening. Congratulatory phone calls, telegrams and cablegrams started pouring in for the pilot--many from friends, but others from famous folk such as Henry Ford and Howard Hughes. Corrigan met Eamon De Valera, Ireland's prime minister, the next morning and told his story once again. When he got to the part about misreading the compass, everyone started laughing. "From then on everything was in my favor," Corrigan later wrote. "He came into this country without papers of any kind, why, we'll just let him go back without any papers," said De Valera. Corrigan said,"Gee, Mr. De Valera, thanks a lot, and I'm sorry to have caused you so much bother." De Valera responded, "That's all right, we're glad to help you because the flight put Ireland on the map again." While he was waiting for officials to decide what to do next, Corrigan visited London, where he met American Ambassador Joseph Kennedy. Corrigan and Sunshine were later sent back to the United States on the liner Manhattan. Although he could have faced any number of serious charges related to his flight, Corrigan's great luck, his good nature and his implausible story carried the day. His pilot's license was suspended until August 4--the day the ship arrived in New York. But that was the only action taken against him. After all, no matter how many rules he had broken, "Wrong-Way" Corrigan was a hero--and in America he was accorded a hero's welcome. As the ship entered New York Harbor and past the Statue of Liberty, whistles started blowing and fireboats shot streams of water into the air. The Mayor's Reception Committee came on board and took him to the Hotel McAlpin. At noon the next day he was given a ticker tape parade down Broadway in New York to the cheers of over a million people - more than greeted Linbergh in 1927. Later he received the United States Flag Association medal in 1938. Galveston, Texas named an airport after Corrigan. He wrote a book about his famous flight. RKO Studios made a movie about his feat entitled The Flying Irishman in 1939. A Las Vegas Casino created a gambling chip honoring him. The Movie	Ireland
July 20, 1919, was the birth of what New Zealand mountaineer, explorer and philanthropist, who made sherpa Tenzing Norgay an international celebrity?	Dear Webby Humor Letter Blog - A Dummies' Guide For Dummies Dear Webby Humor Letter Blog A Dummies' Guide For Dummies Tuesday, July 31, 2012, 12:11 PM - Posted by Administrator - Don't throw a brick straight up. - Don't take long naps while driving. - Walk around toxic waste dumps, not through them. - Your body has the correct number of holes in it. Don't make any more. - Don't microwave yourself too often. - Don't stick body parts into electrical outlets. - When using an acetylene torch, don't feel the flame to see if it's sufficiently hot. - If you're on a ball field and someone shouts "Heads up!" don't actually raise your head up. Cover it with your arms and duck. - Don't tie yourself to an airplane propeller. - When you are in bed remember to close your eyes. - No matter how tempting it is to be one with nature, stay on the outside of all fences at the zoo. - When sticking thumb tacks into bulletin boards, press on the flat end. - Under no circumstances should you ever reproduce. - When you find a prize in a box of "Crackerjacks" there is no need to report it on your income tax return. - "Time" magazine is not suitable to wear on your wrist. Get a watch. - One + one = two. Try to remember that. - Don't count the peas in a can. It is not an exact science. - If you discover that February only has 28 days, don't report it to the Consumer Fraud Department. Likely they will ignore your complaint. - For faster elevator service press the elevator button many times. How to get rid of duplicate files? Tuesday, July 31, 2012, 07:00 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Tuesday, July 31 Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1498 Christopher Columbus discovers island of Trinidad 1813 British invade Plattsburgh, NY 1912 US government prohibits movies & photos of prize fights 1922 18-year-old Ralph Samuelson rides world's 1st water skis 1964 Al Parker glides 644 miles without any motor 1966 Alabamans burn Beatle products due to John Lennon's anti-Jesus remark 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! The hardest thing to do is to disquise your feelings when sending a large crowd of visiting relatives home. --- Socratex I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set, I go into the other room and read a book. --- Groucho Marx Television is to news as bumperstickers are to philosophy. --- Richard Milhous Nixon The applicant for life insurance was finding it difficult to fill out the application. The salesman asked what the trouble was, and the man said that he couldn't answer the question about the cause of death of his father. The salesman wanted to know why. After some embarrassment the client explained that his father had been hanged. The wise salesman pondered for a moment. "Just write: 'Father was taking part in a public function when the platform gave way.'" A counselor was helping his kids put their stuff away on their first morning in Summer Camp. He was surprised to see one of the youngsters had an umbrella. The counselor asked, "Why did you bring an umbrella to camp?" The kid answered, "Have you ever had a mother? A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Adam barisa, 19 and Michael Russo, 19 in Boca Raton, FL Scooter suspect arrested for robbing senior sisters The Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office on Monday arrested and charged a Boca Raton man with a high-profile mugging of two elderly sisters. Adam Bardisa, arrested on his 19th birthday, was the man seen in surveillance pictures riding a Razor scooter at the Publix shopping center at 9886 Glades Road, west of Boca Raton, detectives said. He was charged strong-arm robbery and aggravated battery on persons over 65. The getaway driver sought in the Boca Raton mugging was nabbed this Thursday after cops executed a search warrant on his accomplice's cell phone, police said. Among the gems of data unearthed by investigators on accused mugger Adam Bardisa's cell phone were texts to his alleged driver Michael Nicholas Russo, 19. In them, Bardisa, also 19, talks of his own mom seeing surveillance footage on the TV news of him robbing the two victims, who were 84 and 96 years old. "Yo how bout my mom just saw me on the news on a scooter robbing 2 old ladies and there opening an investigation.. .Bro wtf!", read the text, sent a week after the robbery. Russo's response was instructive. "Yo you were guna be going to newyork very soon n----- u gota stay far away from police bruh and another thin if either of us get arrested don't say s--- bout me and I Wont say s--- bout u either and delete all those texts that have anything to with it rite now." "Already did," Bardisa replied. Well, the cops know how to UN-delete. For robbing seniors they should be getting free room and board for a long time, even in Florida. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Lani Re: Get rid of duplicate files Dear Webby I have tried a number of programs to get rid of duplicates. It seems, the more expensive they are, the less they do. Some of my relatives use Incredimail, and slobber those semi- cutesy little animations onto the bottom of their mails, because they ar too cheap to use the paid version, but still want to be cutesy. Naturally, all those little animations and icons have different file names each time, which makes getting rid of them a lot harder. I also have different versions of pictures, sometimes in different folders. Somebody sends me a picture, or a link, and I save it to wherever my current Collector's bin is, because I am not sure whether I already have that picture. How do YOU get rid of duplicate files? Dear Lani The Incredimail animations and icons are probably in your email's Embedded or Attached folder. Browse into it with a graphics program like PSP, set to sort by size. All that crap will be near the top, because thankfully those icons and animations are small. Click on the first one, hold down SHIFT, and scroll down a mile or two until you get to pictures, that are worth keeping. CTRL DEL will dump the thousands of nuisance items, that you have highlighted. Also check at the opposite end. Chances are you have some ridiculously huge files, that are not really worth keeping. The first trick will free up available fiel handles and speed up Windows, the second trick will free up hard drive space and make defragging easier and faster. For the third trick sort the pictures by name, and just do a fast scroll. Whenever you come across stuff like BobGolfing.jpg, BobGolfing1.jpg, BobGolfing2.jpg etc. the same picture again and again, most likely from a snazzy signature block, they will be easy to spot. Highlight abd dump. If you have multiple "Keepers" locations, you just have to combine them. You can separate them by date later, IF you want. So CTRL drag all the pictures from KEEPERS-1995 to KEEPERS2012. Whenever there are duplicate file names, Windows will stop and ask you if you want to overwrite. Just tell it YES, Overwrite all. If you stop and look at the pictrues each time there is a duplicate file name, you will be at it for years. So just overwrite. Otherwise the copying will stall. Then do the same with the keepers from 1996, 1997 and so on. Once you have them all in KEEPERS2012, use the tricks you practised in the email folders. You still have the original folders, since you used CTRL-Drag (copy). You can zip those folders up or burn them onto a DVD. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! >From Edna Dear Webby, can you please try to find that old bricklayer's accident report again? You haven't told that one for five years at least, and I can't find it any more. Thanks Edna No Problem, Edna. Here it is: I am writing in response to your request for additional information. In block number 3 in the Accident Report Form I put "Lost Presence-of-Mind" as the cause of my accident. You asked in your letter that I should explain more fully, and I trust the following details will be sufficient. I am a bricklayer, by trade. On the day of the accident I was working alone on the roof of a new 6 story building. When I completed my work, I discovered I had about 500 pounds of bricks left over. Rather than carry them down by hand, I decided to lower them down in a barrel, using a pully, which fortunately was attached to the building at the 6th floor. Securing the rope at ground level, I went up to the roof, swung the barrel out, and loaded the bricks into it. Then I went to the ground floor, untied the rope, holding it tightly to ensure a slow decent of the 500 pounds of bricks. You will note in block number 3 of the Accident Reporting Form, that I weigh 145 pounds. Due to my surprise at being jerked off the ground so suddenly, I lost my presence-of-mind and forgot to let go of the rope. Needless to say, I proceeded at a high rate up the side of the building. In the vicinity of the 3rd floor, I met the barrel coming down--this explains the fractured skull and broken collar bone. Slowed, only so slightly, I continued my rapid ascent, not stopping until the fingers of my hand were 2 knuckles deep into the pully. Fortunately, by this time I had regained my presence-of-mind, and was able to hold tightly to the rope inspite of my increasing pain. At approximately the same time, however, the barrel of bricks hit the ground and the bottem fell out of the barrel. Devoid of the weight of the bricks, the barrel now weighed approximately 50 pounds. I refer you again to my weight in block number 3, and as you might imagine--I began a rapid decent down the side of the building. In the vicinity of the 3rd floor, yes, I met the barrel coming up, this accounts for the 2 fractured ankles, and the lacerations on my legs and lower body. The encounter with the barrel slowed me enough to lessen my injuries when I fell onto the pile of bricks, and fortunately, only 3 vertebrae were cracked. I am sorry to report, however, that as I lay there on the pile of bricks, in pain, unable to stand, and watching the empty barrel 6 stories above me, I again lost my presence-of-mind, and let go of the rope. The empty barrel weighed more than the rope--so it came down on me and broke both my legs. I trust I have furnished you the information you require as to how this accident occurred Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Reuse Cardboard From Tissue Box Open up the glued end of an empty large tissue box so it is now flat. Trim off the logo area. You can use the plain white area if you wish. Trim off ends and save them. You can get three tiny gift tags... READ MORE at ThriftyFun Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ The sign on the escalator door read, "This escalator is out of whack." By the next day someone used a crayon to add "More whack is on order." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. Tom was in his usual place in the morning sitting at the table, reading the paper after breakfast. He came across an article about a beautiful actress that was about to marry a football player who was known primarily for his lack of IQ and common knowledge. He turned to his wife Linda, with a look of question on his face. "I'll never understand why the biggest shmucks get the most attractive wives." His wife replies, "Why, thank you, dear!" Lights / Flash placement Monday, July 30, 2012, 06:54 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Monday, July 30 Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1836 1st English newspaper published in Hawaii 1863 Pres Lincoln issues "eye-for-eye" order to shoot a rebel prisoner for every black prisoner shot 1909 US Army accepts delivery of 1st military airplane 1916 German saboteurs blow up a munitions plant on Black Tom Island, NJ 1923 New Zealand claims Ross Dependency 1942 German SS kills 25,000 Jews in Minsk, Belorussia 1946 V2 rocket attains 100 mi (167 km) altitude, White Sands, NM 1956 US motto "In God We Trust" authorized 1965 LBJ signs Medicare bill 1967 Race riot in Milwaukee 1975 Teamsters Pres Jimmy Hoffa disappears in Detroit 1984 Alvenus tanker at Cameron La, spills 2.8 million gallons of oil 1988 Ronald J Dossenbach begins world record ride, pedaling across Canada from Vancouver BC, to Halifax, NS (13 days, 15 hr, 4 min) 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! The glory of great men should always be measured by the means they have used to acquire it. --- Francois de La Rochefoucauld Good judgment comes from experience, and experience comes from bad judgment. --- Barry LePatner Almost all absurdity of conduct arises from the imitation of those whom we cannot resemble. --- Samuel Johnson On a Kansas City street, where the speed is limited to 30 mph the police stop a driver. "Not only have you been driving too fast, you've been passing cars where it is not allowed. Your lights don't work, and your tires all completely worn out. This is going to cost you a lot. What's your name?" "Schtrathewisizeski Vocgefastilongchinic." "Well, I'll let you go this time, but don't do it again!" Deep in the back woods of Lester County, Kentucky, a hillbilly's wife went into labor in the middle of the night, and the doctor was called out to assist in the delivery. Since there was no electricity, the doctor handed the father-to-be a lantern and said, "Here. You hold this high so I can see what I am doing!" Soon, a baby boy was brought into the world. "Whoa there", said the doctor, "Don't be in such a rush to put that lantern down. I think there's another one coming." Sure enough, within minutes he had delivered a baby girl. "Hold that lantern up, don't set it down, there's another one!" said the doctor. Within a few minutes he had delivered a third baby. "No, don't be in a hurry to put down that lantern, it seems there's yet another onecoming!" cried the doctor. The redneck scratched his head in bewilderment, and asked the doctor ... "You reckon it might be the light that's attractin' 'em?" A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . Thanks to Lillemor for this picture: Click on the picture for the large version From our early eve. walk. Sure can see how the Pineapple got its name. ~ Lillemor If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Leslie Brown,, 24, in Louisville, Kentucky Charged With Stripping Off Bikini Bottoms, Scaring Children At Public Pool Leslie Brown Leslie Brown, a 24-year-old Louisville woman was jailed Wednesday after she allegedly stripped off her swimsuit bottoms and jumped into a public pool with children. According to Louisville Metro Police, officers were dispatched at around 7 p.m. after receiving a report that a naked woman was scaring children at a public pool. When officers arrived on the scene, a lifeguard told them that Brown had removed her bikini bottoms and jumped into a pool with children. She then allegedly began yelling at and frightening the children. When officers questioned Brown, she smelled of alcohol and was unsteady on her feet. She admitted that she had consumed "5 shots" before getting into the pool. Brown was booked into jail and charged with alcohol intoxication in a public place and disorderly conduct. The picture is a stock glamor shot of her, and not necessarily recent. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Brian Re: Light / Flash placement Dear Webby I was picked (on) to take the volunteer award pictures. I remember that you said to avoid flash if at all possible, but I don't remember what you said about where to place lights. The overhead lights are pretty good and I have room to place hat racks with quartz construction lights on both sides of me. What do you suggest? Brian Dear Brian Put all lights to one side of you. Otherwise you kill contrast. An outstretched arms length or a bit more distance is best. The height of the lights should be a hands width higher than their heads for young people, and about waist high for older people. Low lighting makes double-chins disappear and is generally more flattering to older people. That goes just for the lights, not the camera. Keep the camera hed high. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Mrs. Smith pulled Mrs. Jones out of earshot of the porch, where Mrs. Jones' lovely young daughter, Linda, sat. "It is really none of my business," whispered Mrs. Smith, "but have you noticed what your daughter is doing?" "Why, no. Is she up to anything special?" Mrs. Smith leaned closer. "Haven't you noticed? She has started knitting tiny garments!" Mrs. Jones' troubled brow cleared. "Well, thank goodness," she said smiling, "at last she has taken an interest in something besides running around with boys." Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Make Your Own Peanut Butter It's easy to save money on peanut butter. Buy bulk, unsalted peanuts and grind in a blender. Add salt as needed. We get our peanuts for $1.25 lb. I like $2.50 for a big jar of peanut butter, rather than... READ MORE at ThriftyFun Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ A fourth-grade teacher was giving her pupils a lesson in logic. "Here is the situation," she said. "A man is standing up in a boat in the middle of a river, fishing. He loses his balance, falls in, and begins splashing and yelling for help. His wife hears the commotion, knows he can't swim, and runs down to the bank. Why do you think she ran to the bank?" A girl raised her hand and said, "To clean out all his bank acconts before the inlaws get at them?" Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. A second grader arrived home after school and shocked his mother by announcing, "Today we learned how to make babies." Risking further embarrassment, the mother asked for details on how to make babies. "It's simple, the boy replied, "Just drop the'y' and add 'ies." Is ebay safe? Sunday, July 29, 2012, 06:08 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Sunday, July 29 Do you remember Deeli ? Once upon a time, long, long ago, when I was still young and whatever, Deeli used to write the Kudos column and for a while even found the material for the Boneheads Awards. Got this email from her: ThriftyFun just launched/switched over to beta version these past few days without making sure 'all' glitches were worked out first ... Can't even currently leave a comment half the time for a contest submission ... Guess they like to punish themselves and their readers because they didn't learn to wait and be certain ... Example: a new format in April of 2011 that took months to work out the bugs and for which they permanently lost dozens of (now formerly) regular staunch ThriftyFun members because it was no longer 'thrifty' time wise nor 'fun' at all - LOL I almost left then too but really need the extra income I receive winning contests ... Huggers, Deeli Thriftyy Fun is the parent company of the EzineFinder. At the moment the voting seems to be working. Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1715 10 Spanish treasure galleons sunk off Florida coast by hurricane 1835 1st sugar plantation in Hawaii begins 1858 1st commercial treaty between US & Japan signed 1858 US citizens allowed to live anywhere in Japan 1899 1st motorcycle race, Manhattan Beach, NY 1915 US marines land in Haiti, stay until 1924 1930 115ï¿½ F (46ï¿½ C), Holly Springs, Mississippi 1952 1st nonstop transpacific flight by a jet 1969 Mariner 6 begins transmitting far-encounter photos of Mars 1970 6 days of race rioting in Hartford Ct 1981 Prince Charles of England weds Lady Diana Spencer 1991 Donald Trump gives Marla Maples a 7+ carat engagement ring 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Household tasks are easier and quicker when they are done by somebody else. --- James Thorpe There is nothing so absurd but some philosopher has said it. --- Cicero, De Divinatione Dear Webby, do you still have that "Chili Tasting Report"? I would love to see it again. Barb Here it is, an annual favorite: Note: Please take time to read this slowly. If you pay attention to the first two judges, the reaction of the third judge is even better! For those of you who have lived in Texas, you know how true this is. They actually have a Chili Cook-off about the time the Rodeo comes to town. It takes up a major portion of the parking lot at the Astrodome. The notes are from an inexperienced Chili taster named Frank, who was visiting Texas from the East Coast: Frank: "Recently, I was honored to be selected as a judge at a chili cook-off. The Judge #3 called in sick at the last moment and I happened to be standing there at the judge's table asking for directions to the Budweiser truck, when the call came in. I was assured by the other two judges (Native Texans) that the chili wouldn't be all that spicy and, besides, they told me I could have free beer during the tasting, so I accepted." Here are the scorecards from the event: Chili # 1 (Mike's Maniac Mobster Monster Chili) Judge # 1 -- A little too heavy on the tomato. Amusing kick. Judge # 2 -- Nice, smooth tomato flavor. Very mild. Judge # 3 -- (Frank) Holy shit, what the hell is this stuff? You could remove dried paint from your driveway. Took me two beers to put the flames out. I hope that's the worst one. These Texans are crazy. Chili # 2 (Arthur's Afterburner Chili) Judge # 1 -- Smoky, with a hint of pork. Slight jalapeno tang. Judge # 2 -- Exciting BBQ flavor, needs more peppers to be taken seriously. Judge # 3 -- Keep this out of the reach of children. I'm not sure what I'm supposed to taste besides pain. I had to wave off two people who wanted to give me the Heimlich maneuver. They had to rush in more beer when they saw the look on my face. Chili # 3 (Fred's Famous Burn Down the Barn Chili) Judge # 1 -- Excellent firehouse chili. Great kick. Needs more beans. Judge # 2 -- A beanless chili, a bit salty, good use of peppers. Judge # 3 -- Call the EPA. I've located a uranium spill. My nose feels like I have been snorting Drano. Everyone knows the routine by now. Get me more beer before I ignite. Barmaid pounded me on the back, now my backbone is in the front part of my chest. I'm getting shit-faced from all of the beer! Chili # 4 (Bubba's Black Magic) Judge # 1 -- Black bean chili with almost no spice. Disappointing. Judge # 2 -- Hint of lime in the black beans. Good side dish for fish or other mild foods, not much of a chili. Judge # 3 -- I felt something scraping across my tongue, but was unable to taste it. Is it possible to burn out taste buds? Sally, the barmaid was standing behind me with fresh refills. That 300-lb bitch is starting to look HOT... just like this nuclear waste I'm eating! Is chili an aphrodisiac? Chili # 5 (Linda's Legal Lip Remover) Judge # 1 -- Meaty, strong chili. Cayenne peppers freshly ground, adding considerable kick. Very impressive. Judge # 2 -- Chili using shredded beef, could use more tomato. Must admit the cayenne peppers make a strong statement. Judge # 3 -- My ears are ringing, sweat is pouring off my forehead and I can no longer focus my eyes. I farted and four people behind me needed paramedics. The contestant seemed offended when I told her that her chili had given me brain damage. Sally saved my tongue from bleeding by pouring beer directly on it from the pitcher. I wonder if I'm burning my lips off. It really pisses me off that the other judges asked me to stop screaming. Screw those rednecks. Chili # 6 (Vera's Very Vegetarian Variety) Judge # 1 -- Thin yet bold vegetarian variety chili. Good balance of spices and peppers. Judge # 2 -- The best yet. Aggressive use of peppers, onions, and garlic. Superb. Judge #3-- I shit myself when I farted and I'm worried it will eat through the chair. No one seems inclined to stand behind me except that Sally. She must be kinkier than I thought. Can't feel my lips anymore. I need to wipe my ass with a snow cone. Chili # 7 (Susan's Screaming Sensation Chili) Judge # 1 -- A mediocre chili with too much reliance on canned peppers. Judge # 2 -- Ho hum, tastes as if the chef literally threw in a can of chili peppers at the last moment. I should take note that I am worried about Judge #3. He appears to be in a bit of distress as he is cursing uncontrollably. Judge # 3 -- You could put a grenade in my mouth, pull the pin, and I wouldn't feel a thing. I've lost sight in one eye, and the world sounds like it is made of rushing water. My shirt is covered with chili, which slid unnoticed out of my mouth. My pants are full of lava-like shit to match my shirt. At least during the autopsy, they'll know what killed me. I've decided to stop breathing, it's too painful. Screw it; I'm not getting any oxygen anyway. If I need air, I'll just suck it in through the 4-inch hole in my stomach. Chili # 8 (Tommy's Toe-Nail Curling Chili) Judge # 1 -- The perfect ending, this is a nice blend chili. Not too bold but spicy enough to declare its existence. Judge # 2 -- This final entry is a good, balanced chili. Neither mild nor hot. Sorry to see that most of it was lost when Judge # 3 passed out, fell over and pulled the chili pot down on top of himself. Not sure if he's going to make it. Poor dude, wonder how he'd have reacted to really hot chili. The insurance salesman, trying to start up a conversation with another fella said, "Who is the ugly lady over there?" The second man said, "Why, that's my wife!" Trying to get out of an embarrassing situation, the salesman said, "No, not her, the other one!" The second man said, "That's my daughter!" THUMP A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . Click on the picture for the large version Thanks for gary and Pam for sending this picture of some grizzlies they saw on the way to work. They are in the Yukon. If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Jonathon Bijoel, 28, and Cassandra Gagnon, 23 in Manchester, New Hampshire Couple Jailed After Police Find Loaded Weapon Under Baby, Hidden Inside Baby Carriage Jonathon Bijoel, 28, and Cassandra Gagnon, 23, were booked into jail after they allegedly left a loaded gun in a baby carriage, with the child still inside. According to Manchester police, officers were dispatched after receiving reports of an assault. When officers arrived on the scene, they spoke to the victim, who stated that Bijoel had attacked him. After a brief search, officers found Bijoel and Gagnon walking down the street, pushing a baby carriage. Investigators say when officers approached the couple, Gagnon took the baby carriage from Bijoel and attempted to walk away. Police detained the couple, searched the carriage, and found Bijoel's one-year-old daughter sitting just above a loaded 9mm handgun that was hidden inside the carriage. An investigation revealed that the gun had been reported stolen. Gagnon was booked into jail and charged with violating bail and falsifying evidence. Bijoel was also jailed on charges of violating bail, robbery, and theft of a firearm. He was also a convicted felon, so he was additionally charged with felon in possession of a firearm. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Roberta Re: Is eBay safe? Dear Webby I am fairly new to the Internet and have some questions about buying stuff from eBay. Have you ever bought anything from there? How safe is it? Roberta Dear Roberta Yes, I have bought many things via ebay, from software to electronics. I have always been happy with my purchases. It's quite safe to buy stuff via ebay. They are a huge company and can't afford to let any crooks giving them a bad name. If somebody tries something crooked, they jump on them with both feet. Here are some tricks to make your shopping there easier: 1) Get a PayPal account and an ebay account. 2) If you want a certain item, check with pricegrabber.com to see how much it is in the stores. 3) Decide how much you are willing to budget for that item. 4) Put that amount into your Automatic Maximum Bid, but leave the automatic bidding turned off. 5) Bid a small amount to get into the action. 6) Watch the bidding but just quietly observe until a few minutes before closing of that item. Then turn the automatic bidding on. It will top all other bids with the incremental amount that you have chosen, but stay within your set maximum amount. As long as you do #2 and #4, you won't get carried away with auction fever and spend too much. Always pay for what you won immediately. Most sellers will reciprocate and ship just as promptly. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Every time the man next door headed toward Robinson's house, Robinson knew he was coming to borrow something. "He won't get away with it this time," muttered Robinson to his wife. "Watch this." "Er, I wonder if you'd be using your power-saw this morning," the neighbor began. "Gee, I'm awfully sorry," said Robinson with a smug look, "but the fact of the matter is, I'll be using it all day." And the neighbor said, "Well, in that case, you won't be using your golf clubs. Mind if I borrow them?" Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Guitar Picks from Repurposed Items I recently found an old wallet from somewhere I lived years ago. In it I re-discovered old library cards, bank cards, etc. Instead of throwing them out, I grabbed my snips and made myself some guitar picks. ThriftyFun Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ After deciding that their frail, elderly mother can no longer live alone, a family brings her to a nursing home, hoping she'll be well cared for. The next morning, the nurses bathe the old woman, feed her a tasty breakfast, and sit her in a chair at a window overlooking a lovely flower garden. She seems fine, but after a while she slowly starts to lean over sideways in her chair. Two attentive nurses immediately rush up to catch her and straighten her up. Again she seems fine, but after a while she starts to tilt to the other side. The nurses rush back and once more bring her back upright. This goes on all morning. Later the family arrives to see how the old woman is adjusting to her new home. "So Ma, how is it here? Are they treating you all right?" they ask. "It's pretty nice," she replies. "Except they won't let you fart." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. >From Liz Life is an endless struggle full of frustrations and challenges,but eventually you find a hairstyle you like. If nobody knows the troubles you've been in, then you don't live in a small town. How often should a computer be vacuumed out in summer? Saturday, July 28, 2012, 07:42 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Saturday, July 28 Thank you, Betty! Thank you Norm! Yes, I know Ezinefinder is still down. I have written them yesterday and today. Their regular contact form does not work either, but you'can try this one: http://www2.thriftyfun.com/about/bug_report.lasso Don't expect a reply, but they just might reboot Ezinefinder. Carol asked me to explain why I encourage people to wear a bit of red on Fridays. That goes back to the fields of Flanders in the first World War. That was a traditional war, with each side dug in in trenches, shooting and shelling and bombing the other side, but pretty well leaving the villages and towns alone. The soldiers were killing each other to fight for rights for the civilians. Canadian Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, who had enlisted as a soldier (gunnery officer) instead of with the medical corps, noticed after burying a friend, that red poppies sprang up within days on, and around fresh graves. That inspired him to write the Flanders Fields poem: In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie, In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. Not long after WWI the veterans started using the red poppy to raise funds for support for disabled or otherwise unfortunate veterans. In many countries the veterans even produced lapel poppies for fundraising. When Canadian troops went to Afghanistan and initially suffered heavy losses, probably because they were the most eager and fanatical troops, the "Home Front" went all out with moral support. Part of that was opening a Tim Hortons in the Kandahar, Afghanistan base, and another part was wearing a bit of red on Fridays. That concept spread to the US rather sporadically. In some areas people are enthusiastic about showing support for the troops, in others they aren't because they have been told that it is Bush's war and the soldiers should not have gone where somebody ordered them to go to. It is unfortunate, that those people have their mind made up for them and resent being shown facts or reality. Soldiers have not been ordered to go home after the last election, and they are still getting wounded or killed. And THAT is why I wear a red shirt on Fridays, not because of whoever might be in the White House. Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1586 Sir Thomas Harriot introduces potatoes to Europe 1821 Peru declares independence from Spain 1830 Revolution in France replaces Charles X with Louis Philippe 1866 Metric system becomes a legal measurement system in US 1900 Hamburger created by Louis Lassing in Connecticut 1914 Austria-Hungary marches into their province Serbia. England feels provoked into starting WW I 1915 10,000 blacks march on 5th Ave (NYC) protesting lynchings 1915 US forces invade Haiti, stays until 1924 1934 118ï¿½ F (48ï¿½ C), Orofino, Idaho 1942 Nazis kill 10,000 Jews in Minsk Russia 1945 US Army bomber crashes into 79th floor of Empire State Bldg, 14 die 1976 242,000 die in Tientsin-Tangshan (China) earthquake 1977 1st oil flow through the Alaska pipeline 1990 Blackout hits Chicago 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! "In a new survey it was found that roughly 30% of Americans believe in ghosts. It was also found that liberals are more likely to believe in ghosts that conservatives. Which explains why liberals are so against the death penalty. They're scared they might piss the guy off and he'll come back!" --- Jay Leno "Always remember, a cat looks down on man, a dog looks up to man, but a pig will look man right in the eye and see his equal." --- Winston Churchill Some of the images we have gathered are very, very graphic. --- CNN's Chris Lawrence in New Orleans Tech support: "What's on your monitor now, ma'am?" Customer: "A teddy bear my boyfriend bought for me instead of the chocolates I wanted." The psychology instructor had just finished a lecture on mental health and was giving an oral test. Speaking about a specific condition, she asked, "How would you diagnose a patient who walks back and forth screaming at the top of his lungs one minute, then sits in a chair weeping uncontrollably the next?" , in the back of the room, raised a hand and said, "A basketball coach?" A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Barbara Mott Bordelon, 52, in Lufkin, Texas Jailed After Sending Herself Harassing Messages Barbara Mott Bordelon, a 52-year-old Lufkin woman was jailed Thursday after she allegedly sent harassing messages to herself using a cell phone, then reported the harassment to police. According to Lufkin Police, Bordelon reportedly bought a prepaid cell phone, using the name of another woman. She then sent threatening text messages to her regular phone, using the prepaid cell phone. Investigators say Bordelon contacted police on July 9th and claimed that she was being harassed by another woman. She showed officers a message from the would-be harasser that threatened to harm her and her boyfriend if she didn't convince officers to stop an investigation. An investigation revealed, however, that Bordelon purchased the prepaid cell phone using a false identity and used both phones to create the illusion that she was being harassed and threatened. Bordelon was unable to explain why she acted in such manner. She was booked into the Angelina County Jail and charged with two counts of tampering with evidence, a third-degree felony, and one count of fraudulent use of identifying information, a state felony. She is currently being held in lieu of a $95,000 bond. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Helena Re: How often should a computer be vacuumed out? Dear Webby How often should a computer be vacuumed out? Thanks Helena Dear Helena During hot sommer temperatures I would recommend vacuuming out your computer twice as often as you vacuum up the dust bunnies behind the fridge and under the bed. In winter, about as often as you vacum under or behind the fridge. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! >From Frank: When my wife had to rush to the hospital unexpectedly, she asked me to bring her a few items from home. One item on her list was "comfortable underwear." Worried I'd make the wrong choice, I asked, "How will I know which ones to pick?" "Hold them up and imagine them on me," she answered. "If you smile, put them back." Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Use Scrubs as Pajamas Medical scrubs make very comfortable, cheap pajamas. They are available in a variety of colors and styles (including large sizes if required). I got mine from RMF Scrubs. ThriftyFun Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ Dr. Willis finished examining Matilda and went into the hallway to talk to her husband Bernie. "I don't want to alarm you," he said to Bernie, "but I don't like the way your wife looks at all." "Me neither, Doc." replied Bernie. "But she's a great cook and really good with the kids." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. US Government Pipe Specifications 1. All pipe is to be made of a long hole, surrounded by metal or plastic centered around the hole. 2. All pipe is to be hollow throughout the entire length - do not use holes of different sizes anywhere along the pipe. 3. The I.D. (inside diameter) of all pipe must not exceed the O.D. (outside diameter) - otherwise the hole will be on the outside. 4. All pipe is to be supplied with nothing in the hole so that water, steam or other stuff can be put inside at a later date. 5. All pipe should be supplied without rust - this can be more readily applied at the job site. N.B. Some Vendors are now able to supply pre-rusted pipe. If available in your area, this product is recommended as it will save a lot of time on the job site. 6. All pipe over 500 ft (153m) in length should have the words "long pipe" clearly painted on each end, so the Contractor will know it is a long pipe. 7. Pipe over 2 miles (3.2 km) in length must have the words "very long pipe" painted in the middle, so the Contractor will not have to walk the entire length of the pipe to determine whether or not it is a long pipe or a very long pipe. 8. All pipe over 6" (152 mm) in diameter must have the words "large pipe" painted on it, so the Contractor will not mistake it for small pipe. 9. Flanges must be used on all pipe. Flanges must have holes for bolts quite separate from the big hole in the middle. 10. When ordering 90 degrees, 45 degrees or 30 degrees elbow, be sure to specify right hand or left hand; otherwise you will end up going the wrong way. 11. Be sure to specify to your vendor whether you want level, uphill or downhill pipe. If you use downhill pipe for going uphill, the water will flow the wrong way. 12. All couplings should have either right hand or left hand thread, but do not mix the threads - otherwise, as the coupling is being screwed on one pipe, it is unscrewed from the other. Requested forwarding emails Friday, July 27, 2012, 04:08 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Friday, July 27 Time to wear a bit of red to show your support for the troops! My raspberries are ripening. I enjoyed a good hndful of them standing in fron of them, just picking them off the bushes. Saskatoon berries are getting close too. By the weekend it will be worthwhile to go out there with the colander and fill it in half an hour. Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1501 Copernicus formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral 1586 Sir Walter Raleigh brings 1st tobacco to England from Virginia 1689 Jacobite Scottish Highlanders defeat royal force at Killiecrankie 1837 US Mint opens in Charlotte, NC 1844 Fire destroys the US mint at Charlotte, NC 1862 Steamer "Golden Gate" burns & sinks off west coast of Mexico 1866 Atlantic telegraph cable successfully laid (1,686 miles long) 1897 37.5 cm (14.75") of rainfall, Jewell, Maryland 1909 Orville Wright tests 1st US Army airplane, flying 1h12m 1918 Socony 200, 1st concrete barge in US, launched to carry oil, NY 1919 Chicago race riot 1941 Japanese forces land in Indo-China 1944 1st British jet fighter used in combat (Gloster Meteor) 1944 US regains possession of Guam from Japanese 1953 Armistice signed ending Korean War 1954 Armistice divides Vietnam into two countries 1955 Austria regains full independence after 4-power occupation 1962 Martin Luther King Jr jailed in Albany Georgia 1962 Martin Luther King Jr jailed in Albany Georgia 1968 Race Riot in Gary Indiana 1976 8.2 Tangshan earthquake kills estimated 240,000 Chinese 1977 John Lennon is granted a green card for permanent residence in US 1988 Radio Shack announces the Tandy 1000 SL computer 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! When you come to a fork in the road, take it. --- Yogi Berra Get all the fools on your side and you can be elected to anything. --- Frank Dane You have enemies? Good. That means you've stood up for something, sometime in your life. --- Winston Churchill One cold and rainy day, a French tourist in Scotland decided to find out if the natives were as tight as he had heard. He stopped at a farm cottage, told the farmer's wife he was freezing to death, and was invited to come in and warm himself at the hearth. Once inside the house, he complained of being thirsty. The woman handed him an enormous white crockery mug filled with milk. After taking a big swig, the guest exclaimed, "This is sweet and fresh ... you are most generous!" She replied modestly, "It's nothing. My family wouldn't drink that milk because we found a dead rat in it." Sick to his stomach, the Frenchman clapped both hands over his mouth, allowing the huge mug to fall to the floor and shatter on the stone floor. The Scotswoman grabbed her broom, raised it high in the air, brought it down on the visitor's head, and hollered, "Get out, you ungrateful pig! I take you in my home, I let you share my fire, I give you milk to drink ... and now you repay my kindness by breaking the children's potty chair!" A champion jockey is about to enter an important race on a new horse. The horse's trainer meets him before the race and says, "All you have to remember with this horse is that every time you approach a jump, you have to shout, 'ALLLLEEE OOOP!' really loudly in the horse's ear. Providing you do that, you'll be fine." The jockey thinks the trainer is mad but promises to shout the command. The race begins and they approach the first hurdle. The jockey ignores the trainer's ridiculous advice and the horse crashes straight through the center of the jump. They carry on and approach the second hurdle. The jockey, somewhat embarrassed, whispers 'Aleeee ooop' in the horse's ear. The same thing happens--the horse crashes straight through the center of the jump. At the third hurdle, the jockey thinks, "It's no good, I'll have to do it," and yells, "ALLLEEE OOOP!" really loudly. Sure enough, the horse sails over the jump with no problems. This continues for the rest of the race, but due to the earlier problems the horse only finishes third. The trainer is fuming and asks the jockey what went wrong. The jockey replies, "Nothing is wrong with me - it's this horse. What is he - deaf or something?" The trainer replies, "Deaf?? DEAF?? He's not deaf-- he's BLIND!" A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . Click on the picture for the large version Summer Blizzard In Tibet Do you see the five deer? If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Beth Williams, Christina Haidle in Joplin, Missouri Charged With Starving 3-Year-Old Daughter, Child Weighed Just 12 Pounds! Beth Williams, 26, and her "roommate" Christina Haidle, 27 were jailed after Williams's unresponsive 3-year-old daughter arrived at a local emergency room weighing just 12 pounds. According to Jasper County Police, officers were called after Williams took her 3-year-old daughter to Joplin Hospital and the girl appeared to be suffering from abuse. The toddler was unresponsive when she arrived, and only weighed 12 pounds. Her blood sugar level was zero, her body temperature was too low to register, and her pulse was so faint CPR had to be performed to save her life. Doctors determined that the child was suffering from severe malnutrition, and critical care was needed to prevent dehydration, sepsis, circulatory failure, shock, and respiratory failure, all of which are fatal. She was flown to Mercy Hospital in Springfield where she received further treatment. Investigators say during the child's first four days of hospitalization, she gained three pounds, making it obvious that she had been nutritionally deprived. She was placed with a foster family after being released from the hospital, and gained two more pounds in less than a week. Williams and Haidle, who admitted to being the child's Secondary Care Provider, were both apprehended. "Secondary Care Provider" is usually a common law or same sex spouse, who signed to share and supplement responsibilities with one side in a custoy dispute. Williams and Haidle were booked into jail and charged with felony child endangerment. They probably will not be allowed to share beds in jail. Maybe that is why the 'mother" got such a pout on? Bond has been set at $500,000 each. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Janina Re: Requested Forwarding Dear Webby I imagine you get this question now and then but I would like to ask you anyway.... those silly "forwards" we get that say ..... This is the coolest thing I have ever gotten. All you have to do is send it to 7 people and watch your screen, it is the funniest clip. I can't tell you what is but I was laughing so hard I almost fell off my chair!!! So, send it to those 7 people and watch. ... Janina Dear Janina Those are all just gullibility traps for collecting addresses to spam to. If somebody is silly enough to forward stuff like that, chances are good that all kinds of snake oil can be sold to them. The only chain letter that does not get you onto a spam list is this one: Safe Chain http://webby.com/humor/fert.html Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! An old Wild West fort is about to be attacked. The wily old General sends for his trusty Indian Scout. "You must use all your thirty years of skill in trying to estimate the sort of army we are up against here." The trusty Indian Scout laid down and put his ear to the ground. "Heap large war party," he says, "maybe three hundred braves, four chiefs, two on black stallions, two on white stallions. All have war paint. Many many guns. Medicine man also with them." "Good grief!" exclaims the General, "you can tell all of that just by listening to the ground?" "No, Chubby," replied the Indian, "I can see under the gate." Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Old Credit Cards for Cleaning I use an old credit card to clean the algae off of the front of the aquarium. I took a watercolor class where the instructor used an old credit card like a squeegee to move paint around. By wasshrunk from Redlands, CA Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ While searching the archive for a certain picture I cam across this story from Dianne: Thanks to Dianne, who used to have a trucking company for this story: Truck driving in 1962 Back about 1962 when I had just started driving tank trucks, me and my instructor each drove separate trucks. One night as we were returning to our delivery area, we were hauling road oil, we stopped for coffee at an old truck stop along old route 66 in south central Illinois. As we drank our coffee outside the restaurant, two guys came along with a large male raccoon. My instructor asked what they were going to with it and they said "we don't know" My buddy asked them:"Do you want to see something funny?" They said sure, so my buddy gets an old gym bag out of his truck, dumps his stuff out of it, borrows a pair of gloves and stuffs that mad raccoon into the bag and zips it shut. The next move was to take the bag set it alongside the main highway and run back to the station parking lot. Just as planned, an old turquoise Plaza Plymouth screeches to a stop, a long arm reaches out and snags the bag. Off they go with a cloud of blue smoke following them. About the time the car gets to sixty, more blue smoke from sliding tires, the doors fly open and everybody bails out and they are looking back. Pretty soon that nasty raccoon comes ambling out of the car, and everybody in the parking lot is on the ground laughing. Well worth the loss of an old gym bag. Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. Bob had finally made it to the last round of the $50,000 Question. The night before the big question, he told the host MC that he desired a question on American History. The big night arrived. Bob made his way onstage in front of the studio and TV audience. He had become the talk of the week. He was the best guest this show had ever seen. The MC stepped up to the mike. "Bob, you have chosen American History as your final question. You know that if you correctly answer this question, you will walk away $50,000 dollars richer. Are you ready?" Bob nodded with a cocky confidence -- the crowd went nuts. He hadn't missed a question all week. "Bob, yours is a two-part question. As you know, you may answer either part first. As a rule, the second half of the question is always easier. Which part would you like to take a stab at first?" Bob was becoming more noticeably nervous. He couldn't believe it, but he was not sure, but American History was his easiest subject, and he played it safe. "I'll try the easier part first." The MC nodded approvingly. "Here we go Bob. I will ask you the second half first, then the first half." The audience grew silent with gross anticipation... "Bob, here is your question: And in what year did it happen?" How to lock out a desktop computer? Thursday, July 26, 2012, 05:54 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Thursday, July 26 Thank you Norma! Thank Mildred! When I got up at 06:20, it looked really dark, but there was orange sunshine on the wall. It just did not make sense, until I looked out the window. We had a solid, dark and low cloud cover reaching probably a few hundred miles to the East. And beyond that, lower down on the prairies in Saskatchewan, the sun was rising and peeking through below the clouds. I watched it and marveled at the curvature of the earth for the five minutes before the sun was high enough to be blocked by the clouds. By 7 it was raining. By noon it got sunny. Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1790 US passes Assumption bill making US responsible for state debts That means the Feds will have to pay for California's debt, when they go bankrupt. 1835 1st sugar cane plantation started in Hawaii 1847 Liberia declares independence from American Colonization Society 1848 1st Woman's Rights Convention (Senecca Falls NY) 1918 Race riot in Philadelphia 1943 120ï¿½ F (49ï¿½ C), Tishmoningo, Oklahoma 1945 Churchill resigns as Britain's PM 1953 Cuban pirate radio station's 1st transmission 1953 Fidel Castro begins Cuban rev with attack on Moncada Barracks 1956 Egypt seizes Suez Canal 1957 USSR launches 1st intercontinental multistage ballistic missile 1963 US Syncom 2, 1st geosynchronous communications satellite 1979 Estimated 109 cm (43") of rain falls in Alvin, TX 1991 Paul Reubens (Pee Wee Herman) is arrested in Florida, for exposing himself at an adult movie theater 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Few people can see genius in someone who has offended them. --- Robertson Davies Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear - not absence of fear. --- Mark Twain Sanity calms, but madness is more interesting. --- John Russell My favorite animal is steak. --- Fran Lebowitz A noted psychiatrist was a guest at a gathering, and his hostess naturally broached the subject in which the doctor was most at ease. "Would you mind telling me, Doctor," she asked, "how you detect a mental deficiency in somebody who appears completely normal?" "Nothing is easier," he replied. "You ask him a simple question which everyone should answer with no trouble. If he hesitates, that puts you on the track." "What sort of question?" "Well, you might ask him, 'Captain Cook made three trips around the world and died during one of them. Which one?' The hostess thought a moment, then said with a nervous laugh, "You wouldn't happen to have another example would you? I must confess I don't know much about history." From Cowpoke I ain't much for shopping, Or for goin' into town Except at cattle-shipping time, I ain't too easily found. But the day came when I had to go - I left the kids with Ma. But 'fore I left, she asked me, "Would you pick me up a bra?" So without thinkin' I said, "Sure," How tough could that job be? An' I bent down and kissed her An' said, "I'll be back by three." Well, I done the things I needed, But I started to regret Ever offering to buy that thing - I worked me up a sweat I walked into the ladies shop My hat pulled over my eyes, I didn't want to take a chance On bein' recognized. I walked up to the sales clerk - I didn't hem or haw - I told that lady right straight out, "I'm here to buy a bra." From behind I heard some snickers, So I turned around to see Every woman in that store Was a'gawkin' right at me! "What kind would you be looking for?" Well, I just scratched my head. I'd only seen one kind before, "Thought bras was bras," I said. She gave me a disgusted look, "Well sir, that's where you're wrong. Follow me," I heard her say, Like a dog, I tagged along. She took me down this alley Where bras was on display. I thought my jaw would hit the floor When I saw that lingerie. They had all these different styles That I'd never seen before I thought I'd go plumb crazy 'fore I left that women's store. They had bras you wear for eighteen hours And bras that cross your heart. There was bras that lift and separate, And that was just the start. They had bras that made you feel Like you ain't wearing one at all, And bras that you can train in When you start off when you're small. Well, I finally made my mind up - Picked a black and lacy one - I told the lady, "Bag it up," And figured I was done. But then she asked me for the size I didn't hesitate I knew that measurement by heart, "A six-and-seven-eighths." "Six and seven eighths you say? That really isn't right." "Oh, yes ma'am! I'm real positive - I measured them last night!" I thought that she'd go into shock, Musta took her by surprise When I told her that my wife's bust Was the same as my hat size. "That's what I used to measure with, I figured it was fair, But if I'm wrong, I'm sorry ma'am." This drew another stare. By now a crowd had gathered And they all was crackin' up When the lady asked to see my hat, To measure for the cup. When she finally had it figured, I gave the gal her pay. Then I turned to leave the store, Tipped my hat and said, "Good day." My wife had heard the story 'fore I ever made it home. She'd talked to fifteen women Who called her on the phone. She was still a-laughin' But by then I didn't care. Now she don't ask and I don't shop For women's underwear. ~ Author Unknown A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . Click on the picture for the large version Lake Minnewanka and Mount Inglismaldie, Banff National Park If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Sisters Allison Niemeyer, 19 and Laura Niemeyer, 22, in Ocala, Florida Jailed After Fleeing Walmart Security, Leaving Baby Behind Sisters Allison Niemeyer, 19 and Laura Niemeyer, 22, were jailed Saturday after they allegedly tried to shoplift from an Ocala Wal-Mart, then abandoned Allison's one-year-old son when a security officer tried to stop them. According to the Ocala Police Department, a Wal-Mart security officer attempted to stop the two sisters after they stuffed merchandise into a diaper bag and attempted to leave the store without paying for the items. When the security officer tried to detain them at the door, Allison, the mother, fled from the scene and ran to her car, leaving her one year old child behind. The officer also stopped Laura Niemeyer, however she fled the scene, also leaving the child behind. Security camera footage showed Allison sprinting across the parking lot, seemingly unconcerned that her child had been left behind. Laura dropped the child like a guy who tried to payby check, so she wouldn't be left behind to take the fall. The security guard quit pursing the woman since the child was seated in a shopping cart that could have rolled out into traffic in front of the store. Both suspects were apprehended at a local dance club late Saturday night (same day). The child by that time had already been placed into state custody pending a hearing of the case. Laura Niemeyer was booked into jail and charged with felony child neglect and retail theft. She is currently being held in lieu of $11,500 bond. Allison Niemeyer, the mother, was booked into jail on charges of felony child neglect and retail theft. She was also charged with violation of probation because she was on house arrest until 2021 in connection to a home invasion robbery with a firearm in 2010. She was pregnant at sentencing time and got an extraordinary lenient sentence because of her obvious pregnancy. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Rita Re: Lock out computer Dear Webby I need a way to lock out a computer so that my kids, who know how to get around password protection, can't get on it while I am sleeping or away. It is a big desktop computer with a nightmare of cables behind it. Thanks Rita Dear Rita You can get X10 controllable outlets for about $10 each and a key-fob remote controller for about the same. Get the proper outlets, not just the lamp modules that plug into existing outlets. Those are noticeable and can be pried off. If there is more than one outlet where they can plug the computer in, you will need X10 outlets for those too, but you can control them all with the same keychain remote control. Swapping existing outlets for X10 outlets is no big deal. Just turn the breaker off, and switch one wire at a time. You can get X10 components at Home Depot and many electrical supply stores. If you don't show them the keyfob and explain it to them, they will never figure it out and get into other types of mischief instead. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! >From Alf Mother was away all weekend at a business conference. During a break, she decided to call home collect. My six-year-old brother picked up the phone and heard a stranger's voice say, "We have a Betty on the line. Will you accept the charges?" Frantic, he dropped the receiver and came charging outside screaming, "Dad! They've got Mom! An they want money!" Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Old Credit Cards for Cleaning I use an old credit card to clean the algae off of the front of the aquarium. I took a watercolor class where the instructor used an old credit card like a squeegee to move paint around. By wasshrunk from Redlands, CA Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ John had given Judi one of those new fangled electric coffee makers for an anniversary present. Within a week she was taking it back to the store. The lady at the return counter asked her if it worked. "Oh sure, it makes a great cup of coffee. Just like the booklet said, I plug it in, set the timer, go on to bed, and, when I get up, the coffee's ready!" "So, ma'am, what's wrong with it?" "I don't want to have to go to bed every time I want to make a pot of coffee." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. >From Dean This is why we trail so many countries in math...I was sitting in a cafeteria recently, next to a woman who was engrossed in her newspaper. One of the headlines blared: "12 Brazilian Soldiers Killed." She shook her head at the sad news. Then, turning to me, asked, "How many is in a Brazilian?" What to do when the phone is not showing who is calling? Tuesday, July 24, 2012, 04:18 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Tuesday, July 24 By the time you read this, I will be on my way to Calgary to get more injections into my eyes. That means I won't be able to send out a Wednesday issue, and Thursday's might be short. Got a call from some telemarketer from some 1-800 number. When I see 1-800, my mood and patience automatically drops. Some Taliban was quietly mumbling something, so I told him that I could not understand him, and hung up. He had the nerve of calling a second time. I told him again that I could not understand his mumbling. He got a bit closer to his microphone and mentioned something about Better Business Bureau. Yeah, sure. So I told him to email me and gave him my email address, and hung up. Needless to say, there was no email from any Better Business Bureau. These telemarketers never have access to email. If they want me to do something for them, they have to get close to their microphone and speak up. Or use Skype like friends and clients do. Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1704 Great Britain takes Gibralter from Spain 1847 Brigham Young & his Mormon followers arrive at Salt Lake City 1847 Rotary-type printing press patented by Richard March Hoe, NYC 1870 1st trans-US rail service begins 1877 1st time federal troops are used to combat violent strikers 1915 Excursion ship Eastland capsizes in Lake Michigan, 852 die 1936 118ï¿½ F (48ï¿½ C), Minden, Nebraska (state record) 1936 121ï¿½ F (49ï¿½ C), near Alton, Kansas (state record) 1948 Soviets blockades Berlin from the west 1950 V-2 Corporal rocket launch; 1st launch from Cape Canaveral 1952 112ï¿½ F (44ï¿½ C), Louisville, Georgia 1961 US commercial plane is hijacked to Cuba 1967 Charles de Gaulle says 'Vive le Quï¿½bec libre! Long live free Quebec!' and causes a lot of problems 1969 Muhammad Ali is convicted for refusing induction in US Army 1987 IBM-PC DOS Version 3.3 (updated) released 1991 U of Manchester scientist announce finding a planet outside of the solar system 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! "Self-education is, I firmly believe, the only kind of education there is." --- Isaac Asimov To avoid situations in which you might make mistakes may be the biggest mistake of all. --- Peter McWilliams Margie received a bill from the hospital for her recent surgery, and was astonished to see a $900 fee for the anesthesiologist. She called his office to demand an explanation. "Is this some kind of mistake?" Margie asked when she got the doctor on the phone. "No, not at all," the doctor said calmly. "Well," said Margie, "that's awfully costly for knocking someone out." "Not at all," replied the doctor. "I knock you out for free. The 900 dollars is for bringing you back around." After watching the movie Cinderella, five-year-old Sarah started using her pinwheel as a magic wand, pretending she was a fairy godmother. "Make three wishes," she told her mother, "and I'll grant them." Her mom first asked for world peace. Sarah swung her wand and proclaimed the request fulfilled. Next, her mother requested for a cure for all ill children. Again, with a sweep of the pinwheel, Sarah obliged. The mother, with a glance down at her rather ample curves, made her third wish, "I wish to have a trim figure again." The miniature fairy godmother started waving her wand madly. "I'll need more power for this!" she exclaimed. A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Charged With Whipping Child To Death With Cord, Belt Not Used Because She Had Already Broken It While Beating Child Vastie Coleman, a 27-year-old Texas woman was jailed Sunday after she allegedly whipped her 4-year-old son to death with a cord. According to Houston Police, an investigation was launched Sunday when paramedics were called to Coleman's residence to revive her 4-year-old child. Detectives were dispatched to the scene when it became evident that the child had been abused prior to his death. Investigators say Coleman became angry when 4-year-old Kyron wet himself while riding in the car. In retaliation, Coleman beat the child with a cord until the little boy stopped breathing. She then placed the boy into a bath tub until paramedics arrived. The boy was taken to Northeast Hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. As paramedics tried to revive the child, Coleman reportedly told them "I did it, I beat him, it's all my fault and I don't care what happens to me." When detectives interviewed the little boy's two sisters, the children stated that Coleman would routinely beat them and that she beat Kyron with a cord because "the belt was broken because mom kept whipping so hard it broke into pieces." A medical exam revealed that Kyron's body also showed signs of previous abuse, according to Child Protective Services. Coleman was booked into the Harris County Jail and charged with injury to a child with serious bodily injury. She is currently being held without bond pending a formal hearing. The two surviving sisters, ages 6 and 8, have been placed into temporary foster care until permanent arrangements can be made for them. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Ella Re: Phone not showing who is calling Dear Webby I was told that my new phone would show me who is calling, but it never does, but it shows me who called while I was away. I know it's probably something stupid simple, so I am afraid to ask anybody around here because they will laugh about it for years. Thanks Ella Dear Ella You are just too efficient for your own good. Don't pounce on the phone like a desperate spinster. Relax, compose yourself, and wait for the second ring. Just before the second ring, the calling number will appear. If it is a telemarketer, lift the phone a couple of inches, and bash the rubber duckie, that you have sitting beside the phone, with your other hand, before letting the phone clatter down on it's cradle. If he phones back, then it wasn't a telemarketer. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Quote from one company: "We're only hiring one summer intern this year and we won't start interviewing candidates for that position until the Boss's daughter finishes her summer classes." Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Keep Saw from Sticking in Sappy Wood A little kerosene and used crankcase oil dripped onto its blade will keep a saw from sticking and binding as you cut hedges and other sappy wood. Source: Grandpa By fossil1955 from Cortez, CO Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ Management always needs to have the last word. Case in point: During a meeting at our financial consulting firm, a co-worker was asked to guesstimate a realistic closing rate for the larger cases we were handling. "I'd have to say 20 percent," he answered. "No, no, no," interrupted our boss. "It's more like one in five!" Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. Weary of constantly picking clothes up from the floor of her son's room, a mother finally laid down the law: each item of clothing she had to pick up would cost her son 25 cents. By the end of the week, he owed her $4.50. She received the money promptly, along with a 50- cent tip and a note that read, "Thanks, Mom; keep up the good work!" Dripping air conditioner Monday, July 23, 2012, 06:29 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Monday, July 23 Tomorrow I have to go for more injections into my eyes. That means I won't be able to send out a Wednesday issue, and Thursday's might be short. Ezinefinder seems to have been fixed late on Sunday. I have no idea what the problem was, since they don't answer emails. It looked like they installed a new Mac after last weekend's outage, but this one did not make it for a full week either. Well, for now voting works again. Let's hope they can keep it working for a while. Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 636 Arabs gain control of most of Palestine from the Byzantine Empire 1253 Jews are expelled from Vienne France 1298 Jews are massacred at Wurzburg Germany 1798 Napoleon captures Alexandria, Egypt 1829 William Austin Burt patents "typographer" (typewriter) 1880 1st commercial hydroelectric power plant, Grand Rapids, Mich 1904 1st Ice cream cone, by Charles E Menches during La Purchase Expo 1920 Kenya becomes a British crown colony 1940 "Blitz" begins, all-night raid on London 1944 US forces invade Japanese-held Tinian in WW II 1964 Egyptian munition ship "Star of Alexandria" explodes at dockside in Bone, Algeria. 100 die, 160 injured, $20 million damage 1967 43 killed in racial rebellion in Detroit (2,000 injured, 442 fires) 1968 PLO's 1st hijacking (El Al plane) 1974 Greek military dictatorship collapses 1980 Billy Carter admits to being paid by Libya 1989 Winds gust to 85 MPH at Fort Smith Arkansas 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! People who reach the top of the tree are only those who haven't got the qualifications to detain them at the bottom. --- Peter Ustinov Spare no expense to save money on this one. --- Samuel Goldwyn For aught that I could ever read, could ever hear by tale or history, the course of true love never did run smooth. --- William Shakespeare A news story said the police caught a guy trying to cash a phony check and took him down to the station. While the officers were distracted, the crook grabbed the check off the desk and swallowed it. No problem: the police waited five or six hours and then charged the guy with passing a bad check. Twice. Ginger tried to sell her old car. She was having a lot of problems selling it, because the car had 450,000 miles on it. One day, she told her problem to Sandie, a woman she worked with at a salon. The Sandie told her, "There is a possibility to make the car easier to sell, but it's not legal." "That doesn't matter," replied Ginger, "if I only can sell the car." "Okay," said Sandie. "Here is the address of a friend of mine. He owns a car repair shop. Tell him I sent you and he will 'fix it'. Then it should not be a problem to sell your car anymore." The following weekend, Ginger made the trip to the mechanic. About one month after that, the Sandie asked the Ginger, "Did you sell your car?" "No," replied Ginger, "Why should I? It only has 50,000 miles on it!" A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . Thanks to Dianne for sending this picture! If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Joshua Smith, 33, in Racine, Wisconsin Charged With Beating Wife For Over An Hour, Chomping Off Ear Joshua Smith, a 33-year-old Racine man was jailed Thursday after he allegedly beat his wife for over an hour, and bit off part of her ear. According to police, Smith reportedly called his wife after an evening of drinking and asked her to come pick him up from a friend's house. She declined, however, because he had been drinking all day, and they have had issues in the past when he was drunk. She then took her children and left their residence for a few hours, hoping to give Smith a chance to calm down. Instead, she arrived back home to find Smith fighting with his stepfather. When the stepfather left the residence, Smith allegedly t urned his anger onto his wife. Investigators say Smith attacked and beat his wife for over an hour, punching and biting her as she begged him to stop. After she convinced Smith to let her go to sleep, she climbed through a bedroom window and ran to her neighbor's house for help. She had several bite marks on her hands, arms, and face. She also had a swollen face, a split lip and part of her ear bitten off. Smith was booked into jail and charged with false imprisonment, substantial battery, reckless endangerment, mayhem, bail jumping, and disorderly conduct. If convicted, he could face up to 40 years in prison and $100,000 in fines. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Martha Re: Dripping office air conditioner Dear Webby To keep the computers cool and clean we put them into a former pantry and just run monitor and keyboard and mouse extension cables to the office beside it. It really cuts down the noise too! However, to keep the computer pantry cool enough that the machines don't smoke, we installed a throuh- the-wall air conditioner. Most of the time it works fine, but every now and then it drips water like crazy. By the time the water runs out from under the door over the door sill, there is a one inch deep lake in there. Kicking or slapping the air conditioner does not help, but eventually it always stops dripping on it's own. It does not stop cooling when it drips. What's the story behind all that and how do we fix it? Martha Dear Martha You have an air conditioner that was designed by an accountant instead of an engineer. The good ones have an inclined drip pan inside that is sloped to the outside and gets rid of the condensation water through a little pipe or spout. Without that drip pan, the condensation water is blown towards the inside by the fan, and leaks into the room. When the air outside is dry, there is not enough condensation to worry about, but on humid days, you will get lots. The easiest and quickest fix is to switch the unit to recirculate instead of using fresh air. Since you probably need the fresh air, a more permanent fix is to adjust the leveling brackets on the outside and tilt the air conditioner an inch or more towards the outside. Less than that is not worth the hassle, because the water has to run downhill against the wind from the fan. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! had lost weight over the past few years, and was heaving items from the wardrobe, that no longer fit, into a box that a boyscout held for a charity drive. "Wow," said, "I must have worn these when I was 195." The boyscout looked puzzled, then asked, "How old are you now?" Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Handy Prop for House Plants If you have house plants with thin vines that do not stand up with a stick, I have used a wooden 5 fingered back scratcher to hold these vines up. Put the fingers upward and the vines slide nicely between fingers. This works great and does not hurt your vines of the plant. By Smilingfaces88 from Spruce Grove, Alberta, Canada Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ The preacher spent his whole sermon relating the evils of sin and how all men are sinners with no exceptions. At the end of the sermon he asked rhetorically, "Now does anyone here think they are without sin?" He had only to wait a few seconds before a man in one of the back pews stood up. The pastor asked the man who had the audacity to stand after such a fiery sermon, "Sir, do you really think you are completely without sin?" The man quickly answered, "No sir, I'm not standing up for myself, but for my wife's first husband." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. At a Wal-Mart in Grand Rapids, Michigan, a man stole a pair of blue jeans. He took the jeans into the dressing room, took off his old ones, cut the tags off the new ones, and left his old jeans and the tags from the new ones in the dressing room while he walked out of the store. He was arrested the next day.. The new jeans were on sale for $9.97. His old jeans had $15 and a printed out letter to him, which included his AOL address, in a pocket. More on selective softening of images Sunday, July 22, 2012, 06:32 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Sunday, July 22 Yes, I know that the Ezinefinder is down again. I wrote them Friday evening and again on Saturday. At the mall today a too skinny lady with a clipboard stepped in my way and asked me what kind of sun blocker I use. I told her that the reason I was better looking than her was because I had never used any sun blocker except my cool shades. Uh, duh, uh, but, duh... It seemed impossible to her, that somebody was immune to all the sun blocker commercials. Well, I am immune to razor and shaving foam commercials too. And any political commercials. I wonder how much time that saves me? By the way I got updated on the gas gauges. Apparently on newer cars, when there is a little arrow on the gauge, that arrow points to the side, where the tank is, and the little gas tank icon is most likely wrong. On my car, a fairly old Chrysler, there is no arrow, and the little gas pump icon is still correct. Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1298 English defeat Scots at Battle of Falkirk 1775 George Washington takes command of the troops 1812 Duke of Wellington defeats French in Salamanca, Spain 1926 105ï¿½ F (41ï¿½ C), Waterbury, Connecticut (state record) 1926 108ï¿½ F (42ï¿½ C), Troy, New York (state record) 1942 Gasoline rationing begins in US during WW II 1943 Allied forces captured Palermo, Sicily 1944 Soviets set up Polish Committee of National Liberation 1947 -8ï¿½ F (-62ï¿½ C), Charlotte Pass, NSW (Australian record) 1972 Venera 8 makes soft landing on Venus 1983 Dick Smith makes 1st solo helicopter flight around the world 1983 Poland's PM Januzelski lifts martial law 1987 US began escorting re-flagged Kuwaiti tankers in Persian Gulf 1988 500 US scientists boycott Pentagon germ-warfare research 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! I hold it to be the inalienable right of anybody to go to hell in his own way. --- Robert Frost I just need enough to tide me over until I need more. --- Bill Hoest Accomplishing the impossible means only that the boss will add it to your regular duties. --- Doug Larson A lady lost her handbag at the mall. found it and returned it to her. Looking in her purse, she said, "Hmm, that's funny. When I lost my bag, there was a $20 bill in it. Now there are twenty $1 bills." replied, "That IS funny. The last time I found a lady's purse, she didn't have any change for a reward." A voice on the bank loudspeaker announced: "We will be testing the speaker system to make sure it will work pro- perly in case of emergency." My confidence in this safety precaution faded when the voice added: "If you are unable to hear this announcement, please contact the main office." A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . Thanks to dad for this picture: Click on the picture for the large version Only one that bloomed today, a Shuhmannii. If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Chrystina Del Rosario, 25, La Mesa, California Teacher - Charged With Sex with 15-year-Old Student Chrystina Del Rosario, a 25-year-old teacher's assistant at Reflections Central School, was jailed Monday after she allegedly had sex with a 15-year-old student. According to La Mesa Police, an investigation was launched after rumors began circulating, prompting school officials and police to investigate. Investigators say Del Rosario had sex with a 15-year-old student inside a classroom on or about June 27, 2012. Del Rosario was employed as a teacher's aide at the school, which specialized in educating young offenders. Del Rosario was booked into jail and charged with performing a lewd act with a child, intent to commit a sexual offense with a minor and unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Britta Re: More on Soft focus for picture Dear Webby Did somebody rudely interrupt you as you were explaining how to make a sharp spot in a soft focus picture? What is the next step? Britta Dear Britta If somebody did, I would never tell on her '-) The next step is to play and experiment. Do you want the irrelevant parts of that machine, or whatever you are describing, to be shaded, as if only the relevant part was in the sun ? Then reduce brightness of the selected area. Remember, you first selected the chosen area, then inverted the selection, so that everything except the chosen area was selected. Cranking down the brightness will make the untouched chosen area stand out like the rude sign-up forms on some low-class ads. Do you want a light mist over the irrelevant parts? Then increase brightness and reduce contrast. With the lassoo tool you can select irregular shapes like a person in a crowd. Just play and experiment until yuo have the results that you want. Then stick with that setting. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Thanks to David for this one: (He's not worried that his mother will read his submission. She's not on the net, because she is afraid she might miss a call from him) Phone rings. JEWISH MOTHER picks up the phone and answers) Jewish Mother: Hello? Daughter Hi Mom. Can I leave the kids with you tonight? Jewish Mother You're going out? Daughter Yes. Jewish Mother With whom? Daughter With a friend. Jewish Mother I don't know why you left your husband. He is such a good man. Daughter I didn't leave him. He left me! Jewish Mother You let him leave you, and now you go out with anybodies and nobodies. Daughter I do not go out with anybody. Can I bring over the kids? Jewish Mother I never left you to go out with anybody except your father. Daughter There are lots of things that you did and I don't. Jewish Mother What are you hinting at? Daughter Nothing. I just want to know if I can bring the kids over tonight. Jewish Mother You're going to stay the night with him? What will your husband say if he finds out? Daughter My EX husband. I don't think he would be bothered. From the day he left me, he probably never slept alone! Jewish Mother So you're going to sleep over at this loser's place? Daughter He's not a loser. Jewish Mother A man who goes out with a divorced woman with children is a loser and a parasite. Daughter I don't want to argue. Should I bring over the kids or not? Jewish Mother Poor children with such a mother. Daughter Such a what? Jewish Mother With no stability. No wonder your husband left you. Daughter ENOUGH !!! Jewish Mother Don't scream at me. You probably scream at this loser too! Daughter Now you're worried about the loser? Jewish Mother Ah, so you see he's a loser. I spotted him immediately. Daughter Goodbye, mother. Jewish Mother Wait! Don't hang up! When are you bringing them over? Daughter I'm not bringing them over! I'm not going out! Jewish Mother If you never go out, how do you expect to meet anyone? Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Cleaning a Feather Duster To clean a feather duster, place it in a paper or plastic bag and then add a box of cornstarch. Hold it tightly, so it's securely closed and then shake vigorously for 15-30 seconds, preferably outside. Remove and shake out all cornstarch. By duckie-do from Cortez, CO Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ Four Religious Truths 1. Muslims do not recognize Jews as God's chosen people. 2. Jews do not recognize Jesus as the Messiah. 3. Protestants do not recognize the Pope as the leader of the Christian World. 4. Baptists do not recognize each other at Hooters. Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. Church Bulletin Bloopers Everyone is excited about the upcoming wedding of Brad and Melody They are having a "country style" wedding. Everyone is invited to join them as they exchange cows in the church courtyard June 7th. Remember the youth department rummage sale for Summer Camp. We have a Gents three-speed bicycle, also two old ladies for sale, in good running order. Soft focus for parts of pictures Saturday, July 21, 2012, 05:49 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Saturday, July 21 When I went for my walk it looked dark and wild, but I figured I could probably get back before it let go. On the way back it looked like a funnel was going to come down any moment, but tornadoes don't like lifting a leg and they just get momentum here and then touch down in the flat prairie east of here. Then I heard and saw a wall of dust approaching. I braced for it, but was not ready for it to take my cap. Sandie had given me that cap when I visited her in Cape Coral, Florida, on the day I helped her put the steel shutters on her house in preparation for the approaching Hurricane Wilma. There was just no damn way this wind was going to take that cap, and with a twist and lunge and roll more suited to a much younger soccer goalie I caught the cap. As I laid there on the road, almost ready to get up, a lawn chair flew by, doing about 60 in a 30 zone. If I had been upright, that would have hurt! I was almost home and I could see my Saskatoon bushes some ways down the road on the other side. So I crouched against the wind and went for them. Yeah, I would love to say i sprinted for them. In that kind of wind you don't sprint against the wind. You slowly stagger like carrying a big weight up a steep hill. I had to dodge an empty plastic flower pot, but made it safely to the berry bushes, that were making quite a racket in that wind. As I moved between two of the bushes, I did a neat face plant. No wind between the bushes! When I was about 30 feet from the house, there was a bright flash of lightning and a thunder clap before the flash was over. A second later the wind slowed down to about 30, and the rain started like a long held back waterfall. I had expected the rain when I saw the flash and started running, but by the time I got into the house, I was soaked. So I put the rescued cap onto the hallway counter, and went back outside. I was already wet, and a stormy, big drop summer rain is quite enjoyable. Have FUN! DearWebby Yesterday's Question: What were the first organisms to travel to space and return alive? And when was that? I thought it was the two dogs, that the Soviets shot into space for one orbit and recovered on July 20, 1960. I was wrong. Subscriber Tom told me it was fruit flies shot 68 miles high into space in Nevada on top of a confiscated German V2, in 1947, and recovered alive. Today in 1588 English fleet defeats Spanish armada 1831 Belgium gains independence from Netherland 1836 1st Canadian RR opens, between Laprairie & St John, Quï¿½bec 1861 1st major battle of Civil War ends 1873 Jesse James, 1st train robbery 1896 National Federation of Afro-American Women & Colored Women's League merge to form National Association of Colored Woman 1898 Spain cedes Guam to US 1919 Dirigible crashes through bank skylight killing 13 (Chicago, Ill) 1934 113ï¿½ F (45ï¿½ C), near Gallipolis, Ohio 1940 Soviet Union annexes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania 1944 US forces free Guam of Japanese invaders 1954 At Geneva, France agrees to independence of North & South Vietnam 1955 1st US sub powered by liquid metal cooled reactor launched 1959 1st atomic powered merchant ship, Savannah, christened 1969 Neil Armstrong steps on the Moon at 2:56:15 AM (GMT) 1972 In New York, 57 murders occur in 24 hours 1983 Polish govt ends 19 months of martial law 1984 1st documented case of a robot killing a human in US 1990 Pink Floyds' "The Wall" is performed where the Berlin Wall once stood 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Politics is made up largely of irrelevancies. --- Dalton Camp Confusion is always the most honest response. --- Marty Indik "My new dress. Do you like it? It's from my favorite designer, On Sale." --- Rita Rudner "My car has this feature I guess is standard, because it was on my last car, too. It has a rotating gas tank. No matter what side of the pump I pull up to, it's on the other side." --- Rita Rudner Have a look at your gas gauge. It has a small icon of a gas pump. If that icon has the nozle on the right, then your filler cap is on the right. If the icon has the nozzle on the left, then your gas cap is on the left. Yes, your car too! DearWebby A young American tourist goes on a guided tour of a creepy old castle. At the end of the tour the guide asks her how she enjoyed it. She admits to being a bit worried about seeing a ghost in some of the dark cobwebby rooms and passages. "Don't worry" says the guide, "I've never seen a ghost all the time I've been here." "How long is that?" asks the girl. "About three hundred years." Howard County Police officers still write their reports by hand, and the data is entered later by a computer tech into their database. One theft report stated that a farmer had lost 2,025 pigs. Thinking that to be an error, the tech called the farmer directly. "Is it true Mr. (Smith) that you lost 2,025 pigs?" she asked. "Yeth." lisped the farmer. Being a Howard County girl herself, the tech entered: "Subject lost 2 sows and 25 pigs." A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Benjamin Gottke, 43 in a jail in Maine Escaped Louisiana inmate drives unmarked police car 1,800 miles A Louisiana sheriff is reportedly unsure how an escaped inmate stole and drove an unmarked police car 1,800 miles across the country, but claims it wonï¿½t happen again. Benjamin Gottke, 43, was a trustee in the Tensas Sheriffï¿½s Office kitchen when he acquired keys to an unmarked police vehicle last week and escaped, The Natchez Democrat reports. Gottke, who had about nine months remaining on his sentence for simple burglary, was later arrested in Maine in on Saturday. He realized he had no chance of getting into Canada. Possibly a hitch-hiker who had given him monet for fuel, told him that anybody with a criminal record is arrested at the border and hauled back to the other side in handcuffs. So he turned around in No-Mans-Land between the border stations and tried to re-enter the USA. When CBP officials asked for Gottkeï¿½s identification at the Houlton port, he indicated he did not have any or a registration for the vehicle. ï¿½When he was asked to turn off the car he accelerated and ran the port heading south on I-95,ï¿½ Benson-Fuller said. ï¿½We contacted the state police and our law enforcement partners to undertake a search as we normally do to locate a suspect.ï¿½ Members of the U.S. Border Patrol, working with air support and a K-9 unit, located the vehicle abandoned at Irving Big Stop in Houlton about an hour later. Asselin said it appeared Gottke had fled on foot. ï¿½He crossed both lanes of the interstate on foot,ï¿½ he said. ï¿½His goal was to sneak into Canada on foot.ï¿½ Asselin said his department got word out to the public through local media asking residents to keep a lookout for the escaped prisoner. ï¿½We started to get some calls that he was seen on Elm Street,ï¿½ Asselin said. ï¿½Then someone driving heard the broadcast and spotted someone who matched the description and came in to the police station to report it.ï¿½ Gottke was subsequently located on the corner of Park and High Streets. When he was approached by law enforcement officers, Asselin said, Gottke resisted arrest and police used a Taser on him twice before placing him into custody. Gottke is facing charges in Maine as a fugitive from justice and resisting arrest as well as charges in Louisiana of simple escape and theft of a vehicle. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Anny Re: Soft focus for pictures Dear Webby How do I make a certain part of a picture sharply focused and the rest slightly out of focus? I need to highlight different parts of a machine to show what the instructions at that paragraph are all about. And I need some fast and quick way of doing it, not messing around for hours with masks and tricky stuff. I use PSP. Thanks Annie Dear Annie Use the rectangle selector or the lassoo in point to point mode and select the part that you want sharp. CTRL SHIFT I or mouse to Selection, Invert Now you have everything except that part "selected". SHIFT B brings up the Brightness / Contrast setting. Reduce contrast and increase brightness. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! >From Bonnie Recently, I called to make reservations on a small charter plane that departs from Teterboro airport in New Jersey. I knew that I would be flying in a very small plane, so I was not surprised when the clerk said, "The plane is very full with baggage and passengers." Then she asked, "How much do you weigh, Madam?" Not thinking clearly I answered, "With or without clothes?" "Well," said the clerk, "how do you intend to travel?" Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Use Dog Tag for Medical Information I purchased a dog tag from PetSmart and on one side I have my name and phone number, on the other side I list O-POS / DIABETIC. It's attached to my key chain just in case of an emergency and can easily be seen. By CaroleeRose from Madison, AL Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ >From Bill: I was taking a ground school class for private pilots. During the session on weather, the instructor wanted to discuss the concept of sublimation, the act of going from a gas to a solid, skipping the intermediate liquid stage. He gave as an example water vapor in the air condensing on a windshield to form ice. Wanting to see if the class had understood the concept, the instructor asked if anyone could provide an example of something that went straight from a solid to a gas. He was expecting "dry ice'' as the answer. One of the students blurted out, "Burritos." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. When I was discussing fund drives of universities with a few friends, one told this story: "I graduated from a private school that I didn't like much. Once I was outta there, I had no particular desire to ever contribute to their latest fund drive or future athletic events. "Sure enough, a few years ago Alumni Affairs staff called my folks, got my current number and tracked me down. 'So, what have you been doing with yourself?' some perky alumnus asked. "I responded, 'Oh, not a lot. Just the same thing as I was doing while at the university. Stealing cars, running moonshine and selling a bit of dope on the side.' "They've never called back." How to make an Automatic current date on web page Friday, July 20, 2012, 07:40 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Friday, July 20 Time to wear a bit of red to show your support for the troops! Thank you Moe! Yesterday's quiz: If you have hard to clean calcium deposits on a leaky faucet, which vegetable will clean it without effort? Cucumber! Just put some slices onto the calium deposits, let them sit overnight and rinse the next day. Shines up the chrome quite nicely too! Next question: What were the first organisms to travel to space and return alive? And when was that? Today in 1773 Scottish settlers arrive at Pictou, Nova Scoti 1810 Colombia declared independence from Spain 1868 1st use of tax stamps on cigarettes 1872 Mahlon Loomis receives patent for wireless, radio is born 1894 2000 fed troops recalled from Chicago, having ended Pullman strike 1930 106ï¿½ F (41ï¿½ C), Washington, DC 1934 118ï¿½ F (48ï¿½ C), Keokuk, Iowa 1944 US invades Japanese-occupied Guam in WW II 1944 Von Stauffenberg fails on an attempt on Hitler's life 1949 Israel's 19 month war of independence ends 1960 1st submerged submarine to fire Polaris missile 1969 1st men on Moon, Neil Armstrong & Edwin Aldrin 1974 Turkey invades Cyprus 1985 Divers find wreck of Spanish galleon Atocha 1989 93ï¿½ F (33ï¿½ C), highest overnight low ever recorded in Phoenix Arizona 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! "It is neither wealth nor splendor; but tranquility and occupation which give you happiness." --- Thomas Jefferson They used to photograph Shirley Temple through gauze. They should photograph me through linoleum. --- Tallulah Bankhead A tourist walks into a curio shop in San Francisco. Looking around at the exotica, he notices a very lifelike, life-sized bronze statue of a rat. It has no price tag, but is so striking he decides he must have it. He took it to the owner: "How much for the bronze rat?" "Twelve dollars for the rat, one hundred dollars for the story," said the owner. The tourist gave the man twelve dollars. "I'll just take the rat, you can keep the story." As he walked down the street carrying his bronze rat, he noticed that a few real rats had crawled out of the alleys and sewers and began following him down the street. This was disconcerting; he began walking faster. But within a couple blocks, the herd of rats behind him had grown to hundreds, and they began squealing. He began to trot toward the Bay, looking around to see that the rats now numbered in the MILLIONS, and were squealing and coming toward him faster and faster. Concerned, even scared, he ran to the edge of the Bay and threw the bronze rat as far out into the Bay as he could. Amazingly, the millions of rats all jumped into the Bay after it, and were all drowned. The man walked back to the curio shop. "Ah ha," said the owner, "You have come back for the story?" "No," said the man, "I came back to see if you have a bronze politician?" A woman said to her friend, "I don't know what to do. My husband is such a mess maker that you can't imagine. He doesn't put anything in its place, I am always going around the house organizing things." The friend says, "Take a tip from me. The first week after we were married I told my husband firmly, 'Every glass and plate that you take, wash when you are done and put back in its place.'" The first woman asked, "Did it help?" Her friend said, "I don't know. I haven't seen him since." A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Tonya Ann Fowler, 45 in Winder, Georgia Woman called 911 With Mug Shot Beef JULY 19--A Georgia woman has been charged with misusing the 911 system after she called police dispatchers to register a complaint about the quality of a mug shot taken following a prior arrest. Tonya Ann Fowler dialed police Sunday evening after spotting the photo in ï¿½Bad & Busted,ï¿½ a local publication that compiles images of recent arrestees. The photo that so displeased Fowler, 45, was snapped following an earlier collar. A Winder Police Department report notes that Fowler dialed 911 on July 15 ï¿½in reference to being upset about a picture.ï¿½ In a conversation with a cop, Fowler explained that she ï¿½was upset about how she looked on the front page of the Bad and Busted printing.ï¿½ As a result of the 911 call about her mug shot, Fowler was afforded the opportunity to pose for a fresh booking photo since she was charged with unlawful use of 911 and disorderly conduct. Fowler is pictured above in her latest photo snapped at the Barrow County Detention Center. After spending three days in custody, Fowler bonded out of the county jail yesterday afternoon. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Sunny Re: Date for web page Dear Webby How do I put a live date onto my web page? I don't want to use one of those silly clocks, just a simple display that shows when the visitor opened the page. Thanks Sunny Dear Sunny Paste this where you want the date to show <.script type="text/JavaScript"> document.write(Date()+".") <./script> You will have to delete the period after the < I only put that there so that the code piece shows OK in your email. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! A woman calls an import parts warehouse and asks for a 28- ounce water pump. "A what?" says the confused parts guy. "My husband says he needs a 28-ounce water pump." "A 28-ounce water pump? What kind of car does it fit?" "A Nissan." As the parts guy writes down "Nissan, 28 oz. water pump" the light in his head goes on. "Oh yes ma'am. We've got 28-ounce water pumps. We have 24-ounce and 26-ounce water pumps too." "Finally," she says. "You're the first place I've called that knew what I was talking about." "Yes ma'am. That's because we're a full-service parts warehouse; it's our job to have the parts you need, like a 28-ounce water pump," he says, smiling, as he jots down customer pick-up, Nissan 280Z water pump, part number... Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Cheap Shower Caps for Food Covers This may sound like a silly tip, but this proved to be very handy when we were camping with friends once, and I found that it works equally well at home. There are times when you need to cover a dish with food in it and just do not have the proper size lid, or a way to hold a cover on it easily. Here is a solution. Go to a dollar or similar type store, and find a package of thin plastic hair caps, used when dying hair. You will find that these will stretch over a large area when necessary, or if you need to use toothpicks to keep them up off of a frosted cake, they are light enough to do that without pressing down. They will fit over so many odd shaped things, even things with handles, and slip down over the handle, closing the area against the body of the container. We now go to a supply store for beauty shops, which we are told are quite common in any area, and get larger packs of them, and of course they are reusable, contrary to the plastic you rip off the roll and try to make stay on something. Just swish them around in sudsy water, same with rinse water, and lay over a hanging towel or use a clothespin to hang up to dry. by Loretta from Theodore, AL Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ Although we were being married in New Hampshire, I wanted to add a touch of my home state, Kansas, to the wedding. My fiancee, explaining this to a friend, said that we were planning to have wheat rather than rice thrown after the ceremony. Our friend thought for a moment. Then he said solemnly, "It's a good thing she's not from Idaho." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. "So, what's the matter?" asked one woman of her friend over coffee. "I thought you just got back from a nice relaxing fishing trip with your husband." "Oh, everything went wrong," the second woman answered. "First, he said I talked so loud I would scare the fish. Then he said I was using the wrong bait; and then that I was reeling in too soon. All that might have been all right; but to make matters worse, I ended up catching fish, and he didn't!" How to set up Video Chat Thursday, July 19, 2012, 05:57 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Thursday, July 19 Thank you Robert! Thank you Betty! Thank you Claude e.P ! Also Ophelia wrote to convey her Thanks, and to tell you to write to Ophelia and tell her your email address, so that she can subscribe you. Yesterday's quiz: In Italy trains are still running on DC, so at the border, international trains have to switch locomotives. In Germany some trains run with Diesels, which power DC generators, which charge batteries, which drive the locomotives. Normally they make a racket just like Canadian freight locomotives, but for inside covered and badly echoig train stations, they can maneuver a bit on the batteries. However, there are only a few stretches in the South that still don't have overhead electricity, and of course those noisy locomotives are not allowed into Switzerland or Austria. Next question: If you have hard to clean calcium deposits on a leaky faucet, which vegetable will clean it without effort? Today in 2781 -BC- Presumed start of Egyptian calendar 532 Start of Dionysian Pascal Cycle 1510 38 Jews are burned at the stake in Berlin 1870 France declares war on Prussia; the Franco-Prussian war begins 1943 Allied air forces raid Rome during WW II 1957 1st rocket with nuclear warhead fired, Yucca Flat, Nevada 1967 Race riots in Durham NC 1967 US launches Explorer 35 for lunar orbit 1979 2 supertankers collide off Tobago 1991 Miss Black America contestant accuses Mike Tyson of rape 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! "The best doctor gives the least medicines." --- Benjamin Franklin The stupid neither forgive nor forget; the naive forgive and forget; the wise forgive but do not forget. --- Thomas Szasz Alice was to bake a cake for the ladies' bridge group bake sale, but she forgot to do it until the last minute. She baked an angel food cake and when she took it from the oven, the center had dropped flat. She said, "Oh dear, there's no time to bake another cake." So, she looked around the house for something to build up the center of the cake. Alice found it in the bathroom ... a roll of toilet paper. She plunked it in and covered it with icing. The finished product looked beautiful, so she rushed it to the sale. Before she left the house, Alice had given her daughter some money and specific instructions to be at the bake sale the minute it opened, and to buy that cake and bring it home. When the daughter arrived at the sale, the attractive cake had already been sold. Alice was beside herself. The next day, Alice was invited to a friend's home where two tables of bridge were to be played that afternoon. After the game, a fancy lunch was served, and to top it off, the cake in question was presented for dessert. Alice saw the cake, she started to get out of her chair to rush into the kitchen to tell her hostess all about it, but before she could get to her feet, one of the other ladies said, "What a beautiful cake!" Alice sat back in her chair and almost wet herself when she heard the hostess say .. "Thank you, I baked it myself." Two college seniors with an exam the next day had decided to party the night away instead of study. So, when they went to the test the next morning, they explained to the professor that their car had a flat tire the night before and they needed a bit more time to study. The professor gave them another day, so that evening the boys crammed all night until they were sure that they knew just about everything. Arriving to class the following morning, each boy was told to go into separate classrooms to take the exam. They shrugged and went into their respective rooms. As each sat down, they read the first question: "For 5 points, explain the contents of an atom." At this point, they both thought the exam was going to be a piece of cake and answered the question with ease. Then, the test continued: "For 95 points, tell me which tire it was." A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Davis G. Dawkins, 19, and Duwayne Henderson, 19 Customer shoots suspects during Internet cafe robbery. 63 year old Samuel Williams blew the robber's ass off, because he was afraid that they were going to shoot someone. Two men who deputies say tried to rob a Marion County Internet cafï¿½ were both shot by one of the patrons. It happened just before 10:00 p.m. Friday at the Palms Internet Cafï¿½ located at 8444 SW State Road 200. When Marion County deputies arrived they found patrons outside the business who told them that two men in masks - one armed with a baseball bat and the other with a handgun - barged into the business. The robbers told the approximately 30 patrons to get on the floor, and they demanded money. Investigators say Samuel Williams, one of the customers, pulled out his own handgun and shot the robbers. Both robbers began running toward the front door, and the patron fired several more shots as they fled. The two men got into a car parked nearby and fled. Not long afterward, deputies got a call about two men at a Marion Oaks residence who were telling people there that they had been shot while at Scott Carrigan Baseball Park on Southeast 17th Street in Ocala. Police officers went to the field but found no evidence of a shooting there. The two men, later identified as Davis G. Dawkins, 19, and Duwayne Henderson, 19, were transported - one by helicopter - to Shands at the University of Florida in Gainesville. Dawkins had a superficial wound in his left arm, but Henderson was shot in two places: his left buttock and his right hip. Both men were arrested for attempted robbery with a firearm. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Irene Re: How do I set up a Video Chat Dear Webby Pardon my ignorance, but from what I gather from your remarks about Skype, it would be possible to have a video chat with my daughter, without having to pay thousands of dollars for a program plus phone line fees on top. How is that done? My daughter is with the military in Europe but gets to go to town once a week. I have a three year old DELL desktop. Thanks Irene Dear Irene Most cybercafes in Europe have Skype installed, especially in military towns. You can download Skype free at http://Skype.com and you can get a computer web camera with microphone included for $20 to $500. Keep in mind, the $500 does not necessarily work better. It just has more advertising. For example, the Microsoft LifeCam Cinemaï¿½ Webcam High definition wewebcam for $67 has 5 star rating by customers, but many of the expensive cameras barely get two stars. That cameras little brother, the Microsoft LifeCam HD-5000 for $43 has a 4 star rating. With some shopping around, you might get better prices than these. To set it up, you simply plug the camera into a USB port, and most likely Windos already has the drivers for it. If not, it will offer to download them for you. Then you are set. Start up Skype and add a "contact". A "contact" is the user name of another Skype user. Mine, for example, is of course "dearwebby". If the contact you try is green (online), he or she will get a request to authorize you. You can't just blurt at Arnold Schwarzenegger or Brad Pitt. They have to authorize you. Once you are authorized, you can text chat back and forth. After exchanging some pleasantries about the weather, you can suggest trying voice or video. You have two green buttons, one labeled Video Call, and one labelled Call. It is always a good idea to ask first if the other person is willing to go to voice or to video. That gives them a chance to put some clothes on, or at least comb their hair a bit. One-sided video works too. You can still use the voice part, if you are just getting dressed or simply not in the mood for showing your face. Once you are connected to somebody, you see them in a large window, with yourself in a small window in a bottom corner. That shows you whether you are too close or too far away. You can stretch or shrink the large window, so that you can have other stuff open beside it. And you also have a strip for text chat at the bottom. On that strip you can paste hard to spell text, Web links, even entire articles from a web site. And all that, while you are communicating, as if the other person was across the table from you. Another thing to keep in mind is duration. Just like it is polite to ask first, if somebody wants to do a video chat, try not to keep them too long. While it is quite OK to continue working while on voice or text chat, video chat sidetracks a person too much. It is much better to keep it short and make a date for the next chat. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! My husband went on a sudden business trip, and I accompanied him. It soon became apparent that he could not wrap things up in one day, so his employer put us up for the night in a luxury hotel. We found a convenience store and purchased toothbrushes, a razor and other necessary items. Finally we entered the lobby of the hotel, each of us toting a brown paper bag filled with supplies. The hotel manager looked us over. Raising an eyebrow, he intoned haughtily, "Matching luggage?" Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Make Pet Blankets from Recycled T-Shirts A great way to use T-shirts that are no longer wearable is to make a pet blanket or throw. Just cut the center out of the T-shirt and sew each square together. Fold the outside edges under to hem. You can donate these to a local pet shelter. They can use them for bedding, drying animals, or most anything. This recycling idea keeps those T-shirts out of the landfills, and also helps much deserving animals. By Bittyfrog from Tupelo, MS Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ Shirley and Abe, a retired couple from New York City, living in Miami Beach, are getting ready to go out to dinner. Shirley says, "Abe, darling, do you want me to wear this Chanel suit or the Gucci?" Abe says, "Do I care?" A few minutes later Shirley says, "Abe, should I wear my Cartier watch or my Rolex?" Abe says, "Who cares?" A few more minutes pass and Shirley says, "Abe, love, shall I wear my five-carat pear diamond ring or my six-carat round diamond ring with the baguettes?" Abe says, "Shirley, I really don't care what you wear, but if you don't get your big butt in gear, we're going to miss the Early Bird Special." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. >From Gina While on vacation with my son and his family, I shared a room with my 4 year old granddaughter. One morning when she awoke, she told me she had some nice dreams and proceeded to tell me about them. I told her I wished that I was able to dream like she does. She said, "But you can't, grandma, because you snore too much." Currently best Instant Messenger for business Wednesday, July 18, 2012, 09:35 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Wednesday, July 18 Who was responsible for getting the USA, and most of the world, to use Alternating Current, instead of Direct Current? 1) Benjamin Franklin 2) Thomas Edison (General Electric) 3) George Westinghouse (Westinghouse Electric) Tesla invented all major types of AC motors when he was still in Serbia, before he came to America. He briefly worked for Edison but soon got fired. Later, when he found out, that Westinghouse did not like Edison either, he gave all his motor patents to Westinghouse. It was Westinghouse, who fought for AC and made it popular enough to win, while Tesla sat back and pouted, and tinkered with his showy lightning coil. Edison fought against AC quite frantically and hysterically, and almost succeded in bankrupting Westinghouse, but in the end, Westinghouse won. Today's Question: Are there any trains still using DC, and if so, in what country are they? Today in 64 Great Fire of Rome begins (Nero didn't fiddle) 390 -BC- Battle of Allia-Gauls inflict heavy casualties on Romans 1536 Pope's authority declared void in England 1716 Jews are expelled from Brussels Belgium 1853 1st train to cross the US-Canada boundary, Portland, Me.-Montrï¿½al, PQ 1872 Britain introduces secret ballot voting 1918 US & French forces launch Aisne-Marne offensive in WW I 1936 Spanish Civil War began, Gen Francisco Franco led uprising 1938 Douglas "Wrong Way" Corrigan arrives in Ireland-left NY for Calif 1940 1st successful helicopter flight, Stratford, Ct 1942 Messerschmitt Me 262 Schwalbe, 1st jet fighter, takes 1st flight 1955 1st electric power generated from atomic energy sold commercially 1968 Intel incorporates 1980 Rohini 1, 1st Indian satellite, launches into orbit 1986 Videotapes released showing Titanic's sunken remains 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! "Too bad the only people who know how to run the country are busy driving cabs and cutting hair." --- George Burns "Time is the only critic without ambition." --- John Steinbeck >From Bryan My son Zachary, 4, came screaming out of the bathroom to tell me he'd dropped his toothbrush in the toilet. So I fished it out and threw it in the garbage. Zachary stood there thinking for a moment, then ran to my bathroom and came out with my toothbrush. He held it up and said with a charming little smile, "We better throw this one out too then, 'cause it fell in the toilet a few days ago." After reading the complicated instructions for the automatic teller, the confused customer walked over to a bank officer. "Excused me," said the customer, "but I was wondering if you could help me out." "Certainly," smiled the officer. "Go right through that door." A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Jacqueline Alexandra Rivera, 18, Redwood City, California Charged With Attempting To Set Boyfriend On Fire After She Suspected Him Of Cheating Jacqueline Alexandra Rivera, an 18-year-old California bonehead, was jailed after she allegedly broke into her boyfriend's house and attempted to set him on fire. According to police, Rivera became angry when she suspected that her 21-year-old boyfriend had cheated on her. In retaliation, Rivera allegedly broke into her boyfriend's home at around 3 a.m., entered his room and set his mattress on fire. The boyfriend, who was asleep on the bed, woke up screaming as his father rushed in to put the fire out with a garden hose. Investigators say Rivera doused the boyfriend's mattress with gasoline before setting it ablaze. The victim suffered minor burns to his hands and arms as a result. Rivera fled the scene before police arrived, however she reportedly showed up later the same day to talk to her boyfriend "about their relationship." Rivera was booked into jail and charged with attempted murder, arson and residential burglary. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: James Re: Best instant messenger Dear Webby What is the best Instant Messenger for work purposes? James Dear James There is nothing around today, that gets close to PowWow from the early 90's, and many of us still miss it. Nowadays the best is definitely Skype. It has gotten expensive for calling and for conference video since Microsoft bought it for $8 Billion, to keep it away from Google. They will never make back those 8 Billion dollars, but they sure are trying! With their revamp of Office for 2013 and W8, which has Office focused on on-line services and on-line storage, at Microsoft, of course, Skype is firmly integrated not only for communication but also for file transfer. That is more or less what many of us have been doing with Skype for a dozen years. Skype does not always use the proper and officially sanctioned routes, but hop-skips-and jumps via idle modems without messing with the computers, that they are attached to. For example, a friend way up in the hills above lake Isabella in California is using a Verizon Air-Card to get on-line. Quite often that is too slow for web pages to load. So she skypes me the URL, I fetch the form or page, that she needs, and file transfer it to her via Skype. Or Dianne, the lady, who sends me the Bonus Links. Whenever Telus, her ISP, got the mail messed up, she skypes me and I send the mail for her. Skype always gets through. Video chat with Skype is also quite good and reliable. Just make sure every participant, who uses speakers instead of a head set, puts the microphone further away than the speakers. Skype prevents feedback howl, but voice quality suffers if it has to fight feedback and echo. Skype messages are securely encrypted, so there is nothing to worry about regarding security. Calling land line phones has been mastered by Skype ten years ago and is still fine, just slightly more expensive since Microsoft bought Skype. It is now 2 Euro cents, about 3 US cents, per minute. However, calling between Skype users is still free, and voice quality is fine. And you still got the text window for pasting or copying critical text. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! I was asked to enlarge a chart for a meeting, so I called the copy room and asked, "Can I get something blown up down there?" After a pause the voice on the line replied, "I think you want the chemistry lab." Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Free Coffee Grounds for Your Garden at Starbucks Used coffee grounds are a great, free fertilizer in your garden. Roses and acid-loving plants love it. Starbucks will give them to you for free! By lindal from Vista, CA Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ Thanks to Dianne for this classic: Mildred, the church gossip, and self-appointed monitor of the church's morals, kept sticking her nose into other people's business. Several members did not approve of her extra-curricular activities, but feared her enough to maintain their silence. She made a mistake, however, when she accused George, the plumber, a new member, of being an alcoholic after she saw his pickup parked in front of the town's only bar one afternoon. She emphatically told George and several others that everyone seeing it there would know what he was doing. George, a man of few words, stared at her for a moment and just turned and walked away. He didn't explain, defend, or deny. He said nothing. Later that evening, George and his crew of plumbers apprentices quietly parked their pickup trucks in front of Mildred's house............. and left them there all night. Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. Groan Alert! Mother Lion and Father Lion had gone off hunting, and had told their two children not to wander away. However, a couple of small gnus wandered by, and the baby lions could not resist the temptation to try out their own hunting skills. They ran out, chased after the gnus, killed them, and started eating them. Just as the baby lions were reaching the end of their meal, the parents appeared in the distance. One of the baby lions turned to the other, and said: "That is the end of the gnus. Here again are the head lions." Tuesday, July 17, 2012, 02:07 PM - Posted by Administrator It was Elroy's first day in second grade. When he came home his mama asks him how school was... "How was school my boy?" "It was nice mama - the teacher asked me to draw a cat and when I did she give me a gold star - is it because I am Black?" "No Elroy - its because you are so clever" Next day Elroy comes home and mama asks him how school was... "How was school Elroy?" "The teacher asked me to draw a dog - and when I did she gave me a gold star - Is it because I am black?" "No Elroy - it is because you are so clever" Third day - Elroy comes home from school "How was school Elroy?" "Mama - I am confused, today we were changing for sports. All the white boys have these little pee pees and I have this huge schlong - is it because I am black? "No Elroy - it is because you are twenty-one" One day Jesus was walking by the pearly gates when St. Peter asked him to watch the gates for a few minutes. Jesus agreed and in a few minutes he saw an old, old man approach. He walked very slowly, had a halting gait, and long white hair and beard. "How did you spend your life on earth my son?" asked Jesus. "I was a simple carpenter for sixty years" replied the old man. "And what do you hope to find here in heaven" asked Jesus. "I hope to find my son" said the man "Well there are millions upon millions of people here, how will you find him?" "I'll recognize him by the nail holes in his hands and feet," states the old man. Jesus does a double take, thinks for a moment and says, "Father???" Replacement batteries Tuesday, July 17, 2012, 06:24 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Tuesday, July 17 La Paz Bolivia....1548 ... I like this and also the opinions and stories you put in before the funnies. Nanny, USA No contest on which city was founded first. La Paz in 1548. The others are relatively new, only dating back to the mid 1700s Tom W Webby, Just went out to get the morning paper and right there in the east was the moon and then Mars and then Venus. Check it out and if you miss it today, look for it tomorrow. O'sure Who was responsible for getting the USA, and most of the world, to use Alternating Current, instead of Direct Current? 1) Benjamin Franklin 2) Thomas Edison (General Electric) 3) George Westinghouse (Westinghouse Electric) Today in 1549 Jews are expelled from Ghent Belgium 1841 British humor magazine "Punch" 1st published 1861 Congress authorizes paper money 1862 US army authorized to accept blacks as laborers 1879 1st railroad opens in Hawaii 1897 1st ship arrives in Seattle carrying gold from the Yukon 1898 Spanish American War-Spaniads surrender to US at Santiago Cuba 1917 British Royal family changes its name from Hanover to Windsor 1938 Douglas (Wrong Way) Corrigan leaves NY for LA, wound up in Ireland 1955 Arco, Idaho becomes 1st US city lit by nuclear power 1959 Tibet abolishes serfdom 1962 Senate rejects medicare for the aged 1968 Revolt in Iraq 1974 John Lennon is ordered to leave the US in 60 days 1988 103ï¿½ F (39ï¿½ C) Highest temp ever in San Francisco, 1990 Hussein Sadat claims Kuwait stole oil from Iraq 1990 Minn Twins become 1st team to turn 2 triple plays in a game 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! "Fathom the Hypocrisy of a Government that requires every citizen to prove they are insured... but not everyone must prove they are a citizen." --- Ben Stein Two little kids are in a hospital, lying on stretchers next to each other outside the operating room. The first kid leans over and asks, "What are you in here for?" The second kid says, "I'm in here to get my tonsils out and I'm a little nervous." The first kid says, "You've got nothing to worry about. I had that done when I was four. They put you to sleep, and when you wake up they give you lots of Jell-o and ice cream. It's a breeze." The second kid then asks, "What are you here for?" The first kid says, "A circumcision." "Whoa!", the second kid replies. "Good luck buddy. I had that done when I was born. Couldn't walk for a year." While looking at a house, my brother asked the real estate agent which direction was north because, he explained, he didn't want the sun waking him up every morning. She asked, "Does the sun rise in the North?" When my brother explained that the sun rises in the east, she shook her head and said, "Oh, I don't keep up with that stuff." A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Traci Storie, 37, in Union, MO Teacher Jailed After having Sex With 13 Year Old Student Traci Storie, a 37-year-old middle school teacher has been jailed after she allegedly had sex with a 13-year-old student. According to police, an investigation was launched in February after investigators received information that Storie had engaged in a sexual relationship with a 13-year-old boy. Investigators say the alleged relationship took place after school hours and off school property. At one point in the investigation, Storie communicated with an adult witness who had been interviewed in connection to the case. An additional witness tampering charge was added as a result. Storie is currently on paid administrative leave while the investigation continues. She was booked into the Franklin County Jail and charged with two counts of statutory sodomy and one count of witness tampering. She was released after posting $25,000 bond. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Ron Re: Battery for tablet Hi Webby glad your health is doing good. Got a battery question I always read not to mix batteries But I want to make up a battery pack for my tablet it has lithium 9v recg. batteries in it. The tablet is really nice but the battery life is junk. I want to use 9v rechargeable batts. in a pack and plug it in. Will the nicad or nickel batteries harm the unit., I will charge them separately. I just don't want to mix the kind of batteries and blow it up. Thanks as always Ron P Dear Ron Since I don't know what brand you got, I am not going to guess. Go to Batteries.com and let their techs figure out what kind of battery would be your best deal. Most likely they have some batteries that will not only work, but will fit right in. You can also write to [email protected] or call 1-888-288-6500 To get 20% off laptop batteries use promo code FRWK12 They have a price match guarantee and free shipping. What more could you ask for? And yes, they do accept PayPal. Let me know about your experience with them. So far all reports have been very positive. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! A woman went into a bank to get a check cashed, but she didn't have an account with them. When the teller asked for some identification, the woman showed her several charge cards, her social security card and a library card. The teller told her they needed a driver's license, but the woman said she didn't have one. "Don't you have anything with your picture on it?" the teller asked. "Oh, sure," she said, as she flipped to a family photo in her wallet. "That's me in the back row." Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Use Nail Polish to Identify Keys Use brightly colored nail polish as a frugal way to distinguish one or two of your most needed keys on your keyring. By Teresa from Vine Grove, KY Filing one, two or three notches into the back (handle part) of a key lasts much longer, and lets you sort out your keys while still in your pocket. Have FUN! DearWebby Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ Alternative Names For Cubicles Soul-Sucking Pod o' Death Tomb of the Unknown Bureaucrat Slack-In-The-Box Headquarters, Jodie Foster Fan Club Peon Palazzo Yuppie Terrarium The SnackFood Triangle English Majors Entry Point Luxury Manhattan Apartment. Picasso's Folly Porn Downloading Headquarters Fortress of Servitude Fartorium Keyboard test lab Wraparound Turbo Demoralizer Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. "Hello, hello?" shrilled a spinsterish voice over the phone. "Is this the SPCA?" "Yes." "I want you to send somebody over right away." "What's wrong?" "There's a horrid magazine salesman sitting in a tree teasing my poor little doggie." Norton blocks subscriptions Monday, July 16, 2012, 04:17 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Monday, July 16 Dear Webby, Great question! What is not to like about ice cream! Ronald Reagan designated July as National Ice Cream Month in 1984. He also named the third Sunday in July as National Ice Cream Day. Carol Also correct answers by Tom and Virginia Today's question is easy: Which of these towns was first founded? Washington DC, La Paz Bolivia San Diego, California Today in 463 Start of Lunar Cycle of Hilarius 622 Origin of the Islamic Era (Muharram 1, 1 AH) 1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; end of Moslem power in Spain 1439 Kissing is banned in England 1894 Many negro miners in Alabama killed by striking white miners 1920 Gen Amos Fries appointed 1st US army chemical warfare chief 1941 100ï¿½ F (38ï¿½ C) highest temperature ever recorded in Seattle Wash 1945 1st atomic bomb detonated, Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico 1960 205,000 see Brazil-Uruguay World Cup soccer 1990 NYC's Empire State Building catches fire-No fatalities 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! I'll be more enthusiastic about encouraging thinking outside the box when there's evidence of any thinking going on inside it. --- Terry Pratchett "In the midst of movement and chaos, keep stillness inside of you." --- Deepak Chopra Like Beetle Bailey? "Mind Over Mattress" Two friends rented a boat and went fishing in a lake. The first day, they caught 30 fish. As they were preparing to go into shore, one man said to the other, "Let's mark this spot so we can come here again tomorrow." The next day, when they were driving to rent the boat, the same guy said, "Did you mark that spot?" His friend replied, "Yeah, I put a big 'X' on the side of the boat." The first one said, "That was dumb! What if we don't get the same boat today?" came home from school and mentioned evolution. Dad hit the roof and started screaming that evolution was nonsense. "You migt have descended from an ape!" he yelled, "But I sure didn't!" A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Christina Das, 19, Rochester, NY Naked Woman Climbs 25 Foot Pole, Breaks Ankles And Wrist During Fall Christina Das, a 19-year-old Rochester bonehead was injured Sunday after she allegedly stripped naked, climbed up a 25-foot pole, and then stepped off. According to State Parks police, officers were dispatched to the Victoria Mall parking area after receiving a 911 call about a naked woman who was climbing a temporary light pole near the park's pool. Investigators say officers arrived on the scene in time to watch the woman "step off" the pole and fall to the ground. The woman sustained a broken wrist and two broken ankles from the fall. Das was taken to a local hospital where she is listed to be in stable condition. She appeared to be under the influence of a substance that is yet to be identified, according to police spokesperson, Sally Drake. If she or somebody pays her hospital bill, she will probably not be charged, since the incident happened near a Phish concert, and some weird behavior is expected. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: John Re: Norton blocks Humor Letter Dear Webby, I have Norton Antispam and it is deleting your Letter. I would complain to Norton but I don't know how. John Dear John Norton Antispam is rather primitive, and it treats anything with HTML in it as spam. You'll have to white-list your subscriptions like the Humor Letter or newsletters like the ones from computer magazines such as PC-World, PC-Magazine, etc. I used to recommend Norton from 1985 up to around 2000, but not with Windows XP or W7. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! One weekend my friend Sally, a nurse, was looking after her six-year-old nephew when he fell off a playground slide and hit his head. Worried that he might have a concussion, she checked him all night. Every hour, she'd gently shake him and ask, "What's your name?" Soon, he began moaning in protest each time she entered the room. When Sally went in at 5:00 A.M., she found something white on his forehead. Leaning close, she saw a crayon-scrawled message taped to his forehead. It read: "My name is Daniel." ---------------- I sympathize with Daniel! When sadistic nurses aides with icy hands come around every hour and write a line on the sole of one foot with a fine point ball pen, and the time and their initial on the sole of the other foot, by 5 am I feel like kicking! Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Keep Bobby Pins in a Paper Clip Holder If you are tired of bobby pins being scattered throughout the house, try out this tip. Purchase an inexpensive magnetic paperclip holder and keep your pins in there. This will help keep the vacuum cleaner from finding them, and will help save your budget for not having to buy bobby pins so often. By JSRP from Lincoln, NE I take a single light sock, if it's mate has developed holes, and fold it inside, so that it is a tight and compact ball, and a perfect pin cushion. When I need a pin, I can grab one without poking a hole into a finger. Have Fun! DearWebby Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ At his 103rd birthday party, my grandfather was asked if he planned to be around for his 104th. "I certainly do," he replied. "Statistics show that very few people die between the ages of 103 and 104." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. A boy was taking care of his baby sister while his parents went to town shopping. He decided to go fishing and he had to take her along. "I'll never do that again!" he told his mother that evening. "I didn't catch a thing!" "Oh, next time I'm sure she'll be quiet and not scare the fish away," his mother said. The boy said, "It wasn't that. She ate all the bait." What is the best type of microphone? Sunday, July 15, 2012, 07:49 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Saturday, July 14 Thank YOU, Gordon!! Looks like a cloudy no-mow weekend and a chance to catch up on inside cleaning, maybe even a bit of shopping. I'm sure it will get nice and sunny right after the weekend, Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1410 Poland & Lithuania defeat Teutonic Knights at Tannenberg 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte captured 1869 Margarine is patented in Paris, for use by French Navy 1870 Hudson's Bay & Northwest Territories transferred to Canada 1888 Bandai volcano (Japan) erupts for 1st time in 1,000 years 1916 22" of rain falls in Altapass NC 1937 Japanese attack Marco Polo Bridge, invade China 1940 1st betatron placed in operation, Urbana, Ill 1941 Florey & Heatley present freeze dried mold cultures (Pencillin) 1958 Pres Eisenhower sends US troops to Lebanon 1975 Soyuz 19 & Apollo 18 launched; rendezvous 2 days later 1991 US troops leave northern Iraq 2012 smiled This month was named National Ice Cream month in the U.S. by what president? Obama Bush Clinton Reagan Nixon JFK Roosevelt Answer tomorrow Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! It is by universal misunderstanding that all agree. For if, by ill luck, people understood each other, they would never agree. --- Charles Baudelaire >From Mick No one is more cautious than a first-time parent. After our daughter was big enough to ride on the back of my bicycle, I bought a special carrier with a seat belt and got her a little helmet. The day of the first ride I put her in the seat, double- checked all the equipment, wheeled the bike to the end of the driveway, carefully looked both ways and, swinging my leg up and over, accidentally kicked her right in the head. A Tutorial On How To Create A Website Using Wordpress . Great Guide For Beginners! If you have something to say, this guide tells you how to do it without hiring help. Wordpress Starter Guide . If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Nicole Campbell, a 34-year-old New York Bonehead Half Naked Woman Goes On Bath Salt Rampage, Threatens Deputies With Golf Club Nicole Campbell, a 34-year-old New York woman was jailed Thursday after she allegedly stripped half-naked and went on a bath salt induced rampage at her New York home. According to the Madison County Sheriff's Office, deputies were dispatched to Campbell's residence after neighbors called to report that she had trespassed on their property. Deputies arrived to find a half-naked Campbell in her back yard screaming and hurling obscenities. A large number of household items had been thrown out into the yard, several windows were smashed and the interior of her home was in disarray. When deputies attempted to speak with Campbell, she picked up a golf club and threatened to strike them with it. Later, when deputies were talking to a minor inside the residence, Campbell picked up a knife and threw it at them. When deputies attempted to take Campbell into custody, she kicked and fought with them. Campbell was eventually subdued and removed from the property. After interviewing witnesses, detectives believe Campbell was high on bath salts during the incident. Campbell was booked into the Madison County Jail and charged with obstructing government administration, resisting arrest, reckless endangerment, harassment and endangering the welfare of a child. Her bond has been set at $20,000. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Britta Re: What is the best microphone type? Dear Webby, I know you answered this last year, but I didn't save it. What type of microphone is best ? Stationary, cheek, front boom, or lapel? Dear Britta Voice quality is usually best with a cheek or side boom, but if they are just hanging on one ear, they are a real nuisance. Second best voice quality is with a lapel mike, a real lapel mike made for that purpose, not any other mike pinned to your front. Stationary microphones are excellent, if you are in a sound booth and wearing a DJ's neck brace. If you look to the side at a wall calendar, your voice fades, yet the microphone will pick up a fan in the next room. Amplified directional mikes overcome those problems, because they allow you to be farther away and have a wider focus. If you use a stationary mike, position it far away, drfinitely further away than your speakers. Even a boom mike from an old head set will produce very good voice quality, if it is about 5 feet away, and three feet behind the speakers. Front boom mikes can be worst, especially if an amateur positions the microphone right in front of the mouth and terrorizes the listeners with "chicken-scratch", the harsh sounds produced by "t"s "p"s and other "explosive" consonants recorded from too close. Worst of all is when somebody holds the microphone from a head set in their hand and waves it in front of them, as they talk with their hands. If you use a front-boom mike, position it so that it is at chin level, never at lip level ! Resist any pranksters that want you to move it closer for more volume. If you need more volume, go into the Windows Control Panel, Sound Options, crank up the microphone volume and select microphone boost. With microphone boost set to ON, you can usually bend a front boom to the side of your cheek, out of the line of fire from the explosive consonants and still get plenty of volume, and fairly good sound quality. The only microphone, that should be close to your lips, is a dynamic microphone, the big, bulky microphones used on stage, to hide the fact, that the artist is only lip-syncing to a studio recording of somebody else. Never use one of those for regular, every-day use. Those HAVE to be close to your lips, and turning your head even a little bit puts you out of it's focus. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! >From Sue One semester when my brother, Peter, attended the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, an art-student friend of his asked if he could paint Peter's portrait for a class assignment. Peter agreed, and the art student painted and submitted the portrait, only to receive a C minus. The art student approached the professor to ask why the grade was so poor. The teacher told him that the proportions in the painting were incorrect. "The head is too big," the professor explained. "The neck is too thin, the shoulders are too wide, and the feet are enormous. Nobody is THAT ugly. You did a carricature. We do that next semster." The next day, the art student brought Peter to see the professor. He took one look at my brother and said, "Okay, A minus." Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Keep Bobby Pins in a Paper Clip Holder If you are tired of bobby pins being scattered throughout the house, try out this tip. Purchase an inexpensive magnetic paperclip holder and keep your pins in there. This will help keep the vacuum cleaner from finding them, and will help save your budget for not having to buy bobby pins so often. By JSRP from Lincoln, NE I take a single sock, if it's mate has developed holes, and fold it inside, so that it is a tight and compact ball, and a perfect pin cushion. When I need a pin, I can grab one without poking a hole into a finger. Have Fun! DearWebby Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef: This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Money Back Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ A Pastor was called to a local nursing home to perform a wedding. An anxious old man met him at the door. The pastor sat down to counsel the old man and asked several questions. "Do you love her?" The old man replied, "Nope." "Is she a good Christian woman?" "I don't know for sure," the old man answered. "Does she have lots of money?" asked the pastor. "I doubt it." "Then why are you marrying her?" the preacher asked. "Cause she can drive at night," the old man said. Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. A bride called to make a change to her wedding registry. It is common, almost expected, that a bride will change something on her registry at least once (dishes, color of towels, sheets, bathroom items, etc.). The Customer Service Representative told her that the store would be happy to make the change. He asked if the bride wanted to change the dishes or the linens. The bride said, "No, keep all that. I just wanted to change the name of the groom." Can you avoid getting blocked from friending on FaceBook? Saturday, July 14, 2012, 09:21 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Saturday, July 14 Thanks, John! Did you notice two copies of the Humor Letter? I sent it again, because mine did not arrive. Then the second copy did not arrive either. All the "Ou of the ffice" jokes got it dumped right on the server. Since I am really not interested in who is not at work at the late hour, when I send the Humor Letter out, I have for many years filtered all those automatic nuisance letters. I have to be careful here how I am wording things to avoid a repeat of that! Probably many of you do the same thing. >From Chuck What's with those record temperatures every day? 1936 112ï¿½ F (44ï¿½ C), Mio, Michigan 1936 114ï¿½ F (46ï¿½ C), Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin Just because it was hotter in the 30's or whenever, that does not mean we don't have man made global warming. The global warming just causes cooling in the weather, because the climate is getting hotter. And besides, in those days people did not have Air Conditioning like we do now to cool everything off. Without the billions of airconditioning units the weather would be just as hot as it was during the 30's. Chuck Is that AlGorian logic? Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1714 Battle of Aland, Russian fleet overpowers larger Swedish fleet 1789 Bastille in Paris, France stormed. Official start of French Revolution 1798 1st direct federal tax on the states-on dwellings, land & slaves 1798 Sedition Act prohibits "false, scandalous & malicious" writing against US govt. Any comments about Obama fall under that law. 1832 Opium exempted from federal tariff duty 1850 1st public demonstration of ice made by refrigeration 1865 1st ascent of Matterhorn 1914 1st patent for liquid-fueled rocket design granted (Dr R Goddard) 1934 116ï¿½ F (47ï¿½ C), Orogrande, New Mexico 1936 116ï¿½ F (47ï¿½ C), Collegeville, Indiana 1954 117ï¿½ F (47ï¿½ C), East St. Louis, Illinois 1954 118ï¿½ F (48ï¿½ C), Warsaw & Union, Missouri 1959 1st atomic powered cruiser, the Long Beach 1967 Surveyor 4 launched to Moon; explodes just before landing Shot don by aliens, when it got too close to their still ? 1987 Taiwan ends 37 years of martial law 1988 200,000 demonstrate in Soviet Armenia for incorp of Nagorno-Karabak 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Before a war military science seems a real science, like astronomy; but after a war it seems more like astrology. --- Rebecca West >From Barb I have changed my system for labeling homemade freezer meals. I used to carefully note in large clear letters, "Meatloaf" or "Pot Roast" or "Steak and Vegetables or "Chicken and Dumplings" or "Beef Pot Pie." However, I used to get frustrated when I asked my husband what he wanted for dinner because he never asked for any of those things. So, I decided to stock the freezer with what he really likes. If you look in my freezer now you'll see a whole new set of labels. You'll find dinners with neat little tags that say: "Whatever," "Anything," "I Don't Know," "I Don't Care," "Something Good," or "Food." My frustration is now reduced because no matter what my husband replies when I ask him what he wants for dinner, I know that it is there waiting. The UnLocker Have you ever accidentally elbowed a new password into Windows and locked yourself out? Not yet? Or has a family member accidentally done that? Or the cat on her stroll over the keyboard? That can get extremely expensive, if you don't have the UnLocker. The Unlocker will get you back in there in 30 seconds. No fuss, no panic. Take the fear out of "Not Yet" with the UnLocker. Elaine called me as she was driving to an appointment. She arrived, and I could tell from her voice that she was getting frustrated. Finally she said, "I know I had my cell phone with me. And now I can't find it!" I replied, "Aren't you talking on it!?" There was a solid period of stunned silence as the reality of the situation sank in - followed by, "You are NOT going to tell anybody about this!" Thanks to dad for this picture: If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Thomas Molina, a 38-year-old Albuquerque, NM Bonehead Nabbed By Window Blinds During Burglary Thomas Molina, a 38-year-old Albuquerque bonehead was jailed Sunday after he allegedly broke into a community college, but got tangled in window blinds when he attempted to flee the scene. According to Albuquerque Police, officers were dispatched after receiving a call that someone was attempting to break into the Central New Mexico Community College. Arriving officers spotted the suspect, later identified as Molina, as he was trying to flee. Investigators say while Molina was trying to climb out a window, he became entangled in the blinds and was unable to escape. When detectives questioned him, he stated that he was looking for computer hardware. Molina was booked into jail and charged with burglary and breaking and entering. He is currently being held in lieu of a $10,000 bond. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Charles Re: How do you avoid getting your Friend requests blocked on FB? Dear Webby, Enough with the bats and the brainey stuff! Come back to earth! How do I avoid getting my Friend requests blocked on FB? I don't like their snooty attitude, implying that I sent Friend Requests to people I don't know. That apparently is forbidden, unless one claims to be female. But I am just sending Friend requests to friends and people I have worked with. People with tens of thousands of "friends" obviously don't know 99% of them, so why am I treated so critically whenI just try to connect with people I know? Charles Dear Charles Simmer down! Keep in mind that FaceBook is run like a sandbox kingdom for widdle girls, including all the girlie intrigues. If you are trying to connect with a co-worker, whose brand new foamies you failed to notice and give a complimentary stare 30 years ago, forget it! She can get you into the block with one click! Procrastinators are just as bad. If you send friend requests, that are not answered within a certain (secret) time limit, then the widdle girles that manage FaceBook put you into the block. Apparently you also get treated more critically, if you don't spend time and money on the games and apps. So just relax, and remember, the whole thing is not really serious. It's just a charade, with people hiding behind a mask and refusing to be responsible enough to show their real email address. Also, keep in mind that FaceBook is NOT intended for business use. It is for socializing with friends, and for old girls to flood you with requests to play online games like Farmville and Zynga and stuff like that with them. If you want something serious, open a web site and put a blog on it! Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! After being away on business, Tim thought it would be nice to bring his wife a little gift. "How about some perfume?" he asked the cosmetics clerk. She showed him a bottle costing $50.00. "That's a bit much," said Tim, so she returned with a smaller bottle for $30.00. "That's still quite a bit," Tim complained. Growing annoyed, the clerk brought out a tiny $15.00 bottle. "What I mean," said Tim, "is I'd like to see something really cheap." The clerk handed him a mirror. Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Use Paper Clip to Mark Tape End To keep from losing the end of postage tape, place a paper clip on the sticky side of the tape just below where you are making the cut. Store the tape with the paper clip, and you are ready to go next time you need to use the tape. The paper clip is easy to pull off and thick enough to keep from losing the end of the tape. By Hate Litter from NC I think she means packing tape. Pistol grip tape guns or tape dispensers are cheap and often included free, if you buy ten rolls of 1 1/2" or 2" packing tape, and you will never wear one out. They sure make taping up boxes or taping shipping labels onto them a breeze. Have FUN! DearWebby Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef : This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ >From Caina Soon after our last child left home for college, my husband was resting next to me on the couch with his head in my lap. I carefully removed his glasses. "You know, honey," I said sweetly, "Without your glasses you look like the same handsome young man I married." "Honey," he replied with a grin, "Without my glasses, you still look pretty good too!" Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. >From Bob One day while driving with my 4-year-old daughter I beeped the horn by mistake. She turned and looked at me for an explanation. I said, "I did that by accident." She replied, "I know that, 'cause you didn't yell 'BIMBO!' afterward!" Bat to count all files of a specified year on a specified drive Friday, July 13, 2012, 07:32 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Friday, July 13 Time to wear a bit of red to show your support for the troops! For Dianne and all those of you, who got hit with the Babylon tool bar and/or search engine, there are good removal instructions here: http://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/773310 Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 432 -BC- Origin of Metonic Cycle 1568 Dean of St Paul's Cathedral perfects a way to bottle beer 1832 Source of Mississippi River discovered 1854 US forces shell & burn San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua 1863 Anti-draft mobs lynch blacks in NYC; about 1,000 die 1868 Oscar J Dunn, former slave, installed as lt governor of Louisiana 1898 Guglielmo Marconi patents the radio 1919 Race riots in Longview & Gregg counties Texas 1936 112ï¿½ F (44ï¿½ C), Mio, Michigan 1936 114ï¿½ F (46ï¿½ C), Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin 1967 Race riots break out in Newark, 27 die 1978 Lee Iacocca fired as Ford Motor Pres by chairman Henry Ford II 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! "There's an old saying, 'Neurotics build castles in the air and psychotics live in them.' My mother cleans them." --- Rita Rudner "Have you ever noticed? Anybody going slower than you is an idiot, and anyone going faster than you is a maniac." --- George Carlin Thanks to Dianne for these Out Of Office messages: 1. I am currently out at a job interview and will reply to you if I fail to get the position. Be prepared for my mood. 2. You are receiving this automatic notification because I am out of the office. If I was in, chances are you wouldn't have received anything at all. 3. I will be unable to delete all the emails you send me until I return from holiday on 4 April. Please be patient and your mail will be deleted in the order it was received. 4. Thank you for your email. Your credit card has been charged $5.99 for the first ten words and $1.99 for each additional word in your message. 5. The e-mail server is unable to verify your server connection and is unable to deliver this message. Please restart your computer and try sending again. (The beauty of this is that when you return, you can see how many in-duh-viduals did this over and over). 6. Thank you for your message, which has been added to a queuing system. You are currently in 352nd place, and can expect to receive a reply in approximately 19 weeks. 7. I've run away to join a different circus. 8. I will be out of the office for the next 2 weeks for medical reasons. When I return, please refer to me as ' Margaret ' instead of 'Jay'. 9. I am currently out of the office. Well, not really. But with the amount of mail I get, this is the only way to deal with it. You can interprete my quick and timely response to your question as a "Definite Maybe". 10. I am currently attending a midlle management seminar on office safety. Come and join us! It's at Joe's Bar and Grill down the street. The UnLocker Have you ever accidentally elbowed a new password into Windows and locked yourself out? Not yet? Or has a family member accidentally done that? Or the cat on her stroll over the keyboard? That can get extremely expensive, if you don't have the UnLocker. The Unlocker will get you back in there in 30 seconds. No fuss, no panic. Take the fear out of "Not Yet" with the UnLocker. A well-dressed business man was walking down the street when a rough-looking little kid stopped him and asked, "Sir, can you tell me the time?" The gentleman carefully unbuttoned his coat and jacket, removed a large watch from a vest pocket, looked at it and said, "It is a quarter to three, young man." "Thanks," said the boy. "At exactly three o'clock you can kiss my butt!" With that, the kid took off running, and with an angry cry, the outraged businessman started chasing him. He had not been running long when an old friend stopped him. "Why are you running to like a maniac?" asked the friend. Gasping and almost incoherent with fury, the business man said, "That little brat asked me the time and when I told him it was quarter to three he told me that at exactly three, I should kiss his butt!" "So what's your hurry," said the friend, looking at his own watch. "You still have twelve minutes." If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Tanyech Walford, 43 in Silver Spring, a Washington, D.C. suburb. Doctor Attacked Mailman For Spraying Dog A female physician was named today in a felony complaint accusing her of assaulting a letter carrier who pepper-sprayed her pit bull when the dog attacked him as he delivered mail last month on a leafy Maryland street. Tanyech Walford, 43, was charged in a criminal complaint filed in U.S. District Court in Greenbelt. Pictured at right, Walford is a resident of Silver Spring, the Washington, D.C. suburb. According to an affidavit sworn by Postal Inspector Michel Belz, a letter carrier identified only by the initials ï¿½D.R.ï¿½ was delivering mail to Walfordï¿½s home on Whitmoor Terrace when he was ï¿½approached aggressively by a loose pit-bull mix canine.ï¿½ After failing to ward the dog off via verbal commands and the use of his satchel, the mailman ï¿½deployed his Postal Service-issued pepper spray,ï¿½ Belz reported. Despite being sprayed in the face, the dog continued to advance, prompting ï¿½D.R.ï¿½ to spray the animal a second time. ï¿½This time the dog retreated and D.R said he continued to deliver the mail on Whitmoor Terrace,ï¿½ added Belz. While later parked in front of 113 Whitmoor Terrace, ï¿½D.R.ï¿½ was confronted by Walford, who drove up in her Nissan SUV. She walked up to the mailman and ï¿½repeatedly made references to him attacking her dog.ï¿½ After asking ï¿½D.R.ï¿½ if he had pepper-sprayed her pit-bull, Walford ï¿½attacked him and began to punch him several times about his head, neck and face.ï¿½ The assault, which lasted between 15 and 20 seconds and was broken up by a neighbor, left ï¿½D.R.ï¿½ with ï¿½scratches on his neck and face and a bruised lip.ï¿½ She is to appear in the courthouse in Greenbelt, Maryland, where the felony complaint was filed. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Alice Re: How do you make a bat to count the files of a certain year on a drive? Dear Webby, Well, I DO have bats in the attic. So how do I make a bat, that counts the files with a date from a certain year? Alice Dear Alice Unless you hardwire in the date, and make a separate bat for each year, you can not do that with a shortcut icon. The bat would not know which year you mean. It is no problem, though, to run the bat from the command line. There is even a sneaky way to get the command line, without having to open a DOS window first. We will get to that in a bit. First let's write the bat. Open a text file with any clean text editor. Save the file as countfiles.bat to C:\Windows Then type or paste this into the file: __________________ @echo off color 9e echo: usage: countfiles driveletter year (yyyy) echo for example: echo countfiles d 2010 dir /s /T:c "%1":\ \|find /c "%2" echo Finished counting pause __________________ Save that to C:\Windows Now we get to the sneaky part! Click on START at the bottom you will see an input field with a magnifying glass beside it, and "Search Programs and Files" written in it. It is not documented or admitted by Microsoft, but you can use that as the command line! type into it countfiles d 2010 and hit ENTER It will pop open a small blue window, show you the usage instructions, that you so diligently pasted into the bat, and then just quietly count all the files from year 2010 on drive D: If you have 120,000 files on the DVD, that may take a while. When done it will show that number, and dare you to hit the ANY key. When you do, it goes away. Instead of the year, you can also type in a file extension. For example, if you want to see how many WAV files you got on drive E:, then you type countfiles e wav it will quietly search all folders and subdirectories on drive E: and give you that number. This bat is quite a powerful tool for those, who occasionally sort out the files they have. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! >From Ann It was our second anniversary, and my husband sent me flowers at the office. He told the florist to write "Happy Anniversary, Year Number 2" on the card. I was thrilled with the flowers, but not so pleased about the card. It read "Happy Anniversary. You're Number 2." Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Cleaning a Can Opener To clean and disinfect the wheel of a can opener, just use white vinegar and an old tooth brush. Dip the toothbrush in the vinegar and scrub clean. Swish in hot soapy water and rinse. By fossil1955 from Cortez, CO Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef : This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ A man was wheeling himself frantically down the hall of the hospital in his wheelchair, just before his operation. A nurse stopped him and asked, "What's the matter?" He said, "I heard the nurse say, 'It's a very simple operation, don't worry. I'm sure it will be all right.'" "She was just trying to comfort you. What's so frightening about that?" "She wasn't talking to me. She was talking to the doctor!" Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. A couple had been married for 45 years and had raised a brood of 11 children and were blessed with 22 grandchildren. When asked the secret for staying together all that time, the wife replied, "Many years ago we made a promise to each other: the first one to pack up and leave has to take all the kids...." How to write a bat to count files on a drive Thursday, July 12, 2012, 09:00 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Thursday, July 12 Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 100 BC Julius Cesar was born 1290 Jews are expelled from England by order of King Edward I 1812 US forces led by Gen Hull invade Canada (War of 1812) 1859 Paper bag manufacturing machine patented by William Goodale, Mass 1900 114ï¿½ F (46ï¿½ C), Basin, Wyoming 1909 16th Amendment approved (power to tax incomes) 1928 1st televised tennis match 1948 1st jets to fly across the Atlantic (6 RAF de Havilland Vampires) 1951 Mob tries to keep black family from moving into all-white Cicero Ill 1957 1st President to fly in helicopter-Dwight Eisenhower 1960 Echo I, 1st American satellite launched 1960 USSR's Sputnik 5 launched with 2 dogs 1962 1st time 2 manned crafts in space (USSR) 1966 Most rain fell in 1 day in Ohio, 10.5" in Sandusky 1966 Race riot in Chicago 1967 23 die in Newark race rebellion 1967 Blacks in Newark, riot, 26 killed, 1500 injured & over 1000 arrested 1988 USSR launches Phobos II for Martian orbit 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! You get fifteen democrats in a room, and you get twenty opinions. --- Senator Patrick Leahy One man's folly is another man's wife. --- Helen Rowland Progress isn't made by early risers. It's made by lazy men trying to find easier ways to do something. --- Robert Heinlein If computers get too powerful, we can organize them into a committee -- that will do them in. --- Bradley's Bromide Bill and Doug went into a diner in Chicago, that looked as though it had seen better days. As they slid in to a booth, Bill wiped some crumbs from the seat. Then he took a napkin and wiped some moisture from the table. The waitress came over and asked if they wanted some menus. "No thanks," said Doug. "I'll just have a cup of black coffee." "I'll have black coffee too," Bill said. "And please make sure the cup is clean." The waitress shot him a nasty look. She turned and marched off into the kitchen. Two minutes later, she was back. "Two cups of black coffee," she announced. "Which one of you wanted the clean cup?" The UnLocker Have you ever accidentally elbowed a new password into Windows and locked yourself out? Not yet? Or has a family member accidentally done that? Or the cat on her stroll over the keyboard? That can get extremely expensive, if you don't have the UnLocker. The Unlocker will get you back in there in 30 seconds. No fuss, no panic. Take the fear out of "Not Yet" with the UnLocker. A kleptomaniac woman had been caught shoplifting in a supermarket and had to appear in court, taking along her long-suffering husband for marital support. The prosecution proved that the theft had taken place so the judge told her that, considering her record, he was forced to impose a jail term. "This time you stole a can of tomatoes. Let us suppose that there were six tomatoes in the can. Do you agree?" The woman agreed. "Then I sentence you to six nights in jail." The husband jumped to his feet, addressing the judge, "Your honor, may I approach the bench?" "Well," said his honor, this is somewhat unusual but I will make an exception in this case. You may approach the bench." The husband wasted no time getting there and, leaning forward, he whispered, "She also stole a can of peas." Thanks to Lillemor for sending this picture by her friend Brenda If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Mary Corley, 42, in Butte, Montana Jailed After Driving Drunk, Wrecking Car, Fleeing Naked Into Traffic Mary Corley, a 42-year-old Butte woman was jailed Friday after she allegedly drove intoxicated before wrecking her boyfriend's car and then attempting to flee naked into traffic. According to Anaconda police, Corley was stopped by officers just west of Opportunity after she reportedly wrecked her boyfriend's car. When deputies approached the vehicle, officers could see that she was naked behind the wheel. Corley then attempted to flee the scene by running naked into traffic. Corley was booked into jail and charged with DWI and two counts of disorderly conduct. She was released after posting $1,055 bond and is scheduled to appear in court on November 5th. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Perry Re: How do you make a bat to count the files on a drive? Dear Webby, You mentioned bats again, as if they were something simple and commonplace. Do I have bats in the attic, or did I miss a grade? How do I make a "BAT" to do that, without typing that long command each time? Perry Dear Perry Open a text file with any clean text editor. Save the file as fcd.bat to count the files on drive D: or whatever name you want, but make sure the extension is .bat Some editors, like Windows NotePad try to sneak .txt extension after whatever extension you had specified. In the file write or paste what you see between the lines: __________________ @echo off color 9e dir /s /T:c D:\ \|find /c ":" pause exit __________________ Save that to the c:\windows folder, make a shortcut to it, and drag it onto the desktop. That's all there is to it. If you are interested abut what those commands do: Color 9e changes the scary grey on black to a more readable yellow on blue. You can, of course use any other color combo. dir /s tells it to search all included subdirectories too /T:c specifies that it use a certain format, that has one : per line The \| pipe tells it to use the result of that as the input of the next command instead of cluttering up the screen. After the pipe we use the FIND command, but only count the lines, in which it finds whatever you specify between the quotes. If you wanted to count the files, that have a 2010 date, you would put 2010 between the quotes. Do you see the power of this little bat now? The pause command pauses the display and asks you to hit any key, after you have seen the results. That is what all the old jokes about "Where is the Any Key?" are about. As soon as you hit any key, that window closes and goes away. The program is gone and does not take or reserve any memory or resources of any kind. It exits cleanly. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! A man is driving with his wife at his side and his mother-in-law in the backseat. The women just won't leave him alone. His mother-in-law says, "You're driving too fast!" His wife says, "Stay more to the left." After ten mixed orders, the man turns to his wife and asks, "Who's driving this car - you or your mother?" Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Removing Pills From Sweaters Remove fuzz balls from sweaters with a shaver. Go over the surface slowly and carefully with a disposable razor. By duckie-do from Cortez, CO Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef : This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ An Arkansas mountain man made the long walk into town one fateful Saturday afternoon carrying a jug of homemade moon- shine in one hand and a shotgun in the other. He stopped a poor, unfortunate fellow on the street, saying to him, "Here friend, take a drink outta my jug. I made this maself!" The man protested, saying he couldn't possibly bring himself to drink homemade moonshine. But the mountain man leveled his shotgun at the stranger and commanded, "Drink!" The stranger took a swallow, and immediately shuddered, shook, shivered and coughed. "Have mercy!" he finally cried. "That's awful stuff you've got there." "Ain't it, though?" replied the mountain man. "Now, you hold the gun on me while I take a swig." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. Two Iraqi spies met in a busy restaurant in Los Angeles after they had successfully slipped into the U.S. The first spy starts speaking in Arabic. The second spy shushes him quickly and whispers: "Don't blow our cover. You're in America now. Speak Spanglish!" How to count all files on a drive Wednesday, July 11, 2012, 06:55 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Wednesday, July 11 The election time spamming has started. Some morons seem to think I would be vulnerable to expertly crafted brainwash like certain people produced during the last election to convince the sheeple. Blaming everything on Bush is a bit silly at this time. He may have been a country bumpkin, but at least he was sincere. Why not blame everything on Reagan, or maybe Eisenhower? I am not getting into politics, but I sure get my MailWasher actively involved. Between now and the election, try to keep phrases used by the brainwashers out of your emails. MailWasher will dump those mails right on the server. Quoting the sheeple herders will dump mail just as quickly as if it was their spam. Keep in mind, I am not the only one allergic to brainwash and averse to spam. If you don't get answers to your emails, check to make sure you did not use certain phrases, that are popular with the election spammers. Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1533 Pope Clement VII excommunicated England's King Henry VIII 1740 Jews are expelled from Russia by order of Czarina Anne 1798 US Marine Corps created by an act of Congress 1888 118ï¿½ F (48ï¿½ C), Bennett, Colorado (Gullible Warming?) 1921 Mongolia gains independence from China 1955 Congress authorizes all US currency to say "In God We Trust" 1988 Mike Tyson hires Donald Trump as an advisor 1989 President Ronald Reagan sportscasts the All Star Game 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! "It was hot today. Like 90 out. It was so hot here in Beverly Hills I saw a guy in a Porsche with his toupee down." --- Craig Ferguson Skill without imagination is craftsmanship and gives us many useful objects such as wickerwork picnic baskets. Imagination without skill gives us modern art. --- Tom Stoppard You never really learn to swear until you learn to drive. (The corollary is: You never learn to pray until your kids learn to drive!) Nah, to REALLY learn to cuss you have to mush sled dogs and haul firewood with them on steep creeks and rivers still mostly frozen over in early summer. A husband read an article to his wife about how many words women use a day. 30,000 to a man's 15,000. The wife replied, "The reason has to be because we have to repeat everything to men. The husband then turned to his wife and asked, "What?" The UnLocker Have you ever accidentally elbowed a new password into Windows and locked yourself out? Not yet? Or has a family member accidentally done that? Or the cat on her stroll over the keyboard? That can get extremely expensive, if you don't have the UnLocker. The Unlocker will get you back in there in 30 seconds. No fuss, no panic. Take the fear out of "Not Yet" with the UnLocker. A couple drove down a country road for several miles, not saying a word. An earlier discussion had led to an argument and neither of them wanted to concede their position. As they passed a barnyard of mules, goats, and pigs, the husband asked sarcastically, "Relatives of yours?" "Yep," the wife replied, "in-laws." Thanks to Lillemor for sending this picture by her friend Brenda If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Myia Cole, 30, in Tulsa, OK Jailed After Baby In Car Seat Found Upside Down In Middle Of Road Myia Natrice Cole, a 30-year-old Tulsa woman was jailed Saturday after she allegedly left her 11-month-old child in the middle of the street, face down in a car seat. According to Tulsa Police, Cole and the child's father, Clyde Jackson, reported the child missing around 9:30 p.m. When officers arrived at the scene, they found the parents to be extremely intoxicated, and unable to tell the officer where their child was last seen. Officers located a witness who claimed that she had picked Cole up earlier in the evening. The witness then directed officers to that location. When officers arrived at that location around midnight, they found a car seat lying face down in the middle of the street. When officers up-righted the car seat, they discovered that the child was still strapped inside. Investigators say the child was a mile and a half away from Cole's residence. The child had been sitting in the summer heat for nearly 3 hours and was dehydrated but otherwise unharmed. The child is now in the custody of the Department of Human Services. Jackson was not apprehended, but had just been released from jail on Friday in an unrelated case. Cole was booked into the Tulsa County Jail and charged with child endangerment. She is currently being held in lieu of a $25,000 bond. She also had active warrants for her arrest for failing to pay court costs totaling $7,965.34 in three other felony cases, including charges of possession of paraphernalia, failure to comply, and escape from a penal institution. She also had a warrant in regards to a misdemeanor public drunkenness. Most likely she had placed the baby into the car seat and placed the car seat onto the trunk or roof of the car, without the driver noticing it, and forgot about the baby. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Erin Re: How do you count the files on a drive? Dear Webby, Is there a way to count all the files on my external USB drive? I don't see any way at all but you probably have some trick. Thanks Erin Dear Erin Yes, sure there is a trick, use DOS. That has worked long before Windows and still does. Click on START in the search field type cmd and hit ENTER. You will get a scary black screen with light grey writing. That is the raw command line, not sugar-coated or prettied up for gentle souls. If you want to get the number of files on the F: drive, type dir /s /T:c F:\ \|find /c ":" and hit Enter. If you have a few Million files on the F: drive, nothing will happen for a while. It takes time to count all those files! Then suddenly, but very quietly, a number appears on the next line. That is the number of files plus folders on the F: drive. You don't have to wait for it and can continue doing other things on the computer. If you want just the files, but not the folders, type the same thing but use a period between the quotes. To get the number of folders, subtract the second number from the first. For a different drive, just use that drive's letter instead of the F By the way, DOS commands are not case sensitive, but spacing is critical. If you forget an empty space, where one is upposed to be, you will get totally different results, or none at all. You can copy from here, then jump into the DOS window, Right-click, and select PASTE. DOS is not really that scary, but very handy at times, when you want to go a bit further than what Windows allows. If you need that command often, put it into a bat and make a desktop shortcut to it. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Groan Alert: >From Mary This may come as a surprise to those of you not living in Las Vegas but there are more Catholic churches there than casinos. Not surprisingly, some worshippers at Sunday services will give casino chips rather than cash when the basket is passed. Since they get chips from so many different casinos, the churches have devised a method to collect the offerings. The churches send all their collected chips to a nearby Franciscan Monastery for sorting and then the chips are taken to the casinos of origin and cashed in. This is done by the chip monk! ------------------ Las Vegas still has all the pretty lights, but has been re-focused as a "Family Town", trying to compete with Disneyland and Disneyworld. City Hall is now controlled by the unions and the casino owners are simply outvoted. Forget all the jokes about hookers and brothels in Las Vegas. Those are "Once upon a time, long, lng ago..." Las Vegas got cleaned up and is safe to use for church conventions or to take grandparents and grandkids to, without having to worry about embarrassing questions. Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Funnel as a String Dispenser For a handy way to have string at your fingertips, try this. Hang a cheap funnel as a dispenser, with the roll of twine or string in the top and the end running down through the spout. This is nice for a kitchen, basement, garage shop, or garden. Just keep a small knife handy to cut the twine or string. This will also keep you from having tangles and knots in the string or twine. It might even work for yarn for knitting or crocheting. By fossil1955 from Cortez, CO A plastic screw top coffee can works even better. Pull the string from the center of a spool through a hole in the bottom of the can. The lid keeps string or wool clean. You can epoxy two replacement blades for those key-fob box cutters onto the side of the can, projecting downward below the bottom rim in an upside down "V" fashion. The "V" has to close a bit below the rim of the can. That way you can cut the string or wool one-handed. It gets trapped in the upside down "V" as you snap it up into the upside down "V", and does not slide. In addition to the ease of one-handed cutting, with your cutter being 3-4 inches away from the hole, the cut end does not snake back into the hole. You will be amazed how well this trick works! Have FUN! DearWebby Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef : This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ >From Minnie When I returned home from college for summer, I noticed a paper posted on the refrigerator. It listed some goals my dad had set for himself: Help wife more; lose weight; be more productive at work. I promptly added: "Send Minnie money every month." A few days later my brother wrote: "Make payments on car for Jason." Then my boyfriend joined in with: "Buy Tom a Jeep." Finally my father added a new goal to his amended list: "Wean kids." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. Tired of the inconvenience of driving from the airport to his country cottage, a man equipped his small plane with pontoons so he could land on the lake directly in front of his cottage. On his next trip however, he made his approach down the airport runway as usual. Alarmed, his wife cried out, "Are you crazy? You can't land this plane here without wheels!" The startled husband yanked the nose up, narrowly averting certain disaster. Continuing home, he landed the plane on the lake without mishap. As he sat there, visibly shaken, he said to his wife, "I don't know what on earth got into me. That's the stupidest thing I've ever done in my life!" And with that, he opened the door and vaulted out... right into the water. ---------------- How do you take off from a paved airport with pontoons? When the pontoons are mounted for the summer, the plane is lifted onto a special trailer, that is hooked to a fast pick-up. Then pilot starts the plane and the truck takes off down the runway. With the plane more than taking care of the trailer, they soon reach enough speed for the plane to lift off the trailer. After trying to land on that trailer at the start of winter, and re-trying a dozen times, most plane owners opt for amphibious floats, that have small wheels built in. Boneheads or not Tuesday, July 10, 2012, 04:36 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Tuesday, July 10 Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 552 Origin of Armenian calendar 1866 Indelible pencil patented by Edson P Clark 1886 Eruption of Tarawera volcano destroys famous pink & white calcium carbonate hot-spring terraces (North Island, New Zealand) 1923 All non-fascist parties disolved in Italy 1926 Lake Denmark, NJ arsenal explodes, kills 21, $75 M damage 1933 1st police radio system operated, Eastchester Township, NY 1940 Battle of Britain began as Nazi forces attacked by air 1943 US & Britain invade Sicily in WW II 1958 1st parking meter installed in England (625 installed) 1962 Telstar, 1st geosynchronous communications satellite, launched 1966 Orbiter 1 launched to Moon 1973 Bahamas gain independence after 300 yrs of British rule (Nat'l Day) 1981 CERN achieves 1st proton-antiproton beam collision (570 GeV) 1985 Coca-Cola Co announces it will resume selling old formula Coke 1985 French agents sink Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior in New Zealand 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! The right to be heard does not automatically include the right to be taken seriously. --- Hubert H. Humphrey "We used to play spin the bottle when I was a kid. A girl would spin the bottle and if it pointed to you when it stopped, the girl could either kiss you or give you a dime. By the time I was 14, I owned my own home." --- Gene Perret A pastor went into the pulpit one Sunday morning wearing a pair of new bifocals. The reading portion of the glasses improved his vision considerably, but whenever he looked through the top portion of the glasses he got dizzy. He explained to the congregation that the new glasses were causing problems, then said, "I hope you will excuse my continually removing my glasses. You see when I look down I can see fine, but when I look at you, it makes me sick." On landing, the stewardess said, "Please be sure to take all of your belongings. If you're going to leave anything, please make sure it's something we can sell at a profit. Mrs Beasly, please wake up your husband!" The UnLocker Have you ever accidentally elbowed a new password into Windows and locked yourself out? Not yet? Or has a family member accidentally done that? Or the cat on her stroll over the keyboard? That can get extremely expensive, if you don't have the UnLocker. The Unlocker will get you back in there in 30 seconds. No fuss, no panic. Take the fear out of "Not Yet" with the UnLocker. A man's car breaks down right in front of a farm and he's trying to fix it when he hears a voice coming behind him, "You have water in the gas tank." The man turns around and all he sees is a cow from the farm. He goes back to his car and again the same voice says, "You have water in the gas tank." The man turns around again and he sees nothing and nobody except the cow, and the voice defintiely came from the cow, "You have water in the gas tank." The man is shocked so he knocks on the door of the farmer's house. When the farmer answers the door the man says, "The cow talked to me and said I had water in my gas tank. Can she talk?" The farmer replied, "Ignore her, that cow barely understands Diesel engines and doesn't have a clue about gas engines." Thanks to Janina for this picture: If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Valerie Topete, 36, in Phoenix, AZ Mother fills toddler's cup with beer Valerie Marie Topete, a 36-year-old Phoenix resident was jailed Tuesday after she allegedly put beer in her 2-year-old son's sippy cup and allowed the toddler to drink up. According to the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office, officers were called to Peter Piper Pizza after a waitress reported that she saw Topete pour beer from a pitcher into a child's sippy cup, and the child drank from it. The mother then left the child alone at the table with the alcohol. When officers questioned Topete, she admitted to giving her son some beer because "he kept reaching for the pitcher." Topete initially denied that the child drank from the sippy cup but later agreed that the child "might have" consumed the alcohol. She was apprehended while the child was taken to a local hospital to be evaluated. The toddler was then released to his father who was elsewhere in the restaurant that day. Topete was booked into jail and charged with child abuse. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Darla Re: Anti-Bonehed Awards Dear Webby, I love your newsletter but the Bonehead Awards are getting to be a bit much. Kinda hard to miss when scrolling thru the humor. Dear Darla Try Ophelia Dingbatter's News. Her jokes too are of a predominantly upbeat nature, albeit a bit raunchy at times. However, they are not negative or hateful or discriminatory. And she does not do Bonehead Awards. With the Humor letter, I have to keep the Bonehead awards. When I asked the subscribers a couple of months ago, whether to dump them or keep them, there was a huge storm of support in favor of keeping them. So, be a big spender, blow your heirs expected inheritance and spend $10 on a year of Ophelia Dingbatter's News .! Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Murphy's First Law for Wives: If you ask your husband to pick up five items at the store and then you add one more as an afterthought, he will forget two of the first five. * Kauffman's Paradox of the Corporation: The less important you are to the corporation, the more your tardiness or absence is noticed. * Lampner's Law of Employment: When leaving work late, you will go unnoticed. When you leave work early, you will meet the boss in the parking lot. Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Audiobooks From The Library Listen to audiobooks! I get them for free from the public library and listen to them as I drive and when I go for my power walks. I "read" about 2-3 books weekly using this method. I have learned to speak Spanish and have learned a great deal about personal finances and investing, which I had no knowledge in. I also get magazines for free (old issues, of course) But they are all for free and I get ones that I would never subscribe to but really enjoy anyway. By George from Allentown, PA Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef : This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ An elderly lady, who lived on the third floor of a boardinghouse, broke her leg. As the doctor put a cast on it, he warned her not to climb any stairs. Several months later, the doctor took off the cast. "Can I climb stairs now?" asked the little old lady. "Yes," he replied. "Thank goodness!" she said. "I'm sick and tired of shinnying up and down that drainpipe!" Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. This one is a classic. It is often told with names of countries or states subbed in instead of Engineers and Accountants. Three Engineers and three Accountants were traveling to a hockey game. The three Accountants each buy tickets and watch as the three Engineers buy only a single ticket. "How are the three people going to travel on only one ticket?", asks an Accountant. "Watch and you'll see," says an Engineer. They all board the train. The Accountants take their respective seats but all three Engineers cram into a bathroom and close the door behind them. Shortly after the train has departed, the conductor comes around collecting tickets. He knocks on the bathroom door and says, "Ticket please!" The door opens a crack, a single hand emerges with a ticket in hand. The conductor takes it and moves on. The Accountants see this and agree it was quite a clever idea. So after the game they decide to copy the Engineers on the return trip and save some money. When they get to the station, they buy a single ticket for the return trip. To their astonishment the Engineers don't buy a ticket at all. "How are you going to travel without a ticket?" asks one perplexed Accountant. "Watch and you'll see," replies an Engineer. When they board the train the three Accountants cram into a bathroom and the three Engineers cram into another bathroom nearby. Once the train leaves the station, one of the Engineers leaves and walks over to the other bathroom where the Accountants are hiding, knocks on the door and calls out with an authoritative sounding voice: "Ticket please!" Why PDF? Monday, July 9, 2012, 06:46 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Monday, July 9 Thank you Leonard! Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1595 Johannes Kepler inscribes geometric solid construction of universe 1816 Argentina declares independence from Spain 1853 Adm Perry & US Navy visit Japan 1860 Temperature hits 115ï¿½ F in Ft Scott & 112ï¿½ F in Topeka Kansas 1872 Doughnut cutter patented by John Blondel, Thomaston, Me 1878 An improved corncob pipe patented by Henry Tibbe 1893 Daniel H Williams performs "world's 1st successful heart coperation" 1915 Germany surrenders South West Africa to Union of South Africa 1917 British warship "Vanguard" explodes at Scapa Flow killing 800 1951 Pres Truman asked Congress to formally end state of war with Germany. Since then US troops pay rent in Germany. 1953 1st helicopter passenger service (NYC) 1957 Discovery of element 102 (Nobelium) announced 1958 Giant splash caused by fall of 90 million tons of rock & ice into Lituya Bay, Alaska washes 1,800 feet up the mountain 1978 Nearly 100,000 demonstrators march on Wash DC for ERA 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! "When we seek to discover the best in others, we somehow bring out the best in ourselves." --- William Arthur Ward Regret for the things we did can be tempered by time; it is regret for the things we did not do that is inconsolable. --- Sidney J. Harris A Jewish couple is sitting together on an airplane flying to The Far East. Suddenly, over the public address system, the Captain announces, "Ladies and Gentlemen, I am afraid I have some very bad news. Our engines have ceased functioning and this plane will be going down. Luckily, I see an uncharted island below us that should be able to accommodate our landing. A few minutes later the plane lands safely on the island. After touring the island the captain announced to the passengers that the odds are that we will never be rescued and will have to live on the island for the rest of our lives." Morris turns to his wife and asks, "Esther, did we pay our charity pledge to the Yeshiva yet?" "No, Morris," she responds. Morris smiles and then asks, "Esther, did we pay our United Jewish Appeal pledge?" "Oy, no! I haven't sent the check," she says. Now Morris laughs out loud. "One last thing, Esther. Did you remember to send our Temple Building Fund check this month," he asks? "Oy, Morris, I haven't sent that one, either." says Esther. Now, Morris is practically choking with laughter. Esther asks Morris, ï¿½So? What are you laughing about?" Morris answers confidently, "They'll find us." The UnLocker Have you ever accidentally elbowed a new password into Windows and locked yourself out? Not yet? Or has a family member accidentally done that? Or the cat on her stroll over the keyboard? That can get extremely expensive, if you don't have the UnLocker. The Unlocker will get you back in there in 30 seconds. No fuss, no panic. Take the fear out of "Not Yet" with the UnLocker. Two dogs were walking down the street. The one dog says to the other, "Wait here a minute, I'll be right back." He walks across the street and sniffs this fire hydrant for about a minute, then walks back across the street. The other dog says, "What was that about?" The dog first dog says, "I was just checking my pee-mail." The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef : This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ The woman was in labor in the delivery room with her husband at her side coaching her just the way he learned in the Lamaze class. It seemed like an eternity before the doctor finally announced, "I've got the head now; just a few more minutes." "Is it a girl or boy?" the husband asked excitedly. The doctor replied, "At this age it's too hard to tell by the ears." Thanks to Lillemor for this picture: If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Robert Casey, Fort Pierce, Florida Naked And Masturbating In Car, With Plastic Toy Gun In Anus Robert Casey, a 49-year-old Fort Pierce man was jailed Monday after he was allegedly caught naked and masturbating inside his car, with a plastic toy gun inserted into his anus. According to Fort Pierce Police, Casey was driving around the area in his Jeep Cherokee when a tow truck driver pulled up next to him and noticed that he was naked, and his hand was moving around on his genitals. The tow truck driver called police and reported the incident. When officers attempted to stop Casey, he took his time pulling over because he was attempting to get dressed. When Casey finally stopped, the officer searched him and found a plastic toy gun tied to his leg and genitals. Part of the toy had been inserted into his anus. When officer asked his why he was committing the lewd acts, he stated that he had problems with this and was currently receiving therapy. Casey was booked into the St. Lucie County Jail and charged with lewd and lascivious behavior. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Patricia Re: Why PDF? Dear Webby, I fail to see the justification for the PDF format. It seems to be just a nuisance and trying to force us to buy that silly Adobe program. Is there any other reason for it? Patricia Dear Patricia Once upon a time PCs and Macs and UNIX machines were not able to read each other's documents. That was made worse by proprietary word processing programs, like IBM's Display Write. PDF (Portable Document Format) allowed machines with different systmes to DISPLAY docs, that had been written on other systems. In addition to that, there arose the need to lock up quotes and contracts, so that nobody could change them after signing. PDF took cae of that by creating more or less a print job of the document, that could not be edited. It did not help that every printer manufacturer came up with a totally different way to encode a document for sending it to THEIR printer. That was easy with daisy-wheel printers, that just sent a code for each letter. Dot Matrix printers complicated it, and when color inkjet and lasers came out, it got really complicated. Postscript brought in some standards and PDF of course snapped them up and adapted to that. For many years that meant Adobe had a monopoly, and made insane amounts of money. Eventually, though, programs were developed, that could read the "print job" the same way as they could read scanned documents or pictrues with text on them. One of the earliest of those PDF crackers was PDF995, and that program became one of the cornerstones of Open Office. Nowadays many programs let you export to or save as PDF. Editing PDF files is not a big deal, unless somebody used a recent version of the ADOBE PDF creator program to lock it up. In that case, you may have to use the Online Converter , that Neil told us about yesterday, to convert the PDF file to Open Office ODT or Microsoft WORD DOC, edit it, and then save it as a PDF file again. Luckily, normally only big quotes and contracts get locked up, and forms, that need to be filled out, are not locked, if the form writer has a higher IQ than a turnip. In case you forget the URL for the online converter, it is now in my Tool Box . Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! There were these two elderly people living in a Florida mobile home park. He was a widower and she a widow. They had known one another for a number of years. One evening there was a community supper in the big activity center. These two were at the same table, across from one another. As the meal went on, he made a few admiring glances at her and finally gathered up his courage to ask her, "Will you marry me?" After precisely six seconds of careful consideration, she answered. "Yes, yes, I will." The meal ended and with a few more pleasant exchanges, they went to their respective places. Next morning, he was troubled. "Did she say 'yes' or did she say 'no'?" He couldn't remember. Try as he would, he just could not recall. Not even a faint memory. With trepidation, he went to the telephone and called her. First, he explained to her that he didn't remember as well as he used to. Then he reviewed the lovely evening past. As he gained a little more courage, he then inquired of her, "When I asked if you would marry me, did you say 'Yes' or did you say 'No'?" He was delighted to hear her say, "Why, I said, 'Yes, yes I will' and I meant it with all my heart." Then she continued, "And I am so glad that you called, because I couldn't remember who had asked me. Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Cut Meats With Kitchen Shears My great grandmother would cut up meats like steak or pork chops using scissors. It works a lot better than using a knife and you can cut the meat closer to the bone. By Scgamecockcrew from Gaston, SC Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The young son of a Baptist minister was in church one morning when he observed very closely the ordinance of baptism by immersion. He was greatly interested in it, and the next morning proceeded to baptize his three cats in the bathtub. The kitten bore it very well, and so did the young cat, but the old family cat rebelled. It struggled with him, clawed and tore him, and got away. With considerable effort he caught it again and proceeded with the ceremony. But she acted worse than ever, clawed at him, spit, and scratched his hands and face. Finally, after barely getting her splattered with water, he dropped her on the floor in disgust and said: "Fine, just be a Methodist." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. A Scout Master was teaching his boy scouts about survival in the desert. "What are the three most important things you should bring with you in case you get lost in the desert?" he asked. Several hands went up, and many important things were suggested such as food, matches, etc. Then one little boy in the back eagerly raised his hand. "Yes Timmy, what are the three most important things you would bring with you?" asked the Scout Master. Timmy replied: "A compass, a canteen of water, and a deck of cards." "Why's that, Timmy?" "Well," answered Timmy, "the compass is to find the right direction, the water is to prevent dehydration..." "And what about the deck of cards?" asked the Scout Master impatiently. "Well, sir, as soon as you start playing Solitaire, someone is bound to come up behind you and say, 'Put that red nine on top of that black ten!'" Online Remote converter Sunday, July 8, 2012, 07:44 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Sunday, July 8 Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1709 Battle of Poltava; Russians defeat Swedes 1876 White Democrat terrorists attack Black Republicans in Hamburg SC, killing 5 1961 Portuguese steamer "Save" breaks up off Mozambique, 227 die 1969 US troop withdrawal begins in Vietnam 1986 Farthest thrown object-an "Aerobie" flying ring, 383 m (1,257') 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! In archaeology you uncover the unknown. In diplomacy you cover the known. --- Thomas Pickering I don't make jokes. I just watch the government and report the facts. --- Will Rogers A little girl was watching her parents dress for a party. When she saw her dad donning his tuxedo, she warned, "Daddy, you shouldn't wear that suit." "And why not, darling?" "You know that it always gives you a headache the next morning." The UnLocker Have you ever accidentally elbowed a new password into Windows and locked yourself out? Not yet? Or has a family member accidentally done that? Or the cat on her stroll over the keyboard? That can get extremely expensive, if you don't have the UnLocker. The Unlocker will get you back in there in 30 seconds. No fuss, no panic. Take the fear out of "Not Yet" with the UnLocker. >From Fred I asked my wife if she had seen this morning's paper. She said, "Yes, I wrapped the garbage in it--just the classified section, though." I said, "But...but...I haven't seen it yet!" She replies, "Oh, you didn't miss much. Just some egg shells, coffee grounds and a few orange peels." The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef : This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ Little Tony was staying with his grandmother for a few days. He'd been playing outside with the other kids for a while when he came into the house and asked her, "Grandma, what is that called when people are sleeping on top of each other?" She was a little taken aback, but decided to tell him the truth..."It's called sexual intercourse, darling." Little Tony just said, "Oh, OK" and went back outside to talk and play with the other kids. A few minutes later he came back in and said angrily, "Grandma, it is not called sexual intercourse! It's called Bunk Beds!" If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to James Seehaus, 25, in Palm Bay, Florida Jailed After Robbing Convenience Store Because His Fiance Refused To Have Sex With Him James Seehaus, a 25-year-old Florida man was jailed Thursday after he allegedly robbed a store, then told police he committed the robbery because his fiance refused to have sex with him. According to police, Seehaus entered a 7-Eleven convenience store with a BB gun, pointed the gun at the cashier and demanded all of the money in the cash register. A Palm Bay police officer spotted Seehaus as he attempted to flee the scene with the cash. The officer stopped Seehaus about a half mile away from the store and found a BB gun in the back seat. The clerk who was on duty at the time of the robbery identified Seehaus as the robber. Seehaus was subsequently taken to jail and charged with suspicion of robbery. During a police interview, Seehaus told investigators that he would have committed more robberies had he not been caught. He also stated that he committed the robbery out of frustration because his fiance had been refusing to have sex with him. He further stated that the money in his wallet belonged to the store and that he decided to rob the store because he needed the money to buy car insurance. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Neil Re: Online Converter Dear Webby, To convert a locked PDF to an editable DOC or ODT, go to http://www.online-convert.com/ They convert just about anything. Neil Dear Neil Thank you for that very valuable link! After trying it, I immediately put it into the Tool Box . Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Thanks to Dee for this legend: The day finally arrived; Forrest Gump dies and goes to Heaven. He is at the Pearly Gates, met by St. Peter himself. However, the gates are closed and Forrest approaches the Gatekeeper. St. Peter says, "Well, Forrest, it's certainly good to see you. We have heard a lot about you. I must tell you, though, that the place is filling up fast, and we've been administering an entrance examination for everyone. The test is short, but you have to pass it before you can get into Heaven." Forrest responds, "It shor is good to be here , St. Peter, sir. But nobody ever tolt me about any entrance exam. Shor hope the test ain't too hard; life was a big enough test as it was." St. Peter goes on, "Yes, I know, Forrest, but the test is only three questions. First: What two days of the week begin with the letter T? Second: How many seconds are there in a year? Third: What is God's first name?" Forrest leaves to think the questions over. He returns the next day and sees St. Peter who waves him up and says, "Now that you have had a chance to think the questions over, tell me your answers." Forrest says, "Well, the first one -- which two days in the week begin with the letter "T"? Shucks, that one's easy. That'd be Today and Tomorrow. The Saint's eyes open wide and he exclaims, "Forrest, that's not what I was thinking, but you do have a point, and I guess I didn't specify, so I'll give you credit for that answer. How about the next one?" asks St. Peter. "How many seconds in a year?" "Now that one's harder," says Forrest, "but I thunk and thunk about that a nod I guess the only answer can be twelve." Astounded, St. . Peter says, "Twelve? Twelve!? Forrest, how in Heaven's name could you come up with twelve seconds in a year?" Forrest says "Shucks, there's gotta be twelve: January 2nd, February 2nd, March 2nd. . " "Hold it, " interrupts St. Peter. "I see where you're going with this, and I see your point, though that wasn't quite what I had in mind. But I'll have to give you credit for that one, too. Let's go on with the third and final question. Can you tell me God's first name"? "Sure" Forrest replied, "its Andy." "Andy?!" exclaimed an exasperated and frustrated St. Peter. "OK, I can understand how you came up with your answers to my first two questions, but just how in the world did you come up with the name Andy as the first name of God?" "Shucks, that was the easiest one of all," Forrest replied. " I learnt it from the song. . "ANDY WALKS WITH ME, ANDY TALKS WITH ME, ANDY TELLS ME I AM HIS OWN. . . .." St. Peter opened the Pearly Gates and said: "Run Forrest, run." Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Use Lint Brush To Clean Cutting Mat I do a lot of quilting. When I square up my blocks, I always have a lot of lint and little fabric pieces left on my cutting mat. I use a lint brush to get the mat fuzz free again. I also use both side of my cutting mat. By Gabriele from CO Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: The boss joined a group of his workers at the coffee urn and told a series of jokes he'd heard recently. Everybody laughed loudly. Everybody, that is, except Mike. When he noticed that he was getting no reaction from Mike, the boss said, "What's the matter, Mike? No sense of humor?" "My sense of humor is fine," he said. "But I don't have to laugh. I'm quitting tomorrow." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. A commercial property owner has three shops in a row, all for rent. The first prospective lessee shows up, and says he wants to rent the shop on the left. The owner says, "Fine, what kind of shop do you have?" The guy says, "A menswear shop." The owner tells him he gets free signage, and asks what he wants on the sign. "Menswear," says the man. A second guy comes along and wants to let the right hand shop. When asked he says he wants "Menswear" on his sign. The owner tells him that the lefthand shop will be the same. "No problem," says the man. Finally a third man comes along to rent the middle shop. The owner is most concerned because this guy also has a menswear shop. Rather wearily the owner asks him what he wants on his sign. The guy replies: "Main Entrance." External Audio Card Saturday, July 7, 2012, 07:08 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Saturday, July 6 Re the voting, yes, I know. I have written to them on Monday already and again on Thursday and on Friday. I THINK I got through to them Friday afternoon via ThriftyFun. From Carole: Webby, whether we can vote for you or not. YOU ARE THE BEST!! Carole Thanks, Carole! Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1838 Central American federation is dissolved 1846 US annexs California 1863 1st military draft by US (exemptions cost $100) 1891 Travelers cheque patented 1898 US annexes Hawaii 1905 127ï¿½ F (53ï¿½ C), Parker Ariz (state record) 1937 Japanese & Chinese troops clash, which will become WW II 1941 US forces land in Iceland to forestall Nazi invasion 1956 7 Army trucks loaded with dynamite explode in the middle of Cali, Columbia killing 1,100-1,200, destroyimg 2,000 buildings 1960 USSR shoots down a US aircraft over Barents sea 1969 Canada's House of Commons approves equality of French-English language 1976 Viking 2 goes into orbit around Mars 1980 1st solar-powered aircraft crosses English Channel 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! It is bad luck to be superstitious. --- Socratex "To be stupid, selfish, and have good health are three requirements for happiness, though if stupidity is lacking, all is lost." --- Gustave Flaubert The UnLocker Have you ever accidentally elbowed a new password into Windows and locked yourself out? Not yet? Or has a family member accidentally done that? Or the cat on her stroll over the keyboard? That can get extremely expensive, if you don't have the UnLocker. The Unlocker will get you back in there in 30 seconds. No fuss, no panic. Take the fear out of "Not Yet" with the UnLocker. A Somali arrives in Minneapolis as a new immigrant to the United States. He stops the first person he sees walking down the street and says, "Thank you Mr. American for letting me in this country!" But the passer-by says "You are mistaken, I am Mexican." The man goes on and encounters another passer-by. "Thank you for having such a beautiful country here in America!" The person says, "I no American, I Vietnamese." The new arrival walks further, and the next person he sees he stops, shakes his hand and says, "Thank you for the wonderful America!" That person puts up his hand and says, "I am from Middle East, I am not an American!" He finally sees a nice lady and asks suspiciously, "Are you an American?" She says, "No, I am from Romania!" So he is puzzled, and asks her, "Where are all the Americans?" The Romanian lady looks at her watch, shrugs, and says... "Probably at work." The Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ In this 169 page ebook youï¿½ll find everything you need to know about how to grill some of the most amazing, hard to find recipes from start to finish! Currently with Bonus books: Delicious Pizza Recipes: Over 179 World Famous Pizza Recipes Cooking Like a Chef : This is an amazing guide of 101 of the best tips and techniques for cooking like a real professional chef. 60 Day Guarantee! Ultimate Guide to a Delicious Back Yard BBQ "How was your game, dear?" asked Jack's wife Tracy. "Well, I was hitting pretty well, but my eyesight's gotten so bad I couldn't see where the ball went," he answered. "But you're 75 years old, Jack!" admonished his wife, "Why don't you take my brother Scott along?" "But he's 85 and doesn't play golf anymore," protested Jack. "But he's got perfect eyesight. He would watch the ball for you," Tracy pointed out. The next day Jack teed off with Scott looking on. Jack swung and the ball disappeared down the middle of the fairway. "Do you see it?" asked Jack. "Yup," Scott answered. "Well, where is it?" yelled Jack, peering off into the distance. "I forgot." If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Joshua Garlathy, 40, Allentown, PA Deadbeat Dad Who Fled State Is found on FaceBook and lured back with fake movie role offer Joshua Garlathy, a 40-year-old Hawaii man was jailed after he allegedly ran from his child support payments for 19 years, then was lured back to his home state of Pennsylvania on the promise that he was going to star in a movie with Jennifer Aniston. According to Allentown police, bounty hunter Scott Bernstein devised a plan to lure Garlathy back to Pennsylvania, where he was wanted by police for owing more than $32,000 in back child support. Bernstein allegedly tracked Garlathy down and discovered that he was working at a cafe in Hawaii, living on a beach, and looking for a girlfriend who was into smoking marijuana, according to various Facebook and Craigslist postings. The state refused to incur the expense of having Garlathy extradited back to Pennsylvania, so the bounty hunter looked for a way to lure him back on a voluntary basis. Investigators say Bernstein contacted Garlathy through Facebook and told him that he was interested in casting him in a role for a romantic comedy/action film starring Jennifer Aniston and Daniel Greg. Bernstein told Garlathy that a talent scout had seen him play guitar in the cafe where he worked and suggested him for the part. Garlathy was asked to come to Pennsylvania so that the casting process could be completed. Garlathy took the bait and flew to Pennsylvania despite knowing that he had warrants for his arrest. He was apprehended on a plane in front of about 250 people. Garlathy reportedly has two more children in Canada that he also refuses to support. He fled from Canada after authorities there also issued a warrant for his arrest. Garlathy was booked into jail and charged with willful failure to pay child support. He was released after paying $10,000 towards the back support he owes. He was sentenced to to 90 days of probation. Garlathy's estranged daughter, who is now 19 years old, was in court when her father received his sentence. The arrest was filmed as part of a reality show that features deadbeat dads that are arrested and brought to justice. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Margene Re: More Audio device choices Dear Webby, Regarding the problem with the earphones. A better solution would be a usb sound card. You can probably get them for approximately $19. That way you donï¿½t have to plug anything into the headphone port. I use it continually and it produces better sound also. Margene Dear Margene Yes, sure, that works too, and some USB external sound cards have more than one output socket, so that saves you having to get that dual jack adapter from the Dollar store. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! >From Ally I was driving with my three young children one warm summer evening when a woman in the convertible ahead of us stood up and waved. She was stark naked! As I was reeling from the shock, I heard my 5-year-old shout from the back seat, "Mom! That woman isn't wearing a seat belt!" Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Clean Fireplace with Vinegar Remove fireplace soot and grime with undiluted white distilled vinegar. Use a brush to scrub then blot the wetness and dirt off with a towel. By duckie-do from Cortez, CO Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: Two youngsters were closely examining bathroom scales on display at the department store. "Have you ever seen one of these before?" one asked. "Yeah, my mom has one," replied.. "What's it for?" "It's a cussing machine," answered. "Every time she stands on it, she gets really mad and starts cussing." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. Two deaf men were in a coffee shop discussing their wives. One signs to the other, boy was my wife mad at me last night! She went on and on and wouldn't stop! The other Buddy says when my wife goes off on me, I just don't listen. How do you do that? asks the other. It's easy! I take off my glasses! Multiple audio devices Friday, July 6, 2012, 09:23 AM Good Morning, ! Today is Friday, July 6 Time to wear a bit of red to show your support for the troops! Re the voting, yes, I know. I have written to them on Monday already and again on Thursday. Have FUN! DearWebby Today in 1777 British Gen Burgoyne captures Fort Ticonderoga from Americans 1785 Congress resolves US currency named "dollar" & adopts decimal coinage 1798 US law makes aliens "liable to be apprehended, restrained,... & removed as alien enemies" 1885 1st inoculation (for rabies) of a human being, by Louis Pasteur 1886 Horlick's of Wisconsin offers 1st malted milk to public 1892 Striking steelworkers in Homestead, Pa fire on scabs, killing 7 1894 Cleveland sends 2,000 troops to Chicago to suppress Pullman strike 1903 George Wyman arrives in NYC by motorcycle 51 days out of SF 1923 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed 1924 1st photo sent experimentally across Atlantic by radio, US-England 1928 1st all-talking motion picture shown, in NY (Lights of NY) 1936 114ï¿½ F (46ï¿½ C), Moorhead, Minnesota (state record) 1936 121ï¿½ F (49ï¿½ C), Steele, North Dakota (state record) Gullible Warming in 1936? 1958 Alaska becomes the 49th state 1959 Saar becomes part of German Federal Republic 1989 After 9 years, WHOT (Bkln pirate radio station) is busted by the FCC 2012 smiled Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! Don't ever take a fence down until you know the reason it was put up. --- G. K. Chesterton It is even harder for the average ape to believe that he has descended from man. --- H. L. Mencken Fix PC Errors with Ease. Easily Scan, Repair and Speed up PC. Registry Easyï¿½ is the award-winning Windows Registry Cleaner that helps you scan your PC. Safely clean the errors and invalid entries, which cause system slowdown, freezing and crashing! Repair registry problems easily! Improve your PC performance! Get Registry Easyï¿½ now! It was "sharing time" in a kindergarten full of bright children. The teacher was presiding over a discussion about the children's parents. One child said, "Well, my mother's a Catholic and my father's Jewish." "Oh, wow!" said another. "So what do you believe?" "I believe in everything," said the first child. "What do you mean 'everything'?" asked another child. "Well, you know," said the first child, "Jesus Christ, Moses, Snow White, the Tooth Fairy, Santa, the Easter Bunny, everything!" Smart PC Fixer Fix Windows Errors & Optimize Your System No Blue Screen, No Lock up, No Errors, Less Garbage Files, no memory shortage! Faster and Smoother Running System. Fix Windows quickly and safely! Some teachers at state universities get to know our students fairly well. One instructor told his communications class of his plans to propose marriage. A student spoke up and said that he had recently asked his girlfriend to marry him as well. "What was her answer?" the instructor asked. "I don't know," the student replied. "She hasn't e-mailed me back yet." If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder: Thanks for your votes! An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD to Jackie Farah, 32, Bowling Green, Kentucky Abandoned 19 Children And 10 Animals Inside Home With No Food Or Air Conditioning Jackie Farah, a 32-year-old Bowling Green woman was jailed after 19 children were left at home alone in filthy conditions with no air conditioning or food. Her boyfriend, Irving "Joe" Smith is also wanted for questioning. According to the Warren County Sheriff's Office, an investigation began after a neighbor reported that Farah had abandoned a house full of children. Farah and her alleged boyfriend reportedly asked the neighbor to check in on the children "periodically" while she was out of town on an overnight "family emergency." The neighbor called 911 when a week had passed and Farah still hadn't returned. Investigators arrived at the home to discover 19 children (aged 8 months to 14-years-old) living in a residence that had no air conditioning and dog feces covering the floor. Nine dogs and one cat were found living inside the residence and the temperature inside the house measured above 90 degrees. Trash littered several rooms in the house and no food was found in the refrigerator or kitchen cabinets. The children were taken to a local hospital for observation. Authorities contacted Farah, who was still in Michigan at the time, and advised her to return for questioning. She returned and was taken into custody after questioning. The children - who have been described as a mix of siblings and cousins - told investigators that they were used to being left alone. Farah was booked into the Warren County Regional Jail and charged with 14 counts of first-degree criminal abuse and 5 counts of first-degree wanton endangerment. She is currently being held without bond. Investigators are questioning other possible suspects and the case is ongoing. The link to Mail Washer is here! Tech Support Pits: From: Ariana Re: Audio device choice Dear Webby, You told me years ago that the most fragile part of a laptop is the socket for plugging in the earphones or external speakers, and I found out the hard way, that it indeed is, especially on Toshibas, where the socket is soldered right onto the motherboard. When the socket or the solder connection fails, you have to buy a new motherboard, which cost me more than a new laptop, once I paid for shipping and installation. My current laptop is an Acer Aspire with a built in sound system, that would probably be a delight for small rodents, but is simply not good enough for a 200 lb diva. I do have a good head-set and I got Logitech external speakers for when I am alone, but am scared silly about unplugging one and plugging in the other frequently. What do you recommend? Ariana Dear Ariana Go to the "Dollar Store" and buy a "3.5 mm Double Adaptor". It has one male prong identical to the one on your external speakers or on the green plug for your head set., and it has two female sockets. Make sure it has two black rings like the one on the picture. Like most stuff at the "Dollar Store", it costs a Dollar. Plug the greeen head set plug from the head set and the plug from your external speakers into that adapter, then plug the adapter into the laptop. If your laptop sits flat on a desk and there is danger of a cat stepping on that adaptor or books getting dumped on it, find some wood or plastic that nicely fits under it, and epoxy it to the adaptor. Don't use folded paper, that is springy. It HAS to be wood or plastic or metal. If you can't find anything else, epoxy 5 or 6 Quarters together. A lot cheaper than driving to a cabinet makers shop and having a shim custom made, or getting a new motherboard. Have FUN! DearWebby If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can! A little girl and a little boy were at daycare. The girl approached the boy and said, "Hey, Stevie, wanna play house?" He said, "Sure! What do you want me to do?" The girl replied, "I want you to communicate." He said to her, "That word is too big. I have no idea what it means." The little girl smirked and said, "Perfect. You can be the husband." Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Store Craft Projects in Zippered Bags Save the zippered bags that linens and drapes come in to keep knitting and crocheted projects in that are in various stages of completion. It is easy to see the contents of the bag, unlike a box or other container. By duckie-do from Cortez, CO Check out ThriftyFun's Blog at http://www.myfrugallife.com Thriftyfun.com also has a newsletter. If you want more than just one tip per day, or if you want to share your tips, then you can subscribe to it here: ThriftyFun Highly recommended! If you like the ThriftyFun.com list, you can vote for it here: >From Bill P My Dad and I were talking the other night about love and marriage. He told me that he knew as early as their wedding what marriage to my Mom would be like. It seems the minister asked my Mom, "Do you take this man to be your husband." And she said, "I do." Then the minister asked my Dad, "Do you take this woman to be your wife," and my Mom said, "He does." Ophelia Dingbatter's News No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on-line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double-opt-in confirmation request. >From Gary As I serviced an alarm system at a jewelry store recently, the saleswoman let me know that the store was having a 20% off sale. "I bet your girlfriend would love it if you bought her something." she suggested. "I don't have a girlfriend," I answered. "No girlfriend?" "No, my wife won't let me."	i don't know
July 18, 1969 saw the death of campaign worker Mary Jo Kopechne, when a car driven by what famed politician went off a bridge on Chappaquiddick Island, MA, an accident from which he was the only survivor?	Sexual Scandal Reportage 1960S through 2000S Sexual Scandal Reportage 1960S through 2000S Permanent Link: Sexual Scandal Reportage 1960S through 2000S Proper Perspective or a Return to Yellow Journalism Physical Description: 1 online resource (114 p.) Language: Mass Communication, Journalism and Communications Committee Chair: editorial -- journalism -- mainstream -- media -- perspective -- political -- scandal -- sexual -- yellow Journalism and Communications -- Dissertations, Academic -- UF Genre: government publication (state, provincial, terriorial, dependent) ( marcgt ) born-digital ( sobekcm ) Notes Abstract: The reportage of political sexual scandal had undergone a metamorphosis in the latter part of the 20th century. Gone is the post-war era press club that had silenced the rumors surrounding political figures, replaced by a press corps that filled the nation’s leading newspapers with the character flaws and philandering of elected public servants. Amid cries of sensationalism and a return to Yellow Journalism by the media after each new scandal, the study analyzes the editorial approach news organizations have traditionally taken on the subject of political sexual scandal. This contextual analysis considers three scandals beginning in 1969 with Edward Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne, continuing in 1987 with Gary Hart and Donna Rice and ending in 2008 with John Edwards and Rielle Hunter. Employing close reading and computer-aided text analysis methods, and building on Benoit’s Image Restoration Strategies as a theoretical guideline, the researcher reviewed The New York Times, the Washington Post and the Chicago Tribune’s coverage of these scandals to determine the editorial stance, and changes if any, of each publication during the roughly 40-year time span. A discussion of the results and implications for the dissemination of political sexual scandal in the current mainstream media reveal that the editorial stance of these newspapers remained fairly consistent during the time frame under consideration, whether that be a liberal, moderate or conservative position. Further, that the newspaper’s reportage was directed, in no small part, by the actions and strategies these figures employed in the wake of the scandal’s publication. However, there are distinct changes in the language and overall tone of the reportage, which became increasingly unfavorable toward figures embroiled in political sexual scandal over time. The researcher finds that as time progressed, the focus of the reportage shifts from external event to internal ethos and the language from reserved to racy. General Note: In the series University of Florida Digital Collections. General Note: Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page. Source of Description: This bibliographic record is available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The University of Florida Libraries, as creator of this bibliographic record, has waived all rights to it worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. Statement of Responsibility: Thesis (M.A.M.C.)--University of Florida, 2012. Local: RESTRICTED TO UF STUDENTS, STAFF, FACULTY, AND ON-CAMPUS USE UNTIL 2013-12-31 Record Information Full Text PAGE 1 1 SEXUAL SCANDAL REPORTAGE 1960s THROUGH 2000s: PROPER PERSPECTIVE OR A RETURN TO YELLOW JOURNALISM By MICHELLE LEE HARRIS A THESIS PRESENT ED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS MASS COMMUNICATIONS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 PAGE 2 2 2012 Michelle Lee Harris PAGE 3 3 T o my mother, Marty Stearns, grandmother Florence Patoski and Ms. Fran Testa, the strongest women I have ever known, and who, through their tireless love and support, helped me to become the woman that I am today PAGE 4 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following were influential and instrumental in the research and writing of this thesis: Dr. Johanna Cleary, Dr. B ernell Tripp and Mike Foley. I gratefully thank them for their expertise, energy and tireless patience. PAGE 5 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 4 LIST OF TABLES ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 7 LIST OF FIGURES ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 8 ABSTRACT ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 11 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................ ................................ .......................... 17 Image Repair Theory ................................ ................................ .............................. 17 Scandalization by the Media ................................ ................................ ................... 19 Political Fallout ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 21 Historical World View Change ................................ ................................ ................ 22 3 METHOD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 27 Analyzing for Latent Content Using T Lab v. 8.0 Software ................................ ..... 28 Participants / Scandals ................................ ................................ ........................... 30 1969: Ted Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne ................................ .................... 30 1987: Gary Hart and Donna Rice ................................ ................................ ..... 31 2008: John Edwards and Rielle Hunter ................................ ............................ 31 Sampling Frame ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 32 Timeframe ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 35 Operational Definitions ................................ ................................ ............................ 35 Othe r Definitions ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 37 Procedure ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 37 4 RESULTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 40 Findings and Thematic Analysis ................................ ................................ ............. 40 Word Counts and Article Population ................................ ................................ ....... 41 Contextual Key Terms and Themes ................................ ................................ ....... 42 Edward Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne; Coverage July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. 43 The New York Times ................................ ................................ ................. 43 The Washin gton Post ................................ ................................ ................. 49 Chicago Tribune ................................ ................................ ......................... 57 Gary Hart and Donna Rice; Coverage May 4 18, 1987. ................................ 64 The New York Times ................................ ................................ ................. 64 Washington Post ................................ ................................ ........................ 69 PAGE 6 6 Chicago Tribune ................................ ................................ ......................... 75 John Edwards and Rielle Hunter; Aug. 9 23, 2008 ................................ ........ 80 The New York Times ................................ ................................ ................. 80 Washington Post ................................ ................................ ........................ 83 Chicago Tribune ................................ ................................ ......................... 88 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................ ................................ ........ 91 What Was The Editorial Approach The News Publications Under Consideration Took In Reporting On Each Of The Three Political Sexual Scandals? ................ 91 The New York Times ................................ ................................ ........................ 91 The Washington Post ................................ ................................ ....................... 93 The Chicago Tribune ................................ ................................ ........................ 95 Did That Approach Change Between 1969 And 2008, With Regard To Tone Or Emphasis? ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 96 ................................ ................................ ......... 97 Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 98 Limitations ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 104 Suggestions for Future Research ................................ ................................ ......... 105 APPENDIX A KEY WORD LISING FOR CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS ................................ .......... 107 B INQUIRY AUDIT QUESTIONS ................................ ................................ ............. 108 LI ST OF REFERENCES ................................ ................................ ............................. 109 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ................................ ................................ .......................... 114 PAGE 7 7 LIST OF TABLES Table page 3 1 Average Daily Circulation Figures Through March 31, 2012 .............................. 33 4 1 Published word counts for each of the three case studies under consideration. ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 41 4 2 Totals of published stories for each newspaper within the population. ............... 4 2 4 3 Total key term word counts for The New York Times coverage of Edward Kennedy July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. (Excludes wire service articles) ...................... 47 4 4 Total key term word counts for wire service articles of Edward Kennedy published by The New York Times July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. ............................... 48 4 5 Total key term word counts for Washington Post coverage of Edward Kennedy July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. (Excludes wire service articles) ...................... 55 4 6 Total key term word counts for wire service articles of Edward Kennedy published by the Washington Post July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. ................................ 57 4 7 Total key term word counts for Chicago Tribune coverage of Edward Kennedy July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. (Excludes wire service articles) ...................... 62 4 8 Total key term word counts for wire service articles of Edward Kennedy published by the Chicago Tribune July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. ................................ 63 4 9 Total key term word counts for The New York Times coverage of Gary Hart May 4 18, 1987. ................................ ................................ ............................... 69 4 10 Total key term word counts for Washington Post coverage of Gary Hart May 4 18, 1987. ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 75 4 11 Total key term word counts for Chicago Tribune coverage of Gary Hart May 4 18, 1987. ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 79 4 12 Total key term word counts for The New York Times coverage of John Edwards Aug. 9 23, 2008. ................................ ................................ ............... 83 4 13 Total key term word counts for Washington Post coverage of John Edwards Aug. 9 23, 2008. ................................ ................................ .............................. 88 4 14 Total key term word counts for Chicago Tribune coverage of John Edwards Aug. 9 23, 2008. ................................ ................................ .............................. 90 PAGE 8 8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 4 1 The New York Times ................................ ................................ .......................... 47 4 2 Wire service articles published by The New York Times ................................ ... 48 4 3 Washington Post ................................ ................................ ................................ 55 4 4 Wire service articles published by the Washington Post ................................ ... 56 4 5 Chicago Tribune ................................ ................................ ................................ 62 4 6 Wire service articles published by the Chicago Tribune ................................ ..... 63 4 7 The New York Times. ................................ ................................ ......................... 69 4 8 Washington Post ................................ ................................ ................................ 75 4 9 Chicago Tribune ................................ ................................ ................................ 79 4 10 The New York Times ................................ ................................ .......................... 83 4 11 Washington Post ................................ ................................ ............................... 87 4 12 Chicago Tribune ................................ ................................ ................................ 90 PAGE 9 9 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for th e Degree of Master of Arts in Mass Communications SEXUAL SCANDAL REPORTAGE 1960s THROUGH 2000s: PROPER PERSPECTIVE OR A RETURN TO YELLOW JOURNALISM By Michelle Lee Harris December 2012 Chair: Johanna Cleary Major: Mass Communication The reportage of political sexual scandal had undergone a metamorphosis in the latter part of the 20 th century. Gone is the post war era press club that had silenced the leading newspapers with the character flaws and philandering of elected public servants. Amid cries of sensationalism and a return to yellow j ournalism by the media after each new scandal, the study analyzes the editorial approach news organizations have traditionally taken on the subject of political sexual scandal. This contextual analysis considers t hree scandals beginning in 1969 with Edward Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne, continuing in 1987 with Gary Hart and Donna Rice and ending in 2008 with John Edwards and Rielle Hunter. Employing close reading and computer aided text analysis methods, and buildin g reviewed The New York Times the Washington Post and the coverage of these scandals to determine the editorial stance, and changes if any, of each publi cation during the roughly 40 year time span. PAGE 10 10 A discussion of the results and implications for the dissemination of political sexual scandal in the current mainstream media reveal that the editorial stance of these newspapers remained fairly consistent dur ing the time frame under consideration, whether that be a liberal, moderate or conservative position. Further, that the publication. However, there are distinct changes in the language and overall tone of the reportage, which became increasingly unfavorable toward figures embroiled in political sexual scandal over time. The researcher finds that as time progressed, the foc us of the reportage shifts from external event to internal ethos and the language from reserved to racy. PAGE 11 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION For the most part, political sexual scandal, or any scandal for that matter, fades with time, or the emergence of other impo rtant issues and events (Adut, 2009). But political sex scandals can generate changes felt not only within the current political climate, but also in the news outlets reporting on such events as well as the public at large. Throughout the political landsca pe of the latter half of the 20th century, the publication of political sexual scandal has heralded the ruin of more than one elected to their personal and professiona l image. But that was not always the case. Scandal as de fined by the American Heritage C ollege Di ctionary, Fourth Edition (2004) ( hereby referred to as AHCD) is a publicized incident that brings about disgrace, or offends the moral sensibilities of society reportage is defined as the act or process of reporting news or information Thompson (2000) posited that political scandal, of any form, is that which has the power to divert public attention from the everyday issues of real world importance, such as economic instability and civil strife (p. 5) So powerful is the story of political sexual To date, there has been little research on the subject of po litical sexual scandal reportage and its journalistic as well as political implications. Indeed, even less sexual scandal and how it responds editorially to the a ct ions of the figures involved. This study forwards the current body of knowledge on the subject of political sexual scandal and the media using contextual analysis to pinpoint the editorial position PAGE 12 12 of print news publications in the U.S with regard to political sexual scandal in the years between 1969 and 2008. T hat is whether the was more favorable or unfavorable in nature overall. The study in clude s a discussion of the language used to report on political sexual scandal during the timeframe in question and analyze s to what extent that editorial position and the language used ha d been affected by the actions of the political figures in response to the publication of the scandal. Specifically, this study consider s three political sexual scandals occurring over a span of roughly 40 years, beginning in 1969 with Edward Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne continuing in 1987 with Gary Hart and Donna Rice and ending in 2008 with John Edwards an d Rielle Hunter. The study analyze s the direction especially the of three national print news publications and determines whether that rep ortage focused more on the personal or the professional qualities of the political figures in question. In the face of an increasingly ubiquitous electronic media, which may or may not hold to the same standards as print journalism (Abdulla et al 2002) a rigorous study to reporting political sexual scandal was warranted. To facilitate th at inquiry, the research er conduct ed a contextual analysis of the language, the me and scope of news copy, editorials and op ed pieces, a s well as news wire stories and Letters to the E ditor collections (hereafter collectively referred to as The New York PAGE 13 13 Times th e Washington Post and the Chicago Tribune during the timeframe in question S pecifically Edward Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick incident July 20 Aug ust 3, 1969; 18, 1987 ; and John Ed confession to infide lity August 9 22, 2008. The text from these articles w ere analyzed using a word mining system to determine key terms and linguistic patterns occurring within the publications themselves (The researcher limited the analysis to print publications, as online news services were not available for the entire timeframe in question). These terms and patterns were then co mparatively analyzed to determine thematic range and linguistic relationships. The results of the contextual analysis w as used to further this stu assertion that Image Repair Discourse (Benoit et al 1995), or the strategies used by political figures involved in any potentially damaging scenario, are directly related to the position, editorially speaking, the press took in the repor tage of the sexual scandals herein noted. In other words, it was the actions of the political figures involved in the reported sexual scandal, both before and after publication, specifically their efforts at orial position and the reporting techniques used to cover the scandal. The history of the press in the years between 1969 and 2008 reflect an industry that had matured from the partisan presses of the late 19 th century into a respected body of writers, e ditors in the highest esteem, yet also wrote with an increasingly critical eye toward their professional behavior. Indeed, during the latter part of the 20 th century a marked separation ap PAGE 14 14 societal and cultural norms taking place in the U.S. and worldwide forced the press to take a more in depth approach to news reporting and a more watchful position toward political elite s than ever before. Borrowing from Creswell (2007) this study use d a collective case study approach to the contextual analysis and develop ed a holistic account of the political sexual scandals chosen in order to understand to what extent, if any, the pr ess has changed its editorial position on these types of events during the nearly 40 year time span in question. For purposes of this study, political sexual scandal was defined as an event(s) concerning the sexual conduct of those serving as elected public officials or who were campaigning for an elected public office within any level of the U.S. government (local, state or federal) at the time of the scandal. In additio n, political sexual scandal was be further defined as an incident of sexual conduct having a national impact on American audiences T hat is, those events that directly call ed into question the judgment and decision making skills of the political figure(s) i nvolved. Further, the study focus ed on scandals that received cross media attention T hat is, those events that received print, radio or television broadcast and/or online coverage, though this study limited its focus solely to the print media coverage T he analysis focus ed on the following three cases of political sexual scandal where the persons involved either flourished or floundered in the wake of the sexual scandal and analyze d the scope and position of th se scandals: Edward Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne in 1969, Ga ry Hart and Donna Rice in 1987, and John Edwards and Rielle Hunter in 1008 PAGE 15 15 The scandals under consideration were chosen for their relevance and prominence in the American political landscape, namely, presiden tial candidates and or long serving Congressmen who were actively at work in the public sphere. The associate aspects that were implicit in making these events of national importance and thus factors in the selection process include the implications of s candal on the outcome of a presidential election and subsequent criminal investigations into felony charges of campaign fraud and criminal negligence that followed. However, this study did not include analysis of issues such as the personal toll of termina lly ill wives, illegitimate children being thrust into the national spotlight or the moral fiber of deceased secretaries in the wake of these scandals. These associate aspects are beyond the scope of this research n or did this study include the Bill Clin ton/Monica Lewinsky affair, as the national and international ramifications would have been an overarchin g theme in and of it self. The researcher believes that sexual scandal involving a sitting president, versus a senator or presidential candidate, would generate an overwhelming amount of press articles on associate aspects outside the scandal of origin and thus outside the study parameters. These three case studies represent a unique time in the history of print journalism, including the creation of the Internet an invention that literally shattered the business model for print media and forced news organizations to restructure the way news they disseminate news. In addition, other major events were competing for news reader s attention during the timefr ames under consideration ; Contra arms dealing hearings being held in Washington at the same time Democratic PAGE 16 16 pre sidential candidate Gary Hart was meeting wit h Donna Rice at his townhouse; and the economic recession and record unemployment resulting from the sub prime mortgage debacle of 2006 while John Edwards is dogged by the media about an extramarital affair and subsequent love child. Though this study did not focus on these associate aspects of science, non related scandals or economics, the se issues represent a unique element in competition for news play that is, the amount of coverage given to any one subject. These three case studies, present a unique opportunity to look at the ways three different news organizations approached the reporting of political sexual scandal whether that be with a conservative, more strident voice, a liberal, broad spectrum approach or perhaps even an evolving editorial postu re in 20 year intervals. This 20 year span encompasses not only changes in technology, but social norms and language integral components for contextual analysis. In addition, these three scenarios represent varying degrees of legality and morality not nece ssarily in that order in the unfolding of the scandal. PAGE 17 17 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In the last half of the 20 th century, the press seemingly became much more inclined to cover sexual scandal involving political figures; so much so, that the tide seems to have has swung away from treating political figures with restraint and discretion to a no holds graphic details about oral sex and semen stained dresses, and savored every steamy scrap of infor mation available (Cleghorn, 1998). Image Repair Theory In a study on how public figures defend themselves when involved in situations that are less tha n flattering in the press, Benoit (1995, et al ) proposed a theory of Image Repair Discourse which offer s strategies when the subject in question can no longer deny involvement in a given scenario, often one that has been revealed by the press, and where the subject must offer some type of self defense. This theory figures prominently with the notion that a bad or unfavorable public image is the last thing a political figure would want. Indeed, most people, when faced with a threat of damage to their personal or professional reputation would not hesitate to address the situation. the subject has a determined agenda in regard to reputation and career, is necessary. Strategies for reducing potential damage corrective action and mortification blame shifting (pp. 74 75). PAGE 18 18 Benoit (2001) studied the 1998 sexual scandal of then President Bill Clinton and former White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Though initially denying his affair with and waffling on the public admission of inappropriate conduct, though not overtly asking for forgiveness, served as an effective apology. According to Benoit, it was a measure that, combined with his acquittal by the U.S. House of Representatives on charges of perjury and won the approval o f the American public and subsequently with the press; actions that Benoit found consistent with his theory that admission and remorse via the American media are vital to image repair. Conversely, Benoit (1998) also analyzed the actions of U.S. Sen. Edwar d apology and attempts to deflect responsibility inflamed initial suspicions. However, his later remorsefulness and deferment to the public about whether or not to resign h is senate seat seems to have turned the tide to his favor. These scenarios position, to a large degree, is in fact threat to their public i mage. While expressing guilt, shame and remorse and then taking immediate corrective action has proved to be the most effective of these strategies for damage control in the wake of an alleged scandal, denial is by far the most common initial response and the most damaging. PAGE 19 19 Scandalization by the Media Adut (2009) argued that publication of sexual scandal is the first step in the process of turning what amounts to moral misdeeds into a breach of the public trust. The American public holds their elected off icials, and the offices they represent, to a higher standard of conduct than the average person; thus the transgression, whether moral or legal, b ecomes public knowledge with publication by the print media radio or TV of any actions by those officials wh direct violation of common law. According to Adut, scandal of any kind has three elements: 1) transgression, whether real or merely just possible; 2) publication, whether deliberate or accidental; and 3) n egative public impact. Further, it is not necessarily the sexual conduct itself that is offensive but the status to which the public attributes the offender, namely that of role model, and because of the nature of the power wielded by such officials over p ublic policy and the welfare of their constituency. In a Finnish study on the reporting of sexual scandal and shame, Laine (2010) discussed level officials within the Finnish government. Her sexual scandals, the actions of the political officials in question and the reactions of the Finnish public to that coverage, specifically with regard to the admission of guilt, responsibility and exhibition of remorse or shame by the figures involved; actions which correlated directly to the amount of favorable or unfavorable press each scandal received. Laine (2010) used the scandals of then Foreign Minister Ilkka Kanerva and a sexual dalliance with exotic dancer Johanna Tukiainen and former Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen and his very public relationship with girlfriend Susan Kuronen. Both scandals PAGE 20 20 were the result of the publication by local media of sexually explicit SMSs (Short Messaging Service) texts bet ween the parties. Kanerva blamed the media for his downfall and dismissal from his Ministry post in the days following release of the SMSs. And though he had explicitly expressed shame and remorse for his behavior, apologizing to both the Finnish people he served as well as to his superiors, the admission came only after first denying and then obfuscating facts concerning the text messaging. Combined with a history of womanizing behavior in connection with his and judgment came under severe scrutiny by his superiors as well as the Finnish public. Conversely, after many letters to the editor from readers urging silence on the retaining not only his position in the Ministry but also his popularity with the Finnish people; this despite the revelation that Vanhanen had actually lied publicly about meeting Kuronen in a furniture store rather than an online dating service. Indeed, it was Kuronen who was vilified by the media after posing semi nude for, and giving a tell all interview to, a local tabloid in an attempt to elicit sympathy, i f not profit, from the public. Laine argued that both the media and the public as well as the subjects involved share the media may publish information of a sensational or prurient nature, it is not without at is, the public may experience 159) Further, those readers that is that readers understand and empathize with the shame the individual feels when PAGE 21 21 their behavior is negatively exposed. And, that readers experience the vulnerability of ntrol given the same situation It is this engageme nt that has been the driving force in the news industry both in the U.S. and abroad, yet more than one online writer to the Finnish daily, Helsingin Sanomat coverage of these sexual scandals, and whether it was the job of the media to moderate the private affairs of public figures. That same question was raised in letters to the editors in all three of th e cases included in this study. Political Fallout In analyzing the Gary Condit/Ch andra Levy scandal, Len Rios & Benoit (2004) posited that repeated attempts to deny responsibility, muddle the facts and maintain a position that lacks remorse will almost certainly result in a failure to save professional face. In the disappearance of Ch that he was more interested in saving his own reputation than in aiding in the search for Levy. More to the point, Len Rios and Benoit (2003) indicate that his lack of sorrow or regret for the pain and suffering the Levy family endured because of his actions, his lack of candor with the FBI, his arrogance in insisting on a live television interview with Connie Chung, where he denied, evaded life as well as h is repeated attempts to blame the media for misconstruing his actions, Condit lost the 2002 Democratic primary by nearly 18 percent. According to Len Rios and Benoit (2003) strategy of a sustain ed denial of involvement with Levy, repeated attacks on the other PAGE 22 22 women he had been involved with as well as his out and out refusal to answer certain questions According to Sanchez and Dvorak (2011) wrong doing, evasion of responsibility and a sustained lack of shame or remorse not party, of which several me mbers publicly urged him to resign from office. Strong evidence already exists to the effects Image Repair Discourse strategies have on the public when an individual attempts to defend his or her reputation, whether personal or professional (Benoit et al 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004). This same research has been extended to political sexual scandal and the reactions of both the press and the public to that scandal. But while reportage of scandal is generated as a able reportage (or favorable for that matter) is not generated by the scandal itself, but by the actions and subsequent reactions of the figures involved in the scandal. Over time, that reportage has taken on a more in depth tone and scope. Historical Worl d View Change Journalism in the U.S. has evolved from the partisan and penny presses of the 19 th century, which had thrived on the machinations of the political party machines. Lowenstein (2012) argued that the press had grown into a respectable industry with an elevated position in Washington, and that during the administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy and even Lyndon B. Johnson, an intimate group of print e out of print. According to Lowenstein (2012) PAGE 23 23 Likewise, Adut (2009) writes that the press routinely exercised restraint and discreti on with regard to the sexual proclivities of FDR, JFK and Johnson among other lesser known politicians, though their sexual liaisons were common knowledge among the White House reporters. Brody (1992) asserted that the American people and the American pr ess held these men, and the offices they represented, in the highest esteem though their policies. And though the political administrations and policies were still fair game, the personal and private lives of these men including their sexual proclivities were kept from their constituents and known only to the most intimate of their inner circle. Hetherington & Rudolph (2008) assert ed that during the mid 1960s, a line of demarcation was drawn between politics and the press. If the Civil Rights movement, sexual liberation and the counter culture had opened the door to a more graphic and uncompromising form of rep ortage in the Fourth Estate, the n Vietnam kicked it in altoget American public for nearly 50 years was gone, and the press responded accordingly. Or did they? The changes taking place in the U.S. during this time marked a turning point for the press. In the closing decades of the 20 th century, the press became the watchdogs of American politics, engaging in in actions regardless of their positions within the government. From presidential hopefu ls to long serving Congressional members, the press reported extensively on the actions including the missteps they made along the way. PAGE 24 24 With television beaming in panoramic, Technicolor images of bloody battlefields in South east Asia and civil unrest in cities both in the U.S. and abroad, the personal and professional actions of American politicians became more questionable, and the press had no choice but to turn to a more in depth and some would argue, more sensational for m of reporting. Faced with political protests and war on their doorsteps and a presidential administration that demanded the press downplay the Vietnam conflict, Heubner (2005) contends the Tet offensive in Vietnam during January and February 1968 may wel l have been the breaking point between the press and the U.S. political machine. Sloan (1991) argued the changing professional perspectives of the press with regard to political sexual scandal and the stance of reportage from decade to decade could be att ributed not only to a changing worldview of society in general, but reporters vi 2). In addition, the English language has gone through much refinement in the last half of the 20 th century; some would argue that its usage has also radically declined in its definitiveness. In Sloan (1991), Startt negative connot ations depending on the usage. With that thought in mind, it is imperative that primary source documents, analy zed in the context of the time in which they were written and the phrasing or language employed, be used to ans wer the PAGE 25 25 In addition, Startt argued dimensional and researchers need the fact. What is the context of the fact and how does it play into the larger context of the political sexual scandal being discussed ? He caution ed t not altogether correct Sloan (1991) ass ert ed that each reporter, editor and publisher involved with the creation of articles on political sexual scandal would bring their own individual interpretations to the table, despite a journalistic ethos that claims to take a neutral position Sloan wri tes that while historians may hold varying perspectives based on a generational worldview about events involving political sexual scandal, the press would interpret these same events based on the social norms at that given moment. Further, Sloan posited t hat journalistic historians who followed a developmental school of thought, that is those who saw the development of journalism in terms of its formulation of professional standards, did so in the belief that the post World War II media became more confro ntational in the wake of events such as Vietna m and the Civil Rights movement, turning points in American history which also contributed to the governmental or societal influen ce or control (p. 7). At the same time, cultural media historians held the belief that society continued to directly influence the press well into the latter half of the 20 th century (p. 8). Geyl sid ed admiration or PAGE 26 26 es at the core of th e study of history (p. 21). Bearing these admonitions in mind, the researcher conducted a critical evaluation of the evidence during the course of this study to provide perspective and insight into the editorial position the press deve loped for reporting political sexual scandal. R1: What was the editorial approach the news publications under consideration took in reporting on each of the three political sexual scandals? R2: Did that approach change between 1969 and 2008, with regard to tone or emphasis? PAGE 27 27 CHAPTER 3 METHOD This study utilize d a contextual analysis examination of three case s tudies to analyze the content of 349 individual newspaper articles from the sample frame of print news publications, namely The New York Times Washington Post and Chicago Tribune editorials and op ed pieces, news wire service articles (except for those written during the Edward Kennedy scandal, which are analyzed as a separate element) and Letter to the Editor collections. The researcher believes that as gatekeepers for their news publications as well as their readers, the publishing and editorial boards in place during the studied timeframe made conscientious decisions to include both unsigned editorials generated by their own hand and the news wire stories, which they were under no obligation to publish. The researcher b elieved a qualitative approach was best for achieving the broadest possible overview of t he subject. McKee (2003) defined contextual analysis as 127 128). The researc her believed analyzing primary documents written during the event gave Behrendt (2008) expanded way of analyz considering what event occurred that generated the language, what was the political or social climate at the time of the writing, and what was the possible mindset of the author at the time of the writing that would warrant using that specific language. The contextual PAGE 28 28 analysis revealed the various key terms located within the text and provide d a foundation for an interpretation of those terms in relation to one another. This method w as best suited for looking at the changes in depth and scope of coverage as well as the tone or language used in the content of the articles dur ing the time period in question Again, this analysis offered m ost likely interpretations In a ddition, the researcher believed contextual analysis was the best method for providing evidence for determining the nature of the coverage of political persons involved in sexual scandal; that is, whether the reportage was f ocused on the private or public aspects of the subject in question and whether that coverage was more favorable or unfavorable in nature overall. Keyword specific software, T Lab version 8.0, based on a word mining system and using a lex icon imported by t he researcher, aided in the thematic, contextual and comparative analysis. The sof tware was used to determine, analyze and compare language patterns, associations and other linguistic devices used in both the content and structure of the coverage. Analyzing for Latent Content U sing T Lab v. 8.0 Software The T Lancia, utilizes syntactical and probabilistic diagnostics to analyze latent content for a gi ven sample text. T Lab use d a three facet analysis of co occurrence, word association and comparison, based on a comprehensive list of key terms, to determine the substance and tone of the article; that is whether the article focused private or public life, and whet her the text denote d favorable (positive connotation) or PAGE 29 29 unfavorable (negative connotation) with regard to the treatment of the political sexual scandal reporting being disseminated to the public. The T Lab thematic modeling tool, incorporating the key t erm listing and a co occurrence wor d association analysis, conducted a thematic analysis and identified between five and eight key terms for each body of text analyzed. Unfavorable treatment is operationally defined as words that have a negative connotati on with regard to the political figure and w ord s exemplifying the characteristic of condemnation. Favorable treatment is operationally defined as words that have a positive word s exemplifying the characteristic of forgiveness ( See A ppendix A ). Due to an ever present flux in U.S. speech patterns, which changes with time as new words are added to the lexicon while others fall from use, the researcher reserves the right to modify characteristic definitions and key words as the research progresses. A three facet approach analyze d and headlines ; articles that appear as a comple ment of the main element were subjected to their own test as a separate unit of analysis (The use of page layout reproductions rather than pa ge numbers will be useful in determining whether one article is a complement of another ) The co occurrence analysis tool identifie d word and phrase relationships and establishe d concordances or alphabetical indexes for these relationships within the text; the thematic analysis distinguished emerging and re occurring key terms within and PAGE 30 30 between text samples and analyze d the context, grouping and topic of key terms emerging from a sample text. Key word searches for the sampling frame i nclude d the names of the political figures and any other person(s) prominently involved in the scandal, as well as words that typify the situation. For example, in a Lexis Nexis Academic search for Senator in the John Edwards The researcher found that each scandal will generate its own list of key words, most of which were intuitive, but others were found through repeated trial and error. Participants / Scandals 1969: Ted Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne In the early morning hours of July 19, 1969, Se n. Edward Kennedy was returning Jo Kopechne, drowned when the car the two were riding in ran off a bridge and into a tidal channel. Kennedy escaped the wreck but was unable to rescue Kopechne. He delayed calling for help for nearly 10 hours, returning first to the party and then his hotel Kennedy was vague with authorities on the details of his delay as well as the accident itself. An inquest by the guilty to leaving the scene and received a 2 month suspended sentence. But public PAGE 31 31 fueled in part by the timeframe of the accident and by a nation enthralled with all things Kennedy, would mar his political career for the remainder of his life. 1987: Gary Hart and Donna Rice In April 1987, former Sen. Gary Hart announced his run for the U.S. presidency, enjoying a comfortable lead in the polls as the frontrunner for the Democratic nomination. During an interview for a New York Time s Magazine story on that appeared on May 3, Hart was openly asked about his reputation as a womanizer. Hart responded they found. Meantime, in the days leading up to t his interview, reporters from the Miami Herald had been following up on a tip that Hart was having an affair with a Miami model named Donna Rice. Coincidentally, The Herald released also released a story on May 3, describing how Rice and Hart had spent Fri day night and most of Saturday (May 1 2) Days later, the Miami Herald received another tip that Hart had spent a night in paper secured a photograph shirt with Rice on his lap though the photo did not appear in print for another month. Hart officially withdrew from the presidential race on May 8 after the Washington Post raised allegati ons about yet another woman that Hart was thought to have had a long term relationship with. He returned to his law practice and became a consultant to the U.S. government on national and homeland security issues. 2008: John Edwards and Rielle Hunter In Dec. 2006, Sen. John Edwards announces his candidacy for the 2008 PAGE 32 32 Hunter. At a March 2007 news conference, Edwards announces that his wife, Elizabeth, was undergoing treatment for incurable breast cancer. In October of that same year the press reported Edwards was having an extramarital affair, but does not name the woman. In December, the pres s publishes a photograph of a pregnant Hunter. A daughter, Quinn, is born Feb. 27, 2008. Edwards denies allegations of any liaison with Hunter or paternity of the child for months, but on August 8, 2008, he admits to the affair on national TV, though he co he was indicted on conspiracy and campaign fraud charges in June. His wife Elizabeth died on Dec. 7, 2010; he was found not guilty on one count of fraud; a mistrial was declared on all other charges. Federal prosecutors have declined to re file charges. Sampling Frame The population units of analysis for the thr ee noted sexual scandals were drawn from a sampling fra me consisting of archives from The New York Times (NYT), Washington Post (WPost) and the Chicago Tribune (CTrib) print news publications via r online archival resources such as Lexis Nexis and ProQuest Historical Newspaper Archives. These news publications were selected for their representation as authoritative voices within the U.S. news reporting sphere as evidenced by their total daily circulation figures (excluding branded editions i.e., commuter, community or alternate language newspapers) in a May 1, 2012 report compiled by the Audit Bureau of Circulations (Lulofs, 2012): PAGE 33 33 Table 3 1. Average Daily Circu lation Figures T hrough March 31, 2012 Newspaper Circulation Figures New York Times 1,586,757 Washington Post 555,327 Chicago Tribune 414,590 In addition to being among the highest circulating newspapers today, these print publications also represent a broad scope of authoritative publications available to the reading American public at the time of the scandals being studied. By July of 1969, T he New York Times was considered one of the most authoritative newspapers in the country with articl es that tended toward a moderate objective and reserved style of reportage. Those elements were integral to the information model of reporting adopted by f ounder Henry Jarvis Raymond in 1851, and continued by Adolph Ochs in 1896 in di rect response to the so called yellow j ournalism of Joseph Pulitzer and Randolph Hearst. Ochs wanted a newspaper that was not so much entertaining as factual and respectable. I n 1963, Ochs grandson, Arthur Ochs Salzberger assumed the reins as publisher with the vision of transforming the Times into a news conglomerate that was billion dollar media operatio ( New York Times Sept. 30, p. 1). In 1971, under Ochs tenure, the Times published the secret government files on the Vietnam War known as the Pentagon Papers, much to the embarrassment o f President Richard M. Nixon. In contrast, the Washington Post founded in 1877, had enjoyed a long if not highly respected reputation as a newspaper of national politics. Purchased in 1933 from a bankruptcy auction by California industrialist Eugene Mey er, the newspaper was PAGE 34 34 infused with enough money to operate, but it was poorly managed and could not seem to capture any significant advertising or readership numbers. Halberstam (1979) wrote that Meyer knew he wanted international fundamental principles for a newspaper. To further his revisionist ideas for the Post Meyers hired son in law Phil Graham as associate editor in 1945. Halberstam notes the brilliant Harva rd Law School graduate was shrewd and audacious and both admired and feared in Washington D.C. Under his direction, the Post was to become one of the most influential, and in some cases, the most intimidating newsp apers in the country Graham used the Pos t as a veritable weapon of choice for his personal brand of liberalism when faced with what he considered social injustices and the political machinations behind them. Graham committed suicide in 1963. His wife, his wife, Katharine, and new editor Ben Brad lee retained the liberal editorial perspective throughout the 70s and 80s, but moved to the more conservative right in the 1990s. The early years of the new millennium showed the reportage once again leaning to the left, though as a leading m ember of the mainstream media, the shrill cries of bias in (Bartlett, 2007). Much like T he Times and the Post the Chicago Tribune rose from turbulent beginnings. Founded in 1847, the Tribune was to have several incarnations, moving from Democratic to Republic an mien during the p re Civil War years forward into the 20 th century. Mo r gan and Veysey (1981) wrote that i n 1910, co owners Co l. Robert R. McCormick and his cousin Joseph Medill Patterson would turn their finely tuned brand PAGE 35 35 of conservatism toward national and international politics taking on a watchdog style of reportage to rail against governm ent waste and internationalism. By 1 969, the Tribune ha d become less of a firebrand, but still retained a measure of the staunch Midwestern conservatism of the McCormick era. Under the leadership of publisher Harold Grumhaus and Clayton Kirkpatrick, the paper continued with the modified spel ling unique to the Tribune but with a more open perspective to its news coverage. These daily newspapers, rather than news magazines, radio or television programs, provided the public with a daily so urce in some instances with morning, afternoon and eveni ng editions of information, which could be easily analyzed, archived and retrieved, making them the ideal medium for this study. Timeframe The population timeframe was July 19, 1969 to August 23, 2008. The sampling frame included coverage beginning with t he first day of public reporting of the scandal (the day the scandal was made known to the public either by news publication, radio or TV), and inc lude d 14 consecutive days of print media coverage of the event. This 14 day timeframe ensure d that each publi cation had a mple time to fully realize its coverage of the scandal. Operational Definitions The American Heritage College Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2004) defines r eportage tone was the news publications g a ve to the reporting of sexual scandal involving the political figur es under consideration. This include d the language used in the articles and PAGE 36 36 headlines. That is, t he degree of favorable or unfavorable coverage generated and the degree of, or emphasis personal or professional with regard to the sexual conduct of the poli tical figures under considerations by one of the following news publications: The New York Times, Washington Post and Chicago Tribune. information in the sample frame concernin g the sexual conduct of the political figures under consideration and appearing in one of the aforementioned news publications. Time is operationally defined as the decade that the political sexual scan dal takes place. As stated in R2 the researcher beli eves the time element is a vital component in the changes that have taken place in the press with regard to the aforementioned tone of political sexual scandal content. Political sexual scandal was operationally defined as an event(s) concerning the sexual conduct of a politician serving as an elected public official, or a politician campaigning for an elected public office within any branch of the U.S. government (local, state or federal) that brings about disgrace or offends the moral sensibilities of soc iety. In addition, political sexual scandal was further defined as an incident of sexual conduct having a national impact on American audiences, that is to divert public attention from real world issues, and receive cross media attention, though this study focus ed solely on the print media coverage The researcher conduct ed content using the T occurrence, thematic and comparative anal PAGE 37 37 Qualitative research must also be concerned with the dependability and the credibility for data analysis. Babbie (2007) defined dependability as the measure by which the same results would be obtained with several independent trials whereas credibility means to measure what the researcher proposed to measure. Both are necessary for comprehensive qualitative research. Lincoln and Guba (1985) proposed o assess the data and the process by which that data was obtained to ensure these criterion are adhered to (p. 417) A sample list of questions is included in Appendix B Other Definitions w as operationally considered as a separate element and include d and headline as the operational unit of analysis Each element was drawn from the electronic archives for each publication via Lexis Scandal as defined by AHC D about disgrac Cross media attention of a sexual scandal is operationally defined as an event(s) concerning the sexual conduct of a man or woman serving or in a position to be of service in a political capacity that has been reported in more than one medium on a national level; e.g. TV, radio, newspaper or the Internet on the same date as those appearing in print news publications in the sampling frame. Procedure The analysis examine d a population consisting o f all elements for the following three politica l sexual scandals published in T he New York Times Washington Post and PAGE 38 38 the Chicago Tribune for the timeframe 1969 to 2008: beginning with Ted Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne in 1969, continuing with Gary Hart and Donna Rice in 1987 and John Edwards and Rielle Hunter in 2008. The three scandals under consideration represent ed varying types of political figures, including a two time presidential candidate, a long serving and wealthy senator from a prominent politica l family and a relative newcomer to Washington politics. In addition, these scandals were chosen for their relevance to the timeframe under consideration or because of associate aspects that were implicit in making these scandals of national importance, na mely, presidential elections and criminal investigations in connection with the scandal under consideration. These associate aspects were only c onsidered in the context of how they affect ed the notoriety, and possible sensationalism of the sexual scandal by the press, and the political figure(s) under consideration. This study did not include analysis of related quest ions such as the drowning of Mary Jo Kopechne or the personal aspects of terminally ill wives and illegitimate children. These associate asp ects were beyond the scope of this study a nd the researcher believed they may well be confounding variables with regard to this contextual analysis. However, they do present interesting implications that may warrant future consideration and study. The sam ple elements were drawn from the following news publications: The New York Times, Washington Post and the Chicago Tribune, and encompass ed a period not to exceed fourteen (14) consecutive days of coverage beginning with the first day t he PAGE 39 39 sexual scandal under review wa s reported in the American media (regar dless of whether this information wa s releas ed via radio, TV or newspaper). The analysis utilize d the T Lab 8.0 linguistic system to analyze the latent content within the text. The software use d the im ported list of key words provided by the researcher to identify associations and correlations, journalistic themes as well as relationships between the sample elements to determine if the sample elements are public or private and favorable or unfavorable t oward the political figure in question (See key word appendices). Using the T occurrence tool the researcher distinguish ed the relationships contained within the text between individual words as well as word pairs and phrases, to support the notion that the tone of rep ortage had changed, and to further the assertion that the theory of image restoration via the media influenced those changes. Additionally, the researcher conduct ed a thematic analysis to identify emerging or re occurring ke y terms within the text of the news publication. The T Lab system g enerate d graphical depictions of these various analyses, not for quantitative purposes, but merely to facilitate a visual comparison and comprehensive presentation. PAGE 40 40 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS F indings and Thematic Analysis An analysis of predominant themes is included in this chapter, which reflects the themes demonstrate not only a liberal, moderate or conservativ e perspective, but also how the scandals were perceived by the press from a legal, moral and social point of view. By 2008, The New York Times had established an authoritative and liberal voice editorially among mainstream media outlets. Moving from a rese rved informational model of news reporting, the Times developed this liberal editorial stance in the years between 1969 and 1987 with little change to the perspective in the years since. From 1969 to 2008, t he Washington Post maintained a liberal editorial stance, while developing an investigative edge to its reportage. M aintaining its reputation as the leading political newspaper in the country, the Post show ed the least amount of change editorially in the 40 years under consideration. By 2008, the Chicago editorial stance was still largely conservative, but after 1987, the reportage no long resembled the watchdog style of reporting it had during the Kennedy and Hart scandals. The T Lab v. 8.0 software was used to conduct a contextual a nalysis on the full text of articles published by The New York Times the Washington Post and the Chicago Tribune for the political sexual scandal case studies under consideration. Using T Occurrence Word As sociations tools, the researcher was able to create a list of key terms for each body of text, establish a correlation between those key terms and the dependent variable (i.e.: PAGE 41 41 Kennedy, Hart, Edwards) and determine what predominant key terms best encapsula te d the text being analyzed. These analyses combined with close readings of each case study by the researcher resulted in a holistic account of the scandals under consideration and a fully print media has maintained a proper perspective editorially that is an editorial perspective that is in keeping with their traditional editorial stance with regard to political sexual scandal, rather than a lean toward sensationalism, in the years between 1969 and 2008 Word Counts and Article Population The following tables illustrate the breakdown of published articles (including news copy, wire service stories editorials and Letters to the Editor collections) for each of the publications under consideration during the time frame indicated. Table 4 1. Published word counts for each of the three case studies under consideration. WaPo NYT CTrib WaPoWire NYTWire CTribWire Kennedy July 19 Aug. 3, 1969 34,267 43,532 23,476 2,527 962 5,416 Hart May 4 18, 1987 64,045 57,812 29,752 -------------------------------Edwards Aug. 9 23, 2008 10,122 13,262 3,560 -------------------------------TOTALS 108,434 114,606 56,788 2,527 962 5,416 Key: WaPo Washington Post; NYT The New York Times; CTrib Chicago Tribune; WaPoWire Washington Post Wire Service; NYTWire The New York Times Wire Service; CTribWire Chicago Tribune Wire Service. PAGE 42 42 Table 4 2. Totals of published stories for each newspaper within the population. WaPo NYT CTrib WaPoWire NYTWire CTribWire Kennedy July 19 Aug 3, 1969 37 51 39 8 5 15 Hart May 4 18, 1987 64 60 41 -------------------------------Edwards Aug. 9 23, 2008 11 12 8 -------------------------------TOTALS 112 123 88 8 5 15 Key: WaPo Washington Post; NYT The New York Times; CTrib Chicago Tribune; WaPoWire Washington Post Wire Service; NYTWire The New York Times Wire Service; CTribWire Chicago Tribune Wire Service. In comparing the breakdowns for the three different scandals under consideration, two key findings emerge. 1) The higher word counts in the Gary Hart scandal reflect a stronger willingness to report on scandal in 1987, than in 1969 or 2008; 2) the devotion of such large amounts of copy to a singl e incident correlates with the both as a news and advertising venue, before the advent of online news outlets. 1 Contextual Key Terms and Themes The T Lab thematic modeling tool identifi es between five to eight thematic trends for each body of text being analyzed. Radial graphs depict the Co Occurrence Word 1 All Letters to t he Editor collections on the given date of publication within the sample frame have been considered as one article, as the individual letters are too short in content to be analyzed by T Lab for word association or thematic content. However, the researcher believes the letters accurately convey the prevailing attitude of a cross section, though by no means random sampling, of readers for any one given case study. Wire service stories, namely United Press International (UPI), the Associated Press (AP) and Th omson Reuters (Reuters) were used by all three publications under consideration, but the bulk of these were printed during the Edward Kennedy scandal. Therefore, wire service stories appearing in The New York Times, Washington Post and Chicago Tribune wer e analyzed as separate elements labeled KennedyNYTWireService, KennedyWaPoWireService and KennedyCTribWireService. Though wire service stories do continue to appear in all three publications during both the Gary Hart and the John Edwards scandals, the numb er of these stories is too small to be considered a separate element. In addition, the researcher believes that the editors and publishers at the news publications acted as gatekeepers for both their newspapers and their reading public when they made the c hoice to include the wire service coverage. PAGE 43 43 Associations for the political figure under consideration. The shorter the distance from data point to variable (e.g. Kennedy) the st ronger the association. In addition, a key term listing represents the most frequently used words within the text and the total word counts for the 20 key terms within the text under consideration. The listing was significant in providing the researcher wi th clues to thematic development during the close reading of the text. Edward Kennedy and Mary Jo Kopechne; Coverage July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. The New York Times The Times first approached the Chappaquiddick incident from a legal frame, focusing the bulk of its reportage on what charges would be brought against Kennedy. Reporters were in Edgartown, Mass., by mid morning July 19, and by midday were filing of Kopechne a nd the first of what was to be 59 articles, editorials and Letter to the Editor collections containing more than 44,000 words of copy about the actions of the Senator on the night in question as well as the days an d weeks to follow. The eight dominant key terms emerging from The New York Times text included (as a courtesy title), K The Times uses courtesy titles to this day, so the terms of Miss and Senator are mo re a linguistic style rath er than key terms for analysis. These key terms mirrored the coverage the Times provided factual, straightforward and moderate in tone. The reportage gave succinct, detailed accounts of the accident, including the orientation of t he bridge in relation to the party, data on automotive braking for the make and model of car Kennedy was driving and tidal pool current speeds, without drawing any conclusions as to the exact cause of the accident. PAGE 44 44 The key term of accident was the predom inant term to emerge from the text as it is the heart of the incident and an integral component to all other terms. The Times noted a lack of evidence indicating whether there had been any editorial board kept speculation about additional charges in reference to impairment to a minimum. Instead, presidential nomination. The key terms of Kopechne and Ke nnedy emerged from t he extensive profiles and background information on the figures at the heart of the story. This in Washington and how she had grown into her players. Further, t h e Times the Senate, life as the last living brother of a powerful political family and his subsequent seclusion in the days following the acciden t. There was a high percentage of copy dedicated to the secondary terms of statement, police, time and party. These terms would correlate to the coverage of as details of the party. The one anomaly in the analysis may be the key term of The Times reportage includes extensive coverage of the telephone calls received by leading nationally broadcast ed statement on July 25. PAGE 45 45 immediately following the accident, his reasons for not speaking to the press sooner and a plea to his constituency for advice as to whether he should remain in the Senate. Following the broadcast, the Times reportage bore an unmistakable but measured undertone of moral culpability and barely concealed disbelief about accident, car and Kennedy. And in response to an eyewitness who said he saw Kennedy and his Oldsmobile more than an hour after Kennedy said the accident happened: actually saw M r. Kennedy returning to the scene of the accident with Mr. Gargan and Mr. Markham (July 27, p. 48). The response to the broadcast was immediate. Area newspapers, television and radio stations were flooded with thousands of telephone calls from citizens acr oss the country. The Times reported that much of this initial regional response was overwhelmingly in favor of Kennedy remaining in office and may very well have been the turning point in the media coverage. Yet, a number of citizens outside Massachusetts expressed doubt about the accident details and skepticism of his presidential abilities. Senator Edward Kennedy deserves a four star rating for his television Having just completed a stud y of political imagery on television and the techniques used for optimum performance in this regard, one must applaud the Senator and his expert staff for a job well done. However, this is not the time and these are not the circumstances for improving one plain and simple, without the Kennedy boldness and arrogance and without Timothy J Deegan, Fire Island, L.I. (New York) (July 30, p. 38). PAGE 46 46 What if he were President and the Russians phoned on the hotline and said they were going to bomb us within the hour and he forgot to report it John Chauvin, New Orleans taxi drive r (July 27, p. 51). Fellow members of the Senate also b elieved the statement left unanswered more questions than it addressed: The feeling that the Senator has a long political recuperation ahead of him was based on residual doubts even after his statement last night. Some of the doubts related to what one Se of the men who were at the cookout party Joseph F. Gargan, a cousin, and Paul Markham, an old friend (July 27, p. 50). Though remorse and shame, necessary c Image Restoration Theory, are evident in his speech, the contrivance of the wording, coupled with the reports of sequestered meetings with some of the most astute political advisers in the country during his seclusion at Hya nnis Port detracted from the sincerity of the stateme nt. It has been written a man does what he must in spite of personal consequences, in spite of obstacles and dangers and pressures, and that is the basis of all human morality. Whatever may be the sacrifices he faces if he follows his conscience the loss of his friends, his fortune, his contentment, even the esteem of his fellow man each man must decide for himself the course he will follow (July 26, p.10). PAGE 47 47 Fig ure 4 1. The New York Times Tabl e 4 3. Total key term word counts for The New York Times coverage of Edward Kennedy July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. (Excludes wire service articles) Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Kennedy 701 Mary Jo 123 Party 105 Chappaquiddick 82 Senator 627 Mass. 123 night 101 call 81 accident 237 police 117 Edward 93 friend 80 car 174 statement 115 Chief 91 man 79 Kopechne 147 time 107 report 90 ask 79 The Times used freelance reporters The New York Times ) almost exclusively in 1969 for on the Many of the se stories included detailed information about the accident and the subsequent investigation and legal issue s. The five wire service stories accounted for less than 1,000 words of copy and consisted mainly of filler information such as the Hyannis Port Post Office being PAGE 48 48 of fi shing in Hyannis Sound. While the bulk of the stories represented background information, one story ed to have been may well have been swayed by it (July 26, p. 11). Figure 4 2. Wire service articles published by The New York Times Table 4 4. Total key term word counts for wir e service articles of Edward Kennedy published by The New York Times July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Senator 21 Edward 5 Day 4 mail 4 Kennedy 21 family 5 Democratic 4 Massachusetts 4 Mansfield 8 Hyannis 5 accident 4 Port 4 Kopechne 7 autopsy 4 letters 4 Senate 4 woman 5 car 4 Young 4 wife 4 PAGE 49 49 The Washington Post The Kennedy incident at Chappaquiddick garnered nearly as much newsprint as Chappaquiddick. Reflected in the 45 news stories, editorials, op ed pieces and Letter to the Editor col lections published in the Post during the two weeks following the accident, the newspaper assumed an aggressive editorial stance in pursuing the facts, but also a tragic deat h and the very public scrutiny of a much admirable reactions under duress. In analyzing 45 articles and more than 36,000 words of text, eight dominant key terms emerged from the Washington Post coverage. These terms va ry somewhat from that of the Times in that the Post took a more liberal and pragmatic stance editorially. Not surprisingly are the two most predominant terms emerging from the Post text; they are also No. 1 and No. 3 respectively in th e Times analysis. But the remaining key terms of are substantiated by the focus and stance of the publishing and editorial boards. The coverage seemed to highlight the nearly aristocratic position the Kennedy family held in the public mind. Camelot had not yet been forgotten. In the to that of Robert in some instances to the point of absurdity (July 22, p. A3) : PAGE 50 50 But young peopl e swarmed around his car, girls pinched one another, people to remark that it was like a scene from an old campaign. The middle aged and the Medicare generation stood around quiet ly, Today, a middle aged woman stood holding a hand lettered s ign that said: (July 23, p. A3). The analysis developed case as the dominant key term. This would correspond with the systematic approach to the incident, which focused primarily, on the legal aspects of the case ag ainst Kennedy. Post reporters made numerous attempts to clarify conflicting statements and the procedures being followed during the investigation. The Co occurrence Word Association graph notes a strong concomitance with the key terms These terms correspond with the strong focus the Post placed on the true timeline of the incident and the initial report that Kennedy filed the following morning. The Post was more vocal than the Times in its attempt to get to the heart of the story but with an even hand rather than aggressive pursuit. Writers repeatedly question conducted was never revealed in detail to reporters. This was a major point of contention f or readers as letters to the editor begin to show: After the accident he stated that he went back to the cottage where he had previously been and asked someone to drive him to Edgartown. Why question his being wet or where his car was? What happened during the nine hours between the time of the accident and the time Kennedy finally reported it to the authorities in Edgartown? Why no alcohol test for Kennedy or the deceased? PAGE 51 51 It seems t o me that the authorities are tur ning their heads the other way. ~ W. Herron, Rockville (July 24, p. A18). The Post also quotes Dukes County Prosecutor Walter E. Steele as having interviewed Joseph Gargan and unnamed other partygoers, and was satisfied wit h their Post reported that that everyone was merely tired from the races. In a later interview, Newberg woul d not elaborate on any drinking at the party, citing the upcoming court appearance by Kennedy and a need for discretion. The Post reported that speculation and rumor were running rampant, fueled in ruling of accidental drowning without an autopsy and the findings by local authorities of Kennedy as innocent of any negligence. The Post also reported that the local authorities were accusing each other of whitewashing the entire affair: Officials concerned with the case are accusing one another of amateurism and blundering. There is buck passing over w ho did or did not decide that it was unnecessary to perform an autopsy on Mary J There is squabbling in the legal community over the nature of the charge (leaving the scene of an accident) placed against Kennedy. There is disagreement among th e natives over whether Kennedy got on to the road leading to the bridge by accident or by design and further disagreement over the performance of the investigators. The result, as Hough put it, is a Roman holiday of perpetual rumors and confusion in which the horde of reporters and television crewmen are deeply involved (July 25, p. A3). Despi te the circus like atmosphere of Edgartown, the Post took pains to connect readers with the Kopechne and Kennedy, so the key terms of PAGE 52 52 figure pr ominently, not in a sensationalistic way, but to substantiate or contradict what was being written about them. Facts to support all the charges and suspicions that were bruited about were thin. There was, for example, never any evidence of a liaison betwe en Kennedy and Miss Kopechne who, from all accounts, was no st to the point of Anything that hurts her reputation is unnecessary and very unfortunate. She was like Ethel (Kennedy) in th at she would grimace if anyone said anything that was dirty or tasteless (July 27, P. A10). However, the profile of Kennedy by the Post is scathing in comparison to the Times The cheating incident at Harvard and the erratic driving violations at the Unive rsity of Virginia seem minor compared to assertions that he won his Senate seat by virtue of family name. In addition, his peers at Harvard found his academic career He got his Senate seat in 1962 at the age of 30, not on merit, not on personal nothing in a political sense. He had no coherent political philosophy at the time, no sense of politica l direct ion, no game plan for his life. (July 30, p. A23) But the Post acknowledges that once ensconced in the Senate, Kennedy thrived and was far better liked than either of his two brothers. And he was considered a shoe ination in 1972. Ted was looking forward first to a massive third election victory in November of next year. True, he had done no more than had brother John to reform the Democratic Party in Massachusetts but that he could have another term was beyond que stion. The Republicans would have to look for a s acrificial victim to oppose him (July 26, p. A7). The Post commented on the various rumors circulating about the accident, including Kopechne being pregnant and nude when she died. Speculation about s private life may have been exacerbated by a Newsweek (a Washington Post Company PAGE 53 53 devil driving, and his ever any person al relationship between Kennedy and Kopechne ever surfaced and Kennedy had, at that time, a reputation for being a moderate drinker. The Post of the West article. The key term refers to the Democratic Party rather than the party on Chappaquiddick Island. The Post included coverage of the political ramifications l and the upcoming 1972 presidential election in particular. his continued silence, that are at the forefront of much of the political commentary. convey both a growing reproachful attitude and darkening outlook among op ed writers and the editorial board and further articulate the key terms of Indeed, at this writing, few of the veteran political hands who counseled the two elder Kennedys have been called into the crisis. In their absence and the lack of sol sketchy statement of Saturday, rumors in the political community have run like wildfire. Thus, some pro Kennedy politicians view the silence as a mistake of doleful consequences (July 24, p. A19). Perhaps there are no clear answers, or none that the Senator wants to give, in which case the public and the politicians will draw their own conclusions and they will not be kind, in large part because the brief statement the Senator has so far made is not good en ough. Worse, there are good reasons to doubt that it is even accurate (July 24m p. A18). PAGE 54 54 The key term of statement statement to police as well as his televised statement in the two weeks following accident. Despite the mollification of local authorities about Kennedy and his explanation of the night in question, the ed writers tended toward a more wait and see tone with their take on his statement. So, inevitably, his performance had some quality of contrivance, some of the marks of a public man maneuvering to preserve his position in public life. By inviting the people of Massachusetts to h elp him decide whether he should resign, he has doubtless taken his case to the one court of opinion m ost likely to decide favorably ( July 26, p. A12) Moreover, some politicians in both parties described the Friday night speech as an adept exercise in pub lic relations, making the best of an intolerable situation. Fully six hours before the speech, a leading Republican publicist forecast its outline in uncanny detail the eulogy of Miss Kopechne, the blanket admission of guilt, the fuzzing of details, the cu famed Checkers speech of 1952 (July 31, p. A19) Letters to the editor also indicate a public at polar opposites on the issue. And despite the weeklong deluge of rumor and speculation, their insights cut to the core of the controversy: noble if we would have heard a more convincing, unrehearsed statement not drafted by the sycophants of the Kennedy brain trust after a w eek of meditation, preparation and weight the political consequences? (July 30, A22) ~ Bob Johnson, Miami, Fla. The Kennedys have experienced the zenith and nadir in human emotions yet, through it all, their high moral and spiritual values have remained, o r have even intensified. Yet, because Senator Kennedy faltered briefly, as any human being might, under the is most recent have been barraged with a host of accusations (July 31, A18) ~ Dorothy J. Schuffert, Alexandria. PAGE 55 55 Figure 4 3. Washington Post Table 4 5. Total key term word counts for Washington Post coverage of Edward Kennedy July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. (Excludes wire service articles) Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Kennedy 574 Sen. 83 time 73 Edward 65 Senator 175 car 79 Senate 72 Jo 65 accident 159 party 78 police 70 Mary 64 Kopechne 108 Edgartown 78 man 68 know 63 Miss 105 political 74 people 68 Massachusetts 63 Like T he Times the Washington Post also used freelance writers ( denoted by lack of byline) to cover events outside the District of Columbia metropolitan area and the incident on Chappaquiddick Island was no exception. In addition, seven wire service stories from the Associated Press and Un ited Press International totaling more than 2,100 words of copy appeared in the Post during the timeframe under consideration. PAGE 56 56 The articles consisted solely of color and background information including the large number of telegrams being generated in res televised statement on July 25. In addition, the Post ran a copy of a Times story church m ass the Sunday following his statement and a small group that had formed to support his staying in the Senate. One Associated Press wire service story dated July 27 notes that both Paul Markham and Joseph Gargan, the two men who had returned to the scene w ith Kennedy the night of the accident, had been cleared of any charges with regard to the reporting of the accident. Figure 4 4. Wire service articles published by the Washington Post PAGE 57 57 Table 4 6 Total key term word counts for wire service articles of Edward Kennedy published by the Washington Post July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Kennedy 65 statement 9 A utopsy 8 resign 7 Kopechne 22 daughter 9 Mary 8 Senate 7 accident 19 mail 9 Jo 8 stay 7 Senator 15 Edward 9 C ar 7 report 7 Sen. 11 hour 8 Friday 7 vicious 6 Chicago Tribune The fiery and conservative editorial stance of the Chicago s earlier incident. The newspaper let loose its watchdog style of reportage within two days of the accident. And throughout the studied timeframe its editorial board and writers would use rhetoric and pointed speculation to extract answers from officials and prompt discourse from it readers. Of the nearly 40,000 words of text contained within 52 news stories, editorial and op ed pieces and Letter to the Editor c ollections published on the Kennedy scandal, the seven dominant key terms of erge from the text Not surprisingly, conservative minded editorial stance focused int ently on the legalities of the case and the local authorities in Edgartown. The Co occurrence Word Association radial graph also shows a strong correlation with the terms This is again substantiated by the intense focus on the legal machinations of local officials as well as Kennedy and his associates. In bold contrast to either the reserved stance of the Times or the pragmatic tone of the Post the Page 1 ledes began emphasizing an aggressive viewpoint that cut right to the heart of the issue: PAGE 58 58 The possibility of a conspiracy of silence loomed today as an element in the mystery surrounding the drowning of a blonde secretary as she was riding in a car driven by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy [D., Mass.] last Frida y night (July 24, p. 1). A Democratic leader on Capitol Hill, giving his analysis of the political future of Sen. Edward Kennedy [D., Ma can ever recover fro nine Additionally, and in sharp contrast to the Times and the Post, the continual use of the diminutive Teddy and Ted in headlines reflects an informal and possibly less than respectful attitude toward Edward Kennedy. The key terms of reflect the continued death of Kopechne, the timeline of the accident (Friday nigh t ) and the delay in the report being filed. T he Times the Post and the Tribune had all written much about missing information and the disjointed investigative and prosecutorial procedures of the local officials. Both the Times and Post had devoted extensive newsprint to details of the accident scene as well. The Times took a more pe destrian and factual tone, acknowledging the presence of discrepancies and lack of investigation, but not pressing those same officials for answers. The Post took a more measured but direct approach in w up on the accident. In contrast, the freelancers and press service took an outwardly aggressive posture in its reporting running down even shadowy leads to substantiate the actions or inactions of local officials. The conspiracy theme continue d: There was an unconfirmed report today that Steele, or someone from his office, met secretly this morning at the local airport with two Kennedy PAGE 59 59 men Lemoyne Billings, a long time associate of the Kennedy family. [Kennedy press secretary] Drayne confirmed in Washington that both Burke and Billings were on Cape Cod with the senator. He said the pair had been there since last weekend. o point to accident (July 24, p. 5). One Tribune which suggested that Kennedy may not have been in as great a state of shock as he claimed following the accident. One cannot miss the implication that he outright lied to authorities: Kennedy told police in a statement Saturday morning that he was in as state of shock from the time of the accident until he woke up in Edgartown in the morning. But the sources said he was able to give his friends an drowning. This is incredible (July 23, p. 2). Unlike either the Times or the Post, the Tribune uses a far more aggressive voice in its reporting: l Revere, one telegram said. The Kennedys are coming. Nail them, baby (July 23, p. 2). While the Times and the Post coverage gave the impression that Kennedy had the backing of a majority of his fellow senators, the Tribune was interviewing ability, not to mention his character. Note: Anonymity was routinely granted to sources within the government, ev en when the information was not of a sensitive nature. els. PAGE 60 60 body in a car overnight at the bottom of a pond, one influential Democrat said the indecision shown by the Massachusetts senator would appear to eliminate him from consideration b y the party leaders as a serious candidate for President (July 24, p. N3). actions of officials involved in the investigation, the editorials assumed an ever increasingl y strident and uncompromising tone in questioning actions and outcomes of those involved. Op ed writers took an equally inexorable, albeit more eloquently voiced position after the a Friends of Sen. Edward M. Kennedy [D., Mas s.] are said to be deeply concerned about the effect on his political career of the tragic misadventure in which a young secretary was killed in an automobile he was driving. We think this concern betrays a callous indifference to considerations that are f ar more important than the political future of a young man who apparently aspired to the Presidency. First of these is the loss of a young have been told the whole truth about what ha ppened and whether justice in this case will be administered without respect to wealth and family influence (July 22, p. 12). Perhaps no one will suffer more from the favoritism than the senator. However, no one can benefit when what should be the absolute justice of the community enlightened by reason, rather than preference, is bent either by s ympathy or deference to power. The law and its administration are not perfect. It should be a majestic edifice with one door for the weak and the strong and two exi ts, one for the guilty and another for the innocent. There should be no escape hatches, although many contrive to make them, and when they do they injure all by licensing the br eaking of the common protection (July 30, p. 20). The Tribune randomly polled Chicago area residents by telephone in an effort to reactions were mixed, nearly all those queried responded with a measure of PAGE 61 61 conservative restraint; many responses cont ained a positive note, even when obviously adverse in sentiment: My wife and I were impressed by the apparent sincerity of the speech, but we were left wondering that if he demonstrated indecision in this incident, what w ould he do in other situations? ~ S tanley Perosious (July 26, p. N3). If he was in a state of shock someone should have called the doctor. This immu newspapers this would have been done ~ Dominic Mattucci (July 27, Section I, p. 1). The key terms of reflect the extensive amount of Letters to the Editor that wer e printed during the timeframe, with nearly every response noting the words think, thinking or thought. In other words, the writers were expressing their thoughts on the appearance, demeanor, candor, etc., that Kennedy displayed during his televised statem sign of Midwestern values, Kennedy was always referred to in both pro and con missives as Senator. Th e Tribune printed a far greater number of reader comments than either the Times or the Post. Of 47 letters received from readers during the timeframe under consideration, 68 percent were of a negative or unfavorable nature toward Kennedy. 2 2 The Times printed only four (albeit lengthy) Letters to the Editor during the timeframe studied; The Post published 28. PAGE 62 62 F igure 4 5. Chicago Tribune Table 4 7. Total key term word counts for Chicago Tribune coverage of Edward Kennedy July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. (Excludes wire service articles) Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Kennedy 483 Kopechne 91 back 65 family 51 Accident 142 car 82 party 63 woman 51 Senator 111 police 77 Massachusetts 58 ask 50 Miss 110 think 74 Arena 51 report 49 Sen. 93 Edgartown 65 tell 51 man 47 Like t he Times and the Post the Tribune used freelance reporters ( denoted as Chicago Tribune Press Services ) to handle the day to day reporting first from Edgartown and then from Boston and Washington D.C. The Tribune also published 15 AP, UPI and [Thomson] Reuters wire service articles to round out their coverage. Those articles included information ranging from awaited address on July 25. The wire services also took the liberty of posing a large PAGE 63 63 number of rhetorical questions regarding the actions of those involv ed in the incident and official conduct throughout the investigation. As with the Times and the Post the wire service stories generally provided background information. However, two articles in particular give matching details about Kennedy spe aking with the Shiretown Inn desk clerk at 2:25 a.m. fully meeting in his nationwide broadcast as well. Figure 4 6. Wire service articles published by the Chicago Tribune Table 4 8. Total key term word counts for wire service articles of Edward Kennedy published by the Chicago Tribune July 19 Aug. 3, 1969. Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Kennedy 114 statement 24 Dinis 15 autopsy 14 Accident 37 car 21 time 15 police 13 Sen. 34 Edward 19 Massachusetts 15 know 13 Kopechne 31 call 16 Mary 14 tell 13 Senator 30 Miss 16 Jo 14 office 12 PAGE 64 64 Gary Hart and Donna Rice; Coverage May 4 18, 1987. The New York Times The New York Times coverage of the Gary Hart scandal not only followed the correctly addressing the issu es of professional rather than personal judgment as a benchmark for assessing the abilities of political figures and whether the latter could or would adversely affect the former. Emerging key terms from the coverage of the Gary Hart scandal shows the first indications of change in the Times editorial position. Far from the fact based, staid news writing of the Chappaquiddick era, the Times editorial board and writers took a more vocal, liberal position, calling into question the role of the press i n American politics in general and the Hart affair in particular. The late 1980s were halcyon days for the newspaper industry, and the Times generated an incredible amount of copy on the Hart scandal. More than 60 articles, editorials, op ed pieces and Le tter to the Editor collections totaled nearly 58,000 words, the bulk of which was generated in the first seven days of the timeframe under consideration. Not surprisingly, a tremendous volume of copy was dedicated to profiles and background stories featur ing Hart, past and present. The eight dominant terms emerging from the Times What is surprising, especially for the Times, is an analysis of the lexicon reveals a significant use of words such as sexual, adultery, behavior, judgment, private, womanizing and lie s to articulate the key terms of PAGE 65 65 for the most part an unfavorable array of descriptors not typically associated with the Times style of reportage thus far. Much of the Times editorial content focused on the ethical questions c oncerning also whether the tactics in gaining the information adhered to the tenets of good journalism or merely a case of the ends justifying the means. The Times editorial board acknowledged that the treatment of scandal had, for many years, followed guidelines th at Chappaquiddick and Wilber Mills Tidal Basin affair. But it also countered that by asserting the Herald had come upon its news as part of regular coverage of a presidential race rather than a follow up to an accident or police report. While scandal has always been grist for the journalistic mill, there was for many decades an unspoken gentleman's understanding that such things as marital infidelity and alcohol abuse were unsuitable subjects of news cover age for respectable news organizations. Many journalists say that the new adversarial aggressiveness of journalists in the Vietnam War and, later, with the Watergate affair began to change this courtly climate. They say that the public also began to demand to know more about public figures, which was an attitude born of disappointment in the ir leaders (May 5, p. B7). and infidelity in an open forum a burden that up to now had not been thrust upon a the individual who finds him self or herself caught in the scandal that directs the actions of the press, and by extension, supporters and the pu blic supporters and a voting public. PAGE 66 66 However, both the Times editorial board and writers such as William Safire suggest that politicians should not have to answer questions about their personal lives: Maybe the shallow, insensitiv e nature of Presidential campaigns would begin to change if one candidate, one day, said: ''That is none of your business; that is my private life, and my family's.'' I think the public would respond to a candidat e who said that and stuck to it (May 5, p. A35). Have you ever committed adultery?'' was the stone some sin free questioner lobbed at Gary Hart last week. His answer was a temperate ''I do not have to answer that question.'' Mine would have been 'Go to hell.' Neither the media nor the government h as a right to expect an answer to such personal questions. We would all be better off if candidates for office were expected to take offense at such intrusions (May 11, p. A17). Questions of morality and judgment were apparent early in the Times coverage w ith noted politicos Gov. Mario Cuomo and former vice presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro questioning which was more important: how Hart spent his evenings or his stand on issues such as nuclear arms. The key term of was characterized by the use of such words as report, story, reporter, editor and publisher Again, not surprising, given the inordinate amount of discussion about the methods the Herald used in obtaining the story. As a note, though Hart initially lashed out at the Herald in part icular, after the release of its story his narrative quickly blamed the press in general as the cause of his troubles. the situation, while op ed pieces questioned the validit y of the coverage and the underlying issues that prompted such reportage: Reporters once treated candidates' ''personal'' indiscretions discreetly. No longer, and that's to the good. Beyond the proper, debatable bounds of privacy, the public needs to know as much about a candidate as possible. It is, after all, a person whom the voters elect to be President, not a set of policies. Once in office the policies may change, but the person's intellect, PAGE 67 67 judgment and character will not. Mr. Hart's judgment was alr eady in doubt. This new episode deepens those doubts (May 5, p. A34). Gary Hart's strange treatment of his birth date and family name invited attention to his character. I think there are reasons to question his judgment. But ''the womanizing issue,'' as T he Herald called it, gets special attention for a reason we all know. That is the pu blic's prurient interest in sex (May 4, p. A35). In addition, noted columnists like Tom Wicker, A.M. Rosenthal and Anthony Lewis were churning out lengthy articles on two differing tacks: one faction debated how ethical the H reporting methods and rush to print were while the other deliberated whether marital fidelity was even important enough to be an issue in considering presidential candidate coverage. front page status? Twenty five years earlier, the answers might have been fairly straightforward. The key term of can be largely attributed to the vast amounts of poll information and political commenta ry generated by columnists debating the idea of whether the American people would vote for a man who had committed adultery as opposed to drunk driving or cheating on their taxes. Writers both pro and con noted that marital infidelity was not the underlyin g problem Hart faced, but rather a growing concern about poor judgment and lack of honesty qualities the pundits claimed the American people simply would not tolerate in their presidential candidates. The one idea that seemed to rise above all the discussi on was that it was not a matter of morality, or judgment or even ability, but rather a matter of candor of honesty. One op ed writer again confirmed what Benoit was asserting in his earliest work on Image Repair Theory : that candor and a forthright approac h to the issue is the best for salvaging public image PAGE 68 68 What the voters will care about, however, is whether Gary Hart has been honest and forthright in explaining the town house issue. The issue in today's politics is not morality but candor. After giving his ''Checkers'' speech in the 1952 campaign, Richard M. Nixon learned a lesson he later forgot that overwhelming public doubts can be turned around with a forthright, he ad on confrontation of an issue (May 6, p. A35). In the view of most politicians, t he Hart case was special: It does not necessarily imply a new era of high morality in American politics. But it certainly reinforces the lesson that Americans demand from their political leaders a higher standard of behavior than they do from their friends and neighbors, or even from themselves. And it most certainly demonstrates that character, not ideology and not intellect, is the quality most Americans seek in those who would be President (May 8, p. A1). The Times portrayed Donna Rice as the stereotypic al blond haired beauty queen; a swimsuit model type who posed bare breasted and dated a Saudi arms dealers. One cannot help but sense the undertones of unfavorable coverage afforded interviews. For Hart, the Herald story merely resurrected the rumors of purported promiscuity dating back to the McGovern campaign in 1972. Hart fired back with allegations of ollowing the Heral d story. But while he denounced the media for his mounting problems, he was unable to blame anyone but himself. His own words may have been the most prophetic: As I've said, I don't intend to give up, because the cause is more important than the candidate. The prize is not the Presidency, it's our country's future. We will prevail for one simple reason: because the truth will prevail (May 6, p. B8). Though there were serious doubts beginning to surface about the story, Hart offic ially withdrew his bid for the presidency on May 8, 1987 just hours after PAGE 69 69 receiving word that the Washington Post had additional and substantiated information about a long term relationship with yet another woman. 3 Figure 4 7. The New York Times. T able 4 9. Total key term word counts for The New York Times coverage of Gary Hart May 4 18, 1987. Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Hart 1,058 Rice 164 Democratic 141 People 117 campaign 300 question 158 Miami 129 Report 116 candidate 229 woman 156 house 127 Press 115 Gary 199 presidential 149 issue 123 Newspaper 106 Herald 192 political 148 story 121 Broadhurst 105 Washington Post When the story broke on May 4, 1987, the Post focused mainly on the political rather than the personal ramifications of the scandal despite the pointed questions being asked about moral rectitude and character. Staff writers immediately 3 Less than 5 percent of articles appearing in the Times during the timeframe were wire s ervice generated stories. No separate analysis was conducted. PAGE 70 70 started gauging the reactions of newspaper publishers and editor s, while freelancers in The Post devoted a considerable amount of copy to the Gary Hart affair, with more than 64 articles and political commentary. In addition, the Post incl uded 29 separate columns, profiles, interviews and editorial/op ed pieces, the bulk of which appeared May 4 10. The six dominant key terms emerging from the text are But the Post took on an investigative nature from the very beginning, contacting editors, publishers, staff workers both current and former and political insiders to paint as full a picture as possible of Hart as the Democratic front running candidate Much of the cove rage throughout the timeframe aides in an effort to distance the candidate from the press. The key term figures prominently in all three publications with relation to Gary Hart. His initial backlash from the st ory evolved into an indictment on the press as a whole, with Hart claiming he was being victimized by a rumor mongering industry that was acting in concert with his political rivals. Instead, the press debated among themselves the validity of the tactics and the journalistic ethics the press strove to uphold. By May 5, Hart was facing mounting pressure from the press, culminating in a tense 45 minute news conference to the American Newspaper Publishers Association where he was asked pointed quest ions about his morality and his marriage. Though to silence his critics: PAGE 71 71 Hart, who had said in a speech Tuesday that he had done nothing "immoral" with Rice, was aske d about his definition of morality, and, specifically, whether it included adultery. He said it did. Asked if he had ever committed adultery, Hart said: "I do not have to answer that question The rumors and speculation about Hart had been simmering for nearly 15 years and were well known in the news industry and insider political circles. The Post spoke with newspaper editors around the country and found they almost overwhelmingly agreed that the story was worthy of being investigated. The real questions surfacing were about whether marital fidelity was a true indicator of character and further, how that character was to be gauged: This Hart story, the womanizing story, presents a terrible dil emma to editors and reporters," said James P. Gannon, editor of The Des Moines Register. "The issue was on the agenda he addressed the issue. Reporters did have an obligation to d etermine the truth or falseness of those rumors. Truth is an important ma tter in presidential character (May 5, p.. A6) It's a dangerous area," said Albert Hunt, Washington bureau chief of The Wall Street Journal. "There is no doubt in my mind that one's sexual habits, particularly if one is married, say something about one's character. The problem is, I'm not sure that we in the press are qualified to analyze precisely what it does say about character (May 5, A6) Post editors said the story was justified not only because the womanizing rumors had been dogging the Democratic front runner's campaign for weeks if not years, but also because Hart himself had suggested that reporters check the allegations. Though the Miami Herald could not have known at the ti me it went to press with the story of Donna Rice and the Washington weekend, Hart had already set the stage New York Times Magazine released its interview with Hart the same day the Herald broke its story. In r esponse to the PAGE 72 72 query into rumors stemming from his 1984 campaign, Hart quipped that "If anybody wants to put a tail on me, go ahead. They'd be very bored (May 5, p. D1) The key term presidenti al candidate being debated by publishers and editors alike after the American Newspaper Publishers Association press conference. The consensus among these news professionals was that the American people would never believe the story that was being told by the candidate, nor would they support a candidate that attempted to perpetrate such a deception. Many Hart insiders saw this conduct as a question of character rather than morality and of poor judgment bordering on foolhardiness, especially in light of th e past rumors. The Post noted questions were beginning to surface about H credibility; questions first raised during the 1984 campaign. There is a catch me if you can aspect to this that bothers me," said David Garth, a Democratic media consultant not allied with any 1988 presidential campaign (May 5, p. A10). As they watched his public self destruction this week, many of the people who went through earlier campaigns with him, especially the one in 1984, were struck by a sense of dj vu, but this time with a pestering some said terrifying final thought: Perhaps they had been wrong to suppress, or silence, their doubts for so long (May 8, p. A1). The coverage included interviews with current and former workers. And though some withi n the Hart camp condemned the Herald story as a personal attack citing shoddy journalism, faulty surveillance reports and lack of corroboration from any of the people involved, others saw it as a culmination of rumors that had circulated for years. Still o thers saw it as an opportunity for Hart to put the matter to rest once and for all: PAGE 73 73 There is a sense of real confidence that they have the facts for a sound rebuttal. There is a feeling that this may be an opportunity. Gary Hart was never going to receive the nomination without answering questions about his character, and this is a chance to present a case where they can soundly rebut an allegation (May 5, p. A10). for the conseque like what they had found (May 8, p. A15). On May 7, reporters at the American Newspapers Publishers Association grilled Hart on the Rice affair. And in an unprecedented move, asked the presidential candi date point blank if he had ever committed adultery. Later, the Post relayed to about a long term relationship with yet another woman. The following morning Hart issued a terse statement that he was suspending his campaign indefinitely and flew home to Colorado with his wife. The Post included nearly 30 columns, op ed commentary, profiles and interviews k of common sense, from his character defects to political shortcomings. One writer included an indictment of the Democratic Party as a whole. Why, then, did Hart's standing in the polls drop so precipitously after press reports of his dalliance with 29 y ear old Donna Rice? Could it be that while millions of Americans won't condemn adultery because they are so busy trying it, they detest people who mess up the game by being st upidly indiscreet, as Hart was? (May 13, p. A23). The wonder is not that Hart's p ublic, party and financial support were blown away by winds of scandal but how he ever became a front runner in the first place. The answer is found in a party, after nearly two decades of remorseless internal "reform," structurally unable to project bona fide leaders (May 11, p. A13). In addition, the key term listing and radial graph shows a strong correlation with the secondary terms of While these words would seem to be of PAGE 74 74 rsonal character first and his presidential capabilities second. The Post went to great lengths to paint as complete a picture as possible of Hart in order to fully articulate the implications of the rumors dating back to 1972. This included previous mari tal problems, the $1 million plus debt from his failed 1984 campaign as well as an ill Donna Rice emerged not so much as the femme fatale in the affair, but as a hapless bystander, not s o much caught as caught up in the backlash against Hart. While her own story to the press reflected inconsistencies she retreated to her South Florida apartment to wait out the media storm while she contemplated her possible book options none were ever re alized. Once she declined further interviews on May 6, her name faded into the background as a point of reference only. final speech on May 9. His paraphrasing of Jefferson an d the justice of God may well sum up his reason for failure: Politics in this country, take it from me, is on the verge of becoming another form of athletic competition or sporting match. We all better do something to make this system work or we're all goi ng to be soon rephrasing Jefferson to say: I tremble for my country when I think we may in fact get the kind of leaders we deserve (May 9, p. A11). By May 10, the coverage returned to evaluating the remaining candidates and the Iran Contra hearings that had previously dominated the political scene. In less than a week Gary Hart had gone from being the Democratic front runner to a political PAGE 75 75 pariah, forever equated to some degree, with the Donna Rice affair, in much the same way that Edward Kennedy would forever be linked to Chappaquiddick. 4 Figure 4 8. Washington Post Table 4 10. Total key term word counts for Washington Post coverage of Gary Hart May 4 18, 1987. Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Hart 1,149 candidate 169 T ime 152 Miami 133 campaign 404 political 168 W ife 145 know 133 Rice 241 house 156 P eople 137 press 131 Gary 208 woman 154 R eporter 137 question 127 story 174 Herald 153 Washington 136 presidential 127 Chicago Tribune The initial coverage of the Gary Hart scandal consisted of a page 3 column by noted humorist Mike Royko and a 644 word wire service story from the New York Times buried on page 16 ; h ardly the front page splash found in the Times 4 Less than 5 percent of articles appearing in the Post during the timeframe studied were wire service generated. No separate analysis was conducted PAGE 76 76 and the Post In addition, the coverage was about 50 percent that of either newspaper. While the Post used a more investigative edge in their reporting, and the Times waded heavily into the debate of privacy for political figures versus public accountability, the Tribune main tained its conservative posture. It concentrated the bulk of its coverage on the pros and cons of the role news media had in the privacy in the political sphere debate. The coverage of the Gary Hart scandal was considerably less than that of eith er the Times or the Post with only 41 news stories, editorial and op ed pieces. Only two short Letter to the Editor collections are present in the sample frame. An analysis of th Herald ami correlate with the more conservative stance the Tribune took with its reportage. While some key terms may mirror both the Times and the Post the Tribune took a different tack in its reportage. The Tribune focused a good deal of coverage method of electing candidates in general. Tribune reporters spoke with various members at the American Newspaper Publishers Asso the consensus was that as a group they were decidedly underwhelmed and few objected to the pursuit of the story: one said, leav ing the Waldorf Astoria Hotel ballroom where Hart spoke. PAGE 77 77 Asked whether he doubted that the Herald had been scrupulous or fair in While the Times and the Post outlined the discr epancies of the weekend timeline, the Tribune night in question according to Hart, Rice, fundraiser William Broadhurst and campaign manager William Dixon. The Tribune then compared it to the Herald story. The discrepancies were glaring. Many questions were asked of Hart, Rice and the staff, advisers and observers on the periphery of the affair; questions concerning Hart; his relationships, the rumors of womanizing and private versu s public information about Hart as a candidate. The Tribune aspect in a presidential candidate. Though Hart at first denied the allegations, he then said that his private Tribune took the stance that what Hart failed to realize was that he had invited the scrutiny (long before the New York Times Magazine with his indifference toward the concept of honesty a quality the American peopl e Tribune writer Royko, warming debate with his usual flair for the obvious: PAGE 78 78 At this point, some readers might be saying that this column is being written as if I accept as fact that Hart had a sexual affair with Miss Ric e, although both of them deny it. expect people to believe that he was taking a yacht trip with her, burning up the long distance lines to talk to her, having her fly to Washin gton while his wife was away all this while running for president simply because he though t she was fun to chat with (May 8, p. 3). The key terms of can be attributed to the op ed and editorial board commentary debating the validity and ethics of the Miami Washington townhouse. The Tribune aired the consensus that though the Herald had blown the stakeout and printed the story without interviewing the people involved (for a number of reasons) the implications were virtually accepted as true by both the press and the public. Moreover, the editorial commentary about the issue of the press and its overstepping of a overstepping the lines of discretion and judgment. the denials, the evasions and the shifting of blame that brought the que stion of character to the forefront and whet the nib of every political pundit and late night talk show host in the country. The idea that the American press is rushing headlong toward the Peeping dal sheets is the stuff of which scapegoats are made. Politicians always want to blame the messenger who brings bad news about them (May 10, Sec. 4, p. 2). If you notice, nobody is asking Joe Biden, Paul Simon, Mike Dukakis, Jesse Jackson or any of the oth er candidates about philandering. They (May 11, p. 3). PAGE 79 79 The Tribune posed rhetorical questions about the charges and assertions about Hart, the role of the press in the political process and rumor v ersus fact in reporting with editorial and op ed pieces by Ellen Goodman, Raymond Coffey and William Safire which echoed the press corps had replaced the boys will be boys press club double standard infide lity was now officially on the record. 5 Figure 4 9. Chicago Tribune Table 4 11. Total key term word counts for Chicago Tribune coverage of Gary Hart May 4 18, 1987. Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Hart 526 W oman 100 know 72 question 62 candidate 138 Herald 98 house 67 ask 60 campaign 136 S tory 95 Miami 67 Washington 58 Rice 113 P ress 90 people 65 report 55 reporter 109 Gary 73 presidential 63 time 53 5 Less than 5 percent of articles appearing in the Tribune during the timeframe studied were wire service generated. No separate analysis was conducted. In addition, four columns appearing in the Tribune were re prints from the Washington Post. PAGE 80 80 John Edwards and Rielle Hunter; Aug. 9 23, 2008 The New York Times In sharp contrast to the coverage afforded the Edward Kennedy accident, with its so secret womanizing during the 1988 presidential race, the mainstream media remained mum on the John Edwards affair for nearly a year while supermarket tabloids waded into the rumor and speculation. Analyzing the roughly 13,000 word body of Times text, the five dominant key terms of emerge. The term is predominant, and a review of the text shows the unfavorable words sex, scandal, lie, admit and deny weighed heavily on the contextual aspect. This is unusual in that the Times has typically used a more objective and neutral tone in its reportage lang uage, using words like infidelity and adultery when referring to sex and scandal as evidenced by the Gary Hart coverage in 1987. Likewise, the key terms of J ohn (Edwards) s heavily weighted with words such as lie and narcissism rather than deceit or ch aracter. The National Enquirer published its first story in October 2006 and then another in December that featured a photo of a pregnant Rielle Hunter and allegations that she and Edwards had had an affair while she was employed by his political action c The Charlotte Observer did any follow up into the allegations of an adulterous affair and a 6 month According to The editors, the newspaper wanted to maintain a reputation scandal, the Times PAGE 81 81 Edwards had announced his candidacy in late December 20 06. A cursory investigation by the Times then turned up little credible evidence. In response to questions about their lag time on the story, Times editors reported that when the Enquirer story broke in October 2006, the newspaper was not in a position to do a more thorough inquiry. Times editors said that when the first Enquirer story appeared and they could not verify it after fairly cursory inquiries, they left it alone. "I'm not going to recycle a supermarket tabloid's anonymously sourced story," said Bi ll Keller, the executive editor (Aug. 10, Sunday Opinion Sec. p. 10). By August 2008, Edwards had dropped out of the presidential race and the country was reeling from the housing market meltdown and rising unemployment In addition, the newspaper industry, including the Times was still trying to get a handle on Edwards isn't a player at the moment," said Richard Stevenson, who directs the newspaper's campaign coverage. "There are a lot of big issues facing the country. The two candidates are compelling figures, and we have finite resources (Aug. 10, Sunday Opinion Sec. p. 10). Like much of the mainstream media, The New York Times did n ot pursue the The nationally televised interview included a confession of marital infidelity with Rielle Hunter Edwards was quick to add that he c was in remission and an admission that he had lied about the affair for months. He month old child and claimed that his aide, Andrew Young, was the father. He also could not explain why a c ampaign contributor would pay Hunter and Young money to relocate to California. PAGE 82 82 But instead of dispelling the rumors that had been swirling in the tabloids for months, Edwards public admission of infidelity and lies left many viewers and news professiona l with lingering doubts about the story as well as the man. Though still wary of following up on a tabloid initiated story, the conflicting statements of Edwards, Hunter and the contributor, the money being paid to Hunter and Young and the possibility tha t Edwards might still be invited to the Democratic National Convention were enough for the Times to launch their own inquiry. The information revealed a possible orchestrated cover up of the affair: Mr. Edwards said that he carried on the affair for a "sho rt period" in 2006 and that it ended before he could have fathered the baby, who was born Feb. 27. But financial records show that Mr. Edwards's political action committee, One America, made payments to Ms. Hunter's production company into 2007. The commit tee paid Ms. Hunter's company, Midline Groove Productions, based in South Orange, N.J., a total of $114,000 in 2006 and 2007 (Aug. 9, p. A1). The Times investigation confirmed the affair had been going on longer than Edwards had admitted to and that mone y was being funneled to Hunter from a wealthy donor, although they were still unable to confirm that Edwards knew about the money from either his PAC or his campaign donor: A longtime financial backer of Mr. Edwards's campaigns, Fred Baron, told The Dalla s Morning News on Friday that he had made payments to Ms. Hunter to get her "out of North Carolina" and "into a stable place." She and her baby moved into a $3 million house in Santa Barbara, Calif. (Aug. 9, p. A14). The Times news coverage, thin to begin with, trickled to editorial and op ed inviting Edwards to speak at the convention, and Hunter refused to take a paternity test. Edwards would not publicly admit to being the father until January 2010. PAGE 83 83 The key term and the lack of coverage of a political nature, support the assertion that character and behavioral attributes were by far more prominent in the Figure 4 10. The New York Times Table 4 12. Total key term word counts for The New York Times coverage of John Edwards Aug. 9 23, 2008. Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Edwards 198 Enquirer 54 John 35 wife 26 Hunter 110 report 53 tell 31 child 25 time 60 campaign 42 father 29 baby 25 affair 56 news 38 National 27 lawyer 24 story 55 Young 35 New York 26 statement 24 Washington Post Like the Times the Washington Post devoted considerably less coverage to the John Edwards and Rielle Hunter affair than to either the Kennedy or the Hart scandals, and began reporting on the story only after Edwards appeared on the ABC News PAGE 84 84 ng a liaison with Hunter. The National Enquirer October 2006, including a story in December 2006 that featured a pregnant Hunter. Only the tabloid and a handful of other stories ap The coverage of given to the Kennedy and Hart scandals, with only 10 articles total and less than 9,000 words of text. This could be attributed to t he fact that the story had already been told, or that generally speaking, newspapers have been getting physically getting smaller. Simply stated, the reduction in coverage could be the result of a diminishing news hole overall; that is the amount of space available for daily news after the advertising has been placed. The six dominant key terms found in the text are Although the news coverage focused mainly on the political aspects of op ed articles focused on Edwards continued denial that he had fathered that was surfacing i n the financial documents and his continued visits to Hunter, there continued to be speculative commentary that he was the father. The key terms of were clearly articulated by this coverage. Like the Times Post editors s aid they had looked into the story in October 2006 but could not secure credible evidence. One Post writer said that without solid evidence PAGE 85 85 to bolster their stories, they ran the risk of having their investigations compared to those of the tabloids: There was also a wariness about the Enquirer, which has broken several major stories -including a 2001 report on Jesse L. Jackson fathering a child out of wedlock -but which sometimes pays for information, as Perel said the tabloid did in the Edwards case. T he Enquirer also has a lower threshold than mainstream news organizations for publishing info rmation from second hand source (Aug. 9, p. A1). The remaining key terms are all supported by the Co occurrence Word Association graphs and key term counts, which show strong correlations between The Post passing on the story in 2006 but her cancer recurrence was not made publi c until March 2007. Meanwhile, conservative commentators were accusing the mainstream press including the Post of being a liberal press that was reluctant to skewer a fatherless birth certificate that the mainstream media acted. ignore the story. The Post in keeping with its reputation, focused on the political itical career, both present and future. The declaration that he was ashamed of his actions and blamed them on his success in d became increasingly PAGE 86 86 cover up implications were obvious and many now saw this moral lapse possibly morphing into a legal case of campaign fraud (Aug. 12, p. A13). The Post noted that Edwards admitted he had lied in the months prior to the interview. He now told the world ceremony of the Beijin g Olympics that he had indeed been having an affair, but that it had been over for a long time ; t He insisted that Andrew Young was the father and offered to take a polygraph test. Edwards also denie d any knowledge of money paid to either Hunter or Young by his friend and campaign donor Fred Baron. The initial report the day after the interview documented how much Hunter had been paid for her filmmaking, how campaign worker Andrew Young claime d to be was not told of the payments. The Post limited copy about Young to a couple of paragraphs was broadly sketched as a former party girl turned wou ld be documentary filmmaker. The bulk of their coverage was on Edwards and the fallout of his political life. Unlike the Hart scandal, the question of privacy for public officials was no longer an issue for the press that is. Edwards ignored questions fr om an Observer reporter after a speech in Washington. "He lost the luxury of being a private person when he ran for president," s aid Observer editor Rick Thames (Aug. 9, p. A1). He's a two time presidential candidate, was the party's nominee for vice presi dent four years ago, and was carrying on with the smitten Hunter -a fledgling filmmaker paid with campaign funds during his White House run. Do the standards change dramatica lly the day after you drop out? (Aug 11, p. C1). PAGE 87 87 In addition, it took the press about a nanosec ond to remind the public that it was not the affair itself that was newsworthy, but the lies that for months had been coming from the Edwards camp. But frankly, the story had already been told and the mainstream press had little more to add let alone debate. Until a paternity test could determine otherwise, there was no way to know for certain whom months before the allegations of campaign fraud would surface. The lack of key terms relating directly to politics indicates that despite the news coverage taking a decidedly political tack, the op ed commentary overshadowed it making the overall tone more personal than political. Figure 4 11. Washington Post PAGE 88 88 Table 4 13. Total key term word counts for Washington Post coverage of John Edwards Aug. 9 23, 2008. Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Edwards 142 know 35 report 31 John 24 Hunter 53 affair 33 story 30 Elizabeth 23 child 49 time 33 tell 29 hold 22 love 44 baby 32 National 25 week 22 campaign 38 Enquirer 32 father 25 news 21 Chicago Tribune The Chicago Tribune took its usual conservative editorial stance when the John Edwards story broke, though like the Times and the Post, did not immediately report on the story. The made, down home, family man whose terminally ill wife bravely supported him in his bid for the presidency. The paper juxtaposed that image to o ne of Edwards betraying family and staff with his nationally televised admission of a sexual liaison with Rielle Hunter and his months of lies surrounding the affair. The overall effect labeled Edwards a liar and a louse. In an interview with the Tribune last fall while he campaigned in New Hampshire, pporters have put their faith and confidence in hi The coverage of the John Edwards scandal was too small for analysis u sing the T Lab software. During the timeframe, the Tribune produced only about 3,600 words of text. At about 35 words per inch, that is about 100 inches of copy slightly more than three quarters of a page for the two week period studied. PAGE 89 89 However, in compa ring the Co occurrence Word Associations and considering the weight the Tribune include articulated by words such as a ffair child lies narcissism and the contin ued indifference Edwards expressed toward his family, his friends and his constituents. Democratic and Republican readers and bloggers (the Tribune featured a small collection of comments from their website in the Aug. 10 print edition) alike seemed to rec (Aug. 13 p. 3 ). denial (lies) and reduction of offensiveness (he cheated only in remission) only served t o exacerbate the situation Edwards found himself in, but his egocentric nature would not allow him to see that. What is particularly stunning is that Edwards, having to know full well that he would be caught in his lies, represented himself not only as a f ine, decent family man a man of the people but that he forged ahead with his campaign as damaged goods, even entertaining the prospect until now of being Barack Obam (Aug. 13, p. 1). ation. I can only feel for his wife who has so valiantly battled cancer. When will men and women also learn how important fidelity in marriage is? A vow does mean something, a something that Mr. Edwards apparently forgot (Aug. 10, p. 1). The cove rage was very limited with only one original news story and one wire service article within the studied timeframe. The bulk of its coverage was dedicated to a series of Letters to the Editor, which overwhelmingly cast unfavorable light on the former candi date. The readers traditionally conservative editorial stance, with both pro and con commentary comparing the press treatment Edwards received to that of John McCain and Bill Clinton T hey PAGE 90 90 overwhelmingly blistered the ma pursuit of the story; and called out Edwards for his political hypocrisy and crass treatment of his terminally ill wife. Figure 4 12. Chicago Tribune Table 4 14. Total key term word counts for Chicago Tribune coverage of John Edwards Aug. 9 23, 2008. Term Count Term Count Term Count Term Count Edwards 72 A ffair 15 father 11 Elizabeth 9 Hunter 22 C ampaign 14 DNA 11 year 9 John 19 C hild 13 family 11 lie 9 Enquirer 16 T abloid 13 president 11 news 9 test 16 S tory 12 wife 10 tell 8 PAGE 91 91 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In determining the editorial stance of the three newspapers under consideration, one must look not only on the scandals being studied, but the social norms and world events taking place at the same time. Competing with television in the 1960s, the Internet in the 1980s and the digital transformation in the 2000s, t he print news industry could not help but somewhat change its perspective and methods. Sloan (1991) wrote, own attitudes and outlooks. Each holds to the views distinc This study shows that the changes in reportage of political sexual scandal were not in the editorial position but in the language used to express that editorial position. We find that newspapers historically develop an editoria l position a perspective and approach, a flavor if you will that can waver over time. For example, The New York Times to the liberal tenor of Arthur Ochs Sulzburger 100 years late r. premise that public actions of self defense or damage control by political figures directly impact the reactions of the public and the press. What Was The Editorial Approach The News Publications Under Consideration Took In Reporting On Each Of The Three Political Sexual S candals? The New York Times In 1969, The New York Times approached the Kennedy scandal from a moderate editorial stance keeping a fair distance from rumor a nd guesswork. The Times reported in a factual straightforward manner, assuming a neutral tone with regard to both the legal and the moral questions surrounding Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick PAGE 92 92 incident. Though considered one of the most influent ial newspaper s in the country, t he Times had remained a cloistered, family owned operation adhering almost rigidly to New York Times Sept. 30, 2012, p. A1). Coverage for the two week period from Ju ly 20 Aug. 3, 1969 was generally neutral to favorable with minimal speculation or backlash appearing in the copy. But twenty years later, t he Times had moved toward the more liberal editorial position it was to become known for. As the Hart scandal unfolde d, t he Times published extensive editorial content, both pro and con, on the role of the press in reporting on the private lives of public figures. While the Times editorial board questioned the tactics of the surveillance, it agreed in principle with the Herald that the information the paper had obtained, and the rumors that had already been in circulation, presidential race. By 2008, the liberal bias was being hotly debated both in and out of its New York Eighth Avenue office. And the Edwards scandal was no exception. Though reporting s tandards equated with less stringent sourcing methods, the Times did mount Young, by campaign supporter, Fred Baron. Less than three years later, the Times would extensiv from those payments. PAGE 93 93 One can literally see the change in editorial stance when comparing the reportage of the Kennedy scandal in 1969 and the release of the Pentagon Papers just two years l ater. In comparing the two, a definitive liberal ideology is seen when reporting on the working of political figures. The line of demarcation was now firmly drawn between the press and politics. The Times would retain this liberal stance in its reportage o f political scandal, sexual or otherwise, through Gary Hart, John Edwards and a host of other political figures who found too late that immunity stemming from their political positions could no longer shielded them from public scrutiny. The Washington Pos t During the Kennedy incident, the Washington Post took a more liberal, yet pragmatic editorial stance, harkening back to the days when Phil Graham was at the helm, but tempered news The cove rage took on a middle to upper middle class voice, eschewing the elitist detachment of the Times in favor of a more intuitive and commonsense approach indicative of the investigative style the Post was to become known for in the coming decades. In keeping with its reputation as the leading political newspaper in the country, the Post reported from a legal and political position with commentary that leaned toward the assertion that Kennedy received favorable treatment from local authorities because of wealth and a public still awed by the Kennedy name. The liberal editorial stance would see some movement toward a moderate tone in its news coverage in the late 1980s, mostly due to the influence of Bradlee. But during the roughly 40 year time span under consideration, the liberal editorial position developed under Phil Graham prevailed. PAGE 94 94 As already noted, the actions of the political figures themselves would come to work in concert with the reportage. Like the Chappaquiddick incident in 1969 and the relea se of the Pentagon Papers in 1971, the Post ushered in a new level of investigative journalism with the exposure of the Watergate scandal in 1972. No longer would the immoral or illegal activities of political elites be swept under the carpet and shielded from the American people. By the time the Hart scandal broke, the Post had moved to a more investigative, albeit still liberal, position editorially, focusing its reportage on the political ramifications of a presidential hopeful who did not grasp the fun damentals of honesty and integrity. The Post supported the Miami with Donna Rice, despite lingering questions about the surveillance, taking the position that public office trumped privacy and calling i nto question as a matter of course the character and integrity of any person who aspired to the highest office in the land. The coverage of the Hart scandal could be considered a study of American politics. Political writers from across the country analyzed the factors and downfall: But if much has changed in journalism, it is in tune with t he times, with changes in the wider world. Today the country is more accepting of divorce among politicians and therefore less accepting of marital infidelity. The old boy tolerance of dalliance men will be men has been changed by the admission of women in to the system: the gentlewoman's disagreement (May 7, p. A27). The Hart episode will be badly misunderstood if it is taken as justification for indiscriminate assaults on the privacy and dignity of public people in general. It will also be badly misunderst ood if it is taken as evidence of some profound flaw in the system whereby we choose our presidents (May 10, p. B6). PAGE 95 95 What the editorial board did write most strongly about is that the scandal he political process in ways that had not been experienced before. Indeed, op ed writers were warning that the in an age when divorce did not carry the stigma it once did for politicians, the idea of While the Post maintained a strong liberal presence during the Chappaquiddick incident, the Hart scandal proved that investigative journalism need no longer remain in the public sect or. The private lives of public officials were now officially fair game. The Post scandal. And though Edwards had dropped from the 2008 presidential race by the time the story of his af fair with Rielle Hunter broke, the commentary emphasized the interview and examined the political ramifications of such actions. In doing so, the issues of illegitimat e children, extramarital affairs and hush money would now be openly discussed in the mainstream media. Like the Times The Post trial in 2011. The Chicago Tribune The Chicago Tribune was by far the most outspoken of the three newspapers in 1969. Uncompromising and decidedly unfavorable in its treatment of Kennedy, the newspaper took a conservative stance reminiscent of the McCormick years, adopting a watchdog style of reportage that f ocused on the disjointed investigation and conflicting information being disseminated by government officials. PAGE 96 96 When the Hart scandal broke, the Tribune had moved toward a more centrist view of news reporting, but was still decidedly conservative in its edi torial commentary, using the Hart scandal to draw voices into the debate on the right of privacy for public figures. Much like the Times and the Post the coverage was minimal on the Edwards scandal and contained the same conservative edge to its commentary as it had throughout mos t of the preceding 40 years. But by 2008, it was no longer the powerhouse news organization it had been in previous years. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulation, by March of 2009, the Tribune had dropped from t he No. 3 to the No. 8 position in paid circulation among the Top 25 U.S. newspapers. Did Tha t Approach Change Between 1969 A nd 2008, With Regard To Tone Or Emphasis? While the changes in the editorial positions of The New York Times, Washington Post and t he Chicago Tribune were minimal, mostly retaining either a liberal or conservative voice during the 40 year span, the reportage evolved to include language and themes that were increasingly unfavorable toward the political figures in question. During the Kennedy scandal, the dominant themes or subjects that emerged Mary Jo Kopechne and Edward Kennedy. These themes were characterized by recurring words such as car, report, statement and political Little was said about the morality issues of single women with married men or the legalities of not filing a police report when a woman issues surrounding hi s actions dominated the news copy. PAGE 97 97 Donna Rice and Gary Hart. In contrast to the Chappaquiddick incident, these themes were characterized by words such as adultery, lies, womanizi ng, sexual, infidelity and privacy. questions of character stemming from his actions dominated the news copy. Increasingly, the public is being subjected to unvarnished versions of ev ents and language that American society considered as unrestrained, strong and somewhat lowbrow. Finally, in the Edwards scandal, the public saw a press that was nearly unfiltered Edwards and his affai r with Donna Rice, illustrated by words such as lies, narcissism sex, scandal, affair and adultery. So to say that the editorial stance of any news publication changed with regard to political sexual scandal is to say t hat the way information is disseminated about political sexual scandal changed in the years between 1969 and 2008. The people and the catalyst accident, affair, etc. were still the dominant subjects of the story, but the language used by the press became i ncreasingly unfavorable in nature. premise that the actions of people, in this case political figures, who find themselves in a position of self defense or damage control, will employ various strategies in order to repair their reputations and that these strategies, ranging from denial to evasion to remorse will directly affect the actions of the public and the press. PAGE 98 98 E dward Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick affair (Benoit, 1988) clearly indicates that the actions of the individual correlate to the actions of the press and the public. For example, Kennedy first employed evasion of responsibility by secluding himself from th e public, then express ed shame and remorse in a televised appeal to his constituency. The pubic responded overwhelmingly with support for his retaining his s denial of all allegations only served to bolster questions of was in remission and his parsing of words when asked about money being paid to Rielle Hunter dur So, whereas the sexual peccadilloes and indiscretions of political figures had always lay in the cozy nether world of the press club, the emerging press corps ensured that the covers would now be pulled back and every politic al official could count on their private lives being publicly scrutinized. Print news organizations in the latter half of the 20 th century found their actions being directed by a number of political figures who enmeshed themselves in scandalous situations and a public that now demanded accountability for that behavior. In the 40 plus years since, political figures have found themselves being held up for public scrutiny and queried on their personal as well as professional merit. Questions of infidelity, int egrity and candor would now be as much a part of the dialogue as policy and program. Conclusion The result of the foregoing contextual analysis addresses questions related to the editorial positions of The New York Times, Washington Post and Chicago Tribun e in PAGE 99 99 1969, 1987 and 2008 specifically with regard to political sexual scandal And while there were some shifts in editorial perspective during the timeframe in question it was more the style and language of reportage that changed. However, other change s must be noted. In the Kennedy scandal, suspicion and speculation were on the minds of many people in response to the obvious missing information, especially the 10 hour lapse in hat followed. That silence fueled speculation across the country. The scandal was as much about notify police about the accident. Moving from a legal to a moral perspecti ve, the scandal unfolded in all three newspapers from the premise that the accident was perhaps unavoidable, but leaving the body of Mary Jo Kopechne in the water for more than 10 hours was unforgivable. However, the Tribune was by far more outspoken on th e moral issue than either the Times or the Post. Miami Herald reporters staked out since 1972 and were the main reason the Herald pursued the tip about his weekend houseguest. Many a presidential hopeful before him had survived the scuttlebutt of an extramarital dalliance. But, the real problem Hart faced was his reaction to his affair being made public, a fact the American people found dis turbing. Questions of judgment, arrogance and lack of character for so blatant an affair were bantered about in the PAGE 100 100 press. Hart only made matters worse by assuming an attitude of indifference and angry petulance that the press would not let the matter lie. The issue was more or less a moral one, though not because of the sexual component. The majority of the public and the press a ccepted that most human failing The real questions posed by the press focused on the character flaw of a presidential hopeful w ho could not understand the ramifications of deceiving the public. The John Edwards scandal was anticlimactic in the sense that the National Enquirer marital infidelity and his a dmission to lying about the affair for months was sensational, but it was his denial of paternity and the contrived parsing of words when asked about timelines and cash payments to his mistress that rang hollow to journalists. The Edwards scandal moved fro m tawdry moral affair to felony court with questions involving hush money and cover ups. Months after the study frame, Edwards was indicted on charges of campaign fraud and conspiracy. The editorial coverage consisted of just four op ed pieces and three Letters to the Editor, most of which focused on the lack of honesty Edwards displayed. But one op ed writer reiterated the role mainstream media gatekeepers had now that the Internet made the job of news reporting a matter of capturing eyeballs rathe r than deciding what makes the news: In the end, the much derided MSM were superfluous, their monopoly a faded memory. People have hundreds of ways to obtain information in today's instantaneous media culture, and are capable of reaching their own conclus ions about what is reliable and what is not (Aug. 11, p. C1). The Times clearly had no taste for the scandal from the beginning, despite Edwards being a presidential hopeful when the Enquirer ran its first story. When it did PAGE 101 101 finally delve into the affair, its coverage was a fourth that afforded the Chappaquiddick incident and a third of the Gary Hart scandal. The coverage of the John Edwards affair, like T he Times was a fraction of the coverage it had given to the Kennedy and Hart scandals. Only 10 articles appear during that time, with less than 9,000 words of copy in total. Indeed, four op ed articles and one Letter to the Editor collection make up nearly 50 percent of the text. And the Tribune with less than 3,600 words of copy during the Edwards scandal, is now a shadow of the former powerhouse news organization it once was. Industry pressures and declining readerships have taken its toll on the Tribune as with many other former nationally r ecognized newspapers. While this decline may be as much about shrinking news holes and competition from online news sources, it may very well be that that issues such as escalating unemployment mounting national debt and protracted recession are more relevant in the 21s century than a lying, cheating husband. mainstream media, where information is routinely transmitted in bits per second rather than per copy inch. B ut the findings of this study can be applied across the board to all facets of media. Mainstream media, in any and all its components, still acquires an editorial stance a style and approach that is uniquely its own that sets it apart from others. And whi le history, world events and economic pressures may impact that stance over time, it did not in the 40 year span under consideration. What did chang e during this PAGE 102 102 timeframe were the people and events that were reported on specifically the political sexual s candals themselves. In a world that now allows political figures to tweet their innermost private musings along with their outermost private parts, mainstream media is now ready and willing to make that information public knowledge 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. of political figures who find themselves involved in a scandal direct the way that scandal is addressed by the press and perceived by the public Wh ile this study does not look at perceived by the press and the public detail about the night of the accident and seclusion immediately thereafter, prompted the press to continually the speculations that had been whispered about his womaniz ing, which prompted the press to ask the candidate outright if he had committed adultery, a move unprecedented in presidential campaign coverage. Finally, John Edwards parsing of words about the monies being paid to Rielle Hunter and Andrew Young prompted an investigation into the campaign finances. The editorial position of the mainstream media stretches along a continuum of ultra conservative right to the far liberal left, with a mlange of perspectives in between. And while some may decline to report on political sexual scandal altogether, others will feed the public appetite with any and all information for as long as possible. In an age PAGE 103 103 where self restraint is seemingly in short supply, human frailties have become a major commodity. It is here that we see the real changes in the mainstream media. It is no longer a matter of what is being reported, but how it is shaped for public consumption. And with regard to politics, being a public figure trumps any personal or privacy concerns that may have been in place in years past. As illustrated in the three case studies here, the focus now shifts from external event to internal ethos and the language from reserved to racy. This study shows that news organizations maintain not only their position editorially on political sexual scanda l, but also a proper perspective; that is, a perspective that is in line with their current mode of operation, whether that be liberal, moderate, conservative or somewhere along that perspective continuum. And that while the focus and language used to convey that information has become the proving grounds for change, the mainstream media is no t slipping back into an era of yellow j ournalism. In summation, the expansion of the collective memory of these events viewing thes e historical events from the perspective of the individual as well as the news organizations, is invaluable in evaluating mass media development in the 20 th and 21 st centuries. This study illustrates the evolution of mass media from a press club that maint ained an almost personal approach to political figures including their secrets to a press corps that now asked pointed questions about character and morality as well as political policy. PAGE 104 104 From an historical perspective, world events during the last half of the 20 th Century may well have had as much impact on mass media development as did the preceding 250 years. This study demonstrates how mass media more clearly defin es its ro le as news gatekeepers, no longer merely determining for the American public what the news is, but how that news would be disseminated. And in the case of political figures, the press has forwarded the idea that political candidates should be considered as much for their character and moral fiber as for their agenda and policy. Not only is the content of the news less filtered and more graphic in nature in the 21 st century, but the language being used to context ualize these events is changing This study will expand rather than add to the collective me mory of the scandals studied and to the way researchers view political sexual scandal in the future. This study behooves future researchers to consider another dimension to dissemination; that is how the information was presented the language, the approach and the social context of the information rather than just the information i tself Limitations This contextual analysis specifically excluded various associate aspects of the newspapers and political figures being studied. Those limitations included, but are not limited to, the personal toll of terminally ill spouses, illegitimate children, the character of deceased persons or the financial ramifications of political sexual scandal. Though these associate aspects present a unique perspective for future res earch, they were political sexual scandal. PAGE 105 105 While the researcher considered adding additional news organizations to the study including smaller regional newspapers ( New Yo rk Post ) or wire service ( Associated Press ) and newspapers outside the Northeast ( Miami Herald and St. Petersburg Times ), it was felt that no additional or illuminating information would be gained. In addition, the researcher considered adding more case s tudies to the original population (Wilbur Mills and Fanne Foxe (1974), Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky (1998) and Anthony Weiner (2011)) but again felt that no new information would be gleaned from the analysis. In fact, in the case of Bill Clinton, addit ional associate aspects concerning a sitting president may well have clouded the original intent of the study. Lastly, the researcher considered adding additional time to the study but felt that the press of the latter part of the 20 th century was the best indicator for examining the editorial stances of print news in the U.S. today. Suggestions for Future Research Future researchers might want to look at the way the Internet has affected political sexual scandal reportage in an era where intimate informat ion is more easily accessible than an all night stakeout. In addition, though this study disregarded any financial or legal aspects of the operation of the newspapers in question, including electronic publishing, with regard to reportage stemming from poli tical sexual scandal f uture researchers may want to study the legal ramifications of libel and reportage of political sexual scandal Specifically, w hat are the monetary and or social liabilities for publishing political sexual scandal? And is there a def initive line between public and private? PAGE 106 106 A study of resources for reporting (i.e.: crowd sourcin g, citizen journalism, etc.) whether shrinking or expanding in the wake of the digital transformation is warranted in light of the financial considerations news organizations are facing. In light of the rapid advancement of technology since 2008, a future study of how sexual scandal is being disseminated digitally is warranted. Finally, a look at the role of women in the newsroom and how they may have impact ed the evolution of political sexual sandal reportage may give insight into the notion that a male dominated press club had been replaced by a press corps that now included women reporters. PAGE 107 107 APPENDIX A KEY WORD LISING FOR CONTEXTUAL ANAL YSIS Acceptance, acknowledgement, admission, adulterer, adulterous, affair, amends, apology, assignation, atonement, blameless, calumny, confess(ion), confidence, conscientious, consideration, constituents, corrupt, decent, defend, defense, degenerate, dignity, dirty laundry, discredit, disgrace, dishonor, disreputable, divorce, dutiful, embarrassment, esteem, excuse, exemplary, explanation, extramarital affair, faith, family, fealty, filthy, forgiveness, foul, girlfriend, good, gossip, guilt, high standing, hon or, honorable, humiliation, illicit, immoral, indiscretion, innocent, innuendo, integrity, justification, lapse in judgment, liaison, lie, love affair, lover, lying, mea culpa, mistake, mistress, modest, moralistic, moral turpitude, mud, obfuscation, pecca dilloes perversion, popularity, praise, predilections, principled, proper, public, redress, regret, remorse, reputable, respect, righteous, romance, rumor, scrupulous, self seeking, selfish, sexual encounter, shabby, shame, sin, slander, sordid, sorrow, s teamy, torrid, trust, truth, upstanding, vindication, wretched, wrong(s) adulterer, wrongdoing PAGE 108 108 APPENDIX B INQUIRY AUDI T QUESTIONS How credible are the findings? How has knowledge or understanding been extended by the research? How well does the eva luation address its original aims and purpose? How well is the scope for drawing wider inferences explained? How clear is the basis of evaluative appraisal? How defensible is the research design? How well defended are the same design/target selection of ca ses/documents? How well is the eventual sample composition and coverage described? How well was the data collection carried out? How well has the approach to, and formulation of, analysis been conveyed? How well are the contexts of data sources retained an d portrayed? How well has diversity of perspective and content been explored? How well has detail, depth and complexity (i.e., richness) of the data been conveyed? How clear are the links between data, interpretation and conclusions i.e., how well can the route to any conclusions be seen? How clear and coherent is the reporting? 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American Journalism Review, 20 (9), 10. Retrieved October 18, 2012 from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct= true&db=ufh&AN=1267538&site =ehost live PAGE 113 113 Rosenthal, P. (October 26, 2009). The media business in Chicago and beyond. Top 25 U.S. newspapers in paid circulation for the six month period ending in September 2009. Tower Ticker. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved Octobe r 18, 2012 from http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/towerticker/2009/10/top 25 us newspap ers in paid circulation for the sixmonth period ending in september 2009.html Ryan, J. G. (2006). Public affairs: politics in the age of sex scandals. Journal of American Studies, 40 (1), 159 160. doi:10.1017/S0021875806231311 Sanchez, R., & Dvorak, P. (200 2, August 30). Calif. democrats' retreat further damages redistricting plan aimed at lawmaker. Washington Post, pp. A01. Sloan, W. D. (1991). Perspectives on mass communication history. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. Inc. Summers, J. H (2000). What happened to sex scandals? politics and peccadilloes, Jefferson to Kennedy. The Journal of American History, 87 (3), pp. 825 854. Retrieved August 29, 2011 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2675274 concerning the renewed primary curriculum. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 11 (1), 170 177. Retrieved March 3, 2012 from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=59777553&sit e=ehost live Thompson, J. B. (2000). Political scandal: power and visibility in the media age Cambridge: Polity Press; Malden MA: Blackwell. Tumber, H., & Waisbord, S. R. (2004). Political scandals and media across Democracies, volume I. American Behavioral Scientist, 47 (8), 1031 1039. doi:10.1177/0002764203262275 Wiid, R., Pitt, L. F., & Engstrom, A. (2011). Not so sexy: publi c opinion of political Washington Post Company history. Retrieved September 30, 2012 from: http://www.washpostco.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=62487&p=irol history1925 PAGE 114 114 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Michelle Lee Harris holds a B.S. and an M.A. M.C. from the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications in journalism and mass communications, respectively She has worked as a freelance journalist, executive editor and marketing director at newspapers in Florida since 2008 and is currently pursuing a career as a historical non fiction writer.	Ted Kennedy
Named for the founder, what is the name given to the upscale luxury hotels and resorts operated by the Hilton hotel chain?	12-07-2013 by The Phuket News - issuu FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 Lagoon mystery Unanswered questions after young woman is found in her car, sunk in tin pond next to Wat Chalong > 4 [email protected] British expat held for overstaying AS PART OF A CONCENtrated two-week drive to find and arrest foreigners overstaying in Phuket, Immigration Police last Friday morning (July 5) arrested another Briton for being in Thailand long after his permit to stay expired. Immigration officials have been combing through records and identifying foreigners whose names appear in the computer as having arrived in Thailand but who do not appear as having left before the expiration of their permit to stay. Undercover officers are then going out and finding them. Last week, as reported in The Phuket News, two others, a Canadian and a Briton, were arrested for being in Thailand illegally. On Friday it was the turn of another British citizen, Thalang forest ‘almost gone’ T H E 5,0 0 0 -R A I BA NG Kanoon Forest Preserve in Thalang District has been almost wiped out by encroachment, a meeting of officials chaired by Vice-Governor Jamreon Thippayapongthada heard on Tuesday (July 9). In the closed meeting it was revealed that just 794 rai of the land in the forest preserve – 16 per cent – is still untouched forest. The rest has been taken over, mostly for rubber plantations and other forms of farming. A total of 268 people now live inside the preserve, 17 of whom have papers showing some form of land ownership or occupations rights. Officials will now have to examine each of these papers to see whether the paper trail begins before or after the area was declared to be a forest preserve. Four held for pirate sales FOUR VENDORS WERE charged on Tuesday evening (July 9) with selling fake copyright goods along Patong Beach and in Bangla Rd. The 126 pirated items seized included earrings, bracelets, necklaces and other types of jewellery with such brands as Pandora, Chanel and Bulgari, along with Casio and Rolex watches. Eakkapop Thongtub The water at the inland end of the klong is still murky, but it no longer reeks of sewage. Immigration Police pose with their latest expat trophy, Andrew Jasso (seated) Andrew Ross John Jasso, 33, found to have overstayed by three months in Thailand case. Police did not have to go far to find him; he was arrested in front of the Phuket library at 9:30 am. The library is about 100 metres from the Phuket Immigration offices. An Immigration officer told The Phuket News, “He had been working for a boatbuilding company in Chalong, but the owner closed the business and went back to Britain. Jasso stayed, living in a hotel in Phuket Town. “This is not the first time he has overstayed. He was arrested before at Phuket International Airport for the same thing. “We have handed him over to Phuket Town Police Station for more questioning.” Showdown at Klong Mudong Naraporn Tuarob & Ramon Bencharitiwong [email protected] fiery stand-off took place on Wednesday afternoon (July 10) between Vice-Governor Somkiet Sangkhaosutthirak and the leader of the Klong Mudong Chalong Community. Following a complaint to the Damrongtham Centre, the vice-governor and a variety of officials arrived to arrest the community leader, Jirapat Pumi, for encroaching on public forest, and also for modifying the klong without permission. Around 300 families have lived in the community for a decade or so, and Mr Jirapat “purchased” his land in a verbal agreement for around B70,000 – there was no exchange of documents. He has lived in the area since around 1991. Following a complaint to the Damrongtham Centre on June 17, yesterday officials visited the area to investigate complaints by other residents against Mr Jirapat. In the complaint letter, the residents allege Mr Jirapat modified Klong A Hero of the people or villain? Jirapat Pumi calls a friend to let him know about his impending arrest. Mudong without permission by filling it in to strengthen a road that had collapsed. He is also accused of moving an electricity pole without permission, and feeding wild pigs – which some residents fear may bite and may also bring disease to the area. V/Gov Somkiet visited the area yesterday and was met by a defiant Mr Jirapat and his daughter, who denied all the accusations. “If you want to arrest me, arrest all of us,” shouted Mr Jirapat. “Arrest everyone in this community because everyone has encroached on this area,” his daughter shouted. “As for the road over the stream, he has helped all of us in the community. He paid for it himself to fill the canal because the road was collapsing and we would have been not have been able to get to the area. If you arrest him, you have to arrest all the other people here too,” she said. V/Gov Somkiet said, “If you are doing things correctly, just tell us. If you have evidence, show it to us. Don’t use your temper.” As he was being escorted away by officials, Mr Jirapat said, “I’m not going to help this community any more. If the canal bank collapsed, or the road can’t be used, I’m going to leave it like that. Because I fixed it, and now I’m being arrested.” Mr Jirapat was released on bail of B100,000. His case will be heard in the Phuket Provincial Court. Last chance for polluters around Bang Tao canal VICE GOVERNOR SOMkiet Sangkhaosutthirak gave people found to be polluting Klong Bang Tao a last chance on Tuesday (July 9), but warned that if they continue to ignore official requests to change their ways, they will face prosecution. The canal was inspected by Pheu Thai Party spokesman Phrompong Nopparit in April, and in May was dredged in order to improve water flow and reduce bottlenecks causing stagnation. Phuket Provincial authorities have allocated B15 million to reinforce the banks of the klong with stone walls to prevent scouring. This is now in the process of going through the Thalang District Office, which will be responsible for ensuring the money is properly spent. Around 50 locals, businesspeople and officials, were at Tuesday afternoon’s meeting, which was held at the Cherng Talay OrBorJor offices. During the meeting, V/ Gov Somkiet said everyone who lives around Klong Bang Tao must co-operate with authorities to help preserve the canal, and stop dumping sewage in the waterway. “We have invited you here today to ask for change. Whoever is still draining sewage into the canal, please stop it. This is the last chance – the third step for those who continue to ignore our requests will be prosecution. We will knock on your door and follow the law.” V/Gov Somkiet said he asked officials to be available to offer advice to those who needed help to find other ways of disposing of sewage and other pollution. During the meeting, MaAnn Samran, President of Cherng Talay OrBorTor, said the reinforcement would run 1.6 kilometres inland from the mouth of the canal. Dr Prajied Aksornthammakul, Chief of the Phuket Provincial Office, said the embankment would have as number of positives apart from preventing erosion of the canal banks: it would also help prevent flooding – and would make it more obvious to authorities who was dumping waste water into the canal. Gov briefed on disaster plans GOVERNOR MAITREE Intusut met with local municipality representatives on Thursday (July 4) in Patong to discuss the island’s preparedness for a major emergency. There were presentations by staff from Patong, Kathu, Kamala and Karon municipalities about evacuation plans and potential disasters, but the main focus was on Patong. Gov Maitree said, “At the moment it is the monsoon season, and the rain continues to pour down. “As I understand it, the Patong area is at risk of landslides. We need to prepare in terms of manpower and equipment – there are around seven risky locations.” “Everyone needs to know who has responsibility for what, so we can put things in order right away.”. THEPHUKETNEWS.COM 3 THE SURVIVOR I thought I had died – ship crewman A In addition to being sent to high-ranking people, copies of the poison pen letter were scattered all over Kathu. Kathu district chief denies poison pen accusations Tanyaluk Sakoot [email protected] KATHU DISTRICT CHIEF Veera Kerdsirimongkol has described accusations made against him in a poison pen campaign as “absurd”. Thousands of copies have been distributed to everyone from the Minister of Interior down. Mr Veera has built a reputation as an official who is prepared to take on encroachers and other corrupt people, but the letter, dated July 1, alleges that his actions have all had one aim – to extort money for himself. Copies were sent to the Minister of Interior, the Governor of Phuket, the Damrongtham Centre, and various media outlets. Thousand were also distributed around Kathu. “Dear Kathu people,” the letter begins, “Kathu district is a tourism centre and was a peaceful place until Mr Veera started causing trouble all around. We can no longer stand this.” It then gives a list of his alleged extortions, among which it lists: That he set up a check point to catch drug users. Fourteen addicts were caught but only five were sent for rehabilitation. The letter alleges the rest were released after paying B8,000 apiece. An excavator and three 10-wheel trucks were found working on a site in the Phanturat Hills. Kathu officials did not investigate the owners; they just asked for B200,000 per vehicle not to pursue the matter. Mr Veera illegally took possession of an area of land at the back of Bangwad Reservoir, behind the Phuket Country Club, and built a Kathu District Chief Veera Kerdsirimongkol. road to it. Many pubs and restaurants in Patong have been approached to pay him money. Illegal immigrant workers have had to pay Mr Veera B500 each, or the construction company employing them has had to pay B10,000 per worker camp. Every Thai massage shop in Kathu District has been checked and is paying money to Mr Veera. The letter concluded by alleging that Mr Veera “wants to recover the B5 million he had to pay to a Pheu Thai politician to get his post as Kathu District Chief. “If he does not leave Phuket before July 31, the people of Kathu will close the Kathu District Office and roads, and will take other protest measures.” Mr Veera told The Phuket News, “I already know about this. It is absurd. I would be mad if I really did all of this. “The Governor of Phuket knows what kind of person I am. I am not a politician who has to explain everything. I simply believe in doing the right thing.” He said that his deputy, Siripong Leepasit, had registered a complaint about the letter with Thung Thong Police Station on July 8. bubakar Siddique, the first crew member of the stricken Bangladeshi cargo ship Hope to be plucked from the sea last Friday (July 5), has spoken about the ordeal he suffered until he was rescued by a Royal Thai Navy helicopter. Mr Siddique, speaking to the Dhaka newspaper, The Daily Star, said that around midnight on Thursday (July 4) he and second officer Mobarak Hossain noticed that the ship was listing after the cargo in the hold shifted to one side. They alerted the skipper who ordered all crew to assemble on deck. After sending distress calls, the crew waited for rescue. “We waited on the ship for one and a half hours until the electricity died, stopping the engine,” said Mr Siddique. The captain then ordered crew to abandon ship. “When it became impossible for us to stay on the ship, we launched a life raft and 12 of us jumped overboard.” Some, including Mr Siddique, made it to the raft, he said. Others did not. Abubakar Siddique speaks with a nurse as he is carried away from the Thai Navy helicopter that rescued him. After floating around for a while they saw the German container ship Buxmoon approaching. When some of the crew on the life raft tried to catch lines thrown from the Buxmoon, the raft turned upside down. “I thought I had died,” Mr Siddique was quoted as saying by The Daily Star. “But when regained my senses I found myself just under the life raft. I didn’t have my life jacket any more but I managed to grasp a rope attached to the raft.” He then climbed onto the upturned raft. “The crew of Buxmoon noticed me and they tried five or six times to reach me, but strong waves pushed the raft away.” He saw the Buxmoon fade into the distance. Mr Siddique sat on the upside-down raft until morning, when the Buxmoon returned. Once again, amid heavy rain and high winds, they were unable to get him on board. Finally, several hours later, he saw a Thai Navy helicopter coming for him. Within minutes he was at last being winched to safety and the flight to a warm, dry hospital bed in Phuket. High drama on the Andaman ALL OF THE ROYAL THAI Navy’s (RTN) training in sea and air-sea rescue was put to the test on Thursday last week (July 4) and the days following, after a Bangladeshi-registered cargo ship with 17 crew on board ran into severe weather south of Phuket. The vessel, the 97-metre, 5,550-ton MV Hope, owned by Singapore-based Manship Pte Ltd and sailing from Malaysia to Bangladesh with a cargo of clay for the pottery industry, was travelling across the track of the Southwest Monsoon. As waves that one crew member described as bigger than any he had seen in his decade at sea hammered at its port flank, the cargo ship wallowed, yawed and rolled alarmingly. Soon after midnight on Thursday, the cargo of clay shifted in the hold and the ship took on a heavy list to starboard. The captain sent out distress calls and then told the crew to meet him on deck with their life jackets on. An hour and a half later the ship’s power supply failed and with it the engines. The Hope was now at the mercy of the seas and the skipper gave the order to Listing heavily but still afloat, the Hope is taken in tow by the tug Confidence. Photo Royal Thai Navy abandon her. Five of the crew were lucky; they made it away from the Hope on a life raft and were picked up by the German container ship Buxmoon, which had arrived through the lashing wind and rain and heaving seas in response to the SOS calls. The RTN sent patrol ships and helicopters, and one of the latter picked up a sixth crewman and flew him to Phuket. (See story on this page for his personal account.) That left another 11 members of the crew unaccounted for. They had jumped overboard but failed to make it to the life raft, and were left floating alone in the Andaman. The following day two were found dead. But hopes were raised when two more, and then a third were found alive and were flown to Phuket. That left six of the 17 crew unaccounted for. Meanwhile, the Hope – despite the fears of the skipper and crew – did not sink. It drifted southeast, almost lying on its side, until it was brought under tow by an ocean-going tug Confidence on Monday. It has now been taken into Langkawi where the cargo is expected to be offloaded before any necessary ship repairs are made. Insurer’s agents who boarded it said that there were no signs of leaks in the hull. Sadly, at time of going to press, no more crew members have been found and the search was called off on Monday (July 8). There were reports that fishermen had come across four bodies in life jackets off the coast of Krabi, but these were as yet unconfirmed. 4 THEPHUKETNEWS.COM Phuket Seven Day Weather Forecast The Phuket News offers flexible advertising options both online and in print. 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Kathu, Phuket 83120 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 www.foreca.com FRI JULY 12 Crime busters on parade Prapaporn Jitmaneeyaphan [email protected] A round 300 members of the Phuket Police force, including members of the Royal Thai Navy, patrolled the area around Soi Bangla in Patong on Saturday night (July 6), as part of the government’s latest campaign to improve tourist safety. Led by Phuket Gov Maitree Intusut, the police force walked down Soi Bangla and other side streets to promote the government crackdown which aims to increase safety and security on the island. T he c r a ckd ow n w i l l involve raids and checks across Phuket between July 1 and 15. Officials will focus on drugs, overpriced taxi fares, and child labour, as well as checking work permits and permit to stays belonging to foreigners. In his speech, Gov Maitree said the government wanted to focus on tourist safety and that tourists felt they were safe in these areas, and had a good experience so they would return again, Gov Matiree said. Three areas of the national campaign included helping save lives and protect tourists, facilitating between Thai authorities and foreign tourists, and to enforce the law. Gov Maitree also thanked foreign volunteers, such as those who work for the tourist police, who worked hard and contributed to making Phuket a diverse community. Woman drowns in car in pond A BUSI N E S SWOM A N who was reported missing late on Saturday night (July 6) was found dead in her car in a lake just to the north of Wat Chalong on Monday afternoon (July 8). Wattana Itthisan, 27, was supposed to meet her husband Pinit at 9pm on Saturday. When she did not turn up by midnight, despite a search, he called police. Relatives and staff of the Itthisan’s company continued to search in places they thought she was likely to have gone and eventually, around 1pm on Monday, found tyre marks leading across the grass between the road and the lagoon next to the temple. In the water they saw what they thought might be Mrs Wattana Itthisan’s car is recovered from the lake behind Wat Chalong. Wattana’s blue Honda Jazz. They called police who, with the help of a crane, lifted the car out of the water. Mrs Wattana was still inside, but in the back seat, apparently having drowned. Also found in the car were personal items belonging to her, including her wallet, mobile phone and jewellery. Four days earlier (July 4), a Phuket couple survived, though injured, when the car they were in missed a curve on a road between Nai Harn and Kata, and fell three metres down a steep bank. Soob Soison, 65, and his wife Surach, 66, were driving from Kata to Laem Phromthep in the rain when Mr Soob lost control of the vehicle and the car went off the road. The injured couple were taken to Vachira Hospital. The mangled car was taken to Chalong police station. Eakkapop Thongtub Ageing elephant dies at trekking camp A 50-YEAR-OLD FEMALE elephant called Wasana, died on Tuesday (July 9) after a long illness at the Baan Chang Safari elephant trekking camp on the Patong-Karon road. Weerasit Puthipairoj, Chief of the Phuket Provincial Livestock Office, told The Phuket News, “I was told the elephant was ill last week but was revived by a veterinary team. But today she collapsed again and died.” Kathu District Officer Weera Kerdsirimongkol was coincidentally at the camp when the elephant collapsed; he was visiting officers manning a drugs checkpoint on the road close by. “I saw the elephant collapse in front of me.” At the request of Baan Chang, Mr Veera organised a crane and a truck to take the animal to an area on Tritrang Hill where sick elephants are IN BRIEF Laotian sought for multiple rape of stepdaughter Police have obtained a warrant for the arrest of a Laotian man, Wanla Singrach, 40, on charges of repeatedly raping his disabled 15-yearold stepdaughter, “Ann”. The warrant was issued following a complaint being lodged with police by the girl’s mother, “Mrs Maew”, that her daughter, disabled by polio, had repeatedly been assaulted by Wanla. The girl was taken to Vachira Phuket Hospital for a check-up, during which it was discovered that she was five months pregnant. Wanla, meanwhile, has run away. Governor Maitree Intusut meets foreign police volunteers. security in Phuket because it is one of the country’s top five provinces that generates a lot of income from tourism. The other provinces are Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Surat Thani and Pattaya. Therefore, it was important Wind 25 km/h taken care of. In the meantime, however, Wasana died. The crane and the truck were then used to take her to Tritrang Hill until a burial plot can be organised. Elephants live on average for 60 years in the wild and 80 in captivity. Boy, 14, finds mother murdered The 14-year-old son of Prayat Pawaphuwanun, 50, returned home on Monday evening (July 8) to find his mother lying murdered on the bed in their house. Mrs Prayat’s son-in-law Anan Mahasin, 28, was arrested the same evening for the murder. He admitted strangling her with her own sarong and suffocating her by pushing her into the pillow after a furious argument. The Deputy Superintendent of Thalang Police Station, Pol Lt Col Amnuay Kraiwutthianun, told The Phuket News, “At first he denied everything, but he later admitted the murder.” Fisherman drowns in tin lagoon Rescue volunteers on July 4 pulled the body of a man from a pool near the Laguna Laundry in Cherng Talay. Police and Kusondharm Foundation staff went to the site at about 9am after receiving a call that a man’s hat was floating on the water. A couple of hours later the body of Daoreung Lek-on, 41, floated to the surface. Pol Sub Lt Prasert Thong prom of Cherng Talay police said that Mr Daoreung had often been seen fishing in the lagoon with a net. He theorised that Mr Daoreung might have suffered from cramp after being in the water too long, and had been unable to swim to shore. THEPHUKETNEWS.COM PHUKET NEWS 5 Solutions mulled for traffic tangle at Chalong circle SIX DIFFERENT possibilities for a proposed new underpass or overpass have been mooted in an effort to solve the traffic jams at Chalong circle. During a meeting at Phuket Provincial Hall on July 2, the Phuket Highways Office described the plan to build the project in the area, and planning is now underway. The six proposed routes for the new underpass or overpass are as follows: A two way between Chao Fah East and Wiset Rd (to Rawai); A two way between Chao Fah East and Pa-tak Rd (to Karon/Kata); A two-way between Chao Fah West Rd and Wiset Rd (to Rawai); A one-way southbound from Chao Fah East Rd to Wiset Rd, and a one-way northbound from Wiset Rd to Chao Fah West Rd; A one-way southbound from Chao Fah East Rd to Wiset Rd, and a one-way southbound from Chao Fah West Rd to Wiset Rd. A one-way southbound from Chao Fah East Rd to Patak Rd (to Karon/Kata). The Phuket Highways Office Director, Samak Luedwonghad, told The Phuket News that design drawings were being carried out by consultants and architects at the moment, and were due to be completed by June 2014. The whole design project will cost the Highways Department an estimated B9 million, but was required to ease traffic congestion around the Chalong circle, specially at peak traffic times. Mr Samak told those at the meeting that Phuket was a tourist island, so required a modern designed underpass or overpass. “We need to work hard to find the right design for this project,” he said. “We have to carefully calculate the right size and shape because Phuket is very small. The effects on the environment and landscape also needs to be a primary concern too.” FIRST PATROL Safety Zone volunteers get pedalling Sino-Portuguese Safety Zone Phalat Juntarasopin boss (right) leads the first patrol along Phang Nga Rd Jody Houton [email protected] M embers from the two Phuket Town Safety Zone groups joined together on Sunday (July 7) to officially launch the Phuket Town Safety Zone Cycle Patrol, with the aim of reducing crime in the area. The leader of the SinoPortuguese Safety Zone Phalat Juntarasopin explained how the project came about. “There are more and more people coming to Phuket to live and work, but there are not enough police officers to keep Phuket safe. This is just our way of helping.” At 4pm, around one hundred volunteers, members of the Safety Zone Groups, police officers and local politicians turned out to see the orangeclad volunteers take to their wheels of steel to begin their first patrol. Also in attendance was Rawai Mayor Aroon Solos, who told The Phuket News that he had plans to role out a similar project in Rawai and Nai Harn by the end of July. Twelve of the bikes, and all of the uniforms, were donated by the Phuket Town Rotary Club, while the rest belong to Phuket Old Town committee. Sivarin Phaothong-ngarn, a member of the committee, was one Phuket Town-business owner who was part of the first patrol, “We’ve asked for CCTV cameras in the Phuket Old Town and for other ways to help reduce crime, but things move slowly and decisions are made slowly in Phuket. I am doing this to help,” he says with a smile. Although Sivarin is one of around 30 members who will be taking part in regular patrols, he has not as of yet been given his working hours – these are still being worked out by Mr Phalat. “There will be two daily patrols. One in the morning, from 6-8am and the other in the evening, from 6pm to midnight,” said Mr Phalat. The route of the daily patrols will include Phang Nga Rd, Ratsada Rd, Thalang Rd, Yaowarat Rd, Phuket Rd and Thepkrasattri Rd. Anybody who wishes to get involved can drop by Markinny Mate restaurant on Phuket Rd. Just ask for Mr Sivarin. 6 POSITIVE CHANGE The crusade to combat teenage pregnancy in Phuket Claire Connell and Naraporn Tuarob [email protected] I t’s many parents’ worst nightmare – learning that your teenage daughter is pregnant. Parents are often upset, and at a loss about what to do, with plans for their daughter to attend high school and university suddenly put on hold. Although abortion is technically legal in Thailand, it is notoriously difficult to find a doctor and hospital willing to perform the procedure, so instead the options then turn to adoption or, perhaps, the parents raising the child while the daughter goes back to school. Phuket’s teenage pregnancy rates are not the highest in Thailand by any means. Statistics for the year 2010 list the top provinces for teenage pregnancy as Nakhon Nayok in central Thailand, with a ratio of 109 births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19; followed by Tak (97.2 per 1,000); Rayong (86.5 per 1,000); Chonburi (84.2 per 1,000) and Samut Sakhon (81 per 1,000). Phuket was well down the list with 67.8 teenage pregnancies per 1,000 girls aged 15-19. Last year, figures from the Ministry of Social Development show that between January 2012 and January 2013, 913 babies were born in Phuket to teenagers aged from 15 to 19 years old – not a massively high figure, it might be said. But teenage pregnancies do have an impact on the island. With this information at hand, last year the Business and Professional Womens’ Association Phuket (BPWP), which includes around 80-90 Thai businesswomen, and the National Council of Women of Thailand, applied for funding from the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (MSD) and, along with some private funding, published a sexual health booklet for teenagers. Some 23,000 booklets, titled Roo tan why teen (“I know you, teenager”) were distributed in Phuket and wider Thailand. This year, with an additional B144,600 in funding, the organisation staged five seminars in Phuket government schools to educate teachers and students about safe sex, working in conjunction with the Phuket Provincial Public Health Office’s health promotion department. One of the organisers of the sexual health and pregnancy booklet is Phuket pharmacist Panita Tantivit. Mrs Panita says figures from the MSD show that between January 2012 and January 2013, there were 913 babies born to teenagers. Mrs Panita argues that many of these pregnancies would be preventable if young women had easy access to the correct information regarding safe sex, so she set about trying Guest Chef Ann C. Suriyong from Patara International Restaurants Saturday July 13th, 2013 Chef Ann is renowned for creating contemporary Thai cuisine while maintaining authentic flavours. Khun Ann will visit Phuket to share her passion for food and teaching. A special dinner featuring Patara’s most famed dishes paired with Thai and French beverage will be served in Boathouse Wine and Grill. Cocktail starts at 7pm followed by dinner Baht 2,000++ per person inclusive of beverage pairing Baht 1,600++ per person for food only Complimentary valet parking t: +66(0)76 330015 e: [email protected] boathousephuket Teenagers may become pregnant due to a lack of sexual knowledge. Photo: phalinn to create change. Born in Bangkok, Mrs Panita has been a pharmacist in Phuket for around 20 years, since graduating from Mahidol University in Bangkok with a degree in pharmacy. She then earned an MBA from the University of Pennsylvania, where she lived for two years. She now runs the Central Pharmacy, next to Kathu Market, and is also chairs the Health Promotion Department for the BPWP. For many years she has seen young women coming into her pharmacy asking for the “morning after” pill, women saying they are pregnant, and despondent parents at a loss as to what to do about their young daughter’s pregnancy. “Parents come in and ask me to help their child who is pregnant. They are upset, they cry and they ask what they should do. “We advise them to go to the government hospital where there are support services. There, the hospital staff discuss with the parents and child about what to do about the pregnancy. “In Thailand, parents often won’t talk to their children about these things [sex and sexual health], but the children still want to know. So how do they find out the information? They go to the Internet, or ask their friends, and we don’t know if what they are learning is correct. Maybe it’s incorrect and it might cause them more problems.” So Ms Panita and her team at the business association were inspired to create a booklet that would act as a guide to young women in Thailand, giving them correct advice about how to avoid pregnancy, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, and advice on having a positive and healthy attitude to sex. Inside the 16-page booklet are details on contraceptive measures to avoid pregnancy (such as the contraceptive pill and condoms), acne and changing hormones, HIV prevention and details of sexually transmitted diseases, plus helpful contact numbers. Aside from pregnancy awareness, also important was knowledge about the risk of contracting HIV/Aids through unprotected sex. Following the organisation’s great success with getting the book published, the women then moved on to sexual health seminars. Of the five seminars for teachers and school students, three have been held already. The first was in March, attended by 50 teenage students from Wichit Songkram School, followed by 50 teachers from the same school. On June 15-16, 50 teachers across Satree Phuket School and Phuket Wittayalai School attended a teacher seminar, with teachers being given a workbook and taught how to teach sexual education correctly. These seminars have been met with great success, says Mrs Panita, and feedback had been excellent. “One student said they didn’t know about what we were teaching them, and they said it was very useful to them. If we help just one student, I’m happy, because this is life knowledge – they can use it for their whole life.” Basic sex education is already taught in Thai government schools but this programme was developed by the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), a worldwide international non-profit health organisation. Thanks to this new sexual health initiative, the PATH programme is now being taught Jeeranun Jiemjaroen, the head of the Phuket Shelter for Children and Families. THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 PHUKET FOCUS Chanchai Chakarawet, a Phuket gynaecologist, regularly deals with pregnant teens. in Phuket schools. PATH’s mission is to improve the health of people around the world by advancing technologies, strengthening systems, and encouraging healthy behaviour – a lot of which is related to female health and contraception. Teaching the Phuket course are two qualified PATH teachers, who have passed an international course at PATH and now have the title “master trainer”. There is also another project in the pipeline – to teach parents. “If we want to educate children, we need to go to all the people around them, such as teachers and parents. Parents are very important too,” says Mrs Panita. “When women are young, they should be enjoying their teenage years and using that time to study and prepare themselves for being an adult. Girls who become pregnant lose that important time because, instead, they have to take care of the baby. “The reason we started these projects was because I thought if I didn’t do anything about this problem, then nothing would happen to improve it. So I think that everyone should help together.” EDUCATION IS KEY One person who is faced often with pregnant teenagers is Doctor Chanchai Chakarawet, a gynaecologist and obstetrician with 30 years’ experience, now working in the Phuket Provincial Hospital in Phuket Town. Dr Chanchai says teenage pregnancies on the island is an issue. “Since I started work here, the number of teenage pregnancies has increased. The first year, there were 30, but this year, there have already been 20 in the first six months. Phuket pharmacist Panita Tantivit with the BPWP sexual health book ‘Roo tan why teen’. The Phuket Shelter for Children and Families often deals with pregnant teenagers. “There has been a problem about teenage pregnancy in Thailand for a long time because of limited educational programmes for teenagers. There’s not enough information for them. “This programme [Roo tan why teen] teaches them sexology in school, and I think that’s a great idea and a good project. A lot of Thai parents don’t talk to their children about sex, so the teacher is very important. I think it would be good for our country if the teenage pregnancy rate was lower. And that requires education.” The youngest pregnant patient he has seen was just 12 years old. “Often they come here with their mother, and they decide the girl’s mother will look after the baby. After the delivery, the girl will go back to school and go on studying, and her mother will look after the baby. Adoption doesn’t happen much – the common situation is for the family to help care for the baby. “Some of the parents are upset, some are okay. In some situations the boy will marry the girl. But really, education is the best way. Girls should be taught in schools, when they are about 11 or 12. Thai schools offer very basic sex education, and some teachers are too shy to teach [even that], so this programme is good.” ‘DON’T BE SHY’ Over on Koh Sirae, Jeeranun Jiemjaroen, the head of the Phuket Shelter for Children and Families, is also all too familiar with teenage pregnancies. Just last month Mrs Jeera- 7 nun had a girl aged 12 come to the shelter, after the girls’ mother refused to deal with the problem. “This girl was looked after by her grandparents since she was young, so she had never bonded with her mother. She was living with her aunt in Pitsanuloke province, and was raped by a friend of the aunt. “She was still young and didn’t know what to do, or where to go when she got pregnant. Her mother brought her to Phuket but she was unable to care for her, so she brought her to us. “When she came to us she was five months pregnant. At first she was very sad and quiet, but we really tried to get her doing activities at the shelter to bring her out of her shell. Later on, she felt better and enjoyed living with us. “She felt connected with our shelter and the staff who work here. She stayed here until she gave birth, and her uncle took her back to stay with him in Bangkok. “She was the youngest pregnant girl we have seen at the shelter, but we often get pregnant teenagers. However we are just a temporary home for them – people can only stay with us for three months.” Mrs Jeeranun praised the Roo tan why teen sexual health programme, and said sex education was a key point in preventing teenage pregnancies. “This is an issue of great concern in Phuket, along with drugs. Society has changed a lot and often it is the girls chasing after boys these days [rather than the other way round]. “Parents have to teach their children, especially teaching their daughters to respect themselves and their bodies. But many parents don’t have the time to teach. Phuket is an urban place – people go to work, and they don’t have time. “I think this programme is very important. And people shouldn’t think talking about sex is embarrassing. We have to teach children how it is.” NOW OPEN ALSO DINNER!! Open from 9.00am to 10.30pm. Daily baked Italian Breads and Italian Pastries, from our Executive Chef Massimo Pettinau. Wide selection of Italian cold cuts and cheeses, delicatessen, fruit and vegetables, pasta, ﬁne extra virgin olive oils, and special gourmet products. Enjoy our Illy coﬀee at the coﬀee bar, or a nice lunch from our carte of Italian traditional specialty. 8 LIKE US ON FACEBOOK facebook.com/thephuketnews FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @thephuketnews [email protected] Email: [email protected] Phone: 076 612 550 KODCHANAT THINSEPON Editor SIMON OSTHEIMER Managing Editor 083 922 9265 [email protected] From Hong Kong; a decade’s experience as editor of magazines and newspapers in Shanghai (City Weekend, that’s Shanghai), Beijing (tbjhome, Urbane), Hong Kong (Time Out Hong Kong), Kuala Lumpur (Vision KL), Bangkok (Bangkok 101) and Phuket. Journalist for Esquire, Fah Thai, Vacations & Travel, Travel & Leisure, CNNGo, Surface and Dwell. ALASDAIR FORBES Executive Editor 087 884 9964 [email protected] From the UK; 40 years as a journalist and editor on magazines and newspapers in the UK, Middle East, Hong Kong and Thailand: Cheshire Observer, Chester Chronicle, Saudi Gazette, Gulf Mirror, Gulf Construction, Gulf News, Hongkong Standard, Asian Business (Editor) and Phuket Gazette (Managing Editor for seven years). CLAIRE CONNELL Sub Editor [email protected] From New Zealand; BA (English) from University of Otago; Diploma in Journalism from the University of Canterbury. Five years’ experience at Gisborne Herald and Marlborough Express. JODY HOUTON Sub Editor [email protected] From the UK; Masters Degree in Journalism, Kingston University. Five years’ experience at Groove Magazine, Metropolis, The Western Telegraph, The Mirror and Phuket Post. TOM METCALFE TOP 10 STORIES ON thephuketnews.com HELPING THE TOURISTS 1 I wish to see everyone happy who lives on the island. Phuket is an urban society, so it is difficult to design a system to govern the city. It is very different from the rural areas, and problems are different. With regard to the taxi and tuk tuk issues on the island, I have tried to find several solutions to help the drivers. Seasons change throughout the year so maybe they should find something else to do in the green season. They have to stop thinking that the only tourist sites are the beaches. There are many other places on the island that tourists could visit, such as shopping in Phuket Town, a walk in the old parts of Phuket Town, including looking at all the Sino-Portuguese houses. When it comes to tourism, we need to help each other take care of our town. Law enforcement must be strict. Foreign tourists have to understand about Thai culture, customs and traditions. People should be aware, alert and active about keeping safe. They should wear helmets and they need to pay attention to and comply with traffic rules and regulations. I would also like to ask the island’s tour agencies for co-operation. They have to check the weather when they book a package tour. They should arrange both arrival and departures, not just check one way only, and not checking the weather on the way back. This is the reason tourists were stuck on the island in the past, and it causes trouble for other sections. If tour companies require boats to provide tourist services, they have to check they are serviced property, do not overload the boats, check they are safe and that all safety equipment on board is working efficiently. The European Union Ambassadors and the United States Ambassador to Thai- land, plus the Australian administrative council visited me in Phuket recently. They asked me to help take care of their people. During our talks, they made points about security and the public safety of their people. In relation to this issue, I would like to let everyone know that if they know of an incident that happens, please contact me with all the details. I require all the details though, not general information. Details such as name of the person, when, where, and other details, and I can help to follow it up. The United States Ambassador to Thailand Kristie Kenney also thanked the island for helping assist the 6,000 visiting American navy crew men with transport and other activities during their recent stay. Regards, Phuket Governor, Maitree Intusut 2 3 4 5 6 Third foreigner arrested in Phuket antioverstay campaign Dramatic scene as stricken ship wallows in seas off Phuket Bangladeshi ship capsizes off Phuket, crew missing Phuket hotels say no to shark fin soup Gov briefed on Phuket disaster plans Two survivors found after Bangladesh ship capsize off Phuket 7 End of an era: Phuket Island Lager Bar to close 8 14-year-old son returns home to find mum murdered 9 11 still missing after boat capsize off Phuket 10 One more survivor found after Phuket ship disaster Visit thephuketnews.com for all the latest news Sub Editor [email protected] From New Zealand; 15 years as a print journalist and television news producer in the UK, NZ and Southeast Asia, including BBC World and Reuters in London, and Al Jazeera in Kuala Lumpur. ISLAND VIEW TANYALUK ‘MANGO’ SAKOOT Reporter 091 034 2291 [email protected] PRAPAPORN ‘NUCH’ JITMANEEYAPHAN Reporter 091 165 0260 [email protected] NARAPORN ‘MAEW’ TUAROB Reporter 089 727 7989 [email protected] NISAKORN ‘SAI’ KITTIPRAPANANT NIPAPORN ‘JANE’ SANGKRIT NATASUANG ‘SATANG’ BUSARANON Graphic Designers LIKE US ON FACEBOOK facebook.com/thephuketnews FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @thephuketnews ADVERTISING 076 612 550-2 ext. 600 Fax: 076 612 553 [email protected] www.thephuketnews.com 99/7 Moo 1 (Billion Plaza), T. Kathu, A. Kathu, Phuket 83120 This photo was taken in the morning at Rawai, using a Canon 60D camera. Photo by Natasuang “Satang” Busaranon. If you have a Phuket photo to share, email it with a caption to [email protected] THEPHUKETNEWS.COM Income tax could become the great equaliser for us Voranai Vanijaka [email protected] D o you feel singled out, victimised? Has this democracy treated you unfairly? Are you one of only about three million Thais paying income tax? If so, raise your hand, because, blast it all, we should demand equality! All men are created unequal. That’s the reality of life. Some are born rich. Some are born poor. Some are born whole. Some are born handicapped. The virtue of democracy is its attempt to right these imbalances. This means, while life may be unfair, we humans can and should try to be fair with one another, as much as reality allows. We should all be equal under the law. Hence, in the electoral system, one man (or woman) has one vote. No person should have to crawl at the feet of another person. No person should receive preferential treament, or get away with crime, because of their surname, title or bank account. Equality is not just a matter of constitutional law, it’s also tied to cultural attitudes. There are many inequalities in Thai society. Most have been well discussed, focusing on the plight of the poor. But here’s one with a different spin – the mistreatment of the middle class. Thailand has a population of around 70 million. According to the National Statistics Office, the 20-and-over workforce comprises about 38 million people. But the Revenue Department only has approximately 10 million people registered to pay income tax. Of these, around 6.87 million do not have to pay because their annual income is less than B150,000 per year. So that leaves a little more than three million people actually paying income tax. Some of us do not pay as high a percentage of our income as others, but at least we pay. If you’re one of the three million who give 5 per cent to 35 per cent of your monthly paycheque for the greater glory of our beloved Kingdom of Thailand, please stand up for your rights and demand equality! There are many problems with Thai democracy. For starters, FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @thephuketnews Praise for Soi Dog [Re. Soi Dog Stories of May] Great to see this innovation. I congratulate everyone at the newspaper and shelter who are involved. The Soi Dog Foundation do amazing work. I hope a regular column leads to more volunteers at the shelter, more support from tourists and residents and more adoptions. There are so many dogs that would be forever grateful for a kind home where they are part of a loving family. Go and visit – you will be welcomed I know. Diana Thurbon (Australia resident) Thank goodness for the tuk-tuks [Re. TAT reveals ‘tourism strategy’ for 2014] Good idea to try to spread the flow of tourists around more of Thailand instead of just the highest places, such as Phuket. Thankfully, the tuk-tuks are doing their part to drive tourists to other destinations. Jim Sympathy for the island’s elephants [Re. Elephant dies at Phuket trekking camp] With the horrible life that captive elephants have to endure under their highly unethical ‘owners’ it’s a wonder more don’t die prematurely. How disrespectful to put a foot on the elephant’s trunk like this. This speaks volumes about character. He could have used his hands out of respect for this noble creature who likely made a ton of money for them. Dave Williams Tips for the bedroom [Re. Phuket hotels say no to shark fin soup] If Chinese people want to increase their libidos; it would be better they play sport and take a Viagra and avoid to eat too many hamburgers and fatty food. [Comment moderated] Whistle-Blower A great initiative, but all it’s doing is reducing supply – not demand. Chinese tourists will when the system is not administered equally, how can we expect equality? How can our democracy be healthy? The Revenue Department announced plans to collect B1.7 trillion in income tax between October, 2012, and September, 2013 – and that’s from only a little more than three million people – 8 per cent of the workforce and 4 per cent of the total population. Equality means equality – one man, one vote, that’s how it should be. But here’s the problem: One man sheds tears of pride at the end of every month seeing that 5 per cent to 35 per cent of his hard-earned money is contributing to the greater glory of the Kingdom. Another sheds tears of anger and sorrow upon hearing that the government plans to reduce the guaranteed rice paddy price from B15,000 a tonne to B12,000. He breathes a sigh of relief when the government changes plans and continues to use tax money to subsidise rice at B15,000 per tonne. As the saying goes, there are only two things certain in life: death and taxes. Well, that’s not entirely true in Thailand, not when it comes to income tax. The first man puts in his share and shoulders the burden. The second man doesn’t put in his share and wants even more of the cake. How is that for equality? But we shouldn’t blame either man. We are all victims of a preferential system, a system that fosters an attitude of inequality. To have a mature democracy, each and every one of us needs to take responsibility and be accountable. If the workforce is 38 million, then 38 million people should pay income tax (or perhaps no one should pay income tax at all). The tax rate should be proportionate to different income levels. Some might cry foul about making the poor pay income tax. But equality is equality and cannot be manipulated to suit certain people. The 38 million workers of Thailand are all grown adults, not children who forever need babysitting. Treat them as children, and Thailand will never be able to compete in the HAVE YOUR SAY look harder, to find a more expensive product. A win-win situation for the back street restaurants – and those that supply them. Agogohome Sad news out of Phuket [Re. Phuket Heroines descendant commits suicide] It’s sad to hear but it seems suicides are becoming regular news in Thailand. Love gone bad or money/work problems and people feel they have no other options but to give up. I often hear in Phuket: “I’m tired and want to die”. I recently saw an Aussie that jumped to his death. It’s sad to see because of a girl that this guy felt his only option was to jump. I know this also happens around the world more frequently and it’s not just Thailand. I think Thailand better recognise there seems to be a growing problem here, before it’s too late. A bad reputation takes years for people to forget. Gman Thailand It is sad, Gman. I guess it is because there is not enough support for people with mental or psychological problems here. Many doctors say that “we don’t have that here”, when you tr y to discuss depression or personality disorders. And if you are already suffering from a condition like that, and no one recognises the problem, or simply says that you should not think too much... then it quickly goes from bad to worse. Haven’t heard of anyone here going to therapy for anything yet. And I have been here more than a decade. Suzanne Stoffels Lucky to live here? [Re. Phuket Opinion: The ins and outs of living in Thailand] In fact, South-East-Asia is flooded by many youth students and economic refugees from the recession and lack of jobs in Europe and around the world. They want to live and work in a tropical country but for many of them it is an Utopian world, let alone usher in a mature democracy where equality is actually administered, rather than just talked about. Life is unfair. If there is any equality in this world it is because we have fought for it and earned it. And democracy, like equality, must also be earned. There’s a reason why children don’t get to vote. The Thai people need to grow up. The Thai people need to be allowed to grow up. We shouldn’t be forever needing babysitters. We need to earn our equality by growing up. One man, one vote should not just be a matter of the law, but also the cultural attitude that we all share because we all invest in this country, in many ways, not least of which through income tax. Make the law equal, and then let the law move cultural attitudes towards equality. We should all be stakeholders and shareholders in this Kingdom. Voranai Vanijaka is Political and Social Commentator for the Bangkok Post. LIKE US ON FACEBOOK facebook.com/thephuketnews dream which vanishes with the time as fierce competition to get a good paid job obliges many foreigners to give up the job after few months or years of hard working for little money and big disappointment in their dreams of living in South-East Asia. Whistle Blower Go the organic way [Re. Phuket: How teens can stay fit] And let them eat healthy delicious food, food which their bodies react to with ‘give me more’ instead of the chemical and pesticide laden foods which their bodies don’t want but are forced to digest, try organic. (I know it’s my business but really think it’s better for them.) msmetsers Prevention better than cure [Re. Gov briefed on Phuket disaster plans] “As I understand it, the Patong area is at risk of landslides. We need to prepare in terms Have an opinion? Comment on stories at thephuketnews.com of manpower and equipment – there are around seven risky locations.” The locations were not named. So if the local administration and Phuket Gov Maitree know the exact places, I do not understand why they do not fix it before an accident happens with death? In case of buildings built on more than 30 per cent slope; they are illegal and they can removed by court orders. Whistle-Blower Thumbs down to the monk [Re. Phuket News: ‘Jet-setter’ monk linked to money laundering] If he’s indefinitely cancelled plans to return to Thailand, then obviously he’s got something to hide. I’m surprised his accounts haven’t been frozen already given the evidence already collected. Apart from that, he’s probably part of a network of ‘bad apples’ – he wasn’t photographed on his own on the (private) aircraft; so what’s being done about that? Agogohome 10 THAILAND NEWS THEPHUKETNEWS.COM Jet-setting Thai monk may face sex charges mbattled monk Luang Pu Nen Kham Chattiko could face 20 years in jail after being accused of having sex with an underage girl, according to the Department of Special Investigation. He is likely to be defrocked in absentia as the DSI had found clear evidence of his intimate relationship with one of eight women. Revelations have emerged almost daily about the jet-set lifestyle, including tales of debauchery. The DSI on Sunday will conclude its probe into the alleged intimate relationship between the monk and a woman who claims the monk had fathered her child, said the agency’s Security Crime Bureau chief Pong-in Intarakhao. The woman, who lives in Si Sa Ket, told the DSI she was approached by the monk, who is also known as Phra Wirapol Sukphol, when she was studying and only 14 years old, said Pol Lt Col E Monk Luang Pu Nen Kham Chattiko (left) on a private plane trip. Pong-in. She was living with her grandmother at the time. The woman alleged that Phra Wirapol had offered to give her valuable items if she agreed to be his girlfriend. She and the monk later had sexual relations. After she became pregnant, the monk took her to stay in Warin Chamrap district of Ubon Ratchathani where he rented a house for her. The monk had asked her grandmother to stay with her to take care of her baby boy. The child is now 11 years old. Pol Col Pong-in said the DSI would speed up its interrogation of seven witnesses who had learned about the monk’s intimate affairs with the woman. The witnesses include a kamnan and local administration officials. The DSI would forward the findings to the Si Sa Ket provincial chief monk and the Ubon Ratchathani chief monk for them to defrock Phra Wirapol. The DSI will seek the extradition of the controversial monk, who is currently visiting France, if he fails to return to Thailand by July 31. DSI chief Tarit Pengdith said the monk’s alleged affair with the woman when she was 14 was a serious crime and she would be placed under witness protection. He will present the details to a DSI meeting by month’s end. Mr Tarit wants the case treated as a special investigation as it affected the religion and the public’s faith. Phra Wirapol came to media attention after a video clip of him on a private jet, complete with Louis Vuitton bag and aviator shade, began circulating last month. Bangkok Post FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 IN BRIEF Police station fire kills 4 locked–in detainees A fire that broke out at the Sai Noi police station in Nonthaburi province on July 7 killed four detainees who were locked in their cells. The fire was believed to be caused by a transformer explosion. Taxi driver arrested after stabbing American Police officers arrested a taxi driver suspected of stabbing an American tourist to death in Bangkok on July 7. The driver claims the dispute arose from the American passenger refusing to pay the fare and subsequently throwing coffee into his face. Pervert spies in women’s university toilet A student from Burapha University called police on July 3 to report a man for ‘frequently spying’ on girls in the women’s toilet. The suspect was identified as 24-year-old Tanakrit Jintsernee who used his motorcycle to drive around the women’s dorms. One dies in landslide in Phang-Nga THREE HOUSES WERE buried and one man died in a mudslide in Thai Muang, north of Phuket, around 5am last Thursday (July 4). Thai Muang District Officer Prapruet Youthanun named the dead man as Panya Kongnoy, 50. He said that local people had noticed Mr Prapuet’s house half-buried in mud and rushed over to see if Mr Prapuet was okay. They managed to dig him out and got him to hospital, but he died there about three hours later. Because of flooding the Governor of Phang Nga, Thamrong Charoenkul, last week declared five districts of the province to be disaster zones: Amphur Muang, Thai Muang, Kapong, Takuapa and Takua Toong. Thanakwan Pinthong, an officer with the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM) in PhangNga, told The Phuket News, “Of the five areas declared to be disaster zones, Thai Muang is by far the worst.” Some roads are impassable because of flooding, he said, including Petchakasem Rd – the main north-south artery – between Thai Muang and Lumgan. “Some bridges are down in Muang and Kapong districts, and some roads have been cut but now we have arranged with DDPMs of nearby provinces such as Trang and Phuket to send us boats to help carry out people stranded by the floods.” Mr Prapruet added, “I think we have to wait for the rain to stop before the situation improves. Now we are trying to help local people by providing food.” SOUTHERN UNREST Members of a bomb squad unit inspect an area next to banner accusing the Thai authorities of insincerity before the start of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan in Narathiwat province on July 9, 2013. More than 5,700 people have been killed in Thailand’s Muslim-majority southern provinces, but there have been ‘optimistic’ talks recently between authorities and some rebel groups. Photo: AFP/Madaree Tohlala SILENT AUCTION LATiN PASS iON 1 SURPRISE CELEBRITY INTERNATIONAL GUEST CHEF ...1 STUNNING VENUE 6 REMARKABLE LATIN DRINKS...6 EXTRAORDINARY COURSES THB 4,400 NET PER PERSON - SAT. 31 AUGUST - 7 PM ONWARDS RESERVATION RECOMMENDED. LIMITED SEATS. ALCOHOL MAY BE A HEALTH HAZARD! EMAIL: [email protected] CALL: 089 725 6994 / 076 371 371 THEPHUKETNEWS.COM ASIA NEWS 11 Rohingya face limbo A group of Rohingya asylum-seekers from Myan mar prayed peacefully alongside Indonesians at a mosque in Sumatra, a sign of the solidarity they have found in the world’s most populous Muslim-majority nation after fleeing sectarian bloodshed. The members of the persecuted Muslim minority were still shaken after a gruelling, 25-day journey at sea – but were grateful to find themselves in a country where they felt at least a little at home, despite there being no chance of a normal life for them there. “Indonesia, Muslim country, good,” said Muhammad Yunus, 25, in halting English, after praying at the immigration detention centre in the town of Lhokseumawe. But while the population at large is accepting of the increasing number of Rohingya washing up in Indonesia, authorities have not extended the same warm welcome. Although president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has publicly expressed backing for the stateless minority, Rohingya who make it to Indonesia can end up living in legal limbo for years. Buddhist-majority Myanmar views its population of roughly 800,000 Rohingya as illegal Bangladeshi immigrants, and as sectarian violence has escalated in the past year they have fled in increasing numbers. As other countries in Asia struggle to deal with them, the flow of Rohingya arrivals in Indonesia is increasing. After several incidents where Thailand was accused of pushing them back out to sea, 2,000 Rohingya landed earlier this year and have been detained in refugee camps. Bangkok has said it is unable to accept more, while Malaysia says it is reaching capacity. Most Rohingya do not initially view Indonesia as their final destination and hope to use it as a stopping point en route to Australia, where more than 220 have arrived on asylum seeker boats over the past year. Once in Indonesia, many Rohingya are held in prisonlike detention centres for long periods while their cases are processed. Those granted refugee status by the United Nations are Around 205 Rohingya packed into a crowded boat arrived in Phuket waters near Racha Noi island on January 29 this year. considered the lucky ones but enjoy few rights as Indonesia has not signed a key UN convention on refugees. It will not accept them as permanent citizens and they cannot work or study as they wait to be resettled. At a refugee housing complex in Medan, on Sumatra, Rohana Fetikileh looks haunted as she contemplates the turmoil that has rocked the state of Rakhine, from where she fled in 2010. Rakhine was the site of two outbreaks of deadly sectarian Man who battled Fukushima disaster dies from cancer THE FORMER BOSS OF Japan’s Fukushima nuclear plant, who stayed at his post to try to tame runaway reactors after the 2011 tsunami, died of oesophagal cancer on Tuesday, the operator said. Masao Yoshida, 58, was at the power station on March 11, 2011, when towering waves swamped cooling systems and sparked meltdowns that released plumes of radiation. Yoshida led the subsequent effort to get the crippled complex under control, as workers battled frequent aftershocks to try to prevent the disaster worsening. Government contingency plans revealed after the event showed how scientists feared a chain reaction if Fukushima spiralled out of control, a scenario that could have seen other nuclear plants engulfed and would have meant evacuating Tokyo. His selfless work is contrasted in the public mind with the attitude of his employers, who seemed willing to abandon the complex and are popularly believed to have shirked their responsibility. Yoshida left the plant soon after being suddenly hospitalised in late November 2011. TEPCO has said his cancer was unlikely to be linked to radiation exposure in the months after the disaster. The company has said it would take at least five years and normally 10 years to develop this particular condition if radiation exposure were to blame. AFP unrest between Rohingya and Buddhists in Myanmar last year. Since then, several further episodes of communal unrest across Myanmar have tempered international optimism about the country’s dramatic political reforms as it emerges from decades of military rule. “If Indonesia accepted us, then we’d stay,” Fetikileh said clutching her 11-month-old son in her arms as other refugee children played nearby. “As long as we can work and there is a future for our kids,” added the 28-year-old mother of four. Those given “Refugee” status are given some help from the UN: basic housing, schooling for their children and a 1.25 million rupiah (B4,000) monthly allowance per person. But most refugees spend their days cooped up in basic community housing, with little to do. “We can’t do anything here,” said Zahid Husein, 26, who has been been waiting for resettlement more than 11 years, having passed through Cambodia, Thailand and Ma- laysia. “We can’t study, if we want to go shopping we can’t...without being detained again,” he said. With only one per cent of refugees globally ever resettled, according to UN data, prospects for Rohingya are bleak. Australia had said it aimed to take around 600 refugees who are in Indonesia in the 12 months to June as part of the expansion of its humanitarian refugee programme, but that number does not include those who had come from Myanmar. Many make it to Australia by boarding rickety, wooden boats in Indonesia. Critics argue that Indonesia has failed to change its policies despite supportive rhetoric and the increasingly desperate state that the Rohingya are arriving in. Authorities have publicly backed the Rohingya on many occasions – Jakarta pledged $1 million (B30mn) to help those displaced in violence in Rakhine last year and president Yudhoyono raised the issue on a recent visit to Myanmar. There have also been growing signs of public anger about the Rohingya’s plight. AFP 12 WORLD NEWS FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 War restricts Damascus life to neighbourhood confines A s war rages in Syria, Ruba insists on celebrating her wedding. But rather than hold a lavish reception, she has invited her nearest and dearest to lunch at a small restaurant near her home in central Damascus. Wearing a white dress, she has mixed feelings of joy and pain, as the conflict unfolds just kilometres away. “Every girl dreams of her wedding day, and of celebrating with all her friends and relatives. I’ve had to make do with inviting just those closest to me for lunch,” Ruba says. The wedding guests make their way home early, among them the groom’s family, who live in an area beset by security problems. Friends living in strife-torn Damascus province, outside the capital, could not make it at all because of checkpoints, nearby battles and “difficulties getting around”, she says. Though the heart of the city is still relatively safe, Ruba feels the danger all around her. But she refuses to let the war ruin her future. “Life doesn’t wait,” she says. So, like thousands of other Damascenes, she lives day to day by restricting her movements to her neighbourhood. Traditionally, Syrian newlyweds honk their car horns as they tour city districts with friends and family, before A handout picture released by the Syrian opposition-run Shaam News Network shows Syrians inspecting the damage following an air strike in Arbeen in the suburbs of Damascus on July 6. Photo: AFP/Shaam News Network arriving at the wedding hall. Wedding parties would last till dawn, but at Ruba’s brief celebration “there was no music. The time... is not right” for a full-blown ceremony, she says. War has also changed life for Talal, a 52-year-old engineer. He lives in the suburb of Dummar with his family, and makes sure he buys his groceries while on his way back from work “so I don’t have to leave the house in the evening”. Talal complains about the lack of mobility. Before the war, he would go out with friends most evenings, and “visit family every Friday”. His relatives live nearby, but their homes are separated by two checkpoints. Getting past them often means waiting for two hours. Damascus has been fragmented into distinct, selfsufficient security zones, “whose residents are now holed up”, Talal says. Housewife Munira agrees, reminiscing about the days when she would take her family for weekend excursions to the countryside near Damascus. “We can’t go out any more because of security problems,” she says. Munira describes the family’s trips to the Ghouta area of Damascus province, which has gone from being a destination for flower lovers to a scene of fierce, constant fighting between rebels and government forces. Today, Damascus residents “have enough with just going out within the confines of their own neighbourhoods, whether for recreation or to buy what they need”, says Munira. Frequent shellfire has hit central Damascus and checkpoints at the entrances to the capital as well as at major intersections create endless traffic jams. “It’s true that checkpoints have made traffic slow... but it’s all so that we ensure safety and security for citizens,” says Abu Ali, a soldier inspecting a car near the heart of Damascus. Already hours late for work, a driver says “checkpoints have sectioned off the city, while doing nothing to stop mortar or car bomb attacks”. Damascus has been hit by a string of car bomb blasts and shelling attacks, killing dozens of people and wounding many more. But some people have benefited from the change in Damascus’ lifestyle. Some sports clubs are still open, and people flock to their neighbourhood gym to exercise. Cafes that once had few visitors are now packed, as people from the district have little choice but to meet friends near their homes. Just a few hundred metres away from the battle-scarred Jubar district, Ghassan’s cafe is doing better than ever. “Because of the difficulties getting around, and because people are looking for a place to relax... they choose the cafe closest to home,” he says, visibly pleased that his business is booming. “People used to be reluctant to visit neighbourhood cafes. They preferred the parks outside the city. But now, all that is different.” No matter what is going on around them, Ghassan says, “the Syrian people have a real love of life”. AFP Pilot ‘couldn’t see runway’ THE FLIGHT CREW OF the Asiana Airlines Boeing 777 which crash landed at San Francisco Airport couldn’t see the runway just seconds earlier, given how far the plane was out of position, US investigators said Tuesday. With attention focused on whether human error caused the aircraft to slam into the ground, missing the runway, it was also confirmed that the training pilot on board was undertaking his inaugural flight as an instructor. The crash killed two Chinese students and left more than 180 injured, but given the heavy impact and extent of the damage experts have said it was fortunate that the death toll was not higher. Three of Asiana Flight 214’s four pilots have now been interviewed, said National Transportation Safety Board chair Deborah Hersman, who is leading the probe, and who gave an account of their attempts to avert disaster. “The pilot that was sitting in the jump seat, the relief first officer, identified that he could not see the runway... from his seated position. And that the aircraft – the nose was pitched up, so he couldn’t see the runway,” Hersman said. And when the instructor pilot told the control tower that at 500 feet “he realised they were too low”. “He went to push the throttles forward, but he stated that the pilot had already – the other pilot had already pushed the throttles forward.” AFP THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 Bangkok Airways plans share float BANGKOK AIRWAYS IS currently filing its IPO with the Stock Exchange of Thailand possibly targeting a launch date later this year. Bangkok Airways will be the last of the country’s main airlines to list on Thailand’s stock exchange. In its filing to SET, the company is described as premium boutique airline with brand “Bangkok Airways” operating domestic flights to 12 destinations and international flights to 11 destinations. Also, it operates airline-related businesses under its subsidiaries including airports, ground handling services, air-cargo and airline catering services. According to its preliminary filing, the IPO will be based on 730 million shares (520 million new shares and 210 million existing shares valued at B1 each). The IPO period, price and day of trading has still to be determined, but sources say it should be before the end of the year. TTR Weekly Thai TV ownership close to saturation I N T ER NAT IONA L ratings company Nielsen forecasts that up to 22.6 million households in Thailand will have a TV set this year or 99.6 per cent of the 22.688 million households, up from a 92.8 per cent rate in 2008. The data show that growing awareness of the value of information and news content are key factors in the significant increase in TV ownership in Thailand. The percentage of Thai households with TV in and around Bangkok is close to 100 per cent. Nielsen said TV ownership in rural areas looks set to exceed 99 per cent this year. A Nielsen survey found Thais spend 3.49 hours a day watching TV. Soap operas are the most popular content, followed by entertainment, news and mini-series. Bangkok Post BUSINESS NEWS 13 Thai space tourists up for ultimate ride S pace tourism is now a reality for Thai tourists, after Bangkok-based Khiri Voyages was named exclusive Thailand agent for the Space Expedition Corporation (SXC). The first one-hour flight into space is planned for later this year or early 2014, and is priced at B4.2 million. After booking, Thai space travellers will undergo training in the Netherlands, which includes a flight in a L-39 Albatross jet and the unique Desdemona simulator, which generates G-forces of up to 3.3G. The space flight begins on a runway either in the Mojave Desert in California or on the island of Curaçao in the southern Caribbean Sea. The two-seater Lynx jet flies to 58.5 kilometres above earth. The engines are then shut off and the aircraft’s momentum carries it to 103 km above earth where a state of weightlessness occurs. At the highest point passengers can float in the space craft and see the curvature of the Earth. Private shuttle: The Lynx Mk I will take passengers, one at a time, into space. The Lynx then returns to earth with the space traveller experiencing 4G atmospheric re-entry forces along the way. The jet makes a horizontal landing. The entire trip takes approximately one hour. For the Thai market, the trip price includes the training in the Netherlands and the space journey from the Spaceport in either Curacao or the USA, business class flights from Bangkok to both destinations, transfers, and deluxe accommodation for two people. The aircraft is made by Californian aerospace company XCOR. SXC is effectively the General Sales Agent (GSA) for XCOR, and has just opened an Asian division, SXC Asia, which in turn has been making agency agreements with local companies such as Khiri. In the past 14 years XCOR has developed and built 13 different rocket engines and built and flown two manned rocket-powered aircraft. The EZ-Rocket, completed in 2001, was the first such vehicle built and flown by a non-government entity. In 2008 the second, the X-Racer, ending the test program with a record-setting seven flights in one day. Between the two vehicles, XCOR has flown a “piloted rocket operations demonstrator aircraft” 66 times, with 4,000 engine firings to ensure that power is not a problem. The company says that two more “vehicles”, including one capable of going into orbit, are planned for the future. 14 BUSINESS NEWS THEPHUKETNEWS.COM 80 firms signed up for building industry expo S ome 80 companies have taken booths for the annual Architect & Engineering Exhibition 2013, which will run from July 25 to 28 on the second floor of the Royal Phuket City Hotel. The show, organised by PIC Phuket Co & Delice Thai Co, and supported by Class Act Media, will feature construction tools and materials, architectural design, and décor items applicable to a wide range of projects. The organisers explain, “With the Thai government injecting huge amounts of money into promoting the tourism industry, the growth of the hotel and tourism sector continues and other projects are under construction including luxury housing projects, yacht marinas and shopping centres. “July is the best time of the year to introduce construction materials and decorative items to the Phuket and Andaman area because it is the low season for tourism business, Last year’s A&E Expo attracted crowds of thousands over the four days. and most developers of resorts, spas and hotels are currently using the time to build or renovate their properties, with the aim of finishing construction before the next high season start in November.” Promotional discounts of up to 50 per cent will be avail- able on products from Bosch, Makita and many leading brands, say the organisers, who expect visitors to come from as far afield as Ranong, Phang Nga, and Krabi, in addition to Phuket and surrounding islands. Visitors are expected to include developers, owners and managements of real estate projects and hotels, architects, engineers, designers and contractors, along with members of the Phuket Real Estate Club, the Chief Engineers Club and the Architects Association. Exhibits will include construction materials; cooling and heating systems; lighting and fiber optics; indoor and outdoor furniture; pool and spa systems; electrical systems; hi-tech communications and wireless systems; decorative items; pumps, valves and water treatment equipment; kitchen equipment for hotels and restaurants; paints and coating; flooring and wood; engineering tools and equipment; chemicals; cleaning equipment; ceramics and bathroom accessories; sound and lighting systems; auditorium equipment; alarm systems and security cameras; control and intelligent home systems; lock and key systems, safes; fire extinguishers; measuring instruments; cable and satellite TV systems; publications; internet services and web designers. The show will be open from 11 am to 7 pm each day. For more infor mation call 076 217 199 or visit picphuket.com. Thai London A380 plan delayed a year PLANS BY THAI AIRWAYS International (THAI) to begin flying the A380 superjumbo jet airliner to London in December have been set back by at least 11 months. THAI confirmed the delay in a low-key press release posted on its UK website: “Thai Airways regrets to announce that due to important technical modifications, the A380 will not be able to commence its operation on the HeathrowBangkok route as planned from Dec 1, 2013. “Tentative operational date has been set on Oct 30, 2014.” According to the airline, the blow to THAI operations is the fault of the manufacturer, Airbus, which must modify the wing tips to prevent cracking. The assembly line delay is because of what Airbus calls “wing rib feet modifications”. The company hopes the design and assembly changes will prevent further problems with cracks in the wings. THAI took delivery of its first A380 last September, and began using it immediately on flights to Singapore and Hong Kong. THAI has already received four A380s from an order of six of the long-haul planes. The planes also serve Paris, Tokyo and Frankfurt. The two outstanding deliveries are due to fly to London and Sydney. Because of the delays in the delivery of the next A380, the airline has been forced to acquire several A330 jetliners to ensure services. The overnight flight to London reportedly may switch to an A340-600. Meanwhile, the airline plans to open more routes to Japan, starting October. To take advantage of the introduction of visa-free entry for Thais going to Japan. The airline’s commercial department senior executive vice president, Chokchai Panyayong, said, “Japan has waived visas for Thais and this is an advantage for the airline business. When coupled with a weak yen, travel costs are down between 17 and 20 per cent… it is our plan to open more destinations.” “THAI will open flights to Sendai and Hiroshima with three flights weekly to build the market and then increase to five or more daily by January,” he said. propertyguru.co.sg and Bangkok Post FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 Eight Blue Canyon condos up for auction EIGHT CONDOMINIUMS at Phuket’s Blue Canyon Country Club are to be sold as a single lot at auction later this month. Jones Lang LaSalle will be selling the units – which range in size from 262 sqm up to 317 sqm and comprise two-, three- and four-bedroom properties – at an auction in Bangkok on July 31. Andrew Langdon, Executive Vice President for Hotels and Hospitality at Jones Lang LaSalle, said, “The auction of the eight Blue Canyon condominiums represents a rare investment opportunity in one of Thailand’s leading golf courses. “We are seeing strong interest being registered for the property from both local and foreign investors.” The properties come with vacant possession, are part-furnished and have a well-established rental history, according to the agency. Sales literature for the auction says: “Each of the eight condominiums feature views out onto the sprawling splendor of the Canyon golf course, with the Andaman Sea scintillating in the distance. “The condominiums are the perfect investment, combining capital growth, proven rental returns and your own charming tropical home.” propertyguru.co.sg New airport planned for Myanmar M YA N M A R W I LL G O ahead with a proposed new international airport at Hanthawady, just 50 km from Yangon. Hanthawaddy International Airport will cover an area of 3,924 hectare and will cost around US1 billion to build. Once open in December 2017, it will be able to handle up to 12 million passengers a year, but could be expanded in phases to accommodate 35 million. Its facilities will also be able to support A380s. The project will be undertaken as a public-private partnership or a JV, according to specifications that were drawn up by the Department of Civil Aviation and the Ministry of Transport. TTR Weekly THEPHUKETNEWS.COM BUSINESS NEWS 15 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 INFLATION OR HOT AIR? When governments say inflation is so low why are prices so high? This issue of The Phuket News sees the launch of a new column, The Brazen Bonobo, looking at the mysteries of economics and debunking just about every myth you can think of. Bold and brass-voiced, the Brazen Bonobo pulls no punches. T he last decade has seen an unprecedented increase in global money supply. Sometimes it is called “stimulus”, sometimes “quantitative easing”, but it all adds up to one thing: governments creating money out of thin air. Sure, we understand there’s a bit of a global economic mess out there. And yes, a little bit of inflation is better than a total collapse of the system. But when the central banks of the world tell us that, despite their printing trillions of Dollars/ Euros/Pounds/Yen, inflation has been kept in check... well, are they telling us the truth? Of course, all central banks wish to see their economies growing and prices stable, but can we keep fuelling growth solely through cheap borrowing, which historically has proven to be inflationary? The jury is still out on that one because the people in charge are, well, in charge, and as decent law-abiding citizens we are expected to trust their judgement. No one believes that their job is easy, but try as they may to do a good job, central bankers very often get things wrong. If they keep interest rates too low for too long they fuel an asset bubble; if they raise rates too far, too quickly they cause a crash when the bubble bursts. All we can do is sit back and pray for the “happy medium”. I am sure you have noticed that prices almost always go in one direction (hint: not down), and controlling that inflation is crucial to the health of an economy, so it is important that it does not get out of control. But inflation is not like the temperature – you can’t simply check the “inflatometer” outside your window and see that inflation is running at 2.6 per cent. No, we rely on government and central bank economists to tell us what the “inflationary mercury” reads, and we must assume that they are telling the truth. But what if inflation calculations could be changed to depict lower inflation? What if the actual items that comprise the “basket of goods” governments use to calculate inflation were to change, with increasingly expensive items being replaced by ones which are not rising in price? Would this allow the government to manipulate inflation figures? Just as schoolboy might hold a lighter underneath the thermometer to convince his mother he was too ill to go to school, could a government pull that trick in reverse by putting the “inflatometer” in the freezer to convince the world that it really isn’t ill? And more to the point, could they get away with it? Benjamin Disraeli is purported to have said, “There are three kinds of lies: Lies, damned lies and statistics.” Heaven only knows what he would make of official economic data today. The past 40 years have seen such a huge leap in the calculation methodology for inflation that what we are left with is what can only described as a gross misrepresentation of the truth. (A century and a half later, Disraeli is still spot on!) Why are the figures so Which line on this graph looks more realistic – the official red line or the blue one based on the pre-1990 basket of consumer goods? You be the judge. skewed? Well, dear readers, what we spend our money on each day is not what the US Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS), for example, uses to calculate the consumer price index. Which is how we know that the prices of those things we want – not to mention the things we need – are going up in price by far more than the BLS claims that they are. For example, inflation has not been running at 2 per cent a year over the past 13 years – neither in the US, nor anywhere else in the world for that matter (let’s leave Japan out of this). Your author, gentle creature that he is, normally prefers a more balanced analysis, but in this case he must nevertheless proclaim – in earsplitting tones – that those who propagate this myth are lying. It is very easy to see that – through constant repetition from multiple sources in the media – the lie has become a “fact”. But the “fact” is still a lie. How easy is it to spot the lie? Well, think about the things you must buy every month – groceries, clothing, fuel, electricity, air travel, or even your Starbucks coffee. All of these are far more expensive today than they were only a few years ago, but none of them are in the CPI. The CPI is supposed to comprise a basket of goods that constitute the main purchases of an average family, but this index currently includes houses, electronics and durable goods, which are bought every five to 20 years. Even the US “core inflation” figures – more widely used today – are not to be believed, as “core” inflation excludes food and energy prices because they are “too volatile”. While they may fluctuate, the general trend of both food and energy prices for the last decade has been upward, at a considerably faster clip than official CPI statistics acknowledge. Interestingly, while food and energy prices have always fluctuated, the US saw fit to include them in the “basket of goods” before their prices began to soar. In fact, there once was a time when that basket of goods was fixed and not changed to suit the country’s economic circumstances. The chart illustrate this point most eloquently. It shows what consumer price inflation would be today if the BLS continued to track those goods (predominantly food, clothing and energy) which comprised “the basket” before 1990. This date is not chosen randomly, but because a major shift in the calculation methodology occurred in that year. Using the pre-1990 basket, we are actually seeing our cost of living rise by as much as 8 per cent a year (and only once by less than 2 per cent). Yet most governments of the world hold interest rates at levels corresponding to their own imaginary annual inflation calculations of 2 per cent. You will have observed that simple items from the grocery store have gone up in price far more than 2 per cent a year over the past 10 years – much less the last 20 or 30 years. Yet interest rate policy still remains in place to “buoy economic expansion”. Please allow your humble author to translate “buoy economic expansion” into English for you: “Increase prices further.” The Brazen Bonobo offers insights into current affairs and the world of finance, enabling high-net-worth expatriates throughout Asia to stay two steps ahead of the curve. Through meticulous wealth planning, his clients are well placed to profit from today’s erratic macroeconomic trends. For advice on tax mitigation, estate planning, pension transfers (UK), US (IRS-compliant) tax free pensions, or simply a strategy for prospering in the current economic environment, contact the Bonobo at: [email protected] FROM ONLY THB An operatic afternoon with a German touch Jody Houton [email protected] This performance is all about love. It takes a lot of courage to sing these kinds of songs. It’s rather emotional, especially when you get in touch with the beauty of the music, so it’s rather draining when you’re singing with all this emotion T he sun was out, the air conditioning and music was switched on and a chilled beverage was in hand, but it was a Saturday afternoon with a difference on June 29. This was mainly because German Opera singer Juliette Mairoux, alongside Russian pianist Viktor Platkov was performing the music live, in Juliette’s home in Chalong. Taking a break between the show that included classic French, German, and Italian numbers, alongside more contemporary show tunes from Cats and the Disney movie Pocahontas, Juliette explains how she – a young German woman discovered opera, or rather how it discovered her. “My grandmother always used to sing around the house, but I suppose I started becoming interested in opera rather late – when I was around 22 – in Turkey of all places. Opera was never in my interest to begin with, but after a while I got into it. My husband is Turkish and we lived in Turkey for eight years. In fact I was ‘discovered’ there by a Dutch Opera singer.” Despite the discovery, last month’s show is actually one of the first that Juliette has done. “The irony is that although I attended a conservatoire (college of music and dance) in Turkey, as a foreigner I couldn’t play in any of the opera houses, because it is notoriously difficult to get a work permit.” It is Juliette’s hope that the recently forged relationship with Mr Platkov – which began when they met while recording their own solo CDs at Legends Music studio in Phuket – will lead to performances in the finest ball rooms in Phuket hotels, and from there, the finest opera houses in the world. The Saturday afternoon’s performance was videoed with the expressed purpose of helping the pair on their way. Juliette explained that the performance was also about something that is close to everyone’s hearts. “This performance is all about love,” says Juliette. “It takes a lot of courage to sing these kinds of songs. It’s rather emotional, especially when you get in touch with the beauty of the music, so it’s rather draining when you’re singing with all this emotion.” Juliette and Viktor played exceptionally well together, and their performance was rousing, touching, and indeed a pleasant way to spend a Saturday afternoon. Let’s hope the hotels and restaurants on the island ensure that there are many more to come. FRIDAY, JULY 12, 12,2013 2013 FRIDAY, JULY PHUKET GALLERIES Baan Wana Park, 177/22 Moo 4, Srisoonthorn Road, Thalang 076 620 071 designedbywoulfe.com Drawing Room 56 Phang Nga Road, Talad Yai, Muang, Phuket Town 086 899 4888 Red Gallery Phuket Art Village, Soi Naya 2, Rawai 087 323 321 [email protected] phuketredgallery.com Open daily Veerachan Usahanun 110/34 Cherng Talay, Bang Tao Beach Road 081 490 4359 [email protected] veerachanusahanun.com Open daily Mom Tri’s VR Gallery Top: Juliette Mairoux performing at her home; Above: Juliette with her Russian pianist partner, Viktor Platkov. Next to Mom Tri’s Villa Royale, 12 Kata Noi Rd, Kata Noi 076 333 568 [email protected] momtriphuket.com Granddaughter puts Picasso muse nudes on show A s a child, Pablo Picasso’s granddaughter Marina often found herself shut out of his sumptuous Cannes villa “La Californie”. Four decades after his death, the gates of the house she inherited, along with thousands of his art works, are always promptly opened to visitors. “Living in this house, unconsciously perhaps it’s a way of recapturing lost time in a place where we were once excluded,” says Marina, who for many years struggled to accept ‘an inheritance given without love’. To mark the 40th anniversary of Picasso’s death this year, Marina has opened up her private collection to help stage an exhibition exploring the recurrence of nudes in the great Spanish artist’s work. “Picasso, Nudity Set Free” features 120 works. Around 90 come from Marina’s collection, some of which have never before been on public display. But Marina, who was in her early twenties when her famous grandfather died, is matter-of-fact about the loan. Marina and her elder brother Pablito’s childhood was punctuated by rare and unhappy visits to see their grandfather, who spent most of his life in France. Born in 1950, Marina is the daughter of Paulo Picasso, son of Picasso, and his first wife, Russian ballerina Olga Khokhlova. Marina grew up in poverty despite her illustrious lineage and Paulo, an alcoholic, died in his fifties two years after the artist. “He was always a bit the toy of his father. He was never able to grow up,” she says. As an adult, Marina underwent years of therapy and poured her painful childhood memories into her 2001 memoir “Picasso: My Grandfather”. “At the beginning, I couldn’t bear to see his paintings. It took me a lot of time to make the distinction between the artist and the grandfather,” she says. “He was not a real grandfather, or a benevolent father (to Paulo)...” The legacy of childhood rejection took a terrible toll on Pablito. Following Picasso’s death at the age of 91 in April 1973, he swallowed bleach after Jacqueline refused him permission to see his grandfather. He died three months later. But if Picasso’s grandchildren suffered as a result of their relationship with him, the fate of his muses – bronze busts of whom dot the villa – was equally tragic. Marie-Therese Walter hanged herself. Jacqueline Picasso shot herself. Dora Maar suffered depression and became something of a recluse. Marina’s grandmother Olga died in Cannes in 1955 unvisited by her estranged husband. “He loved women and used them in order to be creative,” she says flatly. Four decades on, Marina has tried to overcome the bitter legacy of the past. “Picasso, Nudity Set Free” runs until October 27 at the Centre d’art La Malmaison at Cannes. AFP Watcharin Art Studio 27 Yaowaraj Rd, Phuket Town 088 386 1449 watcharintinorodnit @hotmail.com www.watcharinartstudio.com Wua Gallery and Studio 1 Phang Nga Rd, Phuket Town 076 258 208 [email protected] wua-artgallery.blogspot.com If you would like to see your studio or gallery featured here, contact: editor3@ classactmedia.co.th PEOPLE 3 THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 Left: Denis Rochel, the Director of the Alliance Francaise of Phuket; Above: Denis with Mathieu Haurant, a French teacher at the school. Celebrating Bastille Day in Phuket Jody Houton [email protected] There are 1,000 officially registered French citizens in Phuket, but the French embassy estimate the actual number to be around double that For further information, contact: Alliance Francaise Phuket 3, Thanon Pattana, Soi 1 T. Ta l a t N u e a , A . Mueang, Province Phuket 83000 Tel: 076 222 988 phuket@alliancef r a n c a i s e . o r. t h www.alliance-fran caise.or.th T his Sunday, more than a thousand French residents will celebrate Bastille Day in Phuket. For those unaware, Bastille Day is the French national holiday, and represents the beginning of the French Revolution. The storming of the Bastille (a prison) by the French people in 1789, signified a shift in power for the country, away from absolute monarchy and towards a democracy. The monarchy in France was later officially and completely abolished in 1870. This is just one of the things that the Phuket branch of the Alliance Francaise – an international organisation that dates back to 1883 to promote French language and culture around the world – teaches its 1,000-plus strong student body around this time of year. Denis Rochel has been the Director of the Phuket branch, in Phuket Town, for 10 years, yet has worked there teaching French language and culture for more than double that. It’s a job he says keeps him extremely busy. “What else do Thai students know about France?” ponders Denis. “They don’t really know much. When they think about France, they think football, Eiffel Tower and baguettes – little else.” There are more than 1,200 Alliance Francaise centres in the world in 138 different countries, with a large number in South America. There are four Alliance Francaise centres in Thailand – in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai and Phuket. Although clas- sified as local Thai institutions, the centres are financed by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Phuket branch of Alliance Francaise has been open since 1988, when it was officially opened by the then-French ambassador. Back then the office was at the Saphan Hin Community College, but it moved to its current residence in Phuket Town in 1990. Ever since then Denis and the teachers there have been doing much the same thing – teaching French in local schools, putting on events and promoting the French culture – but nowadays, it’s to a much grander scale. Last year, 1,154 students were enrolled and learning French at either one of the four public high schools that Alliance Francaise teaches at, or in the Phuket centre itself. This is a major jump from the relatively low figure of 187 students in 1993. “Many of our students only begin learning French at 15 years old, and they are taught typically four hours a week – two hours with a native speaker and two with a Thai teacher. This is up to the Thai education system, but if it was me, the children would begin at a very young age.” Children and adults are however also invited to come to the centre at any time, to make use of the extensive library of books (le bibliotheque), DVDs and CDs. There are also French courses at every level available. “We also sit Delf (Diplome d’Etudes en Langue Francaise) and Dalf (Diplome Approfondi en Langue Francaise) exams here, which is the diploma and qualification required to learn in a French university,” adds Denis. Denis said that what with globalisation and the general meshing of cultures, and with English becoming the international language, the Alliance Francaise’s role in preserving the French language and culture, is, in many ways, more important than it was when it first opened in 1883. For parents of children with French and Thai nationality, the Alliance Francaise provides a much needed and appreciated cultural service, especially the recently launched Saturday morning classes. “Parents love The ‘Club des Mousquetaires’. These are workshops where youngsters are encouraged to learn French and culture in a fun way, through board games, creative workshops, puppets, stories, drama lessons and karate lessons.” Another service provided at Alliance Francaise in Phuket is the only official service of providing translations. As Denis is fluent in written and spoken Thai, he can provide translations of official documents, marriage papers, divorce papers and birth papers, from French to Thai, or English to French. There are 1,000 officially registered French citizens in Phuket, but the French embassy estimate the actual number to be around double that. Almost all of which will be celebrating Bastille Day this weekend, in the inimitable French fashion, with pride, flair and a joie de vivre. Children and adults are free to drop by the Alliance Francaise at any time. It’s open six days a week: Monday 2.30–6pm, Tuesday to Friday 9.30–6pm and Saturday 2.30–6pm. 4 EDUCATION FRIDAY, JULY 12, 12,2013 2013 FRIDAY, JULY Understanding the Learning Pyramid TEACH BY DESIGN Jason Stanley [email protected] T he Learning Pyramid is essentially the real world classroom corollary to the theoretical world of neurophysiology. Therefore, for teachers, even if you have not seen it before, the concepts are likely to be far more recognisable to you from your experience with students in your class than things like conversations about Broca’s area, and the French physician’s theories regarding speech and hearing. We can see by the nodding heads of thousands of teachers that the basic assumptions of the model are correct or very close to correct. When we superimpose the analysis of the brain scan data onto the divisions of the Learning Pyramid, we see that one strongly supports the other. Listening/Reading Brain scans show that listening memory is one of the smallest and therefore weakest memory centres in the brain. This supports the information in the Learning Pyramid. Seeing/Visual I remember your face, just not your name. This is important because when we look at the next level of the model, we find visual memory gives us much better results than audio memory. Does that match with what we find with the structure of the brain? You bet it does. The visual centre is much larger and therefore stronger than the auditory centre. For more information about brain-based learning and teaching you can contact Jason Stanley at drjasonstanley@gmail. com Demonstration Demonstration is said to cause better recall. Intuitively this feels correct: A demonstration typically includes: Seeing the instructor as the instructor does the process Seeing the physical procedure of the process (Mon,Wed) Listening to the instructor as the process is explained In regards to learning, the ability to see the instructor can be as important as seeing the actual physical process, because when we watch someone we interpret huge amounts of added information. For example, a chemistry teacher demonstrates mixing chemicals. Even if the chemicals are completely inert and even if the teacher does not say a single word about the danger of mixing chemicals, the message of the white coat and goggles is caution. continued practice is boredom from rote application. Who wants to do rote memorisation? Do you? I certainly don’t, not even when I am interested in the results. Teach Others The next level in the Learning Pyramid includes the student becoming active in discussing the items learned. When discussion is involved, there has to be speaking engaging Broca’s area of the brain and thought engaging frontal lobes are engaged all going through the central processor of memory. Therefore the amount of the physical brain involved is greater as well as the number of places in the brain that is engaged, causing the interconnections from centre to centre to be heightened. Do ‘heightened’ interconnections in the brain make a difference? You tell me. I know personally the best way to get through a tough subject in college was to join a study group. The idea that if you want to thoroughly learn something, you need to teach it. This theory dates back at least 2,000 years when Nero’s teacher and author Seneca wrote Docendo Discimus or “We learn by teaching.” Teaching goes beyond memory and learning as it requires the explanation of what was learned so that the listener understands the teacher. To learn something does not require it to be remembered. And, conversely, to memorise something does not require it to be learned. We learn something only to forget it a few days later. We see students memorise a list of facts without the foggiest idea of what those facts mean. However, to teach something requires both memory of the data and learning of what it means or how it happens. If a student can rephrase a statement, concept, or process given by the teacher, such that another student can understand it, the teaching student is far more likely to know that information at a later date. Practice Passive/Active Learning Group Discussion The fact that practice (repetition) works is not a surprise, but why and how to best use it are good questions for the busy teacher. We know it’s easier to remember information that is attached to something we already know. All of your students can remember the information, if they want to. For example, a rap song may have a rather long story line with little repetition, yet many high school students know all the words. This points out that the greatest barrier to memory is not capacity or content. It is not novel or unique information versus very familiar information. The greatest barrier to memory is interest and engagement. The trick is to keep the student engaged without letting him/her get to a place of boredom and active disinterest. That is, teach without allowing your students to switch off. Good News, ABBLAT methodology does just that. The biggest problem for Passive learning is when the student is receiving the information from the teacher. The student is not required to do any activity other than pay attention (possibly take notes) and learn. Participatory learning is when the student is required to actually do something with the information the teacher has provided. It is the doing that in all cases causes the brain to recycle the information in multiple ways, causing the information to be embedded in more parts of the brain. What have we learned from looking at the Learning Pyramid? I think the greatest insight is that what makes sense intuitively on the learning pyramid tracks perfectly with the hard data coming from the scientific community of neurophysiology and other areas of brain-based learning science. Bottom line: Using participatory teaching methods to get your students involved in participatory learning is a winning proposition. THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 ‘Think’ about your health Ron Veldhuis [email protected] So by combining Eat, Move and Think with these easy to follow tips and actions you will very quickly begin to notice results and feel better. Lets face it this is all common sense really and by working together you always get a better result. I really invite you to just try it, really just do it! Ron Veldhuis is a workplace trainer and motivator, a peak performance coach and an expedition leader. Contact him at [email protected]. The opinions and advice contained in this column are those of the author only. The Phuket News is not responsible for the outcome or results of following any advice in any situation. H i and welcome to Part Three: Think! The third and final step on how to feel super in just three easy steps. How did you go with the Moving part? Did you add a few of the simple easy tips to your workouts? I know it almost sounds ridiculous and too good to true with such simple relatively easy and common sense actions and steps – I was also very skeptical and believed that in order to be fit and healthy you must train at least three hours a day and it must always hurt and you must eat only healthy, relatively bland foods and rest and recover. Fortunately now much more is known about better training techniques. In fact, it has now almost gone the other way with many believing the ridiculous promises that you can be super fit and healthy just by exercising for ten minutes a week and plugging yourself into an electronic gadget to get a six pack. So hopefully in this final article you will find some really easy and useful tips for how to train smart and ‘train with your brain’. This part is so underrated and often completely ignored. Often the thinking part never really comes into play until it really has to. For example I have had many clients come to me who trained really hard and long and did the right thing with nutrition but still made only relatively small progress over a period of years with and without good trainers. It was then I discovered the vital missing ‘ingredient’ for them - the most powerful tool you have at your disposal right now and any time – all champions use this and all super successful business giants too. Some try to make it a big ‘secret’ or long process but the simple truth is you must have absolute clear and total belief in your expected outcome – if you don’t you will simply not achieve your outcome. You have absolute and total control over what you choose to think; it is your thoughts that create your result, your outcome and your life experience The key here is your level of belief. So for example if you are going to the gym and you workout with the belief you can achieve your – albeit vague and not well defined – desired result, it will come as no surprise to you that that is exactly what you will get – a vague and not well defined result and outcome. So in terms of ‘Feeling Super’ you must have a very clear vision of your specific outcome and result, you must know exactly what this is, how it feels, what it looks like and how good you feel when you have achieved it. Of course this varies hugely from person to person and depending on your current ‘state’, it may take lon- HEAVYWEIGHT CELEBRITY CHEFS LOSE IT Shanghai celebrity chef Eduardo Vargas (right) will be finishing his one month weight loss programme and leaving Thanyapura this Sunday, more than 10 kgs lighter and fitter for the experience. Eduardo was joined for a week by fellow chef, Hong Kong-based Harlan Goldstein (left), who decided to take a leaf out of Eduardo’s book and drop by for some health and relaxation. Above: Ron with his dog and ‘excellent training companion’. ger to actually happen, but one thing that is common to us all is that it begins with a thought and then becomes a feeling which drives you to take action and give you the end result. It is sometimes easier to compare this to the cycle of a butterfly life. It starts with an egg, then larvae, cocoon and finally leads to taking flight. These four steps are similar to the process from thought to manifestation. In terms of your physical process and wellbeing it is very important that you first have a very clear committed and focused thought on your result outcome and goal. In order for you to succeed in your final goal and ‘take flight’ you must have this thought very clearly in place, ideally all the time in some shape or form (so it becomes an automatic habit and thought). HEALTH 5 IN BRIEF Dengue fever to surpass 100,000 The Public Health Ministry of Thailand has launched a campaign against the dengue fever outbreak as the number of patients looks set to surpass 100,000 this year. The disease is spreading in the northern part of Thailand especially. Peak times for the outbreak is during the rainy season – between July and August. Patients with two days of flu-like symptoms are advised to seek medical treatment. Closure of public toilets increases health concerns The decision to close four out of 10 public toilets in the UK over the past 10 years is having serious repercussions on the health of the citizens of the country, say campaigners. The British Stroke Association said that needing the toilet can increase blood pressure. The British Toilet Association said it is a ‘health problem, not just a financial one’. 6 ENVIRONMENT FRIDAY, JULY 12, 12,2013 2013 FRIDAY, JULY Phuket’s bid to be Fin Free Jody Houton [email protected] We tried this 12 years ago and were actually quite successful, so much in fact that people who were benefiting from the shark fin industry tried to sue us Above: Children’s anti shark fin postcards; Above right: Steve Galster delivers his speech. M ore than 30 hotels from around Phuket joined a Fin Free Campaign - aimed at removing shark fin soup from all hotel and restaurant menus on the island - on July 5 at the Outrigger Laguna Phuket Beach Resort. Although far from a significant percentage of hotels on the island, it is Steve Galster’s, Director of Freeland, hope that this may lead to further Phuket hotels and restaurants presenting a united front about their opposition to shark fin soup. The 30 hotels present at the event do not offer shark fin on their menu, and it is hoped that their stance will encourage those hotels that do offer it, to stop. “We started in February with just three hotels and up till today we had 30 hotels signed up, mainly in the Bangkok area. But we’ve already doubled the number of hotels on-board by our event in Phuket today.” Although this was wasn’t Mr Galster’s first visit to the island, it was the first that time that Freeland – a Thailand-registered NGO, concerned with preserving and protecting wildlife around the world – had worked with Phuket environmental group SEEK to bring the campaign to Phuket. “Today is all about keeping the sharks in the ocean, many shark species in Thailand waters are 20 per cent of what they used to be, compared to 50 years ago.” During a talk to hotel operatives, and around 50 interested parties on the island, including Governor Maitree Intusut, he explained that shark fishing – or rather the chopping off of their fins and throwing back into the ocean – is a huge problem, ecologically speaking, as it disturbs the natural food chain. It’s also cruel, and to physically consume sharks is dangerous because shark meat contains high levels of mercury, he believes. As well as the affect on the much-protected image of Thailand tourism, he also said that it would soon have adverse effects in a monetary sense. Adopt a dog Last month Lucky was captured from the streets of Northeast Thailand and shoved violently into a cage, destined for the dog meat trade. This 7kg male dog is very lucky to be alive. He is a little afraid of things at present because he been through so much, but is getting happier by the day. He really deserves to find a new home where he is safe from the streets and where he is sure to get lots of love. If you would like to know more about adopting Lucky, please contact Doggie Heaven on doggieheaven.net Doggie Heaven rescues dogs who are injured, ill or neglected and give them what they need to recover. With the combination of good food, the right medicine, lots of love and time to rest, they find themselves recovered and ready to enjoy life again. Then we do our best to find them suitable loving homes. “It affects the diving business in Thailand and Phuket especially, as the dive business is worth around B3 billion a year.” Gov Maitree echoed Mr Galster’s thoughts when he took to the stage later on in the afternoon. This is not the first time that Freeland has attempted to raise awareness of the cruelty and inhumane treatment of sharks in Thailand, however, Mr Galster is hoping that this time, it will turn out much better. “We tried this 12 years ago and were actually quite successful, so much in fact that people who were benefiting from the shark fin industry tried to sue us. Eventually though the court threw the case out.” Mr Galster said that the Thai public perception of wildlife has changed dramatically since then. “Many did not understand what we were doing and why we were doing it. They didn’t understand why we were trying to save ‘Jaws’.” Working on educating the younger generation of Thailand on the ills of the shark finning industry should be paramount said Mr Galster. This was one reason that in the afternoon, children from Cherng Talay Wittayakom School took part in various activities and games aimed at raising awareness of the shark fin industry. The ultimate aim of the campaign, explains founder of SEEK, Sean Panton, is for Phuket to be ‘Fin Free,’ however he admits the island is far from having such status just yet. “We’re around ten years away from being able to claim that, but when we do, we’ll make sure we advertise and promote that - at the airports, everywhere,” said Mr Panton. A completely different form of marketing that is currently taking place explains Mr Galster, “Shark fin soup is still being marketed towards the Asian market as part of their Thai holiday. There are therefore many hotels and restaurants in Phuket Town that cater to them.” Mr Galster added that the problems caused by the illegal trade of wildlife in Thailand did not necessarily stem from a lack of rules and regulations governing the treatment of wildlife. “The problem is that the punishment for breaking the rules are way too lenient. The maximum fine is $1,200 dollars, so even if trading multi-million dollars worth of elephant tusks, they still will only be fined $1,200 dollars.” It is for this reason therefore that he would like to work on bringing changes among the people who have the choice as to whether to eat, serve and benefit from it, rather than those charged with enforcing the rules. For more information, visit: www.fin freethai.org For information about SEEK, visit: www.myseek.org Photo: danmilesmedia KEEPING KAMALA CLEAN Governor Maitree Intusut visited Kamala beach on Saturday to witness first hand all of the fine work, including the recently installed recycling units, that the Kamla Green Club is doing in the area. Patong and Mai Khao will be the next to form Green Clubs. The Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Volunteer Network (NEV-Net) were also present. WEIRD WORLD 7 THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 THE BIG LIST STRANGE SCAMS Scams, schemes, cons, rackets, dodges, grifts: human ingenuity for pecunious fraud knows no limits. Some of the victims of these strange scams maybe should have seen them coming, but as showman P T Barnum may have said, “there’s a sucker born every minute”. Original snake oil: The term “snake oil” now means any product or idea of questionable benefit, but it may have first applied to a traditional medicine used by Chinese labourers in the United States. The ointment to cure joint pain, made with the skin of the Chinese water snake, became popular with nonChinese workers, but it was ridiculed by travelling salesmen who wanted to promote their own medicinal products, like radioactive pills to stop dental decay, electrical skull-caps to regrow hair, rejuvenation devices based on “violet rays”, and “child pacifiers” containing opium. Trick hand: Doc Owens was one of the most notorious card sharps of the 20th century, and made a fancy living in the saloons of the giant steamships travelling between England and New York, by fleecing immigrants of their life savings. Doc’s luck almost ran out in 1911 when the ship he was on – the Titanic – hit an iceberg and started sinking. But Doc and a buddy bribed a steward to give them women’s clothing and hats. Suitably disguised, the two swindlers leaped into a lifeboat as it was being lowered, and were later rescued. Gigolo guide: In 2011, three enterprising Spaniards bilked dozens of men out of tens of thousands of dollars by charging them fees to join a registry of gigolos. The scammers put ads in newspapers and magazines offering lucrative rates for men to work as escorts for women. This appeal to male vanity worked so well that they managed to trick almost 200 men into parting with up to $1400 to register for gigolo agencies that didn’t actually exist. In a similar scam in Taiwan, a nightclub owner was accused of charging Taiwanese soldiers to train as male prostitutes – but then claimed they hadn’t qualified, and kept their money. Trust me, I’m a doctor: Christian Eberhard wanted to be a doctor, and wanted to save lives. Unfortunately he didn’t actually have any qualifications, but he signed on anyway at a hospital in Erlengen in Germany using a fake degree from Oxford that he created on his computer printer. Despite spelling “doctor” wrong on his degree, the documents were accepted and he was given a job as a surgeon. He assisted in more than 190 surgical operations, including amputations and 35 critical organ transplants, before he was exposed as a fake. Nigerian Prince: “Hello Sir. I am Mr. Samson Imanatay, the first son of Dr. Jonathan Imanatay, and I am writing to you about the sum of 3.8 million American dollars ...” Almost everyone has received an email that begins a bit like this. Known as a “419” or “Nigerian Prince” scam, the trick is that the recipient has to part with their own money before they get the promised loot. One of the most successful email scams was the case of a Japanese bank director who paid out a quarter of a million dollars of his bank’s money, in the hopes of gaining a share of a fictitious Nigerian airport. ‘Hitler’ chicken ruffles KFC A chicken takeaway shop in Bangkok using the likeness of wartime Nazi leader Adolf Hitler has become a hit on the internet. An image of the Hitler chicken outlet was posted on twitter by a London visitor to Bangkok, Andrew Spooner, who wrote “Very bizarre Hitler Fried Chicken shop in Thailand. I kid you not. Complete with pic of Hitler in a bow tie.” The restaurant opened about a month ago – and the Thai owners have told curious customers that they named it Hitler because they liked how the picture looked. British expat Alan Robertson, who lives in Bangkok, told The Sun newspaper: “The place opened last month and nobody quite knows what to make of it. I went in for a bite last week and got some fried chicken, which was pretty good, and asked the guy behind the counter why it was called Hitler.” “He just shrugged his shoulders and said the owners had thought it was good image.” The recent internet attention may be good for business – but the restaurant’s branding has now ruffled some big feathers. World fried chicken giant KFC thinks the Chicken Hitler logo is a rip off of their Colonel Sanders logo, and a spokesman told the Huffington Post: “We find it extremely distasteful and are considering legal action since it is an infringement of our brand trademark and Bangkok’s ‘Hitler’ chicken shop. Photo: Andrew Spooner/Twitter has nothing to do with us.” The British Daily Mail newspaper suggested the restaurant logo is an example of what it calls “Nazichic” in Thailand and other parts of southeast Asia, where images of Hitler have sometimes appeared as cartoonish images on t-shirts and signs – including a giant billboard advertising the resort town of Pattaya in 2009, featuring a picture of the Fuhrer and the slogan “Hitler is not dead” in Thai. In 2011, a group of Thai high school students staged a sports day parade in homemade Nazi uniforms, led by a teenage girl wearing a fake SS uniform and a Hitler moustache. The students and their teachers apologised after an international outcry. Scam driver held after bumper payout A Chinese man who crashed a car on average every three days for almost three years in an insurance scam has been arrested and charged with fraud. The 42-year-old man, surnamed Li, made 334 insurance claims in the southern city of Shenzhen between 2010 and May this year, according to local television reports. He typically caused accidents by changing lanes without warning, or by hitting other cars and buses from behind during rush hour, bumping into them slowly to avoid being injured, the police told Shenzhen TV. He then bribed his mechanics to overestimate the damage and made claims for the inflated invoices, which totalled 357,000 yuan (B1.8 million), the report said. Police said that is the largest amount of money ever involved in a car insurance fraud case in Shenzhen. Police say the driver staged a car crash every three days on average. Photo: Shuets Udono They were tipped off to Li’s activities by several insurance companies who became suspicious that he was making so many claims. The China News Service website said Li used several cars to fool the insurance companies, and repainted them or covered them with stickers to hide signs of earlier damage that he’d claimed for but hadn’t fixed. Motor vehicle insurance fraud is widespread in China. Last year police broke up a 13 million yuan (B60 million) insurance scam involving 95 suspects who were said to have faked car accidents. AFP ‘Dozy’ commuter survives fall under train A Czech woman beat the odds this week in the Prague underground when she fell under an oncoming train but then crawled out from between carriages unscathed, police said Tuesday. The young woman – who appeared to be dozing on her feet – fell off the platform into a deep groove between the subway rails, saving her from the impact of the undercarriage zooming by overhead. “A video recording shows that the woman waiting for the underground could hardly keep her balance. She staggered and fell straight onto the tracks,” police spokeswoman Eva Kropacova said in a statement on its website. “Miraculously the woman stood up, dusted her trousers and walked off,” she said, adding that the woman refused both medical treatment and a breathalyser test, telling police she was “merely tired”. The accident occurred early Monday. Black-and-white security camera video shows a bystander springing forward to grab the woman, but failing by a whisker. She falls into the track just moments before the train rumbles through. Afterwards a group of men pull her out through the gap between the first and second carriages (pictured). Other commuters have also cheated death in the Prague underground, according to Prague Transport Company spokesman Petr Vorlicek. “There is a dip (between the rails), when you fall in there, the carriage is quite high above you so it won’t hurt you,” he said. AFP 8 DINING FRIDAY, JULY 12, 12,2013 2013 FRIDAY, JULY The island’s newest brunch Alasdair Forbes [email protected] If you have a seriously hearty appetite, amuse your bouche with sliced duck breast, white snapper with truffles, veal ossobucco or seafood laksa – or all four Top right, the delicious duck breast cooked by Chef Sathaporn “Moo” Bootmeechai. Bottom right, sweet treats to finish up. R eaders who like to spend Sundays slowly browsing through a huge selection of food at one of Phuket’s famed brunches will soon have a new option, at DiVine restaurant in the Thanyapura complex, just north of Thalang. The brunch will officially launch this Sunday (July 14) but local journalists were given a preview last Sunday. This, after all, is why we are in the scribbling profession – for the free lunches and brunches (we’re certainly not in it for the money). Given Thanyapura’s reputation for developing healthy minds in healthy bodies, one might suspect that brunch at DiVine would be a bit on the lettuce side. Not so. This is hearty stuff. Okay, so you can go Japanese only and just fiddle with the sashimi, or take a minuscule spoonful of the salmon tartare. But that’s really not the right attitude for approaching a brunch, is it? This is, after all, all you can eat for a fixed price, so restraint must go out of the window. Chef Sathaporn “Moo” Bootmeechai explained that none of the main dishes will be cooked in advance. So, face the selection of fresh beef, lamb or chicken, and choose the cut you desire and how you would like it cooked. Or have a grilled lobster – guaranteed so fresh that it’s still wriggling. Then, while you wait, amuse your bouche with sashimi, wagyu beef or salmon tartare, beef carpaccio or smoked salmon. Slurp down some fine de claires from la belle France with the chef’s vinegar and shallot dressing. Another one please... If you have a seriously hearty appetite, amuse your bouche further with sliced duck breast, white snapper with truffles, veal ossobucco or seafood laksa – or all four. Lubricate the tonsils with red, white, prosecco or rosé (the chef is still testing varieties). Then devour your meat, delivered straight from the fires tended by DiVine’s 12 cooks. And to top it off, of course, there will be a serious array of sweet stuff filling the chiller across the entire end of the restaurant. And yes, cheese. There are two prices for DiVine’s brunch: non-alcoholic B1,800 (children half-price) and with free-flow wine and cocktails, B2,150 (No, no discounts for children. Shame on you for even thinking of it.) For those who want to gorge but fear they will feel guilty afterwards, Thanyapura are sneakily giving every bruncher a free B600 day pass, valid for use any day during ensuing week, so that you can atone by doing something desperately physical. Just don’t try it immediately after the brunch. For reservations, call 076 336 000 ext 5070, or email: [email protected] Flying chickens, robot waiters: bizarre dining in the capital F rom chickens catapulted across tables to meals dished up with a generous portion of sexual health advice, Bangkok is doing a roaring trade in unusual dining experiences. The capital, renowned as much for its commitment to fun as it is for fiery cuisine, has embraced the odd, amusing and bizarre in a bid to lure customers. In the city suburbs, staff at Ka Tron restaurant delight customers by loading cooked chickens into a catapult and firing them across a stage where they are caught on a spike by a waiter riding a unicycle. Despite the pressure that comes with live performance, their catch rate is impressive. “We have been going 26 years and we have probably fired hundreds of thousands of chickens, but we have only dropped a few hundred,” said restaurant owner Nattaset Rattanapipob. Across town a Japanese restaurant has deployed its own gimmick – two large robots wheel up and down the tables delivering meals to diners. Once the novelty wears off, customers at Hajime can then order the robots to dance. Bangkok has plenty of unique dining experiences including Cabbages and Condoms – which serves sexual health and family planning advice alongside noodles – with the tagline ‘our food is guaranteed not to get you pregnant.’ AFP THEPHUKETNEWS.COM JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY,List your restaurant here: call 076 612 550 or email [email protected] DINING GUIDE 9 Navrang Mahal Trisara Seafood A rustic, homely atmosphere serving North and South Indian dishes, freshly prepared by hereditary chefs and served in brass Katoris in the Royal Mughal style of bygone Emperors of India. Many mouth-watering dishes prepared exactly to your liking. Open from 12.30pm - 3pm and 6.30pm 11pm daily. Karon Sea Sand Resorts & Spa, Karon Beach. Also in Patong Soi Bangla. 076 286 464 The first truly world-class destination seafood dining experience on Phuket. A private entrance leads guests either to an outdoor, beachfront deck or to the cool, relaxed interior. The menu is a balance between local and imported seafood prepared and served in a Mediterranean way. Lunch 12.30pm-3pm, Dinner 7pm-10.30pm (Closed Sundays). Trisara, 076 310 100 Bodega & Grill is situated on a picturesque patio by the lagoon. The restaurant serves premium char-grilled steaks and seafood from a wood-fired oven, as well as authentic homemade pastas, risottos and paellas. Bodega’s generous steaks are available in portions of up to 1.2 kilogram. Angsana Laguna Phuket, Cherngtalay; 076 324 101 The only Irish owned and managed Irish Pub in Phuket. A real Irish Pub at the heart of Phuket’s world famous nightlife. In this traditionally styled Irish pub you will find a very warm welcome from the Management and their fantastic staff. All your favourite Irish food and beverages. Jungceylon, Patong Beach; irishtimespub-phuket.com Ceramic Kitchen Mom Tri’s Villa Royale ITALIAN RE KÁ TA Beach Club Acqua Enjoy fine dining with panoramic sea views in sensually indulgent setting. Delicious Thai and European creations are served on the open-air terrace. Mom Tri’s Villa Royale is the winner of the Wine Spectators Award of Excellence. Situated on the only road into to Kata Noi Beach. Reservations recommended. momtriphuket .com; 076 333 568 Enjoy a unique dining and shopping experience at Ceramic Kitchen. We offer a wide range of beverages as well as the chance to shop for ceramic after your lunch or dinner, while every Sunday we do a traditional roast all day. We’re also experts for special events, wedding ceremonies, staff parties, birthday parties and more. 185/5 Moo 7, Srisoonthorn Rd., T. Srisoonthorn, Thalang district. 076 272151-2, 082 153 3163 FRENCH Connoisseurs of fine cuisine can revel in Acqua’s experiential concept. The Acqua restaurant experience promises to deliver only the freshest of ingredients, sourced from only the best producers both local and international. Taste explosions from the portfolio of Chef Alessandro Frau, of both traditional & contemporary are offered. Kalim Bay-Patong, 076 618 127 The beachfront restaurant offers modern innovative cuisine with a strong focus on seafood. In the evening RE KÁ TA transforms with Kata’s magical sunsets and cool sounds along with the delicious drinks and tapas, right on the beach. Open daily 6.30am-11pm; Kata Beach (next to Boathouse); [email protected], rekata phuket.com, 076 330 421 Baan Kalim Restaurant & Seafood KEE Kitchen DaVinci Fill up on mouthwatering Mongolian dishes at the KEE Kitchen this Wednesday. Tuck in to the all-you-can-eat Mongolian Express Buffet by the poolside at The KEE Resort & Spa, Patong from 6.30pm. Only Bt299 per person includes a free smoothie of your choice, plus Free parking at the KEE Resort car park! Call 076 335 888. www.thekeeresort.com Great food and people you know! Authentic Italian cuisine in Nai Harn area. Three different dining areas, cocktail lounge, children’s play area, Delicatessen, live music....DaVinci is not just a meal, it is an experience of taste, atmosphere and more. Restaurant open daily 5pm-11.30pm; Deli open 11am-6pm; Sunday close; Naiharn 076 289 574. davinciphuket.com Weaves Restaurant Diavolo La Boucherie La Boucherie is a French steakhouse located on Soi Sansabai in Patong, next to Jungceylon and just a short walk from Bangla road. You’ll find a varied menu of wonderful and reasonably priced food that includes perfectly cooked steaks and dishes from France, all with friendly and efficient service that guarantees you a very pleasant and satisfying experience. Open daily 11am-6am. 076 344 581. laboucherie-asia.com THAI Baan Vijitt Restaurant Breeze Restaurant Phuket’s most exciting new restaurant is situated on the waterfront at Cape Yamu. Chef Cheryl Johnson is providing diners with her innovative modern French interpretations of local ingredients. Open from Tuesday to Saturday for dinner, and from Wednesday to Saturday for lunch. Our menus change frequently. Cape Yamu, Paklok, 081 271 2320 Watch the evening sunlit ocean in the lavish and contemporary ambient atmosphere that is the Weaves restaurant. With its intimate low lit private dining, Weaves serves a variety of delectable Asian and International fusion cuisine, rich enticing desserts and tropical blended refreshments. Manathai Resort Phuket, Surin Beach, 076 270 900 A menu of modern Mediterranean influences created by Chef Ryan to tantalize the senses in a modern ambience. Offering everything from fresh seafood pastas to simple good pizzas. An impressive selection of well priced beverages and stunning sea views complete the experience. Open daily for lunch or dinner. Paresa Resort, Kamala Beach; 076 302 000 The Bistro Restaurant JAPANESE Tre by DoublePool Villas An array of culinary experiences is offered to tempt and intrigue in Tre - the exclusive contemporary French Vietnamese restaurant set among the superb surroundings of the DoublePool Villas. Tre’s signatures dishes include scallops and green apples and tartar with pan-fried foie gras. Banyan Tree Phuket, Cherngtalay; banyantree.com Start your evening with delicious food and fine wine. Pick the perfect spot to take in stunning views of Patong bay, as the evening breeze surrounds you. Relax and enjoy live music to make your evening into that truly wonderful and unforgettable dining experience. Open daily 11am-Midnight. Patong; baankalim.com; [email protected], 076 618 125 A half-century old Sino-Portuguese style house at The Vijitt Resort Phuket offers a unique authentic experience of Thai cuisine with a focus on regional specialties. Thai Select Premium Award certifies the quality and standard of product and service here. The Vijitt Resort Phuket, Rawai; [email protected], 076 363 600 Talung Thai Tamarind Restaurant Find all the Italian traditions in one location, and savor and experience the real Mama style dishes serving only the traditional taste of Italia. The Bistro is at Impiana Resort Patong Phuket. Happy Hours 50 per cent off for selected beverages, soft drinks, juices from 3pm-5pm & 10pm11pm daily. Open 3pm-12am. Impiana Resort Patong Phuket, Patong Beach, 076 340 138. To complement an already distinctive cuisine, Tamarind is bringing to the island high quality authentic Japanese cuisine, courtesy of Master Chef Shiraishi. Gracing our Japanese menu will be fresh sushi, sashimi, healthy salads, yakitori and tempura and much more. Tamarind is your ultimate destination to savour the best Japanese cuisine in Phuket. Cherngtalay; banyantree.com The restaurant has a stunning sunset location, offering views of the Andaman Sea. The menu of southern Thai specialties and true local dishes, are not seen on many other restaurant menus in Phuket. Chill with a cocktail from our award wining mixologist at sunset and then relax with authentic Thai cuisine. Open daily for lunch and dinner. Paresa Resort, Kamala; 076 302 000 10 EXPLORE THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 12,2013 2013 FRIDAY, JULY The market on Ranong Rd in Phuket Town is a great way to experience local life on the island, as well as get some good purchases. Going to the market JAMIE’S PHUKET Jamie Monk [email protected] The central market back in 1999 was an old building, not sure when it was built, but it could have been close to 100 years ago Read the original version at jamie-monk.blogspot. com. Jamie works at liveaboard dive specialists Sunrise Divers in Karon, 084 626 4646, sunrisedivers.com. I ’d been meaning to explore the big central market in Phuket for a long time. I do like markets – it’s where you see real local life, or at least one side of local life. The main market is on Ranong Rd in the older section of Phuket Town, and when I first came to Phuket in 1999, my first few nights in Phuket were spent there. The central market back then was an old building, not sure when it was built, but it could have been close to 100 years ago. I never went inside. The smell was offputting. This was an old, old, place with old, old smells. Thankfully, the old central market was finally demolished about five years ago, and a new one built which finally opened in 2010. There are of course local markets all over Phuket island, but the main market is still in Phuket Town. You can’t park on the road near the market, it’s full of stalls and small shops and local buses and things being loaded and unloaded. I parked on Krabi Rd near the Thai Hua Museum, as just west of the museum is a very handy alleyway that cuts through two blocks direct to the market. And it’s a busy little alleyway! I hung around for 10 minutes to take a few photos. Big pick up trucks were squeezing through, heading out from the market, with only a few inches to spare on each side. These streets were not built with a Toyota Hilux Fish for sale at the downtown market. in mind! Phuket Town has a lot of little shortcuts, and this is one of the most useful. Approaching the market down this narrow street, you first come to an outdoor market area. The streets around the main market building are full of colour, with stalls selling fruits and vegetables, and people loading vehicles with baskets full The local buses stop right by the market. of bananas, papayas, oranges, pineapples, and coconuts. The streets in this area of course get a bit scruffy, but help is at hand. The market area keeps itself as tidy as possible. I saw several people hard at work inside and outside. The alley leads right to the entrance of the central market, though of course you EXPLORE 11 THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 All the herbs and spices you could ever need. can also get there along Ranong Rd. I had originally intended to get there earlier, but it was after 10am, and already hot with the sun high in the sky. It would be better to get there a bit earlier for photos and to avoid the heat. I wandered inside. The main entrance has several sets of stairs leading to three different levels. There are signs in English, which is very helpful for non Thai-speaking market enthusiasts. I like to find a place to watch people coming and going. Markets are great for people watching. The egg man arrived with a pick-up full of eggs, and he took repeated journeys between truck and market stall. Down all those steps. With all those eggs. It’s all about balance. Most of one floor seems to be all about meat of various kinds. Phuket of course has plenty of seafood available. Our family eats lots of fish, but it would take a fair sized family to manage one of the fish from some of these stalls. Most local markets in Phuket also sell fish, prawns, squid and shellfish. The people of Phuket, Phang Nga and Krabi have long been fishing folk. As a diver I wish they’d fish a bit less in some areas, but seafood is a traditional staple for locals and in-demand from tourists so the fishing industry remains strong. The fish and seafood stalls need ice. Fresh seafood is great. Old seafood is a disaster. I had to dodge out the way of the ice men several times. Buckets full of ice arriving to keep those fish cool. Any market anywhere is a riot of colours, smells, people, and things you don’t get “back home”. Thai cooking is more about the herbs, spices and special blends of ingredients that can be added to dishes. You get a wonderful variety of tastes. I saw stalls selling dried chilli, dried shrimp, and dried fish, while another had several different curry pastes for sale, the magic ingredient in Thai curries. People do sometimes make their own curry paste, but it’s actually not that easy, and most people buy the curry pastes from a specialist in the local market. Outside the market on Ranong Rd is where local buses are found, destination anywhere! It’s a shame that Phuket does not have a comprehensive public transport system. You can get a bus from Phuket Town to all over the island (and back again). But from Karon to Patong beach? From Patong to Surin Beach? No bus. Only taxis and tuk-tuks. I hope that will change. From the market, buses can take you to Sarasin, where you find the bridge to the mainland, while others head off to the northeast coast to Bang Rong, where there’s a great floating restaurant in the mangroves. The old central market in Phuket Town is still the centre of Phuket for local people. This is not at all a tourist market, this is the centre of Phuket life. A traditional market with fresh produce has to compete with supermarkets, and Phuket has a lot of these now, mostly opened in the last 10 years, but the local markets seem as busy as ever, a great place to get a taste of the real Phuket. Just west of the Thai Hua museum is a handy alleyway that cuts through 2 blocks direct to the market. The small shortcut alleyway to the market. Thai cooking class with guest chef Ms. Ann Suriyong Chef Ann has travelled the world teachin g Thai cuisine at her various restaurants. A learning experience that will capture the true essence of Thai culture: food, sharing and fu n Thai Culinary Workshops from 10am - 2pm Baht 2,200++ per person per clas s inclusive of lunch, a Boathouse apron, recipe and certificat e Workers carry large crates of fresh meat and produce around the market area. Complimentary valet parking t: +66(0)76 330015 e: [email protected] boathousephuket FRIDAY, JULY 12, 12,2013 2013 FRIDAY, JULY IN BRIEF WWF Wrestle Mania: The Arcade Game Apple hits iWatch trademark snags Apple is facing trouble on the trademark front because other companies in the US, China, and Europe claim ownership over the iWatch name. Apple’s rumoured smartwatch would be capable of communicating with a user’s smartphone, and Apple has applied for trademarks worldwide. But several companies already own rights to the iWatch name, including Probendi (United Kingdom), OMG Electronics (United States), and up to nine different businesses in China. In 2008, Apple paid US$60 million (B1.8 billion) to a Chinese company for the iPad trademark. Steam gets ‘Final Fantasy VII’ Users of the cloud-based gaming service Steam can rejoice at the news that Final Fantasy VII is now available for purchase. An updated version of the game is available for download at the price of US$11.99 (B360). The updated PC game feature 36 new achievements to unlock and users can now ‘Cloud Save’ a session and continue the game on a different computer. . ‘Ninja Storm’ DLC announced Namco Bandai announced last week that they will release an updated “Full Blast Edition” of Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 3 for all systems. The updated game, originally released in April 2013, will be available for the for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and on PCs through Steam. The downloadable update will feature 100 new missions, a new story chapter, and a new playable character, as well as 38 character costume additions. BLAST FROM THE PAST Contact lenses for D zoomed-in vision Jean-Pierre Mestanza [email protected] Tom Metcalfe [email protected] A n international team of researchers has developed specialised contact lenses that give their wearers the ability to zoom their vision like a camera lens. The new telephoto contact lens has two concentric lenses – the inner one lets light pass through, but the outer lens magnifies the image by almost 3x – about the same zoom as a 100mm lens on a DSLR camera. The lens has been developed to restore sight to older people with age-relalated macular degeneration (AMD), which damages the high-resolution fovea at the center of the retina, but generally the lowresolution outer region (perifovea) still works. Without the fovea, people with the condition can’t make out fine details, such as type on a page. But the new telephoto contact lenses give people with AMD the ability to make out the details. The main breakthrough is that the new telephoto lenses are just over 1mm thick, small enough to be worn comfortably. An earlier attempt produced lenses that were more than 4 mm thick, too thick for real world use. The super-thin telephoto lens features tiny patterned aluminium mirrors that reflect incoming light four times before focusing it onto the retina. The mirrors also correct for chromatic aberration, resulting in a surprisingly high fidelity image, say the researchers. The contact lens has a polarising filter on the front, and users can switch between normal and zoomed-in vision by putting on a pair of polarising sunglasses, similar to those used to view 3D movies. Space-bound robot heralds giant leap A talking robot that will accompany a Japanese astronaut in space this summer says the cosmic tour will be one giant leap for androids everywhere. In a scene straight out of Star Wars, the pintsized KIROBO fielded questions from curious journalists who asked what it was going to do in space. “This may look a small step, but it will be a big stride as a robot,” the black-and-white outfitted with bright red boots told reporters in Tokyo. Its creators said they were sending the robot into space to act as a chatting partner for astronaut Koichi Wakata, who is set to arrive at the International Space Station (ISS) later this year. Wakata will also be the first Japanese astronaut to command the ISS, and tiny KIROBOs will be the first robot to visit the space station.. “KIROBO will remember Mr Wakata’s face so it can recognise him when they reunite up in space,” said creator Tomotaka Takahashi. Standing at just 34 centimetres (13.4 inches) tall and weighing about one kilogram (2.2 pounds), the little android is programmed to com- municate in Japanese and keep records of its conversations with Wakata. The robot, which has a wide range of physical motion, will also play a role in some missions, relaying messages from the control room to the astronaut, Takahashi said. Back on earth, twin robot MIRATA will be on the lookout for any problems encountered by its electronic counterpart. AFP/Photo: Yoshikazu Tsuno TOP APPS THIS WEEK TOP CONSOLE GAMES THIS WEEK 1 The Last Of Us (18+) PS3 Call of Duty: Black Ops II (18+) Xbox 360, PS3 10 Injustice: Gods Among Us Xbox 360, PS3, Wii U o you remember WWF WrestleMania: The Arcade Game? Released in 1995, this was one of the first wrestling video games that featured only the newer generation of superstars like Shawn Michaels, Bret “The Hitman” Hart, and Razor Ramon. Developed by the same people who created the Mortal Kombat franchise, WWF WrestleMania: The Arcade Game was more of a button smashing game than a pro-wrestling title. The game was cartoonish and stayed away from making professional wrestling seem like anything other than a combat sport. There was no grappling, the moves were exaggerated and unrealistic, and blood was replaced by the character’s symbol (Yokozuna ‘bled’ food while Bam Bam Bigelow bled flames). The characters were much more realistic than many later pro-wrestling games, but the outlandish combos and attacks, such as The Undertaker casting spirits, were clearly a way for the developers to offer a ridiculous alternative to Mortal Kombat. There were only eight playable characters and just two single-player modes. After the game was ported to consoles, publisher’s Acclaim added more multi-player and cooperative modes. In the lineage of pro wrestling games, WWF WrestleMania was clearly not the best. But it represented a significant step forward for the genre and led to WCW vs NWO World Tour in 1997, WCW vs NWO Revenge and WWF Warzone in 1998 - all landmark games that championed quality gaming over aesthetics. Do you have a Blast from the Past? Let us know at editor@ FILM 13 THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 IN BRIEF Jim Carrey apologizes to assault rifle owners Just shoot me The Lone Ranger FILM REVIEW Tom Metcalfe [email protected] ‘The Lone Ranger’ is punishingly overlong: after more than two hours of mostly witless gags and noisy action, it was an endurance test to stay seated until the end DIRECTOR: Gore Verbinski STARS: Armie Hammer Johnny Depp RUNS: 149 minutes T he Lone Ranger isn’t just a bad reboot of a cherished TV show – it’s a bad movie on its own account. I admit I didn’t have high hopes going in to the cinema, but my expectations of how bad it would be were trumped by the reality. The movie is a product of the team that delivered the hit Pirates of the Caribbean series – and the likeness is clear, but not in a good way. Everything wrong with Pirates is worse in The Lone Ranger, from the visual excesses of director Gore Verbinski, to producer Jerry Bruckheimer’s addiction to spectacle, to Johnny Depp simply playing the fool. It’s 1869, and John Reid (Armie Hammer), a greenhorn lawman just out of an Eastern law school, is headed back home to a town in Texas to be the new district attorney. But he’s travelling on the same train as an captive train robber, Butch Cavendish (William Fichtner), who’s chained up next to a Comanche warrior named Tonto (played beneath a caked layer of war paint by Johnny Depp, who establishes early on that it’s possible to overact without changing your expression.) Of course Butch escapes from the train, and our hero John joins his brother Dan and a posse of Texas Rangers to chase him down. But John is the only one left alive when Butch and his gang ambush the posse. Left for dead, John is rescued by Tonto and adopted by a white stallion dubbed Silver (played in this movie, for who knows what reason, by a mare). With a mask cut from his brother’s vest, the newly-deputised “Lone Ranger” and Tonto set off to foil the bad guys. Although this meant to be a comedy, there’s really only joke, and it’s never very funny: it’s cowboys and Indians, geddit? The dialogue is obvious and too modern, except when it’s the mock pidgin that Tonto speaks with. The script is a mish-mash of hip oneliners, cowboy clichés and a plot that tries to be clever and complex but is just distracting and tiring. There is no suspense and there are no surprises, only plot twists that announce SFX Coliseum Phuket (Central Festival) Despicable Me 2 (3D/E) [G] 11:10, 12:10, 13:20, 14:20, 15:30, 16:30, 17:40, 18:40, 19:50, 22:00 Journey to the West (DT/E sub) [13+] 20:50 The Lone Ranger (D/E) [13+] 11:00, 13:40, 16:40, 19:40, 22:35 The Lone Ranger (D/F) [13+] 12:30, 15:30, 18:30, 21:30 Odd Thomas (D/E) [15+] 17:25, 22:10 Pacific Rim (T) [TBC] 11:00, 13:50, 16:40, 19:30, 22:20 Rue Doo Ron Nan Chan Tai (T) [15+] 11:35, 13:35, 15:35, 17:35, 19:35, 21:35 Sarawat Mha Ba (T/E sub) [18+] 12:00, 14:30, 17:00, 19:30, 22:00 World War Z (T) [13+] 11:50, 14:20, 16:50, 19:20, 21:50 Actor Jim Carrey, who spoke out against gun violence after a series of deadly shootings in the United States, has apologized to assault weapon rights defenders for insulting them. Carrey had tweeted a series of insults at gun rights supporters, and last month announced he would not promote his new film Kick-Ass 2 because he now thought it was too violent. But this week Carrey took a different tack: “Asslt rifle fans,I do not agree wth u,nor do I fear u but I do love u and I’m sorry tht in my outrage I called you names.That was wrong,” the Canadian-born actor said in a Twitter posting. Minutes later, Carrey tweeted “Btw I don’t need a crisis mgr, just a conscience. Calling ppl names is inappropriate but my position on assault weapons hasn’t changed.” AFP ‘Despicable’ sequel crushes box office rivals themselves well in advance. Depp’s role involves him wearing a dead crow on his head and occasionally trying to feed it bird seed. Hammer has been directed to act like a witless fop, but he can shoot and ride like a seasoned frontiersman. The rest of the cast act mainly with their wigs and beards, as they did in the Pirates movies. Other peculiarities include the plot centering around the completion of the transcontinental railroad – which happened in Utah, more than a thousand miles from the Lone Ranger’s home in Texas. Some of the film’s best scenery is in Monument Valley – which also happens to be in Utah, and not Texas. Verbinski’s direction is big and splashy without delivering excitement or thrills. The large action set-pieces at each end of the film, which both feature a catastrophic train crash, defy both physics and any sense of drama. The movie is also punishingly overlong: after more than two hours and twenty minutes of mostly witless gags and noisy action, it was an endurance test to stay seated until the end, and when the last doomed train came steaming down the tracks, I knew I’d seen it all before: Hi-Ho Silver, Away! Despicable Me 2, a sequel to the 2010 animated blockbuster, crushed its competition at the box office over the July 4 holiday weekend in the United States. The comedy, starring villain-turneddoting-father Gru (voiced by Steve Carell) and his little yellow minions, brought in a massive $83.5 million (B2.5 billion) in its Friday through Sunday, and 142 million (B4.3 billion) since its July 2 premier for the long US holiday weekend. The film brought in more than double the three-day weekend earnings of its closest rival, The Lone Ranger. The new release starring Johnny Depp as the lawman’s sidekick Tonto debuted with only $29.2 million from Friday (B875 million), and made $48.7 million (B1.46 billion) over the long weekend. Third place went to buddy flick The Heat starring Sandra Bullock as a talented but haughty FBI agent and Melissa McCarthy as a roughand-ready Boston cop, with $24.8 million (B745 million). AFP US BOX OFFICE TOP 10 Film Gross $110M 10 Now You See Me SFC Jungceylon Phuket (Patong) Despicable Me 2 (3D/E) [G] The Hangover III (E) [15+] The Lone Ranger (E) [13+] Man of Steel (3D/E) [13+] Odd Thomas (D/E) [15+] Pacific Rim (E) Rue Doo Ron Nan Chan Tai (T) [15+] World War Z (E) [13+] Weekend gross 12:20, 14:40, 17:00, 19:20, 21:40 21:50 12:30, 15:30, 18:40, 21:40 12:10, 15:10, 20:20 18:10 13:20, 16:10, 19:00, 21:50 12:40, 14:40, 17:20, 19:50 12:00, 14:30, 17:00, 19:30, 22:00 As some movies and movie times change every Thursday morning, after The Phuket News has gone to press, the accuracy of the following information cannot be guaranteed. For up-to-date information, visit sfcinemacity.com, or call the cinemas directly: SFX Coliseum Phuket 076-209000 and SFC Jungceylon Phuket 076-600-555. 14 ENTERTAINMENT Snoop Lion and Rita Ora music video released T he Snoop Lion and Rita Ora music video, filmed at Sri Panwa and around Phuket, has been released on YouTube. The reggae-inspired single, titled Torn Apart, was released on July 1 and already has more than 831,000 views. It features the artists at the Sri Panwa hotel, at the beach, outside a temple, in Phuket Town, and other various locations around the island. Both were in Phuket in January this year to complete filming for the single. View the video at tinyurl.com/ snooprita Marathon short film month arrives in capital C inema buffs are in marathon mode in Bangkok right now, with hundreds of films on offer until August 4. The Thai Short Film and Video Festival’s “Marathon Screening” is running Tuesdays to Sundays at the Film Archive Cinematheque at Bangkok Art and Culture Centre. Every year, the Thai Film Foundation organises the long-standing short-film festival, and the growing number of entries – from 30 movies 17 years ago to more than 450 now – has confirmed its popularity and the enthusiasm of filmmakers and viewers alike. For the past decade, the organisers have screened every film submitted to them, regardless of quality or length, in the marathon screening. This is not the regular practice of film festivals around the world, which usually weed out unqualified films before screening the rest. O WEEKDAYS Breakfast with Sam & Kirsty 7am-11am Non Stop Music 9pm-7am This year, the marathon sessions will feature more than 450 films from film students as well as the general public. Screenings takes place on weekdays from 5.30pm to 8.30pm and on weekends from 11am until 8.30pm. Admission is free. After the marathon, the organiser will pick about 50 films for the actual Thai Short Film and Video Festival in August, where awards will be handed out. Bangkok Post C ongratulations to Dirk Naumann, left, who is B5,000 better off just by listening to Live 89.5. Every month your favourite radio station gives you the chance to win cash if you have one of our bumper stickers displayed on your vehicle. Mr Naumann was this month’s lucky winner. This can be a motorcycle or car as long it has a registration number. If we spot it, you are in the draw. The prize is drawn on the first of every month. These stickers are free – all you have to do is ask us for one when you see us at one of our many sponsored events or at Phuket FC’s home games. Or, you can call into our offices in Kathu and pick one up to be in the draw! ur weekly programme on Phuket Cable and KPP Cable takes us from the skies to below the seas of Phuket. First, we attended the Fin Free event at Outrigger Laguna to hear from world experts about the problems of long-term consumption of the Chinese delicacy shark-fin soup. Next we head to the skies and the Air Show and Family Picnic at Phuket Air Park, hosted by the local US Navy League to celebrate American Independence Day. A fantastic event for the family with thousands attending. Did you go? Maybe you’ll see yourself in Alice’s report. Phuket FC had a great start to the season but are now struggling with another draw last weekend. See some of the goals scored and hear Steve Johnston’s report on this vital game. Phuket Property is the island’s crystal ball into the dynamic local real estate market. Forget the real estate spin – watch Phuket Property and find out what’s really happening with rentals, property sales and developments. FRIDAY, JULY 12, 12,2013 2013 FRIDAY, JULY Justin Bieber to perform in Bangkok J ustin Bieber fans in Thailand will be happy to hear the news that the pop superstar will be holding his first official concert in Bangkok on September 26 this year. The concert, part of the Believe Tour 2013, will be the star’s first stop on the Asian leg of his global tour, and tickets are on sale now from ThaiTicketMajor outlets. Musical prodigy Justin Bieber set himself up for superstardom at the age of 12, after posting a video clip of himself spinning hits of Usher, Ne-Yo, and Stevie Wonder on YouTube. Bieber became a superstar at the age of 15 following his debut release, My World, in November 2009. He then followed that with My World 2.0 in 2010 and that same year toured North America gaining overwhelming reactions at every show. With worldwide album sales, Justin has dominated pop culture and social media—more than 43 million Facebook fans and over 40 million Twitter followers. In 2013, Justin was honoured with three more Billboard Awards: Top Male Artist; Top Social Artist; Billboard’s first-ever Milestone Award, selected by fans for musical innovation and ingenuity. Ticket prices for the Bangkok show start at B2,500 and are available from thaiticket major.com. THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 Piak Kratiam goes all out for the special event. ISLAND SCENE 15 Marine Lucchini, Chawalit “Lek”Ratanachinakorn and Walaya “Noi” Parama. BIRTHDAY CELEBRATIONS Sanaeha bar in Phuket Town celebrated its 4th anniversary on July 6 with a spectacular carnival themed party at the Yaowarat Rd venue in the island’s Old Town area. Bank and Nook in their feather costumes. Ardy looks brilliant in her flower dress. Weerapong Noipukdee gets into the spirit of the event. Oak, Neng and Chak dressed up for the occasion. 16 ISLAND SCENE THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 12,2013 2013 FRIDAY, JULY HIGH SCHOOL PROM NIGHT HeadStart International School celebrated its prom night on June 28 at the O2 Beach Club in Chalong. The students enjoyed a buffet, joke awards and a laser show, plus music played by DJs from the Gossip Club, Patong. DIVA ART ON SHOW The Pavilions celebrated the end of a successful art display by artist Surachai ‘Chai’ Sripaiboon with a diva dinner on July 5. Joanna and Warren were impressed with the art mosaic pieces. Kob and Helena with some of the art on display. Nikki Busuttil; Nargis Fakhri; and Zhanel Tyurina, Managing Director of Maikhao Dream Hotels & Resorts. FAMOUS FACE IN PHUKET Brian Woulfe, Pavilions Guest Relations Manager Simona Chimenti, Dick Kaufman and Pavilions GM Jean Christophe Nager. Maikhao Dream Hotels & Resorts recently welcomed American fashion model Nargis Fakhri, who spent time relaxing at the resort. THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 ISLAND SCENE 17 UP, UP, AND AWAY The USA 237th Birthday Party & Air Show celebrations were held at the Phuket Airpark on July 6-7. Around 3,000 people, including many families, attended the annual event, run by the Phuket US Navy League. SAYING NO TO SHARK FIN Around 50 people, including representatives from at least 30 Phuket hotels, attended the Fin Free Thailand’s Blue List event held at Outrigger Laguna Phuket Beach Resort on July 5, to raise awareness of the ills of shark fin fishing. HELPING HAND Kelly Lewis, General Manager of Indigo Pearl, and the executive management team gave donations to Baan Lung Pitak children’s home on July 5. CAPITAL SUNDOWNERS AustCham in Bangkok invited colleagues from the American Chamber of Commerce in Thailand (AmCham) to celebrate the US national day on July 4. Sundowners were held at the Sofitel So Bangkok. 18 EVENTS List your event at thephuketnews.com THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 12,2013 2013 FRIDAY, JULY RBFC Thailand 2014 Classic THE LIONS GO-KART TEAM CHAMPIONSHIPS Sport Fishing Tournament Offshore The Similan Islands 25th Proudly organised by the Rawai Beach Fishing Club, (RBFC) Phuket, Thailand. At Phuket Kart Racing, Patak Rd., Chalong 6.00pm - 8.30pm Huge cash and other prizes to be won!! Organised by Lions Club of Patong Beach in aid of Eyesight Improvement Programme for children at 3 schools 5 drivers + Team Manager Entry Fee: 6,000 Baht 57 hours of non-stop fishing! MISS GO-KARTS 2013 Beauty competition Entry Fee: Baht 250 Cash prizes for first three winners Huge media coverage! Details at www.lions-club-patong.org/activities.html or K. Jum on 081 374 2088 For further details please contact Warren Crowe or Andy Bright [email protected] Warren tel: +66 (0) 812604291 Andy tel: +66 (0) 862739948 Website: www.rawaibeachfishingclub.com Prizes include fishing trips, tackle, limited edition prints, and much more! Rawai Beach Fishing Club is an official Sponsor Club of the International Game Fishing Association. RBFC supports recreational fishing FRIDAY JUL 12 herd strives to empower. All proceeds go directly to The Good Shepherd mission. See thegoodshepherd.info. Every Sunday at 12pm - 3 pm. B1,400++ per adult, B700++ per child (Ages 5-12). Call 076 396 433. WEDNESDAY JUL 17 SUNDAY JUL 14 Curry Fridays at Navrang Mahal Every Friday, all-you-can-eat authentic Indian curry buffet, B449 net per person. 7pm-11.30pm. Call 076 286 464. Sunday Chillout Session Live Seafood & Jazz Sunday Brunch at Banyan Tree Pool Competition at Expat Hotel Pool Competition at 9pm. Expat Sports Bar, Expat Hotel, Soi Taipan, Patong. www. expatsportsbar.com. SATURDAY JUL 13 Join Banyan Tree’s indulgent LIVE Seafood Sunday brunch featuring lots of LIVE Canadian Lobsters, Tiger prawns, freshly shucked Oysters, Wagyu rump and Foie Gras. Meander from one live cooking station to the next, and don’t forget to leave room for cheese and dessert. With live Jazz music and a kids club, starting at B2,500++ per person including free flow of selected beverages. Advance bookings are highly recommended. Contact 076 372 400. Email: [email protected]. MONDAY JUL 15 BBQ All You Can Eat at Shakers Mondays and Thursdays. BBQ all you can eat: Pork, Chicken, Beef, Prawns, Fish and Squid with salad buffet, cold and hot sauces, Garlic Bread, baked potatoes, potato salad and more for B325 per person. 7pm-11pm. Located in Patong on Rat-U-Tit 200 Pee Road next to Hotel Mercure. BBQ Ribs All You Can Eat Wednesdays and Fridays. BBQ ribs all you can eat with salad buffet and potato salad for B295 per person. 7pm-11pm. Located in Patong on Rat-U-Tit 200 Pee Road next to Hotel Mercure. TUESDAY JUL 16 The Good Shepherd Merchandise Shop Open Every Wednesdays and Saturdays. Plaza Del Mar, Laguna (Behind Bake). Time: 10am to 1pm every Wednesday and 9am to noon every Saturday. We have a wide and wonderful selection of handicrafts such as toys, greeting cards, ornaments, lanterns, bags, purses and many more. You can also find exquisite arts and craft created by local residents. Pre-loved items include books, clothes and toys. Handicraft items are made by the disadvantaged members of society that The Good Shep- Sunsets Bar & Gusthouse (Patong). Chillout session every Sunday. Live music. Free Bar/B/Q from 4pm. Free pool table. Happy hour 12pm- 6pm. Karaoke. Everybody welcome. 62 Hasib Pee Road, Patong. Call Khun Joon for more Info 082 286 5171. Wednesday Ribs The ribs are dry rubbed and smoked for 6 hours then massaged with Kentucky Bourbon BBQ sauce. Full rack set: 3 course set with corn chowder and bread pudding souffle: B1,500++ per person. Must reserve. For residents order one kg full rack on Friday for takeaway on Wednesday. Pick up and pay at SALA Beach Bar 5pm-6.30pm (Happy hour) B750 net. Sorry, you must take away. Make a reservation or book your ribs with [email protected], no phone calls please. Sunday Brunch at Sails, Hilton Enjoy our lavish international buffet with friends and family each sunday at Sails! Our live band sets the mood for a relaxing afternoon with delicious food, live cooking stations, refreshing drinks and good company. Balloon artists entertain the little ones with face painting and kid activities. Half Chicken Spit Roast Tuesdays and Saturdays: Half chicken spit roast with French Fries, Salad buffet, Potato Salad & Gravy sauce for B225 per person. 7pm-11pm. Located in Patong on Rat-U-Tit 200 Pee Road next to Hotel Mercure. Live Jazz Trio at Mom Tri's Enjoy live Jazz at Mom Tri’s Kitchen. Every Wednesday and Sunday Night in the Sea Shell Bar. Sunset Happy Hour daily from 6-7pm including selected beverages by the glass and 50% off drinks. Great live music, gorgeous sunset views and Thai and international cuisine. See momtriphuket.com. THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 List your event at thephuketnews.com Sirikit, also observed as National Mother’s Artist-in-Residence, Zumba fitness sesDay (Wan Mae Haeng Chart). It is a public sions in Latitude Marquee, theme parties and more. And a popular return attraction holiday. for the youngsters at this year’s Festival be the Kidz Fun Zone, serving up afWED AUG 21 - TUE AUG 27 will ternoons of sports skills, cooking lessons, adventure and educational activities, golf excursions and outings to local amusement parks, from just B200 per session. For more information see lagunaphuket.com/events/ family-festival. Enjoy Wednesday Night Free BBQ, fish and chips or buffet every other Wednesday night 8pm at the Black Dog Bar, Soi C&N, off Rat-u-thit road, Patong. Meet all the regular ex-pats and ladies for lots of fun. Please call Joon on 082 286 5171. UPCOMING EVENTS SATURDAY JULY 20 This is a great opportunity to introduce construction materials and decorative items to the Phuket and Andaman area. Venue: Second floor, Royal Phuket City Hotel. For more information contact 076 217 199, e-mail: [email protected], See pic-phuket.com. SUNDAY JULY 28 Phuket Racing Go-Karts Circuit 2013 Electric Beach Bingo Inspired by the youth bingo movement spreading across the world, Electric Beach Bingo will combine getting your groove on with unleashing a guilty pleasure! Music will be provided by DJ Nemo Cools who will spin tunes between rounds of bingo and prizes. Admission is free and on arrival you will be given a pack with rules and bingo cards to get you started. It’s bingo but not as you know it! www.xanabeachclub.com. Architect & Engineering Exhibition 2013 Building, Construction and Décor Exhibition. Welcome to the best exhibition in Phuket and Andaman coastline for construction tools and materials and architectural design & décor items comprising a wide range of products and technology. Ethnic Chinese in Phuket believe that Por Tor Kong is a God of evil. The seventh lunar month in the Chinese calendar is believed to be the period when spirits are released. The gates are opened and spirits released to wander or revisit homes.During the festival, people bring food and nicely-decorated fruits to make offerings to Por Tor Kong to pass onto those spirits. An essential offering for the festival is a red turtle-shaped cake, large or small. They believe that turtles symbolise longevity. EVERY DAY Phuket Artists on Show Exhibition runs until October 13. VR Gallery has asked local and resident artist to display some of their favourite works. The exhibition features three local Phuket Thai artists and two resident artists. Pieces are combinations of oil on canvas, mixed media and wood. Themes range from nature, nautical, nude and abstract creating a fascinating and multifaceted display of art work. http://www.momtriphuket.com. TUE JULY 30 - THU AUG 1 Traditional Sunday Roast Angus O’Tool’s Karon Beach Asalaha Bucha Day THU JUL 25 - SUN JUL 28 Por Tor Festival Organised by Lions Clubs of Patong Beach in aid of an eyesight improvement programme for the children. Team entries welcome. For more information contact Jum on 081 374 2088 or [email protected]. MONDAY JULY 22 It celebrates the first sermon given by the Lord Buddha on the full moon day of the Asalaha (the eighth lunar month). On that day, all Three of the Triple Gem, The Buddha, The Dhamma and The Sangha, had established. It became the day that honoured the Sangha, or the community of the monks. EVENTS 19 Social Media Marketing Workshop Social Media Marketing - make it Work for YOU! Join this informative workshop to get started with the basics of Social Media (Facebook, Twitter, etc) for promoting your business online. Held at the Book Cafe, Rawai, 9-12pm, July 30 and August 1, only B2500 per person. Places are limited, book now! Contact Oasis ed. Phuket about this & other great workshops (arts, cooking, computers and more!), via info@oasisedphuket. com or 084 946 2171. MONDAY AUGUST 12 HM the Queen’s Birthday Commemorates the birthday of Queen Lunch or dinner served from 2pm. Your choice of either roast beef, chicken, loin of pork or leg of lamb served with roast & boiled potatoes, three fresh vegetables, Yorkshire pudding & gravy. Only 320 Baht, which includes a free glass of house red or white. Opposite Centara Karon Resort. See: www.otools-phuket.com Art Exhibition at Phuket Art Village Exhibition runs until July 31. Artwork includes pieces from artists from Thailand, Philippines, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia and South Korea. For more information, visit facebook.com/phuket.artvillage or call Pui on 089 4715 653. Sponsored by : Slushy FX Phuket Party hire Laguna Summer Family Festival Right through until 31 August, Latitude Marquee is transformed into a carnival playground. Enjoy the bouncy castle, and games in the Kidz Lounge. Festival attractions planned include art classes with daily event updates on FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 This week in history 1:200,000 The statisical chances that you will be murdered. 250 Number of people who have fallen from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 91 Average number of squirts from a cow’s udder needed to yield a litre of milk. 2.44 Length in metres of the index finger of the Satue of Liberty. The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, as painted by Jean-Pierre Houël. The date is clebrated as France’s national day. ■■ July 12, 1543 King Henry VIII of England marries his sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, at Hampton Court Palace. ■■ July 13, 1919 The British airship R34 lands in Norfolk, England, completing the first return journey across the Atlantic by an airship. ■■ July 14, 1789 Citizens of Paris storm the Bastille, the fortress that symbolised royal power in France, sparking the French Revolution. ■■ July 15, 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders to the British after losing the Battle of Waterloo. He is exiled to the island of Saint Helena, where he dies in 1821. ■■ July 16, 1661 The first banknotes in Europe are issued by the Swedish bank Stockholms Banco. (China had issued the first paper notes about 600 years earlier.) ■■ July 17, 1955 Disneyland is dedicated and opened by Walt Disney in Anaheim, California, at a party attended by 28,000 people, half of them holding counterfeit tickets. ■■ July 18, 1969 After a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Senator Ted Kennedy drives his car off a bridge. His passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne, dies. Crossword by Myles Mellor & Sally York SUDOKU from Philly 50. Bypass 52. Journal 54. A soft touch brings relief? 62. Mythological ferryman 63. Cunning 64. Popular Serbian folk singer 65. Gunks 66. Broke off 67. Experienced 68. Brickbat 69. Check 70. Reno calculation Down 1. Primatologist’s study 2. Mouthful 3. Cigarette brand 4. Bundle 5. Long bone 6. Back talk 7. Hunts 8. Establishes 9. Diacritical marks 10. Israeli port city 11. Fully cooked 12. Agitated state 14. Live peacefully together 20. White wine aperitif 21. Start of a refrain 24. Jolting therapy, for short 25. Wrap 26. Black tea 28. Buck passers? 30. Mawkish 31. A-list 34. J.F.K. overseer 35. Says “When?” 38. Poisoning from tainted grain 39. Mosque officials 40. Gave way 41. Bother, with at 46. Feudal sovereigns 48. Excessively 51. Jeer 53. Ptychozoon 54. Musical pieces 55. Carbon compound 56. Ancient colonnade 57. Fries, maybe 58. Posited Big Bang substance 59. E-mail, e.g. 60. ___ coffee 61. Hebrew letters Answers to this week’s Pop Quiz: 1. November; 2. In his bath; 3. Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier; 4. Douglas Engelbart; 5. Tibet. 1. In which month do Russians celebrate the October Revolution? 2. Where was Jean-Paul Marat when he was assassinated? 3. Who made the first manned hot air balloon flight? 4. Who invented the computer mouse? 5. In which country is the Potala Palace? Answers at the foot of the page. Across 1. Middle ___ 5. Federal org. 9. June honorees 13. Pull partner 14. ___ Boothe Luce 15. Clickable image 16. “Someone ___” (2006 movie) 17. Attack 18. Swiss painter Hans 19. Site of illicit bar for the leisure class? 22. Jam 23. Deodorant brand 24. Second sight 27. Unburdened 29. Out of style 32. Taiwanese girl group 33. Chesterfield, e.g. 36. Sparsely populated North Dakota city 37. Simply relax? 42. Contemptible one 43. “The Open Window” writer 44. Factor XI (abbr.) 45. OK, in a way 47. Undertake, with “out” 49. Az ___, R&B group Solutions to last week’s puzzles: THEPHUKETNEWS.COM Property PROPERTY FOR RENT FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @thephuketnews Villa in Cherng Talay: Villa in Cherng Talay, Rental - Longterm or shore term. Price: B90,000 per month ( long ) B150,000 Short term. 5 bedrooms, 5 bathrooms Internal area: 472 sq. metre on 1.2 Rai gated land. Call +66 (81) 892 0534. Beach, just outside Laguna, this new villa is available for long term rent. www.baanboosakorn.com M oder n f ur nished apts near Big Buddha available now. Studios & 2 bedrooms. Rates from 11000 baht/ mth, discounts for long-term. Incl wifi, maid, pool. Call: 086 282 6221; chalongapartment.com facebook.com/thephuketnews Luxury 3 Bedroom Pool Villa: Located 4 km from Layan Serviced Apts in Chalong: LIKE US ON FACEBOOK The Courtyard: Upper floor 10 m showroom frontage Floor area 100 s m with air/cons. Contact Khun Siriporn 081 691 0213, siriporn@islandfurni ture-phuket.com, www.thecourtyardphuket.com. Rawai Pool Villa For Sale: Beautiful Villa 550sqm. Land 2,400 sqm. with 3 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, maid's room, laundry room, home office, Western kitchen. Large mature garden, garage for 2 cars Price B32 million. Call 081 978 5181. www. myrawaivilla.com Kata Beach Apartment Sea Views: Western 1,2&3 bedroom units fully furnished, parking fully fitted teak kitchens. Granite tops Western baths, sat.TV&internet included. Masterbed with ensuite bath starting 20,000/m longterm. No party people. 084 840 1262, [email protected]. Stunning Town Home: 3 BDR + Study or 4 BDR, 4 Bathroom, Maids quarters, full AC + hot water, pool, 2 car garage, western kitchen + extra storage. A must see. Was B21million reduced to B17million including Laguna family golf membership. Call 081 737 5001. Luxury Villa for Rent: MagnifiBeach Condo, Beach 3 Min. Walk: Spacious 2-bedroom apartment for rent, long or short term, fully furnished, kitchen, 2 bathrooms. Pool, large gardens, parking, a mere 3 minute stroll to scenic Nai Harn beach. [email protected]. Vassana Residence. 2 Bedroom: Luxury 2 Bedroom, 2 Bathroom Apartment. Sea view, Swimming pool, Whirlpool. Wi-Fi, Cable TV. Only 3 Apartments in complex. Call Eng. 087 882 9604, Rus. 084 443 6811 [email protected]. cent 4 bedroom Pool Villa on the west coast of Phuket, above prestigious Kata Beach. Exceptional opulence throughout. Long & short term rental. Enquiries on 087 283 8884 or 080 690 5248. 2Shophouse for lease in Patong: Low Rent! 2 Shophouse - 2 flrs. Can make business ground floor. Huge 2nd floor fully furnished as 2 bed apartment with private bathrooms. Includes furniture. Big kitchen and living area. 084 189 7696. Freehold 2 BR in Kathu: New renovated & decorated, Large living room, Fully furnished, Shower & Jacuzzi, Mature gardens with waterfall, Security. Because of sickness NOW 3.25 MB. Call: 087 877 2320, 084 854 9889. Bungalow for rent B8,000: Nice one bedroom bungalow for rent, B8,000 per month, Mission Hills, on 1/2 Rai of land with Air Con & Internet. Call 081 892 4804 or 081 125 1873. 3 Bedroom House for rent: ACG Cricket Ground: 5 Rai raw land behind ACG clubhouse on long lease for compatible sporting facility. [email protected]. Kathu Anuphas Golf Ville, fully furnished, 15 min to Patong, 15 min to Phuket Town, 20 min to Intern. School. THB 30,000/month long term. Available immediately. Contact 087 892 6899. RPM Marina Condo: Luxury 3 beds 3 baths stunning condo. 179 SQM. Foreign freehold. Views to sea, marina, lake and mountains. 2 balconies. B16.9 million. Call: 082 493 8526. Email: [email protected] Refreshing 2BDs Phuket Town: Newly built apartment of 72 sqm. For rent, colorful and boutique design in Phuket Town. Fully furnished, kitchenette. Good location, Mae-Laun Road. Call Zhu at 089 668 3639; [email protected], see Baan PhitakTaweep-phuket.com. New House for Sales: New House for Sales low price than Project, Phanason Villages at Bang Joe for 50 Sqm, 3bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, Free contract. Contact: 089 729 9503. Patong Loft Rent: Beautiful 2 bedrooms 2 bathrooms Condo, Fully furnished complete with kitchen utensils, microwave, coffee machine, toaster etc, bed sheets, towels for 4 people, internet, tv etc. Available Nov. onwards. Call 081 4326587, 081 8915602 Business for Sale: Located in Beach House & Beach Condo For Rent: Beach house in Cape Kalim Sea View, Freehold Condo for Sale/Rent: B11.9 million, 2 minutes walk to beach, big balcony and sunset view, 180 sqm, 2 ensuite bedrooms, big living space. PhuketAREA.com, search V146. Panwa. 3 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, 1 livingroom, kitchen and diningroom for 8-12 people, outdoor relaxroom for sunset meetings (no pool, in repair) and 2-rooms condo. See phuketbeach living.com. for long term rent. Fully furnished with kitchenette, security, parking etc. Right in the middle of Patong. More info call 076 344 922 or visit bluewaterphuket.com. Luxury Condo Rent/Sale Phuket Villa Patong Beach beside Jungceylon. Fully furnished 43sqm on the 6th floor with balcony, bedroom, living room, kitchen, cable & internet, pool, gym, laundry. Rent Long Term B30,000. Contact Nus 081 893 2330, [email protected] PROPERTY FOR SALE Long Term Rental: Accommodation Available: Patong Tower apartment Luxury Condo Rent/Sale: Three bedroom modern home available for long Term Rental. This Pool Villa is close to B.I.S. Central private location. Please check out website for more details. Contact Dianne 089 469 810. https://smore.com/r5ts. 3 B e d H o u s e Te r m Fu n Cherng taly: Main bed & sitting room both air con, large kitchen. Newly renovated. Part furnished. 10 minutes. from Laguna, 15 minutes. from Surin Beach. 12,000 per month, minimum 12 moths. 087 272 5250. phetmeekha@ yahoo.com. a prime area just 50 meters from the north end of Patong Beach (close to Graceland Hotel & the roundabout on beach road) there are two commercial townhouse buildings incorporated into this sale. They are offer on a freehold basis which comes complete with a Chanote land title deed. The two 3 storey buildings sits on land measuring over 30 sq.wah. This prime real estate has been prepared for total refurbishment and is a perfect business investments for a property developer for resell potential or a business person who wants the freedom to create their own business design concept. Plans have been drawn-up to develop the property into either a 8 room or a 14 room guesthouse/apartments. 081 893 2330. Sea View Off Plan Condominiums: 65m2 Condominium. 1 Bedroom, 1 En Suite Bathroom, Living Room, Kitchen, Pool, Large Balcony and Terrace Space, Parking. Excellent investment opportunity. See property forsalephuket.co.uk. House for Sale - Chalong: Quiet stand alone villa, 3 bed, 2 - 5 star baths, 5 aircon, full furn, garden dining lush green, 50 Wah, quality new paint, excellent condition, B3.5 mil lion, f irm. Contact: peterb@inter globalau.com, 084 843 3492. 3 Rai Chanote Mangosteen Land: Beautiful square land plot next to Mangosteen Resort, 3-0-38 Rai, Chanote title, light slope, great access to Soi Saiyuan, show villa can be completed, ideal for villa or condo development. 081 536 5846. Ocean Front Villa for Sale: Luxury Condo Rent / Sale: 2 B e d r o o m , L- r o o m a n d f u l l y equipped kitchen, 160-212sqm. Very high standard with a nice view. Big balcony, swimming pool, gym. Location: Kathu, 10 min. Patong Beach, 5 min. Phuket Town and all department stores and international hospitals. Rent Long term: B45,000 – B63,500 Buy: B8,500,000 – B11,500,000. Contact 086 268 7901 or send email to: [email protected]. Andaman Beach Suite Condo Patong Beach, Phuket: Has kitchenette, terrace, TV, CD player, telephone, WIFI, has full use of hotel facilities, restaurant, room service, swimming pool, tennis courts and gym. 120mt to beach, 5 minutes to Patong. email penthouse2102@gmail. com, 089 972 3861, 089 570 1519. Luxury Ocean View Apartments for Rent in Kata and Karon: 1 or 2 bdrm, 2 bathrm, kitchen, large balcony, parking, 24 hrs security, gymnasium, swimming pool. Ph: 076 486 624 and 086 281 9311. Email: [email protected]. Beautiful home in Phuket 5.9m: Spacious open plan home - 4 bedrooms,granite top kitchen,outdoor seating,100" home cinema, LED Lighting system,Tvs,LAN & Audio every room,alarm,3 phase electric. close to Laguna. Call 086 266 2786. Luxury brand new villa, fully furnished and ready to move in, 3 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms with infinity 10 metre long swimming pool and truly beautiful sea view. Located in a small development, only 50 metres from the sea and 3 mins from Ao Po Grand Marina. For sale B19.9 million or for long term rent B150,000 per month. Call 081 343 0777, email: montha_phuket@ yahoo.com. Golf View Villa for Sale: Near British International School, state-ofthe-art villa overlooking the Loch Palm Golf Course: 4 bedrooms + maid’s room; 485 m2 built on 1,860 m2 land. B28million. Contact owner 089 724 7211. 18 CLASSIFIEDS List your classified now at thephuketnews.com PROPERTY FOR SALE House and Business for sale: 3 storey, 5 bedrooms, good location, off road parking, busy road. Contact Thai 084 630 6920, English 082 534 7410, [email protected], [email protected]. Freehold Condo For Sale: 45 Sq.m Freehold. 2 balconies (great view). 1 bedroom. 1 livingroom. 2 air conditioners. Full furniture. Internet. Cable TV. Laundry. Fresh market. Swimming pool. Gym. Restaurant. Call 080 040 9077. Beautiful Karon Villa: 3 Bed Pool Villa Pa Khlok: 3 Beds, 2 Bath 6x3m pool. Full aircon and funishings. Ready for occupation and rental. Secure estate, private parking. 6km from Heroines monument. Close to PIA, BCS and shops. 081 737 0722. Freehold House for sale: Freehold house for sale in estate in Cherng Talay. Land 735m2, floor area 230m2, 3 bedroom, 3 bathroom. Many upgrades incl new carpor t included. Price B11 million. Call 083 509 8797 for info or viewing. Modern open living villa has it all, fully furnished, private secure estate close to beach. Enjoy the private salt water pool and undercover parking, 3 large bedrooms freehold investment. 081 719 4688. Investment Proper t y for sale!: New, modern waterfront town- Studio condo on 4th floor 50s/m. Huge swimming pool, beautiful gardens, completly renovated new tiles, light, painting, new furniture, kitchen, shower and toilet. B2.5 million, Eng 085 471 9246, Thai 087 621 3405. Sales Down Payment Dcondo Mine: 7th floor. with Seaview Townhouse Patong: Bet ween the c it y and Budget Bungalows: Two Bun- galows in Chalong.2-3 bedrooms. Close to all amenities.One has room for a pool,the other is like a rain forest. From only B2,300,000. Call 081 270 4291. Email: thailandmls @gmail.com. the jungle at the northern edge of Patong. 70m alt. 10mn walk to the beach. 4 storey + 290 sqm, 3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, 1 toilet. 4 aircon, partly furnished. Email: [email protected]. A nice foreign freehold condominium for sale in Patong is located in a recently complete development of one & two bedrooms condominiums. Located on the fourth floor of a total of five. 080 052 8082. Patong Condo for sale: When only the best will do! 4 bed/pool villa in Phuketâ€™s best-kept gated community. 410 sq.mtr villa. 812 sq.mtr land. Overlooking lagoon. Beautiful. Call 081 270 4291. Email: thailandmls@ gmail.c om, w w w.phuketpremium realestate.com. Nai Harn Baan Bua: pool & lake view. Fully furnished, near Kajonkiet International School, Tesco Lotus, Big C. 10 mins to Patong. Move in Mar 2014. Only B99k. Contact: 081 694 4144, 081 307 7247, email: [email protected] FOR SALE RAWAI BEACH Singl e H ou se Sp eci al Price Rent/Sale: Nice house fully furnished with teakwood furniture, ready to move in. 240 sqm. 4 bed 4 bath, close to Kathu waterfall and market. Near Loch Palms, major stores, BIS and KIS. B45,000 per month. Call Oranwan 086 883 3169. Home Office Near Thanyapura: New 2-storey home Pool villa for sale or rent: Hillside setting. Luxurious 6 bedroom, 5 bathroom pool villa for sale or rent. Sale 20M Baht. Rent Low season Daily 6k, Weekly 36k, Monthly 80k. High season Daily 7k, Weekly 42k, Monthly 100k. One complete year 85k per month. Call 087 078 6379. SPECIAL T WIN VILL AS. 3 O R 4 B ED RO O M S, 4 B AT H R O O M S . P O O L , LARGE TERRACE, SMALL GARDEN. LIVING SPACE 400 SQM, LUXURY FURNISHED. PRICE B8,500,000. FREEHOLD. Five Bed Luxury Villa For Sale: NEW. Beautiful lakeside villa 1 Rai Land QUICK Sale in Rawai: Beautiful land with Cha- note for sale, concrete access road, Land plat, electric & facilities ready to build your home. Direct contact Thai owner K.Dallas (Poy) 089 472 9870 or [email protected]. in Surin Beach. Private estate. 5 bedroom en-suite. Unique architectural style. Private pool. THB 35.7m. To view call 083 636 0245 or villasurin7@ gmail.com. Luxury Villa in Chalong: Perfect condition, 660 sqm on 3 levels, 1,600 sqm land, 5 bedrooms, 7 bathrooms, swimming pool 12.5m x 6m with jacuzzi, large sala, double garage. Top quality construction. Reduced price: B25.5 million www.tamata-phuket.com [email protected]. 086 271 3260 or 086 273 4149. Laguna/Layan Beach Luxury 13M Salt-Water Pool Villa For Sale (Or Rent): Three large Urgent-3 Bedroom House for sale: 3 Bed, 3 Bath, 4 aircon, Rawai Great Buying: Lovely bedrooms with bathrooms in tastefully re-decorated bungalow set in mature garden plot of 550m2 within secure development for ownership and/or investment. B15.5 million. Email: [email protected]. Rawai Soi Saliga Land for Sale: Land 1 rai + 81 T/W total 1924 sqm. Does not need landscaping sale by owner land location on the top of the Soi. Tel: 084 745 4132, chanote title. INFO: 081 788 8280. EMAIL: thewhitehousekata@gmail. com. Villa with Pool for Sale: Free- Land Close to Thanyapura/PIA: Half Rai 1.3MB, 1 Seaview Land Patong: Two parcels of superior land 11 rai. Inc seaview. Main road frontage. Ideal for resor t or condominiums. B150 M . N e g o t i a b l e . ( T h a i ) 0 81 3 7 0 8114 or (Ger) 081 892 1108. Email: [email protected]. N ew Condo Kat hu For Sale/Rent: Sansiri D Condo hold 3/4 Bedroom Villa. 3 Air Con. 4k. to Ao Makarm Beach. 10x5m pool with 4th bedroom / office on other side. Plot size 104SqWah. 416Sqm. Reasonable offers. Call 089 831 4703/084 304 6723. office near Academy for sale, 280 sq metres, Chanote title, 2 beds 3 baths, nature mountain view. Main street, multiple entrances and exits. 10 minutes to Airport. Only B4.95 million. Call: 086 948 2294. This beautiful 2 storey villa has wrap around balconies, 5 bed, 5 bath, swimming pool, office and child play area, movie room, dining room for 8, maids room and laundry, Sala. Internal area: 472 sq. m. Total area: 1,920 sq. m. Call 081 892 0534. portunity! 7 studio apartments within beach front development. All 7 apartments, being offered at a discounted price to a total of 18 million baht for all of them. Call: 089 83 98 255. Email: [email protected] home at the Boat Lagoon for sale. Rented out long term at B570,000 per year. 3 bed/4 bath, 2 balconies, terrace at canal, 6 m berth in front of house. 250 sqm living space. Top condition. Luxury finishings. Brokers welcome. B9.9 million. 086 747 9292 (English) or 081 970 5204 (Thai/English). Patong Free Hold Condo: Villa in Cherng Talay: Outstanding investment Lanta: Outstanding investment op- Rai is 2.5 MB, total 3 Rai of Land, Mountain View, Chanote, 3 Mins drive to Thanyapura/PIA School, 15 Mins to Airport. Contact Marisa 084 305 6667 or marisar1978@ hotmail.com. Building 3 storey for sale: THB 26,000,000. Only 300 m. from Kata Beach. 236.25 sqm. 2 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms. For more information call K.Chavarin 089 911 8833/081 866 9253 or email: [email protected] Kathu, Fully furnished Studio type 29.7 sq.m. on 6th floor, good facilities with fitness gym and large swimming pool. Only 5 minute to Patong, Lotus, Big C, Central. By owner. Call 086 105 8144. 3 Gorgeous Lots, Clean Titles: For sale or long lease. 2 lots on island-beachfront (bungalow-/housing-estate) and 1 big mainland-nountain property all in very quiet, safe, well maintained locations near Krabi. 089 291 4671. Guesthouse for Lease in Patong: 12 rooms, good location Nanai Road.9 year lease: very low rent,strong starting, easy to manage and good return on investment. Price 1MLN. Take this opportunity. Thamad17@yahoo. com. 089 728 4005. Rawai Seaview Condo for sale: Seaview condo, freehold, 2 bedroom, 2 bathroom, 120sqm. B7.8 million, fully furnished. For more pictures and information please contact: [email protected] 2 Pool Villas next to PIA: Ready to move in, villa 1 on 1,100 sqm. land, for sale 15.9 mil and villa 2 on 2,200 sqm. land, for sale 19.9 mil baht. Brand new, each with 3 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, 12 metre swimming pool, guest bungalow with 1 bedroom 1 bathroom. Perfectly located in a development with underground electricity and security, only 800 metres from Mission Hills golf course, less than 10 mins to airpor t, Phuket International Academy and Ao Por Grand Marina. Call 081 343 0777. Email: [email protected]. fullly furnished with Chanote title, mini office 4x4, living room, European kitchen, CCTV, internet, garden. Permsap Villa Manik, 436sqm. 15min from airport. B6.8 million. Call 089 871 4172. house with 2 bedrooms or separate SC flat downstairs.Well ventilated with natural light, in pristine condition. Distant sea views. B5,500,000. Call 081 270 4291 or thailandmls@ gmail.com. See phuketpremium realestate.com. Af fordable 3 Bedroom House: Single floor, 3 bedroom, kitchen/dining area, living room, 2 toilets/showers. Aircon in each bedroom. Water tank+pump. External covered area. Chanote title: 256 sqm Quiet developed village near Heroines Monument B3.2 million. Call 087 276 0529 . B e a u t i f ul V i l l a R awa i: Beautiful 2 bed pool villa with sep maidâ€™s room or 3rd b/room. Great outdoor entertaining area. 5 minutes to all conveniences. Reduced to B9,500,000. Call 081 270 4291 or [email protected]. Patong Apartment Reduced Price: Condo 4 years old. Swimming pool, security 24/7, cafeteria. Studio 46sqm fully furnished. Freehold for foreigners. Price: 2.6MLN. Urgent sale, no agent. Tel: 089 728 4005. Email: [email protected]. THEPHUKETNEWS.COM List your classified now at thephuketnews.com PROPERTY FOR SALE CONT. F O R S A L E - K ATA BEACH CENTRE Beach Land on Koh Yao Yai: Land area 500m2, House area 164m2. 3 bed, 4 bath, fully furnished, aircon in all rooms, fans, Internet, satellite TV, swimming pool, independent water supply wells. Finish work December 2012. B8.5 million. Call 088 838 3242. Mission Heights: Luxury 3 Bed Villa For Sale: This luxury three bedroom home is located in a secure estate with security and office. It is only five minutes from Bangtao Beach and Laguna Phuket including the Laguna Phuket Golf Club and 20 minutes from Blue Canyon Country Club and Phuket International Airport. The villa comes fully furnished with luxury leather lounge suites and quality furniture, all bedding, kitchen utensils and cooking facilities. For details and inspection, see www. phuketselect.com or contact graham@ phuketselect.com or call 081 897 0225. 6.26 rai direct beachfront, power, water, road, unobstructed views, chanote title, white sand, peaceful. Only 5.8 mil baht per rai. Doesn't get much better than this! Beautiful beach land. 081 649 3557. 3 Bdrm House for sale Thalang: House for sale. 3 bedrooms and 2 baths, large living and dining room, 4 X aircons, 2 X car ports and garage. House 7 yrs 1 owner, well maintained with 135sqm living area. Land Chanote 92tw. 081 737 3116. Pool Villa Rawai: 4 Bedroom/ 4 Bathroom European style single storey house with self contained guest house and pool in Rawai on 736m2 plot. Large master bedroom with en-suite, walk in wardrobe. Modern western style kitchen with granite tops, built-ins throughout. Established 7 years. Plenty of outdoor living area with several verandahs and under cover car park, air-conditioning in all bedrooms and lounge. Situated about 2km from Chalong circle in a quiet lane 1km from Viset Road. House & Guest house 180 sqm Land area 736sqm (184TW). 3 bedrooms Master ensuite, 4 Bathrooms 7x3.5m salt water pool. Electric gate. Well water. Concrete road access. Call 087 891 9349. Laguna/Layan. Luxury private pool villas in secure development. Available now. All beds ensuite. Fully furnished. Rental programme available. B12-20 million. Contact owner: 085 549 7110. House on The Corner for Sale: Quiet location and only 500m from the main road. Thepkrasattri, Heroines Monument. 70sqw x 280sqm, 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, big living room with open - plan kitchen (9x9m), 1 separated kitchen, carpark for 3 cars and a small storehouse, 2 aircons, cable TV, 1 phone line TT&T. Price: B2,995,000 including furniture. Must see! Email: [email protected]. Call 081 607 8000. 400m from Naiyang Beach. 3 Rai 1 Tarangwah. 6.5MB per Rai. Call 087 091 8331 or email chiangmaibeltrade@hotmail. com for more information. Land for Sale: Mai Khao Prime Location Land: I will sell my piece of land Rawai Condo Sale/Rent: Sell 1.1MB, Full ownership foreverbeyond the financing plan of 10 years. Rent 9,000B/Month. Studio room renovated with furniture. A/C, WiFi, kitchen, 200m to beach. 084 242 8914. [email protected]. Price Reduced, 4beds Villa: Comfortable 4 bedrooms villa, plus maid room. Approx. 450Sq.M building, corner plot, energy saving, management service available for investor. Located in secured gate community, near British International school. info@ mindproperties.net. next to the new tourist attraction in Mai Khao. Perfect for investment in future like shops, guesthouse. Please email for mobile number and more details. [email protected]. Sea-View Chalong-Residence: Dream pool villa with 5 bedrooms all with ensuite on 1 rai of land. Big hall, office, maidâ€™s room. Brand-new construction opposite Wat Chalong on the way up to the hill. A huge 685 sq.m of living area, fully furnished. Modern Europeandesigned kitchen. Big sea view pool terraces incl sala and attractive bar area. Security alarm system. Selling price on request. By owner directly. Call 085 654 4011 or 089 404 0737. Email: [email protected]. LUXURY 1-BEDROOM APARTMENT 60 SQM. PRICE B3,400,000. LEASEHOLD. INCLUDE FURNISHINGS. INFO: 081 788 8280. EMAIL; thewhite housekata @gmail. com. 372 m2 Ideal for office or apartment / office. All floors with air condition, bathrooms, phone lines, local phone network, internet, cable TV and office furniture. Sell by owner direct. Call 081 958 3310. 3-storey Shophouse: F O R S A L E - K ATA BEACH CENTRE Resort for Sale: Resort 2 rai, with chanote. 22 double villas with kitchens, large pool and big coconut garden with own well. Restaurant and bar with satellite TV and Adsl. Opened for 15 years, with lots of repeat customers, parking, quiet. 086 940 1860. Nice Villa for Sale: Near Naiyang Beach, 3 bed & 4 bath, jacuzzi, open dining/living room, kitchen, fully furnished, aircon, garden, Sala, swimming pool, car park. Only 8.9MB. 087 091 8331 K. Nah, [email protected], dreamhousephuket.com. The Aqua pool villa-sales/ rent: In Land & House Park Phuket (Manthana Zone) Land area = 440 sqm. Home area: 300 sqm. 3 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, 1 living room and kitchen, 1 swimming pool (3m10m) out door jacuzzi and pavilion. Sales: from B9.9 - B12 million. Rent: from B85,000 - B120,000 per month. 088 751 2389. One of the last pieces of beautiful sea view land between Ao Makham and Ao Yon Road. Infrastructure done B210 million. Call 081 917 0377, 10am-5pm. 12 Rai Chanote to sell: 3 & 4 Bed Pool Villas: LUXURY 1-BEDROOM APARTMENT 60 SQM. PRICE B2,700,000. LEASEHOLD. INFO: 084 843 8720. EMAIL; thewhite housekata @ gmail. com. PATONG condos for sale: And for rent. Sea view and mountain views. Freehold from 64 to 448 sq metres. Phone no: 080 692 6114. Email: orsoreal [email protected]. Beautiful, modern Condos/Apartments, furnished, best/quiet locations, garden, s-pool, from 36-67sq metre, sea-city-mountain views, from B2,375. Call 087 819 2162 or [email protected]. House for sale near Loch Palm: Three bedroom pool vil- la in Kathu close to international schools. Views over Loch Palm. All bedrooms with aircon and ensuite bathrooms. Two car garage and secluded garden. Chanote title. Call 084 844 0991 Sales - House near By Pass: 2 Storeys single house in Rock Garden 5 Village - By Pass Road. Near town, quiet and safe. 3 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms & housekeeper's room. 2 cars parking. Nice English & German neighbours. Call 089 159 3239. Beachfront Building - Lanta: Urgent Sales! Beach front 2 Commercial buildings (3 storeys), 14 bedrooms, 16 bathrooms Klong Dow beach, Koh Lanta - Krabi. Contact owner directly - negotiable price: 081 270 8622, 084 841 5635. Luxur y Villa 3 Bedroom Pool for Rent: New villa 320sqm NEW Studio Apt in Kathu: 30 sqm, 1 bedroom, kitchen, washing machine, aircon, balcony, fully furnished. Condo with gym, 24hr security, car park. 5 mins to Patong, Loch Palm golf. Good view. B1.25 million. Call 086 947 1273. Seaview Land For Sale: Land located right in the heart of Chalong with panorama view of Chalong pier. Close to a number of sandy beaches; Naihan Rawai Kata and Karon. Easy access to major department stores. Surrounded by public facilities including education institutes and hospitals. You will benefit from a perfect location that's rapidly increasing in value. 3 rai and 1 Ngan with Chanote title. B22 millions per rai. Call 087 278 7206, 089 215 5041 e-mail: kubesjoy@ hotmail.com. Condominium in Patong for Sale: Less than 1 Km from the beach, large 2-bedroom apartment with communal swimming pool and balcony. FREEHOLD (can be foreign owned). B7.5M. Call owner 089 724 7211 or julien@phuket immo.com. Villa and farmland for sale: A big beautiful house with 7 bedrooms, 7 bathrooms, fully furnished. Located in stunning panoramic hilltop scenery in Takuapa, Phang Nga, covering an area of 127 rai. Surrounded by fertile farmland with fruit trees. Price 132MB. Contact K. Peerawat: 084 308 8484. Email: peerawat200310@hot mail.com Golf Course Land For Sale: Near British Intl School, 17 rai with public road access. Suitable for resort or housing project. Can be divided. Price: B4.5m per rai. Contact owner 089 724 7211, email: [email protected]. fully furnished. 4 bathrooms, 12m long pool, 5 min. by car to PIA, situated between Naithon and Naiyang beaches. Longterm rent B80,000 include maid and gardener service. Call 08 0 143 529 4, email: alain [email protected]. Free Hold Condo For Sale: Sea View Land for Sale: Ao Makham. 5.5 rai, B10 million per rai. Contact Siriporn 089 649 9939, email: [email protected] 43 Sq. Free hold. 1 balcony (Great view). 1 bed room. 1 living room. 2 air conditioners. Full furniture. Internet. Swimming pool. Gym.Automated door lock and key card. Call 080 040 9077. For Sale Rawai Beach Special Twin Villa. 4 suites/studios, 4 bathrooms, pool, large terrace, small garden, living space 400 sqm. Include luxury furnishing 7.5 M House and Pool Bypass Rd: Very clean 5 bedroom, 3 bathroom house with 5 x 10 metre pool 10 minutes south of Central Festival, walking distance to Kajonkiet Bilingual School. To see: 083 301 3470, email: [email protected]. Price B8.5 mllion. SMS for info: 081 788 8280 Email: [email protected] For Russian contact Oxana 080 529 0726 or Email: [email protected] 20 CLASSIFIEDS List your classified now at thephuketnews.com PROPERTY FOR SALE CONT. Modern Family House for sale: Beautiful 3 bedrooms villa in New Luxury Villa For Sale: 3 Luxurious Golf Villa @ Laguna Village: MUST BE SOLD ! Surplus to family invest needs. 3-bed, plus maid's qtrs. This home has been lovingly cared for. Leasehold/freehold. BVI status. POA. Ph 082 810 4184, [email protected] bedrooms, 5 bathrooms, living room, kitchen, private swimming pool (12 metre). House area of 600 sq.m., land 1.5 rai (2400 sq metre). Located on the shore of the ocean on the Koh Kho Khao. Email: larion2555@ gmail.com. FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 Rawai. 160sqm indoor. 400sqm outdoor. Shared swimming pool. Modern villa renovated in 2011-2012. Fully furnished. For more info: phuketvilla [email protected] Beautiful Naiharn Pool Villa: Secure private hillside by Naiharn Beach. Quality furnished throughout. 3 big bedrooms, office, 4 baths, 230 sm plus carport etc. 1050 sm land. New condition. 15x4.6m pool. Freehold. Nice. 089 727 5407. Sea-View Contemporary Pool Villla: Located near Phuket town. L and: 8 5 5 sq.m. H ouse: 650sq.m. Furnished. 3 beds, 2 offices, 2 staff quarters, 1 free room. 2 car parks. Price B54.9 mill.Tel: 081 895 3628 E-mail: jin_koy@ yahoo.com. F O R S A L E - K ATA BEACH CENTRE 2 BEDROOMS LUXE APARTMENT 135 SQM. P R I C E B 7, 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 . LEASEHOLD. INFO: 084 843 8720. EMAIL; thewhitehouse [email protected]. Surin Beach Office For Sale: Prime location Sales office/ Hot Price Sale-PuriAnda Villas: New Pool Villa in Rawai 2 Bed/3 Bath, Built-In & Partial fur. Private Pool & Jacuzzi, Sala, 500 m.to beach Price 7.9 mil.Baht with Chanot title Tel.081 691 3029, E: kris.silanachai@ yahoo.com. Mansion in Town for Sale: 359.7 sq. 43 rooms. 15 air-conditioners, 28 fans. balcony, hi-speed internet, parking, CCTV and sentry box. In & out with finger scan. Near shopping centre. B32 million. Call: 090 167 9816 (Eng), 086 300 5052(Thai). shop. Internal 144 m2, back garden 60 m2, 4 car parks, kitchen, internet, phone/ fax, TV, 5 AC. 6 yrs lease then 3 years rolling, rent B35,000, sale B1.5 million. Call 085 060 0033. 1.5 Rai Private Land Cape Yamu: 1.5 Rai flat land at Cape Yamu. 2 x 0.75 Rai adjoining plots. OrBorTor road access to quiet end of soi location. Sale direct from the owner. B3.75 Million per rai negotiable. Call 081 087 9237. Cheapest Seaview land for Sale: Panorama view of sea view golf course view mountain view land for sale. Near Mission Hills Golf course. 6 rai chanote title. B3 million per rai. 087 675 9555, email: pee_bang56@ hotmail.com. Beaut i ful L and L aguna Cherngtalay: Chanote title, yel- low zoned, save area. Nearly 4 rai, direct from owner. Subdivided in 6 plots each ca. 1,000sqm. ready to build. Only B6.75 million per rai. Call 081 367 7683, [email protected]. Seaview 1 BDRM New Condo Patong: Stunning seaview, Double your money in 5 years!: New Year special promotion: Studio in brand new, world class, eastcoast development. Never seen on Phuket; Amazing luxury at real prices. Call 080 882 1377, email: beachpro [email protected]. city view 1 bdrm condo on hill 500m from Patong beach. Fitness centre, roof top pool, security, car park, freehold. Only B4,400,000. Keith 084 628 3430, [email protected]. Lovely 6 bedroom/office.Inc: 2 bedroom SC disable flat. Pool, garden, garage, storage. Opp.Tesco in well established area. Priced to sell at B9,000,000. Call 081 270 4291. Email:[email protected]. Condo At The Heights, Kata: Immaculate 2-bed foreign- Rawai 6 Bedrooms: Rawai Beachfront Pool Villa for Rent/Sale: Rawai Beach front pool villa for sale. 3 bedrooms, furnished. Contact Siriporn on 089 649 9939. FO R S A L E - K ATA BEACH CENTRE LUXURY 1-BEDROOM APARTMENT 60 SQM. PRICE B2,900,000. LEASEHOLD. INFO: 084 843 8720. EMAIL; thewhite [email protected]. Sea View Land for Sale: Ao-Yon, 13.5 rai, chanode title.10m/ rai.Call Siri 089 649 9939, email: [email protected]. Furnished House for Sale Phuket Villa 5: 3 bedroom Patong Bangla Building for Sale: B28 million, Chanote, 4 floors 6m x 14m. 1st & 2nd tenanted. Flr 3-staff accom, bath, kitchen. Separate office with access to lower floor. 4th flr private Penthouse one bed. 087 881 7600. 4 plots (3 connecting, 1 separate) 1km north of Airport, along the road to MaiKhao Beach. Sea view towards south east. NorSor3Gor. 4.5 Rai in total. B4 million per Rai. Contact owner: 081 893 6630. SeaView near Airport: furnished house near Kajonkiet School. Secure area, Cul De Sac. Nic e gardens, t wo bathrooms. B3.5M negotiable. Call 081 370 8114 (Thai) 087 889 3838 (Eng), email:[email protected]. Amazing 3 Bedroom Villa With Swimming Pool: Guarded compound Kokyang Estate Phase II, 3 min to Nai Harn beach, modern interior design, garage, developed infrastructure. For more information: phuketbuyhouse.com/1644. Call Elena 084 305 0634. 2 Bed Thai Style House, Rawai: 110m2 Thai style house, 2 Urgent 6.1 Rai Land for Sale: 6.1 rai (10,000sq metre). - 5 minutes to Naithon Beach. 10 minutes to Naiyang Beach. 10 minutes to Airport. 7 minutes to New Tesco Lotus. - Roadside land and Chanote title. Call 085 793 2718. freehold unit in award-winning project. 195 sqm, sea view, near gym & pool. Quality furnishing throughout. Designer kitchen with utility-store. [email protected]. bedroom, 2 bathroom, living room, kitchen, dining room, office/study, upstairs balcony, large car park, high walls & electric security gate. MUST SEE! See propertyforsalephuket.co.uk. N i c e H o u s e + Po o l Fo r Sale: House with Pool for sale at Land & House area 119 sqm. Sale for B13,000,000. Contact 086 036 3944 and 086 282 7457 Khun Touch. Very Spacious European From Owner: Villa in peace3 - Bed House - Sale or Rent: Sun Palm Village, Chalong. Nai Harn / Rawai, Balinese Pool Villa, 2 years old, 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, price reduced for quick sale. Please call our Agent 082 420 70 52 or send email to [email protected]. Balinese Pool Villa: Happy Home Apartment for sale: Nice apartment, fully furnished at Rawai. The apar tment is set in a private compound with pool. It is located only 5 minutes from beach and convenient to Phuket Town. Only B15 million. Tel: 081 893 2165 www.happyho meapartmentphuket.webiz.co.th. Allamanda (Laguna) Residences/Phuket Sale/Rent: One condo unit, half of a deluxe twin house, fully furnished and equipped, set direct on the picturesque lagoon with balcony right over it. 3 bedrooms each with shower/bathroom, roof terrace. Long term rent or sale. 090 487 8084, [email protected]. Spac ious one bed room apar tment with ocean view, nor th of Patong. Floor area 96m2 internal and 72m2 terrace including water feature with sala and jacuz zi. Per fect bachelor pad with rental income. Email for info: bart [email protected]. For sale: Lounge, dining kitchen, 3 beds and 2 baths. Private swimming pool and easily maintained grounds. All furniture with fitted kitchen included. Ideal for small family or as rental investment. Contact 081 273 7326, Email: [email protected] Reduced for Quick Sale: Studio condo at The Point near Lotus, Big C, Central. Fully furnished. Great views 6th floor. Cost B2.8M. Reduced to B2.25M. Call 087 889 3838 or 081 370 8114. Email: [email protected] Land for Sale Cherngtalay: Beautiful 2,400sqm (1.5RAI) Chanote titled land plot in Pasak 8, located on the highest point of a gentle slope. Quiet and safe area. Only 8.5MB. Agents welcome. Phuketlandvilla@ hotmail.com, 089 875 9609. Donsak Beachfront Land 3 Rai: 67 metres absolute beach frontage, fully infrastructured, ready to build. Close to ferry going to Koh Samui. Chanote title. 4.5 MB for all. Email: [email protected]. Royal Kamala Condo-Sale & Rent: In Kamala. Freehold 1, 2, 3 Bedroom apartment with kitchen, living room, balcony, swimming pool, fitness, security guard, parking. Ready to move. 085-368-3009, salesdirector@ royalkamala.com Kamala 3 bed pool villa reduced: Expat owner must sell health reasons. Beautiful home, plot size 892sqm, B20 million. Additional plot 1,372sqm, price B3 million. Best buy in Kamala. No question! Call 0862695108, 0807447625 Thai. ful place in Rawai. Large living area and terrace. 3 bedrooms, 4 aircon, 3 bathrooms, 1 guest toilet. Western kitchen, garage, laundry, beautiful garden, swimming pool. 612 sqm plot, chanote title. Price B9.5 million. Contact Tanya 083 506 8345, [email protected]. Absolute Beachfront: Set on the beachfront, the ff villa offers uninterrupted sea and island views of the south east coast of Phuket. Situated between two 5 star resorts: Vijitt and EVASON near Laem Kanoi. 081 480 3834, http://www. facebook.com/Phuket.Beachfront. THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 PROPERTY IN PHUKET List your classified now at thephuketnews.com RPM Owner Direct Unique luxury condo 2 bed, 2 bath, 155sqm. Foreign FREE HOLD. Recent architect remodel. New Jacuzzi. Views to lake, mountain, marina, pool etc. Completely furnished to very high standard. Motivated owner leaving. Reduced by 600,000B. ONLY 16.9MB. Contact Brian (Owner) 089 054 4354, +632 906 435 7146, Alan 087 999 6174, [email protected]. See RoyalPhuketMarinaCondos.com for complete details. A spacious family home in Boat Lagoon. Modern contemporary style with 4+1 beds, 4 bathrooms. Large dining area, private swimming pool and fully furnished. Size 616 Sq.M. Call 076 238 948. Modern Villa in Marina: PROPERTY FOR SALE CONT. Phuket Country Club Condos: 3 Only Luxury Contemporary Condos, 1 per floor C/W lift. Located on the 15th fairway 275 M3 per floor total.Common Pool and Sundeck. Underground parking 1/unit, Floor 3 show unit complete Floors 1&2 are unfinished, waiting for owners choice of flooring and kitchens. Could still develop into one very large private home. Floors 1&2 could be offices star ting from B10 million. Or B32 million for project Partial financing available. Info contact 084 840 1262, [email protected] Great Investment Opportunity: Completed show house and infrastructure seven further plots for development. 1.5km from Mission Hills Golf Club. Please call 087 888 1761 (Aom) for details. Condominium for SALE in Patong: Freehold title, Studio type, Sales - down payment 250,000 B D Condo Mine Phuket Town by Sansiri. Finished in March 2014.Corner room on the 7th floor with nice view. 2 Bedrooms Call:089 159 3239. Sales - D Condo Mine: 32 sqm. of the living area, Furnished, 1 Bathroom, Fitted kitchen with dining area, Swimming pool, Restaurant. Call 083 103 3801 (English and Thai). Last 1 Studio of The Cleat condo (Phase 1) in Krabi Boat Lagoon, low-rise waterfront Condo built around the lagoon with Mangrove, Sea and Marina view and full facilities. Call +66(0)76 238 948. Condo in Marina: s al e Waterfront Villa in Boatlagoon: Modern style spacious town2 , 2 0 0 L and , N ai H a r n -B10.9 million for Sale: Located in Sai Yaun 9, at the back of Mangosteen hotel. Very good access , road, electric, water. Size approximately 30 by 70 metres. Chanote. Contact 087 897 0501. [email protected] Apartment for sale in Patong: Apartment for SALE in World Class Sea Views: 4 Bedroom British Colonial style house, Cape Yamu, Phuket. Amazing views spanning over 100km, as far as Krabi. Price reduced from B35 to B28 million. 086 279 6283, email: [email protected]. Patong; 50 sqm of the living area, sea-view /mountain view, furnished, Pool, 24hr security, for SALE B2.8M B3.3M. Contact +66 (0) 83 103 3801, 081 415 7774. Mission Hills. One rai. Very quiet and private, close to all services, 10 min to school, airport, beach, golf, Tesco. B3.4M. 087 276 0529 for info. Land for Sale: Urgent Sale: 6 rai Hilltop Land for sale, near Mission Hills golf club, was B4.2 million per rai now only B2.99 million per rai, full chanote, water/ elec. sea/mountain views. 087 978 5804 (Eng). Apartment on Golf Course: Prime Location 35M Lake Front: Fantastic views over the Chanote title at Cherng Talay / Pasak7 (Phuket - Surin Beach area) Phone 090 487 8084. Email: [email protected]. Land Plot for Sale: BEST SEAVIEW LAND-EVER! www.phuket-land-sale.com lake and Loch Palm. Very quiet, secluded plot but with all facilities ready to go. 1551 sqm plot, freehold leasehold with full Chanote title. 081 273 6959. Makes a good condo deal now. 1-bedroom, fully furnished, 67 sqm living area. Only B2.99 mil. Big swimming pool. Normal price B3.7 mil. Call 089 872 6895. Email: [email protected]. Amazing Sea View Penthouse: Panoramic sea view, Golf View, Kathu. Tastefully renovated large (83m2) apar tment in Phuket Country Club. Golf view. 1 bed but easily converted to 2. Store, large Western kitchen and all furniture included. Ideal (holiday) home. Contact 081 273 7326, Email: keith [email protected]. Q .9 e1 MB Land For Sale: Mission Hills. 3/4 of rai in small community, very quiet and private, close to all services, 10 min to school, airport, beach, golf, Tesco. Was B2.5M. 087 276 0529 for info. mountain view and Big Buddha. 310 sq metre, 2 beds, 2 baths with option to convert in 3 beds. Contact: Izzy +66(0)86 278 8300 or izzy. [email protected]. Superb Ocean View Lux Penhouse: B148,000 per sqm, 288 sqm of heaven plunge pool, 3 bed, 4 bath overlooking perfect panoramic ocean views. Beach shops, fabulous restaurants, nightlife all a 3 minutes walk. B42,624,000. Contact: 088 761 4030 or [email protected]. O p p o r t uni t y K no c ks: B24,500,000. Deceased Estate Absolute waterfront. Occupying a stunning location on the east coast of Phuket this five-level villa has panoramic sea views from every level. Renovation work required. 085 793 2667. See exotiqproperty.com. Ref AB-V453, email: [email protected]. Patong Loft Condo: 3 Bedroom Pool Villa, Rawai: 160m2 Private Pool Villa. 3 Bedroom, 4 Bathroom (3 En Suite), Kitchen, Dining Room, Living Room, Large Balconies & Terrace, Carport. Freehold, Chanote title. 2 minutes from beach! See proper tyforsalephuket.co.uk. house. 3 large beds/4 baths. 250 Sqm. one office area and 2 balconies. One private birth for a boat up to 6 meters behind the house. freehold/leasehold. B9.9 million. Call 082 493 8526. Email: [email protected]. 2.5 rai (N.S.-3 K document) near Kathu waterfall. 2 houses, 1 small house & 2 pools, big garage. 3 way Entrance. B28 million. Call 081 893 0540, 076 385 775 email: [email protected]. Land & House for sale: 1 R a i S e a - V i e w L a n d: Opposite Wat Chalong on the way up to the hill, Chanote, ca. 36 m x 45 m, sophisticated hillside project, proratable, B8.5 mil direct to owner: 085 65 44 0 11 or 089 40 40 737. 7 rai with 185 metres of sea frontage. Water, electricity, road and boat access, located 800 metres from Yacht Haven marina, perfect site for small beach front development. For quick sale only B5 million per rai. Tel 081 343 0777 Email: montha_phuket@ yahoo.com. Rawai Half Rai for Sale: Land plot 100 metres to Rawai Beach, about 850 sq.metre. Chanote title deed, private road with sewer, 3 phases electricity and wall around the land. Email: [email protected], call 080 530 6880. A b so lu t e B e ac h Fro n t Land: Songkla district near new deep sea port. 4.5 Rai divided into 7 Chanote plots. Reluctant sale. B4.9M the lot. Email: jmic chia@ yahoo.com or call 087 276 0529. Ocean Front Land: Ur g e n t 2 N ew A p a r tments For Sale: Because of divorce URGENT RE-SALE 2 brand new apartments. Welcome real buyers No agents. Call on +66 (0) 87 269 2274, Chrismar. Paklok Land Only B7,999/ Sqwah: Only B7,999/Sq wah at Paklok, Chanote, Mountain View, 200m from main road, 11 km from monument and 4 km to Mission Hill. Interested or want a larger size? CALL 084 305 6667, email: mari [email protected] Patong/Kalim sea view condo: Freehold, 2nd floor, corner unit, stunning sea view, pool, car park, security, best location, ca. 110sqm, 2 bedroom, German kitchen, all new, terrace, only a few metres to beach, B10.6 M 081 824 1385. East Coast Sea View Land Beachfront land for sale: 2 rai absolute amazing beachfront, few min boat ride from Phuket, facing west to sunset and views of Phuket. B13 million per rai +66 (0) 86 278 8300 or izzy.serenitygroup@ gmail.com. Patong Condo for Sale: My condo is ready for immediate sale located at Lotus Residence, a small 3-storey boutique condo of only 12 apartments total. It is located on a southern hillside above Patong Bay. Call 084 436 2540. Total 1.5 rai (2,450sq metre) on gently sloping land with sea view of Phang Nga Bay. Beautiful Beachfront Land: Absolute beach front land only 4 to 5 hours from Phuket. Why pay 30-50 million baht per Rai when you can have the best from B1.1 to B2.9 Million Baht per Rai!!! Email: thailandmls@ gmail.com. 206.4 sqm, Chanote title in Phanason residence(next to Makro). 1 min to Central festival, 5 min to town. Call 084 061 4314, 076 393 965. Land for sale: 2 separate Chanote titles each about 1,200 sq metres (4.5 and 5.5M), or will sell as one lot. Underground services. 081 273 7326, email: [email protected]. 22 CLASSIFIEDS HOME IMPROVEMENT THEPHUKETNEWS.COM HOME IMPROVEMENT FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 HOME IMPROVEMENT We believe that the success of a project is essentially based on a serious management [email protected] [email protected] 40 years experience of more than 20 years at your service in Thailand. Main Contractor: Study Project Architecture Design Construction & Management Office 3.L.H & I.C.P. Manufactory 3.L.H & I.C.P. HOME IMPROVEMENT LIKE US ON FACEBOOK facebook.com/thephuketnews FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @thephuketnews F e m a l e C o o k / H o m e m a ke r Wa n t e d: Exceptional conditions for live-in cook /homemaker for semi-retired UK/Canadian businessman. Separate high quality room with shower & T V in high - end re sor t style surroundings. Must speak English. Send resume to [email protected]. Telesales Agent Do you want the chance to earn unlimited money? Design Studio - Admin Wanted: Design Studio looking for an ambitious and organised person to join our team. Successful applicant will help with general office administration and the planning of photography shoot. Applicant must have an excellent command of English. Email: photomorphic [email protected]. Mandarin Speaking Staff: Sea Bees Diving is urgently seeking Mandarin speaking staff for diving & non-diving positions. Please send your CV and photo to [email protected]. Laguna Holiday Club is seeking Thai telesales consultants for an exciting career in the tourism industry. Ideal candidates will enjoy calling potential guests to book vacations at our resort, and earn highly attractive commissions. Proficiency in English and other languages, e.g. Mandarin, highly desirable. Send your CV to [email protected] Call for more information; 076 - 362400 Ext. 4406 www.lagunaholidayclub.com Native English Teacher: Couple Wanted: Thai couple, house & pet care, work and stay at foreigner villa, speak English, no smoking, husband as driver, wife as housekeeper. Contact: aoaphuket@ gmail.com 076 203 010. Staff wanted: 2 Thai nannies/ teachers. 1 Thai cook/cleaner. Must be able to speak English. Contact 084 442 3671. Good command in English, customer service skills, knowledge in F&B, HK, front office, Knowledge of computer basic skills, own car with driving license, working in Phang Nga -Natai Beach. Candidate send resume to: [email protected]. Office: 6/84 Srisoonthorn Rd, Cherngtalay, Thalang Phuket 83110. Call 076 527 633, 087 881 0003. Sales Staff Wanted: Phuket. Looking for experienced sales staff for new condo project in Surin. Must be able to communicate in English written and verbally. Being available on short notice is a must. Thai nationals only. Email: [email protected]. Headteacher/Coordinator wanted: Phuket International is looking for an experienced headteacher / teacher's coordinator. If you have worked in this position before please contact us for more information. Phuket International Kindergarden and School, Chalong. Email: becky201077@gmail. com. P.E. / Swim teacher wanted: Phuket International Kindergarden is looking for a experienced P.E. / Swimming teacher for our primary students. If you are certified in this field and Thai/ Philippine national please apply. Email: [email protected]. Fulltime, flexible, strong leadership and a good team player. The restaurant has an extensive menu with a focus on pizza, burgers and authentic Thai dishes. See phuket adventureminigolf.com. Chef Wanted: Class Act Media is southern Thailand's most comprehensive media company, incorporating Phuket’s leading English newspaper ‘The Phuket News’, Russian language newspaper 'Novosti Phuketa', Phuket’s leading English radio station ‘Live 89.5’, Phuket English TV 'Phuket News TV' and a a host of publications & services including ‘The Phuket Colouring book’ & ‘Phuket Ticket Master’. SALES REPRESENTATIVES Qualifications: ● Thai or Expat. ● Excellent communication and negotiation skills in Thai and English. ● Highly motivated self-starter with a positive attitude. ● Works well under pressure and has a will to succeed. We offer: ● Competitive salary, bonuses and travel expenses. ● A friendly work environment. ● Social security paid by the company. ● Excellent career progress opportunities. Interested applicants are invited to apply in person or send application with full resume indicating qualifications and experience, expected salary and recent photo to: [email protected] Tel: 076 612 550-2 ext 101 Class Act Media Co., Ltd. 99/7 Moo 1 T. Kathu A. Kathu Phuket 83120 Tel: 076 612 550-2 Fax: 076 612 553 - F&B Manager. A s si st ant Sal e s M an ager: • Thai- Male/Female, 25- Document Control Officer: Guest Service Supervisor: New Club Opening Phuket We are now seeking to fill in the following positions: Need experienced preschool teacher, 10-14 children. Start immediately, Chalong, 40 hour a week. Send resume to phuketteacher@ yahoo.com. Development Management Group Co., Ltd is searching for a Document Control Officer for our Patong Beach site. This administrative position controls documents and drawings for a construction site and is open for Thai Nationals only. Successful applicants will hold at least a vocational degree or certificate and have a minimum of 3 years of experience in office work. Need proven ability to use MS Office and good English communication skills. Knowledge of engineering or construction is a plus. Call 076 617 763, email: [email protected]. Sales Managers And Reps Wanted: Club Tropical Asia is looking for experienced Managers, TO’s & Liners for the expansion of our successful operation in Phuket and Samui. Great product and huge growth potential. 084 847 1320 or [email protected]. 35 years • Bachelor's Degree • 2 Years related sales experience • Good command of English • Good computer & communication skills • Own a car & driver license Salary + Commission + Benefits Send CV to : [email protected] - VJ / Light technician. - Flair Bartender. - Head of Security. - Singer / Dancer / Performer (female). Fluent command of English (speaking / writing). Experience in the field required. Must be hard working, flexible, professional, fun & talented. Thai applicants only. WE OFFER SOME OF THE BEST SALARIES IN PHUKET…HOWEVER WE ONLY HIRE THE BEST PEOPLE…SO HAVE YOU GOT WHAT IT TAKES? Please send updated resume with photo to: [email protected] JV Opportunity: JV Partner Sales Consultants Wanted: GB Automobiles is lookNew Hot Yoga Studio In Bangtao: New hot yoga studio in Bangtao is looking to hire enthusiastic staff - come and join our happy and healthy environment! Thai English speaking receptionist with basic accounting skills (B20k basic per month) and a customer services assistant to operate the juice bar (B15k basic per month) are required. We are also looking to hire cleaners. Please send CVs with photos to peterantonioni@ gmail.com. Class Act Media is southern Thailand's most comprehensive media company, incorporating Phuket’s leading English newspaper ‘The Phuket News’, Russian language newspaper 'Novosti Phuketa', Phuket’s leading English radio station ‘Live 89.5’, Phuket English TV 'Phuket News TV' and a a host of publications & services including ‘The Phuket Colouring book’ & ‘Phuket Ticket Master’. Editor – The Phuket News Phuket’s leading English newspaper is seeking a section editor ● You will be one of three section editors, covering the areas of Film, Weird World, Technology and Sport ● The role involves a mix of writing original content, sourcing from agencies, liaising with freelancers, and working with graphic designers on page layout ● In addition to interviews and reviews, you’ll be expected to attend events on behalf of the company – these could variously be sporting, social, and advertising-related ● Applicants should have a minimum of three years’ editorial experience at magazines or newspapers ● The role is open to both Thai and foreign nationals Applications will only be accepted by email. Please send your resume, clippings and salary expectations to: Simon Ostheimer Managing Editor, The Phuket News [email protected] Class Act Media Co., Ltd. 99/7 Moo 1 T. Kathu A. Kathu Phuket 83120 Tel: 076 612 550-2 ext 100 Fax: 076 612 553 ing for Thai nationals that are fluent in English, self motivated, with a postive attitude and desire to make above average income. Sales experience preferred but not necessary as full training provided. Contact [email protected] or call 081 938 8693. Graphic Designer: we are seeking a graphic designer / web developer / photographer. fluent english / full time / afternoon & evening. someone with their own material is preferred. M/F Thai nationals only. Email: vincent@ gossippatong.com. with a commercial focus sought for Phuket based company. New startup delivering a well-established world know building related system licensed exclusively for design, production and installation in Thailand. This is an exciting opportunity for the right partner: Chris on 081 956 2966 or Chrisnphuket@ gmail.com. Looking for people who love animals: and would like to do some volunteer work looking after sick, injured and homeless dogs in Thalang area. Contact: [email protected] Class Act Media is southern Thailand's most comprehensive media company, incorporating Phuket’s leading English newspaper ‘The Phuket News’, Russian language newspaper 'Novosti Phuketa', Phuket’s leading English radio station ‘Live 89.5’, Phuket English TV 'Phuket News TV' and a a host of publications & services including ‘The Phuket Colouring book’ & ‘Phuket Ticket Master’. Sales Support Qualifications: ● Experience in a sales environment, preferably in advertising sales in Thailand ● Thai with good English, written and spoken ● Good computer skills including all Microsoft programs, Basic graphic design Responsibilities: ● Prepare proposals and sales contracts. ● Develop and maintain sales materials and current product knowledge. ● Establish and maintain current client and potential client relationships. ● Prepare paperwork to activate and maintain advertising services. ● Coordinate with company staff to accomplish the work required to close sales. ● Collection of artwork. ● Update company data base and online email server with updated and new contact details. ● Participate in marketing events such as seminars, trade shows, and networking events. ● Assist accounts with collection of payments, when required. ● Provide on-the-job training to new sales staff. ● Other duties as assigned. Benefit: Social security will be paid by company, Phone, Fuel, and Mon – Fri working (08.30 – 18.00) Interested candidates are invited to send application with full resume in English indicating qualifications, experience, expected salary with recent photo via email to [email protected] or fax your resume to 076-612-553 Class Act Media Co., Ltd. 99/7 Moo 1 T. Kathu A. Kathu Phuket 83120 Tel: 076 612 550-2 ext 100 Fax: 076 612 553 24 CLASSIFIEDS LIKE US ON FACEBOOK facebook.com/thephuketnews FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @thephuketnews BOATS & YACHTS Fa n t a s t i c B a r g a i n: 13 Metre Wooden Hull Cruiser: Cap. 17 PAX. Wooden hull, 3.5 Fu l l y equipped 10m cruiser ready to sail away. Lots of gear & electronics. Sleeps 4. Volvo diesel. Aries windvane. Solar panels. Liferaft. GRP dinghy. ONLY B750,000. kmdelfina@yahoo. com. meters W, draws 1.5 meters, diesel engine generates 123 KW. Perfect for fishing or day tours. Fitted w Fish Finder and GPS. Was B1,500,000 now only B500,000. Call 082 414 6931, email: [email protected]. 2 2 m . I n d o n e s i a n Pi n i s i Ketch: Licensed and registered in Thailand. She is in good condition and currently working as a snorkel and sunset tour boat. For sale or long-term rental. Price negotiable for quick sale. [email protected]. Kawasaki 750Sxi Jet Ski Pro: Stand up. Trick conversion kit, R&D ride plate, Race bars with finger throttle, Hydro-turf floor mat with foot-holds, Very reliable, fast, and great fun. Very good condition. B150,000. Contact: [email protected]. Need to sell my SAILBOAT 2 mast 17 meter (50 c.v. Yanmar engine) excellent condition Fully equipped located in Chalong/Phuket valuated price B12 million Now for quick sale B5.5 million include dinghy Call French: 080 035 1626 English: 081 788 8280 Email: [email protected] Bar for sale on Soi Bangla: Luxury Yacht for Sale: For sale 2002 Bertram 510 Flybridge luxury yacht. Reduced to only USD675,000. Contact Marcus on [email protected]. Krabi Boat Lagoon: New marina sister of Phuket Boat Lagoon, ready to berthing now with marina charge 50% off and long term berth available. Well protect by sea condition and full facilities provided.Contact Khun Choo 086 281 0330. Boat Sales and Charters: Want to build or charter your own boat to get out among Phukets many islands for fishing or pleasure? Then please contact the experts on 081 270 4291 or go to www. fishingboatingthailand.com. Yacht sale 36-ft Searay: A very good condition with bedding for 5, air-con, generator, kitchenette, BBQ grill, twin propulsion, Mercruiser 5.0L bravo III DTS, raymarine chartplotter, GPS and depth sounder. B4.5 million. Call 089 647 5204. Charter Boat: 62ft Hatteras Style yacht, 35 + 4 crew, large upper deck includes website: www. char terboatsphuket.com, price B5,370,000 or best offer. email: [email protected] or 087 889 8044. Located mid-soi on Bangla, Patong Beach Contact now for best units & special offers on pre-sales. 3 years contract. Price starting B1.7million. Call 08 5887 7414 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES A Steal For A Quick Sale: 2007 Italian demo yacht Cranchi 47ft Hard Top. Fully loaded with Tropical air con, genset, Electrical winches, garage, roof, Raymarine Premium Navy, BBQ, Ice Maker, 3 Fridges, “Bose” Sound, Neon light, Twin 570HP with reliable shaft drive, under 300 hours, Brand New Condition. Euro385,000. Call: 089 971 0278, [email protected]. 2 Language & TEFL Schools: The schools are very Sale New Boat SR-18 Finished: Only B280,000. Samran Speedboat for sale - Hull Only: Excellent condition, 12.18m Fiberglass Bowrider, 12mm thick hull, 600ltr fuel tank, 150ltr water tank, licensed for 25 passengers, storage area, manual head, 5 years old, B1.4 million o.n.o, contact 076 362 300 Ext.1801. Marine. We are professional boat builders, factory located in Pattaya. This model is SR-18 fully finished. We can delivery to you place. “This price excludes engine”. Call 081 782 0921. Email: nungnapong@ hotmail.com. 6.5M RIB: New Hypalon tubing and blue cover. On a fiber glass V shaped hull. 240HP Mercury Giving comfortable cruise at 25-30Kts and 40 Kts Max Ideal for family day trips to beach skiing etc. 081 273 6959. Boutique Guesthouse & Bar: Boutique Guesthouse, Bar / Restaurant business for sale. Fully equipped rooms and bar, website and facebook page established. Well situated only three minutes walk from both Kamala beach and main road with all their amenities. B1,500,000. Contact: 084 442 7015. successful due to the high de mand of people wishing to learn Engli sh as A sia devel o ps and plays a larger par t in world affairs every day. These 2 schools are lic ensed w it h t he M inist r y of Edu c at i o n an d t h e C h a - am branch also holds a TEFL license. As part of a franchise group, you will always have on-going support for sales and training. The selling price is calculated at 5 times the net profit and with sales growth averaging over 20% year on year, your breakeven point is within 4 years. As all truly profitable business there is no negative cash f l o w. C a l l 0 81 8 4 6 919 3 . S e e insightenglish-huahin.com. 5 In 1 Business For Sale: Sale New Boat SR-21 Finished: Only B330,000. Samran Speed Boat For Sale: Steppa Fiberglass 32 feet Flybridge two 200 hp Yamaha outboard engines. Ideal for diving and tours. B850,000. Call 081 8942124. Marine. We are professional boat builders, factory located in Pattaya, This model is SR-21 fully finished. We can deliver to your place. “This price excludes engine.” Call 081 782 0921. Email: nungnapong@ hotmail.com. Speed boat for sale! Now B290,000: 6 metre body Bayliner, 200 HP (EFI) Mercury engine, Yamaha 5 HP back up engine. Blue book. Including: trailer, 2 anchors, and cover, Garmin deep sounder and fish finder brand new. Call 081 477 5637 THAI; 086 283 0082 ENG, RUS. 40FT Steel Cutter Sloop: Ready to cruise. Centrecockpit. Safe, strong German design. New Sails, 44HP Yanmar Engine, 6 Berths, solar, wind generator, BBQ, dinghy&outboard. AUD$110K. 085 378 0498, yacht.antaia@gmail. com. Guest house & Business: For sale / rent long term. 400 sq m. (N.S.-3 K document) next to Swissotel Kamala. 500 m from Kamala beach. B32 million. Call 081 893 0540, 076 385 775 email: [email protected]. Good location, 1 1/4 Rai. 1) Jungle bar, 3 TVs, 2 pool tables, seating: 65 pax, parking: 15-16 vehicles, good business. 2) Beauty salon: fully equipped. 3) Massage pallor. 4) Restaurant. 5) Indoor pub: fully equipped, stage, seating: 70 pax. Lease for 8 years+6 months left on lease. Sale: 5.7 MB. Negotiable! Contact: five.business@yahoo. com, 091 654 1720, 087 892 6204, (Russian) 085 709 9191 (Thai) (English) 091 654 1720. THEPHUKETNEWS.COM List your classified now at thephuketnews.com BUSINESS OPP. CONT. COMPANY FOR SALE PHUKET ICON BUSINESS FOR SALE PHUKET INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS COMPANY FOR SALE … ICES CO LTD ERSAL SERV IV N ORLD U W T E E H K T U PH N WITH IO T C E N N O HT C PANDS YOUR FREIG S PHUKET EX A G IN W O R G PHUKET, THAILAND SELF STORAGE, POTRA COM, PRE-FAB 470,000 USD Restaurant / Guesthouse: Established restaurant covering two shop houses with private terrace and owners apartment or 8 room guesthouse. Freehold (no lease/rent). Includes all equipment and newly renovated kitchen. Contact for details. Projected ROI 4 years. Call 081 956 3166. Restaurant/Pub: For sale in Bang Tao Beach Road. Get 10 year contract, great location 50m from Best Western Hotel & Beach. Full furniture and equipment. Price B2.5 million. Call 087 893 8590, Email: [email protected] WWW.SAFEWAYASIA.COM  20 YEAR PROFITABLE OPERATION  50 MB PLUS TURNOVER 2012 CALANDAR YEAR +66 81 892 4804, [email protected] www.phukettransport.com CONTACT PETER: [email protected] PHONE: 0848433492 Pa t o n g N ew H o t e l f o r Longterm Lease: 40 rooms URGENT Boutique Hotel for Lease: A small boutique Patong Beach hotel offer for long term lease. Location: Patong beach front ocean panoramic view. 18 rooms, aircon. internet, cable TV, telephone, safe, full furnished. Contact: 076 342 197-8, K.Thanin,K.Tum. with full furnished, TV, fridge, aircon, hot water, swimming pool, restaurant and spa. Located in Soi Nanai villa. Contact 086 300 9406. Business for sale Business only or business and property. Est 2003. Repeat business from big data base, non-tourist related soft furnising manufacturing and retail business. Genuine enquires only, no tyre kickers. Patong Massage Shop For Sale: Cosy renovated shop. Shop is located inside a hotel on a busy street directly leading to Patong Beach. Business from hotel customers as well as from many tourists going to/from Patong Beach. Email: [email protected]. Cement Production Plant: Ready Mixed Concrete Company’s factory. 446.92 Horse power. Output of workers in the production of 22 people per day at an average yield of about 100 Q/Day (B1,800/Q) average revenue per day for about B180,000. Manufacture of ready-mixed concrete. Can continue immediately. Just buy a cement truck then start delivery. Ready water source to be used for production. Address: Moo. 4 T. Maikhao Thalang Dist. Phuket 83110. Land Size: 20 rai 2 Ngan and 56 talang wah. Price: B130 Million. Contact: Mr. Lee, mobile: 081 803 7189. BUSINESS SERVICES Tile I t: Thalang. Wana Park on Srisoonthor n Rd. Phuket ’s quality tile boutique. Tiles for interior, exterior, residential, commercial. Contact 076 620 168 or 081 424 2828. Email info@ tile-asia.com. CARS FOR SALE Honda CR-V for Sale: Honda CR-V top model year 2010 for sale, engine 2400cc, 4WD White colour, black leather interior, one owner used only 43280km, very excellent condition. Contact Cat: Tel 084 744 4304 for info. Farang Food Paradise: Your specialist of imported food and drinks in Phuket. Visit our shop at the Billion Plaza, opposite Tesco Lotus. Contact: 076 612 733, 076 248 900 or visit: www.phuketfood.com. Toyota Vios For Sale: 2007 lady owner perfect condition B359,000. Tel 081 125 1873, gordon_asia@hotmail. com. For further info email [email protected]. Restaurant/Guesthouse for sale: Located in Kamala. 40 metres to the beach. 10 rooms with full furnishings. Restaurant 54 seat. Price B8 million. For more information call 081 396 0033. Bar for sale: Very Busy Mushroom bar for sale in Soi Bel Air. Wally Bar, all stock, T.V. sound system, beer boxes and fridges included in sale, rent, only B10,000 monthly. Only B600,000 ono. 086 725 0771. WRITE YOUR CLASSIFIED PREMIUM: PAY ONCE PER MONTH B2,799+VAT. PAY ONCE PER MONTH WILL RUN ONLINE FOR 30 DAYS AND IN 4 ISSUES OF THE PRINT EDITION PER MONTH. Sport Club for Sale by Owner: Set on 4 rai land with 25 year lease for sale. Well situated in fast developing and sought after area close to Laguna. Some fixed rent applies. Contact 087 884 0644 for more info. 2 Rai, Cherngtalay: INCLUDES 1 PICTURE IN THE PAPER AND 10 PICTURES ONLINE. full chanote title. Include tennis court, volleyball court, fishing lake, game room, restaurant and bar and separate guest bungalow for sale or long term lease. Call +66 81 569 6026, +61 498 248 656 (English & Thai) Email:patbittersweet@gmail. com. See www.phuketsport.com. Headline: ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... Body: Good location, Rawai Area. 1) Big Bar, 3 TVs, 2 pool tables, seating: 60 pax, parking: 10 vehicles, good business. 2) Massage parlor – leased out 3) Beauty salon: fully equipped. Lease 8 years+6 months left on lease - Have owned business for 8 years - Sale: 2.9 MB. Negotiable! 087 892 6204, 091 654 1720. 3 Business For Sale: Sale Bar, Hotel + 1 Shop Rawai Beach: Land plot 700 sq metre+building+10 bed+10 bath+2 restaurants. Newly renovated. Private financing by owner. Down B2 million + 13 yearly payment of 1MB. Own forever title land. 100 metres to Rawai landing pier. 084 242 8914, rawai4@ yahoo.com. Good location, Rawai Area -1) Restaurant – 40 pax - leased out 2) Indoor pub: fully equipped, disco - stage, seating:70 pax. Lease - 8 years+6 months left on lease.Sale:2.9 MB Negotiable. 087 892 6204, 087 244 1322, 091 654 1720. 2 Business For Sale: G u e s t h o u se Ca f e B a r Karon Beach: Easily managed profitable business lease 5.2M. Fully refurbished, 6 year contract(fully pre-paid). Low rent. Busy Soi 2minutes from the beach. 5 beautiful en-suite rooms. Sports bar, fully fitted kitchen and restaurant area. Account available. Call 081 891 9461 / livingroom-phuket.com. ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... Urgent banner B199 Box B199 Colour Background B199 Colour Headlines B199 INCLUDE NOVOSTI PHUKETA PHUKET’S ONLY RUSSIAN NEWSPAPER (FREE TRANSLATION TO RUSSIAN) B1,699+VAT. DEADLINE: MONDAY 11.59PM (MIDNIGHT) FOR THAT WEEKS ISSUE Hand this in at agent shops, our office or fax: 076 612 553 26 CLASSIFIEDS BUY & SELL IN PHUKET CAR FOR SALES CONT. Commuter Van For Sale: 2012 Toyota Commuter Van – Low mileage 13,500 Kilo Meter. Loaded, leather seats, Back Up camera, Video System. Only B900,000. Contact via email: martin@phuketfish boat.com. List your classified now at thephuketnews.com POOL TABLES Isuzu Dmax 2006, 105,000km, one owner, 4x2, silver automatic, double cab, good condition. Contact 087 079 0650 or 080 073 5371. Isuzu Dmax: Nissan NV 1.6 Pick up: Had car for 6 years, no problems, excellent condition engine, body, automatic, overnight lock, very good ride. B150,000. Pure Honda rotary mower, like new. Call English 082 516 8717, Thai 086 079 0890. FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 H o n d a C R- V 2 0 0 2 / G o l d 64,000 Km: Used cars -Honda CR-V 2.0E (i-VTEC) with clean condition and no bad accidents. Top and full option with complete book service and manual. Year:2002,Engine Size: 2000 cc.,Fuel: Petrol.081 818 9696. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS FOR SALE Best buy / Best Price!: Phuket Pool Tables offer you the best deals on 2 models of our pool tables, 4’x8’, slate bed, full accessories included, free installation and advise. Come, try, and play before you buy it. Call 081 823 4627. PET ADOPTION Online health food in Thailand. Good karma, all natural, healthy, and organic products. Please contact 082 276 1675, w w w.good karmathailand.com. Health Food: Mercedes E220 For Sale: Nissan NV 1.6 Pick Up, 2006: My name is Tida, only the other day my owner told me to find a new home that she had enough of me and I’m too old or she will put me outside, can you believe that after 3 years of faithful service I took her wherever she wanted to go and never never let her down once. One hand, private. Only 96,000 km. Looks like new. The car is totally revised for B100,000. Fast and agile. B220,000. Contact Yupin English and Thai: 081 817 4805. Hi Every One: Now I’m looking for new owner, she must be nice to me, please buy me as I don’t want to sleep outside. I’m still very young, only just over 3 years old, I have a big heart and strong legs as I do not travel much. I’m fully automatic and come with all trimmings. B430,000, first class insurance for 1 year + register for 1 year. Please don’t call her, call my friend John 087 276 0529 if you want to see me. Mercedes E220 Year 1995 for urgent sale, great condition, always ser viced on time, drives like a dream. Price: B370,000 negotiable. Contact: Mr. Lee on 081 803 7189. CHILDREN’S CLUB Family sports and leisure club. Swimming/golf/ playcentre/ gaming arcade. Contact 076 203 185, 087 882 5544. See funstartphuket. com. FunStart: Toyota Hilux VIGO 4 x4 Auto: Toyota Hilux VIGO, 4 door, 4x4, 3.0 Diesel, model 2007, mileage 87,000 km only, first owner, all service by Toyota, new tires, beige interior, Alpha Canopy/front Bull bar. Call 086 943 8989 Chalong. CHILDCARE Phuket’s oldest international childcare facility. High-quality, time-proven schedule and curriculum. Now in brand-new purpose-built school. Experienced native English teachers to teach ages 1 1/2-8. Mon-Fri 8am-5pm. Bus service available from Patong, Karon, Kata, Phuket, Rawai and Chalong. Tel: 076 384 638, 080 624 7060. Website: www.budsphuket.com. SOVEREIGN “Miami Silver” American Pool Table: Call us about Special Discount Motorbike Trailer with Tow bar: Professionally built motorbike trailer, with tow bar and coupling. Cost B45,000 to build, will sell for B25,000. Ideal for dog caring or shopping. Very stable. Please ring 084 858 1917. MOVING & STORAGE Buds Nursery: Mini Cooper S JCW GP for sale: Only 2000 made worldwide. Per fect condition, 20 0 6, manual, 17,500 km, 218 hp supercharged, high end hifi, Recaro seats, Book Service, Ultimate Mini. Collectors item. B1.6m, 089 866 3756 (Eng/Th) frankdreist@ hotmail.com. HONDA CIT Y '03 1.5AT, 118XXXkm: Very reliable and user-friendly car, carefully used for last 3 years. Good condition with some wears. Clean interior, good car audio, fresh tires. Best choice for young family. Honda serviced only. Price B218,000. Call 083 102 0070. CLUBS & MEMBERSHIPS We Sell Boxes & Moving Supplies: At MY STORAGE Self Storage you can buy quality moving and packing supplies like individual boxes, bubble wrap, packing tapes & knives plus secure padlocks. We also help you to move and store. Call 076 292 909. PERSONAL SERVICES Mum & Puppy Need a Home Lady & Yam-Lai are abandoned and in desperate need of a loving home. Mum 1.5 years & Puppy 4 Months old female. I have boarded them at Surin Beach Pet Hospital. But this is not a long term solution and the dogs can not just be put out on the street as they need an owner. They are both the most beautiful girls who want nothing more than you to love them. or Low season Rent Rate for Coinoperated Bar table or Profit sharing at PATANAKARN BILLIARDS Phuket Showroom Opening. Call 081 171 2121, 076 521 211. See patana.co.th SPORTING GOODS & EXERCISE Kite Surf Equipment for Sale: 2 new boards, never used. 2 Kites, used 2-3 times. New price was more then 200,000 Baht. Sell altogether for 100,000 Baht. For single items please call: 086 747 9292 (English) or 081 970 520. Wonderful with other dogs and great with children. Beautiful loving well mannered girls. They can go together or separately. Call 081 271 3211, email: sonyaklapko@yahoo. com. Why buy a pet?: Soi Dog Foundation have over 300 beautiful dogs and puppies available for adoption. Fully vaccinated and sterilised. Contact 085 574 4258 or email: [email protected]. Custom Trek MTB HardTail: Trek 8 Series Alu Frame, 20.5 inch (180 cm+) pimped in white. Fuji/ XT/ Deore drive train. XT SIS disk Brakes, Custom Alex/ Veulta wheels, Sock Shox SID Team front shox. SuperFly bike. Call 081 737 0722. 7th Floor Suites (Hotel) Building For Sale Phuket Country Club Membership: Lifetime full family mem- bership (man, wife and limitless kids) at Phuket Country Club. Seller leaving Phuket hence only B570,000 ono. Transfer fees and this years subscription included. Call 081 273 7326. Kata Beach Center 9 apar tments and a 300 sqm Penthouse on the roof plus fully equipped restaurant and pool with terrace are free of rent and now available. Blue Canyon Golf Membership: Blue Canyon Golf Lifetime Price total 38 million Baht (9.50.000.euro) include chanote and Thai company. membership for sale! Excellent saving! B89,500 Call 084 052 2277. For serious interest email: [email protected] for RUSSIAN; Ms. Oxana Email: [email protected] Golf M emb er ship for Sale: Loch Palm 500,000 Baht. Buyer pays for transfer. 083 388 5566. Email [email protected] COOKING CLASS Phuket Cooking Academy: Cooking and baking classes have never been more fun using our topclass professional facilities. With complimentary transport from around the island, head to the best Masterchef kitchen on the island. Learn the tricks of the trade from international award winning Chef, Lionel Raiffort. Learn how to cook, from Thai & European cuisines, to the art of baking. Get involved and make a day of it, groups are welcome. For more information, visit www.phuket-cooking-academy. com or call 081 821 4064. WE ARE LOOKING FOR A NEW HOME Backgammon: Players Wanted. Tel: 081 577 8443, email: phuketcon [email protected] Looking for a VISA Service? Visa to China, India or Shenzen & no need to fly to Bangkok. Check all procedures by email to jryjariya@ gmail.com or contact 080 887 4431. Several rescued dogs, cute, cuddly & groomed ready to be loved. For more photos visit ww.doggieheaven.net Or contact: [email protected] **Vaccinated & sterilised THEPHUKETNEWS.COM Irish Times upset PC&H win streak FOOTBALL R ound Five of the Phuket Super 6 soccer league saw a surprise result in Division 1, when the lastranked team beat the league leaders and the leading pack narrowed the gap on Phuket Condos & Homes. Meanwhile the top of the ladder remains tight in Division 2, where a single point separates the top four teams. Division 1 Phuket Condos & Homes v Irish Times: 2 – 3 The shock result of the week as unbeaten PC&H took a fall against the struggling Irish Times team. PC&H were in the lead by two goals to nil at the break, but Irish Times refused to capitulate. They came back to score three goals and inflict the first loss of the season on PC&H. TT Boys v Shakers FC: 1–0 Another intense affair with a single goal in the game. TT Boys took the lead early, and although Shakers pressed for an equalizer they could never find the back of the net. Joy Dive FC v Great Bangkok: 4 – 0 Joy Dive are back in style again after this well-played 4-0 win against Thai team Great Bangkok that leapfrogged them on the table. Division 2 Big Apple & Pita v Rose United: 3 – 1 Big Apple & Pita are equal on points with Rose United after inflicting this 3-1 win on the Division 2 table-toppers. That’s impressive! Mr Moo v 9th Floor: 4 – 0 Mr Moo have rejuvenated their season with their second win in as many games. This time struggling 9th Floor took the loss. KTM Phuket v Sovrana Lounge Bar: 4 – 3 Thai team KTM Phuket continued their climb up the table with this close win against Sovrana Lounge Bar. Gang Junior v Phuket Serenity Villas: 3 – 2 Gang Junior closed in on the top teams with this narrow victory against PSH, who have suffered a drop in form recently. Division 3 Nong Ice FC v Daohang FC: 3 – 8 Daohang FC made no mistakes as they continued their winning spree with this decisive win against Nong Ice FC. Bat Fire v Two Chefs: 7 – 4 Bat Fire secured a big win against struggling Two Chefs. Mew FC v Banana FC: 3–2 Mew FC managed a narrow win against table-jumbos Banana FC. Grizzly’s FC v Raumpheun Coffee Club: 6 – 3 Grizzly’s FC consolidated their second-place spot with this win against Raum-pheun. SURF SPOT Tim Campbell [email protected] Phuket Super Six League Division 1 Team 4 Hash House Harriers Run 1429: 4pm Saturday, July 13 Hare: Figjam Phuket hashers on last weekend’s run in Pa Khlok, where runners and walkers followed a trail through bog holes and a river, concluding with fireworks at the Phuket Airpark. The most active club in Phuket with monthly events. Retail outlet at Wana Park, Cherng Talay (Manik). To join the club or see our products visit andaman-wine-club.com 27 Directions: Manik Dam. Approximately 3.7km west from Heroines monument or 3.7km east from Cherng Talay lights, turn south on the road to Manik Dam and follow for 1.3km. Turn left (HHH signs) and after just 50m left again onto dirt road. Follow signs 1km to the laager. More info: www.phuket-hhh.com LETS GO TO THE TENNIS: now, you don’t sit at a tennis court and marvel at how well the line markings are drawn. And you don’t go to a football pitch and wonder over how the goal posts stand upright. But you can sit and stare at the playing field of a surfer for hours. Many times as I sit in the water waiting for the next set to roll through, I’ll see men, woman and children with puzzled but amused faces just sitting on land soaking up all the action. People relaxing on the beach on a normal day find the rolling breaking waves soothing and intriguing, as a wave takes its beautiful shape then crashes into nothing, only to have another take its place. Since surfers have come along they have added more of a spectacle to the ocean. Beach onlookers are now treated to some free entertainment as they enjoy their cold coconuts and som tum ‘pet nit noi’. Surfing in the 1970s portrayed a ‘style’ of riding the waves. It was all about how good you looked on the wave, carving the wave up and down like a snake, trying to see how high you could get and then turning sharply back down again. Now the most watched surfer in the water is the one who is doing the fanciest manoeuvres. Top surfers are now performing tricks that were once unheard of or thought impossible. Leading the local charge is Phuket’s Amnad Cherasamun (pictured above). Next time you’re thinking, ‘hmm what can we do today?’ take the family down to the beach and take in the show of surfers strutting their stuff, proving they have the skills to be a surf rock star. Be careful though, it’s contagious, and the more you watch the more you will want to throw down that coconut and join the excitement! We have had some perfect, clean, fun waves this week around Phuket. If you want to know where to go, shout out: [email protected] Tim’s Tip: your eyes are your steering-wheel, your body will follow wherever your eyes go, so DON’T LOOK DOWN – look along the wave. Surf’s up Phuket! Tim Campbell www.skylaphuket.com 28 PHUKET SPORT Village and Laguna wins open T20 league THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 CRICKET he Outrigger T20 league kicked off at the ACG on July 7 with an action-packed double header. In the first match, the Village took on last season’s finalists Island Cricket Club (ICC), while defending champions Laguna took on arch rivals Patong in the second 20-over match of the day at the Alan Cooke Ground in Phuket’s Thalang district. After a disappointing showing in the recently completed senior league season, the Village team had been hard at practice in recent weeks and were keen to prove themselves a force to be reckoned with. After being put into bat, all that hard work seemed to pay dividends and the Village posted a high scoring total 176-6 from their 20 overs. Openers Martin Foster (30) and captain, Paul Stamp (69) posted an impressive 99 run partnership. Stamp was particularly punishing, smashing 5 sixes and 5 fours from just 42 balls. But the momentum soon slowed, and ICC fought back to claim several more wickets cheaply until Diwan Mydeen (28 not out from 14 balls) came into the middle and brought the innings home with a hard-tobeat total of 176 runs. He was aided by some wayward bowling from ICC which included 20 wides. After the break, ICC knew a run-rate of more than 8 runs T Stormy seas, and a dire warning Village captain Paul Stamp scored 69 runs in the T20 opener. Photo: Michael Way per over was going to be a difficult but not impossible task. But they got off to a shaky start, losing opener Ravi Naik (7) in just the 3rd over with the score on 15. Stalwarts Surender Kumar (19) and Vikram Sharma (26) steadied the innings until Kumar fell. Apart from Deepak Mehra (13) and A Mushtaq (10), no other ICC batsmen managed to reach double figures and the side could only manage 122-9 in return, with Diwan Mydeen and Craig Murphy both claiming a treble of wickets each, and the Village claimed a decisive victory. In the afternoon session, Patong took on defending Outrigger league leaders Laguna, hoping to redeem themselves for their loss to Laguna in the JLL Hotels league final. After Patong won the toss and elected to bat in the hope of setting a high score to defend. They got off to a solid start with openers Mike Khan (17) and Seemant Raju (37) putting on a 38 run partnership before Khan fell in the 7th over. But none of the remaining Patong batsmen managed to reach double figures, and the team limped to post a total of 100-9 from their 20 overs. This was mainly due to an impressive bowling display by Sami Ullah (4 wickets for 8 runs) who was well-supported by the other Laguna bowlers and backed up in the field. Laguna got off to a quick start when they took the crease, with openers Darren Shaw (26) and captain Stuart Reading (20) scoring at 10 runs an over, until Reading fell with the score on 44 in the 5th over. Roly Cooper (18) also looked impressive until he was bowled by Raju with the score on 80. Val Guiraud (10 not out) and Damian Clowes (9 not out) then guided the innings home to reach their target of 101-4 in 16.1 overs. Another double-header of T20 cricketing action takes place at the Alan Cooke Ground next Sunday (July 14) when the Village takes on Patong and the ICC takes on the Phuket youth team, comprised mainly of young Thai cricketing talent. The play commences at 10.30 am and all are welcome to come along to the pavilion at the ACG in Thalang and watch Phuket’s growing cricket scene. For more information please contact chairman@ phuketcricketgroup.com or visit www.phuketcricketgroup. com RBFC Thailand 2014 ‘Classic’ Fishing Tournament SPONSORED FOLLOWING ON FROM the success of its 3rd Wahoo Thailand sport fishing tournament in February 2013, the Rawai Beach Sport Fishing Club has announced details of next year’s tournament, now with a new name. T he R BFC T h a i la nd 2014 “Classic” Sport Fishing Tournament will be held from February 24-25, 2014, offshore from the beautiful Similan Islands, 70 nautical miles northwest of Phuket and renowned as Thailand’s premium sport fishing area. As always, the prize monies offered are the biggest in Asia for a sports fishing tournament. The tournament boats usually cruise up to the Similans the day before the fishing starts, and the round trip makes for a very enjoyable four-day stay amid the spectacular scenery of one of Asia’s most sought after destinations. T he orga n ise r s have already had about 20 inquiries about places in next year’s tournament, including teams from Australia, Canada, South Africa, Germany, Dubai, Oman, USA, Hong Kong, the UK and Singapore. A number of game fishing boats are still available over the tournament period, so team enquiries should be forwarded to organiser Warren Crowe at info@rawaibeachfishingclub. com before they all go. Several sponsors have also confirmed their involvement in next year’s RBFC tournament, including Wahoo Charters, The Phuket News, IRE and PPI, and other companies interested in sponsorship opportunities can also email Mr Crowe. CAST AWAY Jim Stewart [email protected] HI AGAIN MY FELLOW Fisheroos. The end of June was definitely not for the fairweather fishermen among us, with three-metre seas, rain and high winds making our sporting adventures uncomfortable if not downright dangerous. The high winds and waves also took their toll on the “new” Chalong marina, where bad design and poor workmanship has left the walkways in an extremely treacherous condition. Large holes and loose flooring are the latest hazard to be negotiated when going to sea from this jinxed project. This following closely after the buoys fiasco that led to the sinking of the Russian “booze cruise” boat, it seems to me the powers that be seem only too happy to spend money without supervising the efforts of landlubber contractors who perhaps should not be trusted to build with Lego blocks. It may be just me, but at this time of year everything seems to drift into a negative vein, which has now been topped off with the latest Greenpeace report on Thailand’s fishing stocks. I quote: “Thailand’s seas are rapidly approaching a danger zone ... hundreds of commercial vessels were operating daily in the gulf and destroying all marine life in their wake ... if this continues, Thai oceans will become barren and lifeless … In the next five or ten years, if we do not try to fix the situation and protect resources, fish stocks or fish populations will reach below numbers that will no longer be productive.” Sad to say I can only concur, for as any sports fisherman who has been in these waters for a number of years will tell you, “every year the fish are getting fewer and smaller.” Some of us can remember when a sailfish or even a marlin catch was a weekly if not daily occurrence. Now I wonder why we bother working a catch and release policy for bill fish, as we just seem leave more for the commercial boats who don’t give a toss for our conservation efforts. You can argue that Europeans did the same to the North Sea, but “two wrongs don’t make a right.” So everyone please, PLEASE, suppor t the Greenpeace initiative and back their sustainable fishing policy in the waters that many of us have grown to know and love. It’s in everyone’s interests, as the war between conservationists and commercial boats cannot be won. The fishing business owners may get a short term financial gain but in the long term, as in most wars, everyone loses. To end on a lighter note: I have often said that fishing always improves after a good “stir-up” by stormy weather, and on one of the few days we could get out our boat we landed two 4 kg rainbow runners, the largest I have seen locally. The next day, 14 yearold Anthony from New Zealand (pictured above at left) on MV Hooker with the Phuket Game Fishing Club caught and released his first sailfish, from all accounts he handled himself like a real pro. Well done Anthony. Tight lines Jimmy www.fishinginphuket.com THEPHUKETNEWS.COM P 3 huket FC were denied their first home win of the second half of the season when visiting Big Bang Chula United (BBCCU FC) scored a last minute equaliser at Surakul stadium on Saturday (July 6). Phuket fielded their new midfielder Alef Pochi for this match and benched their Brazilian star Dudu Purcino. Goalkeeping duty fell to Phuket’ Adisak Doungsri, since teen keeoer Kampon Pathomakkakul has been called back to SCG Muang Thong. BBCU were missing their key players Pichet In-Bang and Moussa Sylla, and their coach was aiming for a draw at Surakul with his lineup. But only two minutes after kick off, the cheering Phuket FC fans were stunned into silence by BBCU’s Bouba Abbo, who moved swiftly to head in the ball that his teammate sent from a corner kick and gave the Big Bang a very early lead. At one goal down so early in the game, Phuket FC pushed on for an equalizer all through the first half hour, but the Is- Phuket’s new Cameroonian striker Ludo Takam (second from right) scores the Islander’s second goal against BBCU FC at Surakul Stadium on Saturday. Photo: Noksanarm landers’ game couldn’t quite connect, while BBCU turned to defence and waited for their chance to counter-play. Phuket’s first goal came not from their own doing, but from a BBCU defender. A pass from Thongchai on the left to Giorgi Tzimakuridze went too high for the Georgian’s leap, and the ball fell in front of the goal. The BBCU player tried to clear the ball out, but he clipped it at the wrong angle and sent it into his own net, handing Phuket their equalizer. Both teams spent the rest of the first half trying to score a lead. Phuket FC were reduced to 10 men as additional time was called, when Alef Pochi received his second yellow card, and half-time arrived with the score on 1-1. Phuket FC came out in the second half one man down, but they seemed in tune and played together better than in their first half. Jakkapong Somboon played very well on the wing, and at one point set up a header for Eak-artit Somjit, but the Big Bang keeeper tipped the shot away. Later Phuket missed another chance to take a lead when Giorgi scrubbed a shot from four yards after a pass from Piyawat. Phuket’s Coach Paniphol Kaeyerdaem next sent on two new players only few minutes apart: Sukree E-tae, a highspeed striker from Chonburi FC, and Ludo Takam, a Cameroonian striker from Insee Police United FC. Spending spree at Phuket FC COMMENT Kazira Hans [email protected] IT’S ONLY BEEN TWO weeks since the Thai football transfer window opened, but Phuket FC has been spending big, signing up 10 new players to join the team to the remaining games of the Thai Division 1 season. It seems that Phuket have decided that this is not the time to build success, but to buy it, like Manchester City. Phuket has signed new players to practically every position in the past two weeks, except perhaps a new goalkeeper – with Kampon now back with Muang Thong Utd, the Islanders are putting their faith in Adisak Doungsri and Ninuruddin Nideha. But if they are now building a new Phuket FC, what good will it do with only 17 league games left this season? It’s true that the new highly-skilled, TPL-grade players like Alef Pochi, Ludovick “Ludo” Takam and Sukree E-tae will be able to quickly get in tune with their new team, and will be a tremendous boost for Phuket FC. But the competition is fierce, and my rough calculations have got me worried. In order for a shot at the top three promotion berths, Phuket FC will have to bag at least 70 points at the end of the season. That means that they have to win at least – and I kid you not – 15 games out of the remaining 17 matches. That would be enough to give them 45 points, all the while praying that the other top teams lose a lot. But somehow I think it will take more than just 10 new players, even with the three names above, to make that happen. The new duo worked well together and caused trouble for BBCU’s defenders and keeper. Their efforts paid off nearly 20 minutes later, when Ludo netted from a Sukree pass and put Phuket into a 2-1 lead. BBCU now got aggressive in the last 10 minutes of the game, determined to equalize. They tried hard to stop the attacks from Sukree and Ludo, and two BBCU defenders were booked for committing fouls. A few minutes later Phuket sent on yet another new player, Chatchai, a centre back from Rayong United, to help with the Islanders’ defence. When four minutes of additional time were called, some Phuket fans started shuffling out of the stadium, smiling and thinking the team had bagged MP W a home win and three valuable league points. But their joy was shattered only a minute before full time, when a throw-in by BBCU was tapped down the pitch by a defender who pushed forward into Phuket FC’s half. After taking the ball 35 yeards he took a shot at the Phuket goal and got very lucky – the ball shot past keeper Adisak and earned a last minute equaliser for the visitors, to the shock and disbelief of more than 3000 Phuket fans present. Phuket FC are now in GD Pts 43 eighth place in the Yamaha League 1/Thai Division 1, with one game in hand. They next play tomorrow (Saturday, June 13) at Surakul Stadium against PTT Rayong, in the remaining 40 minutes of a game abandoned last month during a torrential cloudburst with the score on nil-all. The Phuket News is the official media partner fo r Ph u ke t FC , a n d publishes the Match Guide available FREE at each home game. 30 PHUKET/WORLD SPORT Phuket SUPERKIDZ gear up for racing SPONSORED Island triathlete takes Bangkok honours TRIATHLON P huket-based triathlete Ekkarat “Ricky” Phanthip won first place in his triathlon age group and first overall in the duathlon event at the Bangkok Triathlon on Sunday, July 7. Mr Phanthip, the coach of the Phuket Born Free to Run club, completed a 5 km run, a 27 km bike ride and a final 5 km run. His bike suffered a flat tyre just before the race started but he managed to get it changed quickly, and won with a time of 1 hour 23 minutes. He was sponsored in the Bangkok Triathlon by the Phuket Community Foundation, which also sponsors the Born Free to Run club. Mr Phanthip’s next races will be a duathlon in Phatthalung province and by the 2013 Hua Hin triathlon in August. “In Phuket most of the time I win fun run races of about five kilometres. So I think I can call myself the King of the FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 Fun Run,” says Mr Phanthip. He’s also devoted to the Phuket Born Free to Run club, his “dream project.” “When I was young, I did a lot of practice running by myself without supervision by any coaches because of budget constraints. After my athletic achievements I decided to start a running club for kids and youths in my local area of Pa Khlok,” he said. “I aim to develop the skills of runners and to encourage people to have a healthy lifestyle.” Mr Phanthip and the Phuket Born Free to Run club hold free training sessions for aspiring runners in Pa Khlok. For more information email [email protected] or visit www. facebook.com/bornfreetorun If you would like to support healthy lifestyle projects for youths with the Phuket Community Foundation, please contact Cindy Ratcliffe at [email protected] T H E T H A N YA P U R A SUPERKIDZ series, presented by Class Act Media, gained new sponsors last week and now some beautiful chic and sporty watches will be given to lucky entrants throughout the upcoming series of races. New sponsors Timedeco will proved the prize watches for the next event in the SUPERKIDZ series, the running race on Sunday, September 1, and will continue to support the series in the later dualthlon and triathlon races. Phuket-based yachting firm Lee Marine has also become a cash sponsor for Thanyapura’s Plus One corporate responsibility programme, which support local Thai athletes to come and train with Thanyapura’s triathlon coaches each week. The SUPERKIDZ team are currently planning the course for the series duathlon on Saturday, October 5, with an eye to maximising the visibility of the event for spectators and pushing some boundaries for athletes who want to race on a great route. The SUPERKIDZ coaches took a group of about 20 The Thanyapura SUPERKIDZ team check out the new duathlon route in Thalang district. Photo: Tim Jardine youngsters over the duathlon course this week, where they tackled a few hills and had a lot of fun. Thanyapura Triathlon Academy head coach Tim Jardine has started planning the logistics for the SUPERKIDZ Duathlon and Triathlon courses, and hopes to encourage involvement from the Thalang community with a race event that leads through several local villages, so people will be able to come out and cheer as the races are held. Olympic triathlon coach Chris Pilone from New Zealand and Bangkok duathlon winner Ricky Phanlitp have been assisting with the running training for the SUPERKIDZ competitors The final course details will be confirmed next month, but Thanyapura anounced the duathlon distances this week: juniors (age 6 to 8 years) will run 500 metres, cycle 3 kilometres, and run a final 500 metres; intermediates (9 to 12 years): run 1 km, cycle 6 km, run 1 km; and seniors (13 to 18 years) and adults (18+): 1.5 km, 10 km, 1.5km. Training sessions with the SUPERKIDZ team are being held at Thanyapura each week: Cycling: Tuesday and Thursday 4pm to 5:15pm. Running: Monday 4pm to 5pm, Wednesday 5pm to 6.30pm. Sw imming: Monday, Wed nesd ay a nd Fr id ay, 8.30am. The training programme costs B600 for all the training sessions in a day, or B2400 for all the training session in the week. Thanyapura is also holding a new learn-to-swim programme for local villagers in Thalang to encourage participation in the SUPERKIDZ Triathlon Series events. The SUPERKIDZ Triathlon series, presented by Class Act Media, commenced in June with an aquathlon race at at Thanyapuras’s worldstandard 50-metre-pool and running track. The inaugural SUPERKIDZ series features three more race days: the running race on Sunday, September 1; the duathlon on Saturday, October 5; and the full triathlon race on Saturday, March 8, 2014. Phuket FC fined over fans’ behaviour Bulls charge to top of Super 15 at half time, was unacceptable. riyachai, will hand over the FOOTBALL A DDI N G I N S U LT T O injury after Phuket FC’s disappointing draw against BBCU on Saturday (July 6), the club has been fined B10,000 because of the “bad behaviour” of its fans. The football authorities, made up of referees and representatives from the Thai Football League, found that the Phuket fans’ conduct, which included the throwing of bottles at the referee and linesmen as they left the pitch The incident came after a referee sent one of the Phuket FC player off. Mr Num, a spokesperson from Phuket FC said, “Phuket FC fans who exhibit unsporting behaviour in the future could be banned [from the ground].” He added, “Those supporting the team should also respect referees’ decisions, which will lead to a great game.” Meanwhile, responding to rumours that president of Phuket FC, Pamuke Acha- running of the club to his son Previtr – currently studying at the University of Massachusetts – Mr Num had this to say: “There is a rumour that he will come to take over Phuket FC soon. However, so far it doesn’t seem like that. “Although [Mr Previtr] is active in establishing the Phuket FC Youth Academy, he is still focusing on his studies and his music band. He will be involved in the family business at some stage in his life, but not now.” Over 90 Cities, One Perfect Gateway. SilkAir and Singapore Airlines Connecting you to Places. RUGBY UNION THE NORTHERN BULLS charged to the top of the Super 15 ladder at the weekend aided by the rapidly improving Canterbury Crusaders crushing the previous table-topping Waikato Chiefs. The penultimate round of the regular season also determined the top six when the Central Cheetahs put paid to the Auckland Blues’ slim hopes with a 34-13 victory that also eliminated the Western Stormers, Coastal Sharks and NSW Waratahs. In a gripping South African derby, the Bulls hit the front of the championship when a try by Jano Vermaak in the final minutes of their clash with the Sharks secured a narrow 20-19 victory. It lifted the Bulls to 63 points, two clear of the defending champion Chiefs who were hammered by the Crusaders 43-15, and four ahead of the ACT Brumbies on 59. Rounding out the top six qualifiers are the Crusaders (56), Queensland Reds (54) and Cheetahs (50) with a bye next weekend giving the Cheetahs an assured four more points and a week’s break before the play-offs begin. The Bulls travel to Cape Town next Saturday needing to beat the Western Stormers to be sure of ending the regular season in first place which would see them play a home semi-final and, if successful, hosting the final as well. But their win over the Sharks was not without an element of luck after they squandered a 13-8 half-time lead to trail 13-19 with 25 minutes to play. After Ver maak’s tr y helped them regain the lead there was another dramatic moment on the stroke of full-time when Sharks fullback Riaan Viljoen lined up a close-range penalty but to the relief of skipper Dewald Potgieter it went astray. “My nerves are shot,” he admitted. “It was always going to be a close match that could have gone either way.” But there was never any doubt which way the result would go when perennial title contenders Crusaders punished the Chiefs from the start of their NZ derby encounter. With an All Blacks-laden pack, the Crusaders punished the Chiefs at the breakdown from the start, drawing infringements which gifted Dan Carter four penalty goals in the first 20 minutes. With the groundwork done, the Crusaders opened up and ran in five tries with an intensity and flair the Chiefs could not match and their coach Dave Rennie admitted they were “outplayed, outpassioned and out-coached”. In a match which carried the fate of five teams, the Cheetahs overcame an early 3-7 deficit to defeat the Blues 34-13 in a scrappy encounter that confirmed their position in the top six play-offs for the first time. The Stormers, who triumphed 24-12 against Southern Kings in a fiery clash at Port Elizabeth, improved from 10th to seventh on the ladder but remain an unassailable four points behind the Cheetahs. AFP THEPHUKETNEWS.COM FRIDAY, JULY 12, 2013 Hayne, Tamou back for NSW in Origin decider RUGBY LEAGUE UTILITY BACK JARRYD Hayne was named in an extended 20-man New South Wales squad for next week’s State of Origin series decider against holders Queensland in Sydney. The Blues are looking to win their first Origin series victory since 2005 in the July 17 decider at Sydney’s Olympic stadium. Parramatta’s Hayne, one of the stars of NSW’s 14-6 win in the opening game, missed the second game won by Queensland with a hamstring injury. Hayne was one of three players heading into a training camp on Monday with fitness doubts along with skipper Paul Gallen (foot) and backrower Greg Bird (ankle). Josh Dugan was named at fullback with Hayne on the wing. South Sydney winger Nathan Merritt was left out of the squad after his patchy debut in the 26-6 game two loss in Brisbane last month. Prop James Tamou was recalled after he was stood down by the National Rugby League for game two after being arrested and charged with high-range drink-driving. Aaron Woods was named on an extended bench along with Newcastle winger James McManus and Sydney Roosters back-rower Boyd Cordner as injury cover. AFP NSW: Josh Dugan, Brett Morris, Michael Jennings, Josh Morris, Jarryd Hayne, James Maloney, Mitchell Pearce, Paul Gallen (capt), Robbie Farah, James Tamou, Ryan Hoffman, Luke Lewis, Greg Bird, Andrew Fifita, Trent Merrin, Josh Reynolds, Anthony Watmough, Aaron Woods, James McManus, Boyd Cordner. Queensland: Billy Slater, Darius Boyd, Greg Inglis, Justin Hodges, Brent Tate, Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Matt Scott, Cameron Smith (capt), Nate Myles, Chris McQueen, Sam Thaiday, Corey Parker, Daly Cherry-Evans, Ben Te’o, Matt Gillett, Josh Papalii, Jacob Lillyman. CHANNEL GUIDE 1XX- True Vision, 8XX - Astra; 8 - Setanta Times may be subject to change START Bulldogs v Storm Main Races, Germany 817, 117 29 Qualifying, Sachsenring, Saxony 14: Saint Pourcain to Tour de France Lyon Port Adelaide v HawAFL thorn 12:00 14:00 outh Sydney scored 24 unanswered points to beat the New Zealand Warriors 30-13 and hold on to their four-point lead at the top of Australia’s National Rugby League on Sunday. The Warriors, on the back of five straight wins, led 13-6 lead at the break. But the Rabbitohs, playing before a record 20,000 crowd in Perth, put on a show in the second half to underline their championship claims. Second-half tries to John Sutton, a double to West Australian product Bryson Goodwin and a late four-pointer to Chris McQueen lifted the Rabbitohs to a fifth straight victory. The Sydney Roosters are in second place, trailing the Rabbitohs by four points, after crushing St George Illawarra 36-0 at Kogarah on Saturday. NSW State of Origin standoff James Maloney returned from a fractured eye socket to score the first of six Roosters tries and landed all six of his goal kicks. Veteran Brett Finch emphatically answered questions about whether he was up to filling the vacant Melbourne number six jersey after leading defending champions Melbourne Storm to a comprehensive 32-0 win over the Brisbane Broncos on Friday. Finch wound back the clock as thirdplaced Melbourne racked up their 11th win in 13 games against the 13th-placed Broncos to put a serious dent in their 109 ODI1 West Indies v Pakistan The Warriors’ Konrad Hurrell steamrolls through a tackle by the Souths’ Greg Inglis in their match in Perth on Saturday. Photo: NRL Photos hopes of playing in the NRL finals. Todd Carney played a starring role as the fourth-placed Cronulla Sharks held out a fast-finishing Wests Tigers 36-22 on Friday. The Newcastle Knights moved into the top eight with a gutsy 18-12 victory over Canterbury in Mackay on Sunday. The Bulldogs took an early second-half lead in Ben Barba’s north Queensland home town when Josh Morris scored. But tries to veteran hooker Danny Buderus and Chris Houston sealed the Knights’ second win in a row and lifted Wayne Bennett’s men over Super 15 Team the Bulldogs on the ladder. Young Penrith winger James Roberts claimed a hat-trick of tries in his team’s 40-18 thumping of Gold Coast on Saturday, to push the Panthers into the top eight for the first time this season. Canberra Raiders extended their home record to 11 straight wins with a 26-18 win over North Queensland on Sunday. Three first-half tries gave the Raiders a handy lead and they clung on for a crucial victory at Canberra Stadium. Manly Sea Eagles get the chance to move to fourth spot if they can beat NRL D Phuket FC held to draw by Big Bang [email protected] Last-minute goal denies Islanders victory > 29 England captain Alistair Cook (left) and Australia captain Michael Clarke with the Ashes urn in Nottingham on the eve of the first test. Photo: AFP/Andrew Yates. ASHES CAPTAINS READY FOR BATTLE CRICKET R ival cricket captains Michael Clarke and Alastair Cook both tried to keep the Ashes in perspective on the eve of the latest edition of cricket’s oldest Test rivalry this week. Ashes series tend to define the careers of England and Australian cricketers – for example, Mike Gatting won just two Tests as England captain but those were good enough to secure an Ashes series win in Australia in 1986/87 – something England did not manage again until 24 years later. This year, unusually, sees back to back Ashes series with a five-match contest in England, followed by a return campaign in Australia that gets underway in November. The first Test started at Nottingham’s Trent Bridge ground on Wednesday and will conclude on Sunday, Australia skipper Clarke, a world-class batsman who briefly took over from Ricky Ponting when his predecessor was injured during the 2010/11 Ashes won 3-1 by England in Australia, said he did not want his captaincy to be judged on Ashes success. “I would hate for people to all of a sudden think I’m a good captain because we win this series,” Clarke told reporters at Trent Bridge on Tuesday. “To me five matches can’t be an indication as to whether you’re good or not good, in my opinion. “I know especially back in Australia, this is the pinnacle of an Australian cricketer, to play Test cricket in England, be part of an Ashes series and I’m sure there will be judgements made on our performances, and as captain of the team you should be accountable. “That’s part of your responsibility but I would hate for anybody to think I’m a better captain than I am just because we win this series.” England captain Cook, man of the series for his 766 runs during the 2010/11 Ashes, knows better than most how success against Australia can help cement the reputation of an England cricketer. But the opening batsman, also speaking at Trent Bridge, urged his side not to blow the prospect of playing in the Ashes “out of all proportion.” “Everyone is just desperately excited to be here after such a big build-up,” he said. “We have finally arrived, pretty much, at game day. There are a few nerves floating around too, so that’s probably the two favourite words: nerves and excitement. “We do have to remind ourselves how lucky we are to be playing the Ashes series at a fantastic venue with great support. “You have to try and take yourself out of the moment and enjoy it. That’s why we play sport in the first place. “We’ve got to try not to blow it out of all proportion, using huge words like ‘massive series’. We’ve got to keep ourselves true to who we are and remember it’s just another game of cricket. “This is what we’ve been doing all our lives and we’ve handled these situations before.” Meanwhile, with England bidding for a third straight Ashes series win, Cook insisted they could cope with the burden of being favourites. “It’s not played on paper, cricket – never has been, never will be. We’ve been favourites before just not maybe against Australia and we’ve played pretty well.” For his part, Clarke added: “I’ve said for a while now that we come here as underdogs but that hasn’t affected our preparation and it won’t affect our performance either. “We know it’s going to be tough but I know our boys are up to the challenge. “I think the talking is done for us as a team now. Our preparation’s finished. Our team meetings are done. Our knowledge on the England team is done. “Now, as I said to the guys last night, it’s not what you say, it’s what you do.” AFP Teams and officials for the first Ashes Test: England: Alastair Cook (capt), Joe Root, Jonathan Trott, Kevin Pietersen, Ian Bell, Jonny Bairstow, Matt Prior (wkt), Stuart Broad, Graeme Swann, Graham Onions, James Anderson, Tim Bresnan, Steven Finn Australia: Chris Rogers, Shane Watson, Phil Hughes, David Warner, Michael Clarke (capt), Ed Cowan, Brad Hadin (wkt), Peter Siddle, Nathan Lyon, James Pattinson, Ryan Harris, Mitchell Starc, Jackson Bird, Usman Khawaja, James Faulkner, Steven Smith, Matthew Wade Umpires: Aleem Dar (PAK)	i don't know
“To infinity… and beyond!” is the catchphrase of what Toy Story character?	List of catch phrases and quotes from the Toy Story Movies Advertisement Toy Story is a 1995 computer-animated family comedy film produced by Pixar. Distributed by Walt Disney Pictures and directed by John Lasseter, Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film and the also first film produced by Pixar. Toy Story follows a bunch of anthropomorphic toys who pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present, and focuses on the relationship between Woody, a pullstring cowboy doll (voiced by Tom Hanks), and Buzz Lightyear, an astronaut action figure (voiced by Tim Allen). Toy Story-inspired material has run the gamut from toys, video games, theme park attractions, spin-offs, merchandise, and two sequels--Toy Story 2 (1999) and Toy Story 3 (2010)--both of which received huge commercial success and critical acclaim. Holy Bargains, Batman!	Buzz Lightyear
Who won the 1937 Pulitzer Prize for her only novel, Gone with the Wind, which was subsequent made into a somewhat popular movie?	To Infinity.. And Beyond! To Infinity.. And Beyond! By 13 News \| Posted: Wed 10:52 PM, Sep 10, 2008 FLORIDA COAST - Lost at sea with nothing to hold onto amid a dreadful darkness, Florida resident Walter Marino continually called out some of the few words his 12-year-old autistic son Christopher responds to. The pair, swept out in a late-afternoon current near Daytona Beach, had been treading water in shark- and jellyfish-infested waters throughout the night, slowly floating apart. “I’d be screaming, ‘To infinity ... and beyond!’ ” Marino said, referring to the Disney character Buzz Lightyear’s catchphrase in “Toy Story,” one of Christopher’s favorite movies. “Then I would hear him and it would be more and more and more distant, until finally I couldn’t hear anything.” Happily — perhaps miraculously — both father and son survived the night, thanks to good Samaritans and the U.S. Coast Guard. Walter and Christopher Marino, along with Walter’s daughter Angela and the children’s mother, Robin Bishop, beamed their way through a joyous interview on Wednesday. Walter, Christopher and Angela were enjoying a family day at the beach at the Ponce Inlet south of Daytona Sept. 6. Late in the afternoon, Christopher was swimming near his father when he got caught in a current, and his dad paddled rapidly to retrieve him. “We were both just sucked out. The forces just took us out so quickly, it totally took me by surprise.” #ParkerLovesLife \| Community rallies around young girl's fight	i don't know
The Crocodile Hunter was a nickname given to what Australian naturalist, who was killed by a slightly irritated sting ray in 2006?	Ken Ham spits on Steve Irwin’s corpse – Pharyngula More » My baby sister (she was in her thirties and had two kids of her own, but she’ll always be my little sis) died a few years ago of one of those sudden, massive infections—the kind of unexpected reminder of bacterial dominance that killed Jim Henson. When I attended the funeral, I was reminded of another lower life form that afflicts humanity: the minister was an ecstatic Jesus freak who, rather than talking about the young woman we’d lost, or trying to give words of reassurance to a grieving family, instead tried to turn the affair into a revival meeting, asking people to TESTIFY FOR JESUS!!! and otherwise making her superstition the center of attention, rather than Lisa and loss. It galled me no end, as you might guess, and if it weren’t for my respect for members of my family I would have grabbed her by the scruff of the neck and thrown her into the street. Maybe I should have anyway. Goddamn all preachers, pastors, and priests. My anger was rekindled by Ken Ham’s “eulogy” for Steve Irwin . The sanctimonious prat uses it as an excuse to babble rationalizations for his religion, throw a little fear at readers to proselytize for his false promises, and use death as a threat. He doesn’t come right out and say it, but the implications he makes are clear. Irwin wasn’t a creationist. Ham knows that people tried to reach out to him with creationist literature. For all his wealth and popularity, Irwin died—and you will too. Repent or burn in hell for all eternity. We’re left to guess where Steve Irwin is right now…except you’d better accept Jesus or you’ll end up in the same place. Ham is a vile little man, but his sentiments reflect standard Christian tropes. The promises and fears of an afterlife are used to herd the flock into the approved norms of behavior—norms that include respect for and gratuities to the shepherd, naturally—and death becomes an opportunity for reinforcing ‘spiritual’ authority rather than a time for reflection and appreciation. They don’t even use it as a reason to emphasize the importance of living well—death is a reason to waste your time in worship of a phantasm. The life and death of Steve Irwin reminds us of mortality and enthusiasm and danger and passion. The life of Ken Ham reminds us of how low and despicable and worthless our lives can be if we let religion leech our minds away. Just remind yourself that someday death will whisk Ham away, too, and all he’ll leave is a legacy of lies. Speaking of insensitive jerks, I’ve been told that Scott Adams also did a little corpse-spitting, had second thoughts, and deleted the entry. The episode has been archived , though.	Steve Irwin
What amusement park, the second most visited park in the world in 2010, was first opened on July 17, 1955?	EXTINCTION NEWS . . A finding of chaos theory is that the more complex a system is, the more stable it is. EXTINCTION NEWS '07 Also see exotic species over-population. . Dec 29, 07: Some UK wildlife species will have to find new habitats as climate change causes temperatures to rise, the Wildlife Trusts have warned. Animals, birds and plants will have to move north and westwards to find suitable habitats, the trusts say. . . The Wildlife Trusts says that while some species are already moving, development and loss of habitat is preventing movement for others. The voluntary organization is trying to link up natural areas of woodland, heathland and pasture so creatures like pipistrelle and barbastelle bats and sand lizards can extend their habitats. . . Wildlife made a similar move in search of food and homes following the last Ice Age, the trusts said. New species are also arriving. Upland birds and animals such as the mountain hare which could migrate uphill may become isolated at the mountain tops, the trusts said. A lack of snow could threaten birds such as the ptarmigan which turns white in winter to hide from predators. Dec 27, 07: A conservation group sued the Interior Department seeking documents about decisions on endangered species the group alleges were tainted by political pressure from a former senior Interior official. Dec 27, 07: Almost 80% of the Earth's surface has experienced a sharp fall in the number of large mammals as a result of human activities, a study suggests. By examining records dating back to AD1500, US researchers found that at least 35% of mammals over 20kg had seen their range cut by more than half. South-East Asia only had 1% of the mega fauna that roamed the region in AD1500. . . They said urgent action was needed to protect the animals, which were being hunted or suffering habitat loss. "Perhaps the most striking result of our study is that [the] 109 places that still retain the same roster of large mammals as in AD1500 are either small, intensively managed reserved or places of extremes", revealed lead author John Morrison, WWF-US's director of conservation measures. "Remote areas are either too hot, dry, wet, frozen [or] swampy to support intensive activities." . . In the new paper, scientists explained why large mammals were so important for maintaining the ecological equilibrium. "Large carnivores frequently shape the number, distribution and behavior of their prey", the researchers wrote. "Large herbivores function as ecological engineers by changing the structure and species composition of surrounding vegetation. "Through strategic re-introductions - such as returning wolves to Yellowstone --we can restore... places missing one or two species and recover the ecological fabric of these important conservation landscapes." . . Just as the tiger and the rhinoceros depend on creatures you cannot see without a microscope and would not willingly give house room to if you could, so does the polar bear stand, literally, on a patchwork lattice of invisible, miniscule life. . . Life-forms such as polychetes (or bristleworms), copepods and amphipods that live just under the ice, around its edge, or even inside the floes themselves. "There are polychetes, for example, which have juveniles or larvae that instead of living in the water column as they usually do, they go into the ice", Bodil Bluhm relates. "And the sea ice consists of crystals, of course; and between the crystals, there's a liquid network of brine channels, and this network houses algae, and the ice algae are abundant at a time when the water column has very little food." . . "Larvae in the sea ice are probably at the top of the food chain; these juveniles", says Professor Gradinger. "They are living on algae, and you find bigger algae in the ice channels, bigger by a factor of 10, than you will find in the water column. . . If Arctic temperatures continue rising, if the ice melts earlier and freezes later each year, conditions will change for the polychetes. "Eventually you would run into a mismatch, where the ice melts before they're ready to have their larvae", comments Professor Bluhm. In the central reaches of the Arctic, varieties of amphipods, tiny crustaceans, pick algae from the bottom of the ice. They are eaten in turn by Arctic cod, from whence the food chain leads to birds, seals, and polar bears. Dec 27, 07: The widow of TV "Crocodile Hunter" Steve Irwin announced she will launch non-lethal research of whales in Antarctic waters next year in hopes of showing that Japan's scientific whale kill is a sham. Dec 24, 07: Plans are in the pipeline for beavers to be released into the Scottish wild for the first time in 500 years. The Scottish Wildlife Trust and the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland believe the animals will improve the eco-system and boost tourism. Beavers were hunted to extinction in Scotland in the 16th Century. The mammals have been successfully reintroduced elsewhere in Europe, including parts of Germany and the Netherlands. . . Beavers are thought to play an important role in aquatic and wetland eco-systems, and on the wider biodiversity of the area in which they live. . . Approval for the trial reintroduction would see 15 to 20 beavers from Norway introduced to the trial site following a period of quarantine. Dec 24, 07: Sucking up sugarcane with their trunks and circling busy traffic roundabouts, the elephants that roam Thai towns at festival time seem as much at home in the city as in the forest. . . Shows that feature elephants painting pictures, playing polo and whirling hoola hoops on their trunks have become an economic lifeline for more than a thousand domesticated elephants, who lost their incomes when Thailand banned logging in 1989. But entertaining locals and tourists has become a life or death business for elephants and their keepers . . Asia's pachyderms, who are endangered throughout their 13 range states, and ten times less numerous than their African cousins. Estimates put the total wild Asian elephant population at 30,000 to 50,000 and captives at 12,000 to 15,000, he said. In Thailand, where elephants have been domesticated for more than 4,000 years, there are probably 1,000 domesticated or captive elephants, compared to 3,000 left in the wild. Dec 24, 07: Federal marine mammal experts in Alaska studying the effects of global warming on walrus, polar bears and ice seals warn there are limit to the protections they can provide. They can restrict hunters, ship traffic and offshore petroleum activity, but that may not be enough if the animals' basic habitat �-sea ice-� disappears every summer. . . Instead of spending the summer spread over sea ice, thousands of walruses were stranded on land in unprecedented numbers for up to three months. 3,000 to 4,000 mostly young walrus died this year in stampedes on land. . . Polar bears hunt and breed on sea ice and are poor candidates for survival if they are based on land, where grizzly bears dominate. Polar bears' primary prey are ringed seals, the only seals that thrive under sea ice. They dig breathing holes with their thick claws and create lairs on top of the ice where they birth their young. With warming, those lairs collapse earlier in springtime, leaving hairless pups susceptible to freezing, foxes, polar bears and even ravens and gulls. . . And then there's the Pacific walrus, which face at least three problems: Their ocean habitat may be changing, they may be forced to shore for long periods, and their weakest members are in danger when crowded on land. . . Walruses dive to the ocean bottom to eat clams, snails, crabs, shrimps and worms. Research suggests that diminished sea ice and warmer water may decrease plankton, which are food for creatures on the bottom. . . Unlike seals, walruses can't swim indefinitely. Females and their young traditionally use ice as a diving platform, riding it north like a moving sidewalk over offshore foraging areas, first in the northern Bering Sea, then into the Chukchi Sea. If animals are on shore for three months every summer, they can't reach offshore foraging areas. An adult walrus can eat 200 pounds of clams in a day. If the walrus population stays within 50km of shore in summers, they could overharvest the available clams and other food. Dec 24, 07: Thailand's parks and wildlife reserves could hold up to 2,000 wild tigers, about three times their current level, but only if the government steps up efforts to control poaching, researchers said. The country's Western Forest Complex, 6,900 square miles of protected jungle habitat, currently holds 720 tigers. . . Tiger numbers have plummeted across Asia, from 100,000 more than 150 years ago to only about 5,000 today. From India to Indonesia, tigers are mostly under threat due to habitat loss and poachers who sell their skins and body parts to booming medicinal and souvenir markets, mostly in China. Part of the problem, they said, is that the courts until now have refused to jail tiger traffickers, choosing instead to impose small fines. Dec 21, 07: A controversial Japanese mission to hunt humpback whales in the Antarctic has been temporarily abandoned, a top government official says --although the fleet will still hunt about 1,000 other whales in the area. . . The move comes after pressure from the International Whaling Commission (IWC). Japan is regularly condemned for its annual whaling missions. But this year's Antarctic expedition was particularly controversial because, in addition to 935 minke whales and 50 fin whales, the fleet intended to kill up to 50 humpbacks. . . It was the first time Japan had targeted the humpbacks since a moratorium was introduced in the mid-1960s --when the species had been hunted almost to extinction. Dec 21, 07: Group seeks protection for ribbon seals: Frustrated by a lack of regulations to limit global warming, a conservation group is looking to spur action with the aid of Arctic animals. Dec 19, 07: Australia will send a patrol ship and aircraft to monitor Japan's whaling fleet off Antarctica, the government in Canberra has said. . . Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said the vessels would collect evidence to assess whether legal action could be taken against the whalers. Australia would also lead a formal international protest against Japan over the issue, the minister said. Several nations have condemned Japan's annual hunt, which it says is for scientific research purposes. Japan's fleet set sail in November, aiming to kill over 1,000 whales. Dec 17, 07: Clark Haynes is hoping for a wet spring and more money from Congress. If both fail to materialize, the assistant director for the state Department of Agriculture's forest health protection programs says next year's gypsy moth season could be the state's worst. . . The number of acres defoliated by gypsy moths has steadily increased. This year 78,000 acres were harmed. Haynes predicts that number could easily reach 160,000 acres next year if dry conditions prevail. West Virginia has had three dry springs in a row. During that time, the number of acres defoliated increased substantially per year: 2,641 in 2005; 17,272 in 2006; and about 78,000 this year. Oak is the favorite target, but the caterpillars will eat about anything. . . Adding to Haynes' concern is President Bush's proposed federal budget. Funding for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's gypsy moth program has been drastically cut, he said. Proposed funding for a nationwide cooperative suppression program has been cut and a second program designed to control the moth's spread has been cut $10 million to $6 million, Haynes said. Dec 13, 07: In what some scientists see as another alarming consequence of global warming, thousands of Pacific walruses above the Arctic Circle were killed in stampedes earlier this year after the disappearance of sea ice caused them to crowd onto the shoreline in extraordinary numbers. . . Unlike seals, walruses cannot swim indefinitely. The giant, tusked mammals typically clamber onto the sea ice to rest, or haul themselves onto land for just a few weeks at a time. Walruses came ashore earlier and stayed longer, congregating in extremely high numbers, with herds as big as 40,000 at Point Shmidt, a spot that had not been used by walruses as a "haulout" for a century, scientists said. . . Walruses are vulnerable to stampedes when they gather in such large numbers. The appearance of a polar bear, a hunter or a low-flying airplane can send them rushing to the water. Sure enough, scientists received reports of hundreds and hundreds of walruses dead of internal injuries suffered in stampedes. Many of the youngest and weakest animals, mostly calves born in the spring, were crushed. . . If the trend continues, and walruses no longer have summer sea ice from which to dive for clams and snails, they could strip coastal areas of food, and that could reduce their numbers even further. Dec 14, 07: As many as 26 endangered crocodiles have been found dead over the last three days in northern India and experts attribute the rare mass deaths to cirrhosis of the liver, authorities said. Poisoning was not suspected as fish in the river had not died, Suman said, adding that scientists would test the water for the presence of any liver-damaging toxins. Cirrhosis is marked by the loss of liver tissue, leading to the loss of function of the vital organ. Dec 13, 07: Infestations of sea lice at salmon farms on Canada's west coast are threatening local wild pink salmon populations and could result in their extinction in another four years, Canadian researchers said. Dec 11, 07: Scientists are trying to determine what caused Lake Champlain's populations of American eels to decline to almost nothing over the last two decades. And biologists and fisheries experts from Vermont and Quebec are trying to come up with a plan to bring back the population of the snakelike fish, which until the early 1980s were so abundant commercial anglers would harvest tons of them every year. By the early 1990s Quebec banned the commercial fishing of eels. . . American eels start life in the Sargasso Sea, an area in the Atlantic Ocean between the West Indies and the Azores. After hatching, eel larvae float on ocean currents to East Coast rivers, including the St. Lawrence. Historically, immature female eels swam up the St. Lawrence and Richelieu rivers and lived 10 to 20 years in Lake Champlain before returning to the Sargasso Sea. . . Theories include climate change, pollution, and overfishing of young eels. But the decline could also be due to the reconstruction in the 1960s of two hydroelectric dams on the Richelieu River in Quebec. The dams could have prevented the eels from reaching Lake Champlain. . . A decade ago, Hydro-Quebec installed an eel ladder at one of the dams. "Within 10 days we measured eels going up the ladder", said Quebec fisheries biologist Pierre Dumont. In 2001 a second ladder was placed on the other dam. Dec 11, 07: Indonesia has begun a 10-year program to save endangered orangutans from extinction by protecting tropical jungle habitat from logging, mining and palm oil plantations, its president said. Dec 11, 07: Saving the world's remaining tigers will require as much as $500 million a year, but average annual international funding only comes to $5 million, a conservation group said. Dec 7, 07: Brazil announced a sharp drop in the rate of Amazon deforestation but environmentalists warned it could be a short-term trend masking the broader threat against the rainforest. Dec 6, 07: At a time when a quarter of the world's fisheries are considered depleted, can commercial fishermen make more money by fishing less? A study says they can, with one condition. They must be in a cooperative fishery, like those operating in New Zealand and Australia, where individual fishermen own a share of the total harvest �-known as individual transferable quotas-� rather than the competitive fisheries more common in the US, where it is a race to catch the most fish. . . The idea is that when there are more fish and no race to catch them, fishermen spend less on fuel and other costs chasing far and wide to fill their nets. Leaving more fish in the sea �-a fishery management target called maximum economic yield-� leads to higher profits than the traditional target known as maximum sustainable yield, the study said. . . The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN has classified 25% of the world's fish stocks as depleted, meaning populations are below a level that produces a maximum sustained yield. Dec 6, 07: Police raided clandestine sawmills near a threatened nature reserve where Monarch butterflies nest in the winter, arresting 45 people and confiscating enough illegally logged wood to fill 600 heavy trucks, the government said. Dec 6, 07: More than 3,000 flying foxes dropped dead, falling from trees in Australia. Giant squid migrated north to commercial fishing grounds off California, gobbling anchovy and hake. Butterflies have gone extinct in the Alps. . . While humans debate at U.N. climate change talks in Bali, global warming is already wreaking havoc with nature. Most plants and animals are affected, and the change is occurring too quickly for them to evolve. . . "A hell of a lot of species are in big trouble", said Stephen E. Williams, the director of the Center for Tropical Biodiversity & Climate Change at James Cook U in Australia. "I don't think there is any doubt we will see a lot of (extinctions)", he said. "But even before a species goes extinct, there are a lot of impacts. . . Globally, 30% of the Earth's species could disappear if temperatures rise 4.5 degrees F �-and up to 70%, if they rise 6.3 degrees F, a U.N. network of scientists reported last month. It wouldn't be the first time. There have been five major extinctions in the last 520 million years, and four of them have been linked to warmer tropical seas. . . The hardest hit will include plants and animals in colder climates or at higher elevations and those with limited ranges or little tolerance for temperature change. . . Butterflies that lived at high altitudes in North America and southern France have vanished, and polar bears and penguins are watching their habitat melt away. The CO2 emissions that are a leading cause of global warming also turn oceans more acidic, killing coral reefs and the microscopic plankton that blue whales and other marine mammals depend on for food. . . A few will benefit, chiefly those that breed quickly, already exist in varied climates and are able to adapt swiftly to changing conditions, scientists said. Think cockroaches, pigeons and weeds. . . The spread of a deadly fungus that thrives in warmer conditions has at least decimated [reduced by 10%] some frog populations in South America, Africa and Europe. . . Then there are Australia's flying foxes. More than 3,500 gray-headed and black flying foxes �-huge bats-� died in 2002 after temperatures rose above 107 degrees Fahrenheit in New South Wales. . . In Australia's Queensland state, temperatures are projected to rise 5.4 degrees F, an outcome that could drive half the species to extinction in a mountainous stretch of tropical rain forest. . . As temperatures rise, animals are seeking cooler climes. In a study of more than 1,500 species, U of Texas biologist Camille Parmesan concluded that 40% had shifted their ranges, mostly toward the poles. . . A dozen bird species have moved about 12 miles north in Britain, and 39 species of butterflies have shifted north by as much as 125 miles in Europe and North America. Millions of Mediterranean jellyfish have turned up off Northern Ireland and Scotland. The Humboldt squid, which can grow up to 7 feet long, has moved up the California coast. Dec 5, 07: Police in India's northern Uttar Pradesh state say they have arrested 16 people in connection with hunting tigers and smuggling skin and bones. . . India's last major survey in 2002 put tiger numbers at 3,642. In May, a census commissioned by the government showed that India had far fewer tigers living in the wild than had been thought. It is estimated that there were 40,000 tigers in India a century ago. Nov 30, 07: Four rare gorillas arrive back in Cameroon, five years after they were smuggled to Malaysia. Nov 30, 07: A protected colony of rare fruit bats in Cyprus has almost been wiped out by unidentified gunmen using them for target practice, conservation groups and authorities said. Nov 30, 07: 53 bird species face extinction in S.C. Nearly 30% of the nation's most threatened birds species can be found in South Carolina, according to a conservation report. Nov 30, 07: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reversed seven rulings that denied endangered species increased protection, after an investigation found the actions were tainted by political pressure from a former senior Interior Department official. . . In a letter to Rep. Nick Rahall, D-W.Va., the agency acknowledged that the actions had been "inappropriately influenced" and that "revising the seven identified decisions is supported by scientific evidence and the proper legal standards." The reversal affects the protection for species including the white-tailed prairie dog, the Preble's meadow jumping mouse and the Canada lynx. . . The rulings came under scrutiny last spring after an Interior Department inspector general concluded that agency scientists were being pressured to alter their findings on endangered species by Julie MacDonald, then a deputy assistant secretary overseeing the Fish and Wildlife Service. MacDonald resigned her position last May. . . Rahall in a statement said that MacDonald, who was a civil engineer, "should never have been allowed near the endangered species program." He called MacDonald's involvement in species protection cases over her three-year tenure as an example of "this administration's penchant for torpedoing science." . . Francesca Grifo of the Union of Concerned Scientists said the acknowledgment of seven instances of wrongdoing "does not begin to plumb the depths of what's wrong" at the wildlife agency and its implementation of the Endangered Species Act. There are at least 30 cases "where we have evidence of interference" over the last seven years, maintained Grifo, director of the group's scientific integrity program. . . MacDonald resigned in May after the Interior Department's inspector general rebuked her for pressuring wildfire agency scientists to alter their findings about endangered species and leaking information about species decisions to industry officials. The IG found that she had broken federal rules by those actions. . . In her three years on the job, MacDonald also was heavily involved in delisting the Sacramento splittail, a fish found only in California's Central Valley where she owned an 80-acre farm on which the fish live. Nov 29, 07: National wildlife refuges more than make up for their cost to taxpayers by returning about $4 in economic activity for every $1 the government spends, according to a federal study. Nov 25, 07: Mexican President Felipe Calderon unveiled a sweeping plan today to curb logging and protect millions of monarch butterflies that migrate to the mountains of central Mexico each winter. Nov 26, 07: Marine scientists called for a $2-3 billion study of threats such as overfishing and climate change to the oceans, saying they were as little understood as Luna. Nov 24, 07: Three adult black rhinos have been shot at the Imire Safari park in Zimbabwe. The park, 100km southeast of Harare, is home to one of the only breeding centers. The shooting has brought the local breeding program to a standstill. "We've been left with four little orphan rhinos, which won't be able to reproduce for about 20 years." . . There are only about 3,000 black rhinos left in the wild, and the species is listed as Critically Endangered. Last year, one of the four sub-species was declared as "already extinct". . . Black rhinos are sometimes shot by poachers, who sell their horns as dagger-handles or for use in Chinese medicine, but the Imire rhinos had recently been de-horned as a precaution, so they didn't have any value to hunters. This has led to fears that black rhinos are instead becoming a target in Zimbabwe's battles over land-ownership. Nov 19, 07: To help protect the endangered bonobo, a great ape that is the most closely related to humans and is found only in this Central African country. U.S. agencies, conservation groups and the Congolese government have come together to set aside 11,803 square miles of tropical rain forest, the U.S.-based Bonobo Conservation Initiative said. The area amounts to just over 1% of vast Congo. . . Bonobos �-often lauded as the "peaceful ape"-� are known for their matriarchal society in which female leaders work to avoid conflict, and their sex-loving lifestyle. . . The bonobo population is believed to have declined sharply in the last 30 years, though surveys have been hard to carry out in war-ravaged central Congo. Estimates range from 60,000 to fewer than 5,000 living, according to the World Wildlife Fund. Nov 19, 07: The UK, Australia and New Zealand have sharply criticized Japan for the launch of its largest ever whaling expedition. The hunting fleet has instructions to kill up to 1,000 whales. Humpback whales will be hunted for the first time in over 40 years. Japan says the five-month hunt is for research purposes and that numbers are too small to have a major impact on populations. . . As well as up to 900 minke whales and 50 fin whales, it will kill up to 50 humpback whales for the first time since a moratorium was introduced in 1963. The species had been hunted almost to extinction before the ban. . . New Zealand PM Helen Clark said this claim was "deception" and that the whalers should not have left port. . . Foreign Minister Alexander Downer said there was no evidence of Japan producing any data from its research. "Scientific whaling is a phrase they use to camouflage the fact that they still indulge in whaling." He said he had asked to see the Japanese ambassador but he ruled out deploying military defence forces, saying that Australia would not go to war with Japan over the issue. . . Britain has said it is considering high-level diplomatic action to protest against the hunt. Greenpeace is hoping to locate the fleet in order to shoot video footage, but claims the ships have turned off their identification equipment, making them hard to find. The more radical Sea Shepherd group said its activists will attempt to intercept the ships once the hunt is under way. . . Greenpeace said its protest ship Esperanza was searching for the fleet south of Japanese territorial waters and would shadow the ships to the South Pacific to try to reduce their catch. . . The four-ship expedition also aims to take as many as 935 minke whales and up to 50 fin whales in what Japan's Fisheries Agency says is its largest-ever "scientific" whale hunt. The Japanese hunt, which puts meat from the whales on the commercial market, is growing rapidly despite an increasingly vocal anti-whaling movement. This winter season's target of up to 1,035 whales is more than double the number the country hunted a decade ago. Nov 19, 07: Catches of Atlantic bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean Sea will not be cut, despite evidence that fishermen caught more than they were allowed in 2007. The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (Iccat) made the decision during its annual meeting. . . Environment groups described the decision as a "shocking failure". . . EU fleets caught about 4,000 tons above their 2007 quotas; seven nations face legal action as as result. The US and Canadian governments, supported by environmental groups, proposed a moratorium on bluefin catches to allow stocks time to recover. . . Instead, Iccat allowed requests for small quota increases. These decisions brought ringing condemnation from environmental groups. "Iccat has proved itself to be entirely incompetent, and has failed again in its duty to sustainably manage our common marine resource", thundered WWF Mediterranean's head of fisheries Sergei Tudela. Greenpeace was equally dismissive. "The northern bluefin is on the road to extinction." Nov 16, 07: The US is calling for a ban on the fishing of bluefin tuna in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. A three-to-five-years ban is being proposed to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (Iccat). The call comes amid deep concerns that the stock may collapse if the level of overfishing continues. . . The European Commission recently closed its bluefin tuna fishery for this year after quota limits had been exceeded. Nov 15, 07: Two environmental groups are asking the Interior Department to declare loggerhead sea turtles that inhabit the Atlantic coast officially endangered, maintaining that tens of thousands of the turtles are killed annually by commercial fishing and because of coastal development. The loggerhead sea turtle already is classified as "threatened" under the federal Endangered Species Act, but environmentalists say a higher level of protection is needed. . . The environmental groups argue in their petition that climate change may put the loggerhead in yet more peril. If sea levels rise along coasts where there is development, beaches the turtles use for nesting may disappear and even a 1 degree temperature increase could significantly affect their reproduction. Nov 14, 07: A record 30.5 billion tons of industrial, farming and human waste were dumped last year into China's Yangtze River, the country's longest, state media reported. The quantity was twice as much as two decades ago and an increase of 900 million tons, or 3.1%, from the previous year. . . The widespread dumping of industrial, agricultural and domestic waste has seriously polluted the Yangtze, a situation some ecologists warn will be worsened by the massive Three Gorges dam, which they say will create a "giant toilet bowl" of trapped sewage behind it. . . The Asian Development Bank last month warned that water pollution in China, driven by rapid industrialization and urbanization, had reached "alarming" levels. Numerous unique species have been driven to the brink of extinction in the river, including the white-fin dolphin and Yangtze river sturgeon. Nov 14, 07: The number of endangered Steller sea lions along a long stretch of Alaska coastline remains stagnant, federal scientists said. Previous surveys had shown the western population of Steller sea lions �-listed as endangered since 1997-� was growing at about 3% a year. Nov 13, 07: Giant pandas are being forced to move from a remote mountainous area in southwestern China due to food shortages as their staple bamboo withers, an animal expert said. . . Most of the pandas' favorite arrow bamboo in a 217,000 square-mile region of Sichuan province is going through a once-in-60-year cycle of flowering and dying before regenerating. Pandas will not touch the plant once it flowers. . . Hundreds of pandas died of starvation in Sichuan in the 1980s when arrow bamboo in some reserves flowered and then died. Nov 11, 07: Giant pandas are being forced to move from a remote mountainous area in southwestern China due to food shortages as their staple bamboo withers, an animal expert said. Nov 11, 07: Habitat loss and commerical hunting have been blamed for a decline in the number of sun bears --the world's smallest species of bear. An assessment by World Conservation Union (IUCN) has re-classified the animal as "vulnerable". Experts estimate that sun bears, found in south-east Asia, have declined by at least 30% in the past 30 years. The IUCN's bear expert groups warn that six out of the world's eight bear species are threatened with extinction. Nov 9, 07: Assessment and recovery teams hit the skies, waters and beaches today trying to contain the damage from a 58,000-gallon oil spill that has stained some of Northern California's coastline. The spill, caused by a tanker colliding with the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, has fouled miles of coastline and could harm the wildlife system for years. Nov 6, 07: Endangered humpback and fin whales swam hundreds of miles north of their usual habitat this summer in what environmentalists say is another sign of the effects of global warming and the shifting Arctic ecosystem. . . Humpbacks were spotted over the summer in the Beaufort Sea east of Barrow, the northernmost community in the US. . . Cacy also said fin whales were detected this summer by acoustic monitoring in the Chukchi Sea, more than 300 miles north of their normal range. Both humpback and fin whales normally stay south of the Bering Strait in Alaska waters. . . Environmental groups are calling for more study of the endangered animals' habits before industrial activity is allowed to expand off Alaska's northern shores. No one was expecting humpbacks near the activity connected to Outer Continental Shelf lease sales. . . Full-grown humpback whales average more than 40 feet long and weigh 25 to 35 tons. Fin whales are longer and more slender, growing to nearly 88 feet �-second only to blue whales. Nov 6, 07: The number of loggerhead turtle nests in Florida was substantially lower in 2007 than in past years, according to preliminary numbers from scientists statewide. Nov 6, 07: As many as 3,000 bluebill ducks have died along the western shore of Lake Winnibigoshish in northern Minnesota, and wildlife biologists say they were likely poisoned by a parasite present in snails. Nov 6, 07: To avoid getting steamrollered by developers, ranchers, loggers, miners, oilmen, and biopirates, tribes across the Amazon Basin have begun acquiring high tech tools to defend themselves. Much of the help in this effort has come from the Amazon Conservation Team, a Virginia environmental and cultural preservation organization, which provided equipment, cartographic expertise, and financial assistance. Now dozens of men like Wuta are walking the forests, mapping their lands with the aid of portable GPS devices. . . Of course, just because the tribes have mapped the lands doesn't mean they control all the legal rights to them. But it's a step in that direction. In Ecuador, the Shuar tribe, long embroiled in a struggle with American oil companies, was recently granted title to its communal lands, as mapped by GPS. The massive sandals-on-the-ground charting campaign and delineation of once imprecise boundaries have also given the tribes greater confidence in asserting their interests �-in some instances, natives have driven out illegal miners and have established settlements and guard posts on their borders. . . In addition to GPS mapping, tribes are using Google Earth as a tool for territorial vigilance. The app's satellite imagery can identify threats � an encroaching soy farm, say, or a river stained by the runoff from a gold mine. A few tribes in Brazil with Internet access are marking the coordinates of surreptitious activity they see in the images, then investigating on foot or passing the information to government enforcers. . . Ultimately, though, this advanced technology may just help the Indians turn on the forest to enrich themselves. (And who can blame them, really?) Carrying a carved wooden cane and wearing slacks, a plaid shirt, and a Casio watch, the Trio's chief hints at this uncertain future when I ask whether his newfound territorial security makes him more likely to get into the business of extracting natural resources. Education and technology, he says, have helped his tribe make more-responsible decisions. He then adds, "The maps have helped us realize our assets." Nov 5, 07: Salmon advocates filed a lawsuit to force the Bush administration to obey a 5-year-old court order requiring it to make permanent rules to keep agricultural pesticides from killing salmon. . . Filed in U.S. District Court in Seattle, the lawsuit asks a judge to order NOAA Fisheries, the agency in charge of protecting salmon, to formally consult with the Environmental Protection Agency over the use of 37 pesticides. Several are commonly found in rivers around the country and can kill salmon at minute concentrations. . . "Apparently what it takes to get this administration to do its job under (the Endangered Species Act) is to have someone there enforcing the law every step of the way", said Joshua Osborne-Klein, an attorney for Earthjustice. Nov 1, 07: More than one in three of Europe's freshwater fish species faces extinction because ecosystems are being destroyed, the World Conservation Union said. Scientists from Switzerland and Germany have found that 200 of the 522 species of European freshwater fish are threatened by the rapid development of agriculture and industry over the past 100 years. The union, a network of nations, agencies and some 10,000 scientists and experts from 181 countries, said 12 species are already extinct. Nov 1, 07: A vividly colored fish could be the key to saving the Caribbean's coral reefs from plummeting into terminal decline, scientists claim. Their research forecasts that reefs risk being damaged beyond repair by the influx of seaweed. But urgent action such as protecting parrotfish, which graze upon the floral invaders, may prevent the ecosystems from reaching this tipping point. . . Professor Peter Mumby, a marine ecologist from Exeter U and lead author of the paper, said: "We are seeing more and more coral reefs becoming just overgrown with seaweed." . . Reefs in the Caribbean are among some of the most heavily affected. They are rapidly transforming from coral-dominated domains into algal-flooded havens. The seaweed growth is boosted by human activity, such as fertilizers washing off from agricultural land into the coastal waters, and over-fishing. . . "Then to compound these problems, you have the climate stresses that are more and more inevitable now, which cause major problems with warming waters and hurricanes." "We found you can push a reef so far and then it becomes extremely difficult for a reef to recover --it's like the straw that broke the camel's back." . . "The key message is that you have to act fast. It is not OK to wait until a reef is in a degraded state and to say: 'now we are going to act'; we need to stop these reefs getting unhealthy in the first place." . . "Parrotfish cruise around, grazing away much of the seaweed. They play a very important role in the ecosystem." However, these tropical fish are under threat. They are a sought-after delicacy in many parts of the Caribbean and are susceptible to becoming caught in fish traps. Professor Mumby said: "We need to manage them as a fishery and maintain large numbers of these fish. Oct 29, 07: Researchers are studying a colony of bats that live in an underground concrete structure at the Hanford nuclear reservation in hopes of determining how to provide a new home for them once the structure is demolished. Oct 29, 07: The Forever Wild Land Trust has purchased nearly 10,000 acres of mountain and aquatic habitat along the Coosa River to protect it from development, state conservation officials announced. Oct 26, 07: Mankind's closest relatives are teetering on the brink of their first extinctions in more than a century, hunted by humans for food and medicine and squeezed from forest homes, a report on endangered primates said. . . There are just a few dozen of the most threatened gibbons and langurs left, and one colobus may already have gone the way of the dodo, warned the report on the 25 most vulnerable primates. "With what we spend in one day in Iraq, we could fund primate conservation for the next decade for every endangered and critically endangered and vulnerable species out there." . . China's environment and its animals are suffering from its rapid, dirty economic growth that may already have pushed a species of dolphin to extinction, scientists say. But although its Hainan gibbon is thought to be the most endangered of all primates, with fewer than 20 surviving, the country's efforts to save the golden monkeys of remote southwestern Yunnan province have set a global model. . . "What they have done, which I find really amazing, is they have local villagers following these groups on a daily basis", Mittermeier said. "We are looking now at applying that in Vietnam, in Madagascar and a few other places." . . He said climate change --a long-term threat to the most endangered species because it could wipe out the forests they survive in-- could also prove a "magnificent opportunity" if tropical forest protection and regrowth projects were included in U.N. programs to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Oct 25, 07: Grizzly bears in the region in and around Yellowstone National Park have suffered unusually high mortality rates so far this year, likely because of a dearth of natural food sources, a researcher said. . . The Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team is a group of researchers that has monitored grizzlies in Yellowstone since the bears were put on the endangered species list. It is funded by the U.S. Geological Survey. Earlier this year, Yellowstone grizzlies were taken off the endangered species list, a decision that is being challenged by environmental groups. Oct 25, 07: A large stretch of the rugged, pristine northern shore of Lake Superior will become the world's largest freshwater marine protected area, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced. Oct 23, 07: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service today designated rocky stream banks and privately owned land in southeastern Puerto Rico as critical habitat for a threatened species of the coqui frog, a national symbol of the Caribbean island. Oct 22, 07: With 90% of its wildlife found nowhere else, Madagascar is a powerful draw for poachers. Meanwhile, deforestation and other environmental assault has left only 10% of its original habitat to support all that life. Oct 19, 07: The number of young cod in the North Sea has shown a slight rise for the second year in a row, research shows. But the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (Ices) warned that heavy cuts in cod catches were still needed to help numbers recover. It said numbers were still well below the historical average and called for a 50% cut on 2006 catch levels. Ices' findings will now be considered by EU ministers at the annual fishing quota negotiations in December. Oct 19, 07: While biologists and politicians fight over whether the greater sage grouse should be labeled an endangered species, 10 Western states allow hunters to take aim at the reclusive, ground-dwelling bird. Oct 18, 07: Malaysia faces the extinction of 45 bird species in the next five to 10 years if it fails to introduce protected areas and breeding programs for endangered species, a report said. A recent survey by conservation group BirdLife International found that rapid development has led to the loss of bird habitats, and that protected areas and breeding programs were needed to save the populations. Oct 18, 07: The number of wild farmland bird species breeding in England is at the lowest level since records began, a key government wildlife "indicator" shows. . . The data showed that these species had declined by about 60% since 1970. The charity warned that cuts in "set-aside" payments, which take land out of food production, could hit bird numbers even harder in the future. "Farmland birds are the barometer by which the government measures the health of the countryside. . . Defra suggested that the decline of species included in the index was a result of changes to agricultural processes, "including the loss of mixed farming, the switch to autumn sowing of cereals... and the loss of field margins and hedges". Oct 16, 07: British Columbia leaders announced a plan to rebuild endangered mountain caribou herds, including protecting about 8,500 square miles of land and killing some of the caribou's predators. Oct 18, 07: Visitors to Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve were in for a treat this summer: A record number of humpback whales were sighted either in Glacier Bay or in waters just outside the stunning marine wilderness in southeast Alaska. Oct 17, 07: Bluefin tuna may just be the coolest fish on the planet. They are big --in fact huge, the biggest weighing more than 800kg and attaining 3m in length. . . Most amazingly, they have evolved to be warm-blooded, allowing them to hunt from the tropics to near-polar seas, while maintaining the capacity to accelerate as fast as the sports cars that emulate their streamlined shapes. . . Unfortunately for them, they are also delicious --therefor, the fish we hunted to the very door of global extinction. In the last five to 10 years they have seen a reduction in the average size, and that means you are catching more of the spawning stock." . . Conservation groups have an unkind nickname for Iccat --the International Commission to Catch All Tuna. In truth, it can only do what its member governments instruct and allow it to. It has no powers to enforce, no sanctions with which to punish; these remain the preserve of national governments, and the European Union. . . It appears to have happened on the Grand Banks near Newfoundland, where cod fishing was banned in 1992. There are still cod there; but their numbers do not appear to be increasing. Boris Worm from Dalhousie U in nearby Nova Scotia believes the ecosystem has moved into a new, probably stable, state. . . "Other species have increased in abundance, species that usually were preyed upon by cod", he says. "Things like herring or capelin or sand lance, for example, are now thought to prey heavily on the larvae and eggs of cod; so the prey now is the predator, and that may diminish the ability of cod to recover." Oct 17, 07: Malta should stop hunting quail and turtle doves during the spring mating season, the European Commission said, warning the Mediterranean island to change its hunting laws to ensure the birds' survival. Oct 17, 07: The U.S. government and environmental groups will trim $26 million off Costa Rica's debt rolls in exchange for the country spending the same amount on tropical forest conservation, according to an agreement. . . As part of the U.S. Tropical Forest Conversation Act, the US will spend $12.6 million to buy back Costa Rica's debt at discounted rates. Conservation International and The Nature Conservancy will each contribute $1.26 million. Oct 15, 07: Europe's trawlermen should cut back drastically next year on trawling for cod in the North Sea and aim to take less than half their 2006 catch from the sea, a group of international scientists said. . . Cod, one of Europe's most threatened species due to years of chronic overfishing, has long risked a collapse in numbers. But matters seem to have improved slightly, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) said. "Our scientific surveys show that the number of young fish has increased, although only to half of the long-term average." . . But this, combined with evidence that recent EU controls on restricted catches and time that vessels spend at sea were helping raise fish numbers, was still not enough, Pastoors said. "We recommend constraining catches in 2008 to less than 50% of the 2006 catches. And this should include measures to constrain discards and illegal catches", he said. . . "The worst thing we could do at this stage would be to slacken our efforts by trying to cash in immediately on the first positive signs. This would be the quickest road to ruin", EU Fisheries Commissioner Joe Borg said. . . ICES recommended large quota cuts for blue whiting, a small member of the cod family most abundant in the northeast Atlantic, due to a much lower supply of young fish. For anchovy in the Bay of Biscay, the subject of a row between France, Spain and Commission experts, numbers were so poor that there should be a complete fishing ban, it said. Oct 12, 07: A rare bird that breeds in a remote Russian province is facing extinction, conservationists warned, after a survey found that the numbers of the spoon-billed sandpiper had dropped dramatically. . . BirdLife International blamed the decline of breeding pairs in Chukotka province on loss of key feeding sites during their migration from Russia to its wintering grounds in South Asia. The bird is also fighting a losing battle at its Russian breeding grounds against foxes and dogs that eat the eggs. . . The World Conservation Union list the bird as endangered with only 200 to 300 pairs left in the wild. Oct 12, 07: A South China tiger has been caught on camera by a hunter-turned-farmer, the first confirmed sighting for 30 years of a sub-species experts had feared was extinct in the wild. . . In the early 1950s, an estimated 4,000 of the tiger subspecies, one of the world's smallest and the only one native to central and southern China, roamed the country, but its habitat has been squeezed by the country's rapid economic growth. . . The Forestry Department of Shaanxi province, where the tiger was sighted, plans to set up a special protection area for them. Oct 11, 07: A strategy on how to better conserve Scotland's bugs and insects is to be drawn up for the first time. Conservation trust Bug Life and entomologists will meet near Perth to discuss the issues affecting everything from bees to snails. . . Craig Macadam of Bug Life said a strategy specific to invertebrates would be a first --not just in Scottish terms, but possibly the UK. Mr Macadam said: "When people think about wildlife they think about cuddly and feathered things such as birds and foxes. But they are only the tip of the iceberg. "Many people don't realize the services invertebrates play in the environment. They are a food source, waste disposal and recycle garden waste." Oct 11, 07: State and federal biologists, still smarting from research showing that they may have been protecting the wrong fish the past 20 years, are regrouping in their efforts to restore the rare greenback cutthroat trout to Colorado waters. Oct 8, 07: Rebels have seized an area in eastern Congo that serves as a wildlife habitat for endangered mountain gorillas, threatening one of the last known populations of the animals, conservationists said. Oct 8, 07: A lack of genetic diversity in Australia's Tasmanian Devil means it has failed to launch an immune defense response to a facial cancer decimating populations, Australian researchers say. [if it was merely decimating, they wouldn't be worried about it. It's far worse than 10%.] It faces extinction in 10 to 20 years due to the facial cancer. The grotesque facial tumors were first spotted in the devil population around a decade ago in northeastern Tasmania state, where 90% of the species have died of the disease. . . The facial cancer produces large tumors on the face and neck of the Tasmanian Devil, found only on the southern Australian island state of Tasmania, which interfere with feeding. Death usually occurs within six months. . . The Tasmanian Devil is a carnivorous marsupial about the size of a small muscular dog. It has black fur, gives off a skunk-like odor when stressed, and earns its name for its ferocious temperament and disturbing call. . . "Essentially, there are no natural barriers to the spread of the disease, so affected individuals must be removed from populations to stop disease transmission." . . The study also found that the facial cancer was genetically identical in every animal and had originated from a single contagious cell line, spread throughout the population by biting during fights for food and mates. Oct 8, 07: Looking high and low, Robbin Thorp can no longer find a species of bumblebee that just five years ago was plentiful in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. Thorp, an emeritus professor of entomology from the U of California at Davis, found one solitary worker last year along a remote mountain trail in the Siskiyou Mountains, but hasn't been able to locate any this year. . . He fears that the species �-Franklin's bumblebee-� has gone extinct before anyone could even propose it for the endangered species list. To make matters worse, two other bumblebee species �-one on the East coast, one on the West-� have gone from common to rare. . . Amid the uproar over global warming and mysterious disappearances of honeybee colonies, concern over the plight of the lowly bumblebee has been confined to scientists laboring in obscurity. . . But if bumblebees were to disappear, farmers and entomologists warn, the consequences would be huge, especially coming on top of the problems with honeybees, which are active at different times and on different crop species. Bumblebees are responsible for pollinating an estimated 15% of all the crops grown in the U.S., worth $3 billion, particularly those raised in greenhouses. Those include tomatoes, peppers and strawberries. . . Unlike honeybees, which came to North America with the European colonists of the 17th century, bumblebees are natives. They collect pollen and nectar to feed to their young, but make very little honey. . . Scientists hoping to pinpoint the cause of the nation's honeybee decline recently identified a previously unknown virus, but stress that parasitic mites, pesticides and poor nutrition all remain suspects. Oct 6, 07: Indonesia, which is losing its forests faster than any other country, hopes to plant 79 million trees in a single day ahead of a major U.N. climate change meeting this year, a forestry ministry spokesman said. Oct 4, 07: In a study with great implications for captive breeding programs, U.S. researchers found that after being set free, steelhead trout reared in hatcheries produced offspring far less fit than those of wild-bred fish. . . In fact, when these captive-bred trout are released in the wild, they are roughly 40% less successful at producing offspring that survive to adulthood than their wild cousins, according to the research. . . The researchers used genetics to track generations of steelhead trout in the Hood River in Oregon. They said the findings showed definitively that while they may look the same, wild fish and fish from hatcheries are not the same. They added that the findings suggest that the idea of releasing captive-reared fish into the wild to help boost the wild population should be carefully reconsidered. . . This is probably because the offspring of captive-reared fish inherited traits that might work in the slow-moving world of a hatchery but turn them into sushi in the fish-eat-fish world of the wild, the researchers said. . . Blouin noted that there are two different missions for fish hatcheries. The traditional mission has been to produce fish for harvest, and Blouin said they are really good at that. "If you're trying to create hatchery fish that are going to perform well in the wild, you want to minimize the number of generations in captivity. Even just a single extra generation through the hatchery causes a really large, detectable decline", Blouin said. Oct 1, 07: Japanese demand for its fatty flesh to make sushi has sparked a fishing frenzy for the Atlantic bluefin tuna --a torpedo-shaped brute weighing up to half a ton that can accelerate faster than a Porsche 911. . . Now a system of corralling the fish into "tuna ranches" has combined with a growing tuna fishing fleet to bring stocks dangerously close to collapse, warn scientists from ICCAT --the body established by bluefin fishing countries to monitor the stock. . . "There are plenty of signs that we might be seeing the start of the collapse", said Susana Sainz, a fisheries officer with campaign group WWF. The environmental impact would be catastrophic, she said: "The bluefin is a top predator so the whole ecology of the Mediterranean would be destabilized." . . Over-exploitation, pollution and climate change have devastated many of the world's commercial fish stocks and campaigners say a U.N. agreement to restore them by 2015 fails to set strong enough targets. . . Some campaigners say it may already be too late to save the bluefin after high-tech fleets --many guided by illegal spotter planes-- this season converged on an area near Libya that had been considered one of its last refuges. . . Ranches --giant underwater cages where freshly caught tuna are fattened on squid and sardines-- have revolutionized the industry. The innovation allows fishermen to scoop up shoals of spawning tuna, transfer them to the 50-meter-wide cages and return to fish until the last is caught. . . "It's not right that a resource that has sustained thousands of families for 3,000 years should be finished off by a new technology in 10 years", said Crespo. . . Gerald Scott, the American chairman of ICCAT's scientific committee, said he estimated just 6% of the original stock of Mediterranean bluefin remained. "We haven't necessarily seen a rapid and drastic decline yet. The point is once you have, it is probably too late." . . For almost a decade, fishermen in the Mediterranean have smashed quotas, taking around 50,000 tons a year, says Scott. Critics, including the US, say European countries that control ICCAT (the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna), should take much responsibility for setting quotas at twice the level their own scientists recommend and failing to enforce them. . . The Commission did take action last month, banning bluefin fishing for the rest of 2007 and threatening Greece, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Italy, France and Cyprus with court action if they could not prove they were not over-fishing. Sept 29, 07: The surprising fall of Sen. Larry Craig, R-Idaho, removes a longtime obstacle to efforts by Democrats and environmentalists to promote salmon recovery on Northwest rivers. Sept 27, 07: Chimp populations are in steep decline in Sierra Leone, as in much of Africa. Many people adopt cute baby apes after their parents are killed by hunters, without realizing the perils. . . The orphaned chimps are scarred by years of abuse. For almost all of them, their first experience of mankind was the slaughter of their families. Many were forced to drink alcohol to entertain humans; some had their teeth smashed or were kept in tiny cages. . . Chimps are fierce and territorial and their powerful bodies are five times stronger than a man's. Wild chimpanzees will not attack humans because the latter are taller, but domestic chimps quickly realize their physical advantage. . . Home to more than 30,000 chimpanzees in the early 1970s, Sierra Leone now harbors less than a tenth of that number, ecologists believe, as man has chopped down almost all the country's original jungles and hunted apes for bushmeat. . . One of the four species of great apes, chimpanzees share 99% of man's genes and live in structured groups of up to 100 animals. Primatologists have listed 38 chimp vocalizations, from soft grunts and lip smacks to barks, squeals and screams. . . Family bonds are strong; mothers suckle their children for three to four years. Chimps are prodigious toolmakers, using rocks to shell nuts and beating hollow trunks to signal their presence to other apes through the thick jungle. Sept 27, 07: Scientists have discovered 11 new species of plants and animals in Vietnam, including a snake, two butterflies and five orchid varieties, the World Wildlife Fund said. The new species were found in a remote region known as the "Green Corridor". Sept 24, 07: Horrific deformities in frogs are the result of a cascade of events that starts when nitrogen and phosphorus from farming and ranching bleed into lakes and ponds, researchers said. . . These nutrients from fertilizers and animal waste create dramatic changes in aquatic ecosystems that help a certain type of parasitic flatworm that inflicts these deformities on North American frogs, researchers said. . . While scientists had blamed parasitic infections for deformities seen in recent years in some types of amphibians, this study documented how runoff from farms and livestock ranches drives the process. The runoff sets in motion a series of events in lakes and ponds where frogs live. . . The nutrients stimulate the growth of algae, which in turn increases the population of snails. Microscopic parasitic worms called trematodes infect the snails --and more snails means more worms. The worms reproduce asexually inside the snails, which Johnson said are turned into "zombies" castrated by the parasites, allowing the worms to expel thousands of offspring. The worms then swarm over tadpoles --the water-dwelling larvae of frogs-- and burrow at the spots where limbs are developing, forming cysts and causing developmental deformities. . . But how would a worm benefit from an amphibian having such deformities? Predators such as birds eat the infected frogs and spread the worm back into the ecosystem through defecation. Deformed frogs are more easily caught and eaten, benefiting the worm's life cycle. Sept 22, 07: After encouraging gains in the 1990s, populations of loggerhead sea turtles are now dropping, primarily because of commercial fishing, according to a federal review. Sept 21, 07: The Chinese crested tern, a rare sea bird whose eggs are prized by some as a delicacy, is likely to be extinct in five years if authorities do not step up protection efforts, a conservation group said. Sept 21, 07: The rich may have to take black caviar off the menu to let sturgeon stocks recover, Russia's first Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov said. Sept 20, 07: In a cavern under a remote Arctic mountain, Norway will soon begin squirreling away the world's crop seeds in case of disaster. Dynamited out of a mountainside on Spitsbergen island around 1,000 km from the North Pole, the store has been called a doomsday vault or a Noah's Ark of the plant kingdom. Eventually, the vault will have capacity for around 4.5 million bar-coded seed samples and it hopes in its first year to collect half a million. . . It is the brainchild of a soft-spoken academic from Tennessee who is passionate about securing food for the masses, and will back up seed stores around the world that are vulnerable to loss through war or disaster. Work progresses for February's opening. . . "This is a safety deposit box, like in a bank, where you put your valuables." Although this is one of the world's most northerly settlements, an electric freezer will be used to keep the seeds in the three-chambered concrete-lined vault at minus 18 degrees C. If the power fails, permafrost will still keep them frozen, but not as deeply. . . They'll safeguard strains of 21 essential crops, such as wheat, barley and rice. Rice alone exists in about 120,000 different varieties. "Millet and crops like cow pea receive so little attention." Fowler calls such varieties "orphan crops" because they have no one to take care of them. The aim is to preserve genetic diversity, needed by plant breeders in the future to produce varieties able to adapt to challenges like climate change. . . If such a store had existed 10 years ago, he said, the seeds would have been needed about once a year as seed collections have been wiped out --for instance by a typhoon in the Philippines and war in Iraq and Afghanistan. . . Not all seeds can be stored by freezing. Banana, the world's fourth or fifth most valuable crop, is one example. "The longest viability under these conditions would be that of sorghum --about 19,500 years", Fowler said. Other varieties will need to be replaced more frequently. "Extinction happens when a species loses the ability to evolve." Sept 19, 07: Europe bans the fishing of endangered bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic for the rest of 2007. Sept 19, 07: France cracks down on a songbird delicacy. On the world's list of weird foods, ortolan �-a bite-size songbird roasted and gulped down whole-� can claim a place of distinction. It's an illegal place, though, since the ortolan is a protected species. Sept 19, 07: A kite-sized, unmanned airplane is joining the effort to protect endangered Hawaiian monk seals and coral reefs in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Sept 18, 07: Eighteen prominent scientists and researchers say there is no question that sea lice from fish farms are lethal to wild salmon, no evidence to the contrary and a need for greater protection. Sept 18, 07: An evaluation of Pacific herring stocks in Lynn Canal could land the fish on the endangered or threatened species list, blocking or slowing development in the area. The National Marine Fisheries Service said the Pacific herring population appears to be in enough trouble to warrant a review under the Endangered Species Act. Sept 17, 07: Conservationists are urging the Australian government to protect the Coral Sea, one of its last tropical marine wildernesses. The sea was recently declared a "predator diversity hotspot" because of its abundant shark populations. Wildlife groups want the government in Canberra to give it full environmental protection and create what would be the world's largest marine park. . . Campaigners fear the region could be targeted by illegal shark fishermen as well as oil and gas prospectors. The area is a haven for hammerhead and white-tipped sharks, as well as manta rays. . . "Sharks are increasingly rare in our oceans today. These are the sort of lions and tigers of the sea and unfortunately they are prized for their shark fin, which commands a high price in the Asian marketplace. "So illegal fishers looking for sharks for their fins are becoming increasingly bold. Without formal protection for the Coral Sea, we are afraid it might be vulnerable to that in the future." . . An Australian government spokesman said that calls for the Coral Sea to be protected were being investigated by a specialist panel. Sept 17, 07: Malaysia has begun using kits, similar to pregnancy tests, to check for bile and other ingredients made from bears in traditional Chinese medicines, officials said. . . Wildlife Department enforcement director Misliah Mohamed Basir said officers were using the kits in a program started early this month to check traditional medicine shops nationwide. They want to make sure the remedies do not contain extracts from the organs of bears, which are protected by law. Sept 16, 07: Mussels may start disappearing from restaurant menus as species increasingly become extinct or endangered by human activities, scientists say. . . North America has historically had a very diverse community of freshwater mussels -�providing ample supplies for diners. But populations have been on the decline for the past few decades, and mussels now are one of the most endangered groups of animals on the continent, according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. . . Humans are primarily responsible for the disappearance of mussels through water pollution and changes to their physical habitat wrought by the construction of dams, dredging and the introduction of exotic species. Sept 15, 07: On the Mississippi River, below the verdant bluffs that mark the far southern Minnesota-Wisconsin line, the federal government is waging a multi-million dollar campaign against the elements. For the last few weeks, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has transformed a 3-mile stretch of river into a floating construction zone, restoring and creating new river islands. . . The goal: restore wildlife habitat lost to a half-century of erosion and, in turn, bolstering fishing, waterfowl migration and the overall health of the river's northern stretches. No one has tried a restoration program of this size on such a large river. Officials are considering it as a model for restoration on the Rio Grande as well as the Parana River in Brazil and the Yangtze River in China, Hubbell said. . . Problems on the upper Mississippi began in the mid-1930s, when the corps installed dams that transformed it into a chain of shallow lakes. For a quarter-century the dams were a boon because they expanded fish habitat, corps biologist Randall Devendorf said. But no one realized the wind whipped across much larger bodies of water, creating intense waves that eroded islands like never before. A 5-mile portion of river between Brownsville and Genoa, Wis., lost 495 of its 625 island acres between 1939 and 1989. . . The corps also is building islands in Chesapeake Bay and off Louisiana and Mississippi. Most of the new Mississippi River islands are rock and sand bars, but their designs have evolved. . . Bluegill samples taken from Onalaska to Genoa �-where island building and depth reductions have occurred-� increased from about 20 fish taken per 15 minutes in the late 1990s to about 60 fish per 15 minutes from 2002 to 2004. Sept 13, 07: Papa salmon plus mama salmon equals ... baby trout? Japanese researchers put a new spin on surrogate parenting as they engineered one fish species to produce another, in a quest to preserve endangered fish. Japanese researchers' ultimate goal: Boost the rapidly dwindling population of bluefin tuna, a species prized in a country famed for its tuna appetite. . . Idaho scientists begin the next big step next month, trying to produce a type of salmon highly endangered in that state �-the sockeye-� this time using more plentiful trout as surrogate parents. The new method is "one of the best things that has happened in a long time in bringing something new into conservation biology", said U of Idaho zoology professor Joseph Cloud, who is leading the U.S. government-funded sockeye project. . . They injected newly hatched but sterile Asian masu salmon with sperm-growing cells from rainbow trout �-and watched the salmon grow up to produce trout. The striking success is capturing the attention of conservation specialists, who say new techniques are badly needed. Captive breeding of endangered fish is difficult, and attempts to freeze fish eggs for posterity so far have failed. . . "Future work should look to expand this approach to other fishes in need of conservation, in particular, the sturgeons and paddlefish", he added. "We have a lot of species of fish around the world that are really in danger of becoming extinct." . . The team started with "salmonids", a family that includes both salmon and trout, and one of concern to biologists because several species are endangered or extinct. . . Initial attempts to transplant sperm-producing cells into normal masu salmon mostly produced hybrids of the two species that didn't survive. This time, Yoshizaki engineered salmon to be sterile. He then injected newly hatched salmon with stem cells destined to grow into sperm that he had culled from male rainbow trout. Once they were grown, 10 of 29 male salmon who got the injections produced trout sperm, called milt. . . Here's the bigger surprise: Injecting the male cells into female salmon sometimes worked, too, prompting five female salmon to ovulate trout eggs. That's a scientific first, Yoshizaki said. . . The stem cells were still primitive enough to switch gears from sperm-producers to egg-producers when they wound up inside female organs, explained Idaho's Cloud. Then Yoshizaki used the salmon-grown trout sperm to fertilize both wild trout eggs and the salmon-grown trout eggs. DNA testing confirmed that all of the dozens of resulting baby fish were pure trout, he reported. Moreover, those new trout grew up able to reproduce. Sept 11, 07: In the 1980s, there were only about 10 left alive. But, in a rare success story, a two-decade conservation program in a wooded corner of Mauritius has brought the Echo Parakeet back from the brink of extinction. Sept 11, 07: Fla. - Wildlife officials should hold off before deciding whether to downgrade the manatee's status from endangered to threatened, Gov. Charlie Crist said. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission had been scheduled to take up the issue Wednesday, but its chairman said he agrees with Crist and will also recommend that the panel push the decision back. . . Crist said a better way to count manatees needs to be found before such a decision can be made. He notes what officials say was a record number of manatee deaths �417� in 2006. The method for counting manatees has always been controversial, and its results questioned. Sept 11, 07: t least 20 tigers have resurfaced in a tropical rainforest in western India, almost three decades after it was thought that poaching had wiped them out there, experts said. Sept 10, 07: Recent claims that mobile phone signals may be responsible for the decline in honeybee numbers have been quashed by research. Sept 10, 07: Biologists say an endangered minnow is rebounding in central North Carolina, thanks largely to demolition of an old dam. Sept 10, 07: In the aftermath of this summer's Murphy Complex Fire in southwest Idaho, state biologists studying damage to sage grouse habitat drew a quick conclusion: The fires dealt another blow to a species already in trouble. Sept 10, 07: The Pacific gray whale population, thought by some experts to have rebounded fully from the ravages of whaling, & one of the great success stories of the ocean, actually is back to a mere fraction of historic levels, scientists said. It may have been based on a miscalculation, scientists reported in a study based on whale genetics. Sept 10, 07: �The 1.5-million-square-mile Brazilian Amazon, larger than the entire nation of India, contains more than 40% of the world�s rain forests, and about a fifth of it already has disappeared, mostly in an �arc of deforestation� along the forest�s southern and eastern edges. Sept 6, 07: A number of young sharks are washing up dead on Oregon's beaches this summer, but researchers are unsure why. Sept 6, 07: A newly discovered virus may be killing bees or may be making some bees vulnerable enough to disappear, U.S. researchers reported. While the virus probably does not alone account for what scientists call colony collapse disorder, or CCD, it could help explain what is happening to bees across the US, they said. . . The virus, called Israeli acute paralysis virus, or IAPV, was discovered in Israel in 2004 and is new to science. . . CCD hit an estimated 23% of all beekeeping operations in the US during the winter of 2006-7. "These beekeepers lost an average of 45% of their operations." . . Ground-up bee samples from across the US and compared them to non-affected bees from Pennsylvania and Hawaii. They then sequenced the genomes --the entire collection of DNA-- and looked for genes from bacteria, viruses and parasites. They found five major bacterial groups, four lineages of fungi and seven types of viruses. . . "We found a remarkably high viral burden in bee populations --both those that have CCD and not", biologist Edward Holmes of Pennsylvania State U. Only one was always associated with CCD -- IAPV. "Whether it is a causative agent or a very good marker is the next major question that we need to address", said Diana Cox-Foster, an entomology professor at Penn State. A marker might mean that something else that was making the bees disappear also helped them become infected with the virus. IAPV can by transmitted by the varroa mite, a parasite known to affect U.S. bees. . . "I hope no one goes away with the idea that we have actually solved the problem", Pettis told the briefing. . . As for why the bees disappear, Cox-Foster said they may deliberately avoid returning to the hive when they begin to feel ill, perhaps to protect their sisters and the queen. Sept 5, 07: A study led by U of Colorado researchers says an effort to restore the endangered greenback cutthroat trout has been using the wrong fish for two decades. . . Researchers say genetic tests show that some fish believed to be remnants of the greenback were actually the more common Colorado River cutthroat trout. The study says the results could mean that more than two decades of trying to save the greenback from extinction haven't improved the species' chances. Sept 5, 07: The spread of farms and towns on Malaysia's coasts has destroyed some of the world's most important winter homes for migrating birds, said a report. Sept 5, 07: A rare European leech seems to be headed towards extinction as global warming dries out the Austrian forest home of the tiny blood-sucker, scientists said. Sept 5, 07: Wildlife officials counted a record 128 Kemp's ridley sea turtle nests this summer on Texas beaches. The majority were found in the Corpus Christi area, including 81 on North Padre Island and four on Mustang Island. . . National Park Service staff and volunteers patrolled daily looking for the endangered turtles and their nests during the nesting season, which runs from April to mid-July. The patrollers jointly covered 73,632 miles over 8,895 hours this year. . . It's difficult to find the nests, because often the only hint a mother turtle leaves is a faint trail in the sand, and they tend to nest on windy days. . . Wildlife officials released 10,594 Kemp's ridleys hatchlings along the Texas coast this year. Kemp's ridley sea turtles have been on the endangered species list since 1970. Adults grow to about 2 feet in length and weigh up to 100 pounds. . . The turtle population has been threatened by factors including shrimpers' nets and their popularity in Mexico as boot material and food. Sept 3, 07: If the market of Mong La is anything to go by, the remaining wild elephants, tigers and bears in Myanmar's forests are being hunted down slowly and sold to China. . . Besides row upon row of fruit, vegetables and cheap plastic sandals, the market offers a grisly array of animal parts, as well as many live specimens, to the hundreds of Chinese tourists who flock across the border each day. Bear paws and gall bladders, elephant tusks and chunks of hide, tiger and leopard skins, as well as big cat teeth and deer horn are all openly on display next to crudely welded cages of live macaques, cobras, Burmese star tortoises and pangolins. . . The live creatures, some of them on the IUCN Conservation Union's "Red List" of critically endangered species, are destined for the cooking pots of exotic animal restaurants in China's neighboring Yunnan province, or further afield. . . Food stalls in the market openly advertise dishes of pangolin or black bear. The body parts --some of which will not be real, given the ease with which a pig bladder can be passed off as that of a bear-- will either be ground up for traditional medicine, worn as amulets or simply hung on the wall as trophies. . . "Burma is being raped ... of its natural resources --trees, plants and animals. They've got to get a hold of the situation quickly before it becomes a barren ground", said Steven Galster, Bangkok-based director of the Wildlife Alliance. . . Experts also say the junta that has run the country for the last 45 years may not be as oblivious to wildlife protection as might be expected from its reputation as an international pariah and ruthless crusher of political dissent. . . Illegal logging of Myanmar's famed teak forests is a major problem --London-based environmental group Global Witness estimates that 1.5 million tons of timber worth $350 million was shipped illegally into China in 2005. But in 2004, the junta did set aside a stretch of jungle the size of Vermont in the isolated Hukawng Valley to become the world's largest tiger reserve. Sept 3, 07: Farm scientists warned that hardy breeds of livestock vital for world food supplies were dying out across developing countries, especially in Africa, and called for the creation of regional gene banks to save them. Sept 1, 07: The Navy can use high-powered sonar during exercises off the Southern California coast, despite the technology's threat to whales and other marine mammals, a federal appeals court ruled. A federal judge has upheld the government's practice of allowing development to proceed even if it is discovered after a project begins that the work could endanger protected species. Sept 1, 07: A federal judge imposed limits on water flows caused by huge pumps sending water from the San Joaquin-Sacramento River delta to users around the state, saying the pumps were drawing in and destroying a threatened fish. Aug 29, 07: Tunnels will be built to prevent the carnage of Canadian salamanders. Canadian researchers know why the salamander crossed the road, and now they hope to fix things so it won't have to. Aug 29, 07: Hedgehogs and house sparrows are on an updated list of UK species and habitats which need protection. Aug 26, 07: Brazilian scientists hope that two captivity-raised male Amazon manatees they plan to reintroduce to the wild will spark a bout of reproduction that might save the endangered species from extinction. . . In Feb 08, scientists at the National Amazon Research Institute (INPA) plan to take the two manatees (Trichechus inungis) and drop them into the Rio Cuieiras, a tributary of the Rio Negro, where researchers hope they will seek out females and begin repopulating the area. . . Despite being protected, the manatee population of the vast Amazon has steadily fallen with habitat loss, slow reproduction --females give birth only once every two years and to only one offspring-- and due to hunting by people who eat the huge, sluggish fresh-water mammal. . . Hunters in the region capture baby manatees and use them to attract their mothers who are captured and killed for their meat. The hunters wait for the manatees to rise to the surface to breathe, thrust plugs in their nostrils and asphyxiate them. The babies are meanwhile cast off, according to Silva. . . Together with turtles and capybara --both also in danger of disappearing from the region-- hungry, grazing manatees are crucial in transforming the plants floating on the surface of Amazon waters into biomass needed to fuel the entire aquatic food chain. Aug 23, 07: Conservationists announced the rare birth of a mountain gorilla in Congo, but warned the threat of extinction remained with nearly 10% of the animals' population there wiped out this year alone. Aug 22, 07: Brazil says it will investigate claims that loggers are exploiting its policy of settling the poor in the Amazon. Aug 17, 07: Malaysia has defended its decision to allow the export of macaque monkeys for meat and scientific research purposes, saying it will help curb their booming population in cities where they attack people and raid homes for food. Aug 17, 07: Conservation experts appealed for help to improve security and animal safety at a wildlife park in the Democratic Republic of Congo where four mountain gorillas were massacred in July. Aug 17, 07: An international conservation group launched an ambitious plan today to raise tens of millions of dollars to save 189 endangered birds over the next five years by protecting their habitat and raising public awareness about their plight. . . U.K.-based BirdLife International is calling on environmental groups, corporations and individuals to contribute the $37.8 million needed for what it is dubbing the Species Champions initiative. . . The campaign comes as the numbers of extinct birds is on the rise, mostly due to poaching, habitat loss and overdevelopment. In the last three decades, 21 species have been lost. Aug 17, 07: A newly discovered dodo skeleton has raised hopes for extracting some of the legendary extinct bird�s DNA. The dodo, a flightless bird related to pigeons and doves, once thrived on the small island of Mauritius, located off the coast of Africa to the east of Madagascar. . . Dodos --Raphus cucullatus-- stood almost a meter tall and laid their eggs on the ground, which made them easy targets for predators such as rats and pigs introduced to the island by European explorers. Humans also destroyed the dodos' habitat. The dodo became extinct in the late 1600s, just 80 years after the arrival of explorers. . . The skeleton's bones were badly decomposed and fragile, but there is still a good chance of extracting some dodo DNA because of the stable temperature and dry to slightly humid environment (keys to DNA preservation) of the cave. . . Dodo DNA would be of great scientific value because scientists know very little about the genetics of the dodo. Also, it would allow scientists to figure how long the skeleton was lying in the cave. Aug 16, 07: An unusually high number of walrus carcasses missing their heads and ivory tusks have washed up on beaches this summer, alarming wildlife officials. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service doesn't know whether the dozens of walrus carcasses counted along a 40-mile stretch in Norton Sound are part of a crime or whether sloppy hunters are responsible. . . Pacific walruses are not considered endangered but can be hunted only by Alaska Natives, who are required to use a certain amount of the animal or face fines for being wasteful. The tusks are often carved or used in native arts and crafts. Aug 16, 07: The Bush administration's plans for saving the northern spotted owl from extinction have flunked a peer review by scientists. Aug 16, 07: An eagle that disappeared from Ireland more than 100 years ago took flight again as part of a scheme to reintroduce native birds of prey to the country. Aug 10, 07: Deforestation of the Amazon rain forest in Brazil fell by about a third in the 12 months through July to the lowest rate in at least seven years...at least according to their government. Aug 10, 07: The increasing popularity of winter sports is placing an ever increasing strain on fragile mountain ecosystems. Aug 10, 07: The US Navy is ordered not to use sonar off the Californian coast because it might harm marine mammals. Aug 10, 07: The black-footed ferret, once the rarest mammal in the world, has made an astonishing comeback in Wyoming after a captive breeding program, researchers said. Aug 9, 07: Coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian oceans are vanishing faster than had previously been thought, a study shows. Aug 9, 07: Satellite tracking of pygmy elephants has found that the endangered animals �-unique to Borneo island-� are under threat due to logging and commercial plantations encroaching on their habitat, conservationists said. Aug 6, 07: Snow leopards, Asiatic lions, Gangetic dolphins and wild buffaloes are among Indian wildlife species that are "gravely endangered", the government has warned. Aug 5, 07: Porbeagle shark, a species that was once fished to the brink of extinction in the frigid waters off Atlantic Canada during the 1960s. Federal fisheries officials don't want to make that mistake again, and so marine biologists are crunching data from Canada's first "census" of a shark population with the porbeagle as its focus. . . The stakes are high as sharks globally are threatened by exploitation for their meat and fins. Some conservationists say Canada's porbeagle fishery should be closed though government scientists maintain it appears sustainable at current levels. Eastern Canada has already witnessed the spectacular collapse of its once-teeming cod fishery, and scientists understand their margin for error is thin. . . Porbeagles grow to about 2meters in length and are not considered a threat to humans. . . Tens of millions of sharks are estimated to be slaughtered annually for their fins, a coveted soup ingredient in Asia, with the rest of the animal wastefully thrown back into the sea. Aug 5, 07: The secrets of the bluefin tuna's migration have been unlocked by one of the most comprehensive studies of the giant fish, say scientists. Researchers believe two separate populations of the fish share feeding sites in the Atlantic before heading to opposite sides of the ocean to breed. . . To help reveal their migratory pattern, an international team has tagged almost a thousand specimens. The team also studied historical records that showed how bluefin numbers, once abundant in the North Atlantic, collapsed after the emergence of industrial fishing. . . Foraging areas included waters off the eastern shores of Canada and the US, and off the coasts of Spain, Portugal and Ireland. "But when it is time for these fish to go back to their spawning grounds, they separate out", he added. . . Dr Boustany said the data also revealed that northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) not only returned to a specific spawning site year after year, but also chose the location in which they were born. He said this behavior suggested the fish were genetically hard-wired to do this. . . Laboratory tests showed there were "significant genetic differences" between the two populations. "This would not happen unless the fish were natally homing and the two stocks were not interbreeding at all. "We are now thinking of ourselves as CSI: Ocean", he joked. "Ignorance is no excuse anymore." Aug 2, 07: The tiny Atlantic piping plover, a federally protected bird, has given beachgoers headaches for decades. The species breeds on East Coast beaches during warm weather, which means entire stretches of shoreline can be put off limits just as people want to enjoy the coast. But today, two decades after the plover was declared a threatened species, biologists are crediting the beach closures, twine barriers and other buffers between birds and humans for a 141% increase in the Atlantic piping plover population. . . The birds' numbers dropped to just 722 mating pairs in 1985, prompting federal officials to require that property owners protect the birds. They also began issuing recommendations that interfered with humans' beach life. Aug 4, 07: A bill to restore land rights to millions of poor tribal people in India could mean the end for India's endangered wild tigers, eliminating much of their protected habitat, conservationists warned. Aug 2, 07: Scarlet macaws threatened by illegal poachers and land invaders who slash and burn their jungle habitat in Guatemala now have scientists watching out for them from space. Aug 2, 07: A rare mountain bird is to be radio tracked, following concerns that its numbers are declining because of climate change. Ring ouzels could be struggling because warmer weather is drying out soil making it harder for them to catch earthworms. Aug 2, 07: A federal judge issued a preliminary injunction to stop Weyerhaeuser Co. from logging in spotted owl habitat on four parcels of private land in Washington. July 30, 07: Reef-building glass sponges, thought until recently to be long extinct, have been found off the coast of Washington state, scientists announced. Solitary glass sponges, so named because they are made of silica (the same material as beach sand and that is used to make glass), can be found living in many parts of the world's oceans, but they are different species than those that build themselves into reefs. . . The three reef-building species were thought to be extinct for 100 million years until they were found a few years ago in protected Canadian waters. The same three species were recently discovered 30 miles west of Grays Harbor off Washington state, showing that they can also thrive in the open ocean. . . The Washington reefs are each hundreds of feet in length and width, and rise between 2 to 4.5 meters above the sea floor. They host a thriving community of creatures including zooplankton, sardines, crabs, prawns and rockfish in an otherwise sparsely populated stretch of seafloor. . . Glass sponges range in color from a creamy white to bright yellow and grow in shapes similar to cups and funnels, unlike other sponges. July 25, 07: More than 400,000 acres of wildlands in the Eastern Sierra Nevada should be made protected habitat for an endangered mountain sheep rebounding from the threat of extinction, the federal government said. July 21, 07: Scientists and conservationists called on Pacific countries today to step up efforts to protect leatherback turtles that are on the brink of extinction. July 20, 07: Missouri and Illinois conservationists are seeing troubling signs in amphibian populations, mirroring problems seen elsewhere in the world. July 18, 07: Scotland's seabirds are having a "disastrous" breeding season, according to RSPB Scotland. It said mid-season reports had found cliffs, where there should be thousands of birds, almost empty. It said that for some areas the season was worse than last year and heading towards being the worst since a "dreadful" 2004 season. The charity said Scotland's coastline supported 45% of the European Union's seabird breeding population. . . RSPB Scotland said climate change appeared to be disrupting food supply, but added that more research would need to be done. "We're fairly certain that on the east coast, rising sea temperatures are leading to plankton regime shifts, which in turn affects fish like sand eels - a major food source for seabirds." July 17, 07: A healthy American chestnut tree discovered on a New Hampshire farm may serve as the "mother tree" to bring back a species nearly wiped out by Asian blight. July 16, 07: The tiny Kauai creeper, a rare four-inch tall bird, is still trying to get on the endangered species list as its numbers have dwindled to 1,500 worldwide. July 16, 07: A wood-boring insect that kills pine trees and also has turned up in New York, Pennsylvania and Ontario has been detected in Michigan, state and federal officials said. July 16, 07: A foul-smelling orchid that flourishes only in Yosemite National Park and was first collected in 1923 is a distinct species, scientists announced, after re-evaluating the flower. . . Botanist Alison Colwell said the species' minute, tennis-ball yellow flowers weren't what first led her to it, but rather the smell of sweaty feet that the Yosemite bog-orchid emits to attract pollinators. The plant, which is the only known orchid species endemic to California's Sierra Nevada range, grows in spring-fed areas between 6,000 and 9,000 feet. July 15, 07: A species of egg-laying mammal, named after TV naturalist Sir David Attenborough, is not extinct as was previously thought, say scientists. . . On a recent visit to Papau's Cyclops Mountains, researchers uncovered burrows and tracks made by the Attenborough's long-beaked echidna. The species is only known to biologists through a specimen from 1961, which is housed in a museum in the Netherlands. The team will return to Papua next year to find and photograph the creature. . . "Attenborough's echidna is one of five monotremes (egg-laying mammals) that first inhabited the Earth around the time of the dinosaurs. "This group includes the duck-billed platypus, which helps demonstrate how different these are from all other mammals." July 15, 07: Scientists in Southern California have discovered a mysterious booming population of endangered desert pupfish in man-made research ponds designed for an entirely different purpose. Although no one knows exactly how they got there, the fish probably took a 1.5-mile joyride through the piping used to deliver water to the ponds. . . Last year, Douglas Barnum, a scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey�s Salton Sea Science Office, and his colleagues built four small ponds to study how ongoing changes in the Salton Sea -�the largest lake in California, which is 25% saltier than the ocean�- will affect nearby wildlife as part of the state�s ongoing Salton Sea Restoration Project. . . The Salton Sea, an important habitat for migratory birds, is slowly drying up and growing saltier. It is also becoming tainted with selenium as it is fed by a number of rivers, including the Alamo River, contaminated by selenium from the upper Colorado basin. The element, which may be leaching into the basin from agricultural sites, can be toxic to wildlife, especially as it accumulates through the food chain. . . The plan was to study how bird populations respond to the different ponds, which are all carefully filled so as to prevent fish and other wildlife from being pumped in too. . . The scientists estimate that there are thousands of these endangered fish living in the research ponds, although most of them are young, and no one knows how many will survive into adulthood. July 12, 07: The unexplained death of a breeding-age ocelot in southeast Texas has brought the endangered cat a step closer to extinction in the US, a wildlife biologist said. July 12, 07: Malaysia is launching a $9 million project to try to clone some of its threatened leatherback turtles in a last-ditch bid to save them from extinction. July 9, 07: Corals get cold sores too. Only, for corals, a herpes virus infection isn�t just annoying. It can be lethal, and it and other diseases are possibly a big factor in the deaths of coral reefs that humans are causing throughout the world�s oceans, new research shows. . . Scientists have known for years that humans are killing corals indirectly and directly through global warming, overfishing and pollution. Many reefs off populous coasts have been decimated, while those near uninhabited areas are often thriving. �For some reason, when you put people next to reefs, they die�, said microbiologist Forest Rohwer of San Diego State U. A 2004 study found that 70% of the world�s reefs had been destroyed or were threatened by global warming and other human activities. . . Coral reefs are some of the most stunningly diverse habitats on the planet. They are home to thousands of species at all levels of the food chain: invertebrates such as sponges and starfish, small fish such as angelfish and clown fish, big fish such as parrot fish, barracuda, groupers and snappers,and even sharks. . . But the most amazing variety, he said, is actually found in the realm we can�t see: �We know [from DNA sequencing] that the most diverse things on a coral reef are actually the microbial community.� There are about 10 million bacteria and 1 billion archaea on every square centimeter of coral, and two neighboring corals can have completely different microbes living on their surfaces. . . The reefs are also constantly interacting with the water surrounding them -�in only a milliliter of ocean water (about one-fifth of a teaspoon) there are about one million bacteria and 10 million viruses. . . When humans overfish a reef, there�s nothing left to eat the food produced by the algae, so all that carbon builds up in the water column and feeds the microbes, sort of like "MicrobeGro" fertilizer, building up their numbers and overwhelming the coral. "The coral is actually losing control of its microbial community", Rohwer said. Even though these microbes normally live in a harmonious balance with the coral, they are still potential pathogens. . . And what was the number one disease affecting the corals? Herpes viruses. . . Herpes viruses are naturally found in many different animals (95% of humans carry some kind of herpes virus). �Everybody in this room has at least a couple herpes viruses running around,� Rohwer said at the symposium, causing some in the audience to chuckle. �And when you get stressed, or immuno-compromised, they�re going to start hopping out and giving you little cold sores or other wounds that we won�t talk about.� July 8, 07: The wet summer is having a "dramatic effect" on ground nesting bumblebees, according to a conservation trust. It said rain-sodden ground and moss was a threat to certain species. . . The Bumblebee Conservation Trust launched a national garden watch and a drive to boost the insect's numbers earlier this year. July 4, 07: Low sperm counts and other reproductive problems are preventing pregnancy among Malaysia's endangered rhinos, a worrying trend that wildlife experts say could hasten the animals' extinction. Experts meeting on Borneo island this week to discuss ways to save the Borneo rhino said a major threat --besides poaching-- was the animals' own inability to reproduce. "Maybe because they live in fragmented locations deep in the jungles and because of that, they rarely get the opportunity to mate." ~Sabah Wildlife Department deputy chief, Laurentius Ambu. . . But scientists also found that male rhinos suffer from low sperm count while many of their female counterparts have cysts in their reproductive organs. . . The wildlife department says there are between 30 and 50 rhinos left in the dense jungles of Malaysia's Sabah state, on Borneo. Scientists consider the Borneo rhino to be a subspecies of the Sumatran rhino, with different characteristics from those found in Indonesia and the Malaysian peninsula. The Sumatran rhino is one of the world's most critically endangered species, with small numbers found only in Indonesia, Sabah and peninsular Malaysia. It is the smallest and hairiest of all the rhinos, but can weigh from 600 to 800 kg. Its numbers are believed to have halved in the decade to 1995, with fewer than 300 left today. . . Rhino horns, made of hair-like keratin fibers, have reputed aphrodisiac qualities and are a prized ingredient of traditional Asian medicine. Jun 29, 07: Oman's Arabian Oryx sanctuary this week became the first site to be removed from UNESCO's World Heritage list after the rare species dwindled and the government cut the park size by 90%. It's the first site to be deleted since UNESCO's 1972 convention on the protection of cultural and natural heritage sites. . . The Arabian Oryx sanctuary was added to the list in 1994 but the United Nations cultural organization said that poaching and habitat degradation had led to a decline in numbers. In 1996, the population was 450 but it has since fallen to 65 with only around four breeding pairs making its future viability uncertain, UNESCO said . . "After extensive consultation with the state ..., the committee felt that the unilateral reduction in the size of the sanctuary and plans to proceed with hydrocarbon prospection would destroy the value and integrity of the property, which is also home to other endangered species including, the Arabian Gazelle and houbara bustard", it said. [ah-ha! oil!] "The committee expressed regret that the state ... failed to fulfil its obligations regarding the conservation of the sanctuary as defined by the World Heritage Convention." . . Oryx that had been bred in captivity in the US were released into the sanctuary in the ensuing years and in 1994 an official sanctuary was established. But as the number of Oryx grew, they attracted more poachers who tried to catch them alive for sale outside Oman. Jun 29, 07: The remains of a dodo found in a cave beneath bamboo and tea plantations in Mauritius offer the best chance yet to learn about the extinct flightless bird, a scientist said. It's basically a giant pigeon. . . The remains were likely to yield the first excellent DNA and other vital clues, because they were found intact, in isolation, and in a cave. Hume said the dodo was almost certainly finished off by animals introduced by Europeans about 400 years ago. Jun 28, 07: Seabirds on the remote islands of St Kilda are being killed by discarded fishing gear, the National Trust for Scotland (NTS) has warned. Great skua, gannet and fulmar have been found dead after becoming entangled in, or choking, on fishing line. NTS said abandoned line and hooks continued to "ghost fish" for many years, snaring wild birds instead of fish. . . A breeding ground for more than 500,000 seabirds, including the largest northern gannet colony of over 60,000 pairs. Jun 22, 07: Fear of predators is not instinctive but is a learned behavior that only develops when prey species share space with animals that eat them, according to a new study. Conclusion: remove the lions, and the zebras will lose their fear of them. But add wolves to a new territory and the resident elk or moose will soon learn they spell trouble. . . The study compared the behavior of four prey species in three different settings: locations where predators still prowled; areas where top predators no longer exist; and places where carnivores had been reintroduced. Such research is regarded as important to understanding the dynamics of reintroducing predators to ecosystems where they had been exterminated by humans. . . When wolves returned to the Yellowstone region, they caused a cascade of events including a change in elk distribution, more wariness in moose, and a change in coyote densities." Jun 19, 07: Conservationists in Indian Kashmir are planning to breed rare red deer to save a species found only in the Himalayas from the verge of extinction. Environmentalists say there are less than 200 red deer known commonly as the Hangul left in Kashmir's forests from more than 900 in 1989 because of poaching and neglect by authorities aggravated by a 17-year-old separatist rebellion in the region. Jun 17, 07: 84 Siberian tigers, among the world's rarest animals, have been born since March at a northeastern China breeding center, an official said. Jun 16, 07: Management plans for 18 national forests in Idaho, Montana, Utah and Wyoming are being changed to conserve the threatened Canada lynx and its habitat, U.S. Forest Service officials said. Jun 16, 07: The volunteers tote a butterfly net, binoculars and field guides around the Miami Metrozoo grounds, scanning the plants and flowers for fluttering wings. But they aren't searching for a rare species or collecting specimens for display � they're counting butterflies for the Florida Butterfly Monitoring Network, then leaving the insects to continue their zigzagging flights through the humid air. . . As the summer butterfly watching season warms up, researchers hope similar counts organized by the North American Butterfly Association and a few separate state monitoring networks will contribute new data to help track butterfly populations and develop land management strategies. . . The counts may help scientists prevent any more butterflies from becoming as rare as the Miami blue, a quarter-sized species now found only on one island in the Florida Keys, Daniels said. The Miami blue was abundant throughout South Florida a generation ago, and scientists were slow to recognize the extent of its decline. Jun 16, 07: Elephants and eels may find life slightly easier as a result of trade curbs imposed after UN talks in a modest attempt to slow what may be the worst wave of extinctions since the dinosaurs. Jun 15, 07: The populations of 20 common American birds �-from the fence-sitting meadowlark to the whippoorwill with its haunting call-� are half what they were 40 years ago, according to a National Audubon Society analysis. . . The Denver Zoo has a newly hatched Andean condor, only the second condor to hatch at a zoo anywhere in the world over the past year, zoo officials said. Jun 14, 07: The only surviving pair of endangered pygmy rabbits released as part of a program to increase their numbers in the wild have dodged coyotes, badgers, hawks and owls and found time for love. Proud scientists announced that the rabbits have successfully bred. The rabbits, slightly larger than a man's hand, eat sagebrush and are the only rabbits in the US that dig their own burrows. . . No Columbia Basin pygmy rabbits are known to be left in the wild. Predators nearly wiped out the population of 20 captive-reared Columbia Basin pygmy rabbits released in March in central Washington. Jun 14, 07: Trade in red and pink corals prized as jewellery for 5,000 years will be restricted to try to help the species recover after drastic over-exploitation, a U.N. wildlife conference agreed. Jun 14, 07: A Bush Proposal Would Cut Spotted-Owl Habitat for Logging: The administration would eliminate 1.5 million acres of timberland from the bird's habitat to boost the logging industry. Jun 14, 07: African nations fail to find a compromise on the ivory trade at a major wildlife trade meeting. Jun 12, 07: A 50-ton bowhead whale caught off the Alaskan coast last month had a weapon fragment embedded in its neck that showed it survived a similar hunt �-more than a century ago. Embedded deep under its blubber was a 3 1/2-inch arrow-shaped projectile that has given researchers insight into the whale's age, estimated between 115 and 130 years old. . . Calculating a whale's age can be difficult, and is usually gauged by amino acids in the eye lenses. It's rare to find one that has lived more than a century, but experts say the oldest were close to 200 years old. . . It was probably shot at the whale from a heavy shoulder gun around 1890. The small metal cylinder was filled with explosives fitted with a time-delay fuse so it would explode seconds after it was shot into the whale. The bomb lance was meant to kill the whale immediately and prevent it from escaping. . . The 49-foot male whale died when it was shot with a similar projectile last month, and the older device was found buried beneath its blubber as hunters carved it with a chain saw. Jun 12, 07: Turtles in the Caribbean are under threat from over-fishing and illegal trade, with almost all eggs laid in Guatemala taken by humans, a wildlife trade monitoring network said. Jun 11, 07: Ten of Nepal's 250 endangered elephants are suffering from tuberculosis in a national park and the disease is threatening to spread to humans and other wildlife, authorities said. . . Park authorities said tests had confirmed at least 10 of 100 domesticated Asian elephants in Chitwan had contracted the disease in the past two years. Park officials said this is the first time that tb in elephants had been reported in the Himalayan nation. . . Nepal has about 150 elephants in the wild and about 100 domesticated pachyderms, some of which are used in safaris by private hotels and state-run national parks. Elephants are a protected species in Nepal and killing them carries a jail term of up to 15 years. Jun 10, 07: Indonesia's tropical rain forests are disappearing 30% faster than previously estimated as illegal loggers raid national parks, threatening the long-term survival of orangutans, according to a U.N. report. Jun 10, 07: A U.N. wildlife forum imposed trade restrictions on European eels and outlawed trade in shark-like sawfish, famed for a long toothed snout, to prevent a slip towards extinction. Jun 9, 07: From outside, Cameroon's Ngambe-Tikar forest looks like a compact, tangled mass of healthy emerald green foliage. But tracks between the towering tropical hardwood trees open up into car park-sized clearings littered with logs as long as buses. Forestry officers say the reserve is under attack from unscrupulous commercial loggers who work outside authorized zones and do not respect size limits. . . From central Africa to the Amazon basin and Indonesia's islands, the world's great forests are being lost at an annual rate of at least 13 million hectares --an area the size of Greece or Nicaragua. . . Evidence of rampant deforestation around the globe points in one direction: booming demand in China, where economic growth is fuelling a timber feeding frenzy. In just the past decade, China has grown from importing wood products for domestic use to become the world's leading exporter of furniture, plywood and flooring. . . Chinese firms might not be chopping down the trees themselves, but their insatiable appetite is driving up prices, spurring loggers to open more tracks like those torn through Ngambe-Tikar and drawing huge global investment to the companies. . . About a fifth of Brazil's Amazon has already been destroyed, and Chinese demand for commodities such as iron ore, bauxite and especially soy, has been a big factor in pushing the country's agricultural frontier further north. The government has long been criticized for deforestation and has a very public policy of stopping illegal clearing and slowing clearing rates overall. But the frontier area is very remote, and police are underfunded, disorganized and often corrupt. . . Spinning the globe further west, the problem is perhaps even more acute in Indonesia. Without drastic action, the UN says, 98% of its remaining forests will be gone by 2022, with dire consequences for local people and wildlife, including endangered rhinos, tigers and orangutans. In parts of Borneo and Sumatra, for instance, scientists are still finding new species of animals and plants but fear these could be lost to science before being studied fully. . . Jakarta says illegal tree felling is ravaging 37 of its 41 national parks, and now accounts for about 3/4 of all logging in Indonesia. . . Many poor nations want the rich world to extend the Kyoto Protocol, the main U.N. plan for fighting global warming, to give farmers credits for letting forests stand rather than sell trees to loggers or clear land for crops. Jun 9, 07: The American multimillionaire who founded the North Face and Esprit clothing lines says he is trying to save the planet by buying bits of it. First Douglas Tompkins purchased a huge swath of southern Chile, and now he's hoping to save the northeast wetlands of neighboring Argentina. He has snapped up more than half a million acres of the Esteros del Ibera, a vast Argentine marshland teeming with wildlife. . . Wealthy foreigners have bought an estimated 4.5 million acres in Argentina and Chile in the past 15 years for private Patagonian playgrounds. Sylvester Stallone, Ted Turner and Italian fashion designer Luciano Benetton all have large holdings set amid pristine mountains and lakes. . . Argentine officials took notice and eagerly courted Tompkins' philanthropy, flying him to several areas of ecological significance in the late 1990s � when the government was strapped for cash because of the economic crisis. . . He now owns well over 1 million acres in Chile and Argentina, a combined area about the size of Rhode Island. Opposition lawmakers in both countries have sought unsuccessfully to expropriate Tompkins' purchases or put limits on extremely large landholdings. Jun 9, 07: Attempts to restrict trade in two threatened shark species fail at a conference on endangered species. Jun 9, 07: A judge has struck down Delaware's two-year ban on harvesting horseshoe crabs in Delaware Bay, saying the crustaceans' population is healthy enough to allow a limited harvest. Jun 8, 07: A port being built on India's eastern coast is a "killing field" of rare Olive Ridley turtles and other marine life, and should be shut down, Greenpeace said on Friday. . . It said the Dhamra port in Orissa state, being built by Indian conglomerate Tata group, is close to the beaches of Gahirmatha, one of the few remaining mass nesting sites of the Olive Ridleys in the world. . . The group recently conducted a 40-day study of the ecology around the port site and came across more than 2,000 turtles, rare horseshoe crabs, crab-eating frogs, dolphins and snakes, killed by mechanized fishing boats. . . The Tatas had earlier said the port would not harm the turtles and if it did they would not build the project, Fernandes said. Jun 7, 07: The number of species on the endangered list in Britain has almost doubled in 13 years, according to a new study. There are now 1,149 species of plants, mammals, birds and insects, and 67 different types of habitat under threat from climate change and human activity. But the largest proportion of species are invertebrates like insects and spiders, with more than 400 at risk. Jun 7, 07: Europe's seas are in a "serious state of decline" as a result of coastal development, overfishing and pollution from agriculture, warn scientists. It focused on the continent's four regional seas: the North-East Atlantic Ocean, and the Black, Baltic and Mediterranean seas. "In every sea, we found serious damage related to the accelerated pace of coastal development, transport and the way we produce our food", said Professor Mee. Jun 7, 07: Six species of reef-building coral could vanish from the Caribbean due to rising temperatures and toxic runoff from islands' development, according to a new study. Nearly two dozen scientists from U.S. and Caribbean universities, as well as nonprofits, identified the threatened species while reviewing studies and scientific data. . . The species �-about 10% of the 62 varieties capable of forming reefs in the region-� include staghorn and elkhorn corals, which were once among the most prominent. "One of the Atlantic Ocean's most beautiful marine habitats no longer exists in many places because of dramatic increases in coral diseases, mostly caused by climate change and warmer waters." . . The team also reported significant damage to mangroves, which filter pollutants, reporting the plants cover 42% less area in the Caribbean than they did 25 years ago. Jun 6, 07: Japan's efforts to have restrictions lifted on the trade in whalemeat are rebuffed at an international meeting. Jun 5, 07: The large quantity of illegal worked ivory entering the US from China and Japan is a sign of the strong demand that is contributing to an alarming increase in elephant poaching in Africa, a conservation group said. Jun 2, 07: A tiny shorebird is edging closer to extinction, threatened by fishermen who destroy its food staple for bait and loved by ornithologists who are drawn from around the world to count it. . . The red knot, once a numerous springtime visitor to the beaches of the Delaware Bay on the U.S. Atlantic Coast, has declined to an all-time low of 12,300 birds, down from some 15,000 last year and around 100,000 in the mid-1980s. . . Biologists led by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection have been monitoring the bird for the last 23 years amid signs that it may soon join the dodo on the list of birds never to be seen again. . . After a monthlong ground and air search of the beaches of Delaware Bay in New Jersey and Delaware, scientists this week concluded that the red knot's population is now even closer to the level where it may not survive. They consider the population would be sustainable at about 100,000. Jun 2, 07: A senior UN official urged a 171-nation U.N. wildlife forum to take action to help protect animals from climate change. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) will also discuss measures at its two week-week meeting to help commercially valuable animal and tree species threatened by over-use. . . A U.N. report has said human activities were wiping out three animal or plant species every hour and has urged the world to do more to slow the worst spate of extinctions since the dinosaurs by 2010. Global warming, blamed mainly on human use of fossil fuels, is widely expected to add to existing threats and wreck habitats like the Amazon rain forest. . . "CITES is not a forum for discussing climate change but decisions taken here do have an impact on species in a climatically challenged world. We will need robust species populations if they are to survive rising temperatures and more extremes." Jun 4, 07: A purple fluorescent frog is one of 24 new species found in the South American highlands of Suriname, conservationists reported on Monday, warning that these creatures are threatened by illegal gold mining. The discovery of so many species outside the insect realm is extraordinary and points up the need to survey distant regions. . . Scientists combing Suriname's Nassau plateau and Lely Mountains found four other new frog species aside from the purple one, six species of fish, 12 dung beetles and a new ant species, the organization said. They also found 27 species native to the Guayana Shield region, which spreads over Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana and northern Brazil. One of these was the rare armored catfish, which conservationists feared was extinct because gold miners had contaminated a creek where it was last seen 50 years ago. Jun 2, 07: The agency that oversees international trade involving rare animals approved on Saturday the sale of 60 tons of ivory to Japan despite fears it could lead to increased poaching of endangered elephants. Jun 2, 07: Japan failed to ease an international ban on commercial whaling, leading it to warn it may leave the IWC. Jun 1, 07: The Fish and Wildlife Service wants to replace four decades of federal protections for the American bald eagle with new rules against disturbing it. Jun 1, 07: An international forum this week on the fate of the world's whales barely addressed what scientists consider one of the most serious threats to marine life: global warming. . . A warming climate threatens food sources in Antarctic waters for the world's largest creature and has been linked to unusual migration patterns and the strange behavior of whales off Alaska's coast, scientists say. . . A proposed International Whaling Commission resolution expressing concerns about global warming and its impact on whales never came up for a vote. The group opted instead for a climate change conference at some point in the future. "In light of the massive impacts that stand to be made on whales and their habitat, we would have liked this body to take action on that and express their concern", said Patrick Ramage, whale program manager for the International Fund for Animal Welfare. "This forum is still kind of stuck in 1946, where they're debating whether whales should be harpooned or not." . . Whales from the Arctic appear to have altered some of their migration patterns, while ice-dependent whales in Antarctica might be losing some of their primary food, krill, and their overall habitat, said Donovan. In addition, whales swimming in temperate climates might find the location of their prime habitats shifting due to warming water. Whales used to migrate to the Arctic for only the long-daylight days of summer, but they are arriving earlier and staying longer. . . "We've even documented whale singing in the dead of winter, in January and February", said North Slope Borough Mayor Edward Itta. This past winter, borough officials detected some gray whales that instead of making normal migrations to the sunny south, apparently spent the winter in the waters northeast of Barrow, the northernmost U.S. community. Jun 1, 07: Great apes are facing an "inevitable crisis" arising from climate change, a leading conservationist has warned. Dr Richard Leakey said that growing pressure to switch from fossil fuels to biofuels could result in further destruction of the animals' habitats. The chair of WildlifeDirect called for immediate action and proposed financial incentives to save forests from destruction as one possible solution. He said: "Climate change will undoubtedly impact everything we know." . . The Great Apes Survival Project (Grasp), a UN Environment Program (Unep) initiative, has warned that great apes are at risk of imminent extinction unless drastic action is taken. . . The former director of the Kenyan Wildlife Service said: "I am concerned about the pressures on the land as a result of changes to the climate, but also the pressures on the land in terms of people's reaction to climate change and the shift away from fossil fuels to biofuels." . . Dr Leakey suggested "biodiversity credits" could be a possible solution. "Being paid for not cutting down indigenous forests and getting credit for that is a further step that builds on the idea of getting paid for planting new forests", he explained. . . "It does seem that we cannot stop development, but it does also seem that perhaps we can stop development where critical species are threatened, and perhaps there could be a price added to that." He said that there could be creative ways to solve the problems that climate change could bring, but added that it was crucial that action was taken now. May 30, 07: If you think the problem of endangered species is all about tigers, elephants and orangutans, ask a violinist where he gets his bow. The best violin bows are made from pau brasil, a tree from the Brazilian rain forest that has been exploited for 500 years, and was once so economically vital for the red dye it produced that it gave its name to the only country where it grows. . . Pau brasil is among dozens of plants and animals threatened with extinction that are on the agenda of the 171-nation Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, or CITES, which opens its meeting Sunday. About 7,000 animals and 32,000 plant families now are regulated, including more than 800 species which are banned completely from commerce. . . It takes a lot of wood to make a violin bow �-of every 3,300 pounds, only 220 to 440 pounds are usable, experts say, and 80% of that is wasted in carving the bow. The tree has a trunk only about 15 feet long, meaning a tree can produce only a few bows. . . Peru may face sanctions for failing to control the export of mahogany, which is used for guitars. About 90% of the mahogany from the Peruvian Amazon is logged illegally, said Kris Genovese of the Defenders of Wildlife. . . One new item on the agenda is a German proposal to regulate trade in the spiny dogfish, a small migratory shark commonly used for fish-and-chips. Stocks of reproductive females have declined by 95% in the Northeast Atlantic and by 75% in the Northwest Atlantic, says WWF. A female takes up to 23 years to mature. Mar 30, 07: A majority of nations voted today to create a whale sanctuary in the southern Atlantic Ocean, but failed to get 75% of the vote needed to pass the proposal raised by Brazil and Argentina. May 30, 07: Military exercises planned by Australia and the US next month off the Australian coast could result in large-scale whale deaths or injuries, the International Whaling Commission said. May 30, 07: Debate over a proposed 20-year ivory trade ban has split African countries between those who want to protect the beloved elephant and others who say elephant populations have grown at an unsustainable rate. May 28, 07: The annual meeting of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) is opening in Alaska with a new spirit of conciliation in the air. Pro and anti-whaling countries, including Japan, say they are looking to co-operate wherever possible. The 21-year moratorium on commercial whaling will not be changed by this meeting, with anti-whaling countries appearing to command a clear majority. . . However, conflict appears likely over hunting by some indigenous peoples. Aboriginal (or subsistence) permits are given to groups judged to have a strong whaling history and a need for whale meat. May 28, 07: Fish and chips, coral jewelry and wooden musical instruments will take centre stage at a U.N. wildlife forum next week which seeks to curb the billion-dollar trade in endangered marine and tree species. . . Commercially valuable species like the spiny dogfish and the porbeagle shark, the European eel, pink coral and rosewood and cedar trees --all threatened by over-use-- feature high on the agenda of the June 3-15 meeting in The Hague. . . The talks will also help shape the future of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), whose restrictions were once aimed at exotic species like leopards and parrots but are now focusing on more commercial species. . . Elephants are expected to be a controversial issue. CITES is credited for stemming the slaughter of the African elephant with its ban on international ivory trade in 1989. But scientists say the killing of elephants for their tusks, mainly in central Africa, has now reached levels not seen since the ban, as Asian-run organized crime syndicates push the illegal ivory trade to unprecedented levels. . . Now elephants are back on the agenda. Botswana and Namibia want looser conditions on ivory sales from southern African countries, while Kenya and Mali seek a 20-year moratorium from those states to reduce poaching. May 28, 07: India indicated it could back China's push to lift a blanket ban on trading tiger parts, if certain conditions were met to protect wild tigers and a new study showed their numbers would not be affected. . . China is expected to ask permission to relax the ban at the next meeting of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species at The Hague in June. It wants the ban lifted for farmed tigers. . . Numbers of the endangered animal have fallen sharply in recent decades due to poaching, fuelled by demand for Tiger skins and parts used in traditional Chinese medicines. . . China has about 30 tigers in the wild but has several tiger breeding centers or farms which collectively house about 5,000 tigers. Conservationists say that if the tiger trade is made legal it would result in a massive surge in demand for parts and increased poaching in countries like India, which is facing a crisis in trying to save its own tiger populations. Early results of a census of tigers in central India showed numbers were drastically lower than previously estimated. . . Conservationists say pressure on the Chinese government to lift the ban is coming from powerful investors at breeding farms, who stand to make enormous profits if the trade becomes legal. May 28, 07: International wildlife experts have located hundreds of wild elephants on a treeless island in the swamps of south Sudan, where they apparently avoided unchecked hunting during more than 20 years of war. May 25, 07: A planned law on Indian coastal management threatens marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of thousands of fishermen by favoring development over conservation, experts and activists said. Around 10 million people live along India's 8,000 km coastline --three million of whom are fishermen and their families. . . The draft Coastal Management Zone law, due to be announced next month, is a response to India's drive for development as well as strong lobbying from business sectors such as tourism and construction. . . "The new law doesn't recognize the rights of fishing communities and also allows for development to take place almost anywhere along the coast", said Sudarshan Rodriguez from the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment. "It will devastate fishing communities and destroy vital marine ecosystems." . . "There are estuaries, salt marshes, lagoons, mangroves, mudflats, sand dunes and coral reefs, all of which are renewable resources which we depend upon in some way or another." . . The existing law does not permit development for up to 200 meters from the coast and also recognizes the customary rights of fishing communities. Although the law is poorly enforced, experts said it did help to protect the environment and coastal populations. They want the government to scrap the new draft act and actively enforce the existing law. May 24, 07: A group of 125 international marine scientists urged the head of the World Trade Organization to push for a global accord to slash subsidies paid by many countries to their fishing industries. . . In a declaration to be delivered to WTO Director General Pascal Lamy, they warned that unless support was reduced soon, overfishing would damage the ecosystem of the world's oceans beyond recovery. "The WTO has a once-in-a-lifetime chance to demonstrate that it can not only balance trade and the environment, but make one of the greatest contributions to protecting the world's oceans", said one of the signatories, Andrew Sharpless. "It is up to the WTO to call a halt to this short-sighted race to capture the last fish in the ocean", added Sharpless, who heads the campaigning group Oceana. . . Earlier this month, Oceana and the Swiss-based conservationist organisation WWF called on countries in the 150-member WTO to back a U.S. proposal on ending subsidies that have boosted the size of world fishing fleets. . . Scientific studies cited by both groups say the world's fishing stocks are in steep decline and could collapse within 50 years if current trends continue. May 23, 07: Early results from a tiger census in India indicate the population of the endangered big cats is drastically lower than previously assumed, wildlife experts and conservationists said, after a new count of tigers in 16 of India's 28 tiger reserves and their surrounding areas. . . The WII, which has been monitoring tiger populations across India for the past two years, did not give a new estimated national total for tigers but said habitat destruction and human encroachment were leading to declining numbers. . . India has half the world's surviving tigers, but conservationists say the country is losing the battle to save the big cats. There were about 40,000 tigers in India a century ago, but decades of poaching had cut their number to about 3,700, according to a count conducted in 2001 and 2002. . . Conservationists said they believed the new census results suggested there was a decline of 65% in the central state of Madhya Pradesh, which has one of the largest populations of tigers in India. "The indications are that all over India, it will be the same." . . "The human population, where we add one Australia every year to the country, and demand for natural resources going higher by the day, (mean) a large carnivore living in your neighborhood is not possible", said Jhala. The WII said full national figures would be released at the end of the year. May 22, 07: Global warming is the top suspect for the disappearance of 17 amphibian species from Costa Rican jungles, scientists said, warning monkey and reptile populations were also plummeting. . . Five of the amphibian species were found only in Costa Rica, meaning their disappearance from the country's jungles spells extinction, said Alvaro Herrero, a biologist with Costa Rica's National Biodiversity Institute. Among the now-extinct species is the Golden Toad, named for its shimmering yellow color, and two varieties of Harlequin frog, identified by their black and green stripes. . . Scientists have yet to identify a precise mechanism for the disappearance of the amphibians, which began decades ago, but a prime suspect is a fatal fungus that has invaded their habitats. "It is believed climate change is raising temperatures allowing a skin fungus to enter the places where the amphibians resided", he said. . . Several studies in recent years have linked the rapid disappearance of many of the world's frog and toad species to global warming. About a third of the 5,743 known species of frogs, toads and other amphibians are classified as threatened, according to the Global Amphibian Assessment survey. Scientists suspect that higher temperatures are inhibiting plant growth and thus diminishing the volume of decomposing leaves in which the amphibians thrive. . . Another disturbing trend in the country is the decline of Costa Rica's monkeys. Monkey populations have fallen by 30% in recent years. Costa Rica occupies about 0.03% of the Earth's land mass, but contains about 4% of its animal and plant species. May 22, 07: Human activities are wiping out three animal or plant species every hour and the world must do more to slow the worst spate of extinctions since the dinosaurs by 2010, the UN said. . . Scientists and environmentalists issued reports about threats to creatures and plants including right whales, Iberian lynxes, wild potatoes and peanuts on May 22, the International Day for Biological Diversity. Global warming is adding to threats such as land clearance for farms or cities, pollution and rising human populations. . . "Biodiversity is being lost at an unprecedented rate", U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said. "Extinction rates are rising by a factor of up to 1,000 above natural rates. Every day, up to 150 species are lost. Every year, between 18,000 and 55,000 species become extinct." May 22, 07: One in six European land mammals faces the threat of extinction, mainly through habitat loss and deforestation, a leading conservation group said. . . For marine mammals, the figure is higher at nearly one in four, but even this could be an underestimate because insufficient information is available on 44% of European marine mammal species, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) said. . . The Balkans and particularly Bulgaria and Romania are the most affected by declining land mammals, principally because they are also home to the greatest number of species. May 21, 07: Time may be running out for polar bears as global warming melts the ice beneath their paws. Experts say the long-term outlook is bleak. An estimated 20,000-25,000 bears live around the Arctic --in Canada, Russia, Alaska, Greenland and Norway-- and countries are struggling to work out ways to protect them amid forecasts of an accelerating thaw. "If there's no ice, there's no way they can catch the seal." . . On Svalbard, bears may have become less scared of people since the hunting ban, and are more likely to see humans as a meal. May 21, 07: Congolese militia are threatening to slaughter rare mountain gorillas in Congo's Virunga National Park after they raided the eastern reserve at the weekend, killing a wildlife officer. Up to three more local wildlife workers were injured in the attacks early on Sunday by Mai Mai militia fighters on three conservation and tourism camps in the park. . . "This was an unprovoked attack on our Rangers and other wildlife officers who protect Virunga's wildlife. And the Mai Mai said that if we retaliate, they will kill all the gorillas in this area." Conservationists also accuse the Mai Mai of slaughtering hundreds of hippos with machine guns on the southern shores of Lake Edward in late 2006. . . Park officials believe the attacks may also have been motivated by a long standing conflict between conservationists and local people living illegally within the Virunga reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Besides mountain gorillas, it is also home to eastern lowland gorillas and chimpanzees. . . "The assailants said they would continue this kind of violence, if the local people continue to be chased out of the park." . . Richard Leakey, Chairman of WildlifeDirect and credited with ending the slaughter of elephants in Kenya in the 1980s, said that since the beginning of armed conflict in eastern Congo more than 150 wildlife rangers have been killed on active service. May 21, 07: For 60,000 years, they have withstood the bone-chilling extremes of the Ice Age, the blistering temperatures of the desert and an ever-shrinking habitat. These days, however, the Devils Hole pupfish rely on an eight-foot high fence which surrounds their murky pool of water in this remote corner of Death Valley National Park. . . At only 2.7 centimeters long, the Devils Hole pupfish are one of nature's great survivors, an evolutionary miracle which for thousands of years has called home some of the most inhospitable terrain on Earth. . . But with only 38 of the pupfish remaining, down from around 500 at the start of the 1990s, the species is in peril --and trying to get the world to notice is harder than ever. The pupfish's refuge, a 150-meter deep pool that is only a few meters wide. Scuba divers descend into Devils Hole twice a year to count the fish manually, while the water quality and chemistry are monitored regularly. . . Although Death Valley, which lies 400 km north-east of Los Angeles, is known as one of the hottest and driest places on earth, where temperatures hit 50 degrees Celsius in summer, the pupfish's habitat was left over from the end of the Ice Age, when lakes and rivers covered the region. . . Falling water levels caused by agricultural interests threatened the fish's home in the 1960s and early 1970s, resulting in a legal battle that ended with a US Supreme Court ruling in 1976 which outlawed tapping into the region's water table for irrigation by farmers. . . Barrett and Baldino said there were several reasons for ensuring the pupfish's survival. "This fish has been there for 60,000 years, estimated." May 19, 07: Nepal has begun a census of the endangered Great One-horned Rhinoceros population in a wildlife reserve where sightings of the majestic animal have become rarer. Officials said dozens of rhinos, which face extinction in the wild, appeared to have disappeared from part of the reserve in recent years, amid nationwide violence sparked by a bloody Maoist rebellion. . . Conservationists say rhino poaching increased after authorities closed down security posts due to threats from Maoists who targeted soldiers. Rhino parts and horns are in high demand for traditional medicines in China as they are believed to have aphrodisiac qualities . . Between 2000 and 2005, the rhino population in the Chitwan National Park in central Nepal, their biggest refuge in the Himalayan nation, fell from 544 to 372. The Kaziranga National Park, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam, is their only other home. May 20, 07: An endangered white stork egg laid in the wild has hatched naturally in western Japan for the first time in more than 40 years. May 19, 07: In order to stop running over whales, the Canadian Department of National Defence is deploying a series of robots to track whales and alert their activity to government ships. May 17, 07: A team of Pacific Northwest scientists has recommended capturing many or all of British Columbia's remaining northern spotted owls and breeding them at zoos throughout the region in an effort to prevent their extinction. May 16, 07: A rare soft-shell turtle thought to be on the brink of extinction has been discovered in Cambodia in a former stronghold of the Khmer Rouge, conservationists said. May 15, 07: Authorities said they want to shoot more than 3,000 kangaroos on the fringes of Australia's capital, noting the animals were growing in population and eating through the grassy habitats of endangered species. [Not the story you first thot, huh?] May 15, 07: There's a new chirp in the forest but it may be choked by the slashing and burning of trees by coca farmers, researchers said. The Gorgeted Puffleg, a rare hummingbird that boasts a plumage of violet blue and iridescent green on its throat, has been discovered living in the cloud forests of southwestern Colombia. May 14, 07: The elephant, the world's largest land mammal, is being threatened with global extinction by a "rampant trade" in ivory on the eBay online auction site, animal welfare campaigners said. May 14, 07: Dolphins could be wiped out in South West UK waters within four years unless the EU takes action, conservationists have warned. A report found strandings were up and sightings were down over the last 15 years and blamed this on dolphins being caught in nets slung between trawlers. In 2004, the practice of "pair trawling" was banned for British trawlers within 12 miles of the UK coast. But other European boats can continue because they are outside the rules. . . Sightings of bottlenose dolphins in the region were at an all-time low, with just 16 reported so far this year. May 14, 07: Federal wildlife biologist Mike Coffeen is ecstatic these days. His efforts to save North America's fastest mammal �-the endangered Sonoran pronghorn-� are succeeding beyond expectations. . . Five years after drought whittled the deer-like animal's population to a handful, pushing it to the brink of extinction, its numbers are back above 100. Biologists are especially encouraged by the 18 fawns born within the past three months in a square-mile captive breeding enclosure within this sprawling national refuge in southern Arizona �-what Coffeen calls "our disaster ace in the hole." . . The goat-sized pronghorn, which are often mistaken for antelope but are genetically distinct, live only in the harsh deserts of southwestern Arizona and in northern Mexico. They can run at speeds approaching 60 mph. . . In 2002, lacking water and forage, the Arizona pronghorn population crashed from nearly 140 to an estimated 21. By the following year, Coffeen and others were hauling water into the desert to try to save the species. . . Everything undertaken aims to avoid human contact and prevent domestication, which compromised a similar program in Baja California, Coffeen said. Fawns caught in the wild were bottle-fed and hand-raised in that program. May 14, 07: With the number of Bald Eagles in the US hitting the highest level since World War II, the Fish and Wildlife Service said it will decide on removing them from the list of threatened and endangered species. May 13, 07: Every spring, fishermen wait for a peculiar-looking fish to swim up the Wabash River between southern Illinois and Indiana. The shovelnose sturgeon, a prehistoric survivor covered with bony plates and wearing a strip of barbs down its back, is plentiful in the river and live up to 60 years. . . But scientists worry that the decline of another type of sturgeon half a world away could mean trouble for the shovelnose, North America's smallest sturgeon. The shovelnose and its eggs have become increasingly popular in the caviar trade because the beluga sturgeon, a much bigger cousin that produces the king of caviar, has declined due to overfishing in the Black and Caspian seas. That prompted the U.S. and other countries to restrict or ban the import of beluga caviar. . . As a result of the increase in demand for the shovelnose, states are beginning to look for ways to protect the fish. Because shovelnose are slow to reproduce �-females mature between ages 6 and 9-� and don't spawn every year, scientists worry that without restrictions it wouldn't take long to damage the Wabash population and, in the worst case, push it toward collapse. Fishermen can sell the female shovelnose's shimmering black roe for $40 to $50 a pound �-far more than the pennies a pound they get for other fish. . . Sutton and other researchers tagged about 5,000 shovelnose over two years and found low mortality rates and a stable population. Still, "We didn't really catch any young fish", he said. May 13, 07: Tens of thousands of migratory birds are facing starvation in South Korea, the UK-based Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) says. . . 15 years ago, the government revealed plans for the world's biggest land reclamation project in order to drain the estuary and create fertile paddy fields. The group says a land reclamation project has destroyed key wetlands used by the birds on their way from Asia to their breeding grounds in the Arctic. Without the food at the Saemangeum wetlands, on the east coast, many of the birds will not survive the journey. Two endangered species of wading bird face extinction because of the changes. May 11, 07: The Maltese government has closed the spring bird hunting season early amid threatened legal action by the European Commission, which says the hunt violates EU rules on protecting wildlife. May 8, 07: The case of the Hawaiian Haha is no laughing matter to environmentalists, who say the rare plant went extinct while waiting for U.S. wildlife officials to put it on the Endangered Species list. . . The Haha's fate is a symptom of wider problems at the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, which oversees programs aimed at protecting threatened species, according to a report for release on Wednesday by the Center for Biological Diversity. . . The report said that the Bush administration has listed 57 species as protected since 2001, far fewer than the 512 species listed in the Clinton administration and less than the 234 species listed during the four-year presidency of George H.W. Bush, the current president's father. . . "There are a certain number of species on the candidate list right now that are close to extinction, and that ought to be listed, and what the administration has done to date is to say that they don't have enough money and resources to list these species", said Bill Snape, senior counsel for the biodiversity center. May 7, 07: Puget Sound steelhead were listed today as a "threatened" species under the Endangered Species Act. May 6, 07: A quarter of the world's oceans will be protected from fishing boats which drag heavy nets across the sea floor, South Pacific nations have agreed. The landmark deal will restrict bottom trawling, which experts say destroys coral reefs and stirs up clouds of sediment that suffocate marine life. Observers and monitoring systems will ensure vessels remain five nautical miles from marine ecosystems at risk. . . It will close to bottom trawling areas where vulnerable marine ecosystems are known or are likely to exist, unless a prior assessment is undertaken and highly precautionary protective measures are implemented. . . The delegation from New Zealand, whose fishermen are responsible for 90% of bottom trawling in the South Pacific high seas, said the restrictions would "severely constrain" its fishing vessels. . . The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition, an alliance of leading environmental and conservation groups, welcomed the agreement. "It can be done, it has been done, and it's time for all countries to do the same in all other ocean regions." . . In addition to the weighted nets and rollers which crush coral reefs, bottom trawling targets slow-growing species of fish, such as orange roughy, which take decades to reach breeding age. Last month, leading scientists warned there would be no sea fish left in 50 years if current practices continued. May 3, 07: Hundreds of dead seals have washed up on Kazakhstan's Caspian Sea shoreline in the past several days, bringing the total number of the animals found dead along the shoreline in recent weeks to 832, the Emergencies Agency said. . . Environmental officials in the Central Asian nation were trying to determine what killed seals �-most of them young. Preliminary tests showed some of the animals were infected with the distemper virus. A series of viral epidemics have killed thousands of Caspian seals since the late 1990s. . . Environmentalists also have been concerned about the effect on wildlife of increasing exploration of the inland sea's extensive oil reserves. Last year, 350 seals and thousands of sturgeon died as a result of a heavy metal leak from an oil field. May 3, 07: A butterfly found only at a popular Nevada off-road vehicle site won't receive federal protection as a threatened or endangered species, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service decided. May 2, 07: About one-third of the human diet comes from insect-pollinated plants, and the honeybee is responsible for 80% of that pollination. Even cattle, which feed on alfalfa, depend on bees. So if the collapse worsens, we could end up being "stuck with grains and water", said Kevin Hackett, the national program leader for USDA's bee and pollination program. "This is the biggest general threat to our food supply." . . Scientists are struggling to figure out what is killing the honeybees, and early results of a key study this week point to some kind of disease or parasite. USDA's top bee scientist, Jeff Pettis, who is coordinating the detective work on this die-off, has more suspected causes than time, people and money to look into them. The top suspects are a parasite, an unknown virus, some kind of bacteria, pesticides, or a one-two combination of the top four, with one weakening the honeybee and the second killing it. . . A quick experiment with some of the devastated hives makes pesticides seem less likely. In the recent experiment, Pettis and colleagues irradiated some hard-hit hives and reintroduced new bee colonies. More bees thrived in the irradiated hives than in the non-irradiated ones, pointing toward some kind of disease or parasite that was killed by radiation. . . The parasite hypothesis has history and some new findings to give it a boost: A mite practically wiped out the wild honeybee in the U.S. in the 1990s. And another new one-celled parasitic fungus was found last week in a tiny sample of dead bees. . . However, Pettis and others said while the parasite nosema ceranae may be a factor, it cannot be the sole cause. The fungus has been seen before, sometimes in colonies that were healthy. . . The scientific warning signs came in two reports last October. First, the National Academy of Sciences said pollinators, especially America's honeybee, were under threat of collapse because of a variety of factors. Captive colonies in the US shrank from 5.9 million in 1947 to 2.4 million in 2005. . . Then, scientists finished mapping the honeybee genome and found that the insect did not have the normal complement of genes that take poisons out of their systems or many immune-disease-fighting genes. A fruitfly or a mosquito has twice the number of genes to fight toxins. . . Bromenshenk said cited die-offs in the 1960s and 1970s that sound somewhat the same. There were reports of something like this in the US in spots in 2004, Pettis said. And Germany had something similar in 2004, said Peter Neumann, co-chairman of a 17-country European research group studying the problem. "The problem is that everyone wants a simple answer", Pettis said. "And it may not be a simple answer." May 1, 07: More than three dozen scientists have signed a letter to protest a new Bush administration interpretation of the Endangered Species Act, saying it jeopardizes animals such as wolves and grizzly bears. . . The proposed policy revision would enable the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to protect animals and plants only where they are battling for survival. The agency would not have to restore the animals in areas where they have died out, or protect them where they're in good shape. . . The changes were revealed last month in draft department documents released by environmentalists, who said the changes would amount to a gutting of the federal Endangered Species Act. May 1, 07: "The bees were gone", David Hackenberg says. "The honey was still there. There's young brood (eggs) still in the hive. Bees just don't do that." On that November night last year in the Florida field where he wintered his bees, Hackenberg found 400 hives empty. Another 30 hives were "disappearing, dwindling or whatever you want to call it", and their bees were "full of a fungus nobody's ever seen before." . . The discovery by Hackenberg, a beekeeper from Pa., was the first buzz about a plague that now afflicts 27 states, from the East Coast to the West. Beekeepers report losses of 30% to 90% of their honeybee hives, according to a Congressional Research Service study in March. Some report total losses. . . The $15-billion-a-year honeybee industry is about more than honey: The nimble insects pollinate 90% to 100% of at least 19 kinds of fruits, vegetables and nuts nationwide, from almonds and apples to onions and broccoli. "Basically, everything fun and nutritious on your table --fruits, nuts, berries, everything but the grains-- require bee pollinators", Hackett says. . . Colony collapse disorder differs from past outbreaks: . . �Instead of dying in place, the bees abandon the hives, leaving behind the queen and young bees. . . �Remaining bees eat sparsely and suffer the symptoms --high levels of bacteria, viruses and fungi in the guts-- seen by Hackenberg. . . �Collapses can occur within two days, Hackett says. . . �Parasites wait unusually long to invade abandoned hives. Daniel Weaver, head of the 1,500-member American Beekeeping Federation, estimates that about 600,000 of 2 million hives (a more conservative number than other estimates) nationwide have been lost. . . A colony collapse disorder working group based at Pennsylvania State U has become a central clearinghouse for all the suspected causes, which include: . . �An overload of parasites, such as bloodsucking varroa mites, that have ravaged bees. The parasites reportedly spread to Hawaii only last week. . . �Pesticide contamination. Hotly debated suspicion centers on whether "neonicotinoid" insecticides interfere with the foraging behavior of bees, leading them to abandon their hives. . . �Fungal diseases such as Nosema ceranae, which is blamed for big bee losses in Spain. It was spotted by U of California-San Francisco researchers who were examining sample dead bees last week. . . �The rigors of traveling in trucks from crop to crop. "When you sit down to dinner, the question will be what sort of grain do you want -- corn or wheat or rice-- because that's about all the choice we'll have left." Apr 30, 07: Grey whales in the eastern Pacific appear to be in some trouble, with the cause far from clear, scientists say. Researchers with the conservation group Earthwatch found that whales are arriving in their breeding grounds off the Mexican coast malnourished. The same thing happened just after the 1997/8 El Nino event, which warmed the waters and depleted food stocks. Scientists are not sure whether the current decline is climate related or part of a natural predator-prey cycle. . . There are thought to be between 15,000 and 18,000 grey whales in the eastern Pacific, a population that has been in generally good health since pulling back from the brink of extinction when hunting stopped in the 1940s. Apr 28, 07: The U.S. government has arbitrarily and capriciously sought to ease rules for foreign fisherman on "dolphin-safe" tuna, a U.S. federal appeals court ruled on Friday in upholding current standards. . . The decision by the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals was the latest in a long dispute on what tuna sold in the United States can be labeled "dolphin safe" --a designation that means tuna is fished using practices that protect dolphins. Previous such decisions angered Mexican and South American fishing industries. . . The dispute involves the use of huge "purse seine" nets, which fisherman have used since the late 1950s to boost their capture of tuna swimming beneath dolphins. The nets get their name as they can be closed like a drawstring purse. Dolphins, which are air-breathing mammals, can be easily spotted by fishermen when they surface for air. . . As decades of such fishing dramatically lowered the numbers of certain species of dolphins, the U.S. Congress enacted a law in 1990 that said companies could not market tuna as "dolphin-safe" if they caught the fish by purposely surrounding dolphins with the nets. . . Worrying they could be shut out of the U.S. tuna market, officials in Latin America have since lobbied for a less stringent rule that would allow the "dolphin-safe" label if observers on the foreign boats had not seen dolphins killed or seriously injured. . . The San Francisco-based Earth Island Institute and other environmental groups have led the litigation against the U.S. government and Latin American fishing interests in the case. The court said such fishing practices have killed more than 6 million dolphins. Apr 27, 07: Where have all the flowers gone? Over-harvesting fuelled by surging market prices is threatening to wipe out several species of wild orchids in eastern China, some of which command as much as $175,000 a pot, state media reported. . . Chinese horticulturalists warned that the lucrative trade had taken 10 species native to mountainous areas of Zhejiang province to the brink of extinction. Of more than 3,000 species native to China, Zhejiang used to be home to 2,400, but only 740 varieties remained. Apr 26, 07: Britain's Millennium Seed Bank filed away its one billionth seed today in a race against time to save the world's plants from global warming wipe-out. The bank, in a deep basement near the sleepy town of Ardingly some 50km south of London, already holds seeds of more than 18,000 wild plant species from 126 countries. . . "Plant diversity is a vital part of the system upon which we depend. The need for the kind of insurance policy the Millennium Seed Bank provides has never been greater", said bank chief Paul Smith. . . The billionth seed is from an African bamboo, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, and was collected in Mali, West Africa. The species is a priority for conservation for a number of reasons -- its natural habitat is under threat, it is a very useful plant, and it sets seed only once every seven years. . . The goal of the seed bank is to have 10% --or 30,000-- of the world's flowering plant species safely in storage by 2010 --a target it is well on the way to achieving. But then the money runs out. Dried, sorted and stored in underground vaults at -20 C, the seeds sit in glass jars in vaults, awaiting the day the scientists hope will never come --when the species no longer exists in the wild. Apr 26, 07: Taiwan's bee farmers are feeling the sting of lost business and possible crop danger after millions of the honey-making, plant-pollinating insects vanished during volatile weather. . . Over the past two months, farmers in three parts of Taiwan have reported most of their bees gone. A beekeeper on Taiwan's northeastern coast reported 6 million insects missing "for no reason", and one in the south said 80 of his 200 bee boxes had been emptied. Beekeepers usually let their bees out of boxes to pollinate plants and the insects normally make their way back to their owners. However, many of the bees have not returned over the past couple of months. . . Possible reasons include disease, pesticide poisoning and unusual weather, varying from less than 20 degrees Celsius to more than 30 degrees C over a few days, experts say. . . "You can see climate change really clearly these days in Taiwan", said Yang Ping-shih, entomology professor at the National Taiwan U. He added that two kinds of pesticide can make bees turn "stupid" and lose their sense of direction. . . Billions of bees have fled hives in the United States since late 2006, instead of helping pollinate $15 billion worth of fruits, nuts and other crops annually. Disappearing bees also have been reported in Europe and Brazil. Apr 26, 07: A tiny mite that has devastated mainland honeybee populations showed up in Honolulu hives for the first time this month and has now been confirmed in bee colonies across Oahu. . . The infestation by varroa mites has led the state to ask beekeepers to restrict transport of bees around the islands. There are concerns it could threaten the Big Island's thriving queen bee export industry, which has so far tested free of the mites. . . "This is going to be for us a nightmare", said Michael Kliks, head of the Hawaii Beekeepers' Association and owner of Manoa Honey Co. "When I saw that mite I knew exactly what it was. I knew exactly what it meant and I fell to my knees and almost began to weep because it's inexpressible what that sea change is for us in Hawaii." . . The parasites are blamed for destroying more than half of some mainland beekeepers' hives and wiping out most wild honeybees there. It's too late to hope to eradicate or even contain the infestation. "The only thing we can try and do is keep the levels of infestation in our managed colonies below what's called the threshold level ... so that we can still produce honey. But keeping it at that level will certainly require quite regular, heavy application of permitted pesticides." Apr 24, 07: Hundreds of whales and dolphins could be saved thanks to a new listening system designed by Plymouth U. The equipment, which is towed behind a ship, scans for calls and songs to pinpoint their exact location. Scientists launched a prototype in Plymouth, & hope that the equipment will become integral to seismic survey equipment. . . Conservationists think underwater explosions used in surveying could be behind the beaching of whales. The system uses marine microphones, or hydrophones, to scan the seabed. These sounds are then analyzed to tell seismic operators if there are whales and dolphins in the area. There are more than 100 seismic surveys a year in British waters, each one involving dozens of blasts. Apr 24, 07: Something strange is happening to honey bees. They seem to be getting lost while they are away from their hives, leaving queen bees and immature workers alone, without food, in a syndrome called "Colony Collapse Disorder." The thing is, these insects are the ultimate in social producers, pollinating plants and crops that account for up to a third of the U.S. diet. All free, as long as there are bees to do the work. . . Researchers at Landau U in Germany, have found evidence that wireless phone radiation can interfere with bees' navigational abilities. According to WirelessWeek, "up to 70% of bees exposed to radiation from a cordless phone docking unit placed in their hive later failed to find their way back to the hive." . . The rise of Colony Collapse Disorder does seem to correlate to the increased use of wireless communications in human society, especially when you consider that wireless-intensive regions of Europe and Brazil are reportedly severely affected. The research has focused on wireless phones, but a wide range of products for the office and home today and intended for the near future are based on wireless data transmission that may impact the local bee population. . . Would you give up your wireless phone to save the bees? What about to prevent your grocery bill from climbing by 50%, or 100%? Or starve?! Apr 20, 07: Beluga whales have long delighted residents and tourists alike when spotted swimming the silty waters off of Anchorage, but a federal agency says the gregarious white whales are in danger of becoming extinct. Apr 20, 07: [this is about extinction of humans, if we think that we can claim all food everywhere.] The competition between protected sea lions gobbling Columbia River salmon and impatient humans with empty fishing lines has led to vigilante action. A fisherman shot a sea lion who stole a salmon off the line of a fellow angler. The sea lion was hit twice with a .22-caliber rifle but reported alive in the river. . . By some accounts, the sea lions eat up to 4% of the salmon run. Oregon has trapped a few and trucked them to the river's mouth near Astoria, but the sea lions can cover the 144 river miles back to the dam in two days. . . Robin Brown of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife said there are perhaps 300,000 California sea lions along the Pacific coast, at least six times the number in 1972. He said only 100 or so show up at the dam each spring. . . The Humane Society of the US says the sea lions are a red herring. It blames the plight of the salmon on poor fishery and water management, hydroelectric dams, damage to spawning areas and other factors. "It won't save declining salmon runs in the Columbia River, because the sea lions aren't the problem." said Sharon Young, national marine issues field director for the group. Apr 18, 07: Scientists taking a new look at old videotapes of the muddy seafloors off southern Oregon found that places showing tracks from the nets of fishing trawlers had fewer numbers and kinds of fish than areas that were undisturbed. Apr 23, 07: Hunters in Russia's Far East have shot and killed one of the last seven surviving female Amur leopards living in the wild, WWF said, driving the species even closer to extinction. Apr 18, 07: Logging, building, farming and poaching have virtually killed off the Amur Leopard, environmentalists said. Chinese medicine substitutes crushed leopard bones for tiger bones in some of its remedies, creating demand for the cat. . . There are only 25 to 34 of the graceful animals still living in the wild, WWF said at a news briefing in Moscow to report on the results of a census of leopard numbers in Russia's Far East. At least 100 would be needed to guarantee the species' survival.The Amur leopard has longer legs and fur than other leopard species, allowing it to prowl and hunt with ease in the snowy eastern fringe of Siberia. The animal shares its natural habitat with the stronger Amur Tiger, whose numbers have soared from near-extinction in the 1940s to around 600 today. . . This year, the Russian government changed the route of a planned oil pipeline to avoid slicing through the area. Apr 18, 07: A decline in the amount of leaves on the ground could be behind the rapid demise of frog species, a study of a rainforest in Costa Rica has suggested. Until now, the prime suspect for the amphibians' population crash was a deadly chytrid fungal infection. . . By studying data over a 35-year period, researchers found that lizards, which were not susceptible to the infection, had also declined by a similar rate. . . The team said the global decline of amphibian populations ranked "among the most critical issues in conservation biology". Of particular concern, the scientists wrote, were "enigmatic" declines --where there had been a rapid fall in species populations but no obvious human cause, such as the destruction of habitat. . . A paper looked at biodiversity hotspots in Central and South Amercia and found that changes to the local climate had created perfect conditions for the spread of the frog-killing fungus. But the PNAS paper found another potential culprit --the lack of leaf-litter on the forest floor. . . Scientists examined data of amphibian and common reptile populations in La Selva, a protected area of rainforest in Costa Rica. Between 1970 and 2005, the data showed that the number of amphibians had declined by about 75%, which supported the idea that frogs were being wiped out by the chytrid fungus. . . However, the data also showed a similar fall in the area's reptiles, which were not susceptible to the fungus. Over the same period, the data showed that there had been a 75% reduction in the density of leaves falling to the ground from the rainforest's canopy. Leaf litter provides a vital habitat, offering food and shelter, for the amphibians and lizards. . . The team, from Florida International U, the U of Costa Rica and San Diego State U, suggested shifts in the area's climate had led to a decline in the habitat needed to sustain the creatures. Apr 18, 07: Giant tortoises doze in the shade as rare lizards slip under bushes and endangered birds chatter in the sunlit trees overhead. On a small wooded island off southern Mauritius, environmentalists are trying to turn back time to an era before humans ever set foot on the volcanic Indian Ocean archipelago. . . The Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF) is a local non-governmental organization. Sadly, they are too late to help the Mauritius giant skink --a type of large grey lizard-- its broad-billed parrot, scops owl or lesser flying fox, and many other species now extinct. . . Separate from the continents since it emerged from the seas some eight million years ago, the island developed hundreds of unique species of flora and fauna that evolved in isolation. But the arrival of Europeans led by the Portuguese in the 16th century triggered an ecological disaster with the slashing of forest habitats and the introduction of predators like rats. By far the most famous victim was the flightless dodo bird, which is believed to have died out in the late 1600s. About 98% of the island's indigenous forest has been cut down, most of it to grow fields of sugar cane. . . But on Ile Aux Aigrettes, in sight of the mainland, experts are now trying to recreate the environment of those bygone days and provide a haven for species in danger today. The archipelago once had two types of giant tortoises, but the gentle beasts --each weighing on average more than 200 kg-- on Ile Aux Aigrettes today were imported from the Seychelles. . . Conservationists have removed rats, cats, goats and the hedgehog-like tenrecs from the small island. And the importance of tight "biosecurity" means boats or equipment coming to the island and its straw-roofed buildings are checked for stowaways. Once a rat made it across from the mainland and set up home in a thatched roof, workers said. It took days to catch. . . Their findings have been encouraging. Both the Echo Parakeet and Mauritius Kestrel were also down to just a handful of birds before being rescued from the jaws of extinction. The Mauritius Kestrel was the world's rarest bird: with just four examples known to exist in 1974. Now there are about 1,000. . . Some 10,000 visitors are expected on the Ile this year, up from 8,300 in 2006, including many local schoolchildren. "Mauritius is very green but the green should not be mistaken for native vegetation existing before", the MWF's Khadun said, referring to the sugar cane plantations. Apr 14, 07: One of the nation's most ambitious plans to protect marine life was approved today when a state panel voted to ban or restrict fishing across more than 200 square miles of water off Central California. . . The Fish and Game Commission unanimously designated 29 marine preserves between Santa Barbara and Half Moon Bay, 13 of which would be off-limits to all anglers, commercial and recreational. Deep water fishing would be prohibited in the rest. . . The plan is the first piece envisioned in a statewide network of similarly protected areas. The regulations, expected to go into effect this summer, were designed to maintain the diversity of a marine population that includes mammals such as otters and whales, crustaceans like crabs and abalone, and migrating Coho salmon and steelhead trout. . . While California already has 80 coastal reserves, including a dozen in territory covered by the new rules, the latest designations offer greater protection. "The existing 80 areas, while providing appearance of protection, are all very small and all basically allow all types of fishing to occur", Ugoretz said. . . By contrast, only trolling for fish near the ocean's surface will be allowed in the conservation areas where fishing still will be allowed when the plan goes into effect, he said. Apr 16, 07: Britain's bumblebee population is under threat in a crisis that could wipe out entire species and have a devastating knock-on effect on agriculture, scientists say. The furry yellow-and-black creatures, essential for pollination, are being killed off by pesticides and agricultural intensification, which have cut back on hedgerows and removed their source of food. . . "There just aren't enough flowers around", Professor Dave Goulson, the director of the Bumblebee Conservation Trust said. "If we knock out an important group like bumblebees, it can have a huge knock-on impact on other things, such as the pollination of important crops and flowers." . . Britain once had around 25 native species of bumblebee, but three of those have been wiped out in the past 50 years and 10 more are now "severely threatened", Goulson said. "There are two that are teetering on the edge of extinction and could be gone in five to 10 years quite easily." . . The loss of species could lead to sweeping changes in Britain's countryside, with many rare plants disappearing and the production of crops such as raspberries, oil-seed rape, runner beans and broad beans sharply curtailed. . . The problem is not just in Britain --it has been spotted in North America and Europe too. That could make it more difficult to reintroduce any species that goes extinct locally. Goulson and other scientists want farmers to adopt more wildlife-friendly farming methods to help sustain the bumblebee population, and are encouraging people to look after the bees. Apr 13, 07: Ambushing locals as they return home from work, foreign invaders are dismembering French natives and feeding them to their young. This horror scenario is playing out in France's beehives, where an ultra-aggressive species of Asian hornets � who likely migrated in pottery shipped from China � may be threatening French honey production. The hornets are thought to have reached France in 2004 after stowing away on a cargo boat. . . France's 1.1 million hives produce up to 30,000 tons of honey a year, about 2,500 tons of which are exported. Experts fear the hornets �-which also sting humans-� may spread to the warmer reaches of southern Europe. They could begin colonizing Spain as early as this summer. Even Britain could be vulnerable if they hornets cross the English Channel through freight . . North America is already suffering its own bee troubles. An invasion of highly aggressive Africanized bees has spread across the southern US. These "killer bees" are easily provoked and attack in huge numbers. Since the hybrid Africanized bees are considered less efficient than European bees, beekeepers worry they could lower honey production and pollination. . . A mysterious illness has killed tens of thousands of honeybee colonies in at least 22 U.S. states, threatening honey production. The cause of the ailment, called Colony Collapse Disorder, is unclear. . . The honeybees are beginning to mount a counteroffensive, Villemant says: They gather around an invading hornet, flap their wings to increase the temperature and effectively roast it. Beekeepers also are fighting back �-they can change the size of the entrances to the hives so the smaller bees can get in but not the hornets. . . Some have suggested destroying all hornet nests in the region, including those of French and European hornets. But Villemant says that would be ecologically disastrous. Hood said French beekeepers "could go back to where (the hornets) came from to find natural predators." But he added, "You have to be careful with this kind of solution as what you bring back might be worse than the pest problem you already have." Apr 13, 07: A strong earthquake that struck Indonesia's Sumatra island two years ago caused one of the biggest coral die-offs ever documented, a study by scientists from two conservation groups found. . . "In contrast to other threats like coral bleaching, none of the corals uplifted by the earthquake have survived." "At many sites, the worst affected species are beginning to decolonize the shallow reef areas. The reefs appear to be returning to what they looked like before the earthquake, although the process may take many years." "This is a unique opportunity to document a process that occurs maybe once a century and promises to provide new insights into coral recovery processes that until now we could only explore on fossil reefs." . . The government has banned the use of chemicals such as cyanide and bombing to catch fish, but such practices still go on in many parts of the huge tropical nation made up of more than 17,000 islands. Apr 12, 07: The bald eagle has made a soaring comeback from the edge of extinction but wildlife experts in two Western U.S. states are concerned that eagle populations may be poised for a nose dive. . . The Amur tiger, the world's biggest wild cat, has pounced back from the brink of extinction to hit its highest population level for at least 100 years, the WWF said. Apr 13, 07: Florida manatees are dying in record numbers and the lumbering marine mammals face growing threats from speedboats, a toxic foe called red tide and the potential loss of their warm winter havens at power plants. So why is the U.S. government talking about removing its protective "endangered" label, conservationists ask. . . A change from endangered to threatened would not diminish the manatee's protection, but advocates say it could be hurt by public perception that it is no longer in danger. . . An annual census found 2,812 manatees in Florida this year, down from 3,113 in 2006. Reported deaths numbered 417 last year, the highest on record, and 101 died in the first three months of this year. . . The West Indian manatee, related to the West African and Amazon versions and to the dugong of Australia, is a giant that grows to an average of 10 feet and more than 450 kg. Its wrinkled and whiskered face, reproduced as a stuffed toy, has won the hearts of generations of children. It has no natural predators. But its penchant for resting on the water's surface has made it a frequent victim of boat propellers. Manatees are also routinely crushed or drowned in canal locks or hurt by stray fishing line and hooks. They are vulnerable to red tide algae blooms and to winter cold. . . Conservationists say the potential closure of aging electric plants is an unsolved problem for the survival of the species. Water temperatures below 16 degrees C (61 degrees F) put a manatee in danger and every winter hundreds gather at waterfront power stations to take advantage of warm discharge water. Florida Power & Light, the state's largest electric company, has five plants that are refuges and as many as 1,500 manatees can be found at the plants on a chilly winter night. Apr 11, 07: Ecuador's President Rafael Correa has declared the Galapagos Islands, home to dozens of endangered species, at risk and a national priority for action. Mr Correa's call came as a UN delegation was visiting to see if the islands should be declared "in danger". The Galapagos Islands were made a World Heritage Site 30 years ago for their unique plant and animal life. . . "We are pushing for a series of actions to overcome the huge institutional, environmental and social crises in the islands", Mr Correa said, adding that these problems were the result of years of neglect by previous governments. . . Last month, several rangers of the ecological reserve in the islands clashed with members of the Ecuadorean Armed Forces over what the rangers say was illegal fishing in protected waters. The incident provoked an outcry in Ecuador as it illustrated for many the practices which are damaging the site. . . Ecologists say the problems in the Galapagos run much deeper than the government has acknowledged. They fear that a rapid increase in the human population and the gradual introduction of external species of flora and fauna are threatening the entire ecosystem on the islands. About 20,000 people, working mainly in fishing and tourism, also live there. Apr 10, 07: A bald eagle egg has hatched in the wild on Santa Catalina Island, only the third since chemical contamination there wiped out the iconic birds several decades ago, conservation officials said. Apr 10, 07: Scientists are planning to move Tasmanian devils �the Australian marsupial made famous as a snarling, whirlwind character in Warner Bros. cartoons-� to an island sanctuary to avert the animals' threatened extinction from a mysterious cancer. . . But some scientists fear that in their haste to save the species, authorities could wreak further environmental damage and risk the survival of other endangered animals by introducing the devils into a habitat unaccustomed to them. . . They're being wiped out on the island state of Tasmania by a contagious cancer that creates grotesque facial tumors. [get that? Contagious. Q: could it possibly jump species?!] . . Scientists estimate that within five years, there will be no disease-free population in Tasmania �-the only place in the world where the devils exist outside zoos. "I think there's a real risk of extinction within 20 years across the whole of Tasmania", said Hamish McCallum, a professor of wildlife research at the U of Tasmania. . . The move, which state and federal governments are expected to approve within weeks, is controversial because scientists can only guess at the impact the introduced carnivores will have on the uninhabited island's ecology. Maria island has been identified previously as a potential species-saving haven. . . Kangaroo numbers on Maria have exploded, and hundreds have to be shot at regular intervals to prevent them starving through overgrazing. Advocates hope that if devils are wiped out on the Tasmanian mainland, the disease will die along with them, and the animals placed in havens can then be safely reintroduced. Apr 8, 07: Nearly 250 dead seals have washed up on the shores of the Caspian Sea in Kazakhstan in the past week, emergency officials said. Authorities were conducting tests. Environmentalists have been concerned about increasing exploration of the Caspian Sea's extensive oil reserves. Last year, 350 seals and thousands of sturgeon died in a northern part of the Caspian region as a result of a heavy metal leak from the Kashagan oil field. Also, several epidemics of a viral disease have killed thousands of Caspian seals since the late 1990s. Apr 8, 07: A worldwide scientific effort to catalog every living species has topped a milestone. Six years into the program, the total has reached 1,009,000. They hope to complete the listing by 2011, reaching an expected total of about 1.75 million species. . . The finished catalog will include all known living organisms, from plants and animals to fungi and microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa and viruses. The listing does not include fossil species from the past. Apr 6, 07: Hundreds of new guards and closed-circuit TV cameras will be used to protect rare Asiatic lions threatened by poachers and villagers in their only natural habitat, Indian officials said. Apr 3, 07: The scattered carcasses of dead turtles bake on the hot sand. Scraps of the white shells of turtle eggs surround a hole where stray dogs have dug up a nest. . . Until a decade ago, this beach on India's east coast used to witness one of nature's most spectacular sights --the mass nesting of tens of thousands of Olive Ridley turtles on a single night. Not since 1995 has that happened. These days just a handful of turtles come to the beach at Devi to nest. . . Fewer turtles than normal arrived this year at the nearby beaches of Gahirmatha, where a marine sanctuary has failed to check illegal fishing by trawlers, and the construction of a large port nearby presents a major environmental threat. No mass nesting has yet been seen on the southern beach of Rushikulya, and time is running out if that beach is not to witness its third "no-show" in just over a decade. . . At the same time, more than 8,000 carcasses have been washed ashore since November, most caught and drowned in the nets of trawlers fishing too close to the shore, conservationists say. Greenpeace says more than 120,000 turtles have been washed up dead on Orissa's shores in the past 12 years, most caught in the nets of trawlers which the law says should not be there. Total deaths may have been significantly higher. . . The trawlers also scatter the turtles as they gather in offshore waters to nest, and rampant trawling is thought to be a major reason for the demise of Devi. But although turtles enjoy the same level of protection under Indian law as tigers, Mohanty said there was simply no enforcement or political will to protect them. A single gill net was found to contain 265 dead animals a few years ago. "Boats are seized, nets are seized, but then they are released after a couple of months," he said. "Not a single conviction has taken place." . . The forest department may unwittingly have contributed to the demise of Devi when they planted casuarina trees on the beach in a bid to protect nearby villages from cyclones. That narrowed the beach and made much of it unsuitable for nesting. . . Traditional fishermen hate the trawlers every bit as much as Mohanty. They say their catch has fallen sharply since trawlers came and is worth perhaps half what it was five years ago, while more expensive fish like pomfret and hilsa have all but vanished. Apr 2, 07: The spectacular bloom of a magnolia may be a very common sight in gardens but in the wild, it is a different story. A new report has found that over half the world's magnolia species are facing extinction in their forest habitats. Some specimens growing in the precincts of Chinese temples are estimated to be up to 800 years old. . . "Apart from garden plants, magnolias are used as food sources and for medicinal purposes. They're also used as timber products. They have a whole variety of uses because magnolias produce a very durable, light-colored wood." . . The BGCI and FFI say the significance of the plants' decline lies not only in the threat to the genetic diversity of the family, but also because magnolias are a highly sensitive indicator of the well-being of the forests in which they are found. Mar 30, 07: A blind spider-like animal has stopped development of a multi-billion-dollar iron ore mine in Australia after an environmental body rejected the project for fear the tiny cave-dweller would become extinct. They would die from ultraviolet light. Even short exposures to sunlight can be fatal. . . The troglobites measure just 4 mm (0.16 in) in length. A troglobite is an animal that lives entirely in the dark parts of caves. It has adapted to life in total darkness. [troglo: from the Greek, meaning cave-dweller.] Mar 29, 07: Overfishing of big sharks in the Atlantic has cut stocks by 99%, dooming North Carolina's bay scallop fishery and threatening other species including shrimp and crabs, researchers reported. . . With most of the great predatory sharks --bull, great white, dusky and hammerhead-- gone from northwest Atlantic waters, the rays and skates the sharks normally feed on had a population explosion. . . "With fewer sharks around, the species they prey upon --like cownose rays-- have increased in numbers, and in turn, hordes of cownose rays dining on bay scallops have wiped the scallops out", said study co-author Julia Baum. This coincided with a rise in Asian demand for shark fins for medicinal uses and for food. Shark fins currently sell for about $22 a pound. . . Now that the ravenous rays and skates have feasted on bay scallops, they are likely to look for food in protected areas along the coast where other fish and shellfish shelter in their early months of life. Rays and skates are good diggers and can excavate seagrass beds. Seagrass beds are normally used as nurseries for young fish and shellfish like shrimp and crabs because they protect against predation by what Peterson called "wimpier predators" such as crabs; they are not build to stand up to raids by bigger species like rays. . . Many Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico fisheries are dominated by animals and plants that depend on estuaries, the parts of rivers that connect to the sea. If rays and skates prey on these shellfish and some of the young grouper and snapper fish that begin their lives in the seagrass, these species could also be threatened. . . When fishing agencies looked for an unexploited resource to replace cod as a mainstay, they settled on shark about 25 years ago. Sharks, in huge demand in Asia, are also frequently caught inadvertently by nets meant to snare swordfish. Better architecture and energy savings in buildings could do more to fight global warming than all curbs on greenhouse gases agreed under the U.N.'s Kyoto Protocol, a U.N. study showed. . . Better use of concrete, metals and timber in construction and less use of energy for everything from air conditioners to lighting in homes and offices could save billions of dollars in a sector accounting for 30-40% of world energy use. . . Simple measures include more blinds to keep out the sun in hot climates, switching to energy efficient lightbulbs, better insulation and ventilation. "By some conservative estimates, the building sector worldwide could deliver emission reductions of 1.8 billion metric tons of CO2", said Achim Steiner, the head of UNEP. "A more aggressive energy efficiency policy might deliver over two billion tons or close to three times the amount scheduled to be reduced under the Kyoto Protocol", he said. . . China is the world's top builder, adding almost 2 billion square meters (21.53 billion sq ft) of new building space every year, it said. Mar 29, 07: This egg hunt shortly before Easter was not for the faint-hearted. A team at Beekse Bergen safari park in the Netherlands successfully harvested eggs from Ans, a 4,190-pound southern white rhino. Mar 29, 07: Under court order, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service agreed to take another look at protecting two rare salamanders that live in old-growth forests in Oregon and California. Mar 27, 07: The first stage of Canada's controversial annual harp seal hunt is likely to be scrapped because the ice floes where pups are born have broken up and many animals have drowned, officials and animal rights activists said. . . The first part of the hunt, which had been due to start, occurs in the Gulf of St Lawrence to Canada's East Coast. Hunters move across the ice floes, shooting and clubbing to death young seals. Canada's federal fisheries ministry, which oversees the hunt, said the pups had been born as usual this year but the ice floes had then been blown far out to sea and started to break up before the seals learned how to swim properly. "This is the first time I've ever seen this in 25 years." . . The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) said unusually warm weather meant the ice cover south of the Magdalen Islands was almost completely missing, adding it feared thousands of harp seal pups had drowned. Mar 26, 07: Jane Goodall, 72, is in Chicago for a three-day conference billed as the first scientific meeting on how chimpanzees think �-not just how they behave. "When I began in 1960 there must have been at least a million chimpanzees across Africa in 25 countries", Goodall said. "We don't think there are more than 150,000 now. Mar 23, 07: Nevada. Federal land managers trying to keep a rare butterfly off the list of endangered species have closed dozens of off-road vehicle trails at one of the largest sand dunes in the West. Mar 22, 07: Fears that crocodile numbers have exploded in northern Australia, with more sightings off surf beaches, in swimming holes and near towns, have sparked calls for the re-introduction of crocodile culling. Mar 20, 07: The U.S. Navy said it had asserted the "state secrets" privilege in a lawsuit by environmental groups, a move to keep the military from being forced to disclose classified information about the use of sonar believed to injure whales and other animals. The state secrets privilege, if upheld, renders information unavailable for litigation. It can be challenged, although the federal government often succeeds in asserting the protection. . . "It can be challenged and we intend to challenge it", said Joel Reynolds, senior attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council. They and other environmental groups say sonar used in routine training and testing violates environmental laws. They also argue the Navy's sonar injures and kills marine mammals, including whales and dolphins. Animal welfare organizations have documented cases of mass whale strandings and deaths around the world that they say are associated with sonar blasts thought to disorient marine mammals and sometimes cause bleeding from the eyes and ears. . . "Our position here is not that the Navy cannot train with sonar, not that the Navy cannot use sonar during combat, but only that whales and other marine species should not have to die for practice", Reynolds said. Mar 21, 07: A global computerized system that tracks wood from stump to store is aiding the battle against illegal logging and helping consumers choose sustainable products, says Scott Poynton of the Tropical Forest Trust. . . Mar 21, 07: Poachers have killed four great one-horned rhinoceros in a reserve in northeast India over the past two weeks, conservationists said, warning of a renewed threat to the endangered animals. . . The number of wolves in Montana, Idaho and Wyoming continues to grow, with at least 1,300 in the three states at the end of 2006, federal officials say. Mar 20, 07: Federal land managers working to keep a rare Nevada butterfly off the list of endangered species have closed scores of off-road vehicle trails at one of the biggest, most popular sand dunes in the West. Mar 20, 07: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declassified the American crocodile as an endangered species Tuesday, saying the animal has rebounded from the edge of extinction. Mar 20, 07: A beetle thought to be extinct in the UK since the 1940s has been rediscovered in south Devon. The beetle gets its name from the highly toxic oil secretions it produces when threatened. The flightless creature's natural habitats and the populations of bees they rely on have been decimated [reduced by 10%] by intensive farming practices. Mar 15, 07: A type of leopard found on the Southeast Asian island of Borneo and believed to be related to its mainland cousin is in fact a completely new cat species, WWF said. The conservation group said American scientists compared the DNA of the clouded leopard with that of its mainland cousin and determined the two populations diverged some 1.4 million years ago. . . The clouded leopard is Borneo's largest predator, has the longest canine teeth relative to its size of any cat, and can grow as large as a small panther. There are estimated to be between 5,000 and 11,000 of these animals left. Mar 14, 07: The diamondback terrapin, a turtle species that lives on the U.S. east coast, is under siege from Asian gourmets and American developers, but now officials and lawmakers are coming to its rescue. . . Scientists in the Maryland Department of Natural Resources this week proposed to ban capturing the reptile from the Chesapeake Bay, where thousands are snatched every year destined for China and other Asian countries where they are commonly made into soup. . . The moratorium, expected to take effect from June 18, would ban the terrapin harvest indefinitely and help to reverse a predicted continuing decline in its population. It takes between eight and 13 years for them to reach sexual maturity, and they only lay around 40 eggs a year. . . They are also threatened by predators such as raccoons, which prevent about 95% of young terrapins from reaching breeding maturity, as well as recreational crabbers, who unintentionally catch them in crab traps where they are unable to breathe. Mar 13, 07: Wildlife officials today released 20 Columbia Basin pygmy rabbits that were raised in captivity to a sagebrush-covered area of central Washington state where their ancestors roamed before teetering on the edge of extinction. Mar 13, 07: Europe and North America have reversed centuries of deforestation and are showing a net increase in wooded areas, while most developing countries continue to cut down their trees, a U.N. agency said. . . The Rome-based Food and Agriculture Organization said in its biannual report on the State of the World's Forests that economic prosperity and careful forest management had positive effects. Among the major causes of deforestation cited by Killmann were conversion of land for farming or livestock. . . However, poor or conflict-stricken countries �-where clear-cutting and uncontrolled fires are especially severe-� still face serious challenges in managing their wooded areas, the agency said. "Deforestation continues at an unacceptable rate" of about 32 million acres a year." However, he noted in a positive sign that the net loss had decreased over the last decade from 22 million acres to 17 million acres. . . Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean are currently the regions with the highest losses of wood-covered regions, especially in tropical areas. Africa, which accounts for about 16% of the global forests, lost over 9% of its trees between 1990 and 2005, the agency said. In Latin America and the Caribbean, home to nearly half of the world's forests, 0.5% were lost every year between 2000 and 2005 � up from an annual net rate of 0.46% in the 1990s. . . On the positive side, wooded area increased in Asia between 2000 and 2005. The increase was limited to East Asia, where investment in tree plantations in China offset high rates of clear-cutting in other regions, the report said. Forested area in most European countries is also increasing, while it is stable in Canada and the US. . . Forests cover just under 9.88 billion acres, about 30% of the world's land area. The world lost 3% of its wooded areas between 1995 and 2000, the agency said. Mar 12, 07: Many species of waterbird are in decline because of a loss of wetland habitats and governments need to do more to protect "flyway" migration routes, an international study said. "Global actions for the protection of migratory waterbirds are losing the race with economic development", according to the report about birds such as ducks, geese, plovers or sandpipers and based on the work of about 450 experts in 59 nations. . . The report was presented by the Dutch and British governments and Wetlands International and was backed by U.N. agencies and more than a dozen governments including the US. "In areas where governments are working to protect sites along important migratory routes, the results are promising", it said. The study said 170 of 614 waterbird species reviewed were now endangered. It blamed falling bird numbers mainly "on loss and degradation of wetland (and other) habitats." Wetlands are being drained for uses such as farming, roads or towns. . . The report also said many species were under threat from global warming. It said there was a need for greater surveillance of diseases, amid worries about bird flu. Thai veterinarians announced that an artificially inseminated elephant has given birth to a bouncing baby boy --a first in Asia that could be a crucial step in conserving the endangered species. Mar 7, 07: Captive-bred mountain gazelles have been successfully released into the wild for the first time in 10 years. Conservationists released 17 of the creatures into the Ibex reserve in Saudi Arabia. It's at a high risk of extinction because of factors such as habitat loss and hunting. Mar 7, 07: Cambodia's rare Mekong dolphin is making a tentative comeback from the edge of extinction after net fishing was banned in its main habitat, Cambodian and World Wildlife Fund officials said. Feb 28, 07: Twenty new species of sharks and rays have been discovered in Indonesia in a five-year survey of catches at local fish markets, Australian researchers said. Feb 28, 07: South Africa unveiled a new policy to manage its swelling elephant population, including resuming a controversial cull of the animals if needed. Feb 27, 07: Frogs that started life as male tadpoles were changed in an experiment into females by estrogen-like pollutants similar to those found in the environment, according to a new study. . . The results may shed light on at least one reason that up to a third of frog species around the world are threatened with extinction, suggests the study. In a laboratory at Uppsala U in Sweden, two species of frogs were exposed to levels of estrogen similar to those detected in natural bodies of water in Europe, the US and Canada. . . The results were startling: whereas the percentage of females in two control groups was under 50% --not unusual among frogs-- the sex ratio in three pairs of groups maturing in water dosed with different levels of estrogen were significantly skewed. . . Even tadpoles exposed to the weakest concentration of the hormone were, in one of two groups, twice as likely to become females. The population of the two groups receiving the heaviest dose of estrogen became 95% female in one case, and 100% in the other. Some of sex-altered males became fully functioning females, but other had ovaries but no oviducts, making them sterile. Feb 27, 07: The call of the rare Sumatran ground cuckoo, which was widely believed extinct until a decade ago, has been recorded for the first time, the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society said. A fairly large and striking bird with a long tail, green plumage and blue facial markings, it is found only in the remote jungles of the tropical Indonesian island of Sumatra. . . "Our team will use the recording to hopefully locate other Sumatran ground cuckoos, and to eventually secure their protection." It was known by only a handful of specimens collected over the past century and many scientists had written it off as extinct until one was briefly spotted in 1997. The bird that was recorded is being nursed back to health and will be released back into the wild. Feb 26, 07: The Spanish navy advises ships in the busy Strait of Gibraltar to slow down to avoid hitting whales. Feb 22, 07: Scientists added several species of deep sea sharks today to the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) endangered Red List due to overfishing. Feb 21, 07: Swarms of giant hornets renowned for their vicious stings and skill at massacring honeybees have settled in France. Its bite has been compared to a hot nail entering the body. And there are now so many of the insects that entomologists fear it will just be a matter of time before they cross to Britain. . . Global warming has largely been blamed for the survival and spread of the Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina, which is thought to have arrived in France from the Far East in a consignment of Chinese pottery in late 2004. Thousands of football-shaped hornet nests are now dotted all over the forests of Aquitaine, the south-western region of France hugely popular with British tourists. . . A handful can destroy a nest of 30,000 bees in just a couple of hours � a major concern among the beekeeping industry. The French beekeeping industry has already been decimated by pesticides and long, hot summers. Honey production from the 1.3 million hives run by 80,000 beekeepers has been decreasing annually �-down by 60% in south-western France during the past decade. Feb 20, 07: South Africa's environment minister announced long-awaited restrictions on hunting, declaring he was sickened by wealthy tourists shooting tame lions from the back of a truck and felling rhinos with a bow and arrow. Feb 19, 07: Fuel subsidies that allow fishing fleets to "plunder" the deep seas should be scrapped, claim a group of leading international scientists. They said more than $150m (�80m) was paid to trawler fleets, promoting overfishing of unviable resources. . . In particular danger were slow-growing deep-sea fish and coral species caught by bottom trawling, they argued. 2006 UN talks failed to implement a ban on the method, which uses heavy nets and crushing rollers on the sea floor. . . "Eliminating global subsidies would render these fleets economically unviable and would relieve tremendous pressure on overfishing and vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems," said Dr Rashid Sumaila, of the U of British Columbia. Eleven nations have bottom-trawling fleets, with Spain's being the biggest. Researchers at the U of British Columbia estimate that without subsidies, these fleets would operate at a loss of $50m (�27m) annually. Feb 19, 07: With declining catches close to shore, commercial fishing is turning to deeper waters, threatening species that live in the cold and gloom of the deep oceans, according to researchers. . . A panel at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science said today that overfishing in deep waters is putting at risk the least sustainable of all fish stocks. "We're not really fishing there. We're mining there. We're taking what appears to be a renewable resource and turning it into a nonrenewable one." . . Selina Heppell of Oregon State U said slow growth and reproduction makes deep-living species particularly vulnerable because they are slow to replenish their stocks. Some deep species don't mature until they are 40 years old and then may live 240 years. While skipjack tuna may spawn every day in summer, deep-living orange roughy spawn only every two years. "Never eat anything that could be older than your grandmother." . . Rising market value of fish has led to marketing campaigns to increase sales, such as renaming the slimehead fish "orange roughy" and the toothfish "Chilean sea bass". . . Krista Baker, a graduate student at Memorial U of Newfoundland, Canada, reported that about 40% of deep sea species in Canadian waters are either endangered or show significant decline. Feb 14, 07: A rare blind snake has been rediscovered in Madagascar a century after its last sighting. The snake, which looks like a long, skinny pink worm, was only known from two other specimens, both discovered in 1905. �They�re really rare because they�re subterranean.� There are about 15 species of blind snakes on the island. Feb 14, 07: Two conservation groups sued the federal government today claiming marine mammal regulators are not doing enough to protect polar bears and walruses against the combined threat of oil and gas exploration and global warming. Feb 13, 07: A meeting called by Japan to plan the end of the whaling moratorium is boycotted by most anti-whaling nations. Feb 13, 07: The Navy says it won't comply with sonar training restrictions that aim to protect marine mammals off the California coast, arguing that the commission that imposed the rules does not have the jurisdiction to do so. Feb 13, 07: This year's unusually warm winter could cause large numbers of amphibians to die in Germany, an environmental organization said. Unseasonably warm weather and rain over the last few days has already brought amphibians out of hibernation. . . With daily temperatures averaging 8-9 degrees F above normal, 2007 tied with 1975 as having the warmest weather in January since temperatures were first recorded in 1901. . . If a cold spell hits now, it could be especially deadly for newts, toads and other amphibians. Eggs could cease developing and adult animals, which are not able to return to hibernation in time, could die. . . Shorter winters and hotter summers in Germany and other changes attributed to global climate change have depleted native amphibian populations, shortened the lifecycle of already threatened animals, and dried up small water pools that amphibians inhabit during the summer's hotter months. Feb 12, 07: Conservationists in Nepal have opened a special "restaurant" to offer safe food to vultures, whose existence is being threatened from eating carcasses of cattle treated with drugs. Feb 12, 07: Researchers are planning a worldwide effort to track the movement of sea creatures tagged with tiny electronic devices. Following pilot testing in the north Pacific, the Ocean Tracking Network will expand to the Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico. . . Sea life ranging from salmon to whales, turtles to sharks, will be tagged so they can then be tracked as they swim past arrays of sensors placed at critical locations in the oceans. The goal is to eventually have 5,000 ocean receivers arranged in 60 lines worldwide, capable of tracking up to 1 million animals at the same time. Feb 12, 07: The catch of the day brings up a squirming pandemonium of creatures from the deep: sea bream and red snapper, miniature lobsters, an electric ray packing 150 volts, a baby octopus watching with one unblinking eye. But skipper Mariano Lopez, gazing at this mound of exuberance on his trawler's deck, is disappointed. Like many patches of the Mediterranean, this overworked fishing ground is not yielding the bounty it once did. . . Fishermen were long seen as Europe's last true hunters, but the romance that comes with the struggle against nature has dwindled as fast as the once-bountiful fish. The European Union has desperately implemented fishing curbs and other measures to keep Mediterranean and Atlantic waters alive �-policies fishermen complain are destroying their traditions and livelihoods. . . But Europe's campaign to save fishing stocks could be a losing battle. North Sea stocks of cod, the emblematic fish in the Atlantic, have dropped by three quarters in 30 years, according to EU figures, and special EU campaigns to revive the species over the past three years have failed. Bluefin tuna, once the pride of the Mediterranean, has seen stocks drop by 80% over the same time. . . The situation is no different in the rest of the world. The journal Science warned recently that already 29% of seafood species had collapsed �meaning stocks were down 90% or more from peak levels-� and all commercial species would follow suit by 2048 if current trends continue. . . Monster-size tuna are now extremely rare and fishermen are sapping stocks further by catching very small tuna before they can reproduce, and placing them in cages to be fattened until they are big enough for sale. The species might be commercially extinct worldwide in 10 to 15 years. Feb 12, 07: A mysterious illness is killing tens of thousands of honeybee colonies across the country, threatening honey production, the livelihood of beekeepers and possibly crops that need bees for pollination. Researchers are scrambling to find the cause of the ailment, called Colony Collapse Disorder. . . Reports of unusual colony deaths have come from at least 22 states. Some affected commercial beekeepers �-who often keep thousands of colonies-� have reported losing more than 50% of their bees. A colony can have roughly 20,000 bees in the winter, and up to 60,000 in the summer. . . The country's bee population had already been shocked in recent years by a tiny, parasitic bug called the varroa mite, which has destroyed more than half of some beekeepers' hives and devastated most wild honeybee populations. . . A recent report by the National Research Council noted that in order to bear fruit, three-quarters of all flowering plants �-including most food crops and some that provide fiber, drugs and fuel-� rely on pollinators for fertilization. . . One beekeeper who traveled with two truckloads of bees to California to help pollinate almond trees found nearly all of his bees dead upon arrival. An analysis of dissected bees turned up an alarmingly high number of foreign fungi, bacteria and other organisms and weakened immune systems. Feb 10, 07: A rain forest is in the making in northeastern Bangladesh and the men who for years stripped it of its inhabitants are now its guards. The 1,250 hectares (3,125 acres) reserve is home to more than 50 species of plants and rare animals including hollock gibbons. . . The forest is being developed by the government, with help from U.S. aid organization USAID and other local non-government groups who decided that the best people to protect it are the poachers who illegally benefited from it for years. . . USAID gives the former poachers a monthly salary of 2,250 taka ($32). They are also trained in raising cattle, or fishing, and their families often receive a sewing machine to help supplement their income. . . Forest officer Abul Bashar Miah said illegal felling of trees had diminished by nearly 90% since the ex-poachers started patrolling the forest some three years ago. Feb 9, 07: The mass nestings of leatherback turtles on Malaysia's beaches was once one of nature's great spectacles but since 2000, not a single baby leatherback has scampered to the sea. The demise of the iconic turtle, which many scientists say is now effectively extinct here, is blamed on a local appetite for their eggs, coastal development, destructive fishing practices --and a heartbreaking scientific mistake. . . In the 1950s, up to 10,000 female turtles struggled up the beach to lay their eggs each year, but by 1984 this had fallen to 800 and by 2006 only five nests were found from two turtles, with no hatchlings emerging. It is believed the breeding population is now too small to be sustainable. The previously common Olive Ridley Turtle is also thought lost to the area, and the hawksbill and green turtles are also in danger. . . They have hopes to resuscitate the population with a complicated egg relocation program in which fertilized eggs around the world would be flown to Malaysia where they would hopefully survive and return to breed. "There is some hope; we've released nearly half a million hatchlings and they will come back. The leatherback takes 30 to 50 years to reach breeding time, they are out there." . . A hatchery program for the leatherback was begun in Malaysia in the 1960s when concerns were first raised about turtle numbers, but unfortunately what was designed as a helping hand turned out to be disastrous. Turtle eggs are extremely sensitive to heat and movement. If the ambient temperature sits above 30 degrees C the offspring are almost guaranteed to be female, but if it is below 28 degrees, it will almost certainly be male. . . Early on, turtle eggs were kept in open boxes to collect the sun's warmth, but unknown to the scientists, for 30 years Terengganu's turtle hatcheries were releasing hundreds of thousands of almost exclusively female turtles. . . "In the 1970s, a lot of leatherbacks were killed by the high-seas drift nets. They were dubbed the curtains of death", Chan said. Feb 9, 07: Hawaiian forests are the nation's most threatened bird habitats, according to a report released Thursday by American Bird Conservancy. "Saving these species is important but meaningless if the habitats they come from are also not protected", said Alan Lieberman, director of the Hawaiian Endangered Bird Conservation Program for the San Diego Zoo. . . Hawaiian forests were listed ahead of the open ocean and sea bird nesting islands, which ranked second and also includes Hawaii territory. Third on the list was sagebrush areas found in Western states such as Washington, Oregon and Montana. And fourth was the Edwards Plateau Savannah of Texas. . . The tropical chain of Hawaiian islands isolated in the middle of the Pacific Ocean was home to about 140 native breeding species and subspecies before the arrival of humans in the archipelago. More than half of the bird species are now extinct. And among the 71 remaining Hawaiian birds, 30 are listed as endangered or threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act, according to the state's Department of Natural Resources' Web site. . . The zoo's bird program has centers on Maui and the Big Island that have been breeding seven endangered species of Hawaiian birds. And in August, the program plans to release its last Hawaii creepers and Hawaii akepas on the slopes of Mauna Kea. That's because state and federal authorities are now managing the two species' habitat well enough that propagation of the birds is no longer needed. Feb 9, 07: Beneath the ocean, microphones listen around the clock for the mooing calls of endangered North Atlantic right whales in an eavesdropping experiment that could help save them from extinction. . . For 20 years, researchers have relied on airplanes and their own eyes to keep tabs on right whales that migrate south to the coasts of Georgia and Florida every winter to birth their calves before returning to the North Atlantic. . . Collisions with ships killed four of six right whales known to have died in the Atlantic Ocean last year. Scientists believe only about 350 of the whales still exist, so losing even one is a step toward extinction. . . Cornell U scientist Christopher Clark thinks he's got a more efficient method that can be used to warn boaters and commercial ships to steer clear of the rare whales �-use sound to pinpoint their whereabouts. . . Aerial surveilance is expensive �costing up to $500,000 per winter� and gets limited results. George estimates the planes spot only about 25 percent of the right whales present off the southeastern coast. His microphones can pick up whales up to 15 km away. Feb 9, 07: Japan expressed outrage after anti-whaling activists poured acid on the decks of a whaling ship in the Southern Ocean and slightly injured two crew members, terming their activities "piratical, terrorist acts." Feb 8, 07: Hundreds of endangered sea turtles have been found dead along Bangladesh's coast in the past two weeks, triggering concerns about pollution and local fishing practices. Feb 7, 07: Researchers in the remote forests of Cambodia said they have discovered the only known colony in Southeast Asia of slender-billed vultures and scores of other endangered birds. "Amazingly, there were also a host of other globally threatened species of birds and primates." . . Song's team set up measures to protect against poaching and egg collecting, and are now working with local communities to ensure that they are involved in longer-term conservation measures. . . The Slender-billed vulture is one of several vulture species in Asia that have been driven to the brink of extinction in the past 12 years after eating cattle carcasses tainted with diclofenac, an anti-inflammatory painkiller that's given to sick cows and is highly toxic to vultures. Diclofenac has lead to global population declines as high as 99% in slender-billed and other vulture species, especially in India. Diclofenac is now being slowly phased out in South Asia, but not at a pace that assures the recovery of the vultures. . . Because diclofenac is almost entirely absent from use in Cambodia, the WCS said the country remains one of the main hopes for the survival of the species. Even so, the birds face numerous other threats, including lack of food due to the over-hunting of large-bodied mammals, loss of habitat, and poaching. Feb 6, 07: The rapid disappearance of a once common plant from UK hillsides has been blamed on infertile females. A study of the aromatic shrub juniper by charity Plantlife found that many are now too old to reproduce. . . In the past, the tree was highly valued for firewood and for making gin, ensuring a constant turnover of plants. But around the turn of the last century, interest in the plant started to wane and land was no longer managed in a way that encouraged its growth. "A lot of our juniper is now between 100 and 200 years old." . . Estimates suggest that up to 46% of juniper plants may have disappeared across England since the 1970s. At the same time, Ireland has seen a 35% decline, whilst Scotland has lost 30% of its plants, and Wales a further 18%. . . The shrub is dioecious, meaning there are both male and female plants. Unlike normal trees where the different sexes occur on the same plant, male and female junipers may be widely dispersed. Male bushes produce a lot of pollen, so only a few of them are required. . . The evergreen plants provide a valuable habitat for wildlife including more than 40 types of invertebrate. It is also home to specialised lichen and fungi, whilst the dense prickly foliage is used as a nesting site for birds. The fragrant wood was also used to cleanse houses and ward off spirits. In Scotland, it was the fuel of choice for illegal whisky stills, as it is said to burn with less smoke than other woods. Feb 6, 07: The Knoxville Zoo says it has become the first U.S. zoo to successfully breed Northern spider tortoises, a subspecies so rare they can no longer be exported from their native Madagascar off Africa's southeastern coast. Feb 6, 07: The marbled murrelet, a threatened sea bird whose rare trait of nesting in old-growth forests made it a factor in logging battles in the U.S. Northwest, is also declining dramatically in Alaska and Canada, where most of the birds live, according to a U.S. government review. . . The first comprehensive look at population surveys in Alaska and British Columbia found an overall decline of about 70% over the last 25 years. Even areas like Alaska's Glacier Bay, where there has been no logging, saw dramatic declines, raising the likelihood that something larger was a major factor, he said. . . That could be changes in the ocean climate, such as a 1977 shift in the North Pacific that altered the availability of fish and zooplankton the birds feed on, and an increase in predators such as ravens and bald eagles in the forests where the bird nests, which could be related to logging and urban development. Remember The Marvellettes' song, "Too Many Fish in the Sea?" Well, there aren't. A study published last fall in the journal, Science, warned of a "global collapse" of all wild seafood by mid-century if fishing continues at its current pace. . . Shrimp? "We don't know if that's domestic U.S. shrimp or if it's being farmed somewhere where it's harming the environment," said Faison. Farmed shrimp from Southeast Asia can pollute the seas. . . Atlantic salmon? "It's farmed because there's no wild Atlantic salmon left", Boots said. "And it's generally farmed in open net pens, and there are a bunch of issues with that." Swordfish? Not if they're caught by unregulated foreign fleets, and we won't even get into the health issues raised by mercury contamination. . . Catfish and tilapia are good choices, he said. They're vegetarian fish, and they're farmed in closed ponds that don't pollute the ocean. Bay scallops, farmed or wild, are said to be a sustainable resource. Wild salmon from Alaska come from a well-managed fishery. Scallops are guilt-free. Feb 6, 07: Rampant illegal logging is destroying the tropical forests of Southeast Asia far quicker than had been feared, with dire impact on endangered orangutans and other wildlife, the UN said. . . Without urgent action, 98% of remaining forests on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo could be gone by 2022, with serious consequences for local people and wildlife including rhinos, tigers and elephants. "The rapid rate of removal of food trees, killing of orangutans displaced by logging and plantation development, and fragmentation of remaining intact forest, constitutes a conservation emergency." . . The world body blamed a shadowy network of multinational firms for increasingly targeting Indonesian national parks as one of the few remaining sources of commercial timber supplies. . . Indonesia made a plea for Western consumers to reject smuggled timber. "We are appealing today to the conscience of the whole world: do not buy uncertified wood," Rachmat Witoelar, Indonesia's environment minister, said on the fringes of a major U.N. environment meeting in Kenya. He said illegal logging was ravaging 37 of his country's 41 national parks, and now accounted for more than 73% of all logging in Indonesia. Ruthless loggers are often protected by heavily armed militia commanded by foreign mercenaries. . . Combined with forest fires, encroachment by farmers on their dwindling habitat and poaching, illegal logging is having a devastating impact on orangutans, which once numbered in the hundreds of thousands across Southeast Asia. . . It was estimated in 2002 that there were about 60,000 of the shaggy ginger primates left in the jungles of Borneo and Sumatra. Some ecologists say the number has now been halved and others say the species could be extinct in 20 years. Feb 4, 07: A whooping crane was spotted alive today after it was believed killed with 17 others in severe Florida storms. Feb 3, 07: America's northern fur seal pup population continues a marked decline this decade, federal biologists reported. The number of pups born between 2004 and 2006 in Alaska's Pribilof Islands, home of the world's largest rookeries, fell by 9% from the previous two year estimate, according to researchers from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. . . "We have seen a significant decline in the abundance of fur seals on the Pribilof Islands starting about 1998, and we have not been able to identify the factors responsible." . . Less pollock, herring, squid and other seal food because of global warming or commercial fishing are possibilities, as is increased predation by killer whales. Entanglement in marine debris, parasites, disease and pollutants may have contributed to past or present declines, according to federal researchers. . . The Pribilofs are a group of five islands in the Bering Sea about 300 miles from the mainland. Feb 2, 07: The Indiana bat, as well as all bats, are important to the environment because they control insect populations, researchers say. (A single bat can eat up to 2,000 insects a night, on average.) The difficulty in helping the species recover deals with how sensitive it is to environmental change. . . In Laurel Cave, for instance, the temperature is not steady or in the range the Indiana bat likes while hibernating during winter. Biologists have taken measures to not only close caves during the hibernation season �both Bat Cave and Saltpetre Cave are gated and off limits in winter� but also to redirect airflow and take other measures in the species' more historic homes. Feb 2, 07: From a boat at sea, Australia's Great Barrier Reef seems invincible --its myriad corals stretching 2,300 km beyond sight. But the reef's vastness and wave-smashing outcrops mask fragility in the face of climate change threatening to bleach its fluorescent depths the stark white of death. The reef, and possibly the A$5.8 billion ($4.5 billion) tourist industry it underpins, will be "functionally extinct" by 2050, a draft report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned. . . "Climate change is clearly a threat to the corals and the tiny plants that live in the tissues, but the issues go far beyond coral. Corals build a structure in which thousands of species live",: Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, a coral bleaching researcher. . . It occurs when corals living at the edge of their temperature tolerance expel the tiny animals that live inside, turning colorless and exposing their calcium skeletons inside. Death follows unless the water soon cools. Global warming bringing temperature rises of between 2 to 3 C makes future salvation less likely. The reef is home to more than a third of the world's soft corals, more than 1,500 species of fish and six of the world's seven marine turtle species. Indian Ocean corals were harder hit than Australia's in 1998, with 50% dying along its western rim in months. . . "But of course we're only in the early days of climate change and it's of great concern that we've been seeing the type of increase in bleaching in severity and frequency that we've seen in other parts of the world", Hoegh-Guldberg said. . . The new Australian of the Year, scientist and climate warrior Tim Flannery, said a new IPCC report on climate change blaming humans for rising global temperatures underestimated the speed of climate change, warning its findings were conservative. "The actual trajectory we've seen in the arctic over the last two years if you follow that, that implies that the arctic ice cap will be gone in the next 5 to 15 years. There's a 10% chance of truly catastrophic rises in temperatures, so we're looking there at 6 degrees C or so, that would be a disaster for all life on earth." Feb 2, 07: Russian and Chinese conservationists began searching for signs of the last remaining Amur leopards in Russia's Far East and adjacent Chinese border regions, as part of a triennial census of the nearly extinct cats. Feb 5, 07: Nearly a thousand large turtles have washed up dead on Bangladeshi and Indian beaches in the Bay of Bengal in recent weeks, officials and activists said today, blaming the deaths on fishing nets. Feb 3, 07: All 18 endangered young whooping cranes that were led south from Wisconsin last fall as part of a project to create a second migratory flock of the birds were killed in storms in Florida. Jan 31, 07: Reintroduction of wild wolves into the Scottish Highlands would benefit the ecosystem, a study concludes. Jan 30, 07: The US made modest progress on protecting its oceans last year, but still needs to boost funding for desperately needed reforms, a commission on ocean policy said today. Jan 29, 07: The U.S. government took gray wolves living near the Great Lakes off its list of endangered species and also proposed removing protections for similar wolves near the Rocky Mountains. Jan 29, 07: Conservationists call for compassion to be shown towards great white sharks after an Australian diver had a recent lucky escape from a predator's jaws. Jan 29, 07: Humans, not climate change, wiped out large beasts such as marsupial "lions" and tree kangaroos that roamed Australia thousands of years ago, scientists have concluded based on a remarkable new set of fossils. Some researchers had previously argued that harsh dry conditions during the height of several ice ages in Australia might have caused some of the region's large mammals to disappear. . . The well-preserved fossils offer clues about the region's animals that lived in the Middle Pleistocene�130,000 to 780,000 years ago �before human arrival. . . By examining the isotopes in the tooth enamel of the fossils and comparing them with living animals of known climates, the researchers were able to identify that the animals roaming the Nullarbor between 200,000 and 800,000 years ago inhabited an extremely arid environment. . . The animals had previously experienced the very worst that nature could throw at them in terms of climatic downturns, Roberts said. "So glacial aridity cannot have been the main driving force behind their extinction. They had suffered but survived such episodes many times before. The only new ingredient in the mix at that time was humans, who first entered Australia between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago", Roberts said. "So humans, very likely, played the decisive role in the extinction event -�through hunting of juveniles and through burning of the vegetation cover and changing the plant composition to disadvantage the browsers and grazers." Jan 28, 07: Conservationists have been awarded almost �50,000 to help save a rare species of red ant from becoming extinct in mainland Britain. Red-barbed ants have declined as a result of a loss of habitat, and are now only found at one site. . . A team, led by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), plans to captive breed the species at London Zoo before releasing them into the wild next year. "The ants are quite unusual because they form nests that are either all female or all male. We have only got one nest left in Surrey, and that nest is only producing females. No-one has been able to get them to reproduce in captivity before." Scientists will take females from the nest in Surrey, and males from colonies found on the Isles of Scilly. . . Another threat facing the nests, surprisingly, comes from another species of ant. "They can be invaded by a species called slave-maker ants, which seem to be spreading quite rapidly across the UK." Jan 26, 07: Wolves in the northern Rockies will be removed from the endangered species list within the next year, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service said, a move that would open the population up to trophy hunting. Jan 26, 07: The UK is stepping up attempts to secure an anti-whaling majority on the International Whaling Commission (IWC). Last year, pro-hunting nations gained their first IWC majority for 20 years. . . The British government will publish a brochure this coming week aimed at encouraging nations opposed to whaling to join the Commission. It says whales are "sensitive, social creatures", with some species risking extinction. Japan says these arguments are "old rhetoric and half-truths". . . In two forewords, the distinguished natural history broadcaster David Attenborough writes, "There is no humane way to kill a whale at sea", while Tony Blair makes a direct call to arms. "We urge your government to join the UK and the other anti-whaling nations in the IWC", writes the British Prime Minister, "to ensure that our generation meets its global responsibility to protect whales." Jan 24, 07: Japan has called a special meeting of members of an international whaling group next month to help lift a global moratorium on hunting of whales, but several countries opposed to the practice may boycott the assembly. Jan 24, 07: Congolese rebels accused of killing and eating at least two of the world's 700 remaining mountain gorillas in recent weeks have agreed to stop killing the rare primates, a conservation group said. Jan 24, 07: The world's first rhino conceived by artificial insemination has been born at Budapest Zoo, officials said. She weighed in at 128 lbs. Mum has been protective of her newborn but has so far failed to nurse the baby. The zoo said she had also turned aggressive, but added an initial refusal to feed was natural with inexperienced mother rhinos. Jan 23, 07: Pregnant polar bears in Alaska, who spend most of their lives on sea ice, are increasingly giving birth to their young on land, according to researchers, who say global warming is probably to blame. Jan 23, 07: Nearly half of the world's waterbird species are in decline, mostly due to rapid economic development and the effects of climate change, according to a global survey released today. The fourth Waterbird Population Estimate found that 44% of the 900 species globally have fallen in the past five years, while 34% were stable, and 17% rising. [sure; taking advantage of the abcence of the other species.] . . The worst decreases occurred in Asia, where 62% of the waterbird populations had declined or become extinct. That was followed by a 48% decline in Africa, 45% in Oceania, 42% in South America, 41% in Europe and 37% in North America. . . The survey represents about 50,000 hours of field work done in 100 countries. Jan 23, 07: Conservationists have hailed Madagascar's decision to establish a 300,000 hectare protected habitat for birds unique to the giant Indian Ocean island. Jan 22, 07: A major effort to try to reverse the decline in tuna stocks worldwide is getting under way in Kobe, Japan. They are to discuss plans to set up a global tracking system to certify the origin of every tuna that is sold. . . Conservationists blame illegal and unregulated fishing and unsustainable quotas for tuna's dramatic decline. In the western Atlantic, the number of bluefin tuna capable of spawning is less than one-fifth of what it was 30 years ago, according to the body that monitors fish stocks there. . . Last year, Japan admitted overfishing southern bluefin tuna and accepted a deep cut in its quota as punishment. Jan 18, 07: Dams, pollution and overfishing have wiped out a third of the fish species in the Yellow River, China's second longest waterway, state media reported. The news heightens fears that the country's big rivers are losing their ability to support life as rapid and poorly regulated economic growth takes an increasingly heavy toll on the environment. . . Its water flow has fallen in recent years as it has become synonymous with over-exploitation of natural resources. As well as providing water for millions of people and 15% of China's farmland, it has been heavily dammed to generate power. "The Yellow River used to be host to more than 150 species of fish, but a third of them are now extinct, including some precious ones. It can be mainly blamed on hydroelectric power projects that block fish's migration routes, declining water flow caused by scarce rainfall, overfishing and severe pollution." Jan 18, 07: An investigation into the cleanliness of rivers feeding Washington's Potomac River has revealed the presence of sex-changing chemicals. Pollutants which contain the chemicals, known as endocrine disrupters, were found in several tributaries and in the smallmouth bass fish living within. . . The US Geological Survey (USGS) study followed the discovery of high numbers of intersex fish in the Potomac basin. Endocrine disrupters can mimic or block hormones in the body. Either naturally occurring or man-made, they can interfere with the endocrine system causing birth defects and reproductive irregularities. The chemicals were also found in all of the smallmouth bass examined by the team. Jan 18, 07: Rebels in eastern Congo have killed and eaten two silverback mountain gorillas, conservationists said Wednesday, warning they fear more of the endangered animals may have been slaughtered in the lawless region. Jan 16, 07: Beluga whales were once so thick in the waters along Alaska's biggest city that boaters had to take care to avoid bumping them. But now Cook Inlet's population of small white whales, beloved by locals and tourists, may be headed for extinction, according to a report from government biologists last week. . . A new count by the National Marine Fisheries Service puts the Beluga whale population at 302, less than half the number in 1994 and well below the 1,000 to 2,000 believed to have been swimming in earlier years in the glacier-fed channel that runs from Anchorage to the Gulf of Alaska. . . Biologists say the reason for the precipitous decline since the 1990s was simple --overharvesting by the area's Alaska Natives, mostly Athabascan Indians, who are entitled by law to pursue their traditional whale hunts. Native groups agreed to curb hunting until stocks return to higher levels, but that does not appear to be helping the whales recover. . . Smith said it may be the nonpollution factors, such as noise, inadvertent harassment, large-scale beach strandings, disease outbreaks and the occasional predation by killer whales that are keeping the beluga population low. Jan 16, 07: A California aquarium released a great white shark in the ocean today --only the second of the predators to be released back into the wild after surviving months of captivity. Jan 16, 07: Conservation scientists have identified eight "biodiversity hotspots" around Britain's coast which they say ought to be priorities for protection. The Marine Biological Association (MBA) and WWF want these areas to be given protected status under the government's proposed Marine Bill. Jan 16, 07: Scientists launched a bid to save some of the world's rarest and most neglected creatures from extinction. With an initial list of just 10 --including a venomous shrew-like creature, an egg-laying mammal and the world's smallest bat-- the program will give last ditch conservation aid where to date there has been little or none. The list includes the bumblebee bat, the Hispaniolan solenodon and the golden-rumped elephant shrew. . . "We are focusing on EDGE species --that means they are Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered", said Zoological Society of London scientist Jonathan Baillie. By "distinct", he means unique... the last of their type, not just species. "Our goal is to ensure that over the next five years there are conservation measures in place for the top 100 species." . . Global warming and human depredations on habitat are cited as root causes of the problem. Baillie said the top creature on the agenda, the Yangtze River dolphin, may already have disappeared. Jan 15, 07: Beavers may be helping to halt the decline of some amphibian populations, a study suggests. Researchers, surveying streams in the forests of Alberta, Canada, found significantly more frogs and toads where beaver dams were present. They believe the beaver "ponds" may be providing favorable conditions for developing tadpoles. . . It found about six times more wood frogs, 29 times more western toads and 24 times more boreal chorus frogs at the beaver bonds compared with the beaver-free streams. Jan 10, 07: State coastal regulators voted today to impose restrictions on the U.S. Navy's use of sonar, which has been linked to harmful effects on whales and other marine mammals. The Navy has been using sonar during training exercises off the California coast for decades, although this was the first time it sought approval for the practice from the California Coastal Commission. . . The commission voted 8-1 to place restrictions on how the Navy conducts the training, including moving the exercises away from areas with high concentrations of marine mammals and lowering sonar levels when they are present. . . The Navy decided to seek the commission's consent because of new internal guidelines requiring it to ensure major exercises are environmentally compliant. The Navy's sonar exercises have been responsible for at least six cases of mass death and unusual behavior among whales in the past decade, a U.S. Congressional Research Service report found last year. Many of the beached or dead animals had damaged hearing organs. Sonar is also believed to affect other marine life including fish reproductive rates and the behavior of giant sea turtles. Jan 10, 07: Harbor porpoises in Scottish waters are suffering as climate change impacts sandeels, a staple food. Jan 10, 07: A rare "Groucho Marx" penguin found exhausted on an Australian beach after a 2,000 km swim has been saved by Sydney zookeepers but will soon have to earn his keep by snuggling up to two lonely females of his vulnerable species. He is now the only male of his species in captivity in the world. There are estimated to be only 1,000 breeding pairs left in the wild. . . The Fiordland Crested Penguin, also known as Groucho Marx penguins because of their distinctive bushy eyebrows, is one of the world's most endangered penguin species and is usually found in the frigid sub-Antarctic waters off southern New Zealand. Jan 10, 07: Scientists are struggling to explain the stranding of 31 dolphins and a pilot whale off the coast of Massachusetts since the start of the year, including some found with brain deformities or chronic diseases. Jan 10, 07: Thai villagers have caught a river terrapin turtle that was thought to be extinct in the country, a leading conservation group said. The female turtle �known for its egg-shaped shell and upturned snout� was found Jan. 3 in a mangrove canal in Phang Nga province on the country's Andaman coast, said the World Wide Fund for Nature-Thailand. It was the first time the species was found in Thailand in two decades. . . It will be raised in captivity, the WWF said. It will eventually be released back into the wild. Jan 8, 07: The beluga whales swimming off Alaska's largest city are at considerable risk of going extinct unless something changes, a federal study says. The study by the National Marine Mammal Laboratory in Seattle says if the Cook Inlet belugas go extinct, another group of the white whales probably won't come in to swim the silty waters off Anchorage. . . To make matters worse, it finds that the whales are becoming increasingly vulnerable to a catastrophic event because they are tending to gather in a restricted area in the upper Cook Inlet. . . It was thought that subsistence hunting, where about 70 whales were killed each year, was to blame. However, severe restrictions on subsistence hunting in place since 1999 have failed to turn the situation around. Jan 8, 07: One of the world's most endangered birds, the oriental white-backed vulture, has bred in captivity for the first time in India, scientists said. Jan 8, 07: About 2,000 rare freshwater turtles, whose meat is sold as an aphrodisiac on the black market, were rescued from poachers in a north Indian town after a tip-off from a resident. Jan 5, 07: Once down to about 15, the world's only naturally migrating flock of whooping cranes has continued its comeback, now numbering a record 237 birds in wintering grounds along Texas' Gulf Coast. Jan 2, 07: Dozens of endangered Great One-horned rhinoceros have mysteriously gone missing from a nature reserve in southwest Nepal over the past few years, a wildlife official said. . . Authorities introduced 72 rhinos, also known as the Indian rhinoceros, in the Babai Valley, 320 km southwest of Kathmandu, as part of a conservation drive that started in 1984. "We have records showing 23 rhinos had died due to poaching or other causes. The rest are missing." Jan 3, 07: A mini-baby boom last year has pushed up the number of pandas bred in captivity in China to 217, state media said. Jan 2, 07: A experimental electronic "crosswalk" designed to keep Arizona's animals and drivers safe will begin operating east of Payson for the first time this month. . . The high-tech crossing is part of an extensive system of wildlife underpasses and electrified fencing along a three-mile stretch of Arizona 260 about 12km east of Payson. The fences funnel the creatures to places where they can cross under the road, or, to the electronic crossing. The crossing uses infrared cameras and military-grade software to set off large signs and warning lights so that drivers will be prepared for an elk, mule or another animal of significant size that may be about to cross the highway. Jan 2, 07: A pair of scimitar-horned oryxes from the Kansas City Zoo are among six from North America and four from Europe that are being reintroduced in Tunisia, the animals' native scrubland where they have been wiped out. India's world-famous Bharatpur sanctuary has a shortage of birds because water is so scarce. Jan 1, 07: After winning more protection for polar bears, a conservation group is pressuring the U.S. government to keep the North Pacific right whale from going extinct. The whales are the most endangered whale in the world. .	i don't know
The legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, who lured all but three of the children of Hamelin to their death, was originally hired by the townspeople to rid the town of what?	The Disturbing True Story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin \| Ancient Origins 14 August, 2014 - 01:09 dhwty The Disturbing True Story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin When, lo! as they reached the mountain-side, A wondrous portal opened wide, As if a cavern was suddenly hollowed; And the Piper advanced and the children followed, And when all were in to the very last, The door in the mountain-side shut fast. Robert Browning, The Pied Piper of Hamelin: A Child’s Story Many are familiar with the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Few realise however, that the story is based on real events, which evolved over the years into a fairy tale made to scare children. For those unfamiliar with the tale, it is set in 1284 in the town of Hamelin, Lower Saxony, Germany. This town was facing a rat infestation, and a piper, dressed in a coat of many coloured, bright cloth, appeared. This piper promised to get rid of the rats in return for a payment, to which the townspeople agreed too. Although the piper got rid of the rats by leading them away with his music, the people of Hamelin reneged on their promise. The furious piper left, vowing revenge. On the 26 th of July of that same year, the piper returned and led the children away, never to be seen again, just as he did the rats. Nevertheless, one or three children were left behind, depending on which version is being told. One of these children was lame, and could not keep up, another was deaf and could not hear the music, while the third one was blind and could not see where he was going. The earliest known record of this story is from the town of Hamelin itself depicted in a stained glass window created for the church of Hamelin, which dates to around 1300 AD. Although it was destroyed in 1660, several written accounts have survived. The oldest comes from the Lueneburg manuscript (c 1440 – 50), which stated: “In the year of 1284, on the day of Saints John and Paul on June 26, by a piper, clothed in many kinds of colours, 130 children born in Hamelin were seduced, and lost at the place of execution near the koppen.” The oldest known picture of the Pied Piper copied from the glass window of the Market Church in Hameln/Hamelin Germany (c.1300-1633). Image source: Wikimedia . The supposed street where the children were last seen is today called Bungelosenstrasse (street without drums), as no one is allowed to play music or dance there. Incidentally, it is said that the rats were absent from earlier accounts, and only added to the story around the middle of the 16 th century. Moreover, the stained glass window and other primary written sources do not speak of the plague of rats. If the children’s disappearance was not an act of revenge, then what was its cause? There have been numerous theories trying to explain what happened to the children of Hamelin. For instance, one theory suggests that the children died of some natural causes, and that the Pied Piper was the personification of Death. By associating the rats with the Black Death, it has been suggested that the children were victims of this plague. Yet, the Black Death was most severe in Europe between 1348 and 1350, more than half a century after the event in Hamelin. Another theory suggests that the children were actually sent away by their parents, due to the extreme poverty that they were living in. Yet another theory speculates that the children were participants of a doomed ‘Children’s Crusade’, and might have ended up in modern day Romania, or that the departure of Hamelin's children is tied to the Ostsiedlung, in which a number of Germans left their homes to colonize Eastern Europe. One of the darker theories even proposes that the Pied Piper was actually a paedophile who crept into the town of Hamelin to abduct children during their sleep. One of the darker themed representations of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Credit: Lui-Gon-Jinn Historical records suggest that the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin was a real event that took place. Nevertheless, the transmission of this story undoubtedly evolved and changed over the centuries, although to what extent is unknown, and the mystery of what really happened to those children has never been solved. The story also raises the question, if the Pied Piper of Hamelin was based on reality, how much truth is there in other fairy tales that we were told as children? Featured image: An illustration of the Pied Piper of Hamelin . Credit: Monlster	Rat
July 19, 1860 saw the birth of what infamous New England spinster who, When she saw what she had done gave her father forty-one?	Pied Piper \| J e r u s a l e m J e r u s a l e m Search for: Pied Piper The 13th century story of the Pied Piper tells that the city of Hamelin was suffering from an increasing rat infestation when a man came into town and claimed that he could rid the city of the rats with the use of his pipe, but not for free. The people of the city agreed to pay the piper, he played a song and led the rats out of the city and into a river, where they all drowned. However, when the piper returned to collect his payment the mayor of the city refused to pay the piper his full wage. The piper left the city, but warned that he would return for his revenge. Some time later the piper returned and when all of the adults had gone to church, the piper played his pipe and lured the children of the city to him. The piper, with the children under his pipe’s spell, left the city and lead all but three of the children away, never to be seen again. The three children that did not follow told the people of the city what the pied piper had done while they were in church.	i don't know
What neighboring city is the chief rival of The Simpson's home town of Springfield?	Springfield - Wikisimpsons, the Simpsons Wiki Springfield This article is about the town. For the state capital, see Springfield, Illinois . Springfield c. 1649 (as Sprungfield), c. 1796 (as Springfield) Incorporated: "A noble spirit embiggens the smallest man" Mayor: 2,088,723 km ( West Springfield is three times the size of Texas) [2] Elevation: 1,582 ft (482 m) [3] Population: Area code: 939 and 636 [4] Springfield is the city where the Simpson family lives. It is located near Shelbyville , Capital City , Ogdenville , and North Haverbrook in a state whose name is never mentioned . The evidence is sufficiently contradictory that it cannot be identified with a specific state. Its population is estimated to be about 30,720. It is known as a twin city to Shelbyville . The town has often been dubbed as the, or at a stretch, one of, America 's worst towns and according to Marge it's "America's Crud Bucket", as well as being the World's Fattest Town. One story said is was founded in 1796 by Jebediah Springfield , a.k.a. Hans Sprungfeld, and a band of fiercely determined pioneers out of Maryland who set off after misinterpreting a passage in The Bible, Springfield seems to be a small city rather than a megalopolis. [5] Another story said it was founded in 1821 by Springfield leading a band of 34 Dutch settlers in search of a nice place to live. [6] When Jebediah died he split Springfield between his two sons, Obadiah and Zechariah Springfield . The city was later rejoined but never officially. When Lisa Simpson discovered that the rejoining was not official, the town was split into two parts again, but it was later rejoined again. [7] Its features include one nuclear power plant ; two elementary schools; a minor league all-star baseball stadium ; an airport ; a harbor ; a downtown district ; a large tire yard (burning since 1966); a ghetto; a Russian district ; its own Little Italy ; several specialized shopping districts, Moe's Tavern , Barney's Bowl-A-Rama and a Chinatown . Springfield's nearest neighboring town is Shelbyville. There is a strong rivalry between the towns, dating back to a rivalry between their founders—Jebediah Springfield and Shelbyville Manhattan . Manhattan wanted to found a city where men were free to marry their cousins, but Springfield refused to allow it, so Shelbyville was founded as a rival town. [8] The story of the dispute between Jebediah Springfield and Shelbyville Manhattan contains faint references to the historical stories of the deal between Asa Lovejoy and William Overton to file a land claim, and the dispute between Lovejoy and Francis W. Pettygrove over the name of Portland, Oregon. Springfield has been called America's crud basket. It's an ever growing city, despite all the disasters that happen in the town. Contents The Statue of Jebediah Springfield Springfield originally existed before 1649 as Sprynge-Fielde, founder and foundation period unknown. In its early days, the city was the target of many Native American Indian raids, and to this day many forts and trading posts remain (including Fort Springfield and Fort Sensible ). It was also the site of two battles during the American Civil War. After the city was founded should the population determine what the town would be called, there was a tie between Maudville and Blister City. In Jebediah Springfield first official act as a mayor broke the tied and named the town to Springfield in honor of his father. [6] The second (or official) founder of Springfield was pioneer Jebediah Springfield, widely celebrated in the town as a brave and proud American hero. He famously once killed a bear with his bare hands, and this deed is immortalized in a bronze statue in front of the city hall. However, revisionist historians have since determined that the bear in fact probably killed Springfield, and not vice-versa. The town motto "a noble spirit embiggens the smallest man" is attributed to Jebediah. Lisa Simpson later discovered that Jebediah Springfield was in fact Hans Sprungfeld, a murderous pirate and enemy of George Washington, but eventually decided that the myth of Springfield should be preserved for the inspiration it gives to people and did not reveal her findings. [5] During the early 1900s, Springfield started a holiday named " Whacking Day " with the intention of beating up Irish immigrants in Springfield, and eventually transformed into an event where Springfield's denizens beat several snakes to death. In the mid-20th century, the city reached perhaps the pinnacle of its success when it became the home of the Aquacar, a car which could be driven in water like a boat. At this point, the city's streets were literally paved with gold. But unfortunately, this economy collapsed when it was discovered that the Aquacar was prone to spontaneous explosion after 600 miles and/or knots. [9] The town has never really recovered from this tragedy (the gold was reportedly shipped to the Sultan of Brunei to encase one of his many elephant herds), but some heavy industry remains in the town, including factories for Ah, Fudge! chocolate, fireworks, candy, children's cartoons , toys , Spirographs, crackers , peanuts, fake vomit, pillows, apple cider , and boxes , as well as a steel mill . During Homer Simpson 's tenure as Springfield's Sanitation Commissioner, however, the whole town was relocated "five miles down the road" and reformed, as the previous location had become flooded with garbage and waste due to Homer's allowing other cities to dump their garbage into the mines that run under the town. Mysteriously, the move was only mentioned once: when Lisa remarked with surprise that they even allowed the casino to come with them when they moved the town while watching its demolition. [10] The town was later moved again, then to the " The Outlands ". [11] Springfield was nearly chosen as the host for the Summer Olympic Games, but Bart Simpson 's antics angered representatives from the IOC. [12] It was also nearly awarded an NFL franchise team, The Springfield Meltdowns, but Abraham Simpson attacked the commissioner - mistaking him for a burglar - while he was trying to use the Simpsons' phone. Bart accidentally moons the U.S. flag, and the Simpsons appear on a talk show to explain the matter. However, the show's host makes it appear that Springfield hates America. When the rest of the U.S. reciprocates this loathing, Mayor Quimby changes the name of Springfield to "Liberty-Ville". An enormous patriotic craze ensues, wherein all items are priced at $17.76, even houses. [13] The town has split at least twice. Once based on area code changes, into New Springfield and Olde Springfield (Not to be confused with the historical site/tourist center of the same name ). At one point in the town's history, gambling was legalized due to an economic slump. To attract more people into the town, Springfield legalized gay marriage. The majority of the populace is also quite horrible at paying tax returns, with the majority of the population waiting until the last possible day to file their tax returns as evidenced by the huge amount of lines at the Post Office on Tax Day, with some even mistaking it for a Metallica concert line, some hiring accountants who are just as bad as themselves in regards to paying taxes on time, and some even falsifying many of their actual expenditures while undergoing a last minute rundown on tax returns, misshaping the envelope containing the tax returns, and eventually being arrested by the FBI/IRS for severe audits. [14] Mayor Quimby apparently allows Montgumery Burns so much legal freedom because he is the towns sole tax payer. [15] Trappuccino[ edit ] Lisa Simpson and Colin spearheaded an effort to clean Lake Springfield , which was heavily polluted. After a town-wide cleanup, the lake was polluted again single handily by Homer Simpson , who dumped a large silo of "pig crap" into the lake, polluting it to unsurpassed levels. To keep the pollution from spreading to other towns, Russ Cargill , head of the EPA, convinced President Arnold Schwarzenegger to seal Springfield inside a gigantic dome (built by a company owned by Cargill). During that time, the town fell into ruin and was plagued by power shortages ( Mr. Burns refused to give free power) and lack of supplies. The town was trapped under the dome for more than ninety-three days. The dome was later destroyed by Homer and Bart Simpson, and the town was repaired and rebuilt. Later history[ edit ] Springfield eventually fell into a massive economic crisis that resulted in several large cutbacks, as well as forcing several of the citizens to move to Detroit to find better job opportunities. Geography and climate[ edit ] Geography[ edit ] Springfield's geography includes big Mountains maybe part of Rocky Mountains and a lot of hills, gorges , giant redwood trees, a desert, a forest, lakes, rivers and a volcano. It is located on the coast of a large body of water, possibly an ocean. It has also been stated that "West Springfield" is 3 times the size of Texas, and looks exactly like Texas in shape (although, in theory, this could be referring to a nearby town of Texas, such as the non-fictional Texas, New Jersey or Texas, Wisconsin). Cityscape[ edit ] The city is divided into a number of districts, including Skid Row , the Lower East Side (a Jewish neighborhood), Springfield Heights , Bum Town, East Springfield , Recluse Ranch Estates , Junkieville , Pressboard Estates , Springfield Squidport , Little Newark , Crackton , a Russian district , West Springfield , Tibet Town , Waverly Hills , Little Italy , and a gay district . For a brief period, Springfield divided itself into two cities, Olde Springfield and New Springfield, on the basis of an area code division. Wealthy Olde Springfield, with Mayor Quimby, anchorman Kent Brockman , and bullies such as Nelson Muntz , was separated from the rest of Springfield by a wall that was erected by poor New Springfield. Mayor Quimby maintained control of Olde Springfield while Homer Simpson ran New Springfield. The cities were later re-united through a concert by The Who. The city's Main Street is in a pitiful state of disrepair, owing to citizens driving along it while carrying excessively heavy weights and leaving snow chains on their tires after the snow has melted. Some of the potholes have become so wide that entire cars and trucks can (and have) fallen into them. [16] Climate[ edit ] Springfield is located in an area that receives rain and snow. Most of the time the skies are blue and mostly sunny. Springfield is also subject to a number of natural disasters including avalanches, earthquakes, acid rain, floods, hurricanes, lightning strikes, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions. Pollution[ edit ] Visitors from elsewhere are advised to constantly wear radiation suits and carry Geiger counters, since the city is perhaps the most radioactive in the U.S. This is because the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant was built during an incredibly lax period for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in which the plant's nuclear core was surrounded not by several layers of protective concrete and graphite but by ordinary plaster with a horseshoe hanging from a nail. Also, management apparently gives employees benefits for storing nuclear waste in buildings; in some episodes, barrels of waste have been seen in the Simpsons' basement. Also perhaps due to this, the book reports that international law forbids shipping produce from Springfield; those who do venture into a local supermarket or farmer's market may find that it gives off a barely audible hum. Springfield is also "proudly" home to the state's largest tire fire, which has been continuously burning for approximately 42 years, which does nothing to improve the air quality. Springfieldians have a very uncaring attitude towards the environment. The Springfield Shopper is proud of the fact that they use absolutely no recycled material in their paper. Even the mention of the word can cause one of the town residents to pass out from boredom, or at least slam the door in the face of plucky little girls concerned about the state of their town without a second thought, or even throw anything they can get their hands on at the Green Day raft just for saying that they wanted to talk about it. In fact, the only time they even seemed to care is literally when they drink it. There have also been instances of accidental pollution, such as when Captain Horatio McCallister once crashed an oil tanker around the Springfield coast in a drunken stupor. McCallister also, while still drunk, seemed to think there was no way out of the predicament until he suggested to a newscaster to take the blame for him in the middle of a live broadcast. People and culture[ edit ] The geographic location of Springfield is never stated, but Springfield is generally considered to depict, in a lampooning manner, "bread-and-butter" Middle America, culturally somewhere between a suburb and a small town. Springfieldians are not, for the most part, cosmopolitan, and most are of lower-middle to middle income. The "small-town nastiness" of Springfield is made evident by a benighted tradition of "snake-whacking" whereby, annually, Springfieldians bludgeon snakes to death. Lisa Simpson, disgusted by this activity, encourages the people of Springfield to quit the tradition with the aid of soul singer Barry White . Springfieldians have a very bad reputation. As described by Dr. Hibbert , it is a town where the smartest have no power and the stupidest run everything. A fairly accurate statement considering that the offices of police chief and mayor respectively are run by clearly incompetent and corrupt individuals, those few who are competent in official positions are soon replaced by other incompetents, such as former trash commissioner Ray Patterson being kicked out of office to be replaced by Homer Simpson. TIME magazine once did a cover story on Springfield entitled "America's Worst City," and Newsweek has referred to the city as "America's Crud Bucket," the town actually has a billboard saying it is the "Meanest town in America." Most citizens are very stupid, overweight, and also quick to anger, though it should be noted that Shelbyville residents are even stupider and more backwards. There is a riot almost every month. Springfield also has a strange smell that is uncomfortable to new residents. It is usually about six weeks before they adjust. Springfield is also the first United States city to abandon the Metric system. It is noted by the Duff Book of World Records as the World's Fattest Town [17] which they are quite proud of. Springfield is home to people of many races, cultures, and creeds, including European-Americans (the Simpson , Flanders , and Van Houten families), African-Americans (the Hibbert family, Carl Carlson ), Latinos ( Bumblebee Man ), South Asians ( Apu and his family, " Two Guys From Kabul ") and East Asians ( Cookie Kwan , Akira ). There is a large gap between wealthy citizens (such as Krusty the Clown and Mr. Burns), and poor citizens (Nelson Muntz, Cletus the Slack-Jawed Yokel ). The population is about 40,000. Crime[ edit ] There are a surprising number of prisons in Springfield, including Springfield Penitentiary , Springwood Minimum Security Prison , Springfield Women's Prison , Springfield Juvenile Correctional Facility , Morningwood Penitentiary and Montgomery Burns State Penitentiary . Springfield Elementary School was even once semi-converted into a prison. The Springfield Police Department , led by Police Chief Clancy Wiggum , is a largely corrupt and incompetent organization, according to Wiggum they only have enough manpower to enforce the last three laws passed. Another time Lou pointed out that he, Wiggum and Eddie were the entire police force. There was also a time in the town's history where the police duties were handed over from the Springfield Police Department over to a private security company called SpringShield , which was run by Homer with the help of his friends Lenny and Carl who did a far better job. Most organized crime in town is controlled by mob boss Fat Tony , however the Yakuza are present in smaller numbers. Arts and entertainment[ edit ] The Aztec Theater Springfield boasts an opera house , an outdoor amphitheater , an arboretum, a vibrant jazz scene, and was mentioned as the entertainment capital of its state. There is also an unusually high number of museums , including Springfield Natural History Museum (which features the world's largest cubic zirconia), Springfield Knowledgeum , Springsonian Museum , Springfield Wax Museum , the Springfield Palace of Fine Arts , the Museum of Swordfish and a stamp museum . Springfield once had a concert hall , but it was closed down after the first two measures of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony and turned into the Montgomery Burns State Penitentiary. Springfield has two movie theatres: the Aztec Theater and the Springfield Googolplex Theatres . It also has a drive-in theater and a dinner theater . Religion[ edit ] The first church of Springfield. Religion and faith plays a large role in Springfieldian society. The largest church community appears to be the First Church of Springfield , a Presbylutheran church headed by Reverend Timothy Lovejoy, Jr. . There is also a synagogue (led by Rabbi Hyman Krustofsky ), a mosque, a Catholic church (The Notre Dame of Springfield), an Episcopal church (with vibrating pews), a crystal cathedral, the Cathedral of the Downtown, and a Buddhist temple. Apu, a Hindu, has a statue of the god Ganesh in the Kwik-E-Mart . Once, many Springfieldians joined a cult known as Movementarianism , but soon left after it was revealed as a fraud. [18] According to Reverend Lovejoy, there is also an alliance of people who split off from the Presbyterians to worship an Inanimate Carbon Rod. [9] Lenny Leonard, Carl Carlson and Lisa Simpson are practicing Buddhists. There is also a Stonecutters Lodge (currently re-named as "The Ancient Society of No-Homers"), of which practically every male in the city (minus Homer Simpson) is a member. The town government is secular. In 1963, a law was passed which banned praying on city property. Another episode featured a convict who was imprisoned for erecting a nativity scene on city property. Superintendent Chalmers fired new Principal Ned Flanders when he overhears him saying "thank the Lord" over the PA system. [19] Sports[ edit ] There are a number of sports teams and sports arenas: the Springfield Isotopes , a baseball team (which once threatened to move to Albuquerque , New Mexico ), the Springfield Speedway, a monster truck rally (featuring Truckasaurus), the Springfield Atoms football team, the Springfield Stun arena football team, the Springfield Ice-O-topes hockey team, the Association of Springfield Semi-Pro Boxers, and a dog track . It also use to have a bull fighting ring. There was also once the Mr. Burns Basketball Stadium which was neglected and subsequently converted into a colossal Bee Hive. Springfield curling team managed to get to the Vancouver Winter Olympics and win gold. Economy[ edit ] The Springfield Nuclear Power Plant Springfield's main employer Springfield's economy, although at one time "on the GROW!" and rich to the point that the streets were literally paved with gold, is now floundering. Some heavy industry remains in the town, including factories for Ah! Fudge chocolate, Southern Cracker, fireworks, candy, and boxes, as well as a steel mill. Many Springfieldians are employed by the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant . Major industries include nuclear power, heavy manufacturing, Duff Beer , and retail. Many of Springfield's stores are located in the Springfield Mall . Springfield tried to improve their economy by legalizing gay marriage and gambling. At one point, Springfield's Economy hit an all time low and was suggested to be even worse than Detroit's economic failure, resulting in the halting of roadkill pickups, significantly reducing the amount of school time, releasing of low level criminals, and said criminals allowed to commit low-level crimes due to the Police lacking the resources and funding to enforce them. [20] Government[ edit ] Mayor Joe Quimby The current mayor of Springfield is Joe Quimby, a sleazy womanizing politician whose served at least 5 consecutive terms as mayor unopposed, he once admitted to using the town treasury to fund the murder of his enemies. He was briefly thrown out in favor of Sideshow Bob , but was later re-instated when Bob was impeached for electoral fraud. His post was threatened by a recall election, but none of the new candidates gained enough of the vote to oust him since the lead candidate who was most voted for was disqualified from the election. When the mayor briefly skipped town due to missing lottery funds, the town's MENSA chapter (Lisa Simpson, Dr. Hibbert, Lindsey Naegle, Comic Book Guy and Prof. Frink) technocracy took over. They changed clocks to metric time, eliminated the green lights from stoplights, and put the city on the top 300 US cities. It was 299th, above East Saint Louis, Illinois. [21] In the United States House of Representatives, Springfield was represented by Congressman Bob Arnold, who was later expelled for taking bribes. Horace Wilcox is stated to have been congressman since 1933. [22] After Wilcox's death, Krusty the Clown runs for Congress as a Republican, and wins. He is still seen as a representative. [23] Laws, statutes, and propositions[ edit ] Gambling is legal in Springfield, as is gay marriage, [24] trade in children and fishing with dynamite. For a brief time, prohibition was brought back ("spirituous beverages are hereby prohibited in Springfield under penalty of catapult"). [25] An unusual law from 200 years prior dictates that all ducks must wear long pants. As is with many other towns there are a number of unusual and outdated statutes in Springfield and its town charter, including "the chief constable shall receive one pig every month and two comely lasses of virtue true," "it is illegal to mail threatening letters and to put squirrels down your pants for the purposes of gambling," and "five kicks of the same can shall be considered illegally transporting litter." [26] The Town Charter also stated that Springfield's mayor, after election, cannot be removed from office... except by a recall election. Proposition 24, which would deport all illegal immigrants from Springfield, passed with 95% of the public's support, [27] but was overruled at some point. Marge and her family successfully lobbied to get Proposition 242, a "Families Come First" grassroots voter initiative, passed. Health and education[ edit ] Springfield Elementary School There are quite a number of public and private schools in Springfield, including two elementary schools ( Springfield Elementary School & East Springfield Elementary School ), junior high school, high school and The Enriched Learning Center for Gifted Children . There are also a number of colleges, including Springfield A&M, Krusty's Clown College, [28] the University of Springfield, and the unfortunately named Springfield Heights Institute of Technology. A full list of education institutions in Springfield can be found here . Springfield has many museums, such as the Springfield Museum of Natural History and the Springfield Knowledgeum . It has a library and an observatory. Springfield has at least one dog obedience school. Springfield is known to have at least two hospitals- Springfield General Hospital and the rarely seen Springfield Veteran's Hospital which is described to be the worst of the two hospitals. [29] Transportation[ edit ] Several highways run through Springfield, including the Michael Jackson Expressway (Interstate Route 401, formerly the Dalai Lama Expressway), [30] the uncompleted Matlock Expressway, [31] Interstate 95, Route 202, Route 88 (goes through Nelson Muntz's neighborhood) and Rural Route 9. There is also a railroad, and an abandoned aqueduct. A Springfield Monorail existed for a very brief time before it was shut down after a disastrous maiden voyage. [16] It has a street called Main Street which used to have a lot of potholes. [16] The city bus service provides public transit on the route 22 bus on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; and the 22A bus on Tuesday and Thursday. Springfield International Airport Springfield International Airport is the airport that serves Springfield. It has scheduled flights around the US and several other countries including France, Israel, China, the United Kingdom, and Brazil. There was once a subway line in Springfield, but it is currently abandoned, most likely because the moving train was capable of causing ground tremors above. [32] A cable-car line was seen in a couple of occasions. Non-canon[ edit ] The contents of this article or section are considered to be non-canon and therefore may not have actually happened or existed. Springfield has been an explorable area in many video games based on The Simpsons. However, each game features a different layout. The Simpsons Road Rage[ edit ] In The Simpsons Road Rage Springfield is split into six different regions: Evergreen Terrace , Entertainment District , Springfield Dam , Nuclear Power Plant , Downtown and Springfield Mountains . The map used in the game's HUD shows how all the regions are connected. Map used in the HUD Map used in the HUD (labelled) The Simpsons: Hit and Run[ edit ] In The Simpsons: Hit and Run Springfield is split into three regions, however it isn't shown where they are located in relation to each other. The first region, used in levels one, four and seven, is the residential district with other major establishments such as the Elementary School and the Nuclear Power Plant . The second region, used in levels two and five, is Downtown which includes locations such as Moe's Tavern and the town Hall . The third region, used in levels three and six, is located near the ocean. It includes areas such as the Springfield Squidport and the Springfield Dam .	Shelbyville
As depicted in the 2009 film Public Enemies, which “Public Enemy No 1” was gunned down outside Chicago’s Biograph Theatre on July 22, 1934?	Shelbyville Times-Gazette: Column: By John I. Carney: Springfield and Shelbyville Springfield and Shelbyville Wednesday, October 25, 2006 By John I. Carney A few months back, a city council member in Springfield made some sort of off-the-cuff proposal about denying access to that city's parks based on immigration status. An attorney with a large Nashville law firm who maintains a blog about Latino issues posted an item about this incident, but mistakenly referred to Shelbyville instead of Springfield. When I saw this, I was horrified. I e-mailed him, left him a telephone message, and also e-mailed WKRN's blog aggregator, "Nashville Is Talking," which had already linked to the attorney's post. (That was where I found out about it.) Knowing how things get passed around the Internet, I was certain that, even after the proper corrections were made, we would still get e-mails from people convinced that it was Shelbyville which was checking passports at the playground. In all fairness, I don't think Springfield ever did such a thing either. It was just an off-the-cuff remark by one official. Well, the proper corrections were made to the Latino blog, and there seems to have been no harm done. Last week, we received a news release from our U.S. congressman. It began like this "SHELBYVILLE -- A $2,438 U.S. Department of Justice grant will allow the Springfield Police Department to purchase 15 bulletproof vests ...." (italics mine). The rest of the news release referred to Shelbyville and included comments from Shelbyville's police chief, Austin Swing, so it was abundantly clear that the one reference to "Springfield" was just a mental lapse, or perhaps a case of someone using a boilerplate press release and forgetting to change one of the references. Some of you reading this know exactly why "Springfield" and "Shelbyville" would be connected in people's minds to the extent that you would type one when you really mean the other. It's not geographic proximity; Springfield, Tenn., and Shelbyville, Tenn., are nowhere near each other. No, the real reason that Springfield and Shelbyville sometimes get confused has to do with Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. "The Simpsons," the long-running prime-time animated sitcom, takes place in the mythical town of Springfield. They've never associated it with a state, and have even joked about this fact, teasing the viewers with misleading clues about the town's real location. As any "Simpsons" viewer knows, Springfield's rival community is ... Shelbyville. When Shelbyville gets some new amenity, Springfield has to have it, too, and vice versa. Their minor league baseball teams also play each other. Some years ago, I interviewed Daniel Sullivan, a Shelbyville native who had become an entrepreneur in the TV business. At the time, his holdings included WZTV and WUXP in Nashville, which he has since sold to Sinclair Broadcast Group. Sullivan told me about meeting Matt Groening, the creator of "The Simpsons," at some sort of FOX network event. Sullivan just had to tell Groening that he was from Shelbyville. "That's why we picked 'Shelbyville,'" joked Groening. He really wasn't joking, though: there are so many Springfields and Shelbyvilles across the country that it allows the writers and producers to remain intentionally vague about where the show takes place. So, here's a shout-out to our neighbors in Springfield. I hope your police department got a grant, too. John I. Carney is city editor of the Times-Gazette and covers county government and other topics. His home page is lakeneuron.com.	i don't know
Named after its founder, Leon Leonwood, what Freeport, ME based retailer of clothing and outdoor gear is well known for their Hudson's Bay Point Blanket?	L.L. Bean facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about L.L. Bean NAIC: 454110 Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses; 451110 Sporting Goods Stores; 448140 Family Clothing Stores L.L. Bean, Inc. is a leading U.S. catalog company and the largest catalog supplier of outdoor gear in the world. The L.L. Bean catalogs, a tradition since the company’s founding, are the engine that drives company sales; in 1999 the company took in $854 million from catalog sales alone. The 1999 catalogs, 70 in all, offered approximately 16,000 different items, most tied to the pursuit of outdoor, active lifestyles. For the solitary fisherman or the busy baby boomer, the name L.L. Bean stands for quality, value, and enduring style—so much so that each year more than three million visitors make pilgrimages to the company’s original retail store, in Freeport, Maine, to soak up the Bean ambiance and the Bean bargains. Retail sales for 1999 (including those for the L.L. Kids Store, adjacent to the flagship store; a second L.L. Bean Store in McLean, Virginia; ten factory outlet stores; and more than 20 independently owned retail stores in Japan ) reached $206 million. The llbean.com e-commerce web site has been operational since 1996. L.L. Bean also enjoys a high reputation, among its corporate peers as well as its customers, for order fulfillment. Early 20th-century Origins: The Maine Hunting Shoe The founder of the company was a 40-year-old Maine out-doorsman named Leon Leonwood Bean. Orphaned at age 12, Bean began to develop his entrepreneurial skills by doing odd jobs and by selling soap door-to-door. He also earned money by trapping. “Although he was a natural salesman,” according to Robert B. Pile in Top Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses, “he was never really satisfied in one job and drifted about from place to place.” Finally, Bean went to work for his older brother, Otho, in a Freeport dry goods store. There Bean sold overalls to manual laborers and earned $12 a week. His true love, however, was hunting and fishing in the Maine woods and streams, a love that would eventually lead to the development of one of the most popular and enduring products in American retailing. Like most outdoorsmen in the early 1900s, Bean frequently suffered the problem of hiking with waterlogged boots. In 1912 he decided to add leather tops to a pair of ordinary rubber boots. He sought the services of a local shoemaker, and, after a few pairs of the boots had been sewn together, he penned a circular entitled “The Maine Hunting Shoe.” A model of early direct-mail advertising, the circular began: “Outside of your gun, nothing is so important to your outfit as your foot-wear. You cannot expect success hunting deer or moose if your feet are not properly dressed.” Bean mailed the letter to sportsmen from outside Maine who had purchased Maine hunting licenses and touted his original shoe as “light as a moccasin, with the protection of a heavy hunting boot.” He priced his product at $3.50 per pair and, to further entice his fellow hunters, offered a money-back guarantee. Bean’s marketing was flawless; however, his product was not. Of the 100 pairs of his Maine Hunting Shoes that were ordered and sent, 90 were returned because the tops had separated from the bottoms. Rather than give up his fledgling enterprise, though, Bean honored his guarantee and then borrowed $400 to redesign and perfect his boots (Bean also perfected his guarantee, making it unconditional and, in fact, the essence of Bean’s customer service culture through the present day). His determination to satisfy himself and his customers paid off after he traveled to Boston to meet with representatives of the U.S. Rubber Company, who were able to fulfill his original design intentions. Bean redoubled his boot-making efforts and his commitment to the mail-order business, fortuitously in the same year that the U.S. Post Office began its parcel post service. Bean’s revamped footwear quickly became successful, and he soon expanded his marketing push into other states. A Fortune “Hall of Fame” article records that when another of Bean’s brothers, Guy, became the town postmaster, Bean established his factory directly over the post office and facilitated the mailing process with a system of chutes and elevators. “He never lost his touch. Knowing that hunters from out of state often drove through Freeport in the middle of the night on their way to some hunting camp in the far wilds, Bean opened for business 24 hours a day. Night customers found a doorbell and a sign that read: ’Push once a minute until clerk appears.’” 1920s Through 1950s: Adding Retail Store, Expanding Product Line Bean’s name spread during the 1920s, due to word-of-mouth as well as print advertising and the founder’s continuing innovations. In 1920 Bean opened a showroom store adjacent to his workshop, to accomodate the demands of visitors. In 1922 Bean reengineered the Maine Hunting Shoe by adding a split backstay to help eliminate chafing. Within two years, sales rose to $135,000 annually. In 1923 the company received welcome publicity when its boots were used to outfit the Macmillan Arctic Expedition. Two years later, the first full-sized catalog was mailed, featuring nonshoe apparel and sporting gear for the first time. The catalog expanded again in 1927, adding fishing and camping equipment to the Bean line. Typical of the ad copy was the inducement: “It is no longer necessary for you to experiment with hundreds of flies to determine the few that will catch fish. We have done that experimenting for you.” For years, in fact, Bean insisted on personally testing all of the products the company planned to sell. Perhaps this is why the Maine Hunting Shoe, as innovative as it was, proved to be simply the first in a string of classic Bean products, such as the Maine Guide Shirt, the Chamois Cloth Shirt, Bean Moccasins, the Zipper Duffle Bag, and Bean Cork Decoys. (The company also included highquality non-Bean products, beginning with the Hudson Bay “Point” Blanket in 1927.) During the Great Depression era, the mail-order house managed not only to survive but to thrive, passing the million-dollar mark in sales in 1937. According to Pile, “Bean invested nearly every dollar he made back into the business, with his eye on building it for the long term.” The secret to L.L. Bean’s success during these growth years was a threefold emphasis on quality products, fair pricing, and creating a timeless appeal to the Bean catalogs, which always featured paintings of outdoor Maine scenes and stories that underscored the strong link between Bean products and an outdoor lifestyle. In addition, Leon Leon-wood instituted a postage-paid policy, further strengthening the company’s reputation for catering to the customer. By the post-World War II era, both Beans, the man and the company, had become living legends. Moreover, the list of Bean customers was fast becoming a collection of legends itself, with Calvin Coolidge, Franklin Roosevelt, Jack Dempsey, John Wayne, and Ted Williams alternately figuring prominently. In 1951 Bean, still at the helm as he approached 80, announced that the Freeport retail store would begin operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Another important innovation during this decade was the introduction in 1954 of a women’s department. Yet despite the now famous Bean name, as the company entered the 1960s its sales volume was not as high as might have been expected. Pile asserts that “dark clouds loomed on the horizon as [Bean] became older. … No longer did sales increase 25 percent or more each year; dollar volume actually began to flatten. Merchandise in the catalog and in the store was no longer up-to-the-minute and, even worse, orders were being slowly filled by part-time people who had little interest in doing the best possible job.” The downhill course the company appeared to be on was steepened by the inception of other sports specialty marketers. This course was altered, however, following Bean’s death in 1967 when ownership of the company fell to the Bean heirs. Only one was interested in management: Leon A. Gorman, grandson of the founder. Late 1960s Through Early 1990s: Modernization and Substantial Growth Gorman was first hired by the company in 1960. In 1967 he became president of a languishing business, with $3.5 million in annual sales and $65,000 in profits. Strong leadership and redirection were required and Gorman filled the need. His first decisions included expanding the advertising budget and demographic target group and making prices more competitive. He refrained from seeking growth through more retail outlets for fear of jeopardizing the catalog business. During his first full year as president, sales rose to nearly $5 million. The company had gotten back on track just in time to enjoy a huge recreation boom that was spreading across the country. By 1975 sales had reached $30 million and the company was employing more than 400 people. During the 1970s, the computerization of many business segments and the relocation of manufacturing to a new building further speeded the company’s growth. In 1974 the company built near Freeport a 110,000-square-foot distribution center, which was expanded to 310,000 square feet in 1979. Several trends contributed to Bean’s substantial growth in the 1980s. Among them was the accidental, or perhaps inevitable, affiliation of the Bean label with prep culture and clothing. According to Milton Moskowitz, Lisa Birnbach’s Official Preppy Handbook, tongue-in-cheek or not in its declaration of the Bean store as “nothing less than prep mecca,” helped fuel a 42 percent rise in 1981 sales. A new health and fitness boom contributed to Bean’s growth, as well as a surge in mail-order shopping. First-time Bean customers, nearly 70 percent of whom were women, increased rapidly during the 1980s. The company bolstered its retail space late in the decade, expanding the Freeport store by 40,000 square feet in 1989 and opening the first factory store in North Conway, New Hampshire , in 1988. Company Perspectives: The Golden Rule: “Sell good merchandise at a reasonable profit, treat your customers like human beings, and they will always come back for more.” —Leon Leonwood Bean, company founder As the 1990s approached, however, the country experienced a serious recession; sales slowed, returns rose, and a 30 percent postal increase loomed on the horizon. For a time, Bean suffered along with the other major catalog marketers and was forced to lay off ten percent of its hourly and salaried workforce over a two-year period. In a 1992 Forbes article, Phyllis Ber-man placed the problem in a more serious context: “What went wrong? To some extent L.L. Bean is the victim of success. A whole generation is already outfitted with L.L. Bean leisurewear and camping equipment. Its durable, high quality clothing lines have spawned many imitators. Meanwhile, similar items turn up in discount stores.… Bean carried relatively few styles and introduced new products slowly. But today’s trend-conscious and jaded consumers want variety and novelty.” Berman, who continued by questioning Gorman’s management decisions, may have been premature in her analysis; by the end of 1992, the company’s 80th anniversary, sales had risen by 18 percent to $743 million. The same year, L.L. Bean opened its first store in Japan, a ripe market that also contributed high year-end catalog revenues. A second Japanese store was added in July 1993; both were jointly owned by Seiyu and the Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. By 1997 there were 11 L.L. Bean Japan stores. Meanwhile, in the fall of 1993, L.L. Bean launched its first line of children’s clothing. Mid-1990s and Beyond: Countering Stagnant Sales with Numerous Initiatives Sales continued to grow smartly through the 1995 fiscal year, reaching $976 million, although that figure was three percent below the company’s target. In fact, for the remainder of the decade, revenues were essentially flat, increasing only to $1.08 billion in 1996 (the first time the billion dollar mark had been breached) and standing at $1.07 billion by 1999. Once again, L.L. Bean faced criticism for not changing with the times, both fashion-wise and otherwise. Particularly for women, the company’s clothes were seen as “too” traditional and not fashionable enough. The company’s venerable catalogs were being lost amid the myriad catalogs now being mailed out to every American. In addition, the number of retailers offering casual outdoor clothing was on the rise, including such names as American Eagle Outfitters, the Gap, and REI. On top of all that, international sales were hurt by the sluggish Japanese economy and by the late 1990s Asian financial crisis. L.L. Bean responded aggressively to its latest challenge with a number of late 1990s and early 2000s initiatives. The company joined the e-commerce bandwagon in 1996 with the launching of online ordering via the llbean.com web site. That same year, a new state-of-the-art order fulfillment center was opened in Freeport, boasting 650,000 square feet of space and the capacity to process 27 million items per year. With the new line of children’s clothing proving to be a great success, L.L. Bean opened an L.L. Kids store adjacent to the flagship retail store in Freeport, in 1997. This 17,000-square-foot store featured a number of special attractions, including a two-story waterfall, a trout pond, a hiking trail, and an electronic rock climbing wall. On the women’s clothing front, L.L. Bean launched a new brand and a new catalog called Freeport Studio in 1999. The company’s first affiliated brand, Freeport Studio featured more contemporary and fashion-forward casual clothes for baby boomer women. Finally, in 2000 L.L. Bean began what a number of industry analysts considered a long overdue expansion of its full-price retail stores. In July of that year, a 76,000-square-foot L.L. Bean store opened in McLean, Virginia, in a fancy suburban Washington mall. This beginning of a potentially nationwide retail expansion was aimed at increasing overall sales as well as lessening the company’s dependence on catalog sales, which comprised 85 percent of the total. Initial sales for the Freeport Studio venture were somewhat disappointing but perhaps not surprising given the extremely competitive nature of the women’s clothing sector. It was nevertheless clear that L.L. Bean was once again attempting to update its image and its sales strategy through dramatic undertakings at the turn of the millennium, and it would take some time to determine whether the company could return to the strong growth of the 1980s and the mid-1990s. Principal Competitors American Eagle Outfitters, Inc.; Bass Pro Shops, Inc.; Cabela’s Inc.; Coldwater Creek Inc.; The Coleman Company, Inc.; Columbia Sportswear Company; The Gap, Inc.; Gart Sports Company; Johnson Outdoors Inc.; Lands’ End, Inc.; The North Face, Inc.; The Orvis Company Inc.; Recreational Equipment, Inc.; Speigel, Inc.; The Sports Authority, Inc.; The Sportsman’s Guide, Inc.; The Timberland Company; Venator Group, Inc.; Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Key Dates: Second full-price L.L. Bean store opens in McLean, Virginia. Further Reading Alpert, Mark, “Yuppies Want More Than Most Catalogues Offer,” Fortune, October 22, 1990, p. 12. Bean, L.L., My Story: The Autobiography of a Down-East Merchant, Freeport, Me.: 1962, 104 p. “Bean Sticks to Its Backyard,” Economist, August 4, 1990, p. 57. Berman, Phyllis, “Trouble in Bean Land,” Forbes, July 6, 1992, pp. 42-44. Bonnin, Julie, “In L.L. Bean Store, the Catalog Fantasy Lives,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, December 13, 1993, p. 1E. Brown, Tom, “Worried About Burnout? Try Fly Fishing,” Industry Week, January 17, 1994, p. 29. Cyr, Diane, “Lean Times for Bean,” Catalog Age, March 1998, pp. 1, 24. “For Your Information,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, February 23, 1993, p. 8D. Gorman, Leon A., L.L. Bean, Inc.: Outdoor Specialties by Mail from Maine, New York : Newcomen Society in North America , 1981, 23 p. Hamilton, Martha M., “L.L. Bean Gets a Bigger Tent,” Washington Post, July 29, 2000, p. El. “Leon A. Gorman,” Chain Store Age Executive, December 1992, p. 57. Llosa, Patty de, “The National Business Hall of Fame (Leon Leonwood Bean),” Fortune, April 5, 1993, pp. 112, 114. Montgomery, M.R., In Search of L.L. Bean, Boston: Little, Brown, 1984, 242 p. Moskowitz, Milton, et al, “L.L. Bean,” in Everybody’s Business: A Field Guide to the 400 Leading Companies in America, New York: Doubleday, 1990. Murphy, Edward D., “Bean Expansion Banks on Kids,” Portland Press Herald, July 27, 1997, p. 1F. ——, “L.L. Bean Agrees to $750,000 in Fines,” Portland Press Herald, August 31, 2000, p. 1A. ——, “L.L. Bean Going National with Retail Stores,” Portland Press Herald, May 22, 1999, p. 1A. ——, “L.L. Bean Pulling Out of Sales Slump,” Portland Press Herald, December 16, 1999, p. 1A. ——, “A New Style for Bean’s,” Portland Press Herald, June 28, 1998, p. 1A. Pile, Robert B., “L.L. Bean: The Outdoorsman Who Hated Wet Feet,” in Top Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses, Minneapolis : Oliver Press, 1993, pp. 29-43. Port, Otis, and Geoffrey Smith, “Beg, Borrow—and Benchmark,” Business Week, November 30, 1992, pp. 74-75. Rosenfield, James R., “In the Mail: L.L. Bean,” Direct Marketing, February 1992, pp. 16-17. Sly, Yolanda, “Bean’s Looks to Broaden Market: Catalog Giant Opens D.C. Area Mall Store,” Bangor Daily News, July 28, 2000. Sterngold, James, “Young Japanese Like Rugged American Look of L.L. Bean,” Minneapolis Star Tribune (New York Times), March 4, 1993, p. 6E. Symonds, William C, “Paddling Harder at L.L. Bean,” Business Week, December 7, 1998, p. 72. Tedeschi, Mark, “LL.Business,” Sporting Goods Business, August 7, 1997, p. 51. Tucker, Frances Gaither, Seymour M. Zivan, and Robert C. Camp, “How to Measure Yourself Against the Best,” Harvard Business Review, January/February 1987, pp. 8-10. Vannah, Thomas M., “A Most Bucolic Business,” New England Business, May 1990, pp. 64, 63. —Jay P. Pederson —updated by David E. Salamie Cite this article www.llbean.com LL. Bean, Inc., an award-winning American mail-order and • clothing retailer, was founded over ninety years ago as a sportsmen's outfitter, selling waterproof boots for hunters. Over the years the company expanded into over three hundred product categories for men, women, children, pets, and the home—all with an ironclad guarantee. As the world's leading mail-order business, L.L. Bean's label stands not only for high quality, durable products, but for the satisfaction of each and every one of its customers. A Love of the Outdoors Leon Leonwood Bean (known as "L. L.") was born and raised in Maine . After his parents died, he lived with relatives in different parts of the state until he ventured out on his own. Although his education only went as far as the eighth grade, he later took business courses at local colleges and used this knowledge to earn a living. A lifelong lover of the outdoors, Bean often relied on his hunting and fishing skills to provide food. He married in 1898, fathered three children, and over the next decade or so struggled to support his family. As a hunter, Bean traveled in the woods in all kinds of weather and tired of always having wet, cold feet. In 1911, he decided to do something about it. He designed a sturdy boot and took the to a local shoemaker. Leather was used for the top and side parts of the boot and a thick rubber-soled bottom was added to keep feet dry and warm. The boot was called the "Maine Hunting Shoe." Pleased with the design's initial success, Bean formed a company in 1912, using his own name, to sell the boots to other hunters and fishermen in the area. Using mailing lists from the state hunting board, he mailed three-page flyers to men who had applied for Maine hunting licenses. He soon received several orders, and the L.L. Bean mail-order company was in business. Within months, the new company faced its first crisis. Customers complained that their shoes fell apart and water leaked in. Rather than ignore the problems, Bean offered his customers a full refund. He then reworked the boots with help from a Boston rubber company and contacted his original buyers, telling them about the improved boot. Bean's insistence that he must provide clients with only the highest quality proved invaluable to the small company. It was the beginning of L.L. Bean's world famous promise: satisfaction was absolutely guaranteed, no matter what, or all money was refunded. L.L. Bean at a Glance Employees: 4,700 (increases during winter months to more than 9,000) CEO: Chris McCormick Subsidiaries: L.L. Bean stores; L.L. Bean outlets; L.L. Kids • Major Competitors: American Eagle Outfitters; Bass Pro Shops; Coldwater Creek; Eddie Bauer, Inc.; j. Crew; Lands' End Notable Products: Bean Boot (formerly Maine Hunting Shoe); Bean's Classic Porch Rocker; Boat & Tote Bags; Burrito Bag (sleeping bag); Maine Cedar Outdoor Furniture; Photo Essentials apparel line (for photographers); Water Hogs (outdoor/indoor mats) Over the next several years, business grew steadily and a variety of recreational clothes and footwear was introduced. With the increase in sales, Bean was able to expand his one-room operation to open a manufacturing plant and office in downtown Freeport, Maine, in 1917. He then applied for both United States and Canadian patents on the hunting boot, to protect his design from imitators. Location, Location, Location A key factor to L.L. Bean's early success was the company's location. Perched atop Freeport's post office, Bean could pack up his shipments and walk downstairs to mail them. With the introduction of the parcel post rate in 1912, small packages could be shipped anywhere in the United States quite cheaply. An added plus was that Bean's brother was Freeport's postmaster. Timeline Second L.L. Bean store opens in Maclean, Virginia. 2001: Third store opens in Columbia, Maryland ; Chris McCormick becomes CEO. By the 1920s, L.L. Bean was earning a reputation among sportsmen as the best outfitter for camping, hiking, hunting, and fishing. In addition to a wide range of sturdy apparel, the company also began selling equipment, including canoes, tents, and fishing rods. The items were sold through the L.L. bean catalog or in the company store, which opened on Main Street in 1920. Bean's little mail-order company was a hit in Freeport and beyond, and the firm employed two dozen full-time workers by 1924. L.L. Bean continued to grow and expand in the 1930s, with Bean writing and producing the company's well-known scrapbook-styled catalog. Featuring descriptive paragraphs written in Bean's folksy tone, his genuine love for the outdoors and L.L. Bean products came through on every page. The cover of the catalog always included an outdoor scene, painted by local and later famous artists who wanted to be a part of the L.L. Bean legend. By 1937, sales had reached a phenomenal $1 million. World War 11 and Beyond With the United States embroiled in World War II (1939-45), L.L. Bean contributed to the war effort by designing and manufacturing boots for the country's servicemen overseas. Different boot models, all based on the company's original waterproof Maine Hunting Shoe, were shipped to military posts. After the victorious end of the war in 1945, America was a happy, prosperous place, with growing families spending more than ever on recreational goods. By the beginning of the 1950s, the L.L. Bean store on Main Street was open twenty-four hours a day and the company employed one hundred people to service customers whenever they might need a fishing lure, waterproof boot, or hunting license. These patrons, mostly men but also a growing number of women, helped the company's sales climb to $2 million in 1951. To address the increasing number of its women fans, L.L. Bean created a department just for them in 1954. The 1960s ushered in a new age for L.L. Bean when grandson Leon Gorman joined the family business. Bean was in his late eighties, and although he had slowed down and was somewhat retired, he was still very involved in the company and the 100-page catalog bearing his name. Yet the aging founder knew it was time to groom his successor, and he chose young Gorman who had been taught well by Bean and his brother Carl (who had been helping run the company). Gorman took the reins of a company bringing in $4 million in annual sales the year his grandfather died in 1967. A New Era Although Gorman respected his grandfather's style of conducting business (such as never firing an employee or agonizing over failed products), he believed it was time to take L.L. Bean into the twentieth century. This meant applying the many technological advances that had become available and expanding into other areas, which his grandfather had not always favored. Leon senior had made all the money he needed, lived comfortably, and had often told his grandson, 'I eat three meals a day, I can't eat four." Yet to compete with its growing rivals, L.L. Bean needed to flex its outdoorsy muscles. LL. Bean offers a multitude of programs • and activities so that employees can become experienced and knowledgeable about the outdoors. Programs include Fly Fishing School, which is a three-day course, and three yearly "outdoor experience days." While L.L. Bean was never considered fashionable, it did hold a certain elitist charm for its many loyal customers, who spent more than $30 million a year on Bean merchandise. To them, L.L. Bean meant the best of the best for their pursuits, providing warmth, durability, and practicality. Younger generations had long found the firm's apparel the opposite of fashionable, and so it was with some surprise that L.L. Bean was awarded the prestigious Coty American Fashion Critics Award in 1975. The commendation was not only a tribute to the company's enduring popularity but marked a resurgence of the old-fashioned, down-to-earth kind of fashion that had always been L.L. Bean's image. Many of the people who had mocked L.L. Bean's folksy appeal now embraced it as mainstream style. By the beginning of the 1980s, L.L. Bean sales were $140 million and mushroomed to $250 million by 1984. When the firm celebrated its seventy-fifth anniversary in 1987, not only was the L.L. Bean catalog still the mainstay of the company, with over seventy-five million copies mailed to customers annually, but the Main Street store had become a true tourist destination attracting some two million visitors every year to see the six thousand products displayed from wall to wall. Sales for 1987 surpassed $360 million, with nearly two thousand workers taking orders and selling merchandise. An important part of L.L. Bean's continuing success was its willingness to both sell and repair its merchandise, most especially its updated Maine Hunting Shoe, which became known as the Bean Boot. Customers could have their boots resoled for half the price of a new pair, and the firm repaired and shipped more than sixteen thousand pairs a year by the end of the decade. Trouble in Paradise As the 1990s got underway, L.L. Bean was suffering from falling sales, soaring postage costs, and high returns. The once mighty retailer was considered dull compared to its competitors, which included Lands' End, Patagonia, and Eddie Bauer, Inc. (see entry). With newcomers crowding the outdoor and recreational market, the rustic L.L. Bean lacked the glamor and youthful appeal of its rivals, who spent millions on hip advertising in newspapers and magazines and on television. In response to sluggish sales, the company was forced to lay off some of its thirty-five hundred employees and stop production on a new manufacturing plant in Hampden, Maine. Yet Gorman was determined to turn things around. By 1992, he had installed new state-of-the-art equipment in the company's warehouses and factories, introduced more than two dozen "specialty" catalogs, remodeled the Main Street store into a huge three-story landmark, and formed partnerships with the Japanese, who were big L.L. Bean fans, to open new stores. L.L. Bean made several moves in the middle and late 1990s to ensure its future against rivals Lands' End and Eddie Bauer. In 1993, the company launched L.L. Kids with apparel and sports equipment for children. It also expanded its women's line, started a company Web site in 1995, and introduced an on-line shopping service in 1996. While the earliest Web site offered little more than product descriptions, it evolved into an informational site that featured over a thousand products, and offered background on the company, outdoor tips, and even a travel directory for national parks. Over the years, scores of the rich and famous confessed to being L.L. Bean fanatics, including such notables as diplomat Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962), author Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), and baseball great Babe Ruth (1895-1948). L.L. Bean Approaching One Hundred Years By the twenty-first century, L.L. Bean had changed its image and embarked on risky expansion. In addition to its original Freeport store, a second retail store opened in Maclean, Virginia, and a third in Columbia, Maryland, along with several outlet stores. There were plans to open additional retail stores in the north and eastern parts of the United States, to give customers more of a chance to see L.L. Bean products up close. "We've seen catalog companies expanding into retail over the past few years," Stephen Berman, an analyst at Kurt Salmon Associates told Women's Wear Daily back in June 1999. "It's an opportunity and a vehicle for those businesses to reach additional customers who aren't necessarily comfortable not touching and feeling the merchandise." L.L. Bean was following the same formula in Japan , where the number of retail shops had grown to twenty. In addition to opening more stores, L.L. Bean lent its name to something entirely different: a sports utility vehicle (SUV). Forming a partnership with Subaru, the new Outback Special L.L. Bean Edition SWV hit the road in 2000 and was competing with Eddie Bauer's Limited Edition Ford Explorers and Expeditions (see Ford Motor Company entry). Other new directions included launching the L.L. Bean Home Collection and women's skin-care line. Along with new product launches and a spiffier image came a new CEO in 2001. After thirty-four years of running the company, Leon Gorman turned L.L. Bean over to a non-family member, Chris McCormick. "The family is comfortable with Chris," Gorman told the Boston Globe in May 2001. "The core traditions of L.L. Bean are in good hands." Gorman remained chairman of the board, while McCormick handled the duties of chief executive and president. L. L. Bean has been known to personally deliver items promised for Christmas or special occasions. In 1996, an entire Federal Express 747 airplane was filled with late-arriving toboggans and flown around the country to ensure that kids received them before Christmas day. McCormick had been with L.L. Bean for eighteen years and was well qualified to carry on the firm's long tradition of filling the needs of the outdoor and leisure markets. One thing, however, would never change: the L.L. Bean unconditional guarantee. Customer service would always reign supreme at L.L. Bean. Cite this article	L.L.Bean
The 18th of July, 1976 saw what Romanian athlete score the first ever perfect 10 in Olympic gymnastics?	Seven Days, December 3, 2014 by Seven Days - issuu issuu VE RMO NT ’S IN DEPE NDEN T VO IC E DECEMBER 3-10, 2014 VOL.20 NO.14 SEVENDAYSVT.COM PAGE 14 Vermonters fear ag antibiotics WEAR IT S AT ’ Burlington has become a mecca of outdoorlifestyle stores, but can they all survive? PAGE 30 B Y K EN P I C A R D A N D PA M EL A P O L S T O N FEEL THE BURN PAGE 22 ‘Celsius’ heats up solstice WHAT LIES BENEATH PAGE 43 An engineer digs into Burlington TRENDING AFRICAN PAGE 46 Ethiopian eats in Burlington 11/25/14 2:24 PM SEVENDAYSvt.com 4T-PosPie112614.indd 1 This Holiday Season, Give Your Love Some Skinny! Buy $50 worth of Skinny Pancake gift cards and receive a FREE t-shirt or mug! 2 FULL BAR. LOCAL EATS. GREAT TUNES. 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Easy to use, fits in your pocket. Happy Gifting. FarmhouseGroup.com GRASS GRAZED Does your family love Kimball Brook Farm Organic milk? Now also available in glass bottles! Run in to these locations today and grab a glass of Kimball Brook Farm for the holidays. Woodstock Farmer’s Market Sterling Market - Johnson Lantman’s Market - Hinesburg Healthy Living - South Burlington The Rutland Co-op The Farm Store - Jeffersonville Mountain Greens - Bristol Shelburne Supermarket Mac’s Market - Stowe and coming soon to Price Choppers in the greater Burlington area. 10516 Route 116 • Hinesburg, Vermont 05461 • 802.734.6346 • [email protected] For locations nearest to you check us out at kimballbrookfarm.com 2h-greenmountaincreamery111914.indd 1 11/14/14 4:00 PM Vermont living at its finest. Independent & Assisted Living, Reflections Memory Care For older adults seeking a vibrant lifestyle that only Vermont can offer, our community is the perfect place to call home. Every convenience afforded, every preference accommodated, every indulgence encouraged. Explore a senior living community tailored to YOU! 185 Pine Haven Shores Road Shelburne, Vermont 05482 \| residenceshelburnebay.com 4 Please contact Cathy Stroutsos at 802-923-2513 or [email protected] 2h-shelbay092414.indd 1 THE LAST WEEK IN REVIEW NOVEMBER 26-DECEMBER 3, 2014 COMPILED BY MATTHEW ROY & ANDREA SUOZZO WHEN 911 IS THE EMERGENCY T he day after Thanksgiving, many Vermonters couldn’t make phone calls because of a FairPoint Communications outage. Of particular concern: Some people tried to call 911 after 3 p.m., when the problem began, and couldn’t get through. Phones weren’t working until several hours later, at 8:45 p.m. State officials say the outage endangered the public. And they were further concerned that it took time for FairPoint to provide the phone numbers of the people who had attempted to call 911, so that they could be contacted to ensure no emergencies had been ignored. “While this outage affected more than just 911 service, the critical nature of such calls requires a swift response. Too much time transpired between when we learned of the outage and when we got any call-back numbers from FairPoint,” Vermont Enhanced 9-1-1 Board executive director David Tucker said angrily in a statement Saturday. Tuesday, though, Tucker said his agency bore some responsibility. He acknowledged that state workers off for the holiday initially missed an email alert from FairPoint about the situation, then had difficulty notifying local first responders about the outage — because the phones were out. Tucker also said that 83 people dialed 911 during the outage — not the 45 originally reported. The numbers increased when Intrado, a separate company that handles the 911 system, provided more. FairPoint maintains the phone network infrastructure. The company’s workers have been on strike since mid-October, but FairPoint blamed the outage on other factors, including last week’s winter storm and a hardware failure. Citing a recent spike in complaints regarding FairPoint’s services, regulators are asking the Vermont Public Service Board to investigate. “If the board opens an investigation, we will fully cooperate with them,” said FairPoint’s Angelynne Beaudry. Read Mark Davis’ complete posts on the Off Message blog at sevendaysvt.com. facing facts HOG UNTIED A pig escaped his cage, jumped from a pickup on I-89 and lived in the woods for two weeks before being reunited with his owners. A new twist on “bringing home the bacon.” 16.5 That’s how many inches of snow accumulated in one part of Orwell during last Wednesday’s snowstorm, according to a report from the National Weather Service. An NWS meteorologist told the Addison Independent that the storm’s “jackpot area” was in central and southern Addison County. TOPFIVE MOST POPULAR ITEMS ON SEVENDAYSVT.COM SNOW WAY TO FIGHT Throwing snowballs at cars may be fun, but it’s bloody dangerous. In Burlington, one such incident devolved into a near-fatal stabbing. Stick to snowmen, people. GOLDEN YEARS After five years and 310,000 miles, a New York City yellow cab is enjoying a retirement on the not-so-mean streets of Vermont. Fare enough. tweet of the week: @staceyhedman So damn gorgeous outside, a snowy Vermont Thanksgiving! Curled up knitting myself a bright orange hat for the woods. FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @SEVEN_DAYS OUR TWEEPLE: SEVENDAYSVT.COM/TWITTER 12.03.14-12.10.14 11/4/14 10:49 AM WEEK IN REVIEW 5 Change your career outlook. Explore over 60 online, career-accelerating undergraduate and graduate certificate and degree programs that will give you what you need to make your next career move. SEVEN DAYS BRING MORE TO THE TABLE & YOU’LL GET A BETTER SEAT 4h-champcollege110514.indd 1 SEVENDAYSVT.COM ADJUNCTS UNITE St. Mike’s adjunct profs followed the examples of colleagues at Champlain and Burlington colleges and voted to join a union. Three’s a trend. 1. “The Pentagon Is Stocking Vermont With Tools of War” by Mark Davis. For the past 17 years, a federal program has offered free military surplus weapons and equipment to local and state law-enforcement agencies. 2. “Media Note: Seven Days Hires Hallenbeck, Remsen” by Paul Heintz. Two former Burlington Free Press Statehouse reporters are joining Seven Days. 3. “Weinberger’s Restart: Mayor Faces Challenges From the Left” by Paul Heintz. Nearly three years after Mayor Miro Weinberger promised Burlington “a fresh start,” new candidates are emerging from the left. 4. “Interactive: Explore the Military Equipment in Your Community” by Andrea Suozzo. The Vermont State Police have 59 M16 assault rifles; Manchester police have four Humvees. Find out what equipment your local law-enforcement agencies have. 5. “Taste Test: The Gryphon” by Hannah Palmer Egan. Just in time for winter, this new Burlington restaurant offers warming cocktails and cozy comfort foods. BUNDLES OF JOY. E D I T O R I A L / A D M I N I S T R AT I O N -/ Pamela Polston & Paula Routly / Paula Routly  / Pamela Polston   Don Eggert, Cathy Resmer, Colby Roberts   Matthew Roy   Margot Harrison   Meredith Coeyman   Xian Chiang-Waren, Mark Davis, Ethan de Seife, Kathryn Flagg, Alicia Freese, Ken Picard   Paul Heintz   Dan Bolles    Alice Levitt   Hannah Palmer Egan   Courtney Copp    Andrea Suozzo   Eva Sollberger    Ashley DeLucco   Cheryl Brownell   Matt Weiner  Carolyn Fox, Marisa Keller    Carolyn Fox ..  Rufus DESIGN/PRODUCTION   Don Eggert   John James   Rev. Diane Sullivan   Matthew Thorsen  Brooke Bousquet, Britt Boyd, Bobby Hackney Jr., Aaron Shrewsbury,    Neel Tandan SALES/MARKETING    Colby Roberts    Michael Bradshaw   Julia Atherton, Robyn Birgisson, Michelle Brown, Logan Pintka  &   Corey Grenier  &   Ashley Cleare  &   Kristen Hutter CONTRIBUTING ARTISTS Caleb Kenna, Matt Mignanelli, Matt Morris, Marc Nadel, Tim Newcomb, Susan Norton, Oliver Parini, Sarah Priestap, Kim Scafuro, Michael Tonn, Jeb Wallace-Brodeur, Steve Weigl 12.03.14-12.10.14 C I R C U L AT I O N : 3 6 , 0 0 0 Seven Days is published by Da Capo Publishing Inc. every Wednesday. It is distributed free of charge in Greater Burlington, Middlebury, Montpelier, Stowe, the Mad River Valley, Rutland, St. Albans, St. Johnsbury, White River Junction and Plattsburgh. Seven Days is printed at Upper Valley Press in North Haverhill, N.H SUBSCRIPTIONS 6- 1 : $175. 1- 1 : $275. 6- 3 : $85. 1- 3 : $135. Please call 802.864.5684 with your credit card, or mail your check or money order to “Subscriptions” at the address below. SEVEN DAYS SEVENDAYSVT.COM CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Alex Brown, Justin Crowther, Erik Esckilsen, John Flanagan, Sean Hood, Kevin J. Kelley, Rick Kisonak, Judith Levine, Amy Lilly, Gary Lee Miller, Jernigan Pontiac, Robert Resnik, Julia Shipley, Sarah Tuff Seven Days shall not be held liable to any advertiser for any loss that results from the incorrect publication of its advertisement. If a mistake is ours, and the advertising purpose has been rendered valueless, Seven Days may cancel the charges for the advertisement, or a portion thereof as deemed reasonable by the publisher. Seven Days reserves the right to refuse any advertising, including inserts, at the discretion of the publishers. P.O. BOX 1164, BURLINGTON, VT 05402-1164 802.864.5684 SEVENDAYSVT.COM 6 FEEDBACK FACEBOOK: /SEVENDAYSVT TWITTER: @SEVEN_DAYS ©2014 Da Capo Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. 12/1/14 11:10 AM FEEDback READER REACTION TO RECENT ARTICLES DOUBLING DOWN Fantastic news [Off Message: “Seven Days Hires Hallenbeck, Remsen,” November 26]. Two solid reporters join an organization that practices actual journalism. I’m sad to see the Burlington Free Press circling the drain but glad Seven Days is stepping up to the plate. David Diaz SHELBURNE ARMED AND DANGEROUS Although I knew that Vermont has received some military equipment from the Pentagon, I was shocked to read “Up in Arms” [November 26]. Some have argued that legalizing drugs is a slippery slope. So is militarizing our police force. If crime and drug use have decreased and we all agree the War on Drugs has failed, why are we hitting the accelerator when it comes to our strategy? If Route 7 is a “major pipeline for narcotics carriers” then so is I-89, I-91, the Canadian border and any route traffickers decide to travel. Are night-vision goggles and spending $80,000 of taxpayer money on a civilianized paint job worth the cost to get Jane Doe off her prescription drug habit? To calm a deranged homeless man? I understand that in some situations, military weapons may better protect law enforcement. A Humvee may save a life in Vermont’s bad weather. But what about the future? Will military surplus left over from TIM NEWCOMB the war on ISIS be sent to Vermont? Don’t forget we’re still in Afghanistan and Iraq. I hope this isn’t a knee-jerk reaction to the madness in Ferguson that becomes the norm. There’s also the controversial use of Tasers by police. “It’s a touchy topic,” Vermont State Police Capt. Tim Clouatre said in the article. “But we don’t see those incidents in Vermont.” (Because nothing bad happens in impervious Vermont.) There’s an old saying: “Be careful what you wish for. You might just get it.” Stephen Handley WAITSFIELD SENSATIONALIZED ARTICLE [Re “Up In Arms,” November 26]: This “news” article’s use of the “Pentagon ... tools of war” headline, the drawing of an armored vehicle, the constant use of “assault rifles” terminology and frequent references to Ferguson, Mo., make it seem that Vermont is facing an uptick in police authoritarianism. But what’s really happening is local cops are getting some glorified jeeps (Humvees), some basic semiauto 30.06 rifles designed 60-plus years ago (M-14s), and some common bolt-action hunting rifles with nice scopes (“sniper rifles”). Oh, yeah, and one armored vehicle. In your zeal to sensationalize these facts, you have created much ado about nothing, misinformed people who have little or no experience of law enforcement or weaponry, and reminded police WHAT’S UNDER YOUR TREE? wEEk iN rEViEw officers that powerful voices like yours are always looking to make their lives more dangerous. There was a much less prejudicial way to discuss this subject, but you missed it. And that is why you are perceived as fundamentally biased. Bob Frenier chelSea Jonathan Gruber, now that the professor’s disingenuous nature and outrageous fees are known, is a slap in the face to Vermont taxpayers. I hope his foolish position on the matter will sway the Vermont General Assembly’s upcoming vote on his continued governance and put Scott Milne in office. Bill crane GooD riDDANcE, GruBEr Allow me to add my voice to the chorus of outrage over MIT economist Jonathan Gruber’s characterization of the American electorate as “stupid” [Fair Game: “Shumlin 2.0,” November 19]. Intemperate language indeed! What kind of a lunatic could make such an assertion?! This statement is even more outrageous coming so soon after our nation’s voters acted decisively to address their growing concerns about income and wealth inequities by overwhelmingly electing Republican candidates. Stupid? I think not. You can rest assured that the 1 percent is quaking in its collective boots at the results of the recent elections. Americans “stupid”?! The very idea! The next thing you know, he’ll be characterizing us as overfed, lazy, shortsighted and easily manipulated! Gov. Shumlin should send this charlatan Gruber, who is clearly under the influence of some mind-altering substance, packing ASAP, whether his “work” on our behalf is finished or not. tim Searles Grand ISle [Re Fair Game: “Shumlin 2.0,” November 19]: Governor Shumlin’s refusal to terminate the services of MIT professor In his Fair Game column [“Shumlin 2.0,” November 19], Paul Heintz wrote, “Vermont’s constitution allows the legislature to pick any of the three top vote getters if no gubernatorial candidate snags 50 percent.” In fact, the Vermont constitution requires the legislature to choose if no candidate obtains 50 percent. Chapter II, Section 47 reads in part “...and at the opening of the General Assembly, there shall be a committee appointed out of the Senate and House of Representatives, who, after being duly sworn to the faithful discharge of their trust, shall proceed to receive, sort, and count the votes for Governor, and declare the person who has the major part of the votes, to be Governor for the two years ensuing. The Lieutenant-Governor and the Treasurer shall be chosen in the manner above directed.” A subsequent paragraph reads “If, at any time, there shall be no election, of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, or Treasurer, of the State, the Senate and House of Representatives shall by a joint ballot, elect to fill the office, not filled as aforesaid, one of the three candidates for such office (if there be so many) for whom the greatest number of votes shall have been returned.” “Shall” makes it mandatory. If it was “allow,” that would be optional. william mckern barre cITy 1184 Williston Road, S. Burlington, VT. \| 802-862-2714 AlpineShopVT.com \| Mon-Sat 9-9 / Sun 9-7 12v-alpineshop120314.indd 1 WiNeS Of 2014! There’s at least two weeks left ‘til any holiday you might be celebrating time Plenty oftails! this month. k c o for c Perfect for holiday parties, gifts, and for relaxing at home. Everyday Wine Discounts: 5% Off 6 + bOttlEs! 10% Off 12 + bOttlEs! GEt yOur WinE list: At Cheese traders cheesetraders.com Gettin’ in the Spirits! 1186 Williston Rd., So. Burlington VT 05403 (Next to the Alpine Shop) 802.863.0143 Seven Days reserves the right to edit for accuracy, length and readability. 12/1/14 2:21 PM Our wine team has chosen the best styles, varietals, and values of the year! Say Something! Seven Days wants to publish your rants and raves. Your feedback must... • be 250 words or fewer; • respond to Seven Days content; • include your full name, town and a daytime phone number. ALPINE SHOP Web & Mobile site: www.cheesetraders.com Your submission options include: • sevendaysvt.com/feedback • [email protected] • Seven days, P.O. box 1164, burlington, VT 05402-1164 WED 12/3 ZACH NUGENT & DEVIN NOEL 7PM DJ JACK BANDIT 11PM THU 12/4 CONQUEROR ROOT 6PM D JAY BARON/ DJ REIGN ONE 10PM FRI 12/5 ANDY LUGO 4PM SOUL JUNCTION 7PM DJ CON YAY 9PM DJ CRAIG MITCHELL 11PM SAT 12/6 DJ RAUL 6PM KAT WRIGHT & THE INDOMITABLE SOUL BAND 8PM DJ MASHTODON/DJ REIGN ONE 11PM TUE 12/9 DJ CRAIG MITCHELL 8PM 136 Church Street, Burlington Having a party? Rent the blue room! [email protected] • 859-8909 4v-cheesetraders120314.indd 1 12/2/14 6v-redsquare120314.indd 11:49 AM 1 feedback 7 “Planning With Moxie” incorrectly stated that the Goody Clancy consulting team was hired by Burlington City Arts. In fact, the firm was hired by the City of Burlington. OuR chooSiNG Not ‘optioNAl’ SEVEN DAYS In last week’s news story “Burlington’s Most Affordable Neighborhood is ... For Sale,” Alicia Freese reported that the monthly rent at Farrington’s Mobile Home Park is $326 — soon to be $340. While that is the case for several larger lots, according the Farrington’s broker, Shawn Nolan, rent on most lots is $300 and increasing to $315. WIllISTOn Packed Prisons Retain Inmates Past Their Release Dates BY MARK DAVIS 18 UVM Alum Talks About Producing The Hunger Games and Foxcatcher 83 11 54 71 76 86 92 Fair Game POLITICS WTF CULTURE Poli Psy OPINION Side Dishes FOOD Soundbites MUSIC Album Reviews Art Review Movie Reviews Ask Athena SEX The Magnificent 7 Calendar Classes Music Art Movies BY ETHAN DE SEIFE 46 The Injera Crowd Food: Ethiopian food is hot in Burlington — you just have to look for it BY ALICE LEVITT Food: Taste Test: The Bench BY HANNAH PALMER EGAN The Dean’s List Music: An interview with Dean Ween straight dope movies you missed children of the atom edie everette lulu eightball sticks angelica news quirks jen sorensen, bliss red meat deep dark fears this modern world underworld free will astrology personals 27 95 96 96 96 96 97 97 98 98 98 98 99 100 CLASSIFIEDS vehicles housing services homeworks buy this stuff music legals fsbo crossword support groups calcoku/sudoku puzzle answers jobs C-2 C-2 C-2 C-3 C-3 C-3 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 C-8 C-9 This newspaper features interactive print — neato! Download the free Layar app WEAR IT ’S AT Burlington has become a mecca of outdoorlifestyle stores, but can they all survive? PAGE 30 BY ETHAN DE SEIFE PAGE 14 Vermonters fear ag antibiotics DECEMBER 3-10, 2014 VOL.20 NO.14 SEVENDAYSVT.COM To the Locals, With Love V ER M O N T ’ S I N DEP EN D E N T V O I CE 50 FUN STUFF Find and scan pages with the Layar logo BY KEN PI C AR D A N D PAM E L A POL STO N Underwritten by: Stuck in Vermont: Eva Sollberger gets unstuck for a trip to two Montréal “cat cafés” with blogger Sachie Kohlman of My Cat Goma. FEEL THE BURN PAGE 22 ‘Celsius’ heats up solstice WHAT LIES BENEATH PAGE 43 An engineer digs into Burlington TRENDING AFRICAN PAGE 46 Ethiopian eats in Burlington COVER IMAGE MATTHEW THORSEN COVER DESIGN AARON SHREWSBURY Discover fun interactive content 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS CONTENTS 9 4h-klsport120314.indd 1 SEVENDAYSvt.com Become a gifted shopper. Instantly BECOME A GIFTED COLORFUL TABLE LINENS BENNINGTON POTTERY DECORATIVE ACCESSORIES spend $150 on GLASSWARE VT MADE, FAIR TRADE & RECYCLED OPTIONS CANDLES GREETING CARDS BAKEWARE HOLIDAY DECORATIONS FUN STOCKING STUFFERS FURNITURE MUCH MORE with our new SHOPPER. holiday bennington potters INSTANTLY. GIFT FOR GIFT GIVERS PROGRAM bennington pottery and receive one free gift. bennington potters free gift wrapping \| we ship anywhere \| gift certificates 127 COLLEGE STREET, BURLINGTON M-F 10-9; SAT 10-6; SUN 11-5 802 863 2221 10 FREE GIFT WRAPPING * WE SHIP ANYWHERE * GIFT CERTIFICATES 127 college street, burlington 716 Pine Street, Burlington 2v-sek/lcc120314.indd 1 \| MAGNIFICENT FICENT FRIDAY 5-SUNDAY 7 Culture Club If you’re in the market for a one-of-a-kind gift, the Vermont International Festival has you covered. More than 40 vendors and nonprofits display handmade items from around the world at this 22nd annual gathering. Rounding out the festivities, music, dancing and ethnic eats celebrate countries ranging from India and Ireland to Burundi and beyond. MUST SEE, MUST DO THIS WEEK COMPI L E D BY COU RTNEY COP P SEE CALENDAR LISTING ON PAGE 58 SATURDAY 6 Let There Be Light In 2011, Waterbury residents created the River of Light Lantern Parade in the wake of Tropical Storm Irene. Four years later, the tradition is stronger than ever. Led by Jeh Kulu and Sambatucata!, hundreds of participants showcase homemade lanterns that interpret the theme “Our Town: Faces, Places and Buildings From Your Hometown” on a dazzling procession through downtown. SEE CALENDAR LISTING ON PAGE 60 FRIDAY 5 SATURDAY 6 BEANS TO BREWS SEE CALENDAR LISTING ON PAGE 60 The best of Christmas and Hanukkah come together for the Festival of Trees and Light. Held at Helen Day Art Center, this seasonal soirée features menorahs nestled amid 10 eye-catching trees. Community members mingle over catered fare while carolers sing traditional tunes at this benefit for the Waterbury Area Food Shelf. SEE CALENDAR LISTING ON PAGE 59 ONGOING SEE REVIEW ON PAGE 86 FRIDAY 5 Name Game The name Michael “Mickey” Melchiondo may not ring a bell, but mention his onstage persona Dean Ween and heads will turn. The guitarist best known as half of the experimental rock group Ween takes the stage at the Rusty Nail. Backed by a motley crew of musicians, he performs new material alongside fan favorites. SEE INTERVIEW ON PAGE 76 SEE CALENDAR LISTING ON PAGE 58 © DREAMSTIME.COM/GARUTI MAGNIFICENT SEVEN 11 Whether you’re a wine snob or looking for the perfect dinner-party pour, head to Cosmic Wines 2014. Dozens of importers and winemakers congregate under one roof to introduce oenophiles to a wide range of varietals. From grape to barrel to vineyard to glass, folks follow the life cycle of their favorite vintages at this palate-pleasing party. SEVEN DAYS Taste Test 12.03.14-12.10.14 If art imitates life, then the abstract paintings of the late artist Peter Heller have a lot to say. Born in 1929, the German Jewish World War II refugee arrived in Vermont by way of Paris and New York City. Here, he spent decades honing a style rich with color and surreal forms that invites viewers to take a closer look. SEVENDAYSVT.COM Latte, mocha, cappuccino, Americano — Brandon Loper explores the fastgrowing culture behind these specialty brews in his 2014 documentary A Film About Coffee. Journeying from rural farms to chic coffee shops, the filmmaker meets folks whose commitment to the beverage transcends their social and geographic differences. Holiday Happening OPEN SEASON ON VERMONT POLITICS BY PAUL HEINTZ Organize your life, Customize your furniture. A Carving Knives s grandma prepared the stuffing last Wednesday, Gov. PETER SHUMLIN’s administration was busy cooking up a heaping helping of bad fiscal news. The day before Thanksgiving, Commissioner of Finance and Management JIM REARDON announced that the administration would cut another $17 million from this year’s budget. The move came just three months after legislative leaders signed off on another $31 million in 372 N. Winooski Ave. midyear cuts. www.samswoodfurniture.com The latest round of rescissions wasn’t unexpected. In the first four months of the fiscal year, General Fund revenues clocked 12v-samswoodfurniture-120413.indd 1 studio dedicated 12/2/13 12:10 PM Burlington’s only yoga in at nearly $12 million — or 2.7 percent — to New Mothers and Babies below expectations. Since early last month, Shumlin had been hinting that more cuts were in the offing. Precisely which programs will be targeted isn’t yet clear. Agency and departmind ment heads have until Friday to submit their recommendations to Reardon’s office. But one thing is certain: Any turkeys pardoned this time around will be back body in the oven come January. That’s because the state is already expecting a $100 million gap in next year’s budget — and, after a decade of tough choices, lawmakers are running out of options. birth If the burgeoning debate over how to fill Vermont’s perennial budget hole has you feeling a bit of déjà vu, you’re not the only one. “The conversation about the budget is always, ‘Is it up? Is it down? We’re 1 Mill St., Suite 236 at The Chace Mill spending too much. We’re not spending prenatalmethod.com 802. 829.0211 enough,’” says PAUL CILLO, president and executive director of the Montpelier-based Public Assets Institute, a left-leaning think 12v-PrenatalMethod120314.indd 1 12/1/14 11:32 AM tank. “There’s just been this manage-tothe-money idea, where if you’re focused on the money, you’re not focused on outcomes. You’re not focused on what you can accomplish.” Cillo, a former House Democratic majority leader, points to the trouble-plagued Vermont Department for Children and Families as an example. For years, the child welfare agency has been underfunded and understaffed, he says. After two young children under DCF supervision were allegedly killed by family members last February and April, the agency was criticized for being — you guessed it — underVISIT OUR NEW OUTLETS funded and understaffed. “We heard this language in the recession of ‘doing more with less,’” Cillo says. “And then, when we find out that we’re doing less with less, we’re really surprised.” www.essexoutlets.com Two recent reports requested by facebook.com/pages/Essex-Outlets the Shumlin administration make a 21 Essex Way, Essex Junction, VT \| 802.878.2851 similar point: that state government SEVEN DAYS 12.03.14-12.10.14 12v-essexshoppes120314.indd 1 12/1/14 6:15 PM isn’t adequately serving Vermont’s most vulnerable. After a lengthy review of the two child deaths, the Vermont Citizens Advisory Board issued a brutal report a week and a half ago criticizing the state for failing to protect children who were clearly suffering from abuse. The independent panel, appointed by the Shumlin administration, included health care workers, child advocates, legislators and a former judge, among others. “It is clear that all agencies within the child-protection system are carrying caseloads that are too high, which causes workers to triage, to burn out and leave, and to cut corners in an effort to do the best they can,” the report found. IS STATE GOVERNMENT ADEQUATELY SERVING VERMONT’S MOST VULNERABLE? It blamed “legislative funding cuts in the past decade” for a decline in quality control at DCF, and said that the 18 new positions added last summer “will not fully address” its high-caseload ratio. The other recent report, released a week earlier, came from the Governor’s Council on Pathways From Poverty. Composed of 30 low-income advocates, the group was formed in the aftermath of a bitter 2013 confrontation with the administration over recommended welfare cuts. Last month, the council presented Shumlin with a 19-page proposal that began with this bleak assessment: “Poor Vermonters, including families with children, are in crisis.” The report is a wish list of expensive investments in housing, transportation, employment and safety net programs. But recognizing that “revenues are not robust,” the council also offered a shorter “menu” of programs it said would be affordable and highly effective. “Our hope would be that we’ll see some of these recommendations be illustrated in the governor’s budget,” says CHRISTOPHER CURTIS, the council’s cochair and an attorney with Vermont Legal Aid. Among the group’s highest priorities? Investing an additional $500,000 in the $1 million Vermont Rental Subsidy Program, which helps low-income Vermonters pay for housing. Curtis argues that the program “goes a long way to solving our homelessness problem” while avoiding costly, statesponsored motel vouchers. POLITICS Other top priorities include increasing funding for low-income weatherization, the Reach Up welfare program and childcare assistance. But wait: Shumlin’s budget writers are having a hard enough time maintaining existing funding levels. Is it realistic to expect the governor to heed the recommendations of his own poverty council? “The governor met with the council when they released the report,” his legislative liaison, SUE ALLEN, said in an emailed statement. “Their perspective and input will be appreciated as the administration and lawmakers make spending and policy decisions in the coming session.” Shumlin has indicated in recent weeks that he’s disinclined to raise taxes to fill the budget hole or fund new programs — except, of course, for his massive health care reform proposal. And House Speaker SHAP SMITH (D-Morristown) agrees. “My view is that we need to look first at where we can reduce the amount of spending and then, if at some point in time we think we cannot get there, then we can look at revenue,” Smith says. “But that’s not our first option.” The speaker adds, “I think we’re going to have to ask the question: Are there things we’ve done in the past that we can no longer afford to do? I don’t know the answer to that question.” The way Curtis sees it, if lawmakers choose to cut services instead of raising revenue, “That’s effectively a tax on the poor.” “I hope that in the discussions around the budget that everything’s on the table,” he says. “This state cannot afford to continue to fight budget deficits with one arm tied behind our back.” Fiscal Fracas In his first showdown with the legislature since he narrowly won reelection last month, Shumlin appears to have blinked. For the past few weeks, tensions have been building between the administration and members of the Joint Fiscal Committee over whether the governor can impose a second round of midyear budget cuts without legislative approval. The conflict surrounds a vague statute governing who can cut the budget when revenues are down and the legislature is not in session. Typically, Joint Fiscal, which includes the leaders of the House and Senate taxing and spending committees, must approve any cuts greater than 1 percent of the budget. The administration can act on its own if revenues look likely to drop by less than 1 percent. Got A tIP for PAul? [email protected] “We have bigger problems to deal with,” she said Tuesday. “It isn’t worth starting off with a disagreement.” Trading Places Two weeks ago, Shumlin shuffled three top aides to new positions within the governor’s office, but he has yet to announce who will fill two of the most important jobs in his administration. After firing secretary of human services and onetime political rival douG racine in August, Shumlin temporarily assigned Commissioner of Health harry chen to the post. Shumlin has said publicly that he hopes Chen will stay put, but it’s unclear whether the former House Democrat and emergency room doctor is interested. “Out of respect for the [organization], all I can say is ‘stay tuned,’” Chen said Tuesday. An even bigger question is who will replace Spaulding as secretary of administration. A former state treasurer and senator, Spaulding has vast authority over budget and policy matters, and has served as almost a co-governor with Shumlin. He’s leaving in January to become chancellor of the Vermont State Colleges. Montpelier insiders have been speculating for months about who could fill Spaulding’s shoes. Among the names floated have been Shumlin’s chief of staff, liz Miller, his health care czar, laWrence Miller, and a slew of cabinet officials, such as Deputy Secretary of Natural Resources JuStin JohnSon, retiring Secretary of Transportation brian SearleS and Secretary of Agriculture chucK roSS. Says Spaulding, “The governor’s working on a short list, and I hope he has a decision soon.” Party with the panache of Paris and the value of Vermont, in the center of Burlington Make your party sparkle! C H U R C H & C O L L E G E • B U R L I N G T O N • 8 6 3 - 3 7 5 9 • W W W. L E U N I G S B I S T R O . C O M 8h-leunigs111914.indd 1 11/17/14 4:13 PM Your Vermont home for custom design and jewelry repair since 1975. Go green in style this December! 8h-designerscircle120314.indd 1 SEVENDAYSVt.com Party Boss Hot Santa will be at Aristelle so grab your friends, get a drink, and tell Santa what you want for Christmas! – Wine & Holiday Shots – Photo Booth with Hot Santa – 10% Off the ENTIRE STORE – Naughty & Nice Door Prizes Amazing door prizes from Beltrami, Skin, Stella McCartney, & More! FAIR GAME 13 The Vermont Republican Party has hired its first executive director since March 2012. The GOP’s executive committee named Jeff bartley to the post Monday night, as Vermont Political Observer blogger John WalterS first reported. Bartley previously worked on the doomed U.S. Senate campaigns of Republicans rich tarrant and len britton and has served as the state GOP’s “victory campaign director” since June. He famously sued Britton over unpaid wages after the candidate lost to Sen. patricK leahy (D-Vt.) in 2010. “I’m confident he’ll transition well into this new role,” says party chairman david Sunderland. Bartley says he’s “excited for this new chapter” and to build on the party’s successes in last month’s legislative races — and Republican Scott Milne’s near-defeat of Shumlin. “We made some gains, but it’s time to stop celebrating and get back to focusing on 2016,” he says. m 12.03.14-12.10.14 In August, when state economists downgraded revenue estimates by $31 million, Joint Fiscal signed off on $22 million in General Fund cuts, plus another $9 million in transfers and other adjustments. But now that the administration believes it needs to pull back on another $17 million in spending, it wants to make $6.7 million in immediate cuts — without Joint Fiscal’s approval. Senate Appropriations Committee chairwoman Jane Kitchel (D-Caledonia) and retiring House Appropriations Committee chairwoman Martha heath (D-Westford) say that’s not kosher. Smith, the House speaker, agrees with them. “I don’t think the authority they think they have is the authority that they do have,” Smith says of Shumlin and company. While legislators agree that cuts need to be made, Heath says, “We should not cede our authority to the administration.” The legislature’s lawyers have their backs. A memo prepared by the Office of Legislative Council argues that, “it is unlikely that the [administration] has authority to implement a rescission plan in FY 2015 without JFC approval.” But Shumlin produced his own legal memo — this one drafted by Chief Assistant Attorney General WilliaM Griffin — that comes to quite the opposite conclusion. Since the total General Fund reduction from both rescissions would be no greater than the agreed-upon drop in revenue, he argues, the administration is within its rights. As of Monday morning, Shumlin appeared to be sticking to his guns. “We have no doubt about the authority that we have to implement the recommendations that we’ve made to our commissioners and secretaries,” Shumlin said at an unrelated press conference in Montpelier. He argued that the longer he waits to make the cuts, the steeper they’ll have to be. “So we are doing what is both legal, prudent and right for Vermont taxpayers,” he said. By the end of the day, though, the administration had changed its tune. “We are not going to use our statutory authority to reduce appropriations now,” Secretary of Administration Jeb SpauldinG said Monday evening. Instead, he said, the administration will ask agency and department heads to “slow down spending,” but will hold off on cuts until the legislature reconvenes in January. “It just isn’t worth the distraction,” Spaulding said. “We’ve got a lot of work to do and don’t need to have an unnecessary conflict with the legislature at this point.” Is there really a difference between “slowing” spending and “cutting” spending? “It’s a pretty subtle difference there,” Spaulding conceded. “If we are fighting over a matter of principle, that’s not as important as getting the job done.” Heath, at least, appeared to be satisfied with the result. Book your Leunig’s party now. Email [email protected] or call Amy, our party coordinator, at 802-370-7134. 4t-aristelle120314.indd 1 Superbugged: Vermonters Rally Against Antibiotic Overuse on Farms B y Kat h ryn Flag g SEVENDAYSvt.com 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS 14 LOCAL MATTERS david junkin M ontpelier resident Elizabeth Parker has always been conscious about antibiotic use — and overuse. She raised four children and only doled out antibiotics once. “Antibiotics should be there in those extreme circumstances so they can help when help is needed,” said Parker. But when her partner fell seriously ill in 2009, antibiotics didn’t help; he’d come down with an antibiotic-resistant liver infection. The more bacteria are exposed to antibiotics — through over-prescription, for instance, or liberal use in agriculture — the more likely drug-resistant strains are to evolve. Enter the superbug. Last year, officials at a G8 summit of science leaders declared antibiotic resistance the single biggest threat to health security in the 21st century. That’s driving a new coalition of volunteers and activists in Vermont to rally for a federal ban on the nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in agricultural settings. Currently, 80 percent of antibiotics in the United States are consumed on farms; many are the same drugs routinely prescribed to fight human infections. Spurred by her partner’s brush with an uncontrollable infection, Parker was among the volunteers who pushed hard to get the Montpelier City Council to take up the issue in October. The capital city was the first Vermont municipality to pass a resolution asking the state’s congressional delegation to support legislation that restricts antibiotic use on farms. The resolution also puts on record the council’s support for statewide and national bans on the nontherapeutic uses of antibiotics in livestock production. Parker has been working to get similar initiatives on Town Meeting Day ballots in neighboring towns. So far, she and fellow activists have gathered more than 800 petition signatures in Vermont “to urge Congress to take action on antibiotic use on farms.” On Monday the Burlington City Council took up a proposed resolution similar to Montpelier’s, and activists and concerned citizens weighed in. Selene Colburn, a Progressive councilor who helped spearhead the effort, said her elder daughter spent years battling a recurrent case of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, aka MRSA. “It was a pretty terrifying experience for us and we were really lucky to be able to contain and treat it,” said Colburn. “But I definitely have firsthand experience with the health risk posed by Agriculture antibiotic resistance, and it’s not a pretty picture.” Colburn wasn’t the only one to mention MRSA. In the public comment portion of the meeting, James Wilkinson told councilors he’s spent years working on Vermont dairy farms, but only recently became aware of the health risks when a friend nearly died from the antibiotic-resistant staph infection. “Whatever happened to the natural way of raising livestock instead of pumping them with chemicals?” Wilkinson asked. The council wound up referring the proposed resolution to the city attorney and is expected to vote on it December 15. What worries activists most is so-called nontherapeutic applications for antibiotics on farms — that is, dosing healthy animals with antibiotics over long periods of time not to treat a specific ailment but to encourage growth or ward off potential illness. Feeding sub-therapeutic doses over an animal’s life “creates the perfect conditions for these bugs to evolve,” said Laura Mistretta, a field organizer with Food and Water Watch, a Washington, D.C.based nongovernmental organization and consumer-rights group. In other words, bacteria on farms where antibiotics are heavily used can, over time, develop resistance to that medicine. Then the bacteria can hitch a ride off the farm — on animals, workers or in the air, soil or water — and into the wider world. Some bacteria show up on grocery-store meat; in 2011, antibiotic-resistant salmonella on ground turkey prompted the thirdlargest food recall in U.S. Department of Agriculture history. About 22 percent of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are infecting humans have been linked to farms, said Mistretta. Consumers can choose to buy meat that has been raised without antibiotics; organic standards, for instance, don’t allow the use of any medication. But ultimately that doesn’t inoculate individuals, who can catch bacteria-resistant infections and fall ill. The health risk doesn’t come from ingesting meat that’s been treated with antibiotics, but rather from resistant bacteria in the environment. “Bacteria are pretty amazing at exchanging genetic information,” said Mistretta. So, out in the world, antibioticresistant bacteria can pass on those skills to other bacteria. “The fear is, once those genes are out there, it’s kind of a matter of time until they spread across the country.” It sounds scary because it is. Resistant bacteria can cause infections that are hard to treat, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and can lead to longer illnesses and more hospitalizations. ��Multi-drug-resistant infections are on the rise,” reports the CDC, “while the development of new antibiotics is coming to a standstill.” The center estimates that at least two million people in the United States get infected with drug-resistant bacteria every year, and that at least 23,000 die annually as a direct result of those infections. Vermont’s agency of agriculture doesn’t keep numbers about antibiotic use on farms, according to state veterinarian Kristin Haas. The state and FDA do track Got A NEWS tIP? [email protected] The fear is, once Those genes are ouT There, itâ€™s kind of a matter of time until they spread across the country. But you can. Bring in this coupon and receive 50% OFF ONE NON-SALE ITEM One per customer. 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SEVEN DAYS OPEN ENROLLMENT NOV. 15TH 2014 TO FEB. 15TH 2015 1-855-899-9600 (Toll-Free) www.VermontHealthConnect.gov 4T-hmcVTconnect111914.indd 1 11/18/14 3:19 PM LOCAL MATTERS 15 instances when farmers ship animals to Parker and other Vermont activslaughter that have higher-than-allowable ists instead want to see Congress pass concentrations of antibiotics in their flesh, legislation that, for the time being, is or have been dosed with medicines that tied up in committees: the Preservation arenâ€™t approved for human consumption of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment in any concentration. Act in the House and the Preventing These violations are caught during Antibiotic Resistance Act in the Senate. spot-checks at slaughterhouses â€” some- If both were to become law, antibiotics times randomly or if the animal comes in that are prescribed to humans would sick or lame, exhibits an obvious injection no longer be allowed for use in nonsite or shows other signs of recent anti- therapeutic instances on farms. But, biotic use. State and federal inspectors if an animal is sick, farmers would be â€” who work in tandem at most facilities allowed to work with their vet to find â€”Â test the carcass for antibiotic residue the right antibiotic to use â€” regardless after the animal is dead. of whether itâ€™s used in human health In 2011, the agency of ag asked the applications. legislature for permission to levy stateDoctors like Anna Carey, a family specific fines for residue violations. The physician in Cambridge, acknowledge hope, Haas said, was to use it to haul farm- that medical professionals need to step ers in, talk about the issue, up to the plate, too, get them up to speed and not overprescribe on what they should be antibiotics to people. doing differently, and fix Some of her patients the problem. In practice, are adamant about farmers are paying the receiving an antibifines without contesting otic â€” even if itâ€™s to the violations. treat a virus, which Since 2011, when the an antibiotic canâ€™t legislature granted the fight. She stressed agency this power, it has the importance of paslapped eight producers tient education, but with $1,000 penalties. admitted that educaHaas said the problem tion takes time and L AuRA MiST RET TA is more pronounced energy. among dairy producers, â€œWhen youâ€™re who focus carefully on faced with trying to the rules governing milk but may not be see all the folks that you need to see, as well versed, or careful, when it comes sometimes itâ€™s just a lot easier to write to the rules governing meat production. that prescription,â€? said Carey. Currently, one beef-producing Vermont Meanwhile, Carey said sheâ€™s seeing dairy farmer is listed on the â€œrepeat of- the effects of antibiotic overuse firsthand: fenderâ€? list for violating FDA regulations Sheâ€™s having to prescribe much stronger more than once in the last 12 months. antibiotics for common infections than Haas said that thereâ€™s â€œa huge amount she did a few decades ago. of controversy on both sides of the issueâ€? The push to make a statement is under when it comes to banning nontherapeu- way across the country; Montpelier is tic drug use on farms. Sheâ€™s personally one of 39 cities nationwide thatâ€™s passed against broad, sweeping bans â€” and she a resolution addressing antibiotic oversaid farmers and veterinarians should use. While the movement is largely symlook to the FDA for guidance. bolic, Mistretta said it is a useful tactic The FDA released two documents this for calling attention to the issue. year intended to promote the judicious Dona Bate, a first-term city councilor use of medically important antimicrobial in Montpelier, agreed. She called the drugs in agriculture. The goal is twofold: resolution, which passed unanimously, a to encourage the phase-out of using â€œwin-win.â€? The council made a statement these drugs in already healthy food ani- and, she said, sent a message of support to mals, and to bring the therapeutic use of Vermont farmers who choose not to use drugs under the oversight of attending antibiotics on their farms. veterinarians. â€œI always believe in the trickle-up as Using these drugs with guidance from much as possible,â€? Bate said. While the experts, said Haas, â€œI think itâ€™s possible for regulation of these medicines falls to the farmers to do right by their animals and feds, she said, itâ€™s still a problem that afalso follow the rules and protect the food fects the Vermont community. supply.â€? â€œVermont leads the way in a lot of difParker isnâ€™t so sure. She pointed out ferent avenues,â€? she added, â€œand I hope we that health officials have worried about lead the way here, too.â€? m the danger of increased antibiotic use since the 1960s. Sheâ€™s skeptical that volun- Alicia Freese contributed reporting to tary directives from the FDA will get the this story. job done. Contact: [email protected] SANTAMAYNOT GETITRIGHT localmatters Packed Prisons Retain Inmates Past Their Release Dates by MARk d Av i S CorreCtions CALEb kEnnA All the lines you love... Bobbi Brown Trish McEvoy Laura Mercier SkinCeuticals Kiehl’s Since 1851 bareMinerals by Bare Escentuals ...and many more!! Corner of Main & Battery Streets, Burlington, VT • 802-861-7500 www.mirrormirrorvt.com 8v-MirrorMirror030514.indd 1 Alyssia Pelkey and her daughter Brooklyn 16 LOCAL MATTERS l oc al, fr es h, ori gi nal 1076 Williston Road, S. Burlington 862.6585 www.windjammerrestaurant.com 8v-windjammer120314.indd 1 endy Pelkey-Grant was going to be released from prison in October 2013, almost six years after she killed her abusive husband during a confrontation in their West Rutland home. Her grown daughter used her own savings to secure a two-bedroom apartment outside of the city, where they planned to live together. Pelkey-Grant, 49, looked forward to a quiet, anonymous life filled with trips to the doctor and the grocery store, checkins with the probation office, and little else. “I don’t like going out a lot,” she said during a recent court hearing. “I don’t like being around people. I like being alone, hiding away.” Yet 13 months after her release date, prison officials are refusing to let Pelkey-Grant join her family on the outside. She is one of more than 240 inmates who remain behind bars because the Vermont Department of Corrections finds their proposed postprison accommodations to be unacceptable, even though overcrowding costs the state $17 million every year. 11/26/14 9:06 AM After first telling Pelkey-Grant’s family to find her an apartment in Rutland County, the DOC abruptly reversed course and is now forbidding the convicted felon from living anywhere in Rutland County. The decision reveals a disagreement within the DOC: The agency’s Rutland field office supported Pelkey-Grant’s return to Rutland, but the central office vetoed it. That prompted her to file an unusual lawsuit asking a judge to reverse the central office’s decision, which led to a Chittenden Superior Court hearing. “DOC has abused their discretion,” Prisoners’ Rights Office attorney Kelly Green argued during the hearing for Pelkey-Grant. “Discretion requires thought. You have to weigh options, investigate options, and that hasn’t been done here. She has incredible support that we don’t often see for offenders. They have put time, money and effort to find a place they thought would be acceptable.” DOC Commissioner Andy Pallito declined to comment on the case. But he said his agency has ultimate authority in determining where prisoners can live when and if they are released before serving out their sentences. Scene of the Crime Pelkey-Grant was home in West Rutland on the night of her crime in April 2008. Her husband, Sean Grant, was arguing with his wife’s then-21-year-old daughter, Alyssia Pelkey, according to police records. When his stepson, Eric Hall, 18, tried to intervene, Grant grabbed his throat. As Pelkey, Hall and Pelkey’s boyfriend all struggled with Grant, Pelkey-Grant walked upstairs and grabbed a revolver, according to media reports. Grant’s blood alcohol was more than three times the legal driving limit when Pelkey-Grant shot him three times, police said. Pelkey-Grant and her children acknowledged that they lied to police: They initially told detectives that Grant had brought the handgun to the fight and set it down on a table, where Pelkey-Grant grabbed it. Later they acknowledged that Pelkey-Grant had walked upstairs to retrieve the gun, according to lawyers’ statements and media reports. Court documents reveal Pelkey-Grant told police the reason she retrieved the gun was, “Because he don’t stop, he doesn’t stop. He pushes and he shoves and hits. I Got A NEWS tIP? [email protected] “Residence is a direct corollary to recidivism,” Pallito said. “We do have a lot of factors, that I recognize. I also recognize that we have a recidivism mandate we need to get to.” State lawmakers have mandated that the DOC lower its recidivism rate to 30 percent by 2017. The current rate is 41 percent, which is down slightly from recent years. The Way Home Pelkey-Grant’s family began planning for her release months in advance. Alyssia Pelkey took the lead. First she asked Rutland probation officers whether her mother could leave the area and start over in Addison County with a clean slate. But the Rutland DOC office rejected the idea, preferring that Pelkey-Grant remain close enough that they could keep an eye on her. So Pelkey and her fiancé found a twobedroom apartment in Mendon, a quiet town sandwiched between Rutland and Killington. They scraped together everything they had for a security deposit and first month’s rent, and signed a one-year lease. A staffer from the Rutland probation office inspected the home, assuring that no liquor, drugs or weapons were inside, and confirmed the landlord had been informed that a violent offender was about to move in. Landlords often retract housing offers upon hearing such news about potential tenants. But Pelkey’s landlord said she had no problem with it. A Rutland probation officer gave a favorable report, and the apartment won the DOC’s preliminary approval. “He said he thought it was perfect for her to come live with us,” Alyssia Pelkey testified recently. Then, just a few weeks before PelkeyGrant was scheduled to leave prison, the DOC notified her that they had received a complaint: A member of the victim’s family felt that Mendon was too close for comfort. The person, whom lawyers and court documents did not identify, lives off a stretch of Route 4 that Pelkey-Grant would pass every time she made the 10-minute trip to Rutland for shopping or appointments, the DOC said. In response, Pelkey and her fiancé mapped out circuitous routes — some of which would take more than an hour — so Pelkey-Grant could get to the city without using Route 4. “I would drive two hours every way to get my mom where she needs to go,” Pelkey said. the department of corrections has abused their discretion. kE L Ly GRE E n , pRi S On E RS ’ Ri G h T S Offi C E AT T ORn E y Pelkey-Grant has no record of violence outside the shooting of her husband, and has never threatened or had any communication with anyone in Grant’s family since the incident, lawyers said. Nonetheless, Grant’s sisters, Jennifer Cavacas and Melissa Grant, and his mother, Jacqueline Grant, say they fear she will come after them, and they want PelkeyGrant to live somewhere else. Cavacas and Jacqueline Grant live in Rutland. Melissa Grant lives in Connecticut. None of the Grants could be reached for comment. “They were concerned about their safety and what could happen,” victims’ advocate Ashley Fisk testified recently. “They were afraid of what she is capable of. They had real fear.” Not everyone in Sean Grant’s family is opposed to Pelkey-Grant living in Mendon. His father, Terry Grant, said he has no problem with it. “I’m a Bible-believing Christian, and I believe God is forgiving of my sins unconditionally, and he expects me to do the same,” Terry Grant testified. “Wherever she decides to live is fine with me,” he continued. “I was angry and bitter and all that stuff, but me and the Lord worked it out.” Corrections at Capacity Rutland County is currently off limits to Pelkey-Grant. But in the past year, no one has been able to find her a DOC-approved home elsewhere, either. Corrections officials have reached out to landlords who sometimes rent to recently released inmates, to no avail. Pelkey-Grant spent months on the waitlist for a transitional housing program in Chittenden County. “We are her support system,” Alyssia Pelkey testified, noting the family has limited resources. “We are very close. We do not let a lot of people in because our situation is embarrassing. All we have is family.” In a later interview, Pelkey, now 27, said her family felt powerless dealing with the DOC. “It felt like we were being toyed with a little bit, because we don’t have money to pay people to look into it for us or anybody in our family who is important. We didn’t have any leverage, and they could do whatever they wanted.” pACkEd pRiSOnS » p.20 SEVENDAYSVt.com don’t know, I don’t know, I don’t know. I just don’t want this no more, I don’t want it no more. I was afraid for Eric.” In addition to fearing for her children’s safety, Pelkey-Grant said her husband had abused her for years, and court records indicate she sought a restraining order against him in 2004. “This was not a one-night thing,” Alyssia Pelkey testified recently. “The cops were called a lot to my house.” Prosecutors initially charged PelkeyGrant with second-degree murder, but agreed to a plea deal on a charge of voluntary manslaughter. In 2010, Pelkey-Grant was sentenced to six to 15 years in prison. With credit for time served, she was eligible for release in the fall of 2013. In prison, she was cooperative and even mentored other inmates. DOC notified her she would be eligible for furlough after serving her minimum sentence, and for the duration she would be released and monitored by probation officers. But, like all inmates who are eligible for probation, parole or furlough, Pelkey-Grant could only leave prison if the DOC approved her future digs. Finding decent housing is hard enough in Vermont. But for released prisoners, it has to be “suitable,” too. In an interview, Pallito said the DOC evaluates a broad range of factors before approving housing options. Corrections officials look at the dwelling’s proximity to victims, for example, and to any negative conditions that contributed to their incarceration. Additionally, the DOC requires any cohabitants be willing to report the prisoner should he or she violate conditions of release. The agency has found that a safe, stable housing environment — in which both the public and the released prisoner feel safe — is crucial to a successful release. 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS LOCAL MATTERS 17 131 CHURCH STREET, BURLINGTON, VT 802.864.0012 \| VONBARGENS.COM 3h-vonbargens120314.indd 1 12/1/14 1:44 PM Driver eDucation class offereD in essex The Precision Driver Training School is accepting applications for classes that will be held this spring beginning in March. LOCALmatters No. 48? Why Vermont Has Been Slow to Adopt Hospice Care BY KEVIN J . KE L L E Y G inny Fry, director of the Hospice and Palliative Care Council of Vermont, keeps “lots of colorful clay” in the backseat of her car. She gives clumps of it to relatives of hospice patients, who open fri & Sat 10am–5pm or by1appointment 16t-PrecisionDriverTrainingSchool-120314.indd 12/1/14 10:02 AM can use it make thumbprint impressions (OPEN DAILY in December) of their loved ones. “We bake the clay afterward and make sure everyone involved gets a piece,” Fry explains. Using art materials to help survivors cope with death is one of the bereavement services a hospice agency offers. Such consolation can continue for weeks, months or even years after a loved one’s death. The work requires dedication. Jewelry is Hospice caregivers may themselves personal. be in need of bereavement counseling because they sometimes grow quite Find your close to the clients. “It’s an incredibly heart’s difficult job,” Fry notes. desire at Surprisingly, a comparatively small Alchemy. number of Vermonters find physical, emotional and spiritual comfort in hospice settings. Vermont ranked 48th among the states in the rate of hospice utilization, according to 2011 data from the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care. Only New Yorkers and Alaskans were proportionately less likely to choose this different way of dying. “The best quality of care at the end of life is available to people enrolled in hospice,” declares Ursula McVeigh, attending physician at the University of Vermont Medical Center’s palliative care service. “It helps preserve energy for the things that matter. It can enable people to achieve what they regard as a good death.” “It’s wonderful,” affirms Patricia Allen Morgan, a 90-yearold resident of Allenwood, an assisted-living community in South Burlington, where she receives hospice care through the Visiting Nurse Association of Chittenden and Corner of Pine & Howard StreetS Grand Isle Counties. “The people www.alchemyjewelryarts.com involved are so full of grace.” Morgan says she opted for hospice in part because her husband, who died Say you saw it in... 11/17/14 4:18 PM 6v-grannis/alchemy111914.indd 1 in 2004, had received such care at Allenwood, their home since 2001. “I saw how good that was,” Morgan recalls. sevendaysvt.com “Hospice is really the best choice.” The 11 hospice-related agencies in Vermont can arrange for counselors, social workers, chaplains, home health aides and nurses to support people whom doctors certify to be in the final six months of life. These team members strive to alleviate pain and allay fear once a person has made the decision to eschew efforts to cure a terminal illness. “Many people feel better when they get rid of a lot of the medicines they’d been taking,” observes Fry. And evidence suggests that a person may live longer on hospice care than if he or she were being treated for an incurable sickness in a hospital. Hospice services can be administered in an individual’s home, a nursing facility or at Williston-based Vermont Respite House, the only standalone facility of its kind in the state. Medicare, the federal health insurance program for the elderly, covers all these forms of assistance, along with at-home use of medical equipment such as wheelchairs and hospital beds. Approximately 5,500 people die in Vermont annually, but only 1,763 Vermonters made use of Medicare’s hospice benefit in 2011, according HEALTH Ph (802) 754-2842 or Website: www.vtdrivered.com Got A NEWS tIP? 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I think Dad’s going to Association of Chittenden and Grand come out of this.’” Isle Counties estimates that about 30 In addition, residents of a percent of deaths in the state take place predominantly rural state may not in hospice care. At the same time, “the have access to the range of end-of-life vast majority of Vermonters say they amenities available to Americans in would rather die at home than in a urban areas. Vermont, for example, has hospital or nursing facility,” the VNA only a single for-profit hospice agency — chapter notes. New Jersey-based Bayada Home Health No one knows what factors account Care, which operates in four states and for this discrepancy between preferred from offices in Essex Junction, Norwich and actual settings for the close of life. and Rutland. Competition between But health policy consultant Kevin nonprofit providers and entities such Veller, who is overseeing as Bayada results in more a statewide hospice study intensive marketing of for the VNA, presents a few hospice services and, thus, hypotheses. enhanced public awareness “Vermonters are fiercely of this type of care, Means independent and feel they says. can take care of their own. Despite its low ranking They don’t want somebody on the hospice-use from the outside coming scale, Vermont’s ethic of in,” Veller says. “It’s a compassion does ease the cultural thing.” passage of many dying Use of hospice care URSUL A MCVEig h, individuals not enrolled UVM MEdiC AL may also be limited by in a hospice program, CEnT ER misconceptions of what suggests UVM’s McVeigh, it entails or by a general who studied palliative lack of awareness of this medicine through a alternative to dying in a hospital or in Harvard University fellowship. “I a nursing home that doesn’t provide don’t believe we’re 48th in the quality formal hospice services, according of end-of-life care,” she says. to Angel Means, Vermont director of Dedicated volunteers assist at end-of-life care programs for the VNA. hospice agencies that depend heavily It’s often assumed — incorrectly — that on their help, Fry says. Many are hospice care can be provided only in an motivated to donate their time or institution and that it will no longer be money after experiencing what possible to use one’s personal physician, hospice meant for someone they loved, Means notes. she says. Means notes that the VNA’s “A lot of smart Vermonters wouldn’t end-of-life care programs are powered be able to say what hospice is,” suggests in part by 300 volunteers. Every one of Veller. “Nobody talks about this subject. them has been trained over a period of And almost no one is going down this 11 weeks. road with experience of what hospice Fry came to a career in hospice care is like.” after the death of her brother 35 years Many Americans resist the ago. “There was nothing like this for conclusion that further medical him at that time,” she recalls. interventions are pointless, adds “Death is a great mystery,” Fry Veller, whose study is scheduled to be philosophizes. “We’re all in this great completed in the spring. “We’re such a mystery together.” culture of ‘cure it, cure it, cure it,’” she Hospice was initiated in part by says. “‘Let’s go back to the hospital and peace activists of the Vietnam War era, get another fix.’” she recounts. “It was politically driven. Some relatives of a person in life’s Many people who got conscientiousfinal phase may refuse to accept that objector status during Vietnam did a loved one’s death is approaching, service training in hospitals. They saw Veller continues. A daughter or son may localmatters Nutcracker The Hospice Care « p.19 many ways in which health care could be improved.” Hospice became an option at about the same time as did birthing centers, Fry says. Both emphasize the benefits of autonomy, one at the start of life and one at the end. The onslaught of AIDS in the mid-1980s further propelled the shift to hospice, she adds. “We had lots of people dying in their twenties or thirties,” and many of them wanted a setting of solace, Fry says. Living in her home while receiving hospice services enables Morgan to spend her days writing poetry VERMONT’S OWN CHRISTMAS TRADITION 10TH ANNIVERSARY DECEMBER 20, 2014 2pm & 7pm DECEMBER 21, 2014 1pm & 6:30pm THE FLYNN CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS BURLINGTON, VERMONT TICKETS START AT $22 and reading books, sometimes with assistance from volunteers. “I still have most of my marbles,” quips the former director of the Converse Home, an assisted-living community in Burlington. She also gets a massage once a week, Morgan relates. “You can’t believe what that does for me,” she says with a sigh. But the best aspect of her hospice care, Morgan adds, is that she can continue to enjoy the companionship of her 13-year-old cat, Tabby. “They take good care of my cat here, not just me,” she says. m Contact: [email protected]. CALL 802-86FLYNN OR ONLINE WWW.FLYNNTIX.ORG Packed Prisons « p.17 They were concerned abouT Their safeTy 12.03.14-12.10.14 in person: 153 Main St., Burlington by phone: 802-86-FLYNN, v/relay online: www.flynntix.org JULY 2013 SPONSORED BY 20 LOCAL MATTERS “Many of them do have potential housing options that would take At a cost of $58,000 annually, them.” Pelkey-Grant has remained at the Pallito recently told a legislative women’s Chittenden Regional committee that were he ever manCorrectional Facility in South dated to end his contract with CCA Burlington. Meanwhile, the state’s and bring out-of-state inmates back prisons are packed, forcing the DOC to Vermont, he would immediately reto pay $17 million a year to house up lease the housing-strapped prisoners to 660 of Vermont’s overflow inmates to make room. in various Kentucky and Arizona State law gives the DOC enormous prisons. Vermont pays the privately latitude on the conditions they can owned Corrections Corporation of impose on released inmates. And until America to take the her maximum sentence inmates off its hands. expires in nine years, Critics of private the DOC will control prisons have urged the Pelkey-Grant’s life. DOC to abandon the “The law is pretty contract and find ways clear,” said assistant to reduce the overall Vermont attorney geninmate population. eral Robert Menzel, DOC officials have who represents the long countered that DOC, during Pelkeythey aren’t to blame Grant’s hearing. “These — judges are sending cases really aren’t subthem more inmates ject to review.” than the state has given In the next few them space for. Yet weeks, Judge Helen A S hLE y F i S k there are currently 241 Toor will release a inmates like Pelkeywritten decision on Grant — more than 10 Pelkey-Grant’s request percent of the Vermont prison popula- to live in Rutland. Earlier this month, tion — who are eligible for release but she rejected Menzel’s suggestion to remain incarcerated because the DOC dismiss the lawsuit, cutting his argudoesn’t like where they plan to live. ment short. Vermonters for Criminal Justice “The DOC is not above review,” Reform says the DOC should get out argued Green, Pelkey-Grant’s attorof the housing game, saying they are ney. “It’s just an agency like any other far too quick to reject inmates’ hous- agency. They have discretion, but they ing plans. can’t abuse it.” m “That’s the opinion of people in jail, that they’re being denied for arbiContact: [email protected], trary reasons,” said VCJR leader Suzi 865-1020, ext. 23, or @Davis7D Wizowaty, a former state lawmaker. FOR INFO 878-2941 • P.O.BOX 8147 ESSEX, VT WWW.VBTS.ORG • [email protected] k2v-VTBS1114.indd 1 7/2 TUE Vermont Symphony Orchestra (VSO) TD Bank Summer Festival Tour @ Hunter Fairground, Manchester 7/3 WED VSO TD Bank Summer Festival Tour @ Grafton Ponds, Grafton 7/4 THU VSO TD Bank Summer Festival Tour @ Shelburne Farms, Shelburne 7/5 FRI VSO TD Bank Summer Festival Tour @ Suicide Six Ski Area, South Pomfret 7/6 SAT Gallery Exhibit: Clark Russell: “Mixed Media” (Saturdays through 8/24) @ Amy E. Tarrant Gallery 7/6 SAT VSO TD Bank Summer Festival Tour @ Jay Peak Resort, Jay Peak 7/7 SUN VSO TD Bank Summer Festival Tour @ Trapp Concert Meadow, Stowe 7/9 TUE Circus Smirkus (7/9-11) @ Champlain Valley Exposition, Essex Junction 7/10 WED Emmylou Harris and Rodney Crowell @ Flynn MainStage 7/14 SUN 17th Annual Flynn Garden Tour @ Gardens located in Shelburne 7/14 SUN Viva Vivaldi @ McCarthy Arts Center Recital Hall, Saint Michael’s College, Colchester 7/15 MON Vermont Summer Music Festival: Gilbert & Sullivan @ McCarthy Arts Center Recital Hall, Saint Michael’s College, Colchester 7/17 WED Vermont Summer Music Festival: The Three Bs @ Basin Harbor Club, Vergennes 7/18 THU “Shrek, the Musical” (7/18-21) @ FlynnSpace 7/19 FRI Vermont Summer Music Festival: Brahms on the Waterfront @ Main Street Landing Film House 7/21 SUN Vermont Cheesemakers Festival @ The Coach Barn at Shelburne Farms, Shelburne 11/18/14 3:45 PM Vermont Summer Music Festival: Mozart Magic @ Saint Paul’s Cathedral 7/21 SUN Vermont Jazz Ensemble @ Grand Isle Lake House, Grand Isle 7/25 THU CALL 864-5684 TO ADVERTISE YOUR BUSINESS. 21 1t-TESTI-aristelle1113.indd 1 11/18/13 6:32 PM stateof thearts UVM Alum Talks About Producing The Hunger Games and Foxcatcher B y m ar g ot harr i so n U 22 STATE OF THE ARTS SEVEN DAYS Film Steve Carell and Channing Tatum in Foxcatcher he headed to New York and embarked on a producing career that has included award-winning films by Spike Lee, Jim Jarmusch and Alejandro González Iñárritu. Last fall, Kilik drew industry press for his keynote speech at the Independent Film Week Conference, in which he argued that independent film is headed for a “renaissance,” contra recent gloomy prophecies from Steven Spielberg and others. In advance of Kilik’s trip to Burlington, we asked him via email about the future of indies and what it’s like to helm a huge franchise — one whose iconography has made surreal recent appearances in real-life politics. Students in Thailand have adopted the Hunger Games’ three-finger salute as a sign of protest against the military junta, leading to the cancellation of Mockingjay screenings at one Thai cinema chain, as various news outlets reported on November 20. Solstice Singe: ‘Celsius’ Burns in the Colder but Longer Days SD: You’ve said we could be headed for a “renaissance in indie filmmaking.” What does this mean to students like those at UVM? JK: Film students today have access to tools that make it easier to shoot, edit and even distribute their work. Digital Courtesy of Chris Cleary SEVENDAYSvt.com niversity of Vermont alumnus Jon Kilik ’78 is having a good month. He produced the film that is currently No. 1 at the box office (The Hunger Games: Mockingjay, Part 1) and the film that Esquire recently characterized as “the Oscar movie to beat.” That’s Foxcatcher, which tells the fact-based story of the ill-fated partnership between millionaire John du Pont (Steve Carell) and two wrestler brothers (Channing Tatum and Mark Ruffalo) whom he hoped to train for the 1988 Olympic Games. On Tuesday, December 2, Kilik took time out to return to Burlington and talk with students in UVM’s Film and Television Studies program. He spent the day visiting classes, then hosted a campus screening that marks the Vermont premiere of Foxcatcher. Already out in major markets, the drama directed by Bennett Miller (Capote, Moneyball) won’t reach Vermont multiplexes until early next year. In a rave review, Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described it as “hold[ing] up a dark mirror to the American dream.” Accolades are nothing new for Kilik, whose filmography reads like a history of the past quarter century in independent film. After a post-grad job at WCAX, SEVEN DAYS: You have two seemingly very different films in theaters right now. What do they have in common, and how do they reflect the evolution of your career? JON KILIK: I guess to most people, Foxcatcher and The Hunger Games are as different as night and day. To me they are both night and share a common thread that runs through every film I’ve chosen to make. I’ve been working on the same movie for the last 25 years. They all examine citizens of a country divided by class and race and power and greed. [The] disenfranchised living in isolation on the edge of society and the entitled living in isolation from within. The haves and the have nots. Katniss Everdeen and President Snow. Mark Schultz and John du Pont. In each case they inhabit worlds so different from one another that perhaps they should never meet. But they do. Foxcatcher and The Hunger Games are my two sibling tragedies. Brother protecting brother. Sister protecting sister. Not wanting the dangers that find them. Thrown into an “arena” with little chance to survive, they become fierce warriors and reluctant heroes. B y li z ca ntre ll F or Vermonters who dread the months-long onslaught of snow, ice and perpetually runny noses, the winter solstice offers a beacon of hope. The shortest day of the year signals increasingly longer days to come and, eventually, more light and warmth. Chris and Kim Cleary aim to help us greet the winter season and beat back the blues with Celsius (The Winter Burn) on Saturday, December 20. The fiery fest has taken place for three previous years in the couple’s backyard in Jericho, but this year’s event will be held in a larger West Bolton location. Fittingly, the idea was hatched during a journey to the famed Burning Man celebration out west. In 2009, Chris Cleary accompanied a friend who had built a large, Ferris wheel-type structure to torch at that festival in the Nevada desert. He returned a changed man. “Everything is art, I came to realize,” Cleary says. “That’s what I got out of Burning Man. It’s about getting people together for art to make them all happy.” So for his 35th birthday, he continues, “I decided to build a burning sculpture of Father Time.” The Clearys started Celsius in 2011 and have built 15 burning sculptures in that time, including a motorcycle, a mammoth, a Minotaur, a dragon, the ill-fated Icarus and the Greek sun god Helios. Kim Cleary, who has a background in nonprofit agricultural work, manages the event’s logistics. Chris has been a stone sculptor for 15 years and also works with copper and brass. (The local arts community may recall his steampunk-inspired structures exhibited in Burlington in recent years.) Stone is by nature a permanent medium, making Cleary’s transition to fire work — an art form meant to disappear — a seemingly incongruous leap. Yet he sees a connection between the two. “Every sculpture I sell I have to say good-bye to,” he points out. “It’s the same scoop here [at the burn]. You build it and it’s gone.” Cleary believes that people are drawn to fire because of both its drama and its fleeting, shape-shifting nature. “It’s a medium that’s in the moment,” he says. “The impermanence is a beautiful thing.” Celsius has previously been free to the public, but this year, Cleary noted, they 2013 Celsius Got AN ArtS tIP? [email protected] but a good number of indies always seem to break through. If the films are good, people will want to go, and the theaters will show them. This year again there is a great lineup of indie films that will all play in Vermont theaters — Boyhood, Birdman, Whiplash, Foxcatcher, to name just a few. photography and the internet broke down big barriers. But it still comes down to storytelling. Great writing and great imagination. Those are the intangibles that never change. The nice thing now is that you can experiment. Keep shooting. Keep honing your craft. If you have a great idea you can shoot something compelling with your iPhone. SD: What about Vermonters who find they can see fewer and fewer indie films in theaters? Should we stop expecting theatrical distribution to be part of the picture? JK: I hope not. The screens do get gobbled up by the big commercial films, Celebrate. SD: What do you think students and youth in particular will respond to in Foxcatcher? JK: I’m very curious. We’ll see on Tuesday. I think they will be especially impressed by the acting and directing. Steve Carell is amazing to watch. All of the acting is great, but Steve’s performance is really unbelievable. SD: Do you have any opinion on the appropriation of the Hunger Games salute as a real-world political symbol? JK: The dystopian society in The Hunger Games is not so distant from the world and future that young people Jacob and Kristin Albee today face. With corrupt politics, loss JacobAlbee.com . 802-540-0401 of a middle class and an increasingly 41 Maple Street, Burlington, VT Hours BY APPOINTMENT ONLY soulless culture, many young people feel that those in power can’t be trusted to protect their future or support their dreams. And just like Katniss, Gale and 8V-JacobAlbee120314.indd 1 6:22 PM MU SI C PERFO RMA NCE: 12/1/148V-LeZot120314.indd Peeta, many young people today harbor hope nevertheless that they can fight to effect change and build the lives they deserve through some form of protest. I couldn’t be more proud. m Jacob Albee Goldsmith SUND AY December 7 2:00 pm Warm your heart on a chilly winter afternoon. Listen in the Museum’s beautiful Marble Court as the University Concert Choir and Catamount Singers perform music that has inspired and entertained countless generations. Free Admission Fleming Museum of Art \| 61 Colchester Avenue, Burlington \| www.flemingmuseum.org 4t-fleming120314.indd 1 11/26/14 9:04 AM STATE OF THE ARTS 23 Celsius (The Winter Burn) is Saturday, December 20, at 4 p.m., in West Bolton. Directions provided with ticket purchase. $35 adults; $30 children ages 12 and under. cirquedefuego.com Bror Thure Thulstrop (Swedish-American, 1848-1930), Winter Carnival on Lake Champlain, c. 1880. Ink on paper. Plate 18” X 27” Gift of Mrs. George Percival, 1968.2 SEVEN DAYS INFo 12.03.14-12.10.14 Even as they prepare for the winter burn, the Clearys are looking ahead to the summer solstice. They plan to offer overnight camping and to accommodate some 500 people. “By next summer, we are hoping to be a Burning Man-sanctioned event,” Chris Cleary says. And, yes, there is an official Burning Man guide and certification process. “There’s a 250-page binder of how to do a regional burning event, everything from security, parking and safety to how to use your lighters. They spell it all out,” he explains. For now, the Clearys invite heatseeking Vermonters to attend the 2014 winter burn and to rejoice in longer days ahead. m SEVENDAYSVt.com are selling tickets to cover the insurance and venue costs associated with the new location. The event will also offer a wider variety of entertainment. In addition to the main sculpture-burning event, a projected 250 attendees can look forward to more than a dozen pyrotechnic performers from around the Northeast, including fire breathers, fire jugglers, palm-torch dancers and choreographed fire-hoop dancers Green Mountain Hoop troop. Cleary also hints at a daredevil BMX fire event. Should anyone need a break from the flames, they can stay warm with Burlington band red Hot Juba, which plays a self-described genre of “blisterin’ hot, countrified jazz and Green Mountain swing.” Citizen bare, an Americana outfit from Jericho, will also share the stage. As has been the case at previous burns, there will be no food or drink vendors. Attendees are encouraged to bring a dish to share, in keeping with the communal vibe of the event, says Cleary. COuRTESy OF JOn KiliK Unique pieces in Gibeon Meteorite, 100% recycled gold, diamonds, and other fine gemstones. STATEof THEarts What We Wore: Vintage Ski Fashion on View in Stowe FASHION B Y XI A N CHI A N G- WAREN P laid wool body suits, furry boots, cropped lime-greenand-pink jackets — that’s not exactly what comes to mind when one thinks of “ski wear” these days. As this year’s winter season kicks off, the slopes of area resorts are dotted with athletes outfitted in high-tech, breathable fabrics (see this week’s cover story for samples). But visitors to the world,” says guest curator POPPY GALL, a Stowe resident and cofounder of women’s skiwear brand Isis. A public opening celebration and retro skiwear party — yes, this is your opportunity to bust out Grandpa’s old woolen ski jacket — happens this Friday, December 5. The core of the “Slope Style” collection was donated or lent to the museum VERMONT SKI AND SNOWBOARD by former Bogner model MUSEUM in Stowe this season and film star SANDRA HEATH. will take in a dazzling array Now in her eighties and of designer ski wear from a former museum board the presynthetic era. member, Heath amassed Opening this week, the an impressive personal colPOPPY GALL museum’s ski-fashion exlection of designer outfits hibit, “Slope Style: Fashion during her years working on Snow 1930-2014,” feaon film and photo shoots. tures 35 fully accessorized outfits. A The star moved to Stowe in the 1950s, special section is dedicated to Vermont the “heyday” of popularity for American skiwear brands past and present, from ski towns, Gall says. Bogner to Burton. Earlier this year, Heath donated “A lot of them are gone now, but they 25 outfits from her collection to the definitely played a part in the ski-fashion museum. Thirteen of them were culled IT BECAME A SEXY, FUN SPORT for the “Slope Style” exhibit — the “crème de la crème,” in Gall’s words — to help illustrate the evolution of ski fashion over the decades. Museum staff dug into its A Screenwriter-Turned-Playwright Tells Shakespeare’s Story Onstage B Y PA MEL A PO LSTON E veryone likes to be read to, right? Parents know this, and so do thespians. In the theater world, the staged reading is a popular way to present a new play. Readings have another huge advantage: They’re way cheaper than a full production. Plus, actors don’t have to memorize lines that might go changin’. With a steadily growing community of local actors and writers, it’s no wonder more staged readings have cropped up in Vermont — including SETH JARVIS’ monthly PLAYMAKERS series in Burlington and Waterbury-based MOXIE PRODUCTIONS’ recent presentation of a work-in-progress by a New York playwright. JOHN NAGLE points out another advantage of the format: audience feedback, before it’s too late. That is, playwrights who are still shaping their work can find out what resonates, or not, with its listeners, what words might make actors stumble, and what concepts, characters or storylines are not adequately fleshed out. It’s a unique interplay of artist and audience, and an opportunity to see just how a theatrical work takes form. JON HAS TAKEN EVERYTHING WE KNOW FOR SURE AND CONNECTED THE DOTS. J OH N N AGL E All of this is exactly why Nagle, the cofounder and executive director of VERMONT SHAKESPEARE COMPANY, is directing a staged reading of Will this Saturday, December 6, at OFF CENTER FOR THE DRAMATIC ARTS. Never heard of it? Neither has anyone else. That’s because the play, about William Shakespeare at a critical juncture in his life, is brand new. Vermonters who attend can listen and then give their two cents during a reception following the play with writer JON GLASCOE. Glascoe, a Middlebury College graduate who went on to a career in film and television, originally wrote Will as a screenplay. But it was around the time, Nagle says, that Shakespeare in Love came out. That movie was an unexpected hit, and Glascoe decided that was not the time to pitch his idea. Will went dormant for more than a decade. When Nagle met Glascoe last year, after a production of VSC’s The Winter’s Tale, the two bonded over their shared interest in the Bard. Long story short, the screenwriter turned his piece into a play, Nagle assembled a cast, including New York actor Eric Sheffer-Stevens to play Shakespeare, and the work will finally be realized in the cozy confines of Off Center. COURTESY OF VERMONT SHAKESPEARE COMPANY SEVENDAYSVT.COM 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS 24 STATE OF THE ARTS Sandra Heath wearing Bogner, early 1960s COURTESY OF SANDRA HEATH BECAUSE OF STRETCH PANTS. permanent collection for “really choice” outfits that fill out the story, Gall says. In the 1930s, the favored fabrics for ski wear were wool and cotton. “There was no such thing as nylon or Lycra or elastic,” Gall notes. Quilted apparel and down garments didn’t crop up until the late 1950s or early ’60s, she estimates. “All of your warmth came from layering,” Gall continues. “Wool long underwear, wool pants, cashmere sweaters, wool sweaters. And most people wore these cotton poplin anoraks.” Many of the available options didn’t stand up to wear and tear on the slopes. “Gabardine was a popular fabric because it was densely woven to block the wind, but, you know, you fell down in the snow and came up looking like a snowball!” Gall says with a laugh. “People would wear leather mittens that would get wet and completely torn apart when they grabbed on to a rope tow.” Then, in the 1960s, Bogner invented one of the signature garments of ski wear: stretch pants. “I think that alone made skiing popular,” Gall says. “The fact that you could wear these really tight-fitting, THEATER GOT AN ARTS TIP? [email protected] COURTESY OF PENNIE RAND/VSSM Bogner, late 1960s in-the-boot wool pants that had some stretch to them. Women of the right shape just looked fantastic, and it really changed the way people looked at ski fashion. It became a sexy, fun sport because of stretch pants.” Accordingly, a lot of stretch pants show up in this collection — several of them belonging to Heath, who personally dressed some of the mannequins in the exhibit. “She lives in Stowe and can just pop over to the museum,” Gall explains. “She’s been really fantastic in the last week, like, Oh, you can add this here, and Oh, I have a fantastic pair of boots to go with this! We have a lot of stuff of hers on loan for the exhibit to augment what [Heath] has donated,” Gall adds. “She just can’t believe there’s so much interest and enthusiasm around this.” NOR T H E R N S TAG E BY CHARLES DICKENS ADAPTED BY MICHAEL WILSON A ghostly and magical tradition for the whole family! $15.00 Anytime Student/Child Tickets CELEBRATE THE HOLIDAYS AT NORTHERN STAGE NOW THROUGH DEC. 28 802.296.7000 northernstage.org White River Junction, VT 6H-NorthStage112614.indd 1 11/24/14 3:03 PM Come, celebrate the solstice Contact: [email protected] with a program of woodwind quintets, quartets, and trios, including Renaissance-themed quintets by Milhaud and Roseman, and Scandinavian solstice songs. INFO “Slope Style: Fashion on Snow 1930-2014” through October 2015 at the Vermont Ski and Snowboard Museum in Stowe. Opening reception and vintage ski fashion show, Friday, December 5, 7 to 9 p.m. Donations accepted. vtssm.com SprucePeakArts.org • 760-4634 Contact: [email protected] Will by Jon Glascoe, staged reading directed by John Nagle. Saturday, December 6, 7 p.m., at Off Center for the Dramatic Arts in Burlington. $15 (benefit for Vermont Shakespeare Company). vermontshakespeare.org 22nd ANNUAL 12/1/14 1:18 PM Hand-crafted Gifts from 40 Countries Global Cuisine World Music and Dance International Fashion Show… and much more Admission good for entire weekend! Sponsored in part by STATE OF THE ARTS 25 INFO 6h-sppac120314.indd 1 SEVEN DAYS both here and in New York. Meantime, a local cast alongside Sheffer-Stevens — who recently performed with John Lithgow in King Lear in Manhattan — will put Glascoe’s words to the test. Side note: After his own considerable career with Shakespeare’s plays, Nagle will appear in a contemporary work — Or, by Liz Duffy Adams — in VERMONT STAGE COMPANY’s production beginning January 28. “When CRISTINA [ALICEA] cast me, she told me it’s a little risqué,” says Nagle. “It’s basically a sex farce.” Surely the Bard would approve. 12.03.14-12.10.14 Will is described as “a partially fictionalized chronicle of Shakespeare’s experiences during the period in his life when he was about to write Hamlet.” The historic context is the Essex Rebellion of 1601, in which factions attempted to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I. Shakespeare, in fact, was accused of helping to incite the conflict. Nagle applauds Glascoe’s “exhaustingly researched” story — the screenwriter “wrote it with an Oxford don, a Shakespeare scholar,” he says. That said, many details of Shakespeare’s life remain mysterious. After all, “he didn’t know he was going to become immortal,” as Nagle puts it. Why keep notes? “Jon has taken everything we know for sure and connected the dots,” Nagle says. But he’s quick to note that Will is “not a museum piece.” With feedback from their Vermont audience, Glascoe and Nagle aim to produce a fully mounted play at some point, Stowe, VT WHISKEY TANGO FOXTROT by liz cantrell What’s with the headless woman mural on Pine Street? matthew thorsen 26 WTF SEVEN DAYS 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVENDAYSvt.com B urlington is home to myriad street murals: the A-Dog tribute in the alley adjacent to Nectar’s, the black-and-white portraits on the side of Merrill’s Roxy Cinemas, and the Buddha on a storage building facing Calahan Park, to name a few. Another curious mural appeared recently, this time on the south-facing wall of Tapna Yoga on Pine Street, across from Conant Metal & Light. The mural’s unusual scene sets it apart from some of the more straightforward ones around town. Against a pastoral backdrop of green mountains, a headless woman in a striped shirt holds a bowl containing several goldfish. One fish is escaping, swimming into a large wave on the right. Above that, a large fish hovers, looking back at his friends as if beckoning them to join him in freedom. The odd imagery is enough to make a passerby think, WTF? Why doesn’t the woman have a head? Is the painting unfinished? The mural’s story is one of collaboration, involving one business, two nonprofits, one artist, several volunteers and, by a stroke of luck, a presidential touch. Tapna Yoga is one of several businesses at 257-277 Pine Street. About six months ago, Nigel Mucklow — a partner at New England Floor Covering, which owns the building — got a call from Josh Manes, the East Coast director of Beautify Earth. The California-based organization creates public and private art projects in various mundane places: on water valves, pipes and the walls of rundown buildings. The idea is to turn these facades into inspiring public art. Someone at Beautify Earth thought the Tapna Yoga wall was mural-worthy, and Mucklow green-lighted the project. “It’s a really different wall because we have a lot of electrical wires there,” he explains. “My feeling was, anything was better than what we had.” Brian Clark is a muralist who volunteers as Burlington’s project manager for Beautify Earth. He describes Pine Street as an ideal area to launch the nonprofit’s mission in Vermont, and hopes that it will jump-start similar developments in other towns. “The main beautification effort on Pine Street is looking at dilapidated building fronts that could definitely use a face-lift, and trying to organize some artists and see who is interested,” Clark says. “It brings art tourism and an outdoor experience just by taking a walk.” For Beautify Earth’s inaugural mural in Vermont, they worked with B Corporation, a Vermont nonprofit that accredits companies for practicing sustainability and social responsibility. Beautify Earth contacted various artists for submissions, including East Montpelier artist Amanda Hallock. Hallock had 24 hours to respond with a design, and B Corp ultimately chose and funded her mural. An upholsterer as well as fine artist, Hallock found unlikely inspiration for her mural at a pet store. “I was contemplating buying a goldfish, and I went to the local pet store, only to be educated by the staff that, if you put a goldfish in a bowl, the fish will be unable to grow and live for an extended period of time,” she says. “It was kind of a slap in the face. Like, Duh, obviously it would die. Who the hell wants to live in a fish bowl?” Accordingly, Hallock’s mural invites viewers to contemplate life “outside the fish bowl,” she explains. If you are willing to take a leap and be the change, the artist suggests, there is a world waiting for you. Appropriately, B Corp’s slogan is “B the change.” Hallock painted the mural over two nights — in the dark, while it was raining — with the help of several volunteers. She used a combination of exterior house paint and Kobra aerosol spray paint. The mural has a unique distinction: President Obama watched it being constructed in real time. Hallock, then unaware that the President was involved, had been asked to send Beautify Earth continuous updates on the mural’s progress through a series of photo texts from her phone. Obama happened to be visiting California’s Beautify office for a meeting and viewed the photographs as an example of the organization’s mission. Just like Burlington locals, Obama puzzled over the headless woman. The confusion, Hallock says, is intentional. “The one message I wanted to be sure to send to those interpreting this mural is that change doesn’t belong to one face,” she says. “Although it maybe starts with one person, it’s definitely much bigger than he or she.” Mucklow’s take? “If some people think it’s unfinished, that’s art, I guess.” While the owners of New England Floor Covering considered “completing” the headless woman — even the possibility of creating different heads with seasonal themes — Mucklow says they ultimately decided against it. “If people are talking about it and asking about it, it’s meeting its purpose,” he says. “I’m not here to say it’s good or bad art; it’s just art.” m INFO Outraged, or merely curious, about something? Send your burning question to [email protected]. THE STRAIGHT DOPE BY CECIL ADAMS Dear Cecil, There has been a lot of discussion on the distribution of wealth, particularly to the top 1 percent. I’m wondering about the bottom 20 percent — how do they compare to the bottom 20 percent of 50 years ago? Based on casual observation, it would seem the lowest class is much better off than a couple of generations ago. Is that true, or am I just getting cynical in my old age? DJ, Minneapolis CARAMAN A measles have all gone down. The maternal and under-5 mortality rates are significantly lower, and there are fewer underweight children. Progress in these areas has vastly exceeded that for the top quarter, and poverty has dropped from 40 to 14 percent worldwide. That’s pretty much the end of the good news. Yes, the poorest denizens of the poorest corners of the world have stopped dying from the most easily preventable of diseases. But here at the other end of the spectrum, we’re going in the opposite direction. From the end of World War II into the mid-’70s, overall U.S. economic growth was high, and income inequality significantly declined — the bottom fifth of the population’s income increased by more than the top fifth’s did for two decades. Right around the time the mullet was becoming a popular hairstyle, though, it was growing increasingly clear that the golden years were over. Every academic paper pinpoints a slightly different year things started to go south, but the graphs all look essentially the same: Between 1980 and 2005, the bottom quintile’s income becomes a straight horizontal line (less than half a percent growth) while the top quintile is at a 45-degree angle (four times that much). The bottom fifth’s share of the overall wealth has deteriorated. In fact, the bottom 90 percent’s share of wealth has dropped by 25 percent. The richest 3 percent of Americans now own more than half of the country’s wealth. As much fun as we used to make of Imelda Marcos and her shoe collection, we now have a less equal society than the Philippines. But the inequality goes further than income. The gap in life expectancy between a tiny handful of people receive the benefits of these profits. It’s not hard to see this as evidence for the threshold hypothesis: the idea that for every state there’s a point where economic growth stops benefiting society as a whole and instead only serves to make the rich richer. So where’s the Robin Hood in this situation? Some argue we need more college graduates in order to take advantage of the skilled-unskilled wage gap. This worked 70 years ago, when a huge wave of new high school graduates helped provide a more highly skilled workforce than any other in the world. But the globalized economy means American degree-holders would face more competition than ever, and anyway the bottom quintile would likely remain unaffected. Have things improved for the poor in the last 50 years? If you’re a white American male, not by much. (We left out the whole females-and-minorities end of the discussion, but hey, we’ve only got 850 words.) Are we therefore screwed? Probably not, but I will say I’m glad I’m not the one in charge of the policy decisions, even if it means I’m staying out of the top quintile. INFO SEVENDAYSVT.COM s anyone who reads both the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times knows, the answer to this question can vary wildly depending on your political affiliation. We here at the Straight Dope valiantly strive to be a voice of reason in these partisan times, however. Brace yourself for heavy usage of the word quintile. Worldwide, the lives of people in the very lowest-income countries have improved — or at least they last longer and are punctuated by fewer diseases. Dramatic progress has been made over the last two decades in particular: Life expectancy for the bottom quarter has improved by twice as much as in the highest-income countries. Nearly two billion people have gained access to what the World Health Organization calls “improved sanitation” (i.e., safe drinking water and hygienic latrines). Mortality as a result of TB, malaria, AIDS and the rich and the poor has increased since 1980, as has the risk of death from cancer and cardiovascular disease. The relative risk of infant mortality for the poorest quintile compared to the richest has doubled. Gains have been made in all these areas across income levels, but the greatest benefit has gone to the richest 20 percent. And the recession exacerbated these differences: Between 2007 and 2012, the bottom fifth’s income dropped by 11 percent. The top fifth’s income decreased by only 2 percent, and the top 5 percent of Americans didn’t suffer any change at all. The economically liberal will argue that our social safety net needed to work harder — but poverty-relief spending increased steeply after 2009, and U.S. poverty would have been 14.5 percentage points higher without those added benefits. Conservatives will say the issue is laws restricting commerce — but corporate profits have never been higher. The problem is that only Is there something you need to get straight? Cecil Adams can deliver the Straight Dope on any topic. Write Cecil Adams at the Chicago Reader, 11 E. Illinois, Chicago, IL 60611, or [email protected]. 12.03.14-12.10.14 Prescription Eyewear & Sunglasses 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS 28 pOli psY »»» ««« 4V-AmFlatbread120314.indd 1 Am I Mike Brown? e are all Mike Brown! We are all Mike Brown! I shouted that slogan, along with protesters of all races, last week, after a grand jury declined to indict white cop Darren Wilson for killing the unarmed black teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo., this past summer. But am I Mike Brown? A white police officer would never call my neighborhood a “hostile environment,” as Wilson characterized Ferguson in his statement to the grand jury. I would not inspire the near-hallucinatory terror that seized Wilson the day he shot Brown. The cop called Brown “a demon,” compared him to Hulk Hogan and, it seems, saw him as the superhuman Incredible Hulk himself. “It looked like he was almost bulking up to run through the [gun] shots,” said the officer, explaining why he had to keep firing until the boy lay dead on the pavement. I have walked down the middle of a street — the start of the altercation between Brown and Wilson — and no cop has driven up to suggest I move to the sidewalk. I am almost completely certain that no matter how disobediently I behaved, a cop would not shoot to kill me. As a middle-aged, middle-class white woman, I might ignore this boy and the many other people of color who are brutalized daily by police, prison guards and border patrol agents. But if I do, there will be Mike Browns far into the future. As James Baldwin said many times in many ways to white audiences, “It’s up to you. As long as you think you’re white, there is no hope for you. As long as you think you’re white, I’m going to be forced to think I’m black.” In other words, as long as I cannot imagine this big, baby-faced brown kid as my son, we’re all sunk. Said Baldwin: “We’re talking about the life and death of this country.” In the second-whitest state in America, it seems clear that people who think they are white are constantly reminding other people that they are black. According to a recent USA Today article, in Burlington, Vt., your chances of being arrested are 3.6 times higher if you’re black than if you aren’t. In Ferguson, Mo., the odds are 3 to 1. 12/2/14 11:15 AM Makeshift memorial for Michael Brown In Ferguson, Mo. © GinOsphOtOs \| dreamstime.cOm W On the public uses and abuses Of emOtiOn bY Judith levine In Vermont, from 2001 to 2010, black people were busted for marijuana possession at four times the rate of white people, according to the Vermont American Civil Liberties Union. The Sentencing Project reports that Vermont’s incarcerated population is the second most racially unbalanced in the nation, with a black-to-white ratio of 12.5 to 1, based on prisoners per number of people in the racial demographic. Recent research also finds that people of color are stopped, searched and arrested at far greater rates than whites on Vermont’s roads. Right now, at least three African American men are suing Vermont State Trooper Lewis Hatch for violations of their constitutionally protected civil rights and freedoms. In a complaint filed in Rutland County Superior Court, and now in federal district court, Aaron Hightower and his nephew, Rahmell Hightower, claim Hatch subjected them to “egregious” unconstitutional treatment, including “assault, battery and unlawful imprisonment” and sexual molestation “under the guise of official duty and routine search.” All of Hatch’s actions were taken absent anything resembling probable cause. Within a year’s time, Hatch stripsearched Aaron twice and Rahmell once. The precipitating infractions were, in the first case, the one-day-expired license of the driver, a friend of Aaron’s; and in the second, the illegally tinted windows of Rahmell’s car. In full view of passing cars, the trooper allegedly pulled the men’s pants down and shirts up and manhandled their genitals and buttocks. On the second encounter, Hatch said he smelled marijuana. Rahmell allowed a search of his car, then underwent the invasive, humiliating search. Aaron, who refused to submit again, was arrested and taken to state police headquarters. There he consented to a strip search only under threat of a full-body cavity search. The cop made him spread his cheeks and show his anus anyway. No drugs or other contraband were found in the car or on either man. Hatch is the same guy who stopped the young African American driver Greg Zullo last winter for having a dusting of snow under his (perfectly legible) license plate. The trooper smelled weed that time, too. When Zullo wouldn’t let Hatch search his car, Hatch had it towed to the police station, where again he found no pot. Zullo was left to walk home eight miles in the cold and to pay $150 for the tow. The ACLU is suing the state on Zullo’s behalf. Both suits claim Hatch violated the plaintiffs’ constitutional protection from unreasonable search and seizure, apparently a habit of the officer’s. “We have had multiple cases in criminal court dismissed because the judge has found that Lewis Hatch’s search of persons and vehicles was unconstitutional,” said Well said, gov, you might reply — Mark Furlan, the Hightowers’ attorney. until you realize Nixon was not talking But is the trooper singling out black about Mike Brown or his family or the people for abuse? The law makes it residents of Ferguson. He was lamenting hard to affirm. U.S. courts have ruled the fate of some people in Ferguson — that discrimination isn’t discrimination those who own businesses threatened unless it’s clearly intentional. The state by fire and looting. police, in fact, have bias-free policing On CNN, Wolf Blitzer also has rules. Officer Hatch uttered no racial been preaching to “the looters.” slurs. The Hightowers’ “Demonstrations, fine. original lawsuit said Protest, fine. Expressing Hatch targeted them out anger, fine,” he said on of “ill will and animus for one of many occasions. their race.” But when the “But do it peacefully and defendant moved to drop don’t engage in violence.” the claim that he had vioYes, it’s senseless and lated the constitutional wrong to torch a local right to equal protection, business. Yes, nonviolent the judge in federal court, civil disobedience can James Baldwin where the lawsuit now work. It got the Civil resides, ruled in his favor. Rights Act passed — in “Evidence showing that 1964. And 50 years later, the challenged conduct was arbitrary is police are still killing black kids and getnot enough to permit an inference that ting away with it. it was intentionally discriminatory,” the Nixon, Blitzer: You’re telling the judge wrote. wrong people to act lawfully. Draw your own conclusion. But, as Baldwin suggests, maybe the Individuals may be bigots. But the whole conversation is wrong. state holds the power to define the A tentative and pale Obama told the problem and its solutions, and to visit nation last week, “The fact is, in too violence on particular bodies and many parts of this country, a deep disspirits. trust exists between law enforcement So a cop kills an unarmed man. The and communities of color … Some of this police botch the investigation. The is the result of the legacy of racial disprosecutor engineers a prejudicial grand crimination” in America. But the presijury proceeding, then stands before the dent had a solution. He was dispatching press and presents the alleged perpe- the attorney general “to help build better trator’s case as if he were the officer’s relations between communities and law defense attorney. (Most experts agree enforcement.” that St. Louis County prosecutor Robert Baldwin was already tired of such McCulloch would have gotten an indict- talk in 1986. “It’s late in the day to be ment if he had wanted one. As New York talking about race relations,” he anState Judge Solomon Wachtler once put swered a questioner at the National it, prosecutors have so much sway over Press Club. “And as long as we have grand juries that they can convince one ‘race relations,’ how can they deteto “indict a ham sandwich.”) The cop riorate or improve? I am not a race and goes on television to broadcast his “clear neither are you. No … One of the things conscience.” that most afflicts this country is that And when citizens take to the streets white people don’t know who they are — even before they take to the streets — or where they come from. That’s why they are met with the National Guard, you think I’m a problem. But I am not a armored vehicles and tear gas. When problem; your history is.” their rage overflows, they become the As long as we do not all think we are “problem.” Mike Brown, there is no hope for any “What they’ve gone through is of us. m unacceptable,” Gov. Jay Nixon of Missouri declared the night after INFo fires in downtown Ferguson. “No one poli psy is a monthly column by should have to live like this. No one Judith levine. Got a comment on this story? Contact [email protected]. deserves this.” As long As you think you’re white, there is no hope for you. SEVENDAYSVt.com 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS poli psy 29 2V-SkiRack120314.indd 1 12/2/14 3:21 PM MODEL: SARAH HEERHARTZ Ski the East Tailgater Pom Beanie, Blue, $26.95 La Sportiva Vega Pullover base layer, Fjord Malibu Blue, $108.95 WEAR IT’S AT Mammut Base Jump Touring Pants, Black, $194.25 Black Diamond Spy Glove, Dusk Gray, $56.21 Darn Tough Over-the-Calf Ultralight Sock, Boysenberry Starry Night, $22.95 Scarpa Gea AT Boots, Lake Blue/ Limelight, $599 Black Diamond Convergent Down Hoody jacket, Spectrum Blue, $499 Outdoor Gear Exchange ADDRESS: 37 Church Street BUSINESS MODEL: independently owned OPENED IN BURLINGTON: 1995 NUMBER OF STORES: 1 NUMBER OF BURLINGTON EMPLOYEES: 90-plus Burlington has become a mecca of outdoorlifestyle stores, but can they all survive? PERCENTAGE OF SALES ONLINE: 30 percent TARGET DEMOGRAPHIC: college age and up INTERESTING FACT: When the owners of Outdoor Gear Exchange, Marc Sherman and Mike Donohue, moved from Cherry Street to their current location on Church Street three years ago, building owner Tony Pomerleau wrote into their lease an option to buy the building outright within three years. On September 26, OGE launched a crowdfunding campaign that invited customers to help the store raise a down payment. In return, investors could earn up to 130 percent back in store merchandise, discounts and other perks. To date, at least 150 customers have contributed more than $90,000 toward that goal. SEVEN DAYS 30 FEATURE G reat fanfare greeted the first L.L.Bean to arrive in Vermont, and a long line snaked out the door when it opened on Friday, November 7, in the Burlington Town Center. That same weekend, the Mainebased company attracted another crowd on the Church Street Marketplace. Promotional announcements blared from its giant Bootmobile — a vehicular version of Bean’s iconic rubber-soled boot — while a boot-tossing game earned winners small prizes such as lip balm. The showy entrance was no surprise from such a retail superpower. Yet, half a block away that same afternoon, foot traffic was light at Fjällräven, another international outdoor-gear supplier. The Swedish company, which has a smattering of shops across the U.S. and Canada but is better known in Europe, had opened in Burlington just a few months earlier, without any ballyhoo. While each of the stores brings new, signature products to Vermont, neither could be said to fill a gaping market void. Shoppers seeking cold-resistant coats and recreational equipment already had locally owned Outdoor Gear Exchange, right next door to L.L.Bean. And the two North Face stores downtown. And Skirack, Patagonia, Burton, the Alpine Shop and other outdoor-apparel purveyors in the area. They’re all doing business as usual, more or less. And that’s to say nothing of the fitness-oriented clothing stores such as City Sports, lululemon athletica and Yogarama Athletica. Still, the addition of L.L.Bean and Fjällräven marks something of a retail tipping point in Burlington. In a state already known for its sporty, outdoorsy PHOTOS: MATTHEW THORSEN SEVENDAYSVT.COM B Y KEN PICAR D AN D PA M EL A POL ST ON lifestyle, the Queen City has become a mecca for consumers of the clothing and gear it requires. Without question, that’s a boon for shoppers; in downtown Burlington alone, they can park once and walk to eight different outdoor stores. Ron Redmond, executive director of the Church Street Marketplace, says the stores’ close proximity also makes it easier for managers to hire employees. HOW OGE DISTINGUISHES ITSELF FROM THE COMPETITION: Store manager and 10-year employee Brian Wade says one of OGE’s greatest strengths is its base of customers who put a premium on shopping locally. As a result, he says, the store strives to offer a wide spectrum of prices, from consignment items to last-year’s closeouts to manufacturers’ newest designs. Also, OGE will nearly always price-match if a customer sees an item sold more cheaply elsewhere. Wade admits that the company could likely make more money by replacing all its equipment and gear with more apparel. “Everybody needs clothing; not everyone needs a climbing carabiner,” he says. “But we try to never lose sight of the gear side of things.” K .P. MODEL: COREY GRENIER Burton Prowess Snowboard Jacket, Coraline Nimbus, $239.95 Burton TWC Miss Wilds Snowboard Pant, Scout, $169.95 Burton x Frye Snowboard Boot, $399.95 Anon WM1 Goggle, Lipstick/Red Solex, $219.95 Burton Favorite Leather Mitt, True Black, $74.95 Burton Crimson Fleece, True Black Heather/Vanilla Heather, $59.95 Burton Midweight Long Neck, Fun Fair, $49.95 Burton Expedition Pant, True Black, $69.95 Burton Ultralight Wool Sock, Millimint, $20.95 Burton Bessy Beanie, Millimint, $34.95 Burton Talent Scout Snowboard, $449.95 Burton Lexa EST Snowboard Binding, $269.95 THE ADDITION OF L.L. BEAN AND FJÄLLRÄVEN » P.32 BUSINESS MODEL: Locally owned by Jake Burton Carpenter and Donna Carpenter; offices in Austria, Japan, Australia, California, Canada and China OPENED IN BURLINGTON: started in 1977, moved Burton HQ here in 1992 NUMBER OF STORES: 1 flagship store in Burlington and 10 other cities (owned by Burton); 6 partner stores (co-owned with retailers) and 8 resort stores (owned by resorts) NUMBER OF BURLINGTON EMPLOYEES: 401, including 24 in retail store PERCENTAGE OF SALES ONLINE: unavailable TARGET DEMOGRAPHIC: 18 to 35 from aesthetic perspective, but sizes run from 2T to adult INTERESTING FACT: The store is built into the Burlington headquarters. “On any day, customers might bump into Jake or Donna, or a pro snowboarder,” says chief product officer John Lacy. And on Tuesdays and Thursdays, he adds, the company offers public tours of “Craig’s” — the 10,000-square-foot snowboard research and development facility. “We’re connected to the product,” says Lacy. “It’s kind of jaw-dropping when customers come through the door.” HOW BURTON DISTINGUISHES ITSELF FROM ITS COMPETITION: A young, hip look — design that often draws inspiration from street and skateboard style. And, of course, snowboard manufacture. “Our heritage sets us apart,” says Lacy. “We’re grounded in Vermont but committed to the heritage of snowboarding. The other stores are mostly soft-goods oriented. We’re both soft and hard — [and have] a youthful aesthetic with apparel and boards.” P. P. MARKS SOMETHING OF A RETAIL TIPPING POINT. Burton 12.03.14-12.10.14 concludes: “There are no downsides for the city.” Real estate appraiser Stephen Allen, a partner in Allen & Brooks in South Burlington, thinks that the city is developing as “a power center.” While it “has been losing its market share [to the suburbs] over 10 years,” he says, Burlington’s status is now improving. “Vacancy is at 1 percent,” Allen notes. “The demand is super strong.” As for the attraction of national retailers to the Queen City, he points to the “bookend of demand”: 10,000 to 15,000 students on one end and “a vibrant tourist economy” on the other. The marketing consultants for major brands have clearly, and accurately, pegged Burlington as a robust location for selling outdoor wear and gear. But what about the individual stores SEVENDAYSVT.COM Clustering, he notes, “is a natural thing that humans do.” It’s far from a new idea: Since there have been markets, like-product sellers have tended to hang together. Customers want to go where they have the most and best choices. But will the proliferation of outdoor stores remain a healthy situation for downtown Burlington, where 40 percent of the retailers are national brands? Will smaller, locally owned retailers continue to prosper alongside them? Most observers seem to think so. “The chain stores have a powerful brand and attract customers,” says Redmond. He maintains that the proximity factor ends up benefiting local boutiques: “It’s not unusual to see shoppers with a Banana Republic and a Sweet Lady Jane bag.” Shoppers are also likely to feed the city’s parking meters and seek sustenance at downtown restaurants and coffee shops. Redmond North Face @ KL Sport ADDRESS: 210 College Street, North Face LifeStyle Store, 90 Church Street, and KL Mountain Shop at 2613 Shelburne Road in Shelburne BUSINESS MODEL: locally owned partner store with North Face exclusively OPENED IN BURLINGTON: 11 years on College Street; added Church Street store in April 2013 NUMBER OF STORES: 3 NUMBER OF BURLINGTON EMPLOYEES: 31 PERCENTAGE OF SALES ONLINE: 50 TARGET DEMOGRAPHIC: male and female, 13 to 65 INTERESTING FACT: “That we have over 1,600 different models of North Face in stock; the average ski shop might have 10,” says store owner Will Vinci. His Burlington shops offer the largest amount of product of any outlet in North America, he says. which has been around since 1966. “It’s stood the test of time; it’s a super-high-end product that gets refined all the time,” he says. Customers keep coming back to it, or return to it, because of “the warranty, the value, the price, the quality — North Face is No. 1.” P.P. PHOTOS: MATTHEW THORSEN HOW NORTH FACE @ KL SPORT DISTINGUISHES ITSELF FROM ITS COMPETITION: Vinci is clear that it’s all about the brand, MODEL: COLBY ROBERTS North Face Fuse Brigandine Jacket, $499 North Face NFZ Pant, $249 North Face Thermoball Vest, $149 North Face Hooligan Glove, $110 SEVENDAYSVT.COM North Face Short-Sleeve Half Dome Tee, $25 North Face Chizzler headband, $25 North Face Verbera Lightpacker GTX, $225 North Face Warm Blended Merino Long-Sleeve Crew, $80 North Face Warm Blended Merino Tight, $80 32 FEATURE SEVEN DAYS 12.03.14-12.10.14 Wear It’s At « P.31 themselves? Will their multiplicity justify the aphorism “a rising tide lifts all boats,” or will it generate too much competition? The store representatives interviewed for this article were loath to admit that the competition was anything but good, and expressed confidence in their individual brands and services. The “outdoor mecca” phenomenon defines Burlington and Chittenden County as a market and “the lifestyle of Vermonters,” suggests Andy Kingston, co-owner of the Alpine Shop on Williston Road. Yet “all the stores serve very different purposes. The goals and objectives of the chains are different than [those of ] the local specialty stores,” he adds. One key difference from Kingston’s point of view: He believes that national chains set up bricks-and-mortar stores primarily to enhance their online business. By contrast, he says, “The local outdoor specialty store will cater specifically to Vermonters — we can fine-tune what we know people are interested in.” As for that online competition, Redmond observes that “about 60 percent of stores nationally have some component of internet sales” these days. “But customers still like to go to stores and touch things.” Of the Marketplace as a whole, he adds, “We’re in the experience business.” While retailers may aim to satisfy an infinite number of different demands, consumers typically have a finite amount of money to spend in any one shopping expedition. “I’m not wary about competition in terms of my brand,” says Will Vinci, who sells exclusively North Face — an internationally dominant brand — at three locations: North Face @ KL Sport on College Street, North Face Lifestyle Store on Church Street and KL Mountain Shop on Shelburne Road. “It’s just about the dollars spent,” he adds. “Most people have a budget.” Analyst Allen puts it this way: “When the competition gets really intense, there will be some winners and losers.” Locally owned Burton — long an international brand itself — maintains a more optimistic philosophy. “We look at Burlington and the Northeast as a whole, and it’s just growing, from an outdoor enthusiast’s perspective,” says chief product officer John Lacy. “It’s drawing a lot of new customers — vacationers, students, Canadians. It’s not competition, it’s more opportunity.” Vinci says he is “super positive” that the proliferation of outdoor retailers “will draw more people, and more tourism.” But, he concludes, “I don’t think everyone will necessarily be successful. They have to have a good story and a good brand.” Seven Days asked eight Burlingtonarea outdoor retailers for their stories, and photographed a “quintessential look” from each one. P. P. PA ID A D VE R TIS M E N T Eric: You’ve spent a lot of time and money on this project. But it’s the wrong project, in the wrong place, at the wrong time. LETTER TO ERIC 14 11 28_Layout 1 11/30/14 7:08 PM Page 1 MODEL: MIKE BLANDINA Fjällräven Keb Trousers, Green, $200 Fjällräven Stig Flannel Shirt, Dark Navy, $100 Fjällräven Ovik Lite Vest, Dark Navy, $275 Hanwag Tashi boot, Marone, $400 Fjällräven ADDRESS: 50 Church Street BUSINESS MODEL: Swedish international OPENED IN BURLINGTON: 2014 NUMBER OF STORES: 8 in the U.S. NUMBER OF BURLINGTON EMPLOYEES: 7 PERCENTAGE OF SALES ONLINE: undisclosed TARGET DEMOGRAPHIC: any purchasers of higher-end outdoor apparel SEVEN DAYS Let’s do together ! Let’s dothis this together ! FEATURE 33 HOW FJÄLLRÄVEN DISTINGUISHES ITSELF FROM THE COMPETITION: Fjällräven is a singlebrand retailer whose ethical business practices are governed by a code of conduct for all its operations. It has operated stores in the U.S. for only four years — Burlington became the sixth American “flagship store” when it opened in August — but many overseas travelers quickly recognize the company’s ubiquitous red-fox logo. (In Swedish, fjällräven means “Arctic fox.”) The company was founded in 1950 by Åke Nordin and earned its reputation by being the first to mass-produce external-frame backpacks. Today, the company is still widely known for its signature line of square-shaped Kånken backpacks and leather-detailed rucksacks, as well as its trademarked G-1000 organic cotton/polyester blend apparel. Nearly all their products with G-1000 come pretreated with a blend of beeswax and paraffin waterproofing. The Burlington store has a “waxing station” where customers can have products re-waterproofed, or learn to do it themselves. Fjällräven prides itself on its ethical business practices. Says Burlington assistant manager Casey Arnote: “We’re trying to be the most sustainable and socially responsible apparel company in the world.” 12.03.14-12.10.14 INTERESTING FACT: Fjällräven is the world’s largest producer of down, all of which comes from contracted farms that slaughter their geese for food. SEVENDAYSVT.COM retail chain I promise that if you step back and join the Eric : you’ve spent a who environmentalists lot of time and money want preserve on thisto project. But it’sthis the wrong project,unique in extraordinary, the wrong place, at landscape; the historic the wrong time. preservationists I promise that if you who want to renovate step back and join thethis environmentalists who signiﬁ cant historic want to preserve this building; and the extraordinary, unique landscape ; the historic educators – students, preservationists who faculty, parents and want to renovate this friends – historic who want to significant building ; and the College save Burlington educators – students, as a vital resource for faculty, parents and friends – who want to our community, I will save Burlington College never again oppose a as a vital resource for development our community, Iproject, will never again oppose no matter how a development project, inappropriate. Never. no matter how inappro- K . P. 2V-05401Mannie120314.indd 1 12/2/14 2:57 PM Skirack ADDRESS: 85 Main Street BUSINESS MODEL: independent and locally owned OPENED IN BURLINGTON: 1969 NUMBER OF STORES: 1 (also owns Patagonia Burlington, see below) NUMBER OF BURLINGTON EMPLOYEES: 55 PERCENTAGE OF SALES ONLINE: about 10, varies seasonally TARGET DEMOGRAPHIC: a wide cross-section of people motivated by the outdoors and the pursuit of physical fitness INTERESTING FACT: Skirack’s funky, four-level retail space at the corner of Main and Pine streets was actually two buildings that were joined in 1991. One of them once belonged to the daughter of Vermont founder Ethan Allen and her husband. During the War of 1812, the house survived a cannonball shot fired from a British ship on Lake Champlain. HOW SKIRACK DISTINGUISHES ITSELF FROM THE COMPETITION: Co-owner Zandy Wheeler says that, unlike many downtown retailers that benefit greatly from drop-in foot traffic, Skirack is primarily a destination store that local-conscious consumers seek out for the staff’s expertise on apparel and outdoor-recreation products. “People come in because they’re looking for selection and they’re looking for advice,” he says. “If you know everything about everything, you don’t need us.” Skirack has earned its reputation, he adds, by having staff test all of their apparel and gear, and not carrying items that don’t perform well under Vermont’s diverse conditions. “If you want to enjoy the winter, the summer, the spring, the wet, dry, the freezing, the cold, there is stuff made that’s pretty elegant and effective and it doesn’t have a lot of crap on it,” Wheeler says, “meaning, it doesn’t have 30 whistles and 41 pockets or 13 things you can’t find, don’t know how to use and won’t work.” K . P. MODEL: CODY MEARS Patagonia PowSlayer Jacket, Tumble Green, $699 Patagonia PowSlayer Bibs, Folios Green, $599 Patagonia Hybrid Down Vest, Forge Gray, $179 Patagonia Brodeo Beanie, Smoked Green, $35 Hestra CZone Pointer Mitt, GRAPHITE, $90 Rome Mod Rocker snowboard, $569.99 Rome Arsenal snowboard binding, $199.99 Salomon Launch Boa STR8JKT JP, $259.95 Smith I/07 Goggles, Black/Red, Sol-x mirror, $225 SEVENDAYSVT.COM PHOTOS: MATTHEW THORSEN Patagonia Burlington ADDRESS: 157 Bank Street BUSINESS MODEL: Locally owned partner store (with Skirack) OPENED IN BURLINGTON: 2011 NUMBER OF STORES: 30 Patagonia outlets across the U.S. NUMBER OF BURLINGTON EMPLOYEES: 10 12.03.14-12.10.14 PERCENTAGE OF SALES ONLINE: difficult to ascertain for Burlington store alone TARGET DEMOGRAPHIC: anyone from the avid outdoorsman to the super-technical climber to the local college kid INTERESTING FACT: Patagonia founder Yvon Chouinard, a longtime critic of unbridled SEVEN DAYS consumerism, once wrote, “The more you know, the less you need.” He was so opposed to the concept of Black Friday that, in 2011, the company placed a full-page ad in the New York Times showing a Patagonia jacket beneath the words, “Don’t buy this jacket,” and outlining the true environmental costs of manufacturing it. Since then, Patagonia’s stores have, on the day after Thanksgiving, invited customers to “celebrate what you already own” and urged them to repair worn Patagonia items rather than purchase new ones. MODEL: LAURA GARDNER Craft Active Extreme Crewneck, Aquamarine, $74.99 34 FEATURE Salomon Equipe Softshell Jacket, Poppy Dark, $140 Swix Star XC pants, Black, $130 Skida Kingdom Collection Alpine Hat, White, $36 Swix Triac 2.0 Pole, $499.99 Fischer RCS Carbonlite Skate boot, $425 HOW PATAGONIA DISTINGUISHES ITSELF FROM ITS COMPETITION: Burlington store manager John George-Wheeler explains that, as a company, Patagonia strives to have the world’s most environmentally responsible code of conduct. That means using its business as a way to inspire other corporations toward environmental change, whether it’s transparency in the sourcing of garments, or where they’re produced, or acknowledging that the entire industry is among the world’s dirtiest for environmental degradation and human rights abuses. “Not a lot of people want to talk about that,” he says. “Patagonia does.” K .P. F r i day • d e c 12 • 6 - 8 p m Ladies Night Door prizes! prize Give-aWay every hour! ADDRESS: 1184 Williston Road, South Burlington BUSINESS MODEL: family/locally owned Grand prize $250 shoppinG spree!* OPENED IN BURLINGTON: 1963, by Chuck and Jann Perkins; passed to their children in 1993 and sold to Andy and Becky Kingston in 2011 see store for details NUMBER OF STORES: 1 NUMBER OF BURLINGTON EMPLOYEES: 30-60 depending on season PERCENTAGE OF SALES ONLINE: about 20 MODEL: COREY GRENIER 30 North Main Street • St. AlbansVT 802-524-4055 www.eatonsjewelry.com M-Th 9 am-5pm • F 9 am-6pm • Sat 9 am-4pm TARGET DEMOGRAPHIC: 25 to 64, but generations of families Canada Goose Camp Hooded Jacket, Pacific Blue, $545 including children INTERESTING FACT: “What jumps out to new customers is that it’s Skida Fleece-Lined Hat, Splash, $36 not just a ski shop; we cover a lot of areas,” says co-owner Andy Kingston. By which he means that the store carries not just apparel and gear for skiers and snowboarders but also bicycles and tennis equipment and clothing. Kingston says that people are often surprised, too, “by our fashionable clothing-boutique approach.” Never mind the slopes; women and men “looking for clothes for a night on the town” can find them at the Alpine Shop, he says. A Vermont-style night on the town, anyway. Sorel Winter Fancy Lace II Boot, $150 Black Diamond Powerweight Liners, $19.95 16t-eatonsjewelry120314.indd 1 12/2/14 11:56 AM secret garden with HOW THE ALPINE SHOP DISTINGUISHES ITSELF FROM ITS COMPETITION: The store has attracted multiple generations of loyal alternating Italian resin discs customers in part because of a leasing program for kids’ equipment. The family-friendly tone is also set with quirky events such as free-waffle weekends and offering a discount to customers who show up wearing lederhosen. And though the company is not alone in making philanthropic contributions, Alpine Shop promotes, in store and out, the Flyin Ryan Hawks Foundation — named for a late Vermont freeskier — and is actively involved in Special Olympics Vermont. Mostly, though, Kingston says the Alpine Shop sets itself apart from national chains by carrying brands that are “specifically selected for Vermonters.” whose spiral engravings create a path to sparkling SWAROVSKI ELEMENTS that will keep you in bloom year-round! P. P. Color shown: ROSE Also available in INDIGO, WILLOW & STARDUST $245 ADDRESS: 49 Church Street (Burlington Town Center) BUSINESS MODEL: family owned since 1912; founder and namesake was Leon Leonwood Bean OPENED IN BURLINGTON: November 2014 Maine; 22 others in U.S., 19 in Japan, 53 in China and 10 outlet stores primarily in Northeast NUMBER OF BURLINGTON EMPLOYEES: 100 PERCENTAGE OF SALES ONLINE: unavailable 115 college st burlington vt \| 658-4050 M-F 10-7 Sat 10-6 Sun 12-5 SEVEN DAYS INTERESTING FACT: The flagship store in Freeport, the birthplace of L.L.Bean, is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. “We never close and none of our doors has locks on them,” says public affairs representative Mac McKeever. 8v-marilyns120314.indd 1 TARGET DEMOGRAPHIC: outdoor enthusiasts ages 25 to 65 12/1/14 1:46 PM MODEL: KEN PICARD HOW L.L.BEAN DISTINGUISHES ITSELF FROM ITS COMPETITION: “Our rock-solid, 100 percent satisfaction guarantee is one of the best in the industry,” says McKeever. “We want you to return anything purchased from us at any time if it proves unsatisfactory.” And the company “empowers the customer” to determine what satisfaction means to that person. L.L.Bean not only promotes but teaches the outdoor lifestyle through its Outdoor Discovery Schools, which offer “a variety of demonstrations, clinics, seminars, courses, trips, tours and outings out of each of our retail stores,” says McKeever. These schools, he adds, “are our brand personified, our brand in action.” Finally, he notes, L.L.Bean donates hundreds of thousands of dollars each year to environmental, conservation and outdoor sporting nonprofits that are “working hard to make the outdoors a better place for all of us.” P. P. L.L.Bean Signature Lined WoolBlend Shirt Jacket, Dark Navy Heather, $159 L.L.Bean Signature Washed Canvas Cloth Pants, Light Saddle, $79 L.L.Bean Signature Washed Oxford Cloth Shirt, Mountain Pine, $54 L.L.Bean Signature Waxed-Canvas Maine Hunting Shoe, $139 L.L.Bean Signature Mast Landing Pocket Tee, Gray Heather, $24 PHOTOS: MATTHEW THORSEN 12.03.14-12.10.14 NUMBER OF STORES: campus of four stores in Freeport, L.L. Bean Signature Leather Jean Belt, Brown, $59 This Holiday Season Experience Waterbury, uncommon opportunities for giving. it's your turn to talk shop. Re-imagine your holiday season. Waterbury’s uncommon downtown offers gifts you won’t find anywhere else, just 30 minutes from Burlington. Avoid the lines and the traffic; end the day with a relaxing cocktail, tapas, and some live acoustic music. Get out of town. photo credit gordon miller Waterbury Factory Ice Cream Cakes & Catering Tours daily Gift & scoop shops Gift certificates available 802-882-2034 apparel \| gifts & cards \| décor stowestreetemporium.com It's fresh. It's local. It's Arvads arvads.com A quintessential bookshop in the heart of Waterbury BridgesideBooks.com 802-244-1441 old-world hand tossed pizza bluestonevt.com 802-244-5321 SEVENDAYSvt.com Cynthia Taylor, Hazel Wood, Barbara Swantak and Christine Williamson One Fine Day Theater review: Under Milk Wood, the Parish Players B y m e g b r azi l l T his year marks the 100th birthday of Dylan Thomas and the 60th anniversary of BBC Radio’s broadcast of Under Milk Wood. Considered the Welsh writer’s greatest work, the radio play was completed just before his death in November 1953; it was later adapted for the stage. (A film version, starring Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, was produced in 1972.) The Parish Players have mounted a full production of Under Milk Wood, directed by Sophie Wood, at Thetford Hill’s Eclipse Grange. Wood uses a talented cast of 12 to good advantage as they perform upward of 60 roles, with the help of musician and sound-effects man Duncan Nichols. Wood said she chose the play because she loves the lyrical nature of the words — and that it doesn’t tell a story per se. “It paints images and peeks us in on people’s lives, and stares us up at the sky,” as she puts it. Though Thomas was born in Wales and steeped in its poetry and lore, he spoke no Welsh. Under Milk Wood mixes words from English and Welsh, combining them to make altogether new ones. There is no mistaking their meaning, however. Judging from the laughter that rang through a full house on opening night, the audience caught on quickly. The play takes place on a single spring day in a small Welsh fishing village, the fictional Llareggub (“bugger all,” backward). It begins with dreams and voices of the dead in dawn’s ghostly light, continues through the boisterous slog of daily life, then closes as dusk ushers in the bawdy night. “There are so many layers of reality in this play,” Wood says. “Layers of dreams, waking life, fantasy, wish life, secrets, spying and gossiping. It illuminates how much of that there is in our lives.” The play gives a moving account, with a liberal dose of hilarity, of the foibles and strengths of dozens of Llareggub’s denizens. By the time the play concludes, it has communicated what it is like to feel alive, to be alive. The minimal set, which Wood designed, uses two-dimensional frames to create outlines of houses and a church huddled together. Lit from behind, the buildings sometimes work like windows where the inhabitants appear in profile, backlit as shadows. One person raises a cup to his lips and drinks. One bows her head in prayer. Another shakes a fist in the air. The set is built on three risers, which allow ample room for movement. At stage right is a space that resembles a broadcast booth where the narrators, First Voice and Second Voice, stand side by side dressed in 1950s hats and garb — music stands and scripts at the ready. Behind them, Nichols stands at the sound effects and music booth. Throughout the play, the sounds of babies crying and cooing, bathwater sloshing, chickens clucking, mincing steps in high heels, car noises, and more erupt from Nichols’ mouth or the array of percussion instruments and other effects at his fingertips. He also plays musical accompaniment. Off to the side, an “On Air” sign lights up when First Voice gives the silent countdown, and the play begins. The broadcast booth is just a set piece, however — the show is not actually aired. It’s an inspired nod to the play’s origins as a radio play, and a way to integrate the narrators fully. Danielle Cohen (First Voice) is one of the two anonymous narrators who alternately introduce and present the action. She speaks softly, the language rolling off her tongue and easing the audience into the story: “It is spring, moonless night in the small town, starless and bible-black, the cobblestreets silent and the hunched, courters’-andrabbits’ wood limping invisible down to the sloeblack, slow, black, crowblack, fishingboat-bobbing sea.” Second Voice Sheila Kaplow lends her huskier, more experienced voice to the narration. Under Milk Wood is typically performed as a staged reading, without a set. But this production is fully staged and uses physical comedy, from the outsize facial reactions of actors Dan Deneen, Robert O’Leary and Jim Schley to more outlandish antics. Deneen shines as the blind Captain Cat, tapping his way front and center. O’Leary finds as many ways to amuse as he has roles, with or without his tinfoil hat or poisonous plans for his There are so many layers of realiTy in this play. So p h iE W o o D wife. And Deneen and Schley rock the house as the two deceased husbands of Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard. Among innumerable excellent performances here, Barbara Swantak deserves props for the humanity she brings to all her roles, especially her sensual and sublime portrayal of the earthy Polly Garter. One of the evening’s bright spots came from an unexpected corner. Louisa and Sadie Holbrook, both Hanover High School students, are standouts in schoolgirl roles; they perform to the hilt as they chase young men for a kiss. The physical comedy is outstanding, especially that of actor Chico Eastridge, who creates spellbinding vignettes in each of his scenes. Even his flowing beard seems to be a natural attribute of every character he inhabits. The confident cast gave a strong opening-night performance, which was slightly undercut by uneven timing that slowed down the second act. However, it didn’t stop the actors from lifting up the audience on a tide of joie de vivre. As the residents of the little faraway fishing village stir in the dark of a new day, recognition of our own small towns, and our own lives with all their troubles and merriment, reflect back at us. m iNFo Under Milk Wood by Dylan Thomas, presented by the Parish Players, directed by Sophie Wood, produced by Pat Freund. Eclipse Grange, Academy Road, Thetford Hill. Thursday through Saturday, December 4 to 6, at 7:30 p.m; and Sunday, December 7, at 2 p.m. Reservations, 785-4344. parishplayers.org SEVENDAYSVt.com Your heart is in the right place. 12.03.14-12.10.14 Residents of Vermont and northern New York take heart. Should you ever need cardiovascular care, you have some of the best in the nation at the hospitals of The University of Vermont Health Network. Working together, we are able to diagnose and prescribe treatment plans informed by the very latest advances in cardiovascular medicine, giving you access to the right care, closer to home. Experience the difference the heart and science of medicine can make. To learn more or to schedule an appointment with a heart specialist visit UVMHealth.org/Heart or call (844) UVM-HEART. SEVEN DAYS University of Vermont Medical Center Central Vermont Medical Center Champlain Valley Physicians Hospital Elizabethtown Community Hospital 23h-UVMedNet120314.indd 1 The heart and science of medicine. 12/1/14 5:40 PM FEATURE 39 LocalSt ore Help you r neighbo state and rs, your yourself — spend holiday d your ollars in Vermont! In LocalS tore, a se ries of article s through out the holiday s eason, Se ven D features locally ow ays ned shops in Vermont. Common Deer 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS 40 FEATURE Tucked into the first floor of a stately brown house on Route 7 in Shelburne Village, the locally owned boutique Common Deer offers a bounty of little luxuries. The wooden shelves and tasteful antique display cases are artfully stocked with handmade jewelry, artisan-crafted cards and posters, backpacks, blankets, and other home goods. What do these items have in, well, common? They’re “awesome things that make us feel good,” according to the store’s website. Not to mention the owner’s preference for good design, quality and responsible manufacturing. “It’s got to catch my eye, catch my attention,” says Sharon Beal. “I try to get things that are not everywhere else.” And where in northern Vermont can shoppers try on various styles of wood and acetate eyeglass frames by Shwood, an Oregon-based company, or whiff the delectable forest scents in We Took to the Woods artisan candles? Those on the hunt for decorative home items can peruse a carefully curated collection of Pendleton throws, Woolrich blankets and Satchel & Sage pillows. Jewelry lovers will find an array of unique options: brass heart necklaces, braided leather cuffs, delicate golden studs in a variety of shapes and forms. The shop also custom-orders charms that contain tiny maps of Burlington, Shelburne, Malletts Bay and other nearby locales from Maine-based Chart Metalworks. Unlike many boutiques with a feminine “rustic chic” aesthetic, Common Deer has plenty to offer guys, too: sturdy leather-and-waxed-canvas bags by Peg and Awl (some of the straps are reclaimed World War II gun slings); butter-soft wallets and briefcases by Will Leather Goods; shaving cream by Ursa Major; and a handsome assortment of silver flasks. Sharon Beal SEVENDAYSVT.COM 5224 Shelburne Rd., Shelburne, 985-9800, commondeervt.com Surprisingly, Beal says, one of the most popular spots in the store is the front counter. That’s where she keeps racks of greeting cards. Some bear sassy messages (“East Coast Girls Are Hip”). Others are simply precious (“Just because … I miss your face,” in antique type). All have been selected because they prompted a smile from the owner. Beal’s dedication to detail extends to gift-wrapping, too: Gifts purchased at Common Deer are wrapped in a delicate burlap sack and tied with a bright-blue ribbon. Aside from offering eclectic inventory, Common Deer is a store on a mission. “My goal is to support designer-makers here in the United States,” Beal says. “I’m a business broker by trade, and unfortunately there is a lot of business and a lot of manufacturing going out of Vermont, that’s going out of the U.S.A. I wanted to do something about that.” She and her husband, John Beal, own and operate Vermont Business Brokers. Sharon, with her family’s support, launched Common Deer as a seven-day-a-week side project in October 2013. It was her personal attempt to keep consumer dollars at home, and to support designers. That’s why very few of the items at Common Deer are mass-produced, and most are made in North America. (There are also some fair trade offerings from international vendors.) “I try really hard to work with new designer-makers that are up and coming,” says Beal. “I like working with all of these very talented people who are making crafts and making a career out of it, supporting their families doing this,” she adds. “You know, when I call up these vendors, the dogs are barking, the kids are screaming in the background; [many are] doing it out of their barn or out of their home.” After just one year in business, Common Deer has developed a loyal local following, Beal says, and her two adult children assist with social media and website maintenance to maximize the store’s online reach. “We’re a team here,” says Beal. “It’s been my dream for a very long time, but it could not happen without that support.” Her kids and husband, as well as her young staffers, are also constantly suggesting new product lines, she says. John Beal also repurposes antique home items to sell in the store. While some might find Common Deer’s selection to be on the higher end (although many small items are under $20, and the store’s website offers a helpful “under $50” feature), the owners suggest on their website that “cheap is actually quite expensive in the long run.” “It’s not easy to compete with the import price point,” Beal acknowledges. “It’s very difficult. But every day, I’m in here telling people, ‘Think about what you buy. Just give some thought to what you buy, about where it’s made, how it’s made and who made it.’” XI AN C HI AN G-WARE N SEVENDAYSvt.com » P.45 FEATURE 43 1850s; its path wound from Isham Street through the southwest corner of the central downtown grid, then into Lake Champlain around Adams Street (which, before the shoreline was extended, used to run to the lake). Martínez Cazón’s hypothesis is that, in the mid-19th century, the ravine SEVEN DAYS that refer to 15-foot-high embankments. The neighborhood’s present-day terrain, though, is level. So where were these alleged embankments? And did they have something to do with the railroad? Martínez Cazón eventually pieced together that “Bea’s railroad” did indeed run through this ravine in the 12.03.14-12.10.14 A print ad for the 1886 Burlington Winter Carnival depicting the traverse races running down Main Street railroad was the path of least resistance for hauling plank wood from Winooski mills to cargo boats on Lake Champlain. Yet this rail line, which took advantage of the shelter afforded by the naturally occurring ravine, was in use only for a few decades. (With the railroad gone, planners found the ravine to be a perfect location for a sewer.) Soon, the tracks were rerouted to assume their approximate present course, which runs parallel to Riverside Avenue on an east-west line from the Winooski River; they bend near present-day Burlington College to a lakeside boatyard about a mile to the south. One of the streets that the ravine skirted was Orchard Terrace, a stubby little north-south downtown street whose name puzzled Martínez Cazón: no terrace, no orchard. His discovery of the ravine’s existence finally explained the “terrace” part: The street once sat on a rise, looking down into a gully some 30 feet deep. But where was the orchard? Martínez Cazón admires Frederick Law Olmsted not just for the renowned landscape architect’s forward-thinking views on urban planning but for his ardent abolitionist and conservationalist stances. Olmsted also meets with Martínez Cazón’s favor for offering a clue about Burlington history. Olmsted wrote in an 1859 book, “I have eaten a better apple from an orchard at Burlington, Vermont, than was ever grown even in the south of England.” Though no orchards remain in Burlington, they were commonplace in the city in the 19th century, and one of them inspired the naming of Orchard Terrace. What began as research into a ravine soon turned into the Olmsted Apple Project, on which Martínez Cazón has collaborated with Citizen Cider. As Seven Days food writer Hannah Palmer Egan recently reported in this paper, the cidery asked Burlingtonians to gather local apples; the fruits were then pressed into a cider that, according to the company’s website, “celebrates the history of apples and orchards in Burlington.” When the cider is ready to drink, those who do so will almost literally be imbibing the history of their town. SEVENDAYSVT.COM ugo Martínez Cazón discovered a winding, ancient Vermont sewer. When he followed it, he uncovered nothing less than the American origins of two winter sports and the secret geography of the state’s largest city. But let’s back up a bit. An environmental cleanup engineer, Martínez Cazón, 57, found his true passion in old maps and historical documents. He’s been a “map geek” since he was a kid, but a more apt description is “historian.” When just a teenager, he realized that maps lay out their data in three dimensions: height, width and time. Maps of a single place from different eras rarely line up. As Martínez Cazón says, “All those lines that your teacher told you, ‘These are the lines that tell you what Germany is’ — they’re gone. They’re just lines.” Like all good historians, Martínez Cazón knows that seemingly dry primary-source documents are often the key to historical revelation. By poring over old maps, census figures and insurance reports, he’s determined that, until the late 19th century, a deep, wide ravine containing a sewer used to snake its way right through downtown Burlington. Martínez Cazón’s sojourn through that sewer was, in two ways, a virtual trip. First, neither the sewer nor the ravine are still around. Second, he’s mostly used digital tools such as Google Earth to piece together evidence for this now-forgotten gully. But to hear him talk about his labor of love — and to watch as he unlocks new layers in his digital map (he likens it to lasagna) — is to witness the unfolding of a convincing historical argument. Martínez Cazón has lived in Burlington since 1990, at one point residing on Hyde Street in the city’s Old North End. Curious about his peculiarly shaped backyard, he started asking around. The most useful clue came from a neighbor, an elderly woman named Bea, who said that the yard’s unusual boundaries were drawn to accommodate a railroad line. His curiosity further piqued, Martínez Cazón turned to a collection of 19th-century Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, some of which contained surveyors’ reports Lenny’s Shoe & Apparel will match any competitors’ advertised in-store price on any Carhartt product. Guaranteed. Personalized with your photos Prices start at just $9.99 iPhone cases, Bags, Coasters, Mugs, Bookmarks, Magnets, Scarves, Stationary & Much More! LOW PRICE GUARANTEE Shop at Lenny’s for the best service and selection, and we will guarantee the working man and woman the lowest possible price on all Carhartt products. From rugged outerwear and durable pants, to insulated overalls and a variety of accessories, Carhartt has you covered, with Lenny’s Low Price Guarantee. 10 Dorset Street • South Burlington, VT 05403 802-863-1256 • thephotogarden.com Williston \| St. Albans \| Barre \| Plattsburgh 11/25/14 11:20 AM SEVENDAYSvt.com 2h-JayPeak112614.indd 1 11/24/14 3:08 PM Researching the Ravine « p.43 To research the ravine, Martínez Cazón turned to 19th-century local newspapers. Articles about the 1886 Burlington Winter Carnival referred to “traverse races” in the downtown area, and again the historian found himself intrigued. Further research turned up the fact that “traverse” was used to refer to a sort of proto-bobsled — in this case, a steel-runnered craft that seated 12. Ads for the Winter Carnival boasted a traverse course that extended down Main Street’s hill, all the way to Lake Champlain. When he relates this story, Martínez Cazón sounds especially passionate — and why not? All signs point to his having discovered two surprising facts: that bobsledding (for that is what it was) made an unexpectedly early incursion into a small Vermont city; and that it’s possible those traverses were, in 1886, the fastest vehicles in the world. He estimates that, on the mile-long course from South Williams Street to the lake (which included a bridge across the ravine), the sleds achieved velocities of up to 60 miles an hour. Even more surprising was yet another historical find tangentially related to Martínez Cazón’s ravine research. In learning about the history of the Burlington waterfront, he found that that same Winter Carnival also hosted the very first international ice hockey tournament. Seems that a smallpox outbreak in Montréal caused organizers to relocate their annual championship southward, to a country where the sport hadn’t yet caught on. Carnival poohbahs agreed to host the games on frozen Lake Champlain, and a hastily assembled team of local boys took on — and was summarily humiliated by — the superior Canadian clubs. That same tournament would evolve into the Stanley Cup, which, in 1886 in Burlington, hosted for the first time teams from different countries. Martínez Cazón is a map geek, not a topographer or geologist, so he can’t account for the forces that created the ravine. But he’s confident that, even though it’s long been filled in, the ravine still exists under many downtown streets. And he figures he’s not the only one who’d like to find out more about it. He’s not advocating the unearthing of the downtown grid, but Martínez Cazón is keen to know more about what lies beneath the streets of his city. Though he’s considering the idea of turning his findings into a museum exhibit, Martínez Cazón doesn’t think that he has a booklength project on his hands. Still, he’d like his meticulous research to form the seed of a larger historical project, so when he’s gotten his data into a presentable form, Martínez Cazón plans to release them via online cartography forums and let fellow map geeks have at them. Ultimately, he says, Martínez Cazón would like to see his maps used for further historical exploration of Burlington. He speculates that the covered-over ravine may be the resting place of all kinds of historical artifacts, from 19th-century plumbers’ wrenches to Abenaki arrowheads. The ravine’s history is also the history of the city of Burlington. Its existence, Martínez Cazón says, “explains why the city grew [between the ravine and the lake] and, for a long time, didn’t grow on the other side. This [section] was the whole town.” Only when the ravine fell into disuse did the city extend eastward, up the hill. “[The ravine] tells the story of why Burlington is the shape that it is, and why it developed the way that it did,” he says. Even beyond that, a historical project such as Martínez Cazón’s highlights the interconnectedness of human endeavor. What started as an investigation of a long-defunct railroad track unexpectedly led him through the local histories of agriculture, geology, economics and recreation. Without further investigation, it’s impossible to know what else his findings might unearth — literally or figuratively. “I think this [project] radically opens up the history of Burlington,” Martínez Cazón says. “It makes people aware that ‘everyday people’ are the people who made Burlington unique. And we are a continuity of that.” m What started as an investigation of a long-defunct railroad track led Martínez Cazón through the loCal histories of agriCulture, geology, eConoMiCs and reCreation. M The Injera Crowd food Ethiopian food is hot in Burlington — you just have to look for it B Y A L I CE L EVI T T SEVENDAYSVT.COM 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS 46 FOOD I njera is so funny,” says Alganesh Michael. “It has to be the right time, the right mix, the right temperature. When you make it, so many things have to go right.” She’s talking about the sourdough flatbread that serves as both a base and a utensil for most special Ethiopian meals. A layer goes under spicy stewed meats and veggies to soak up their flavors; then diners tear off small pieces and use them to pick up the food. Injera is essential to Ethiopian cuisine, but it’s a fickle mistress. “Even if you are the best at making it, sometimes it can go wrong,” says Mulu Tewelde in a purr that recalls Eartha Kitt. And Vermont’s mercurial weather only complicates the process. Tewelde and Michael have plenty of experience preparing injera in all seasons: They’re the forces behind ArtsRiot’s Authentic Ethiopian Nights. Once a month, the South Burlington moms, both natives of Ethiopia’s neighbor Eritrea, produce close to 100 pounds of injera for their public dinners at the Burlington event space. To make sure they can serve all 200-odd diners, they get help from their friend Atnaf Tadesse. But Michael and Tewelde alone produce the sauces and stews that cover the big platters of bread in the ArtsRiot kitchen. Chilly Burlington may not seem like the natural place to foster an African food scene, but just below the surface, a revolution is bubbling. Since it opened in 2009, North Winooski Avenue’s ¡Duino! (Duende) has hosted a Tuesday night Ethiopian menu. And ArtsRiot has been holding Authentic Ethiopian Nights for nearly a year. Now, with the September debut of caterer Biyokuri Bidameri, perhaps it’s time to call Ethiopian food in the Queen City a trend. Still, with no dedicated restaurant, finding one of these spicy meals takes forethought. Duino’s Tuesday dinners are the granddaddy of Burlington’s Ethiopian movement. Owner Lee Anderson recalls that the restaurant’s original chef, Richard Witting, wanted to serve ethnic eats he couldn’t find in Burlington. Recreating Ethiopia’s FOOD LOVER? A plate of Ethiopian food at ¡Duino! (Duende) INFO Diners at ¡Duino! (Duende) Authentic Ethiopian Nights, served monthly at ArtsRiot in Burlington; the next event is in January. Call 324-3300 for information, or follow BTVethiopian on Facebook or @BTVethiopian on Twitter. ¡Duino! (Duende) serves Ethiopian meals every Tuesday evening at 10 North Winooski Avenue in Burlington, 660-9346. Biyokuri Bidameri can be contacted at [email protected]. unique cuisine took extra study. But once Witting was comfortable fermenting injera batter and slow-cooking the chicken stew called doro wat, crowds quickly found the dinners. THE INJERA CROWD » P.48 LISTEN IN ON LOCAL FOODIES... BROWSE READER REVIEWS OF 800+ RESTAURANTS AT SEVENDAYSVT.COM/FOOD. REGISTER TO JOIN OUR BITE CLUB. YOU’LL GET FOOD NEWS IN YOUR INBOX EACH TUESDAY. LOOK UP RESTAURANTS ON YOUR PHONE: CONNECT TO M.SEVENDAYSVT.COM ON ANY WEB-ENABLED CELLPHONE AND FIND LOCAL RESTAURANTS BY LOCATION OR CUISINE. FIND NEARBY EVENTS, MOVIES AND MORE. sIDEdishes cOurtesy OF queen city brewery by hannah palm e r e ga n & al i ce l e v i t t Tapping a Void hatchet tap & table cOming tO richmOnD Some restaurateurs are satisfied to stand aside and wait while their new eateries are built. But GABriEl firmAN is constructing HAtcHEt tAp & tABlE with his own two hands. That’s what happens when a restaurant-industry lifer turned construction manager goes back to the dining biz. After closing on the business on Monday, Firman set to work remaking 30 Bridge Street — which was home to the Bridge Street Café until October — into Richmond’s newest locally focused restaurant. He plans to open in March. How Vermont-centric is Hatchet? Firman is renovating the space using wood he personally collected from a century-old farmhouse in the Northeast Kingdom. But the owner sees his restaurant as a love letter to Richmond, where he moved in 2002. cOurtesy OF gabriel Firman Queen City Brewery Got A fooD tip? [email protected] Black&White F r i day • d e c 12 • 6 - 8 p m Ladies Night Door prizes! prize Give-aWay every hour! Grand prize $250 shoppinG spree! see store for details 30 North Main Street • St. AlbansVT 802-524-4055 www.eatonsjewelry.com M-Th 9 am-5pm • F 9 am-6pm • Sat 9 am-4pm 16t-eatonsjewelry120314.indd 1 queen city brewery tO release steinbier On FriDay 12/2: Shane & Dakota 12/9: Audrey Bernstein 11/18: Paul Asbell Italian Wines Tasting Wednesday, Dec. 17 Expanded Food Menu! Our semi-private back room is available for your holiday party. Call today! 126 College St., Burlington vinbarvt.com Wine Shop Mon-Sat from 11 Wine Bar Mon-Sat from 4 » p.53 8v-vin120314.indd 1 12.03.14-12.10.14 siDe Dishes Opening next to forthcoming bakery SwEEt SimoNE’S, Hatchet will fill the need for casual dining in the closeknit community. The menu will focus on new takes on old classics, Firman says. “It’s going to be a lot of pub fare with our own spin on it,” he adds. That spin will be locally driven, too. Though Firman hasn’t yet hired a chef, he promises that whatever lands on the menu will be crafted from “local, world-class producers of fine meats, cheese and drink.” Yes, drink. He anticipates that 24 taps will pour mostly local beer — though four of those taps may contain cask wine instead of suds. “Bearing witness to the booming craft-beer industry in Portland and Vermont, I really wanted to bring something like that to Richmond,” Firman says. Firman began working in the restaurant industry as a 15-year-old in his native Chicago. During 10 years in Portland, Ore., the fledgling restaurateur spent time in practically every restaurant job, climbing from serving and bussing to management. He’ll use those skills — and his more recently honed construction chops — to bring to life the newest eatery in his adopted hometown. “I have gone down this path with the best of intentions and hoping to round out the offerings of the amazing restaurants we already have,” Firman says. “A rising tide lifts all ships!” Let the countdown begin… SEVENDAYSVt.com Back in October, Burlington’s QuEEN citY BrEwErY hosted its first-annual Steinbier day. German for “stone beer,” Steinbiers are brewed in a kettle heated with hot rocks, a practice that faded from prominence in the early 1900s. A few intrepid brewers have sporadically tried to revive the tradition, and Queen City brewer pAul HAlE says he and his brewery cofounders have been making the beer — typically home brewed in microbatches — for about 20 years. October’s brew day brought Steinbier to their production equipment. Since the process is labor intensive — hundreds of pounds of stone is heated in a fire, then lowered into a kettle using metal baskets and pulleys — Hale says Steinbiers rarely see the consumer market. “There really is not commercial German Steinbier anymore,” he says. But the October event was a big success, Hale says. While the brewers heated the stones outside over a beechwood fire, visitors took turns lowering the stones into the kettle inside the Pine Street brewery. “It’s so hot,” Hale says, “that everything starts to foam and froth when the rocks go in. You can smell the smoke and burnt sugars and caramel.” After a few days of fermentation and about six weeks of lagering, or cold conditioning in steel tanks, the beer was kegged earlier this week, says Hale. The brewery is holding a release party this Friday, December 5, beginning at 2 p.m. The brew will be available in bumpers, growlers and a limited number of five-gallon kegs; about two-thirds of the batch will go to local bars and restaurants. Hale expects the retail beer to 11/26/14 1:12 PM GYROS • PANINI • SALADS FALAFEL • BAKLAVA BOSNIAN GRILLED SPECIALTIES ESPRESSO DRINKS • BEER & WINE New Baklava Flavors: 17 Park St • Essex Jct. • 878-9333 48 FOOD DINE IN OR TAKE OUT Tu-Th 11-8 • F & S 11-9 • Closed Sun & Mon Full menu www.cafemediterano.com No need to travel to Montréal, Boston or even Europe... we’re just minutes away! Chilly Burlington may not seem like the natural plaCe to foster an afriCan food sCene, but just below the surface, a revolution is bubbling. ArtsRiot’s management has adopted a policy of keeping both its rooms open to accommodate the crowd. Taking reservations has made life easier for both the cooks and guests. Now Michael and Tewelde know to bring all 100 pounds of injera from their home to ArtsRiot so they don’t run out. Get a $5 Gift Card for every $50 Gift Card Purchased But the long waits and low inventory of the early days didn’t deter diners. One look at the women’s sought-after dishes shows why. Five dishes go into the veggie lovers’ combo, with two different lentil stews as the meal’s backbone. Duino offers a similar combination, but while that restaurant’s Barrio Bakery cookie trays, pies, tarts, buche de noel, holiday breads, and more. Free Lunchtime Delivery! (most orders require a two days’ notice) www.barriobakeryvt.com/holiday-menu (11:30am-2pm/within 3 miles) Details on our website. your holiday headquarters thaidishesvt.com 161 Church Street, Burlington 802.448.3215 197 North Winooski Avenue 863-8278 BarrioBakeryvt.com 802.862.2777 AUTHENTIC, FRESH GREEK & MEDITERRANEAN FOOD Mulu Tewelde lentils have a thick, Play-Doh-like texture, Michael and Tewelde’s are moist and meaty. Their yellow yemesser alicha is curry-flavored, while the yemesser wat gets its dose of spice and darker color from the Ethiopian holy grail of spice mixes, berbere. The two women’s meat dishes include the standard doro wat, a berbere-braised beef known as yesiga wat and mild chunks of juicy, marinated lamb called yebeg tibbs. Parties share meals on silver platters lined with terry-cloth-textured injera that has the bite of a San Francisco sourdough. Each diner gets a small plate of two rolled pieces of injera on the side. More can be purchased for an additional $2. The dinners themselves may sound pricy at $16 to $20 per person, but even resolute trenchermen will have leftovers to take home. Tewelde has previous catering experience, which shows in the meals’ expert preparation. She moved with her husband to the Burlington area in 2006 and met Michael at a viewing party the latter hosted for that year’s World Cup. Michael had lived in Vermont since 2000. The women are not the only Eritreans in the area, and there’s also a small Ethiopian population, they note. But their mutual love of cooking quickly bonded them. During the holidays, Michael and Tewelde spend marathon time in the kitchen together preparing meals for their Habesha (Abyssinian) community. Right now they’re already discussing plans for Habesha Christmas, which occurs two weeks after the Western holiday. A guest at one such festive event, Burlington native Will Hurd, was the impetus behind Tewelde’s catering business. And now Hurd’s wife, Mursi tribeswoman Biyokuri Bidameri, is starting one of her own. Reservations Recommended SEVENDAYSVt.com 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS “People were really excited — there was a void, for sure,” recalls Anderson. “Word spread pretty quick about it, and it became pretty popular off the bat.” Witting left his full-time job at Duino in 2010, but he continued to prepare the idiosyncratic Ethiopian fare there until 2012, when he turned those duties over to the restaurant’s current sous-chef, James Owens. Duino’s Ethiopian menu has changed little since the early days, but a recent visit revealed that the flavors have aged nicely. The $15 Sheba plate is a little bit of everything served on a mild injera base. The doro wat is still a fixture, but spicier than it once was. Homemade farmer’s cheese and an exceptionally crisp, piquant sambusa have joined basics such as a pair of lentil stews and braised cabbage. Anderson says that dinners usually sell out, and what the spice-seeking public doesn’t consume is combined and served on Wednesday as “Ethiopian stew.” Burlington added its second Ethiopian food option early this year. When ArtsRiot debuted its now-defunct Kitchen Collective, Michael’s friend Joan Shannon suggested that Michael and Tewelde try their hand at a pop-up restaurant. Both women are busy, with two kids apiece. Tewelde also has a day job as a nurse’s aid, while former nurse Michael holds multiple volunteer positions. At least to start, they agreed, they wouldn’t commit to more than one day a month. Despite little advertising, the women’s first dinner, served on February 16, attracted about 200 diners. “At some times, it was crazy in the kitchen,” Michael remembers of the first few dinners. “It was unbearable at some points.” cOurtesy OF authentic ethiOpian nights The Injera Crowd « p.46 112 Lake Street • Burlington www.sansaivt.com food cOurtesy OF will hurD Biyokuri Bidameri Based in the threatened Omo Valley, the Mursi don’t rely entirely on dairy; they also drink sorghum beer and eat a great deal of meat, including buffalo, kudu, hartebeest and hippopotamus, says Hurd. When a man is out with his cattle, he may sustain himself by piercing a vein in a cow’s neck and drinking the blood like a man-size mosquito. “It’s very acidic. It tastes good, but it coagulates quickly,” Hurd says. When Bidameri first met Hurd, she was a child, she says, and she thought he was a “hyena.” But travel in her homeland broadened her experience. When she was an adolescent, Bidameri’s progressive father chose not only to refrain from giving his daughter a traditional lip plate but also to send her to the capital, Addis Ababa, for a grade school education. The big city posed a steep learning curve, but Bidameri developed a close relationship with the maid at her residence, who taught her to cook what she calls “city food.” Now in an even more foreign land, Bidameri is beginning to make a name for herself with that style of cooking. She’s currently taking a break from dinners at Psychedelicatessen to focus on her studies and private catering. But we tasted her cuisine at a recent dinner at the home of Hurd’s mother, where Bidameri currently resides. Guests at the meal each put in $15 for a family-style feast. Lacking the clay griddle required for making traditional injera, Bidameri purchased the bread from a friend in Williston. The exceptionally fluffy pancake pinched the palate with acid. A chubby loaf of moist, yeasted bread, another Ethiopian recipe, served as sweet contrast. Paired with the powerful tang of the injera, everything tasted super-size. Compared with Michael and Tewelde’s dishes, Bidameri’s stews and salads were more rustic — less polished in appearance but boasting big flavor. Berbere dominated a dark-brown doro wat that pulled apart into strands of tender meat. The spice also bloomed in Bidameri’s lentils and a bright-yellow stew of potato and squash. In the center of the injeralined plate, a fresh salad of raw tomato, onion and jalapeño refreshed like an Ethiopian pico de gallo. Many of the assembled guests discussed the possibility of hiring Bidameri for parties of their own. She says she hopes to fill the coming weeks with cooking for office parties and private events — perhaps leaving time to prepare a meal for her own friends. One thing is for sure: While Burlington still has no Ethiopian restaurant, diners craving authentic tastes of injera, and more, will find them this winter without leaving the Queen City. m Contact: [email protected] SEVENDAYSVt.com A longtime activist, Hurd first journeyed to Ethiopia in 2000 and became deeply entrenched in the cause of the Mursi people. Back home in the States, he sought out people with whom he could practice his Amharic and remain involved in Ethiopian culture. After trying Tewelde’s cooking for the first time in 2007, Hurd asked her to cater a party for him. “I did it accidentally. I didn’t plan it or organize things,” Tewelde remembers. But Hurd was so impressed with the results that he asked for Tewelde’s phone number to pass to other friends. From there, a business was born. Tewelde and Michael now use the ArtsRiot kitchen to cater parties, juggling their two schedules to prepare their delicacies for special events. Hurd has remained committed to Ethiopian affairs; he’s now the executive director of Cool Ground, a nonprofit dedicated to protecting that nation’s Omo Valley from development. Last year another talented chef joined the local scene when Hurd married Bidameri; she began a monthly series of dinners at Burlington’s Psychedelicatessen late last summer. Bidameri’s native pastoralist cuisine doesn’t have much in common with Michael and Tewelde’s food. “It was different. Our food is porridge, milk, yogurt,” she explains in faltering English, which she’s studying at South Burlington High School. Hurd, 37, isn’t certain how old his wife is, since the Mursi don’t measure years the way Westerners do. Her passport says she’s 22. While the couple is married in the States, Hurd still owes Bidameri’s father several head of cattle to fulfill her dowry of 38 cows before her family will recognize their marriage. 12.03.14-12.10.14 Dinner & 1/2 Price Movie Tickets EVERY NIGHT! To the Locals, With Love taste test: The bench B Y h ANNAh pAl mE r E gAN SEVENDAYSVt.com 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS 50 FOOD 4v-citymarket111614.indd 1 11/21/14 10:40 AM phOtOs: jeb wallace-brODeur N ot every restaurant in Stowe gives a damn about the townies. With out-of-state cash driving much of the local economy, many eateries cater to the tourist crowd, offering posh, pricey food that can tip toward overwrought. Others inhabit mountain-resort clichés that straddle Alpine chalet and old-school Vermont charm but do justice to neither. It’s a rare restaurant that opens specifically to serve local, affordable food to regulars in a cozy atmosphere free from pretense. But the Bench, which opened in late September in the old Pie in the Sky space on Mountain Road, aims to do just that. The restaurant is the latest effort from Chad Fry and Mark Frier, who also own the Reservoir Restaurant & Tap Room, another local favorite 10 miles down the road in Waterbury. Like the Reservoir, the Bench offers lots of Vermont brews and excellent pub fare, and much of the food is sourced locally. Unlike the Reservoir, there’s a wood oven in the kitchen and pizza on the menu. By all appearances, the Bench team has taken the best of what works in Waterbury and applied it to Stowe, with a few fresh ideas. Former Reservoir chef Paul Moran moved to the newer restaurant, while Shawn Beede took over the Waterbury kitchen. Fry and Frier don’t mince words about their comfort-food mission, and they’re not shy about borrowing dishes from their Waterbury outpost. So for many locals, the Bench’s bill of fare will feel familiar and homey. Across the menu, cleverly named dishes pay homage to the mountain and its heroes, while the 120-seat restaurant — named for an off-the-map glade at Stowe — feels thoughtfully rustic. The walls are paneled with lumber stained to look like barn boards, and Edison bulbs hang from antique wheels and other old-timey fixtures. It’s hip but not terribly trendy. The space is broken up into three rooms. The small central dining room — split by a long, wooden bench — has a view into the open kitchen. Toward the edge of that room, stools at a tasting bar ring the hearth, offering diners an even closer look at the pizzas and meats roasting in the wood oven. Off to one side, another dining room can accommodate several large parties, while The dining room at the Bench The Bench burger Seared scallops food Though The porTion was laughably large for an après-work meal, we decided it would be just about right for someone who had spent the day on the mountain. OPEN HOUSE F 20% OF PT. E D GIFT N COUPO ! ONLINE Saturday, December 13, 11am–3pm Santa will be here 11-1! FRESH EVERY DAY FROM OUR BAKERY: Apple Cider Donuts, Breads, Rolls, Fruit Pies, Cream Pies, Pastries & Cookies 802-655-3440 277 Lavigne Rd., Colchester • M-Sa 7am-7pm• Su 7am- 6pm sammazzafarms.com • See our monthly sale coupon! • MC/Visa/Disc 6h-sammazza112614.indd 1 Balsam wreaths, plain or decorated. Mazza-grown poinsettas! SEVEN DAYS tO the lOcals, with lOve Gifts for Home & Garden, Vermont & Specialty Food Baskets, Cream & Butter Fudge, WE SHIP! 12.03.14-12.10.14 feel sublimely satisfied. And much to my surprise, I caught myself thinking it was one of the best meals I’d had since returning to live in Vermont earlier this year. Within minutes, though, a mishandled duck brought me down from that warmand-fuzzy high. Roasted for a bit too long, the bird’s plump breast and confit leg were depressingly dry and overcooked. All that remained of its rich, fatty potential was a vaguely woody odor; the meat was gray through the middle. Served in a sizzling cast-iron skillet, the dish was impressive to look at, but the poor, sad bird had been skilleted to death in the hot oven. I wanted to cry. “This was … just such a gorgeous piece of meat!” I stuttered to my husband, simultaneously fighting back tears and laughing at my ridiculous reaction. In a rare move, I sent the dish back to the kitchen. The Bench handled it quickly and well. The staff admitted the duck was too well done (the kitchen’s default temp for duck breast is medium, with lots of pink in the middle). With impressive candor, our server explained that finishing the tender fowl in the wood oven can be tricky with the oven’s variable temperatures, especially when the restaurant is busy, which it was. We ordered a pizza instead, and I nibbled Dan’s housemade ravioli. Swimming alongside blistered cherry tomatoes in garlicky tomato-vodka sauce, the Italian dumplings were stuffed with a savory blend of ricotta, garlic, prosciutto and basil. The sauce was so good that we wanted bread to sop it up. My duck-consolation pizza came quickly. We went for the Rastaman, a redsauce pie topped with sausage crumbles from Vermont Smoke and Cure, mozzarella and caramelized onions. The housemade crust was both crisp and doughy (though not particularly thin) and formed a fine base for the excellent toppings. The pizza menu included a mix of creative (confit duck, truffle oil, poached pear, Brie) and standard (Margherita) pies. Five of the six flatbreads were grounded in either red sauce or truffle oil; the sole outlier was drizzled in extra-virgin olive oil. I was somewhat perplexed that there were no white pizzas on offer. During my visits, service was attentive in that exceptional, barely-there-butalways-on-it way. On the Monday night, a food runner delivered my Bench burger — a big, beefy patty stacked with thick-cut SEVENDAYSVt.com on the other side, beers and cocktails flow from behind a bar. The latter already hosts lively crowds and will surely see plenty of skiers in coming months. At the front door, a metal grate for boot scraping ensures that most of the snow will stay outside. Like many Vermont homes in winter, the Bench is flush with stacked wood — in the entryway and dining room, in a rack near the kitchen, beneath the expeditor’s pass, where the manager checks each dish before it goes out. The wood feeds the oven that cooks the food, and warms both the kitchen and diners on a cold winter’s eve. To warm the belly, the Bench offers an array of fine cocktails, each featuring Vermont-made spirits. On a recent Monday night — the second of my two visits — I was taken with the Perry Merrill, named after the so-called “father of Vermont skiing,” who also established the Vermont State Parks system. This was a smooth, delicately sweet drink made with Barr Hill vodka, syruppoached pears and a bit of sparkle. In contrast, my husband, Dan, ordered a WhistlePig Hot Toddy. A darker, dirtier tipple the color of murky cider, it was tinged with whiskey, cinnamon and a clovepunctured lemon slice. The wine list offers a range of vintages from Italy, France and California. And every night, the Bench’s two house wines are available on draft for about $6 a glass. When it comes to liquids, though, beer is rightly the focus; it pairs particularly well with comfort food. During my first visit — a cold Friday in November — my table ordered from the draft list, which is 25 beers strong. My Rock Art Galaxy IPA married well with poutine — a holdover from the Reservoir. “This is just stupid,” my husband said happily, staring at the massive dish heaped with crisp, hand-cut fries, local curds and gravy made with Shed Mountain Ale. Though the portion was laughably large for an après-work meal, we decided it would be just about right for someone who had spent the day on the mountain. And at $8.99, it’s an entrée-size dish that even a ski bum could afford. A more modest and beautifully balanced appetizer came in the form of four seared scallops, perched atop discs of beet and arranged around a mound of mashed parsnip. A true palate warmer, the dish offset the beets’ sweet acidity with seacreature brine and rich, vegetable-nut parsnip notes. After a few gooey bites of poutine and a scallop or two, I started to VISIT OUR GIFT DEPARTMENT FRESH VT BALSAM CHRISTMAS TREES! gift certificate jeb wallace-brODeur A gift everyone will love: a great night out this holiday season! For every $100 receive an additional $20 Fire & Ice Biggest Salad Bar in VT! Prime Rib, Lobster Local Ground Beef & much more! 26 Seymour Street \| Middlebury \| 802.388.7166 \| fireandicerestaurant.com craft Cullan Calvert pours a draft To the Locals « p.51 “I love Hunger Mountain Coop because they support our goals: to provide high quality food and to return 100% of Bien Fait’s profit dollars back into the communities where we live and work.” Katrina J. Taylor of Bien Fait Hunger Mountain Coop vendor since 2012 The Coop is open every day 8am-8pm 52 FOOD 623 Stone Cutters Way, Montpelier, VT 802.223.8000 • www.hungermountain.coop 4T-HungerMtn120314.indd 1 12/1/14 5:37 PM local bacon, unctuous Inspiration cheese from Mt. Mansfield Creamery and onions caramelized with balsamic vinegar. The side of mayo I requested was on the plate, but there was no ketchup. The moment I noticed its absence, our mind-reading server was there. “Ketchup?” she asked, and delivered the condiment in less than a minute. The burger was a beautiful, meaty monster, cooked a perfect medium-rare. But, unlike so many other patties I’ve loved, this one held together and stayed more or less within the confines of its fluffy brioche bun. That night, my husband’s two thick slabs of meatloaf (another Reservoir Stowe-away), made with a blend of local pork and beef, were smothered in the same pungent ale gravy as the poutine. The dish — grand enough for two full meals — came with salty, creamy garlic mashed potatoes and grilled zucchini. For dessert, the Bench offers simple, well-executed sweets, such as a stellar apple turnover with warm, thin-sliced fruit folded into a flaky pastry pocket and topped with a scoop of vanilla ice cream. On the night of the duck debacle, a s’more lightened my spirits and sent me home happy. Chef Moran’s grahamcracker-chocolate sandwich is stuffed with airy, housemade marshmallow and fired in the oven until the marshmallow swells into a pillowy pile. On that night, it spilled over the crackers in a gooey mélange that recalled a night spent huddled among the trees in a quiet, wooded glade. m Contact: [email protected] INFo The bench, 492 Mountain road, Stowe, 253-5100, benchvt.com more food after the classifieds section. page 53 more food before the classifieds section. PAGe 52 Tri-Ply Stainless 3Qt. Saute Pan Reg. $225 And OTHER great deals on All-Clad & more! SEVEN DAYS —A.l. coNNEct Follow us on twitter for the latest food gossip! Alice levitt: @aliceeats, and Hannah Palmer Egan: @findthathannah www.KissTheCook.net 6H-kissthecook120314.indd 1 72 Church Street Burlington, 863-4226 Mon-Sat 9am-9pm Sun 10am-6pm 11/26/14 1:37 PM FOOD 53 11/14/14 11:26 AM 12.03.14-12.10.14 On Saturday, Smugglers’ Notch Resort will kick off its annual brewfest in the Smugglers’ Notch Meeting House. The 2014 fest marks the event’s 20th anniversary and will take place over two weekends — one now, and one in March. It’s one of Vermont’s longestrunning brew-hahas, founded in 1994, when the Green Mountains were home to just a handful of craft brewers. This year’s fest features several Vermont breweries and cideries, including 14tH StAr BrEwiNg, citizEN ciDEr, FiDDlEHEAD BrEwiNg, zEro grAVitY crAFt BrEwErY and DroP-iN BrEwiNg, among others, as well as several out-of-state brewers. Tickets are $20 and include eight samples along with live entertainment. Also, the mountain is now open for the season, with eight trails running as of press time. For more info go to smuggs.com. SUNDAY BRUNCH 6h-LND111914indd 1 SEVENDAYSVt.com Crumbs oF VErmoNt’s Journey Farmer program are due on December 15. The two-year program is aimed at farmers in their first couple of years of development, explains technical assistance program administrator SAm FullEr. “The Journey Farmer program is intended to help people in a specific and critical stage in their development,” he says. The first class of two farmers launched the program in 2011. Last year, more than 50 newbie farmers applied, and NOFA was able to fund the program for six farms. It’s no surprise that the spots are hotly contested. Each participant is paired with an experienced farmer mentor, a much-needed lifeline in the early years of starting an agricultural business. Journey Farmers are also granted free admission into NOFA’s summer workshop series and winter conference, along with a $500 education stipend that in the past has funded everything from welding classes to QuickBooks support. Successful applicants will have likely “gained experience through being raised on a farm or doing apprenticeships — people who have really committed to the farming profession and educating themselves, really thinking through their business,” Fuller suggests. Last year’s group included Cabot goose farm gozzArD citY, Berlin cereal grain specialist rogErS FArmStEAD and gooD HEArt FArmStEAD, which raised Icelandic sheep in Worcester. Though those farms have uncommon focuses, Fuller says that’s not a necessity to pass muster. “I would say, in a sense, anyone who’s venturing out into farming at this time is doing innovative things to a certain degree,” he explains. Courtesy of Dwight Carter calendar D e c e m b e r WED.3 community Peer Support Circle: A confidential, welcoming space allows participants to converse freely without giving advice or solving problems. The Wellness Co-op, Burlington, 5-6 p.m. Free. Info, 777-8602. crafts Knitters & Needleworkers: Crafters convene for creative fun. Colchester Meeting House, 6-8 p.m. Free. Info, 264-5660. dance 'Taking Flight': Dancers interpret experimental works by emerging Middlebury College choreographers. Dance Theatre, Mahaney Center for the Arts, Middlebury College, 4:30 p.m. Free. Info, 443-3168. etc. American Red Cross Blood Drive: Healthy humans part with life-sustaining pints. See redcrossblood.org for details. Various locations statewide, Vermont. Free. Info, 800-733-2767. film Classic Film Night: Cinephiles screen memorable movies with Tom Blachly and Rick Winston. Call for details. Jaquith Public Library, Marshfield, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 426-3581. SEVENDAYSvt.com 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS Warren Miller's 'No Turning Back': The biggest names in skiing tackle daunting peaks in this adrenaline-pumping tribute to 65 years of mountain culture and extreme filmmaking. Town Hall Theater, Middlebury, 8 p.m. $18. Info, 382-9222. food & drink Coffee Tasting: Folks sip Counter Culture Coffee varieties, then make side-by-side comparisons of different regional blends. Maglianero Café, Burlington, noon. Free. Info, 617-331-1276, corey@ maglianero.com. Wednesday Wine Down: Oenophiles get over the midweek hump with four different varietals and samples from Lake Champlain Chocolates, Cabot Creamery and other local food producers. Drink, Burlington, 4:30 p.m. $12. Info, 860-9463, [email protected]. games 2 0 1 4 health & fitness Acro Yoga: Partner and group work taps into the therapeutic benefits of modified acrobatics. Yoga Mountain Center, Montpelier, 5:45-7 p.m. $15. Info, 324-1737. A Diet to Optimize Our Vital Functions: An overview of traditional Chinese medicine covers food groups, seasonal eating and the assimilation of nutrients. Vermont Center for Integrative Herbalism, Montpelier, 6-8 p.m. $10-12; preregister. Info, 224-7100. R.I.P.P.E.D.: Resistance, intervals, power, plyometrics, endurance and diet define this high-intensity physical-fitness program. North End Studio A, Burlington, 6-7 p.m. $10. Info, 578-9243. Vermont Health Connect Enrollment & Application Assistance: Certified navigators answer questions and walk folks through the process of applying for health insurance. Fletcher Room, Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 2:30-5:30 p.m. Free. Info, [email protected]. holidays Teavana Tea Party: Tykes join Santa for games, crafts, treats and more. Burlington Town Center Mall, 6-8 p.m. Free. Info, 658-2545. A Very Merry Middlebury: Festivities throughout the month of December transform the town into a winter wonderland for the whole family to enjoy. See experiencemiddlebury.com for details. Various Middlebury locations. Prices vary. Info, 377-3557. Voice Choice In 1973, the all-female a cappella ensemble Sweet Honey in the Rock took the stage for the first time. More than 40 years and several lineups later, the Grammy Award-winning group is still at it. Dubbed “a harmonic machine that exceeds the sum of its parts” by the Ann Arbor News, the group explores the potential of the human voice. Accompanied onstage by a sign-language interpreter, five vocalists draw from a repertoire rooted in African American tradition to present a seasonal concert. From Kwanzaa to Christmas, a varied program highlights faiths and religions around the globe. Sweet Honey in the Rock Thursday, December 4, 7:30 p.m., at Flynn MainStage in Burlington. $15-50. Info, 8635966. flynntix.org kids Dorothy Canfield Fischer Book Discussion: Lit lovers ages 8 through 11 voice opinions about Mark Goldblatt's TWERP. Burnham Memorial Library, Colchester, 6:30-7:30 p.m. Free. Info, 264-5664. Evening Babytime Playgroup: Crawling tots and their parents convene for playtime and sharing. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 6-7:30 p.m. Free. Info, 876-7555. Highgate Story Hour: Budding bookworms share read-aloud tales, wiggles and giggles with Mrs. Liza. Highgate Public Library, 10 a.m. Free. Info, 868-3970. Meet Rockin' Ron the Friendly Pirate: Aargh, matey! Youngsters channel the hooligans of the sea during music, games and activities. Buttered Noodles, Williston, 10-10:45 a.m. Free. Info, 764-1810. DEC.6 & 7 \| HOLIDAYS Preschool Music: Kids ages 3 through 5 sing and dance the afternoon away. Burnham Memorial Library, Colchester, 1-1:30 p.m. Free. Info, 264-5660. Bridge Club: Strategic thinkers have fun with the popular card game. Burlington Bridge Club, Williston, 9:15 a.m. $6 includes refreshments. Info, 651-0700. WED.3 » p.56 List your upcoming event here for free! All submissions are due in writing at noon on the Thursday before publication. Early Holiday Deadline: Submissions for events taking place between December 17 and January 7 Must be Received by Thursday, December 11, at noon. find our convenient form at sevendaysvt.com/postevent. 54 CALENDAR DEC.4 \| HOLIDAYS Courtesy of Weekend christmas 'Freedom & Unity: The Vermont Movie: Part 6': "People's Power" examines contemporary tensions over energy, independence, the environment and the state's future. Hartland Public Library, 6:30 p.m. Free. Info, 436-2473. 3 - 1 0 , you can also email us at [email protected]. to be listed, yoU MUST include the name of event, a brief description, specific location, time, cost and contact phone number. CALENDAR EVENTS IN SEVEN DAYS: Listings and spotlights are written by courtney copp. SEVEN DAYS edits for space and style. Depending on cost and other factors, classes and workshops may be listed in either the Calendar or the Classes section. When appropriate, class organizers may be asked to purchase a Class listing. Winter Wonderland Trying to get into the holiday spirit? Then head to Warren and Waitsfield for the Country Christmas Open House and Holiday Paint-In. Seasonal music, themed crafts and visits from Santa set the tone for an all-ages bucolic bash, captured on canvas by local artists. Indoors, a bazaar, bake sale and barbecue complement tastings of local libations. Stepping outside, shoppers can hitch an oxen-cart ride and meet sled dogs, then roast chestnuts and s’mores over a bonfire. The revelry caps off at dusk, when folks line the Mad River with luminarias and release Chinese lanterns into the sky. Country Christmas Open House & Holiday Paint-In Saturday, December 6, and Sunday, December 7, 9 a.m.-6 p.m., at various Mad River Valley locations. Info, 496-3409. madrivervalley.com COURTESY OF SEAN GASKELL Something Old, Something New The kora is a 21-string lute harp from Gambia, West Africa, crafted from half a large calabash covered in cow skin. Dating back 300 years, the instrument is often used to perform songs about the rise of the Mande empire. For Sean Gaskell, this window into the musical past is an avenue worth exploring. The North Carolina-based musician’s passion for the kora took him to West Africa multiple times, where he studied under master players Malamini Jobarteh and Moriba Kuyateh. Gaskell teams up with Barika’s Craig Myers in a performance of traditional tunes and original compositions. DEC.5 \| MUSIC SEAN GASKELL DEC.5 \| MUSIC Friday, December 5, 8 p.m., at North End Studio A in Burlington. $10. Info, 863-6713. northendstudios.org SCAN THIS PAGE WITH THE LAYAR APP TO WATCH A VIDEO SEE PAGE 9 YOUR TEXT HERE SCAN THIS PAGE WITH LAYAR SEE PAGE 5 G In Good Company SEVEN DAYS SOPHIE SHAO AND FRIENDS Friday, December 5, 8 p.m., at Concert Hall, Mahaney Center for the Arts, Middlebury College. $6-25. Info, 443-6433. middlebury.edu 12.03.14-12.10.14 ive Sophie Shao a cello and she’ll knock your socks off. A natural talent, the prize-winning cellist first picked up the instrument at age 6. By the time she was 13, the Houston native was enrolled in the prestigious Curtis School of Music. Studies at the Yale School of Music followed, priming Shao for a career of great promise. The virtuoso returns to Middlebury College with violist Teng Li, pianist Gilles Vonsattel and violinists Carmit Zori and Hye-Jin Kim. Together, the chamber musicians present works by Haydn and Brahms, as well as the world premiere of Su Lian Tan’s Revelations. SEVENDAYSVT.COM SCAN THIS PAGE WITH LAYAR SEE PAGE 9 calendar WED.3 Saturday, December 13 at 7:00 pm Celebrates the vibrant customs of Christmas in Ireland with songs, stories, humor, spectacular dance, and lively instrumental tunes! Sponsored by: 122 Hourglass Drive, Stowe, VT Irish Christmas in America1 Ad - Seven Days.indd 1 6h-sppac112614.indd 11/21/2014 4:23:32 PMAM 11/24/14 10:47 « P.54 Story ExplorErS: WhEn it StartS to SnoW: What do farm and woodland animals do when snowflakes begin to fall? A themed read and activity give curious kiddos the answers. ECHO Lake Aquarium and Science Center/Leahy Center for Lake Champlain, Burlington, 10:30 a.m. Free with admission, $9.50-12.50. Info, 877-324-6386. richard blanco: The poet reflects on being an immigrant, a Latino, a gay man and reading his work at President Obama's second inauguration. Unitarian Church of Montpelier, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 223-3338. Story timE for 3- to 5-yEar-oldS: Preschoolers stretch their reading skills through activities involving puppets and books. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 10-10:45 a.m. Free. Info, 878-6956. robErt bonnEr: In "The Soldier's Pen: Letters From the Civil War Battlefront," the Dartmouth College professor recognizes the significance of firsthand written accounts. Goodrich Memorial Library, Newport, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 334-7902. World muSic choir: John Harrison leads vocalists in musical stylings from around the globe. See summit-school.org for details. Union Elementary School, Montpelier, 3:30-4:30 p.m. $10-15; preregister; limited space. Info, 917-1186. Sy montgomEry: Images from the best-selling author's travels in the footsteps of three female scientists inform "Walking With the Great Apes." St. Johnsbury Athenaeum, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 748-8291. language EngliSh aS a SEcond languagE claSS: Beginners better their vocabulary. Pickering Room, Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 6:30-8:30 p.m. Free. Info, 865-7211. intErmEdiatE SpaniSh lESSonS: Adults refine their grammar while exploring different topics with classmates and native speakers. Private residence, Burlington, 5:30-7 p.m. $20. Info, 324-1757. intErmEdiatE/advancEd EngliSh aS a SEcond languagE claSS: Students sharpen grammar and conversational skills. Administration Office, Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 6:30-8:30 p.m. Free. Info, 865-7211. music pErcuSSion EnSEmblE concErt: Feel the beat! Jeffrey Salisbury leads UVM drummers in a spirited performance. UVM Southwick Ballroom, Redstone Campus, Burlington, 7:30-9 p.m. Free. Info, 656-7776. HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS NEEDED 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVENDAYSVt.com dark Star orchEStra: The seven-member band dazzles Grateful Dead fans young and old with a concert experience to remember. Paramount Theatre, Rutland, 8 p.m. $29.75-34.75. Info, 775-0903. 11/21/14 10:31 AM Compensation available for participants in a year-long vaccine study for the Prevention of Dengue Fever. Includes 2 dosing visits and brief follow-up visits. Adults between the ages of 18-50. Earn up to $2030. For more information and to schedule a screening, leave your name, phone number and a good time to call back. 656-0013 • [email protected] • UVMVTC.ORG 6h-uvm-deptofmed102214.indd 1 10/16/14 9:20 AM polly young-EiSEndrath: Citing centuries-old mindfulness models, the author presents "What the Buddhists Teach: Finding Clarity in Everyday Life." Norwich Public Library, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 649-1184. Story timE & playgroup: Engaging narratives pave the way for art, nature and cooking projects. Jaquith Public Library, Marshfield, 10-11:30 a.m. Free. Info, 426-3581. gErman-EngliSh convErSation group: Community members practice conversing auf Deutsch. Local History Room, Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 6:30-8:30 p.m. Free. Info, 865-7211. 6H-HSCC120314.indd 1 paul vincEnt: The Keene State College professor considers methods used by the Nazi regime to influence German society prior to World War II. Ilsley Public Library, Middlebury, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 488-4095. Suny plattSburgh guitar EnSEmblE: Student musicians interpret contemporary, jazz and classical selections. E. Glenn Giltz Auditorium, Hawkins Hall, SUNY Plattsburgh, N.Y., 7:30 p.m. Free. Info, 518-564-2243. talks thE diSh: a SEriES for inquiSitivE EatErS: Panelists ponder the future of New England's local food economy. ArtsRiot, Burlington, 5:30-7:15 p.m. Free. Info, 861-9700. EnvironmEntal & hEalth SciEncES SpEakEr SEriES: Vermont Law School professor Craig Pease explores the intersection of science and law. Room 207, Bentley Hall, Johnson State College, 4-5:15 p.m. Free. Info, 635-1327. frank bryan: The UVM professor emeritus talks politics in "Presidential Term Limits: The History of a Bad Idea." Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 878-6955. Jay parini: More than 20 centuries of cultural iconography inform the author's examination of religious symbolism in "Jesus: The Human Face of God." Rutland Free Library, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 773-1860. oShEr lifElong lEarning lEcturE: Referencing film clips from different genres, cinephile Rick Winston goes behind the scenes of the filmmaking process. Montpelier Senior Activity Center, 1:30 p.m. $5; free for OLLI members. Info, 454-1234. theater 'a chriStmaS carol': Miserly Mr. Scrooge gets unexpected Christmas Eve visitors in Northern Stage's adaptation of Charles Dickens' tale. Briggs Opera House, White River Junction, 10 a.m. & 7:30 p.m. $20-55. Info, 296-7000. 'it'S a WondErful lifE': Versatile actors and a sound-effects ace transport audience members to a 1940s broadcast studio in this Lost Nation Theater adaptation of Frank Capra's classic film. Montpelier City Hall Auditorium, 7 p.m. $10-15. Info, 229-0492. 'lEgally blondE' informational mEEting: Lyric Theatre Company members outline their April production of the hit Broadway musical based on the eponymous movie. Frederick H. Tuttle Middle School, South Burlington, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 658-1484. words ExtEmpo: Local raconteurs tell first-person true stories before a live audience. Sweet Melissa's, Montpelier, 8 p.m. $5. Info, 225-6012. WEdnESday EvEning book club: Readers give feedback on Jojo Moyes' Me Before You. Burnham Memorial Library, Colchester, 6:45-7:45 p.m. Free. Info, 264-5664. 'WEt fEEt, friES and cattlE: 'homE of thE bravE' through thE artS': Told from the perspective of a Sudanese refugee living in Minnesota, Katherine Applegate's novel Home of the Brave inspires a presentation and dialogue. Farrell Room, St. Edmund's Hall, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 5-6:30 p.m. Free. Info, 654-2795. thu.4 activism libErty in north korEa tour: Joo Yang, Yeonmi Park and Joseph Kim share the challenges and changes faced by those who call the country home. Peace & Justice Center, Burlington, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 863-2345. bazaars bakEd bEadS Expo: Time to accessorize! Shoppers add moderately priced jewelry, scarves and more to their collections. Champlain Valley Exposition, Essex Junction, 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Free. Info, 496-2440. bEautiful thingS: Shelburne Craft School instructors display stained glass, pottery, paintings and woodwork at a group craft show. Shelburne Craft School, 5-7 p.m. Free. Info, 985-3648. community branch out burlington! aWESomE trEE contESt aWardS cErEmony: Arborist Warren Spinner hosts a pizza party recognizing this year's winners. Burlington Municipal Building, 6 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 660-2673. liSt Your EVENt for frEE At SEVENDAYSVT.COM/POSTEVENT Get Down Give Back: Revelers groove to electronic and hip-hop beats at a dance party benefiting ANEW Place and the Committee on Temporary Shelter. ArtsRiot, Burlington, 9 p.m. $10. Info, 540-0406. dance 'clara's Dream: a nutcracker story': Choreographer Jennifer Henderson puts a new spin on the classic ballet, with a reinterpreted Sugar Plum Fairy and more. Lebanon Opera House, N.H., 7 p.m. $12-23. Info, 603-448-0400. Dance company of miDDleBury informal showinG: Members present diverse and dynamic new works. Dance Theatre, Mahaney Center for the Arts, Middlebury College, 4:30 p.m. Free. Info, 443-3168. christmas tree liGhtinG: Locals join Gov. Shumlin to fête the holiday season in the capital city. A reception follows. Vermont Statehouse, Montpelier, 4:30 p.m. Free. Info, 828-3519. rapiD reviews for the holiDays: Looking for the perfect page turner? Booksellers give brief assessments of popular titles in a speed-dating format. Phoenix Books, Burlington, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 448-3350. 'rifftrax live: santa claus': Michael J. Nelson, Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett offer wisecracking commentary on René Cardona's 1959 Mexican fantasy film. Palace 9 Cinemas, South Burlington, 8 p.m. $12.50. Info, 660-9300. etc. 'the santalanD Diaries': Local actor Joseph Grabon interprets David Sedaris' essay about his stint as a cynical Macy's elf during the holidays in this Bad Quarto production. North End Studio A, Burlington, 7:30-8:30 p.m. $5. Info, 473-1801. orion first fliGht viewinG: Sky gazers learn about NASA's new spacecraft, then follow its first mission from launch to splashdown. Room 101, Cheray Science Hall, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 6 a.m.-noon. Free. Info, 654-2795. sweet honey in the rock: The Grammy Awardwinning a cappella ensemble pushes the limits of the human voice in a holiday concert of music from faiths and religions around the globe. See calendar spotlight. Flynn MainStage, Burlington, 7:30 p.m. $15-50. Info, 863-5966. american reD cross BlooD Drive: See WED.3. film 'Battle for the elephants': Green Mountain Global Forum hosts a screening of John Heminway's award-winning documentary about wildlife poaching and trafficking. A Q&A with wildlife expert Laurel Neme follows. Big Picture Theater and Café, Waitsfield, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 496-2490. warren miller's 'no turninG Back': See WED.3. food & drink Beautiful Broths: Clinical herbalist Emily Wheeler details the energetic nature of stocks and their role in winter wellness. Tulsi Tea Room, Montpelier, 6:30-8 p.m. $8-10. Info, 223-1431. an eveninG with DeirDre heekin: Oenophiles sit down to a six-course meal with the winemaker and author of An Unlikely Vineyard: The Education of a Farmer and Her Quest for Terroir. Hen of the Wood, Burlington, 7 p.m. $120 includes wine and copy of book; preregister; limited space. Info, 540-0534. health & fitness DevelopinG inner Joy: Attendees discover the ways in which transcendental meditation can prevent illness and promote ideal health. Vermont Transcendental Meditation Center, Williston, 7 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 923-6248. introDuction to massaGe for couples: Massage therapist Laura Manfred demonstrates partner-based techniques for reducing muscular tension. Community Room, Hunger Mountain Coop, Montpelier, 6-7:30 p.m. Free; donations accepted; preregister. Info, 223-8000, ext. 202. holidays artisan holiDay market: Juried artists, craftspeople and specialty food producers from Vermont and New Hampshire showcase pottery, jewelry, knitwear and more. Chandler Music Hall, Randolph, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Free. Info, 431-0204. music with Derek: Kiddos up to age 8 shake out their sillies to toe-tapping tunes. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 10:30 a.m. Free. Info, 878-4918. pJ story hour: Little ones dress for bed and wind down with tales and treats. Fairfax Community Library, 6-7 p.m. Free. Info, 849-2420. pollywoG art: Pint-size Picassos experiment with sculpture, finger paint and homemade play dough at a drop-in creative session. BCA Center, Burlington, 9:30-11:30 a.m. $5-6. Info, 865-7166. reaD to a DoG: Lit lovers ages 5 through 10 take advantage of quality time with a friendly, fuzzy therapy pooch. Fairfax Community Library, 3:15-4:15 p.m. Free; preregister for a time slot. Info, 849-2420. teen aDvisory BoarD: Teens in grades 9 through 12 gather to plan library programs. Yes, there will be snacks. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 4-5 p.m. Free. Info, 878-6956. ukulele for BeGinners: Nationally recognized performer Tom Mackenzie introduces youngsters to the traditional Hawaiian instrument. See summit-school.org for details. Union Elementary School, Montpelier, 3:30-4:30 p.m. $10-15; preregister; limited space. Info, 917-1186. yoGa with Danielle: Toddlers and preschoolers strike a pose, then share stories and songs. Buttered Noodles, Williston, 10 a.m. Free. Info, 764-1810. lgbtq priDe center of vermont senior women's Discussion Group: Female-identified members of the LGBTQ community consider topics of interest in a safe, comfortable setting. Pride Center of Vermont, Burlington, 3-5 p.m. Free. Info, 860-7812. music GIVE THE GIFT of the PERFORMING ARTS! This holiday, give an experience that can last a lifetime. 14/15 SEASON HIGHLIGHTS Whether you give tickets to a performance, a Flynn membership, or a FlynnArts class, create a memorable experience for a loved one while supporting the Flynn. Or give a gift certificate and your recipient can choose any of the above. anima: The all-female ensemble travels back in time in "Star of the Sea: Medieval and Renaissance Music for the Season of Darkness and Light." First Baptist Church, Burlington, 12:15 p.m. Free. Info, 864-6515. P E R F O R M I N G THU.4 » P.58 11/10/14 10:10 AM “Nice Work If You Can Get It” “Peter and the Starcatcher” “Anything Goes” “Grease” Sing-A-Long-A “Schoolhouse Rock Live!” Natalie MacMaster and Donnell Leahy The Acting Company in “Macbeth” Ira Glass, Monica Bill Barnes, Anna Bass Cirque Mechanics Gilberto Gil A R T S www.flynncenter.org or call 802-86-flynn 4T-flynn120314.indd 1 12/1/14 10:33 AM CALENDAR 57 BurlinGton GarDen cluB holiDay tea: A cup-and-saucer affair benefiting the club comes complete with a bake sale and silent auction. Faith United Methodist Church, South Burlington, 2-4 p.m. $8. Info, 343-0847. kiDs crafts & story time: Engaging narratives complement creative projects and sing-alongs. Barnes & Noble, South Burlington, 4-8 p.m. Free; a percentage of daylong store purchases benefits Rick Marcotte Central School. Info, 652-7200. SEVEN DAYS Jazzercise lite: Adults ages 50 and up break a sweat in a supportive environment. Essex Junction Senior Center, 11 a.m.-noon. $3-3.50. Info, 876-5087. kids 12.03.14-12.10.14 forza: the samurai sworD workout: Students sculpt lean muscles and gain mental focus when performing basic strikes with wooden replicas of the weapon. North End Studio A, Burlington, 6-7 p.m. $10. Info, 578-9243. a very merry miDDleBury: See WED.3. SEVENDAYSVt.com winechat: Vino lovers learn to recognize flavor profiles at an informal monthly meet-up that hits all the right palate points. North Branch Café, Montpelier, 6-7 p.m. $12; preregister; limited space. Info, 552-8105. a traDitional christmas in stowe: From candy cane-making demos to Santa's wagon ride down Main Street, Vermont's quintessential ski town gets decked out for the holidays. See stowevibrancy.com for details. Various Stowe locations, 7-9 p.m. Prices vary; most events are free. Info, 253-2275. e b p a n s r a g u S Let r e p l e H y a d i l o your H • Appetizer Platters • Ofﬁce Parties s e rd a o H g in it is V r fo d o o •F • Delivery or Full Service calendar THU.4 « P.57 Beginning Piano Lesson: Guided by Kim Hewitt, students of all ages try their hands at the blackand-white keys. Compass Music and Arts Center, Brandon, 3:30-5 p.m. $15; preregister for 30-minute time slot. Info, 989-1694. Piano WorkshoP: Pianists sit down at the keyboard and let their fingers do the talking. Montpelier Senior Activity Center, 4-6 p.m. Free. Info, 223-2518. sheLBurne Vineyard First thursdays ConCert: You Knew Me When perform progressive indie rock and folk to support Vermont CARES. Shelburne Vineyard, 6-8:30 p.m. Free; cost of food and drink. Info, 985-8222. st. PetersBurg Men's enseMBLe: Hailing from Russia, the vocalists introduce spirituals and folk music from their native country. Brandon Music, 7:30 p.m. $15; $35 includes dinner package; preregister. Info, 465-4071. politics LegisLatiVe PreVieW: A facilitated discussion highlights business-related issues for delegates to address during the upcoming legislative session. Green Mountain Room, La Quinta Inn and Suites, St. Albans, 7:30-9 a.m. Free; preregister. Info, 524-2444. talks Farm to Table Fresh Since 2003. thesnapvt.com • 861.2951 greg sharroW: Vermont Folklife Center's executive director celebrates the state's immigrant communities in "Vermonters of Many Cultures." Town Office, Mendon, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 773-8172. sue Morse: The expert wildlife tracker shares insights in "Climate Change and Animals of the North." Cheray Science Hall, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 4 p.m. Free. Info, [email protected]. theater 'a ChristMas CaroL': See WED.3, 2 & 7:30 p.m. 11/24/14 12:34 PM I share my home. SEVEN DAYS 'harVey': Randolph Union High School students stage Mary Chase's Pulitzer Prize-winning farce about mid-20th-century psychiatry, the nature of happiness and one invisible rabbit. Randolph Union High School, 7:30-9:15 p.m. $4-7. Info, 728-3397. 'it's a WonderFuL LiFe': See WED.3. 'Man Making: a FeVer dreaM': Middlebury College seniors Nick Hemerling and Adam Milano present an original theatrical romp. Hepburn Zoo, Hepburn Hall, Middlebury College, 8 p.m. $5. Info, 443-3168. 'under MiLk Wood': Propelled by live music and shadow puppetry, the Parish Players interpret Dylan Thomas' exploration of life in a small Welsh village. Eclipse Grange Theater, Thetford, 7:30 p.m. $10-15. Info, 785–4344. Fri.5 art SEVENDAYSVt.com 4t-sugarsnap112614.indd 1 aduLt WheeL: Pottery newcomers learn basic wheel-working, then shape clay into cups, mugs and bowls. BCA Center, Burlington, 8-10 p.m. $5-6 includes one fired and glazed piece; $5 per additional piece. Info, 865-7166. HOMESHARE Finding you just the right person! bazaars Baked Beads exPo: See THU.4. community oPen heart CirCLe: A safe space for men and women encourages open sharing that fosters gratitude, reflection, affirmation and more. Sacred Mountain Studio, Burlington, 5:45-7:45 p.m. Donations. Info, 922-3724. 58 CALENDAR 863-5625 • HomeShareVermont.org 4t-homeshare120314.indd 1 12/1/14 1:59 PM BaLLrooM & Latin danCing: Viennese WaLtz: Samir Elabd leads choreographed steps for singles and couples. No partner or experience required. Jazzercize Studio, Williston, introductory lesson, 7-8 p.m.; dance, 8-10 p.m. $6-14. Info, 862-2269. 'CLara's dreaM: a nutCraCker story': See THU.4. engLish Country danCe: Pam Bockes, McKinley James, Aaron Marcus, Susan Reid and Rylee Wrenner provide live music for newcomers and experienced movers alike. All dances are called and taught. Elley-Long Music Center, St. Michael's College, Colchester, introductory workshop, 7-7:30 p.m.; dance, 7:30-9:30 p.m. $10; bring a snack to share. Info, 899-2378. Johnson state CoLLege danCe CLuB: Students bring spectacular choreography to the stage in Danceland! Dibden Center for the Arts, Johnson State College, 7 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 635-1476. Queen City tango PraCtiLonga: Dancers kick off the weekend with improvisation, camaraderie and laughter. No partner necessary, but clean, smooth-soled shoes required. North End Studio B, Burlington, 7:30-10 p.m. $7. Info, 877-6648. etc. aMeriCan red Cross BLood driVe: See WED.3. fairs & festivals VerMont internationaL FestiVaL: A showcase of arts, crafts, food, dance and musical performances celebrates cultures from around the world. Champlain Valley Exposition, Essex Junction, 5-8 p.m. $5-7; $20 per family; free for kids under 6. Info, 863-6713. film Warren MiLLer's 'no turning BaCk': See WED.3, Flynn MainStage, Burlington, 6:30 & 9:30 p.m. $19.27. Info, 863-5966. food & drink CosMiC Wines 2014: Cheers! National and international winemakers and importers uncork bottles at an epic wine tasting. ECHO Lake Aquarium and Science Center/Leahy Center for Lake Champlain, Burlington, 7-9 p.m. $30. Info, 865-2368. Fish Fry: Plates of crispy, golden-brown fish satisfy seafood lovers. VFW Post, Essex Junction, 6-7 p.m. $10 per plate. Info, 878-0700. games Bridge CLuB: See WED.3, 10 a.m. health & fitness aVoid FaLLs With iMProVed staBiLity: A personal trainer demonstrates daily exercises for seniors concerned about their balance. Pines Senior Living Community, South Burlington, 10-11 a.m. $5-6. Info, 658-7477. Chair yoga With JiLL Lang: Yogis limber up with modified poses. Personal mat required. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 10:30 a.m. Free. Info, 878-4918. introduCtion to kundaLini yoga: Following a brief lecture, Laura Manfred leads students in warm-up exercises, postures and a meditation. Community Room, Hunger Mountain Co-op, Montpelier, 6-7:30 p.m. Free; donations accepted; preregister. Info, 223-8000, ext. 202. Laughter yoga: Breathe, clap, chant and ... giggle! Participants reduce stress with this playful practice. Bring personal water. The Wellness Co-op, Burlington, noon-1 p.m. Free. Info, 999-7373. LiVing strong grouP: A blend of singing and exercising enlivens a workout. Montpelier Senior Activity Center, 2-3 p.m. Free. Info, 223-2518. yoga ConsuLt: Yogis looking to refine their practice get helpful tips. Fusion Studio Yoga & Body Therapy, Montpelier, 11 a.m. Free; preregister. Info, 272-8923. holidays 'another BeaVer Pond ChristMas': The ladies of the House of LeMay bring bawdy humor and a hint of mayhem to an over-the-top drag performance. FlynnSpace, Burlington, 8 p.m. $25. Info, 863-5966. artisan hoLiday Market: See THU.4. STERLING • GOLD • PEWTER • STRINGING MATERIALS • BOOKS • CHARMS • GIFT CERTIFICATES • GIFT BASKETS & SO MUCH MORE FIND FUtURE DAtES + UPDAtES At SEVENDAYSVT.COM/EVENTS Christmas Bazaar: Attic treasures, crafts, baked goods and raffles offset a silent auction at this eclectic gathering of goods. St. Ambrose Parish, Bristol, 1-5 p.m. Free. Info, 453-2488. 'a Christmas Carol': Shakespeare on Main Street puts a creative twist on this timeless holiday classic about Ebenezer Scrooge and a trio of ghosts. Poultney High School, 7-8:30 p.m. $5-10; free for kids under 12. Info, 315-0019. Great Holiday Gifts! miDDle sChool Planners & helPers: Lit lovers in grades 6 to 8 plan cool projects for the library, play themed games and compete in a pieeating contest. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 3:30-4:30 p.m. Free. Info, 878-6956. musiC with Derek: Movers and groovers up to age 8 shake out their sillies to toe-tapping tunes. Buttered Noodles, Williston, 10 a.m. Free. Info, 764-1810. DeCk the halls: Families tap into the holiday spirit with decorated trees, musical performances, themed crafts and more. Pizzagalli Center for Art and Education, Shelburne Museum, 11 a.m.-4 p.m. $5-8. Info, 985-3346. musiC with roBert: Sing-alongs with Robert Resnik entertain music lovers. Daycare programs welcome with one caregiver for every two children. Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 10:30-11 a.m. Free. Info, 865-7216. Festival oF trees anD light: Seasonal songs accent a nondenominational celebration featuring 10 eye-catching holiday trees and menorahs. Helen Day Art Center, Stowe, 5 p.m. Donations of nonperishable items. Info, 253-8358. roBin's nest nature PlaygrouP: Naturalistled activities through fields and forests engage little ones up to age 5 and their parents. North Branch Nature Center, Montpelier, 9:30-11:30 a.m. Donations; preregister. Info, 229-6206. holiDay artisan market: Adults and older teens browse handmade gift options over savory treats and live music. Lake Champlain Waldorf School, Shelburne, 6:30-9 p.m. Free. Info, 985-2827. songs & stories with matthew: Matthew Witten helps children start the day with tunes and tales of adventure. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 10-10:45 a.m. Free. Info, 878-6956. holiDay Party: Attendees travel back in time to the 1920s when listening to Christmas records on a Victrola. Main Street Museum, White River Junction, 6-8 p.m. $2-20 suggested donation; free for Hartford Historical Society members. Info, 356-2776. lgbtq leann rimes: The Grammy Award-winning country star belts out catchy tunes in "One Christmas." Paramount Theatre, Rutland, 8 p.m. $48.50-68.50. Info, 775-0903. 'the santalanD Diaries': See THU.4, Off Center for the Dramatic Arts, Burlington, 7:30 p.m. $12-15. Info, 473-1801. a seraPhiC Fire Christmas: The country's top ensemble singers harmonize in a varied repertoire ranging from Gregorian chants to newly commissioned works. North Congregational Church, St. Johnsbury, 7 p.m. $15-39. Info, 748-2600. south enD holiDay shoP: More than 50 business and art studios showcase handcrafted wares and the creative processes behind them. See seaba.com for details. South End Arts District, Burlington, 5-8 p.m. Free. Info, 859-9222. a traDitional Christmas in stowe: See THU.4, 4:30-8 p.m. a very merry miDDleBury: See WED.3. 'wonDerFul Counselor': An original Christmas musical tells the biblical story of the birth of Jesus. First Baptist Church, Richford, 7 p.m. $5; $20 per family. Info, 848-3635. kids 12H-PapaFranks112614.indd 1 11/21/14 10:18 AM FriDay night Fires with the DuPont Brothers: An intimate show treats music lovers to selections from the acoustic guitar duo's forthcoming EP Heavy As Lead. Fresh Tracks Farm Vineyard & Winery, Montpelier, 7-9 p.m. Free. Info, 223-1151. 'lessons anD Carols': Organist Susan Summerfield accompanies the St. Michael's College Chorale in a program of works by Gabriel Fauré, Donald Patriquin and José María Vitier. Chapel of Saint Michael the Archangel, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 654-2795. moDern grass Quintet: Progressive bluegrass gets audience members to their feet. Unitarian Universalist Fellowship, Plattsburgh, N.Y., 7:30-10 p.m. $10. Info, 518-561-6920. 'the musiCal story oF the nutCraCker': The Middlebury Community Players stage a family-friendly interpretation of the fantastical tale driven by Tchaikovsky's score. Auditorium, Middlebury Union High School, 7 p.m. $6. Info, 382-9222. L NT 13 West Center St., Winooski Sunday 12-9pm \| Mon-Thur 11am-9pm Fri-Sat 11am-10pm First FriDay Piano ConCert: Jacob Bleau makes the black-and-white keys dance. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 7-8 p.m. Free. Info, 878-6955. ND • Authentic Italian Food • With this coupon Valid through 12/24/14 Not valid date of purchase. Limit 4 per coupon Castleton Collegiate Chorale & ChamBer singers: Student vocalists pair a cappella pieces with Benjamin Britten’s Rejoice in the Lamb, featuring guest organist David Neiweem. Casella Theater, Castleton State College, 7 p.m. $3-5. Info, 468-1119. the Party Crashers: Elements of funk, soul, R&B and rock combine O R T HE AR TS for a downright danceable mix. Chandler Gallery, Randolph, 7:30 p.m. $19; $35 kiDs knight out: Members of the St. Michael's per couple; cash bar. Info, 728-6464. College softball team host an evening of games, sean gaskell: Barika's Craig Myers joins the sports, swimming and movies for kiddos in grades K kora player in an evening of original compositions through 5. Ross Sports Center, St. Michael's College, and traditional West African tunes. See calendar Colchester, 5:30-9 p.m. $10-15. Info, spotlight. North End Studio A, Burlington, 8 p.m. [email protected]. $10. Info, 863-6713. magiC: the gathering: Decks of cards determine the arsenal with which participants, or "planeswalkers," fight others for glory, knowledge and conquest. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 6-8 p.m. Free; for grades 6 and up. Info, 878-6956. ER BUY A $30 Gift Certiﬁcate FOR ONLY $25 music northsong winter ConCert: The Newport-based chamber choir performs seasonal songs alongside Ottorino Respighi's Laud to the Nativity and Bach's Mass in B minor. Barton United Church, 7:30-9 p.m. Donations. Info, 895-4942. CO U RT ES Y O F C Family wheel: Parents and kids visit the clay studio, where they learn wheel and hand-building techniques. BCA Center, Burlington, 5:30-7:30 p.m. $5-6 includes one fired and glazed piece; $5 per additional piece. Info, 865-7166. 21 Taft Corners Shopping Center • Williston • 288-9666 • www.beadcrazyvt.com 12.03.14-12.10.14 early BirD math: One plus one equals fun! Youngsters and their caregivers gain exposure to mathematics through books, songs and games. Richmond Free Library, 11 a.m.-noon. Free. Info, 434-3036. OPEN EVERY DAY ‘TILL CHRISTMAS » P60 3V-WarrenMiller120314.indd 1 SEVENDAYSVt.com vermont holiDay Festival: Family-friendly activities, musical performances, Santa's workshop, sleigh rides and more transport folks to a winter wonderland. Killington Grand Resort Hotel, 4-8 p.m. $5-10; free for kids 5 and under. Info, 773-4181. First FriDay: DJs and drag acts make for a memorable queer dance party. Higher Ground, South Burlington, 9 p.m. $5-10. Info, 877-987-6487. TEACHERS • GRANDPARENTS • FRIENDS • CO-WORKERS ❤ instruction always available 12/1/14 2:04 PM « P.59 'harveY': See THU.4. Sophie Shao and FriendS: The renowned cellist leads an all-star lineup of chamber musicians in the premiere of Su Tan's Revelations. See calendar spotlight. Concert Hall, Mahaney Center for the Arts, Middlebury College, 8-10 p.m. $6-25. Info, 443-6433. SUnY plattSbUrgh Jazz enSemble: Student musicians welcome the Latin Funk Thugtet in a concert of original works by SUNY Plattsburgh professor Rick Davies. E. Glenn Giltz Auditorium, Hawkins Hall, SUNY Plattsburgh, N.Y., 7:30 p.m. Free. Info, 518-564-2243. outdoors FUll moon SnowShoe hike: Nature lovers explore Montpelier's hillsides by lunar light. Snowshoes and hot chocolate provided. North Branch Nature Center, Montpelier, 7-8:30 p.m. $510; preregister. Info, 229-6206. talks darren perron: The local news anchor offers insights on his profession in "From the Northeast Kingdom to Afghanistan: A Reporter's Notebook." Faith United Methodist Church, South Burlington, 1 p.m. $5. Info, 864-3516. growing older diScUSSion groUp: Andy Potok leads an informal chat that addresses thoughts and fears about aging. Montpelier Senior Activity Center, 10:30-11:30 a.m. Free. Info, 223-2518. 'Under milk wood': See THU.4. Sat.6 art middlebUrY StUdio School potterY Sale: A fundraiser for the school features works by students and local artists. Middlebury Studio School, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Free. Info, 247-3702. bazaars baked beadS expo: See THU.4, 10 a.m.-5 p.m. community homeShare vermont inFormation SeSSion: Those interested in home-sharing or caregiving programs meet with staff to learn more. St. Albans Free Library, 1:30-2 p.m. Free. Info, 863-5625. milton commUnitY YoUth coalition calcUtta & Silent aUction: Auctioneer Jamie Polli emcees a benefit for the MCYC featuring live entertainment and good eats. Fraternal Order of Eagles #793, South Burlington, 6-9 p.m. $85 per couple. Info, 893-1009. theater pancake breakFaSt & Silent aUction: Stacks of flapjacks give way to bidding on donated crafts, gifts and services. Sustainability Academy, Lawrence Barnes School, Burlington, 8:30-11:30 a.m. $4-25 suggested donation; free for kids under 3. Info, 864-8480. 'a chriStmaS carol': See WED.3, 7:30 p.m. river oF light parade: Sambatucada! and Jeh Kulu keep the beat during a themed lantern-lit procession through town. Thatcher Brook Primary School, Waterbury, 5 p.m. Free. Info, mmonley@ wwsu.org. 'broadwaY direct': Veteran performer Bill Carmichael leads a lineup of talented thespians in an evening of popular tunes. Vergennes Opera House, 7:30 p.m. $5-20. Info, 877-6737. From $25 fairs & festivals dance 'a Film aboUt coFFee': The quest for the perfect cup drives Brandon Loper's 2014 documentary about the multifaceted coffee industry. A silent auction and special guests round out this benefit for Food 4 Farmers. Film House, Main Street Landing Performing Arts Center, Burlington, 2:30 p.m. $15. Info, 861-3155. 'clara'S dream: a nUtcracker StorY': See THU.4, 1 & 4 p.m. JohnSon State college dance clUb: See FRI.5. 'moUlin roUge: the ballet': As part of the Stowe Mountain Film Festival, a broadcast production of Canada's Royal Winnipeg Ballet transports viewers to Paris at the turn of the century. Spruce Peak Performing Arts Center, Stowe Mountain Resort, 7 p.m. $12. Info, 760-4634. weSt coaSt Swing dance: Dancers dress to impress at a winter formal hosted by Burlington Westie. North End Studios, Burlington, beginner lesson, 6:30 p.m.; workshop, 7 p.m.; dace, 8-11 p.m. $7-10. Info, [email protected]. etc. american red croSS blood drive: See WED.3. SUgar'baSh' vintage Ski partY: Revelers rock retro gear and groove to tunes by the Grift at a birthday celebration in honor of the resort's 56th year. Sugarbush Resort, Warren, 8-11 p.m. Free. Info, 800-537-8427. wingS oF Sin open StUdio & clothing Sale: Fashionistas catch a behind-the-scenes glimpse of the clothing line, known internationally for unique handmade pieces. Call for details. Wings of Sin Studio, Huntington, noon-6 p.m. Free. Info, 4348507 or 373-4213. vermont international FeStival: See FRI.5, 10 a.m.-6 p.m. film 'the maze': Cinephiles screen preserved 16mm footage of the 1953 sci-fi flick rooted in the legends of Scotland's Glamis Castle. Newman Center, Plattsburgh, N.Y., 7 p.m. Free. Info, serious_61@ yahoo.com. woodStock Film SerieS: A rare mistake in a highly efficient lunchtime delivery service in India leads to an unlikely friendship in Ritesh Batra's award-winning drama The Lunchbox. Billings Farm & Museum, Woodstock, 3 p.m. $5-11; preregister; limited space. Info, 457-2355. food & drink brewFeSt: Hops lovers sip local and regional craft beers while mingling over music and munchies. Smugglers' Notch Resort, Jeffersonville, 6-10 p.m. $20; for ages 21 and up. Info, 332-6841. bUrlington winter FarmerS market: Farmers, artisans and producers offer fresh and prepared foods, crafts, and more in a bustling indoor marketplace with live music, lunch seating and face painting. Memorial Auditorium, Burlington, 10 a.m.-2 p.m. Free. Info, 310-5172. caledonia winter FarmerS market: Fresh baked goods, veggies, beef and maple syrup encourage foodies to shop locally. Welcome Center, St. Johnsbury, 10 a.m.-1 p.m. Free. Info, 592-3088. SAT NIGHTS Story Night 49 Church Street \| Burlington \| 802-658-2545 Open ‘til 9pm or Later \| www.BurlingtonTownCenter.com Gardener’s Supply has the best selection of freshly cut, Vermont-grown Christmas trees, plus custom wreaths, boughs and other greens to decorate your home. 128 Intervale Road, Burlington • (802)660-3505 472 Marshall Avenue, Williston • (802)658-2433 Mon–Sat 9am–6pm, Sun 10-5 www.GardenersSupplyStore.com 60 CALENDAR SEVEN DAYS winooSki ScholarShip train Show: Locomotive lovers feast their eyes on model displays, books, videos and more at this fundraiser for the Winooski Dollars for Scholars program. Winooski High School, 10 a.m.-3 p.m. $1-5; free for kids under 6 with adult companion. Info, [email protected]. WE NIGHDTS Tea Part y 12.03.14-12.10.14 'man making: a Fever dream': See THU.4. 4t-gardenerssupply120314.indd 1 XmasTrees_7D.indd 1 12/1/14 10:44 11/26/14 12:41 AM PM 4t-burlingtontowncenter120314.indd 1 11/14/14 12:09 PM liSt Your EVENt for frEE At SEVENDAYSVT.COM/POSTEVENT Champlain islands Winter Farmers market: Baked items, preserves, meats and eggs sustain shoppers in search of local goods. South Hero Congregational Church, 10 a.m.-2 p.m. Free. Info, 372-1093. holidays middlebury Winter Farmers market: Crafts, cheeses, breads, veggies and more vie for spots in shoppers' totes. Mary Hogan Elementary School, Middlebury, 9:30 a.m.-1 p.m. Free. Info, 989-7223. breakFast With santa: Kiddos start their day off with St. Nick, then take advantage of themed crafts and activities. St. John Vianney Parish Hall, South Burlington, 8:30-10 & 10:30 a.m.-noon. $10; preregister. Info, 951-4290. norWiCh Farmers market: Farmers and artisans offer produce, meats and maple syrup alongside homemade baked goods and handcrafted items. Tracy Hall, Norwich, 10 a.m.-1 p.m. Free. Info, 384-7447. rutland Winter Farmers market: More than 50 vendors offer produce, cheese, homemade bread and other made-in-Vermont products at the bustling indoor venue. Vermont Farmers Food Center, Rutland, 10 a.m.-2 p.m. Free. Info, 753-7269. games rio blanCo royale: From Texas Hold 'em to Scrabble, poker-faced players dress to impress for an evening of low stakes and high fashion benefiting the museum. Black-tie attire is encouraged. Main Street Museum, White River Junction, 9 p.m. $25 per buy-in; BYOB; limited space. Info, 295-6487. health & fitness health style For the holidays: Holistic health coach Sarah Richardson outlines ways to reduce stress and increase self-care during the holiday frenzy. Community Room, Hunger Mountain Co-op, Montpelier, 11 a.m.-12:30 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 223-8000, ext. 202. r.i.p.p.e.d.: See WED.3, 9-10 a.m. 'another beaver pond Christmas': See FRI.5, 7 & 9:30 p.m. artisan holiday market: See THU.4. burlington holiday book sale: Bibliophiles add gently used titles to their bookshelves, or find gifts for fellow readers. Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Free. Info, [email protected]. Christmas at the Farm: Families celebrate the holidays 19th-century-style with candle dipping, ornament making, horse-drawn sleigh rides and sledding. Billings Farm & Museum, Woodstock, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. $4-14; free for kids 2 and under. Info, 457-2355. Christmas basket auCtion: Bids on chocolate, wine, quilts, jewelry, massages, artwork and knitted items benefit the church. United Church of Westford, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 879-4028. Christmas bazaar: See FRI.5, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. 'a Christmas Carol': See FRI.5, Mark Skinner Library, Manchester, 7-8:30 p.m. Donations. Info, 315-0019. Christmas extravaganza & tree sale: Folks get in the holiday spirit with wreaths, freshly cut trees and homemade baked goods. Christ the King Church & School, Burlington, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Free. Info, 862-6696. Christmas in Weston: A bucolic holiday gathering features crafts, horse-drawn wagon rides, caroling, a puppet show and visits from Santa. Weston Community Council, 10 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Free. Info, 824-3669. Christmas tree sale: Eye-catching evergreens make for a festive fundraiser for the HowardCenter and All Breed Rescue. Nate's Automotive, Essex, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Cost of trees. Info, 658-0809. Cookie Walk: Sweets lovers fill a box with assorted treats from local bakers. Crafts, letters to Santa, live music and an indoor "ice castle" complete the fun. Alburgh Public Library, 10 a.m.-1 p.m. $8. Info, 796-6077. Coolidge holiday open house: Stepping back in time to the 1870s, folks explore the birthplace of of America's 30th president. Crafts, sleigh rides, kids activities and music round out the festivities. President Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site, Plymouth, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Free. Info, 672-3773. Country Christmas open house & holiday paint-in: From bazaars and bonfires to sweet treats and sled dogs, a seasonal extravaganza celebrates the arts with a wide range of family-friendly activities. See calendar spotlight. Various Mad River Valley locations, Warren, 9 a.m.-6 p.m. Free. Info, 496-3409. CraFtsbury holiday book sale: A varied selection of titles delights bookworms — and those shopping for them. Complimentary gift wrapping completes the literary fun. Craftsbury Public Library, Craftsbury Common, 10 a.m.-3 p.m. Free. Info, 586-9683. CraFtsbury holiday market: More than 40 local vendors display crafts, food products, jewelry, ornaments and more. Gymnasium, Craftsbury Academy, Craftsbury Common, 10 a.m.-3 p.m. Free. Info, 586-2200. deCk the halls: See FRI.5. Festival oF trees: As bids rise, so do holiday spirits at this annual auction led by Bob Prozzo, who presents vacation getaways, gift certificates, home furnishings and more. Paramount Theatre, Rutland, 5:30 p.m. $10; cash bar. Info, 775-0903. Festival oF Wreaths: Food, music and more than 100 decorated boughs welcome winter in all its glory. Silent auction proceeds benefit the Mary Johnson Children's Center. Town Hall Theater, Middlebury, 10 a.m.-6 p.m. Free; donations accepted. Info, 382-9222. grand isle sChool holiday CraFt shoW: Handmade items complement homemade eats at this seasonal soirée. Grand Isle School, 9 a.m.-3 p.m. Free. Info, 372-1326. holiday art-ernoon tea: Tea and homemade scones sustain shoppers as they browse locally made fine art, jewelry, photography, textiles and ornaments. Compass Music and Arts Center, Brandon, noon-5 p.m. Free. Info, 247-4295. holiday bazaar: For the 82nd year, three floors of fun feature baked goods, a silent auction, tasty eats, handicrafts, gift making and more. First Unitarian Universalist Society, Burlington, 9 a.m.-2 p.m. Free. Info, 862-5630. holiday Celebration: Cookie decorating paves the way for caroling, a reading of "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" and visits with Santa. City Center, Montpelier, 12:30-4 p.m. Free. Info, 223-9604. holiday mansion tour: Decked out for the holidays, a stately marble abode offers visitors a glimpse into 19th-century life. Proceeds benefit the Fair Haven Historical Society. Marble Mansion Inn, Fair Haven, noon-4 p.m. $5-7; free for kids under 12. Info, 265-3240. holiday mix & mingle: Games, tasty fare, toasty fires and good company make for a memorable evening. Highline Lodge, Killington, 6 p.m.-midnight. Cost of food and drink. Info, 738-8117. SAT.6 SEVENDAYSVt.com 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS CALENDAR 61 2H-Star929-111214.indd 1 A race to the base for Vermont’s most beloved trail Which trail will prevail? You decide! Vote for your favorite slopes at sevendaysvt.com SEVEN DAYS Every participant will be entered to win a lift ticket variety pack that includes passes to Bolton, Stowe, Sugarbush, Smugglers’ Notch, Jay Peak and Burke Mountain. VO TI NG ENDS DECEMBER 1 2, AT NO ON. Share your favorite trail with the staff at one of these locations and get 10% off any full-price item! 62 OFFER EXPIRES 12/12/14 1t-dopeslope120314.indd 1 klmountainshop.com THE NORTH FACE STORE AT KL SPORT 210 College Street Burlington 860-4600 THE NORTH FACE LIFESTYLE STORE 90 Church Street Burlington 877-284-3270 KL MOUNTAINSHOP 2613 Shelburne Road Shelburne 877-284-3270 12/1/14 1:04 PM liSt Your EVENt for frEE At SEVENDAYSVT.COM/POSTEVENT SAT.6 « P.61 Holiday open House: Carols played on an 1831 piano set a festive mood for crafts, art viewing, an electric train and other activities. Henry Sheldon Museum of Vermont History, Middlebury, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Donations. Info, 388-2117. Holiday spectacular: The Twilight Players present an evening of seasonal music, dance and sketches. Alexander Twilight Theatre, Lyndon State College, 7:30-8:45 p.m. Donations of nonperishable food items or new unwrapped toys. Info, 626-3663. islands Holiday Hop: An alternative to crowds treats shoppers to craft fairs, gift boutiques, wine tastings and local fare. Call for details. Various Champlain Islands locations, 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Free. Info, 999-5862. ricHmond Holiday market: Santa makes an appearance as folks take horse-drawn wagon rides through town and check out specialty items from more than 70 vendors. Various Richmond locations, 9 a.m.-2:30 p.m. Free. Info, 434-4483. sHelburne Holiday craft fair: Dozens of tables overflow with locally made items and fair trade products. Shelburne United Methodist Church, 9 a.m.-2 p.m. Free. Info, 985-3981. soutH burlington community cHorus: "Songs of the Season" features pieces by Gabriel Fauré and Maurice Duruflé alongside popular winter favorites. Recital Hall, McCarthy Arts Center, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 7:30 p.m. $10-15; free for kids 18 and under. Info, 846-4708. KSGIVING DAY BrickelS Gallery cHina trip information session: Bitten by the travel bug? Representatives from SPIRAL International give high school students the details on an April trip to the country. SPIRAL International Offices, Burlington, 2-3 p.m. Free. Info, 540-0305. saturday drop-in story time: A weekly selection of music and books entertains children of all ages. Burnham Memorial Library, Colchester, 10 a.m. Free. Info, 264-5664. soutH end Holiday sHop: See FRI.5, 10 a.m.-5 p.m. story nigHt: ones gather the us. nd we’re hereLittle when youaround need Christmas tree for cookies and holiday tales. Santa Town Center Mall, No photo area, Burlington All6 p.m. LOWER Free. Info, 658-2545. pointment Insurance CO-PAY a traditional cHristmas in stowe: See Needed Accepted than THU.4, 10 a.m.-8:30 p.m. the ERstroll: Breakfast with Vergennes Holiday arre bella Voce Holiday concert: Local vocalists interpret seasonal tunes in "Ceremony of Carols." First Baptist Church, Burlington, 8 p.m. $15-18. Info, 863-5966. 'messiaH': The Champlain Valley Voices team up with the SUNY Plattsburgh Choral Union in a performance of George Frideric Handel's holiday masterpiece. Strand Center for the Performing Arts, Plattsburgh, N.Y., 7:30 p.m. $2-17. Info, 518-564-3094. 'tHe musical story of tHe nutcracker': See FRI.5. norwicH uniVersity concert band: Musicians commemorate the 100-year anniversary of World War I in "On the Homefront." Plumley Armory, Norwich University, Northfield, 2-4 p.m. Free. Info, 485-2886. ripton community coffeeHouse: Local performers warm up the microphone for Lewis Franco & the Missing Cats. Ripton Community House, 7:30 p.m. $3-10. Info, 388-9782. tHe Vermont cHoral union: Directed by Jeff Rehbach, vocalists perform selections from medieval times to the present in "Heavenly Light." First Congregational Church, St. Albans, 7 p.m. $10-15; $40 per family; free for kids under 15 with ticketed adult. Info, 524-4555. Lab and X-ray onsite Vermont fiddle orcHestra winter concert: A bow-and-string extravaganza features Welsh, Swedish, Irish and American tunes. College Hall Chapel, Vermont College of Fine Arts, Montpelier, 7 p.m. $12-15; free for kids 12 and under. Info, 229-4191. a Very merry middlebury: See WED.3. waldorf Holiday fair: Artisan wares and African drumming complement kids crafts, storytelling, games and homemade eats. Lake Champlain Waldorf School, Shelburne, 10 a.m.-3 p.m. Free. Info, 985-2827. BRY 6 x 3.5 willem lange: The local author signs and discusses Favor Johnson: A Christmas Story. Vermont Country Store, Weston, 1-3 p.m. Free. Info, 362-5950. Vocal recital: Students of affiliate artists Carol Christensen, Susanne Peck and Beth Thompson culminate their studies in an evening of songs and arias. Concert Hall, Mahaney Center for the Arts, Middlebury College, 8 p.m. Free. Info, 443-3168. OPEN THANKSGIVING DAY 6h-JohnBrickles120314.indd 1 We are a not-for-profit clinic and we are here when you need us. Monday thru Friday 10am-8pm Saturday & Sunday 9am-7pm Vcam orientation: Video-production hounds learn basic concepts and nomenclature at an overview of VCAM facilities, policies and procedures. VCAM Studio, Burlington, 11 a.m. Free. Info, 651-9692. SAT.6 All Insurance Accepted SEVEN DAYS basic genetic genealogy: Ed McGuire identifies the benefits of DNA testing, then recommends reputable sources for ancestry enthusiasts. Vermont Genealogy Library, Fort Ethan Allen, Colchester, 10:30 a.m.-noon. $5. Info, 310-9285. LOWER CO-PAY than the ER 802.371.4239 / 1311 Barre Montpelier Road (next to Burger King) seminars winter's eVe: History buffs travel back to the 18th century, where period dances, themed crafts, quill-and-ink letter writing and homestead tours await. Ethan Allen Homestead, Burlington, 4-7 p.m. $4-8; free for kids under 6. Info, 865-4556. No Appointment Needed Get in. Get out. Get Well. mount moosalamoo Hike: A moderate 4.6mile excursion takes nature lovers over the river and through the woods. Moosalamoo National Recreation Area, Goshen, 9 a.m. Free; preregister; limited space. Info, 660-2834. 3d printing, designing & scanning witH blu-bin: Instruction in basic programs teaches attendees how to build digital models of their ideas. Blu-Bin, Burlington, noon-1:30 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 345-6030. 12/1/14 12:27 PM CVMC ExpressCARE outdoors winter Holidays party: A gingerbread house and other activities entertain youngsters while adults help decorate the library. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 10:30 a.m. Free; preregister kids for crafts. Info, 878-4918. wreatH making witH Helen fersing: Balsam bows get repurposed into one-of-a-kind adornments in a hands-on creative session. For ages 10 and up. Fairfax Community Library, 10 a.m.-noon. $12-20. Info, 849-2420. in the Soda Plant // 266 Pine St. Burlington // 802 825 8214 12.03.14-12.10.14 waterbury Holiday artisan boutique: Jewelry, artwork, pottery and kids items provide shoppers with local gift options. Bridgeside Books, Waterbury, 9:30 a.m.-6 p.m. Free. Info, 249-7192. Vermont sympHony orcHestra masterworks: Anthony Princiotti conducts a concert featuring Stravinsky's Rite of Spring, Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake and other notable compositions. Flynn MainStage, Burlington, preperformance lecture, 7 p.m.; concert, 8 p.m. $16-61. Info, 863-5966. Fri. Dec. 5 • 10am-8pm Sat. Dec. 6 • 10am-5pm SEVENDAYSVt.com Vermont Holiday festiVal: See FRI.5, noon-8 p.m. everything music et out. Get Well. Santa fuels folks for a day of music and merriment filled with crafts and themed performances. See vergennesdowntown.com for details. Various Vergennes locations, 7:30 p.m. Prices vary; most Montpelier Road (next to Burger King) events are free. Info, 877-6737. 50%off story explorers: wHen it starts to snow: See WED.3. xpressCARE soutH burlington Holiday bazaar: Antiques and attic treasures complement crafts, jewelry and books. A raffle and luncheon round out the day. All Saints Episcopal Church, South Burlington, 9 a.m.2 p.m. Free. Info, 862-9750. Sale « P.63 sports Green Mountain open table tennis tournaMent: Quick reflexes are the name of the game when participants paddle ping-pong balls back and forth at this annual event. Gymnasium, Knights of Columbus, Rutland, 9 a.m. $10; preregister. Info, 47-5913. FROM DECEMBER 7TH-13TH INCLUDES: classes, full use of gym, bike storage, WiFi, sauna! theater nia with suzy: Drawing from martial arts, dance arts and healing arts, sensory-based movements inspire participants to explore their potential. South End Studio, Burlington, 9-10 a.m. $14. Info, 522-3691. 'will' staGed readinG: Vermont Shakespeare Company pays tribute to its namesake in a performance of Jon Glascoe's play about the bard. A reception follows. Off Center for the Dramatic Arts, Burlington, 7 p.m. $15; cash bar. Info, 877-874-1911. words northeast storytellers: Poets and other wordsmiths share original material. Catamount Arts Center, St. Johnsbury, 11:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m. Free. Info, 535-3399. sun.7 activism 'the new JiM crow' Group discussion: Michelle Alexander's The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness inspires a workshop and conversation about pressing social issues. Peace & Justice Center, Burlington, 3-5 p.m. Free. Info, 863-2345, ext. 6. community ok abc practice: A: Who am I? B: What do I want to be? C: How can I change the world? An open meeting welcomes those looking to explore these inquiries. Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 4:45-6 p.m. Free. Info, 989-9684. 'la bayadere': Broadcast to the big screen, this Bolshoi Ballet production of Marius Petipa's groundbreaking work explores the forbidden love between a dancer and a warrior. Catamount Arts Center, St. Johnsbury, 12:55 p.m. $6-18. Info, 748-2600. HEARING AIDS FIND OUT HOW: student choreoGraphy showcase: UVM dance composition students perform original works in various styles. UVM Recital Hall, Redstone Campus, Burlington, 7-8:30 p.m. Free. Info, paul. [email protected]. education suMMit school open house: Folks learn about the music school's education model over potluck fare and live performances. Montpelier Senior Activity Center, 5-7 p.m. Free. Info, 917-1186. etc. aMerican red cross blood drive: See WED.3. fairs & festivals verMont international Festival: See FRI.5, 10 a.m.-5 p.m. film chandler FilM society: Nuns living in the Himalayas face conflict and tension in the controversial 1947 drama Black Narcissus. A Q&A and discussion follow. Chandler Gallery, Randolph, reception, 5:15 p.m.; film, 6 p.m. $9. Info, 728-6464. .com 'Man MakinG: a Fever dreaM': See THU.4. 8h-MarketplaceFitness120314.indd 1 coMMunity breakFast: The Ladies Auxiliary hosts a hearty start to the day for members and nonmembers alike. VFW Post, Essex Junction, 9-11 a.m. $3-7. Info, 878-0700. 'broadway direct': See FRI.5, McCarthy Arts Center, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 2 & 7:30 p.m. $20. Info, 654-2281. 'harvey': See THU.4. 29 Church St., Burlington, VT 05401 802-651-8773 \| marketplacefitness.com food & drink developinG inner Joy: See THU.4, 1 p.m. sunday sanGha: coMMunity ashtanGa yoGa: Students of all ages and skill levels hit the mat to breathe through a series of poses. Grateful Yoga, Montpelier, 5:40-7 p.m. $1-20 suggested donation. Info, 224-6183. holidays artisan holiday Market: See THU.4, 11 a.m.3 p.m. burlinGton holiday book sale: See SAT.6, noon-5 p.m. christMas at the FarM: See SAT.6. christMas classic double Feature: Families flock to the theater for screenings of A Christmas Carol and Christmas in Connecticut. Palace 9 Cinemas, South Burlington, 2 & 7 p.m. $12.50. Info, 660-9300. christMas extravaGanza & tree sale: See SAT.6. christMas tree liGhtinG & carolinG: 'Tis the season for crafts, carols, cocoa, cookies and balsams ablaze with tiny lights. Burnham Memorial Library, Colchester, 4-5:15 p.m. Free. Info, 264-5664. christMas tree sale: See SAT.6. country christMas open house & holiday paint-in: See SAT.6. deck the halls: See FRI.5. GiFts that Give: Shoppers' purchases make a difference at this holiday fair benefiting 16 local nonprofits. Burlington City Hall Auditorium, 11 a.m.3 p.m. Free. Info, 864-7704. holiday concert: The Milton Community Band and David's United Ringers perform a spirited show of seasonal songs. Auditorium, Milton Middle/High School, 2 p.m. Free. Info, 893-4922. holiday open house: See SAT.6, noon-4 p.m. holiday open house luncheon: Live music by Carol Ann Jones entertains diners, who catch up over a shared meal and sweet treats. Milton Historical Society, 11 a.m.-2 p.m. Free. Info, 893-1604. holiday pie concert: The Champlain Echoes join the Green Mountain men's barbershop chorus to belt out seasonal tunes, then serve up slices of tasty pastries. Film House, Main Street Landing Performing Arts Center, Burlington, 3:30-5 p.m. $10-20. Info, 655-2174. holiday pop-up shop: Eleven local artists and vendors set up shop while the bar doles out themed cocktails and DJ Disco Phantom provides the grooves. The Monkey House, Winooski, 9:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m. Free. Info, 339-227-0683, amy@ where-clothes.com. 'lessons and carols For advent and christMas': Jeffrey Buettner directs the Middlebury College Chapel Choir in choral works, congregational singing and biblical texts. Mead Memorial Chapel, Middlebury College, 4 & 7 p.m. Free. Info, 443-3168. rí rá santa 5k run & walk: Throngs of revelers decked out as St. Nick dash through downtown Burlington in a road race benefiting Camp Ta-KumTa. A traditional Irish breakfast follows. Rí Rá Irish Pub & Whiskey Room, Burlington, 10 a.m. $40-55 includes Santa suit and breakfast; preregister. Info, 860-9401. FIND FUtURE DAtES + UPDAtES At SEVENDAYSVT.COM/EVENTS A Very Merry Middlebury: See WED.3. kids All-SportS Field dAy: Students in grades K through 8 test out basketball, floor hockey, volleyball and soccer. Swimming and an agility/obstacle course round out the fun. Proceeds benefit MakeA-Wish Vermont. Tarrant Student Recreational Center, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 10 a.m.noon. $15. Info, 654-2795. 'CuriouS GeorGe: the Golden MeAtbAll': Kiddos ages 5 and up watch the page come to the stage in Theatreworks USA's musical adaptation of Margret and H.A. Rey's best-selling children's book series. Moore Theater, Hopkins Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H., 3 p.m. $13-23. Info, 603-646-2422. iCe SkAtinG For dAdS & kidS: Fathers and other male role models bond with little ones as they glide across the ice. Central Vermont Memorial Civic Center, Montpelier, 4-5:15 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 595-7953. kidS yoGA: Yogis ages 3 through 7 gain strength and balance while learning how to focus and relax. Grateful Yoga, Montpelier, 4:15-5:15 p.m. $12. Info, 224-6183. ruSSiAn plAy tiMe With nAtAShA: Youngsters up to age 8 learn new words via rhymes, games, music, dance and a puppet show. Buttered Noodles, Williston, 11-11:45 a.m. Free. Info, 764-1810. language diMAnCheS FrenCh ConVerSAtion: Parlezvous français? Speakers practice the tongue at a casual drop-in chat. Local History Room, Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 4-5:30 p.m. Free. Info, 363-2431. music bellA VoCe holidAy ConCert: See SAT.6, 3 p.m. kAthryn kubA dAndurAnd: The therapeutic harpist demonstrates the instrument's healing qualities as part of the Westford Music Series. United Church of Westford, 4-5 p.m. Free. Info, 879-4028. 'MeSSiAh' SinG-AlonG With VerMont SyMphony orCheStrA: VSO chamber musicians and soloists accompany community members in a performance of George Frideric Handel's monumental work. Charlotte Congregational Church, 4 p.m. $12. Info, 425-3176. northSonG Winter ConCert: See FRI.5, United Church of Newport, 4-5:30 p.m. Donations. Info, 895-4942. norWiCh uniVerSity CAMpuS ChorAleerS: Student performers welcome the Northfield Community Chorus in "Celebrate Community," featuring pianist Alison Cerutti and organist Carl Hackert. Norwich University, Northfield, 4:30 p.m. Free. Info, 485-2886. the VerMont ChorAl union: See SAT.6, St. Paul's Cathedral, Burlington, 3 p.m. $12-17; free for kids under 15 with ticketed adult. Info, 863-5966. theater 'A ChriStMAS CArol': See WED.3, 2 p.m. FirSt SundAy SAlon SerieS: "Youth in Music" paves the way for a holiday sing-along led by Cynthia Huard and Ali Dawson. WalkOver Gallery & Concert Room, Bristol, 7 p.m. Donations. Info, 453-5060. 'leGAlly blonde' Audition: Performers 16 and up try out for Lyric Theatre Company's 2015 production of the Broadway hit based on the movie starring Reese Witherspoon. Flynn MainStage, Burlington, 12:30-6 p.m. Free. Info, 658-1484. 'M or F?' AuditionS: Actors vie for spots in Vermont Pride Theater's stage adaptation of Chris Tebbetts and Lisa Papademetriou's eponymous book. Chandler Music Hall, Randolph, 2-5 p.m. Free. Info, 728-3726. SERVICES OFFERED Infertility evaluations • Assisted reproductive techniques including IUI/IVF/ICSI Preimplantation genetic testing in new, state of the art onsite laboratory Fertility preservation • Full range of gynecologic ultrasound services Care for endocrine issues like PCOS, irregular cycles, and pediatric gynecology Egg Donors wanted 802-655-8888 / www.nrmvt.com 'under Milk Wood': See THU.4, 2 p.m. 6hNortheasternMed110514.indd 1 Mon.8 art liFe drAWinG: Artists use their own materials to capture the poses of a live model. BCA Center, Burlington, 6:30-8:30 p.m. $6-8. Info, 865-7166. crafts SeW A bird: An all-ages creative session transforms felt into colorful winged wonders. Children must be accompanied by an adult. Burnham Memorial Library, Colchester, 6-7:45 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 264-5660. dance eASy internAtionAl Folk-Style dAnCinG: Folks of all experience levels form a circle, where they learn ancient and modern village dances. Ohavi Zedek Synagogue, Burlington, 4-5:15 p.m. Free. Info, 978-424-7968. 10/30/14 1:54 PM AMeriCAn red CroSS blood driVe: See WED.3. film 'A plACe At the tAble': Seen through the eyes of specific children and families, Kristi Jacobson and Lori Silverbush's documentary examines poverty and hunger in America. Carpenter-Carse Library, Hinesburg, 6:30 p.m. Free. Info, 482-2878. Naughty or nice, it’s time to cozy up! games bridGe Club: See WED.3, 7 p.m. triViA niGht: Teams of quick thinkers gather for a meeting of the minds. Lobby, Hotel Vermont, Burlington, 7-9 p.m. Free. Info, 651-5012. health & fitness AVoid FAllS With iMproVed StAbility: See FRI.5. beGinner tAi Chi For heAlth & bAlAnCe: An open class welcomes students of all abilities for warm-ups, form practice and meditation. Ohavi Zedek Synagogue, Burlington, 5:15-7 p.m. $25 for entire series. Info, 978-424-7968. Now on liVinG StronG Group: See FRI.5, 2:30-3:30 p.m. r.i.p.p.e.d.: See WED.3. holidays Green MountAin ColleGe JAzz enSeMble: Gary Schmidt directs GMC musicians in an eclectic program of jazz standards. Withey Hall, Green Mountain College, Poultney, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 287-8926. MON.8 » P.66 ly PER MONTH Now through the end of 2014, start unlimited conversations for only $15 a month (usually $30). Browse 2,000+ profiles and connect with local singles at sevendaysvt.com, a trusted, online community powered by Vermonters. 3v-halfoffholiday-1114.indd 1 11/4/14 1:50 PM CALENDAR 65 VerMont philhArMoniC orCheStrA & ChoruS: A spirited performance of Handel's Messiah transports audience members to the height of the baroque period. Barre Opera House, 2 p.m. $5-15; $32 per family of four. Info, 476-8188. Dr. Peter Casson SEVEN DAYS uniVerSity ConCert Choir & CAtAMount SinGerS: Vocalists lift their voices in "Winter's Warm Music: A Celebration of Yuletide." Marble Court, Fleming Museum, UVM, Burlington, 2 p.m. Free. Info, 656-7776. Dr. Christine Murray 12.03.14-12.10.14 rutlAnd AreA ChoruS: Under the direction of Rip Jackson, soloists and orchestra members perform Handel's Messiah and other notable works from the German composer. Grace Congregational Church, Rutland, 3:30-5 & 7-8:30 p.m. Free. Info, 775-4301. burlinGton proGreSSiVe pArty MeMberShip MeetinG: Like-minded locals meet over potluck fare to elect new officers, hold ward caucuses and update ballot items. McClure Multigenerational Center, Burlington, 5-7 p.m. Free. Info, 229-0800. SEVENDAYSVt.com 'the MuSiCAl Story oF the nutCrACker': See FRI.5, 2 p.m. politics calendar MoN.8 ÂŤ P.65 Holiday dinner: King Street Center mentors join mentees and their families for a festive feast. VFW Post, Burlington, 5:15 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, [email protected]. Santa PawS: Little ones pose with their pets for memorable holiday images. Burlington Town Center Mall, 6-8 p.m. Cost of photographs. Info, 658-2545. winter Holiday CenterPieCe: Sharon Niquette of Buds and Roses helps participants create an eye-catching tabletop arrangement. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 6 p.m. Free; preregister; limited space. Info, 878-4918. kids aliCe in noodleland: Youngsters get acquainted over crafts and play while new parents and expectant mothers chat with maternity nurse and lactation consultant Alice Gonyar. Buttered Noodles, Williston, 10-11 a.m. Free. Info, 764-1810. Crafternoon: Students in grades 4 and up get creative with a sewing activity. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 3-4:30 p.m. Free. Info, 878-6956. KidS yoga: A fun-filled class for students ages 8 through 12 encourages focus, creativity and teamwork. Grateful Yoga, Montpelier, 4:15-5:15 p.m. $12. Info, 224-6183. MuSiC witH Peter: Preschoolers up to age 5 bust out song-and-dance moves to traditional and original folk tunes. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 11 a.m. Free; limited to one session per week per family. Info, 878-4918. StorieS witH Megan: Captivating tales entertain good listeners ages 2 through 5. Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 11-11:30 a.m. Free. Info, 865-7216. 4t-umiak120314.indd 1 11/21/14 12:11 PM COLLEGE IN MY BACKYARD #CIMBY trad Band: Intermediate musicians practice under the tutelage of Colin McCaffrey. See summitschool.org for details. Union Elementary School, Montpelier, 3:30-4:30 p.m. $10-15; preregister; limited space. Info, 917-1186. language advanCed SPaniSH leSSonS: Proficient speakers sharpen their skills in discussions of literature and current events. Private residence, Burlington, 5-6:30 p.m. $20. Info, 324-1757. music SEVENDAYSVt.com Beginning Piano leSSon: Guided by Kim Hewitt, students of all ages try their hands at the blackand-white keys. Compass Music and Arts Center, Brandon, 3:30-5 p.m. $15; preregister for 30-minute time slot. Info, 989-1694. 12.03.14-12.10.14 OVER 1,000 CLASSES RIGHT OUTSIDE YOUR DOOR REGISTER NOW! danCe Band tentHS: Castleton State College's jazz combo channels the 1950s in works popularized by Ella Fitzgerald, Miles Davis and others. Casella Theater, Castleton State College, 7 p.m. $3-5. Info, 468-1119. talks verMont CounCil of world affairS annual Meeting: Keynoter Donald Steinberg presents "America and the World in the Age of Ebola and Datapaloozas." A wine-and-cheese reception follows. Meeting, 3:30 p.m.; lecture, 4:30 p.m. Pomerleau Alumni Center, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 3:30 p.m. Free. Info, 861-2343. SEVEN DAYS theater 'legally Blonde' audition: See SUN.7, 5:45-10 p.m. 'tBw' Staged reading: Middlebury College senior Erica Furgiuele presents The New Play To Be Written. Seeler Studio Theatre, Mahaney Center for the Arts, Middlebury College, 8 p.m. Free. Info, 443-3168. 66 CALENDAR 11/18/14 2:09 PM words BooK diSCuSSion: PortraitS of tHe artiStS: Linda Bland facilitates conversation about Barbara Mujica's Frida. Heineberg Community & Senior Center, Burlington, 1 p.m. Free. Info, 865-7211. JaCK Mayer: The author of Life in a Jar: The Irena Sendler Project details the humble Holocaust hero's underground children's rescue network. A reception follows. Hoehl Welcome Center, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 7 p.m. MuSt-read Monday: Margaret Atwood's Surfacing inspires conversation among bibliophiles. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 6:30-7:30 p.m. Free. Info, 878-6955. SHaPe & SHare life StorieS: Prompts from Recille Hamrell trigger recollections of specific experiences, which are crafted into narratives and shared with the group. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 12:30-2:30 p.m. Free. Info, 878-4918. tue.9 activism 'tHe new JiM Crow' grouP diSCuSSion: See SUN.7, 6-8 p.m. business How to CoMMerCialize your idea: Scott Holson of the Vermont Small Business Development Center covers potential markets, products, problems and competition. Conference Room, Addison County Economic Development Corporation, Middlebury, 10 a.m.-noon. Free; preregister. Info, 388-7953. community tueSday volunteer nigHtS: Folks lend a hand to nonprofit bike shop by organizing parts, moving bikes and tackling other projects. Children under 12 must be accompanied by an adult. Bike Recycle Vermont, Burlington, 5-8 p.m. Free. Info, 264-9687. dance intro to triBal Belly danCe: Ancient traditions from diverse cultures define this moving meditation that celebrates creative energy. Comfortable clothing required. Sacred Mountain Studio, Burlington, 6:45 p.m. $13. Info, [email protected]. Swing danCe PraCtiCe SeSSion: Twinkle-toed dancers get familiar with the lindy hop, Charleston and balboa. Indoor shoes required. Champlain Club, Burlington, 7:30-9:30 p.m. $5. Info, 448-2930. etc. aMeriCan red CroSS Blood drive: See WED.3. film KnigHtS of tHe MyStiC Movie CluB: Cinema hounds screen campy flicks at this ode to offbeat productions. Main Street Museum, White River Junction, 8 p.m. Free. Info, 356-2776. games CHeSS CluB: Checkmate! Players ages 6 and up apply expert advice from a skilled instructor to games with others. Fairfax Community Library, 3-4:15 p.m. Free. Info, 849-2420. gaMing for teenS & adultS: Tabletop games entertain players of all skill levels. Kids 13 and under require a legal guardian or parental permission to attend. Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 5-7:45 p.m. Free. Info, 865-7216. health & fitness droP-in HatHa yoga: Betty Molnar leads a gentle practice of mindful stretching and relaxation. Personal mat required. Burnham Memorial Library, Colchester, 4:30-5:30 p.m. Free. Info, 264-5660. gentle yoga witH Jill lang: Students get their stretch on in a supportive environment. Personal mat required. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 5:30-6:30 p.m. Free. Info, 878-4918. intro to yoga: Newcomers discover the benefits of aligning breath and body. Fusion Studio Yoga & Body Therapy, Montpelier, 4-5 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 272-8923. FIND FUtURE DAtES + UPDAtES At SEVENDAYSVT.COM/EVENTS Nia With Suzy: See SUN.7, North End Studio B, Burlington, 7-8 a.m. $13. Info, 522-3691. VermoNt health CoNNeCt PreSeNtatioN: A certified navigator breaks down the health care system into digestible information. A Q&A follows. Fairfax Community Library, 6:30-8 p.m. Free. Info, 849-2420. holidays holiday meditatioNS: Breathing techniques, sound and readings serve as vehicles for relaxation and inner reflection. Yoga Roots, Shelburne, 5-5:45 p.m. $5-15 suggested donation. Info, 985-0090. PJ Night: Pajama-clad tots bring their favorite blankets and stuffed animals for a creative photo op with Santa. Burlington Town Center Mall, 6-8 p.m. Cost of photographs. Info, 658-2545. 'rudolPh the red-NoSed reiNdeer': A reindeer with a bright, bulbous nose longs for acceptance in this 1964 feel-good flick. Paramount Theatre, Rutland, 7 p.m. Free. Info, 775-0903. toddler holiday Story time: Traditional tales and contemporary narratives set the tone for music, rhymes and a snack. Burnham Memorial Library, Colchester, 10:30-11:30 a.m. Free. Info, 264-5660. a Very merry middlebury: See WED.3. 'a White ChriStmaS': Two World War II veterans move their song-and-dance act to Vermont to win over the singing Haynes sisters in the 1954 holiday classic starring Bing Crosby. Film House, Main Street Landing Performing Arts Center, Burlington, 7 p.m. Free; first come, first served. Info, 540-3018. kids CreatiVe tueSdayS: Artists exercise their imaginations with recycled crafts. Kids under 8 must be accompanied by an adult. Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 3-5 p.m. Free. Info, 865-7216. FairFax Story hour: 'We are artiStS!': Good listeners up to age 6 are rewarded with crafts and activities. Fairfax Community Library, 9:30-10:30 a.m. Free. Info, 849-2420. highgate Story hour: See WED.3. muSiC With mr. ChriS: Singer, storyteller and puppeteer Chris Dorman entertains tykes and their parents. Buttered Noodles, Williston, 10-10:30 a.m. Free. Info, 764-1810. StorieS With megaN: See MON.8, Robert Miller Community & Recreation Center, Burlington, 1111:30 a.m. Free. Info, 865-7216. Story exPlorerS: you are a lioN!: Kiddos mimic animals in a series of simple yoga poses. ECHO Lake Aquarium and Science Center/Leahy Center for Lake Champlain, Burlington, 10:30 a.m. Free with admission, $9.50-12.50. Info, 877-324-6386. Story time For babieS & toddlerS: Picture books, songs, rhymes and puppets arrest the attention of kids under 3. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 9:10-9:30 a.m. Free. Info, 878-6956. teeN art Studio: A local artist inspires adolescents to pursue their own artistic visions. Helen Day Art Center, Stowe, 6:30-8:30 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 253-8358. World muSiC Choir: See WED.3. language talks eriC hyNeS: Birds of a feather flock together! The professional tour guide recounts his avian adventures in "Chasing Chickens: Colorado Grouse." Pierson Library, Shelburne, 6:30 p.m. Free. Info, 985-5124. luNCh & learN: Artist Monica DiGiovanni lends her creative spirit to "Painting the Mind." North Branch Café, Montpelier, noon-1 p.m. Free; cost of food. Info, 552-8105. theater 'a ChriStmaS Carol': See WED.3, 7:30 p.m. 'legally bloNde' auditioN: See SUN.7, 5:45-10 p.m. NatioNal theatre liVe: Drawn from real-life stories, a broadcast production of JOHN by DV8 Physical Theatre explores love and sex in the face of crime and drug use. Mature themes; for ages 18 and up. Palace 9 Cinemas, South Burlington, 7 p.m. $18. Info, 863-5966. Catamount Arts Center, St. Johnsbury, 8 p.m. $16-24. Info, 748-2600. words 'Sutra oF goldeN light' readiNg: A group recitation accesses ways to create harmony and remove obstacles. Milarepa Center, Barnet, dinner, 5:30 p.m.; reading, 6:30-7:30 p.m. Free; $8 for dinner; preregister. Info, 633-4136. book diSCuSSioN grouP: Bibliophiles exchange ideas and opinions about Gillian Flynn's psychological thriller Gone Girl, then compare it to the film version. Local History Room, Fletcher Free Library, Burlington, 6:30 p.m. Free. Info, 865-7216. Writer'S CirCle: Lit lovers of all skill levels put pen to paper in an encouraging environment. The Wellness Co-op, Burlington, 5:30-7 p.m. Free. Info, 888-492-8218, ext. 300. Wed.10 activism droNe Pilot PreSeNtatioN: Attendees learn about PTSD and other emotional repercussions faced by those who operate unmanned aerial vehicles in combat. Peace & Justice Center, Burlington, 7-8 p.m. Free. Info, 863-2345, ext. 6. All CALENDARS Trees 30 Church St. Burlington 658-6452 Mon–Sat 9–9, Sun 10–6 www.AppleMountain.net $35 Find holiday gifts for everyone on your list at locally owned Phoenix Books. Starting Dec. 3 (Until we run out of trees) F IR S T. T HINK COMMUNIT Y F IR S T. T HIN K Fresh Balsams PHOENIX F IR S T. art 'VatiCaN muSeumS 3d': Awe-inspiring footage takes art lovers on a tour of some of the world's most striking pieces, collected over the course of 500 years. Palace 9 Cinemas, South Burlington, 7 p.m. $12.50. Info, 660-9300. bazaars 82 S. Winooski Ave. Burlington, VT 05401 iNterNatioNal market: Handmade items from around the world make for unique gifts. Proceeds benefit MOVE. Alliot Student Center, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 10 a.m.-6 p.m. Free. Info, 654-2901. WED.10 Open 7 days a week, 7 a.m. - 11 p.m. » P.68 191 Bank Street, Downtown Burlington • 802.448.3350 21 Essex Way, Essex • 802.872.7111 12/1/14 11:02 AM www.phoenixbooks.biz CALENDAR 67 begiNNer SPaNiSh leSSoNS: Newcomers develop basic competency en español, starting with the first session. Private residence, Burlington, 5:30-7 p.m. $20. Info, 324-1757. VermoNt youth orCheStra ChoruS & CoNCert Chorale: Highlights of Christoph Willibald Gluck's opera Orfeo ed Euridice are featured alongside Gaelic and seafaring songs in "Revel, My Friends." Elley-Long Music Center, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 7 p.m. $7-12. Info, 863-5966. SEVEN DAYS teCh tueSdayS: Youngsters tackle e-crafts, circuits and programming after school gets out. Kellogg-Hubbard Library, Montpelier, 3:30-4:30 p.m. Free. Info, 223-4665. music Story time For 3- to 5-year-oldS: See WED.3. COTS Trees! PauSe-CaFé FreNCh CoNVerSatioN: French students of varying levels engage in dialogue en français. Panera Bread, Burlington, 6:30-8:30 p.m. Free. Info, 363-2431. SEVENDAYSVt.com PreSChool Story time & CraFt: Entertaining tales and creative projects help tykes ages 3 through 5 build literacy skills. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 11 a.m. Free. Info, 878-4918. FreNCh CoNVerSatioN grouP: Beginner-tointermediate speakers brush up on their language skills. El Gato Cantina, Burlington, 4:30-6 p.m. Free. Info, 540-0195. 17th Annual Benefit Sale mEEt rocKin' ron tHE friEndly PiratE: See WED.3. community PrEScHool muSic: See WED.3. Story timE & PlayGrouP: See WED.3. EfficiEncy VErmont community forum: Locals give feedback about how best to develop current programs over the next three years. Camel's Hump Middle School, Richmond, 6-7:30 p.m. Free. Info, 888-921-5990. Story timE for 3- to 5-yEar-oldS: See WED.3. VErmont SymPHony orcHEStra 'drumSHticK' PErcuSSion trio: Brian Johnson, Robert Levis and Jane Boxall keep the beat on a wide range of international instruments in "Percussion Means the World to Us." Elm Hill Elementary School, Springfield, 9:30 & 10:30 a.m.; Albert Bridge School, West Windsor, 1 p.m. Free. Info, 864-5741, ext. 16. HomESHarE VErmont information SESSion: See SAT.6, HomeShare Vermont, South Burlington, 2-2:30 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 863-5625. PEEr SuPPort circlE: See WED.3. crafts williSton PaJama Story timE: Kids in PJs bring their favorite stuffed animals for stories, a craft and a bedtime snack. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 6:30 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 876-7555. crEatE your own PoP-uP cardS: Artist Ellen Bresler helps folks tap into their creative side and create personalized paper art. North Branch Café, Montpelier, 7-8:30 p.m. $20 includes materials and beverage. Info, 552-8105. world muSic cHoir: See WED.3. language education EnGliSH aS a SEcond lanGuaGE claSS: See WED.3. toaStmaStErS of GrEatEr BurlinGton: Those looking to strengthen their speaking and leadership skills learn more. Holiday Inn, South Burlington, 7-8:30 p.m. Free. Info, 989-3250. intErmEdiatE SPaniSH lESSonS: See WED.3. intErmEdiatE/adVancEd EnGliSH aS a SEcond lanGuaGE claSS: See WED.3. italian conVErSation GrouP: Parla Italiano? A native speaker leads a language practice for all ages and abilities. Room 101. St. Edmund's Hall, St. Michael's College, Colchester, 7-9 p.m. Free. Info, 899-3869. etc. amErican rEd croSS Blood driVE: See WED.3. tEcH HElP witH clif: Folks develop skill sets applicable to smartphones, tablets and more. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 1-3 p.m. Free. Info, 878-6955. 4t-Bellavoce120314.indd 1 12/1/14 10:30 AM music tEcH tutor ProGram: Local teens answer questions about computers and devices during one-on-one sessions. Dorothy Alling Memorial Library, Williston, 5:30-7:30 p.m. Free; preregister for a time slot. Info, 878-4918. caStlEton wind EnSEmBlE: A multimedia tribute to music in film features selected scenes from Avatar, The Polar Express and other popular movies. Casella Theater, Castleton State College, 7 p.m. $3-5. Info, 468-1119. toaSt to crEatiVity witH KriStin ricHland: Wine lovers sip local varietals while checking out new work from the Vermont artist. Fresh Tracks Farm Vineyard & Winery, Montpelier, 6-8 p.m. Cost of wine. Info, 223-1151. SonG circlE: community SinG-alonG: Rich and Laura Atkinson lead an evening of vocal expression. Jaquith Public Library, Marshfield, 6:45 p.m. Free. Info, 426-3581. talks wEdnESday winE down: See WED.3. 4t-berniebeat.indd 1 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Bernie’s 1987 folk album Bern This trivia quiz Multimedia timeline Campaign map Digitized archives from Vanguard Press and Vermont Times 9/30/14 4:15 PM health & fitness acro yoGa: See WED.3. cHair yoGa witH Jill lanG: See FRI.5. 'a cHriStmaS carol': See WED.3. r.i.P.P.E.d.: See WED.3. 'lEGally BlondE' audition: See SUN.7, 5:45-10 p.m. T Find out what Sen. Sanders is up to this week at berniebeat.com » theater BridGE cluB: See WED.3. MO The U.S. Senate’s most outspoken independent is considering a run for president. How did he get this far? Retrace “Bernie’s Journey” — from fist-pumping mayor of Burlington to skilled senatorial soloist. games CO U RT ES y O F V SEVEN DAYS oSHEr lifElonG lEarninG lEcturE: Referencing clips from The Graduate and other memorable movies, cinema hound Rick Winston examines influential films of the 1960s. Montpelier Senior Activity Center, 1:30 p.m. $5; free for OLLI members. Info, 454-1234. food & drink MARC NADEL 68 CALENDAR EnVironmEntal & HEaltH SciEncES SPEaKEr SEriES: Vermont Department of Health's radiological health chief William E. Irwin weighs in on matters of science and law. Room 207, Bentley Hall, Johnson State College, 4-5:15 p.m. Free. Info, 635-1327. 'miSS rEPrESEntation': Jennifer Siebel Newsom's eye-opening documentary explores the underrepresentation of powerful women in American media. Burlington High School, 7-9 p.m. Free. Info, [email protected]. holidays EC O M PA 'a cHriStmaS carol': See FRI.5, Rutland Free Library, 7-8:30 p.m. $5-10; free for kids under 12. Info, 315-0019. ornamEnt maKinG ExtraordinairE: Crafters sip hot cocoa while creating eye-catching holiday decorations. ONE Arts Center, Burlington, 6-8 p.m. $8-15. Info, [email protected]. tEaVana tEa Party: See WED.3. a VEry mErry middlEBury: See WED.3. kids HiGHGatE Story Hour: See WED.3. lEGo cluB: Kiddos ages 6 and up snap together snazzy structures. Fairfax Community Library, 3-4 p.m. Free; preregister. Info, 849-2420. Ny 'wintEr talES': Folk singer Patti Casey joins Vermont Stage Company actors in this 10th annual seasonal celebration of stories and songs. FlynnSpace, Burlington, 7:30 p.m. $28.80-37.50. Info, 863-5966. words daVorKa GoSto: A Mother's Journey Through War recounts the author's struggle to keep her family intact during the Bosnian War. Brownell Library, Essex Junction, 6:30-7:30 p.m. Free. Info, 878-6955. m ARTS • DINING • SHOPPING Friday, December 5 Montpelier Stroll downtown Montpelier and enjoy art in many of our downtown stores and boutiques while taking in the holiday decorations. 4–8 pm. ARTISANS HAND Fine TeAS, WineS, SmAll PlATeS Contemporary Vermont Crafts UNIQUE CLOTHING AND ACCESSORIES FOR EVERY PERSONALITY Bill Butler Nature & Myth Designs Ammonite fossil with moonstone Drink, Learn, Relax, Create 12/10 – Create Your Own Pop-up Cards $20 inc. wine or tea, 7:30pm 12/11 – Exercise for Women over 40 Free talk, 5:30pm 12/13 – Live Music: Borealis Duo Free (tips recommended), 7:30pm Bill presents his gemstone collection; come be sized for a personal piece of jewelry Thoughtful gifts ART WALK ~ Friday, December 5, 5-7 Gift Sets • Tea/Wine Accessories Local Pottery, Candles & Honey 12V-Athenas111914.indd 1 89 Main at City Center, Montpelier 41 State Street • Montpelier 802-552-8105 • Free Wifi Open M-W 10-7, Th-Sa 10-10, Closed Sun 67 MAIN STREET, MONTPELIER 802-224-1010 11/17/14 4:58 PM Wish, List & Gift Dec. 3rd - 5th Dec. 6th Sweetheart Gift Night Open ’til 7pm with sweets & bubbly. The perfect chance to make your holiday gift list and have a girls’ night out! Open ’til 6pm with craft beer, snacks, free gift wrapping & plenty of help finding the perfect gifts from her list! 44 Main St • Montpelier 802.223.2798 baileyroadvt.com Holiday Celebration 12/2/14 11:07 AM Join the staff and students of New England Culinary Institute to decorate cookies to eat or leave out for Santa. Later in the afternoon, Santa comes to downtown Montpelier. Come meet him and tell him what you’re wishing for Christmas. Fun for the whole family. City Center, 89 Main Street. Free. 12/2/14 2:50 PM Marmot Basic Work Glove for Men $38.00 11/18/14 5:13 PM Rock Flower Paper Scarf $27.00 Pistil Cabby Hat $36.00 Ibex Stretch Marino Glove $29.00 Ibex Straightaway Scarf $45.00 8 Langdon Street • Montpelier, VT • theshoehorn.net • 802-223-5454 69 8H-BaileyRoad111914.indd 1 SEVEN DAYS Saturday, December 6 Cookie Decorating: 12:30 pm Holiday Program with caroling and a reading of “Twas the Night Before Christmas”: 2 pm Santa: 2:30–4 pm Gifts to Warm the Heart, All Under $50! 12.03.14-12.10.14 PRESENTS A TALENT SHOW FOR VERMONTâ€™S RISING STARS SEVENDAYSvt.com Kids ages 5-13 wow the crowd with two-minute acts showcasing their talents. Performances by Urban Dance Complex, Regal Gymnastics, McFadden Irish Dance Company and Very Merry Theatre provide additional entertainment. 12.03.14-12.10.14 Saturday, December 13, at 12 p.m. SEVEN DAYS Higher Ground Ballroom Kids 6 & under free $7 in advance, $10 at the door. 70 Visit kidsvt.com/talentshow for ticket information 1t-SpectacularSpectacular-event-1214.indd 1 11/21/14 2:46 PM CLASS PHOTOS + MORE INFO ONLINE SEVENDAYSVT.COM/CLASSES classes THE FOLLOWING CLASS LISTINGS ARE PAID ADVERTISEMENTS. ANNOUNCE YOUR CLASS FOR AS LITTLE AS $13.75/WEEK (INCLUDES SIX PHOTOS AND UNLIMITED DESCRIPTION ONLINE). SUBMIT YOUR CLASS AD AT SEVENDAYSVT.COM/POSTCLASS. art 985-3648 WAX PENDANT ADV. JEWELRY: Instructor: Matthew Taylor. Come make a beautiful finished DANCE STUDIO SALSALINA: Salsa classes, nightclub-style, on-one and on-two, group and private, four levels. Beginner walk-in classes, Wednesdays, 6 p.m. $13/person for one-hour class. No dance experience, partner or preregistration required, just the desire to have fun! Drop in any time and prepare for an enjoyable workout. Location: 266 Pine St., Burlington. Info: Victoria, 598-1077, [email protected]. DSANTOS VT SALSA: Experience the fun and excitement of Burlington’s eclectic dance community by learning salsa. Trained by world famous dancer Manuel Dos Santos, we teach you how to dance to the music and how to have a great time on the dance floor! There is no better time to start than now! Mon. evenings: beginner class, 7-8 p.m.; intermediate, 8:159:15 p.m. Cost: $10/1-hr. class. Location: North End Studios, 294 N. Winooski Ave., Burlington. Info: Tyler Crandall, 598-9204, LEARN TO DANCE W/ A PARTNER!: Come alone or come with friends, but come out and learn to dance! Beginning classes repeat each month, but intermediate classes vary from month to month. As with all of our programs, everyone is encouraged to attend, and no partner is necessary. Private lessons also available. Cost: $50/4week class. Location: Champlain Club, 20 Crowley St., Burlington. Info: First Step Dance, 598-6757, [email protected], firststepdance.com. drumming DJEMBE IN BURLINGTON AND MONTPELIER!: Learn drumming technique and music on West African drums! Burlington Beginners Djembe class is on Wed., 7-8:20 p.m. Djembes are provided. Montpelier Beginners Djembe class is on Thu., 7-8:20 p.m. $22/drop-in (no class Nov. 27). New session starts in Jan. Please register online or come directly to the first class! Location: Taiko Space & Capitol City Grange, 208 Flynn Ave., suite 3G, & 6612 Route 12, Burlington & Montpelier. Info: 999-4255, [email protected], burlingtontaiko.org. TAIKO DRUMMING IN BURLINGTON!: Come study Japanese drumming with Stuart Paton of Burlington Taiko! Beginner/Recreational Class on Tue., 5:30-6:20 p.m. Accelerated Taiko Program for Beginners on Mon., 7-8:20 p.m. Taiko Training Class for Beginners on Wed., 5:30-6:50 p.m. Kids and Parents Class on Tue., 4:30-5:20 p.m. New sessions start in Jan. Register online or come directly to the first class! Location: Taiko Space, 208 Flynn Ave., suite 3G, Burlington. Info: 999-4255, [email protected], burlingtontaiko.org. TAIKO DRUMMING IN MONTPELIER: Learn Taiko in Montpelier! Weekly on Thu., (no class Nov. 27): Montpelier Beginning Taiko class, 5:306:50 p.m., $72/4 weeks, and Montpelier Kids and Parents’ Taiko class, 4:30-5:20 p.m., $48/4 weeks; $90/parent + child. New sessions start in Jan. Please register online or come directly to the first class! Location: Capital City Grange, 6612 Route 12, Berlin. Info: 9994255, classes@burlingtontaiko. org, burlingtontaiko.org. flynn arts BUSINESS OF BEING AN ARTIST: Artists in all genres welcome! Join this gathering of artists, professionals and arts organizations to examine the realities of achieving success in the arts. This month’s topic is women in the performing arts: gender and the stage. Come share your thoughts and ideas for change! Adults and teens 16+. Fri., Dec. 5, FLYNN ARTS » P.72 CLASSES 71 CLAY: DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR UNFIRED CLAY: In this class, Kileh will introduce three different decorative techniques for clay in the suede and leather hard stages. Demonstrations will be given on color blocking using wet paper cut-outs, slip trailing with a squeeze bottle, and mishima (fine line inlay). This DROP IN: FIRST NIGHT: Join us on First Night to explore BCA’s exhibition “Preoccupied,” to watch some international award-winning short films from the Vermont International Film Festival and to try some handson art activities in our education studios. No registration necessary. All ages. Free. Wed., Dec. 31, 1-5 p.m. Location: BCA Center and BCA Clay Studio, Burlington. craft SEVEN DAYS Call 865-7166 for Info or register online at burlingtoncityarts.org. Teacher bios are also available online. DARKROOM PHOTO: Create unique, one of a kind images with light and objects in our black and white photographic darkroom. Instruction: Kristen Watson. Ages 8-12. Sat., Dec. 13, 1:30-3:30 p.m. Cost: $25/person; $22.50/BCA members. Location: BCA Center, 135 Church St., Burlington. ROUND SKY LEADERSHIP TRAININGS: Round Sky Solutions, an organization composed of compassionate and powerful people that has influenced our region to become sustainable, fair and self-organized, has three leadership trainings that just became eligible for VSAC grants. Whether you are an entrepreneur, director of a nonprofit, activist, manager, trainer or someone who just wants to do good, check out these programs that can help you be more skillful and collaborate more effectively throughout all your professional endeavors. Individually scheduled. Cost: $675/7-week intensive. Location: Round Sky Solutions, Burlington, Worcester or online. Info: Daniel Little, 734546-2243, [email protected], roundskysolutions. com/training-grants-now-available-for-vermonters. piece of jewelry by carving a wax pendant! In this wax-carving class you will spend three weeks designing and carving the wax. The piece will then be cast in sterling silver. After the piece has been cast, you will spend two weeks cleaning, finishing and polishing your work. Cost of casting separate. 5 Tue., 6-8 p.m., Jan. 27-Feb. 24. Cost: $345/ person (members: $261, nonmembers: $290, material fee: $55). Location: Shelburne Craft School, Shelburne. 12.03.14-12.10.14 burlington city arts DIY DESIGN: WRAPPING PAPER, BAGS AND TAGS: Advanced crafter and co-owner of New Duds, Tessa Valyou, will help you print your own wrapping paper with premade silkscreen designs. Fold paper into handmade gift bags and make customized gift tags to match. There will be plenty of time, materials and inspiration to make multiple sheets of wrapping paper, bags and tags. Cost: $28/person; $25.20/BCA members. Location: BCA Print Studio, 250 Main St., Burlington. coaching SEVENDAYSVT.COM ADVENTURES IN BOOK ARTS: Learn basic bookmaking and bookbinding methods in this three-week series. Make and take home several unique, expressive and functional books that can be used for journaling, writing, art or scrapbooking! You’ll also receive access to a digital handout with the techniques and materials we covered. Ages 15+, beginners. Weekly on Sun., Dec. 7, 14 & 21, 1-3 p.m. Cost: $140/3 days of classes (additional supplies required). Location: ONE Arts Center, 72 North Champlain St., Burlington. Info: Becca McHale, 338-0028, oneartscollective@ gmail.com, oneartscenter.com. class will help add playfulness and creativity to our ceramic work. Instructor: Kileh Friedman. Sun., Dec. 14, 2-4 p.m. Cost: $25/ person; $22.50/BCA members. Location: BCA Clay Studio, 250 Main St., Burlington. CLASS PHOTOS + MORE INFO ONLINE SEVENDAYSVT.COM/CLASSES classes THE FOLLOWING CLASS LISTINGS ARE PAID ADVERTISEMENTS. ANNOUNCE YOUR CLASS FOR AS LITTLE AS $13.75/WEEK (INCLUDES SIX PHOTOS AND UNLIMITED DESCRIPTION ONLINE). SUBMIT YOUR CLASS AD AT SEVENDAYSVT.COM/POSTCLASS. FLYNN ARTS « P.71 5:45 p.m. Location: Flynn Center for the Performing Arts, 153 Main St., Burlington. Info: 865-4548, flynnarts.org. 72 CLASSES 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVENDAYSVT.COM CONTEMPORARY DANCE: LOOKING DEEPER: This intensive is designed to support and strengthen the skills and community of practicing contemporary dancers and dance-makers in our region. Each intensive will focus on different aspects of the skills at the core of strong and compelling performers and performances. Using improvisational structures, the aim will be to strengthen our capacity to be fully awake, aware and able to respond to our constantly changing “world,” be it the studio, the stage, a specific site or our community. Sun., Dec. 14, 1-4 p.m. Cost: $30/person. Location: Flynn Center for the Performing Arts, 153 Main St., Burlington. Info: 652-4548, flynnarts.org. EXPLORING CONNECTIONS: GROUNDING: The Exploring Connections workshop series uses movement and metaphor to explore the expressive body, incorporating movement fundamentals as well as drawing and writing to explore the relationship between movement and personal expression. Our goal will be to facilitate a lively interplay between inner connectivity and outer expressivity to enrich your movement potential, change ineffective neuromuscular movement patterns, and encourage new ways of moving and embodying your inner self. Fri., Dec. 5, 5:45-7:45 p.m. Cost: $22/person. Location: Flynn Center for the Performing Arts, 153 Main St., Burlington. Info: 652-4548, flynnarts.org. gardening GIFTS FROM THE GARDEN: LOTIONS, SALVES & LIP BALM: Learn to make great lotions, salves, lip balms and other beautiful seasonal self-care-related gifts. In class we will demonstrate and make several gifts for everyone who attends. Sat., Dec. 13, 2-4 p.m. Cost: $18/person. Location: Gardener’s Supply, Burlington Garden Center. Info: 660-3505. MASTER GARDENER 2015 COURSE: Learn the keys to a healthy and sustainable home landscape as University of Vermont faculty and experts focus on gardening in Vermont. This course covers a wide variety of horticultural topics: fruit and vegetable production, flower gardening, botany basics, plant pests, soil fertility, disease management, healthy lawns, invasive plant control, introduction to home landscaping and more! Registrations will be accepted by credit card online or by phone through the UVM Extension Master Gardener Program office. A downloadable registration form also is available on the website if paying by check. Weekly on Tue., Feb. 3-Apr. 28, 6:15 p.m.-9 p.m. Cost: $395/ person incl. online Sustainable Gardening book. Printed copy can be ordered for an additional $55. Noncredit course. Location: VIT Studios, Various locations, Bennington, Brattleboro, Johnson, Lyndon, Montpelier, Middlebury, Newport, Randolph Ctr., Rutland, Springfield, St. Albans, White River Jct., Williston. Info: 656-9562, [email protected], uvm. edu/mastergardener. STONE WALL WORKSHOP: Introductory stone wall workshop for homeowners and tradespeople promotes the beauty and integrity of stone. The one-day, hands-on workshop focuses on basic techniques for creating dry-laid walls with an emphasis on stone native to Vermont. Workshops are held inside warm greenhouses in Hinesburg. Weekly on Sat., Jan. 10, Feb. 14, & Mar. 7 & 21, 8:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m. Cost: $100/1-day workshop. Location: Red Wagon Plants, 2408 Shelburne Falls Rd., Hinesburg. Info: Queen City Soil & Stone, Charley MacMartin, 318-2411, [email protected], queencitysoilandstone.com. WINTER TERRARIUMS: Learn to create beautiful terrariums with our greenhouse staff. Wed., Dec. 17, 6-8 p.m. Cost: $20/person + materials. Location: Gardener’s Supply, Burlington Garden Center. Info: 660-3505. healing arts CONSCIOUS BREATHWORK CIRCLES: Conscious Breathwork is an ancient practice that quiets the mind, expanding awareness and opening the energy centers in the body. This guided breathwork meditation uses conscious, connected breathing to increase energy and vitality, leaving you with a greater sense of clarity, purpose, and inner peace. No previous experience is needed. Wed, Dec. 3 & 10 & Thu., Dec. 18, 5:45 p.m.-7:30 p.m. Cost: $20/1.75-hour class. Location: Sacred Mounain Studio, 215 College St., 3rd floor, Burlington. Info: Gardner Orton, 863-9355, [email protected], sacredmountainstudio.com. helen day WATERCOLOR: WINTER LANDSCAPE PAINTING W/ ROBERT O’BRIEN: Painting the beautiful New England winter landscape will be explored with emphasis on values, composition and basic watercolor techniques. Students will work from photo reference and learn to create a finished painting from a favorite winter subject. Materials list will be provided. Sat., Dec. 6, 9:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m. Cost: $100/person; $75/members. Location: Helen Day Art Center, 90 Pond St., Stowe. Info: 253-8358, education@helenday. com, helenday.com. herbs WISDOM OF THE HERBS SCHOOL: Now interviewing for our eight-month Wisdom of the Herbs 2015, a unique experiential program embracing the local herbaceous plants, trees and shrubs, holistic health, and sustainable living skills, valuable tools for living on the Earth in these changing times. Apr. 2526, May 23-24, Jun. 27-28, Jul. 25-26, Aug. 22-23, Sep. 26-27, Oct. 24-25 and Nov. 7-8, 2015. Tuition $1,750. VSAC non-degree grants available, please apply soon. Location: Wisdom of the Herbs School, Woodbury. Info: 456-8122, annie@ wisdomoftheherbsschool.com, wisdomoftheherbsschool.com. language ANNOUNCING SPANISH CLASSES: Join us for adult Spanish classes this winter. Our ninth year. Learn from a native speaker via small classes, individual instruction or student tutoring. You’ll always be participating and speaking. Lesson packages for travelers. Also lessons for young children; they love it! See our website or contact us for details. Beginning week of Jan. 12 for 10 weeks, w/ Feb. break. Cost: $225/10 classes of 90+ min. each. Location: Spanish in Waterbury Center, Waterbury Center. Info: 5851025, spanishparavos@gmail. com, spanishwaterburycenter. com. martial arts VERMONT BRAZILIAN JIUJITSU: Classes for men, women and children. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu enhances strength, flexibility, balance, coordination and cardio-respiratory fitness. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu training builds and helps to instill courage and selfconfidence. We offer a legitimate Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu martial arts program in a friendly, safe and positive environment. Accept no imitations. Learn from one of the world’s best, Julio “Foca” Fernandez, CBJJ and IBJJF certified 6th Degree Black Belt, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu instructor under Carlson Gracie Sr., teaching in Vermont, born and raised in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil! A 5-time Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu National Featherweight Champion and 3-time Rio de Janeiro State Champion, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mon.-Fri., 6-9 p.m., & Sat., 10 a.m. 1st class is free. Location: Vermont Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, 55 Leroy Rd., Williston. Info: 660-4072, [email protected], vermontbjj.com. WU XING CHINESE MARTIAL ARTS: For us martial art is a way of life, not a sport. We offer the finest instruction in two complete internal Chinese martial arts — Taijiquan and Pudaoquan — at an affordable price. Our classes for adults have a friendly and conversational atmosphere, geared toward learning quickly and well. Weekly on Tue., 7-9 p.m.; Fri., 6-8 p.m.; & Sat., 11 a.m.-1 p.m. Pay by the mo. or by the class. Location: Tao Motion Studio, 180 Flynn Ave., Burlington. Info: Wu Xing Chinese Martial Arts, 355-1301, [email protected], wxcma.com. meditation LEARN TO MEDITATE: Through the practice of sitting still and following your breath as it goes out and dissolves, you are connecting with your heart. By simply letting yourself be, as you are, you develop genuine MEDITATION » P.74 in Prizes! Everyone Gets Rewarded! StoweBanner1-120314.indd 1 Holiday Shopping That Pays You Back! Now through December 24 gostowe.com/reindeer 12/1/14 10:25 AM $1.00 OFF ALL DRAFT BEERS $5.50 OR $6.50 with purchase of entrée or equivalent (1 free kids pizza with 1 topping for every $10 spent) with purchase of entrée or equivalent (1 free kids pasta with every $10 spent) 12/2/1412v-ferro111914.indd 4:02 PM 1 THESE SPECIALS VALID EVERY WEEK THROUGH DECEMBER 18TH, 2014 1 8 9 9 M O U N TAR OAI ND STOWE VT 05672 • 802.253.4411 PIECASSO.COM Kate Spade, Vince, Joie Paige Denim, Mother, Citizens of Humanity,Theory, AG, Tata Harper, Longchamp, Liebeskind, Free People, UGG, Haute Hippie, Annabel Ingall, Alex & Ani, Joe's Jeans, Dogeared, Milly, Alp-n-Rock, Mackage, Freebird, and more! Where Mountain Chic Meets Urban Casual 20% off PURCHASES Between now and December 24 All discounted sales are final. Pay full price and you can exchange through Jan. 15. Gostowe.com/ ReinDeeR 2850 Mountain Road, Stowe 253-6077 • 10am-6pm • wellheeledstowe.com 12/1/14 12:14 PM 8v-greenenvy120314.indd 1 1800 Mountain Rd. Stowe, VT 05672 (802) 253- 2661 12/2/14 4:03 PM 12/1/14 2:08 PM SEVEN DAYS absolutely exquisite shoes, clothing & accessories for every affair Don’t miss the weekly Reindeer Quest prize giveaways! Get in on the game! 12.03.14-12.10.14 Over 300 of your favorite designers. New items arrive daily. 8h-wellheeled120314.indd 1 1T-stowe120314.indd 1 11/18/14 2:14 PM VT 2 slices & a fountain soda for $5.50 OR 2 slices a PBR or a domestic bottle for $6.50 8h-piecasso111914.indd 1 91 Main Street, Stowe (802) 253-3033 [email protected] SEVENDAYSvt.com FREE KIDS PIZZA 1 TOPPING Vermont Snowflake Pendants are Custom Made in White Gold and Diamonds Starting at $275 classes THE FOLLOWING CLASS LISTINGS ARE PAID ADVERTISEMENTS. ANNOUNCE YOUR CLASS FOR AS LITTLE AS $13.75/WEEK (INCLUDES SIX PHOTOS AND UNLIMITED DESCRIPTION ONLINE). SUBMIT YOUR CLASS AD AT SEVENDAYSVT.COM/POSTCLASS. MEDITATION « P.72 sympathy toward yourself. The Burlington Shambhala Center offers meditation as a path to discovering gentleness and wisdom. Shambhala Café (meditation and discussions) meets the first Saturday of each month, 9 a.m.-noon. An open house (intro to the center, short dharma talk and socializing) is held on the third Friday of each month, 7-9 p.m. Instruction: Sun. mornings, 9 a.m.-noon, or by appt. Sessions: Tue. & Thu., noon-1 p.m., & Mon.-Thu., 6-7 p.m. Location: Burlington Shambhala Center, 187 S. Winooski Ave., Burlington. Info: 658-6795, burlingtonshambhalactr.org. performing arts MUSICAL THEATRE AUDITION WORKSHOP WITH LEGALLY BLONDE’S KATE WETHERHEAD: Kate, a graduate of Burlington High School and a former student of Bill Reed in Vermont and at the Circle in the Square Theatre School in New York City, was a member of the original cast of the Broadway production of Legally Blond: The Musical. Participants will come prepared with a musical theater song selection and will have the opportunity to perform for Kate and then be coached by her. Session 1: Dec. 5, 4-7 p.m. Session 2: Dec. 6, 1:30-4:30 p.m. Session 3: Dec. 6, 5-8 p.m. Cost: $50/participants; $25/ auditors. Location: Spotlight Vermont, 50 San Remo Dr., South Burlington. Info: Sally Olson, [email protected], billreedvoicestudio.com. tai chi SNAKE-STYLE TAI CHI CHUAN: The Yang Snake Style is a dynamic tai chi method that mobilizes the spine while stretching and strengthening the core body muscles. Practicing this ancient martial art increases strength, flexibility, vitality, peace of mind and martial skill. Beginner classes Sat. mornings & Wed. evenings. Call to view a class. Location: Bao Tak Fai Tai Chi Institute, 100 Church St., Burlington. Info: 864-7902, ipfamilytaichi.org. YANG-STYLE TAI CHI: The slow movements of tai chi help reduce blood pressure and increase balance and concentration. Come breathe with us and experience the joy of movement while increasing your ability to be inwardly still. Wed., 5:30 p.m., Sat., 8:30 a.m. $16/class, $60/mo., $160/3 mo. Location: Mindful Breath Tai Chi (formerly Vermont Tai Chi Academy and HOLIDAY MARKET SEVEN DAYS 12.03.14-12.10.14 Saturday, Dec. 13th 10-4 \| Sunday, Dec. 14th 11-3 at Green Mountain Girls Farm 923 Loop Rd, Northfield, VT Slice of Life demos Local food and gifts • Farm Tours GSR Solutions releases findings from a feasibility study on a sustainable distillate fuel production facility in Chittenden County (l to r) Mark Blanchard, Ray Albrecht, Matt Cota, Clark Hinsdale III, Anju Dahiya, co-founder of Burlington-based GSR Solutions, and Phase (0) awardee, Todd Campbell and Rich Altman Support for Slice of Life workshops is provided by: the Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food & Markets, USDA & Hunger Mountain Coop 3v-FloatingBridge120314.indd 1 Funding provided by NSF EPS 1101317 12/1/14 12:07 PM Funding opportunity for Vermont small businesses, in partnership with university faculty, to develop projects that are aligned with the current VT EPSCoR RII Track-1 grant, Research on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Lake Champlain Basin (RACC). Vermont EPSCoR Small Business Innovation Research / Small Business Technology Transfer (SBIR/STTR) Phase (0) Tree Cutting 9-4 both days at nearby LH Stowell & Son Christmas Trees 1591 Twin Pond Rd, Brookfield, VT floatingbridgefoodandfarms.com NEW THIS YEAR! Vermont EPSCoR Pilot Projects • Maximum amount of each grant in $10,000 • Deadline for submission: January 28, 2015 • Full submission details may be found at uvm.edu/epscor/redir/pilot Growing Winter Greens • Know Your Farmer, Know Your Pizza Festive Holiday Drinks • Cold Season Teas Class: Holiday Table Arrangements facebook.com/floatingbridgefoodandfarms • 802-276-0787 74 CLASSES Questions? Email [email protected], phone 656-7931, or visit us on the web at uvm.edu/EPSCoR 11/4/14 10:16 AM Two Funding Opportunities for VT Small Businesses 6h-uvmvtepscor100114.indd 1 Funding opportunity for Vermont small businesses to compete for grants to foster research and development projects which will lead to applications to federal SBIR / STTR programs. • Maximum amount of each grant in $15,000 • Deadline for submission: January 14, 2015 • Full submission details may be found at uvm.edu/epscor/redir/sbir 9/30/14 6:30 PM clASS photoS + morE INfo oNlINE SEVENDAYSVT.COM/CLASSES Healing Center), 180 Flynn Ave., Burlington. Info: 735-5465, [email protected], mindfulbreathtaichi.com. yoga Burlington Hot Yoga: trY sometHing different!: Offering creative, vinyasa-style yoga classes featuring practice in the Barkan and Prana Flow Method Hot Yoga in a 95-degree studio accompanied by eclectic music. ahh, the heat on a cold day, a flowing practice, the cool stone meditation, a chilled orange scented towel to complete your spa yoga experience. Get hot: 2-for-1 offer. $15. Go to hotyogaburlingtonvt.com. Location: North End Studio B, 294 N. Winooski Ave., Burlington. Info: 999-9963. evolution Yoga: evolution Yoga and Physical Therapy offers a variety of classes in a supportive atmosphere: Beginner, advanced, kids, babies, post- and pre-natal, community classes and workshops. Vinyasa, Kripalu, core, Therapeutics and alignment classes. Become part of our yoga community. You are welcome here. Cost: $15/class, $130/class card, $5-10/community classes. Location: Evolution Yoga, 20 Kilburn St., Burlington. Info: 864-9642, evolutionvt.com. Honest Yoga, tHe onlY dedicated Hot Yoga flow center: Honest Yoga offers practice for all levels. Brand new beginners’ courses include two specialty classes per week for four weeks plus unlimited access to all classes. We have daily classes in essentials, Flow and core Flow with alignment constancy. We hold teacher trainings at the 200- and 500-hour levels. Daily classes & workshops. $25/new student 1st week unlimited, $15/class or $130/10-class card, $12/ class for student or senior or $100/10-class punch card. Location: Honest Yoga Center, 150 Dorset St., Blue Mall, next to Sport Shoe Center, S. Burlington. Info: 497-0136, [email protected], honestyogacenter.com. Yoga roots: Yoga Roots provides a daily schedule of yoga classes for all ages and abilities. We aim to clarify your mind, strengthen your body and ignite your joyful spirit through classes such as Prenatal Yoga, Gentle Yoga, anusura-inspired all levels, Restorative and Heated Vinyasa Flow! lots of special holiday classes for de-stressing during this busy season! Tuesday Holiday Meditations with charlie Nardozzi, 5-5:45 p.m. on Dec. 2, 9 & 16 and sunday Vespers sound Healing with Dorothy stone and Melinda Kinzie from 3-4 p.m. on Dec. 7 & 14 and from 3-6 p.m. on Dec. 21 with special guest Zacciah Blackburn. check out our new winter yoga schedule online! Location: Yoga Roots, 120 Graham Way, Shelburne Green Business Park behind Folino’s. Info: 985-0090, yogarootsvt.com. Over 70 participating shops & restaurants! Holiday Shopping That Pays You Back! This week, you could win: $100 gift certificates to Stowe restaurants, a 2-night stay in Stowe, and gift certificates to over 25 Stowe retailers! #shopstowe #reindeerquest Now through December 24 gostowe.com/reindeer Stocking Stuffers $50 gift certificates for $40 Book Your Holiday Party With Us! 12h-cactuscafe112614.indd 1 Free mounting with any ski, boot or binding purchase 11/24/14 1:07 PM a t n a S t i s i V SUN. Vermont’s Largest Selection of A/T, Telemark and Backcountry Equipment 2160 Mountain Road • Stowe For reservations: 802-253-7770 Apres Ski • Serving from 4:30 nightly Price match guarantee A/T and Telemark boots from: Scarpa, Scott, Dynafit, La Sprortiva, Salomon, Atomic, Black Diamond, Lange and K2 11am-2pm SANTA Free skin cutting with any skin purchase After your visit with Santa KIDS EAT FREE makes a Special Appearance at Cold Hollow Cider Mill 12.03.14-12.10.14 Tech Fit bindings from: Dynafit, G3, Black Diamond and Fritchi DEC. 14 with the purchase of one adult lunch at the Apple Core Luncheonette classes 75 Offer good for kids ten and under ColdHollow.com 23h-Stowe120414.indd 1 4t-nordicbarn112614.indd 1 11/24/14 2:38 PM PM 12/1/14 3:17 music SCAN THESE PAGES WITH THE LAYAR APP TO WATCH VIDEOS OF THE ARTISTS SEE PAGE 9 SCAN THIS PAGE WITH LAYAR SEE PAGE 9 YOUR TEXT HERE SCAN THIS PAGE WITH LAYAR SEE PAGE 5 76 MUSIC SEVENDAYSVT.COM COURTESY OF DEAN WEEN The Dean’s List An interview with Dean Ween B Y ET HA N D E SEIFE A s half of genre-busting duo Ween, Mickey Melchiondo (aka Dean Ween) made a living confounding the ears of listeners worldwide. Though their bizarro humor and top-notch chops carried over from album to album over nearly three decades, no two Ween albums truly sound alike. A not entirely amicable split in 2012 sent Melchiondo and Aaron Freeman (Gene Ween) along different paths. Freeman released, of all things, an album of Rod McKuen covers, and later formed a band called FREEMAN. Melchiondo — who, even during Ween’s musical reign, also played in Moistboyz, Z-Rock and Queens of the Stone Age, to name a few — continues to rock pretty damn hard in his latest endeavor, the Dean Ween Group. And when he’s not enhancing his legacy as one of rock’s finest modern guitarists, he can be found a-sea. A lifelong fisherman, Melchiondo has captained a fishing boat from the New Jersey coast for seven years. Melchiondo doesn’t grant many interviews these days; he’d much rather be playing music or fishing. In advance of the Dean Ween Group’s show at Stowe’s Rusty Nail on December 6, though, he took some time to speak to Seven Days about LPs, fish and Phish. SEVEN DAYS: I was a little surprised that you’re using your “Ween” name — I thought maybe you were trying to get a little distance from that. DEAN WEEN: No, I would never do that. I’m using [the Dean Ween Group] as an opportunity to play with people who I’d always wanted to play with. I’m trying not to do the same thing for very long. I think, after these coming shows, I’m going to switch up the whole band completely. Ween was great because there were no limitations. We were always changing it up. So it’s great to carry that on in the current project. SD: You mentioned that Ween was “old-fashioned” about albums. How so? DW: There was no reason for us to wait as long as we did [between albums]. For every one of the 15 songs that made it onto a Ween record, there were 500 other songs that didn’t make it. We just put a lot of pressure on ourselves to make albums. I think we should have just put out EPs every month rather than wait under all that pressure. SD: Seems like one thing that’s been lost is the art of sequencing an album. DW: Yeah, we put a lot of work into that. [That loss] is very, very depressing to me. I pulled out my turntable about a month ago, and I’m getting back into my record collection again. I’ve found that I’m listening to a lot more music because of it. I’ve fallen back in love with my record collection, and I have about 10,000 albums. With my albums around, I listen to ’em every day. I want to hear a dozen great songs in an order that’s well thought out. But people don’t buy [albums] anymore, and it stinks. THE DEAN’S LIST » P.78 12/20 SleepleSS Sleeple in Burlington 12/21 A ContoiS ChriStmAS 12/27 + 28 twiddle 12/31 moon hooCh 1/10 pArtiCle 1/13 thAt 1 guy 2/4 pAper diAmond 2/12 young the giAnt @higherground info 652.0777 \| tix 1.877.987.6487 1214 williston rd. \| S. Burlington StAy in touCh #hgVt 4v-HigherGround120314.indd 1 MUSIC 77 For up-to-the-minute news abut the local music scene, follow @DanBolles on Twitter or read the Live Culture blog: sevendaysvt.com/liveculture. iron eyeS Cody SEVEN DAYS Comedy fans, take note. Actually, everybody with a working intellect, take note. Comedian w. kAmAu BEll will perform at Club Metronome this Thursday, December 4. If you’re unfamiliar with him, Bell is among the most provocative and outspoken comics th 4 12.03.14-12.10.14 turn of phrase and a simple guitar strum. For a more current comparison, check out another Joe, JoE PurDY, and his 2014 album Eagle Rock Fire, a similarly sparse, unfettered work that’s on my short list of the year’s best records. In a recent email, Sharff writes that a new Pariah Beat record is in the works, but he doesn’t say when that album might come out. He says the band is, “enjoying the golden years. Taking it easy, but taking it just the same.” Translation: We’ll release it when we release it. In the meantime, fans would do well to dig into This Side of Town, especially as many of our neighborhood streets begins to resemble the one on Sharff’s album cover. It’s a great winter record. luCiuS BAhAmAS SEVENDAYSVt.com It seems like it’s been ages since last we heard from Upper Valley Americana outfit PAriAh BEAt. In part that’s because, well, it has been ages. 2012, by my count. Though the band’s Facebook page has shown some sporadic signs of life recently, its website hasn’t been updated since that year. PB did release a new record, New Depression, at some point in the last two years. You can download it by donation via said dormant website. And I recommend you do. It’s a pretty raucous little slice of honky-tonk and rockabilly. But otherwise, the band has been awfully quiet of late. And that’s too bad. Theirs is a uniquely rambunctious take on twang that’s a lot of fun on record as well as onstage. Find out for yourself when they swing by Charlie O’s World Famous in Montpelier for a rare gig this Saturday, December 6. Fortunately, Pariah Beat cofounder BillY ShArff has kept busy in the meantime. He recently released a new solo recording through his Bandcamp page, This Side of Town, which you really should hear. In my estimation, it’s one of the best local singer-songwriter records of 2014. (Point of order: Sharff technically lives just over the state line in New Hampshire. But since he gigs regularly in the Green Mountains and Pariah Beat are a Vermont band, we’re claiming him as local. Suck it, Granite State.) Sharff’s latest solo album is a stark, low-key affair: just a man and his weathered guitar and equally weathered voice. And it’s beautiful. But don’t just take my word for it. The online music mag PopMatters recently reviewed it and came to the same conclusion. Wrote critic ED whitElock, the record “introduces a singer-songwriter in the vein of JohN PriNE or the late fellow New Hampshire artist Bill morriSSEY.” Whitelock goes on to say that Sharff’s stories of lost love and restless rambling are “engaging and familiar, like the wintry neighborhood street photo featured on the album cover.” Agreed on all counts. Sharff shares Prine’s sensibility and, on occasion, his vocal timbre. And as with that great songwriter, Sharff’s worldview is slightly askew. Even when he’s lamenting a lost love, as on “Like a Drug,” which equates getting over a relationship to withdrawal, his words still have an amiable, relatable quality. It’s sad, sure. But it’s also comforting. Sharff’s latest reminds me in many ways of JoE PuG’s 2009 debut EP Nation of Heat. Both records are spare and plainspoken, able to evoke depths of emotion with little more than a raspy 104.7 The PoinT Welcomes ES RT 7 Shelburne Road • 985-2204 Open 7 Days A Week www.TheLightingHouse.net SD: Are there parts of your musical career that make you especially proud? DW: All of it. I have no creative regrets. I’m very proud to say that. I don’t think Ween ever made a bad record. It’s meaningful work, because even if it’s just for a night, at a concert, you’re making people happy, and that’s a privilege. I can’t imagine being someone who hates his job. I would kill myself. I have a gig tomorrow in Baltimore, and I can’t wait. And it’s, like, my 5,000th gig. UR T Lighting or Porch and Patio Furniture, Doesn’t Matter. We BeAT InTerneT PrIcIng. PerIOD. SD: I’ve puzzled over how Ween’s fan base changed over time. It started out as avant-garde rock nerds and wound up as a jam-band crowd. DW: Well, we had a lot of songs, and we played three-hour sets, so it appealed to that crowd. Maybe it was the fact that Phish covered our material. I’m completely focused. It’s almost trance-like. When I’m on the water, I’m just 100 percent in the moment. When I step on that boat, everything just melts away completely. It’s very hard to find things like that in your life. It’s almost like meditation. N Eileen Collection – 5 Light Chandelier in Brushed Nickel. Also avail in Bronze. So I’m going to approach [the Dean Ween Group] a little differently and have singles available all the time — like, every month — and then when there’s enough to compile them into a record, I’ll do it that way. I’m going to put a lot of attention into making great singles and great videos for the web. And tour a lot. The only way to really sustain yourself as a musician in this day and age is to tour. I thought that I’d be getting away from that at this point in my career, but I’ve just rolled with it. EE The Dean’s List « P.76 W Create a cozy and welcoming home this holiday season with the lighting designs from Kichler. The Lighting House offers thousands of choices in home lighting and accents. AN Light entertaining for the holidays SD: Speaking of, tell me about the SD: How did you deal with the fishing trips you’ve been leading. criticism that Ween was “just a joke DW: I’ve been a fishing nut since I was a band”? little kid. My parents had a house down DW: That was a really small part of on the [Jersey] shore, and my father had what we did, but I’m never going to a boat. Then, as Ween got more popular, stop doing it. And Aaron’s never going I used to think about to stop doing it. People fishing all the time. could never pigeonhole Even on tour, I’d book us. You hear about a trips when we were band playing at the playing in good fishing local bar tonight, and destinations. One of you ask me what they my best friends got sound like, and I’ll say, his captain’s license “Well, they sound like and inspired me to go Neil Young and Crazy to sea school and get Horse.” OK, there’s my captain’s license. your answer. A guy D EA N W EEN , I figured this’d be a came to fix my heater T H E D EA N W EEN G R OUP perfect second career today, and he said, for me. After a tour, it’s “What kind of music just the perfect way to unwind. I run do you make?” I never know what to a boat out on the ocean out of Belmar, say, so I told him it was classic rock. N.J. I’ve pulled back from it this year to “Oh, so you play covers?” I said no. focus more on music, but when Ween I just wear them out until they stop broke up a few years ago, I went into it asking questions. I gave him a CD big-time, running 200 trips a year. of White Pepper and sent him on his way. SD: Have you found any similarities between music and fishing? DW: Both are labors of love. For both, INFO when you’re doing it, you’re in the The Dean Ween Group play the Rusty Nail moment. When the music is good, I in Stowe this Saturday, December 6, 9 p.m. forget that there’s even a crowd there. $20-25. I CAN’T IMAGINE BEING SOMEONE WHO HATES HIS JOB. GLAM-VT Ugly sweater xmas party 12 White out w/ DJ Ben Arsenal 01 02 Gang of Thieves Last but not least, my favorite gimmick of the week comes courtesy of the 01 16 Soule Monde folks at Nectar’s and their lively Bluegrass Thursday series. This week’s 01 17 Spice on Snow Winter installment features a local band Music Festival feat. Green called DOJO that specializes in “’80s Mountain Playboys ninja slamgrass.” What’s that, you ask? Basically, it’s bluegrass covers of 1980s 01 23 Lynguistic Civilians rock classics — think “Sweet Child of TEXT “unity” to 30321 to get our weekly music updates! Mine” with the lead riff on a mandolin. Really. W W W . P O S I T I V E P I E . C O M Intrigued? Mortified? A little of 8 0 2 . 2 2 9 . 0 4 5 3 both? I hear ya. But the band has some serious pedigree, with CLINT BIERMAN, JEFF VALLONE and PETER DAY of the GRIFT. Those 8v-positivepie120314.indd 1 12/1/14 4:30 PM guys are all great, so I’m inclined to give the benefit of the doubt and suggest their show this Thursday, December 4, will be a fun one. On a semi-related note, I recall hearing stories a few years back about a Middlebury-area bluegrass band that specialized in Bon Jovi covers. But I never saw them and was never able to track them down. They’ve seemingly since evaporated into the ether. That band’s name: BAN JOVI. Listening In Plan your art adventures with the Seven Days Friday email bulletin: SEVEN DAYS A peek at what was on my iPod, turntable, eight-track player, etc., this week. WE art VT 12.03.14-12.10.14 COURTESY OF BILLY SHARFF In lighter news, the holiday season is officially upon us. You know what that means, right? Well, yes, obscene displays of consumerism, awkward company parties, forced prolonged exposure to family and bad sweaters. But also, holiday rock shows! I’m (mostly) kidding about the negative side of the holidays. I actually love this time of year, in no small part because holiday shows are almost always a blast. And I’m betting that a holiday fête hosted by the GREEN MOUNTAIN DERBY DAMES won’t disappoint. Find out when the Dames roll into the Monkey House in Winooski this Saturday, December 6, to deck the halls — and likely, each other — with local rockers DR. GREEN, LAKE MILK and all-girl MISFITS tribute band MISS FITS. The show, dubbed Jingle Balls Rock, is a benefit for GMDD. 12 SEVENDAYSVT.COM on the planet, especially when it comes to sociopolitical issues. He’s been a guest on shows and podcasts such as “Real Time With BILL MAHER,” “Conan,” “The View,” “Fresh Air With Terry Gross” and “WTF with MARC MARON,” to name a few. The New Yorker wrote of his sadly short-lived FX show “Totally Biased With W. Kamau Bell,” “Bell’s gimmick is intersectional progressivism: he treats racial, gay and women’s issues as inseparable.” Yup. Bell was also recently named an Ambassador of Racial Justice by the ACLU. So there’s that. We’ll have an interview with Bell on our arts blog Live Culture prior to In other benny news, GET DOWN, GIVE BACK, a new organization founded by local electronic producer ERIC HOPWOOD — aka KORBIN MUSIC — debuts the first in a series of benefit dance parties at ArtsRiot in Burlington this Thursday, December 4. The party will feature DJ JOHNNY UTAH, DJVU WITH RYAN DENNO, Korbin Music and local hip-hop heroes the LYNGUISTIC CIVILIANS. There will also be a silent auction with donated prizes from a slew of cool local businesses. All proceeds will go to local homeless shelters. HONDURAS Break ANDY STOTT Faith in Strangers , cLUB DAtES NA: not availaBlE. AA: all agEs. cOuRtEsY OF lucius free. Extempo (storytelling), 7 p.m., free. stowe/smuggs area THE BEE'S KNEES: Heady topper Happy Hour with David Langevin (piano), 5 p.m., free. MOOG'S PLACE: Golden Novak Duo (folk), 5:30 p.m., free. Lesley Grant & Friends (country), 8 p.m., free. PIECASSO PIZZERIA & LOUNGE: trivia Night, 7 p.m., free. middlebury area CITY LIMITS: Karaoke, 9 p.m., free. TWO BROTHERS TAVERN LOUNGE & STAGE: trivia Night, 7 p.m., free. YOUR TEXT HERE SCAN THIS PAGE WITH LAYAR SEE PAGE 9 SCAN THIS PAGE northeast kingdom WITHTHE LAYAR PARKER PIE CO.: trivia Night, 75p.m., free. SEE PAGE THE STAGE: Drew cathart (singer-songwriter), 6:30 p.m., free. outside vermont MONOPOLE: open mic, 10 p.m., free. OLIVE RIDLEY'S: So You Want to Be a DJ?, 10 p.m., free. tHU.4 // LUcIUS [INDIE PoP] THU.4 Where the Wilde Things Are Brooklyn-based indie-pop outfit LUcIUS broke out in a big way with their 2013 debut album Wildewoman. The record’s synthy, hook-heavy charms and synchronistic dual vocal assault drew raves from critics around the globe. The New York Times, for example, aptly describe the album as “an art-school take on girl-group soul,” while the Boston Globe lauded the band as “the most welcome addition to pop music this year.” Damn straight. Lucius play the Higher Ground Ballroom in South Burlington this Thursday, December 4, with BAHAmAS. burlington HALFLOUNGE SPEAKEASY: Wildlife Wednesday (trap, house), 9:30 p.m. JP'S PUB: Pub Quiz with Dave, 7 p.m., free. Karaoke with melody, 10 p.m., free. JUNIPER: Paul Asbell Quartet (jazz), 8:30 p.m., free. MANHATTAN PIZZA & PUB: open mic with Andy Lugo, 9 p.m., free. RED SQUARE: DJ cre8 (hip-hop), 11 p.m., free. DJ Jack Bandit (hip-hop), 11 p.m., free. NECTAR'S: Vt comedy club Presents: What a Joke! comedy open mic (standup comedy), 7 p.m., free. Zach Deputy (soul, roots), 9:30 p.m., $12/15. 18+. THE SKINNY PANCAKE (BURLINGTON): Josh Panda's Acoustic Soul Night, 8 p.m., $5-10 donation. RADIO BEAN COFFEEHOUSE: Big mama Lele (sexy folk), 6 p.m., free. Ensemble V (jazz), 7 p.m., free. Irish Sessions, 9 p.m., free. ZEN LOUNGE: Zensday with DJ Kyle Proman (top 40), 10 p.m., free. chittenden county HIGHER GROUND BALLROOM: J. Roddy Walston & the Business, coquette (rock), 7:30 p.m., $0.99. AA. THE MONKEY HOUSE: Ghost Punch, Splat (pukerock), 8:30 p.m., free/$3. ON TAP BAR & GRILL: chad Hollister (acoustic rock), 7 p.m., free. barre/montpelier BAGITOS BAGEL & BURRITO CAFÉ: Karl miller (jazz), 6 p.m., free. THE SKINNY PANCAKE (MONTPELIER): cajun Jam with Jay Ekis, Lee Blackwell, Alec Ellsworth & Katie trautz, 6 p.m., $5-10 donation. SWEET MELISSA'S: Wine Down with D. Davis (acoustic), 5 p.m., ARTSRIOT: Get Down, Give Back (hip-hop, electronic dance), 9 p.m., $10 donation. CLUB METRONOME: Vermont comedy club presents W. Kamau Bell (standup comedy), 6 p.m., $15. 18+. FINNIGAN'S PUB: craig mitchell (funk), 10 p.m., free. FRANNY O'S: Karaoke, 9 p.m., free. HALFLOUNGE SPEAKEASY: Half & Half comedy (standup), 8 p.m., free. JUNIPER: Nicole carey (acoustic), 8 p.m., free. MANHATTAN PIZZA & PUB: tar Iguana (jam), 9 p.m., free. thu.4 » p.82 - Chicken green curry with bell pepper, green bean and Thai basil served over linguine noodles. FREE LESSON W/ NEW INSTRUMENT PURCHASE SEVEN DAYS GOT MUSIC NEWS? [email protected] REVIEW this Doom Service, I Want to Believe In… (GET STOKED! RECORDS, CASETTE, DIGITAL DOWNLOAD) As is the circle of life in the Burlington music scene, when one band breaks up, another rises to take its place. The new band often features basically the same dudes or dudettes from the old band, minus maybe that one guy nobody really liked all that much, but he had the soundproofed basement so you put up with him. This game of musical chairs crosses genre boundaries, from local hiphop to indie rock and beyond. But it has always been especially prevalent in the city’s close-knit heavy-music community. For decades now, it has seemed like every other week brought some new hardcore or punk band with some degree of separation from Drowningman. Which brings us to Doom Service. While none of the band’s four members logged time with Simon Brody’s fabled 1990s hardcore band, they do have a legit local pedigree. The band is composed of three former members of the late local post-hardcore band 10K Volt Ghost: Roy Larsen, Jeff Foran and Justin Gonyea. The last is a former Seven Days employee and the founder of Get Stoked! Records. Rounding out the band is Tyler Daniel Bean, a successful solo artist who has been kicking around the hardcore scene in various bands for years. Fans of 10K Volt Ghost will find a lot to like about Doom Service’s debut EP, I Want to Believe In… Much like 10KVG offered a bracing fusion of punk and posthardcore, Doom Service forcibly smash together various strains of heavy music. Instrumentally, they retain 10KVG’s melodic bent and knack for intricate yet punishing and dynamic changes. But Doom Service’s looseness stands out. This is immediately apparent. Opener “You’re Meddling With Powers You Can’t Possibly Comprehend” begins as serene, guitar-fueled postrock that sounds something like an Explosions in the Sky outtake. It builds as a sludgy faux-ballad, hinting at a furious breakout that never comes. Well, not until the next cut, anyway. “1.21 Gigawatts?! Great Scott!!” explodes with anthemic, fist-pumping punk hooks and raucous guitar shredding that borders on arena rock — and quite awesomely, at that. “Fear of a Bot Planet” continues that energetic assault. Vocal duties throughout the EP are split between Larsen and Gonyea, with the former howling in a (slightly) more melodic manner than the Flow with whatever may happen, and let your mind be free. ONLINE@ZENLOUNGEVT W.12.3: Th.12.4: MICHELLE SARAH BAND, DR. RICK, SQUIMLEY & THE WOOLENS 9PM, 21+ latter, who favors a raspier bent. Both are F.12.5: with JAH RED 8PM generally effective — though Larsen could pay closer attention to pitch. The contrast with D JAY BARON 11PM, 21+ between the two is engaging, shading Larsen’s tracks in an emo-ish light and Sa.12.6: with Gonyea’s with more of an aggro edge. The EP closes on “Black Oil,” a four& 9PM and-a-half-minute epic on which Doom Service truly flex their muscles. Larsen Tuesdays: KILLED IT! KARAOKE wails call-and-response vocals with Bean with EMCEE CALLA NOVA 9PM, 18+ and Foran, while a torrent of chunky 165 CHURCH ST, BTV • 802-399-2645 guitars swirls around them, punctuated by thunderous drums. It’s perhaps the EP’s most ambitious track and certainly 12v-zenloungeWEEKLY.indd 1 12/2/14 12:58 PM its most dramatic. And it bodes well for future Doom Service recordings — or whatever band these cats find themselves in the next time around. I Want to Believe In… by Doom Service FRIDAY DECEMBER 5 is available at doomservice.bandcamp. RUMBLECAT ROCK • BLUES • FREE SHOW com. The band plays 242 Main in SATURDAY DECEMBER 6 Burlington this Saturday, December 6, DEAN WEEN GROUP with Tyler Daniel Bean, Self Defense DINO BRAVO • MEAT MILK Family and Bleak. FRIDAY FRID DECEMBER 12 SALSA FEEL GOOD FRIDAY MIAMI FEVER DJS ATAK, DAVE VILLA, GOLDETRON, JACK BANDIT FATTY SHAY DAN BOLLES SCAN THIS PAGE WITH LAYAR TO LISTEN TO TRACKS (SELF-RELEASED, VINYL, DIGITAL DOWNLOAD) HOLIDELIC: SUGAR DADDY EVERETT BRADLEY’S "A FLASHY, BASS-HEAVY RETRO-FUTURISTIC TAKE ON THE HOLIDAYS." - THE NEW YORKER FRIDAY DECEMBER 19 ROCK DOUBLE BILL FEATURING IF YOU’RE AN INDEPENDENT ARTIST OR BAND MAKING MUSIC IN VT, SEND YOUR CD TO US! DAN BOLLES C/O SEVEN DAYS, 255 SO. CHAMPLAIN ST. STE 5, BURLINGTON, VT 05401 1190 Mountain Road 802-253-6245 DAN BOLLES SEVEN DAYS promising material, something was still missing. Now returned to Vermont after a stint in Massachusetts, Reczek is back with a new record, In the Night, for the Morning. And in line with his previous arc, it suggests real progress. Yet the album also reveals that Reczek is still prone to similar artistic pitfalls. His latest, however, is by far his best-sounding record. That sonic polish is matched by a newfound attention to arranging. Reczek is a gifted multiinstrumentalist and expertly weaves a warm tapestry with guitars, mandolin, banjo, keyboards and drums, all of which he plays himself. His arrangements are dynamic and inventive, giving much of the album a strong folk-rock edge. But that’s about the only edge to In the Night. Part of the problem is Reczek’s overly polite vocal delivery. Listening to the album, the comparison that comes to mind is Kermit the Frog’s melancholy nephew Robin singing “Halfway Down the Stairs.” Reczek isn’t possessed of a WAYLON SPEED AND particularly pretty voice. Throughout SETH YACOVONE BAND the record, you get the sense he’s trying SATURDAY DECEMBER 20 to smooth out the imperfections, which JOSH PANDA & makes him sound timid and undercuts the SOME GIRLS power of his songwriting. ROLLING STONES TRIBUTE Particularly on cuts such as the SCAN THIS PAGE FRIDAY DECEMBER 26 YOUR mournful “Five Months More” and wistful BROTHERTEXT WITH LAYAR “April Song,” Reczek offers some truly HERE SEE PAGE 9 JOSCEPHUS gripping passages. He’d be well served & THE LOVE REVOLUTION to embrace his unconventional timbre, SOUL • FUNK • GOSPEL which would add gravitas to his often 2015 JUST ANNOUNCED astute and emotionally raw poetry. And JANUARY 2: HOT NEON MAGIC he’d be far from the first singer-songwriter JANUARY 3: PINK TALKING FISH not to let a subpar voice get in the way. JANUARY 9: SPIRITUAL REZ & GANG OF THIEVES If nothing else, In the Night, for JANUARY 10: BADFISH: A TRIBUTE TO SUBLIME the Morning proves Adam Reczek is JANUARY JANUA 31: RUSTED ROOT FEBRUARY 7: LEZ ZEPPELIN determined. And with each new record, FEBRUARY 15: CHRIS ROBINSON BROTHERHOOD he takes a step closer to being the artist he so clearly wants to be. My guess is he’ll get MUSIC EVERY FRIDAY, SATURDAY & MORE • 9PM there soon. I’m still rooting for him. BAR & RESTAURANT OPEN: WED - MON 4PM MONDAY DART LEAGUE • 7PM - 10PM In the Night, for the Morning by WEDNESDAY POOL LEAGUE • 7PM - 10:30PM Adam Reczek is available at adamreczek. bandcamp.com. 12.03.14-12.10.14 In my last review of an Adam Reczek record, his 2012 effort Buttoned From the Bottom Up, I confessed that I’d been rooting for the then-local songwriter to finally put it all together. Having reviewed each of his previous works, I’d had a front row seat to his maturation. Though he’s not a naturally great songwriter, on each album he’s proved he can develop the elements to become one. Reczek’s 2009 debut, The Window Seat, while extremely rough, showed he had heart, if not yet a way with words. His 2010 follow-up EP, Fork in the Road, was a modest improvement and showed Reczek had dedication and a knack for melody. Buttoned was yet another step in the right direction. But, whether due to a frustrating reliance on lyrical clichés, predictable melodies, intonation issues or simply the occasional clunker amid more MASTA ACE LYNGUISTIC CIVILIANS • MAIDEN VOYAGE HIP HOP • RAP SATURDAY DECEMBER 13 SEVENDAYSVT.COM Adam Reczek, In the Night, for the Morning ZENSDAY with DJ KYLE PROMAN 10PM, 18+ music thu.4 CLUB DaTES na: not availaBlE. aa: all agEs. « p.80 NECTAR'S: Trivia mania, 7 p.m., free. Bluegrass Thursday: DoJo, 9 p.m., $2/5. 18+. PIZZA BARRIO: Eric George (folk), 6 p.m., free. RADIO BEAN COFFEEHOUSE: David moss (folk), 6:30 p.m., free. michael Chorney & Hollar General (indie folk), 7:30 p.m., free. Shane Hardiman Trio (jazz), 8:30 p.m., free. Kat Wright & the Indomitable Soul Band (soul), 11:30 p.m., $5. RED SQUARE BLUE ROOM: DJ Reign one (EDm), 10 p.m., free. RÍ RÁ IRISH PUB & WHISKEY ROOM: Supersounds DJ (top 40), 10 p.m., free. RÍ RÁ IRISH PUB & WHISKEY ROOM: mashtodon (hip-hop), 10 p.m., free. RUBEN JAMES: DJ Cre8 (hip-hop), 10 p.m., free. chittenden county BACKSTAGE PUB: Thursday night Trivia, 8 p.m., free. HIGHER GROUND BALLROOM: Lucius, Bahamas (indie pop), 8 p.m., $16. AA. THE MONKEY HOUSE: milk, Heisenbuells (rock), 9 p.m., $3. ON TAP BAR & GRILL: nobby Reed Project (blues), 7 p.m., free. SEVEnDaYSVT.Com THE MONKEY HOUSE: manbando (rock), 5:30 p.m., free. Crazyhearse, Dino Bravo, Smokin' Gun (rock), 9 p.m., $3-5. ON TAP BAR & GRILL: The Benoits (Vermonticana), 5 p.m., free. Phil abair Band (rock), 9 p.m., free. barre/montpelier NUTTY STEPH'S: Latin Friday with Rauli Fernandez & Friends, 7 p.m., free. CAPITOL GROUNDS CAFÉ: John LaRouche, Levent Unal & Sam Davis (jazz), 6 p.m., free. SWEET MELISSA'S: Honky Tonk Happy Hour with mark LeGrand, 5 p.m., free. Big Hat no Cattle (Western swing), 8 p.m., free. new nile orchestra (funk), 9 p.m., $5. NUTTY STEPH'S: Bacon Thursday: Cookie's Hot Club (jazz), 7 p.m., free. WHAMMY BAR: Paul Cataldo (singer-songwriter), 7 p.m., free. SWEET MELISSA'S: Golden novak Duo (acoustic), 8 p.m., free. stowe/smuggs area 51 MAIN AT THE BRIDGE: Eight 02 (jazz), 8 p.m., free. CITY LIMITS: Trivia night, 7 p.m., free. TWO BROTHERS TAVERN LOUNGE & STAGE: DJ Dizzle (house), 10 p.m., free. northeast kingdom THE STAGE: Val Davis, Linda Warnaar & micah Carbonneau (folk), 7 p.m., free. outside vermont JERICHO CAFE & TAVERN: Carol anne Jones & Will Patton (Americana), 7:30 p.m., free. CHARLIE O'S: Starline Rhythm Boys (rockabilly), 10 p.m., free. middlebury area MONOPOLE: Comrade nixon with DJ Kane (rock), 10 p.m., free. OLIVE RIDLEY'S: Karaoke, 9 p.m., free. FRI.5 HIGHER GROUND SHOWCASE LOUNGE: First Friday: Red (dance party), 9 p.m., $5/10. 18+. VENUE NIGHTCLUB: Serani, DJ Chip, Jon Demus (dancehall), 9 p.m., $27/35. 18+. MOOG'S PLACE: open mic, 8 p.m., free. MOOG'S PLACE: abby Sherman (singersongwriter), 6:30 p.m., free. Sweethearts of the Saloon (country), 9 p.m., free. RIMROCK'S MOUNTAIN TAVERN: DJ Rekkon #FridaynightFrequencies (hip-hop), 10 p.m., free. RUSTY NAIL: Rumblecat (rock), 9 p.m., free. middlebury area 51 MAIN AT THE BRIDGE: Small Change (tom Waits tribute), 8 p.m., free. CITY LIMITS: Top Hat Entertainment Total Request (top 40), 9 p.m., free. northeast kingdom PHAT KATS TAVERN: Kingdon Khaos Hip-Hop Holiday Horror Show, 9:30 p.m., free. outside vermont MONOPOLE: Tar Iguana (rock), 10 p.m., free. MONOPOLE DOWNSTAIRS: Happy Hour Tunes & Trivia with Gary Peacock, 5 p.m., free. burlington CLUB METRONOME: Back to the Future Friday (’90s/2000s dance party), 9 p.m., $5. 242 MAIN: Doom Service, Tyer Daniel Bean, Self Defense Family, Bleak (hardcore), 7 p.m., $7. BLEU NORTHEAST SEAFOOD: Paul asbell Trio (jazz), 8:30 p.m., free. FINNIGAN'S PUB: DJ Jon Demus (reggae), 10 p.m., free. 82 music CAPITOL GROUNDS CAFÉ: mIranda moody mIller (singer-songwriter), 6 p.m., free. stowe/smuggs area BLEU NORTHEAST SEAFOOD: Peter Krag (jazz), 8:30 p.m., free. JUNIPER: Cynthia Braren Trio (jazz), 8:30 p.m., free. CLUB METRONOME: Retronome with DJ Fattie B (’80s dance party), 9 p.m., free/$5. THE LAUGH BAR AT DRINK: Comedy Showcase (standup comedy), 7 p.m., $7. FRANNY O'S: Karaoke, 9 p.m., free. JP'S PUB: Karaoke with megan, 10 p.m., free. MANHATTAN PIZZA & PUB: Black Rabbit, Cave Bees (punk), 9 p.m., free. JUNIPER: nastee (hip-hop), 9 p.m., free. NECTAR'S: Seth Yacovone (solo acoustic blues), 7 12/2/14 11:19 AM ZEN LOUNGE: Salsa night with Jah Red, 8 p.m., $5. D Jay Baron (hip-hop), 10 p.m., $5. PENALTY BOX: Karaoke, 8 p.m., free. BAGITOS BAGEL & BURRITO CAFÉ: Colin mcCaffrey & Friends (Americana), 6 p.m., donation. 3V-OGE120314.indd 1 RED SQUARE: andy Lugo (rebel folk), 4 p.m., free. Soul Junction (funk), 7 p.m., $5. DJ Craig mitchell (house), 11 p.m., $5. RED SQUARE BLUE ROOM: DJ Con Yay (EDm), 9 p.m., $5. ZEN LOUNGE: michelle Sarah Band, Doctor Rick, Squimley & the Woolens (soul, rock), 9 p.m., free. 11/17/14 3:44 PM RADIO BEAN COFFEEHOUSE: Kids music with Linda "Tickle Belly" Bassick & Friends, 11 a.m., free. Dave Richardson (folk), 7 p.m., free. Dahlia Dumont (jazz, reggae, world), 8 p.m., free. Rough Francis Birthday Weekend (punk), 9 p.m., $10. RED SQUARE: Conqueror Root (reggae), 6 p.m., free. D Jay Baron (hip-hop), 10 p.m., free. THE SKINNY PANCAKE (BURLINGTON): James margolis (singer-songwriter), 8 p.m., $5-10 donation. 6h-greoenfellmeadery111914.indd 1 p.m., free. Sophistafunk, Canopy (hip-hop, funk), 9 p.m., $5. MANHATTAN PIZZA & PUB: Funkwagon (funk), 9 p.m., free. the gift of grooming gift certificates available YOUR TEXT HERE SCAN THIS PAGE WITH LAYAR SEE PAGE< 5MEN SR OOMVT.C OM> FRI.5 // DINo BRAVo [RocK] SCAN THIS PAGE WITH LAYAR SEE PAGE 9 106 MA IN ST. 802.864.2088 LA D IES IN VITED 12v-mens113011.indd 1 Meat Hooks Dino Bravo, the pro wrestler, was best known for his time in the World Wrestling Federation in the 1980s. 11/29/11 3:40 PM Well, that and his massive guns. He billed himself as the “World’s Strongest Man,” and he might not have been far off. DINo BRAVo, the band, are a Vermont-based rock group who specialize in heavy, Black Sabbath-inspired guitar riffage and anthemic hooks that owe a debt to the cheeky work of Ween. What do they have to do with each other? Absolutely nothing! We just really like wrestling. And good rock bands. Dino Bravo play the Monkey House in Winooski this Friday, December 5, as part of a local showcase also featuring cRAzYHEARSE and SmoKIN’ GUN. NUTTY STEPH'S: cooie DeFrancesco (blues), 7 p.m., free. THE LAUGH BAR AT DRINK: comedy open mic (standup comedy), 8 p.m., free. PIZZA BARRIO: Wallace (jazz), 6 p.m., free. POSITIVE PIE (MONTPELIER): Hot Neon magic (’80s new wave), 10 p.m., $5. NECTAR'S: mI YARD Reggae Night with DJs Big Dog and Demus, 9 p.m., free. WHAMMY BAR: michelle Rodriguez (solo ukulele), 7 p.m., free. RADIO BEAN COFFEEHOUSE: Acoustic Brunch with Britt Kusserow (folk), 11 a.m., free. Downfall country with Andrew Stearns & Shay Gestal, 1 p.m., free. Bearheart with Jane Beaumont Snyder (devotional trance), 5:30 p.m., free. Andy moroz (jazz), 7 p.m., free. tom Waits Birthday celebration with Small change, 9:30 p.m., free. RADIO BEAN COFFEEHOUSE: Acoustic Brunch with Erin cassels-Brown (folk), noon, free. Less Digital more manual: Record club with Disco Phantom, 3 p.m., free. Abbie morin (indie soul), 7 p.m., free. Burnell Pines (americana), 8 p.m., free. Rough Francis Birthday Weekend (punk), 9 p.m., $10. RED SQUARE: Kat Wright & the Indomitable Soul Band (R&b), 8 p.m., $5. mashtodon (hip-hop), 11 p.m., $5. RED SQUARE BLUE ROOM: DJ Raul (salsa), 6 p.m., free. DJ Reign one (EdM), 11 p.m., $5. RUBEN JAMES: craig mitchell (house), 10 p.m., free. THE SKINNY PANCAKE (BURLINGTON): close to Nowhere (rock), 8 p.m., $5-10 donation. ZEN LOUNGE: miami Fever with DJs Atak, Fatty Shay, Dave Villa, Goldetron & Jack Bandit (EdM), 9 p.m., $5. HIGHER GROUND BALLROOM: The Let It Snow Show: the Ready Set, Kat Dahlia, Ryan cabrera, Emii (pop), 7:30 p.m., $20. aa. HIGHER GROUND SHOWCASE LOUNGE: turkuaz, Smooth Antics (funk, soul), 8:30 p.m., $10/12. aa. ON TAP BAR & GRILL: macKenzie & mississquoi (acoustic blues), 5 p.m., free. Identity crisis (rock), 9 p.m., free. VENUE NIGHTCLUB: tim Brick, the HIllside Rounders (country), 8 p.m., $10/15. 18+. Saturday Night mixdown with DJ Dakota & Jon Demus, 10 p.m., $5. 18+. barre/montpelier CHARLIE O'S: Pariah Beat (americana), 10 p.m., free. mad river valley/waterbury THE RESERVOIR RESTAURANT & TAP ROOM: Lesley Grant & Friends (country), 10 p.m., free. middlebury area 51 MAIN AT THE BRIDGE: Sean Gaskell & craig mayers (world music), 8 p.m., free. CITY LIMITS: city Limits Dance Party with DJ Earl (top 40), 9:30 p.m., free. TWO BROTHERS TAVERN LOUNGE & STAGE: moonschein (acoustic blues, jazz), 6 p.m., $3. Jam man Entertainment (dance party), 10 p.m., free. northeast kingdom THE PARKER PIE CO.: tritium Well (rock), 8 p.m., free. THE STAGE: Sam chapin (singer-songwriter), 6 p.m., free. Buzzkill Abby (americana), 8 p.m., free. THE SKINNY PANCAKE (BURLINGTON): Bluegrass Brunch Scramble, noon, $5-10 donation. Spark open Improv Jam & Standup comedy, 7 p.m., $5-10 donation. Text “3bros” to 30321 to join our VIP Loyalty Program for exclusive giveaways & deals! 973 Roosevelt Highway Colchester • 655-5550 www.threebrotherspizzavt.com chittenden county BACKSTAGE PUB: Karaoke/open mic, 8 p.m., free. 12v-ThreeBros111914.indd 1 11/17/14 10:40 AM THE MONKEY HOUSE: Holiday PopUp with DJ Disco Phantom (artist market), 9:30 a.m., free. PENALTY BOX: trivia With a twist, 4 p.m., free. barre/montpelier BAGITOS BAGEL & BURRITO CAFÉ: Eric Friedman (folk), 11 a.m., donation. SWEET MELISSA'S: mass Appeal (standup comedy), 7 p.m., $5. stowe/smuggs area MOOG'S PLACE: John & Friends (folk), noon, free. outside vermont MONOPOLE: mike Pedersen & Friends (rock), 10 p.m., free. THE STAGE: Shatterbox (rock), 5 p.m., free. open mic, 6 p.m., free. SUN.7 MON.8 FRANNY O'S: Kyle Stevens Happiest Hour of music (singer-songwriter), 7 p.m., free. Vermont's Next Star, 8 p.m., free. FRANNY O'S: Standup comedy cage match, 8 p.m., free. burlington Plus tax. Pick-up or delivery only. Expires 12/31/14. Limit: 1 offer per customer per day. burlington MOn.8 » p.84 Three volumes of Vermont’s wackiest tales. Stories read and loved by ages 9 to 99. Bookstores, Kinney Drugs, Gift Shops. www.VermontWild.com MUSIC 83 BAGITOS BAGEL & BURRITO CAFÉ: Irish Session, 2 p.m., donation. Brian Gilbert (piano & fingerstyle guitar), 6 p.m., donation. RUSTY NAIL: Dean Ween Group (rock), 9 p.m., $20/25. 18+. 2 large, 1-topping pizzas & 2-liter Coke product SEVEN DAYS THE MONKEY HOUSE: Jingle Balls Rock with the Green mountain Derby Dames (rock), 9 p.m., $5. MOOG'S PLACE: Smokin' Js (rock), 9 p.m., free. $19.99 1 large, 1-topping pizza, 2 liter Coke product, pumpkin cheesecake bites SEVENDAYSVt.com NECTAR'S: Dahlia Dumont (folk), 7 p.m., free. The mcLovins, Formula 5 (jam, rock), 9 p.m., $5. HOLIDAY SPECIAL CLUB DATES NA: NOT AVAILABLE. AA: ALL AGES. « P.83 HALFLOUNGE SPEAKEASY: Family Night (rock), 10:30 p.m., free. JP'S PUB: Dance Video Request Night with Melody, 10 p.m., free. NECTAR'S: The Tenderbellies (bluegrass), 9 p.m., free/$5. 18+. RADIO BEAN COFFEEHOUSE: Lisa Ann Moroz (Americana), 7 p.m., free. Sam Moss (folk), 8 p.m., free. Justice Cow (indie folk, comedy), 9 p.m., free. Latin Sessions with Mal Maiz (Cumbia), 10 p.m., free. THE SKINNY PANCAKE (BURLINGTON): Kidz Music with Raphael, 11:30 a.m., $3 donation. chittenden county RED SQUARE: Craig Mitchell (house), 10 p.m., free. ZEN LOUNGE: Killed It! Karaoke, 9 p.m., free. chittenden county THE MONKEY HOUSE: You Knew me When, Poor & Perfect (rock), 9 p.m., $3. ON TAP BAR & GRILL: Trivia Night, 7 p.m., free. barre/montpelier CHARLIE O'S: Karaoke, 8 p.m., free. SOUTH SIDE TAVERN: Open Mic with John Lackard, 9 p.m., free. outside vermont RED SQUARE: Dirthouse (rock), 8 p.m., free. DJ Cre8 (hip-hop), 11 p.m., free. DJ Jack Bandit (hip-hop), 11 p.m., free. THE SKINNY PANCAKE (BURLINGTON): Josh Panda's Acoustic Soul Night, 8 p.m., $5-10 donation. burlington CLUB METRONOME: Dead Set with Cats Under the Stars (Grateful Dead tribute), 9 p.m., free/$5. JP'S PUB: Open Mic with Kyle, 9 p.m., free. MANHATTAN PIZZA & PUB: Backwoods Boogie (rock), 9 p.m., free. NECTAR'S: Gubbulidis (jam), 8 p.m., free/$5. 18+. Stuart's Giant, Burritos (rock, funk, ska), 9 p.m., free/$5. 18+. RADIO BEAN COFFEEHOUSE: Stephen Callahan Trio (jazz), 6:30 p.m., free. John Daly Trio (folk rock), 7:30 p.m., free. Crazyhearse (acoustic WED.10 CITIZEN CIDER: Bluegrass Jam, 5 p.m., free. The Cider House Boys (bluegrass), 7 p.m., free. HALFLOUNGE SPEAKEASY: Wildlife Wednesday (trap, house), 9:30 p.m. JP'S PUB: Pub Quiz with Dave, 7 p.m., free. Karaoke with Melody, 10 p.m., free. JUNIPER: Ray Vega Quintet (jazz), 8:30 p.m., free. MANHATTAN PIZZA & PUB: Open Mic with Andy Lugo, 9 p.m., free. NECTAR'S: VT Comedy Club Presents: What a Joke! Comedy Open Mic (standup comedy), 7 p.m., free. Nemes, Squimley & 1 7/16/14 THE SKINNY PANCAKE (MONTPELIER): Cajun Jam with Jay Ekis, Lee Blackwell, Alec Ellsworth & Katie Trautz, 6 p.m., $5-10 donation. SWEET MELISSA'S: Wine Down with D. Davis (acoustic), 5 p.m., free. Cookie's Hot Club (jazz), 8 p.m., free. stowe/smuggs area BAGITOS BAGEL & BURRITO CAFÉ: Cooie DeFrancesco (folk, blues), 6 p.m., donation. THE BEE'S KNEES: Heady Topper Happy Hour with David Langevin (piano), 5 p.m., free. COURTESY OF SERANI HALFLOUNGE SPEAKEASY: DJ Tricky Pat & Guests (D&B), 10 p.m., free. TWO BROTHERS TAVERN LOUNGE & STAGE: Karaoke with Roots Entertainment, 9 p.m., free. SCAN WITH L SEE PA THE MONKEY HOUSE: A Light Like Dawn, Dennis and Fil (rock), 9 p.m., $3. barre/montpelier OLIVE RIDLEY'S: So You Want to Be a DJ?, 10 p.m., free. chittenden county stowe/smuggs area MOOG'S PLACE: The Jason Wedlock Show (rock), 7:30 p.m., free. MONOPOLE: Open Mic, 10 p.m., free. ZEN LOUNGE: Zensday with DJ Kyle Proman (top 40), 10 p.m., free. stowe/smuggs area RADIO BEAN COFFEEHOUSE: Irish Sessions, 9 p.m., free. ON TAP BAR & GRILL: Pine Street Jazz, 7 p.m., free. PHAT KATS TAVERN: Jay Natola (solo guitar), 9 p.m., free. SEVEN DAYS THE STAGE: Shay Gestal (singersongwriter), 6:30 p.m., free. SWEET MELISSA'S: Live Music, 5 p.m., free. northeast kingdom the Woolens (rock), 9:30 p.m., free/$5. 18+. ON TAP BAR & GRILL: Open Mic with Wylie, 7 p.m., free. MOOG'S PLACE: Seth Yacovone (solo acoustic blues), 7 p.m., free. SEVENDAYSVT.COM shredabilly), 9 p.m., free. Honky Tonk Tuesday with Brett Hughes & Friends, 10 p.m., $3. MOOG'S PLACE: Lesley Grant & Friends (country), 8 p.m., free. PIECASSO PIZZERIA & LOUNGE: Trivia Night, 7 p.m., free. middlebury area CITY LIMITS: Karaoke, 9 p.m., free. THU.4 // SERANI [DANCEHALL] Game On Kingston, Jamaica’s SERANI stands at the forefront of modern TWO BROTHERS TAVERN LOUNGE & STAGE: Trivia Night, 7 p.m., free. dancehall reggae, even when he doesn’t. As a solo artist, he’s been tearing up charts northeast kingdom behind the scenes, producing hits for the likes of Sean Paul and Tony Matterhorn, has THE PARKER PIE CO.: Trivia Night, 7 p.m., free. since 2008, perhaps most notably with his smash 2009 single “No Games.” But his work helped shape the genre for the better part of 15 years. Catch Serani at Venue Nightclub in South Burlington this Thursday, December 4, with DJ CHIP and Burlington’s JON DEMUS. 2:07 PM Have you got good taste? The Keurig Green Mountain, Inc. Sensory Test Center is looking for ﬂavor enthusiasts to sample a variety of food and beverage products from Green Mountain Coffee® and other brands. Join us for ongoing sessions at our facility in Waterbury Center. For every 30-45 minute session you attend, we'll give you an Amazon.com gift card — just for giving us your opinion! How sweet is that? Want to learn more? Contact us at [email protected] or 802.882.2703. 4h-Keurig072314.indd 1 7/21/14 3:45 PM venueS.411 burlington StoWE/SMuggS ArEA BEE’S knEES, 82 Lower Main St., Morrisville, 888-7889 CLairE’S rESTaUranT & Bar, 41 Main St., Hardwick, 472-7053 maTTErhorn, 4969 Mountain Rd., Stowe, 253-8198 moog’S pLaCE, Portland St., Morrisville, 851-8225 piECaSSo, 899 Mountain Rd., Stowe, 253-4411 rimroCkS moUnTain TaVErn, 394 Mountain Rd., Stowe, 253-9593 ThE rUSTY naiL, 1190 Mountain Rd., Stowe, 253-6245 SUShi YoShi, 1128 Mountain Rd., Stowe, 253-4135 SwEET CrUnCh BakEShop, 246 Main St., Hyde Park, 888-4887 VErmonT aLE hoUSE, 294 Mountain Rd., Stowe, 253-6253 MiDDlEburY ArEA 51 main aT ThE BriDgE, 51 Main St., Middlebury, 388-8209 Bar anTiDoTE, 35C Green St., Vergennes, 877-2555 CiTY LimiTS, 14 Greene St., Vergennes, 877-6919 ToUrTErELLE, 3629 Ethan Allen Hwy., New Haven, 453-6309 Two BroThErS TaVErn LoUngE & STagE, 86 Main St., Middlebury, 388-0002 rutlAnD ArEA piCkLE BarrEL nighTCLUB, Killington Rd., Killington, 422-3035 4t-longtrail120314.indd 1 12/2/14 11:22 AM CHAMPlAin iSlAnDS/ nortHWESt Chow! BELLa, 28 N. Main St., St. Albans, 524-1405 Snow ShoE LoDgE & pUB, 13 Main St., Montgomery Center, 326-4456 uPPEr VAllEY BrEaking groUnDS, 245 Main St., Bethel, 392-4222 nortHEASt kingDoM Brown’S markET BiSTro, 1618 Scott Highway, Groton, 584-4124 mUSiC Box, 147 Creek Rd., Craftsbury, 586-7533 parkEr piE Co., 161 County Rd., West Glover, 525-3366 phaT kaTS TaVErn, 101 Depot St., Lyndonville, 626-3064 ThE pUB oUTBaCk, 482 Vt. 114, East Burke, 626-1188 ThE STagE, 45 Broad St., Lyndonville, 427-3344 outSiDE VErMont monopoLE, 7 Protection Ave., Plattsburgh, N.Y., 518-563-2222 nakED TUrTLE, 1 Dock St., Plattsburgh, N.Y., 518-566-6200. oLiVE riDLEY’S, 37 Court St., Plattsburgh, N.Y., 518-324-2200 paLmEr ST. CoffEE hoUSE, 4 Palmer St., Plattsburgh, N.Y. 518-561-6920 PRESENTS LOW CUT CONNIE & DANIEL ROMANO SCAN THIS PAGE WITH LAYAR TO WATCH A VIDEO SEE PAGE 9 December 13, 8 p.m. Showcase Lounge SCAN THIS PAGE WITH LAYAR TO WATCH A VIDEO SEE PAGE 9 YOUR Hoople-style honky-tonk with a hint TEXT of garage-punk spunk HERE NY Daily News via questions. and answer 2 tri Go to sevendaysvt.com Or, come by Eyes of the World (168 Battery, Burlington). Deadline: 12/12 at 4t-Hotticket-December.indd 1 by 5 p.m. 12/1/14 1:34 PM MUSIC 85 WIN TIX! SEVEn DaYS BaCkSTagE pUB, 60 Pearl St., Essex Jct., 878-5494 gooD TimES Café, Rt. 116, Hinesburg, 482-4444 highEr groUnD, 1214 Williston Rd., S. Burlington, 652-0777 hinESBUrgh pUBLiC hoUSE, 10516 Vt., 116 #6A, Hinesburg, 482-5500 BagiToS BagEL & BUrriTo Café, 28 Main St., Montpelier, 229-9212 CapiTaL groUnDS Café, 27 State St., Montpelier, 223-7800 CharLiE o’S, 70 Main St., Montpelier, 223-6820 ESprESSo BUEno, 248 N. Main St., Barre, 479-0896 grEEn moUnTain TaVErn, 10 Keith Ave., Barre, 522-2935 gUSTo’S, 28 Prospect St., Barre, 476-7919 kiSmET, 52 State St., Montpelier, 223-8646 mULLigan’S iriSh pUB, 9 Maple Ave., Barre, 479-5545 norTh Brahn Café, 41 State St., Montpelier, 552-8105 nUTTY STEph’S, 961C Rt. 2, Middlesex, 229-2090 poSiTiVE piE, 20 State St., Montpelier, 229-0453 rED hEn BakErY + Café, 961 US Route 2, Middlesex, 223-5200 ThE SkinnY panCakE, 89 Main St., Montpelier, 262-2253 SoUTh SiDE TaVErn, 107 S. Main St., Barre, 476-3637 SwEET mELiSSa’S, 4 Langdon St., Montpelier, 225-6012 VErmonT ThrUSh rESTaUranT, 107 State St., Montpelier, 225-6166 whammY Bar, 31 W. County Rd., Calais, 229-4329 Big piCTUrE ThEaTEr & Café, 48 Carroll Rd., Waitsfield, 496-8994 ThE CEnTEr BakErY & Café, 2007 Guptil Rd., Waterbury Center, 244-7500 CiDEr hoUSE BBq anD pUB, 1675 Rte.2, Waterbury, 244-8400 Cork winE Bar, 1 Stowe St., Waterbury, 882-8227 hoSTEL TEVErE, 203 Powderhound Rd., Warren, 496-9222 pUrpLE moon pUB, Rt. 100, Waitsfield, 496-3422 ThE rESErVoir rESTaUranT & Tap room, 1 S. Main St., Waterbury, 244-7827 SLiDE Brook LoDgE & TaVErn, 3180 German Flats Rd., Warren, 583-2202 12.03.14-12.10.14 MAD riVEr VAllEY/ WAtErburY SEVEnDaYSVT.Com 242 main ST., Burlington, 862-2244 amEriCan fLaTBrEaD, 115 St. Paul St., Burlington, 861-2999 arTSrioT, 400 Pine St., Burlington aUgUST firST, 149 S. Champlain St., Burlington, 540-0060 BLEU, 25 Cherry St., Burlington, 854-4700 BrEakwaTEr Café, 1 King St., Burlington, 658-6276 BrEnnan’S pUB & BiSTro, UVM Davis Center, 590 Main St., Burlington, 656-1204 ChUrCh & main rESTaUranT, 156 Church St. Burlington, 540-3040 CLUB mETronomE, 188 Main St., Burlington, 865-4563 ThE DaiLY pLanET, 15 Center St., Burlington, 862-9647 DoBrÁ TEa, 80 Church St., Burlington, 951-2424 Drink, 133 St. Paul St., Burlington, 951-9463 EaST ShorE VinEYarD TaSTing room, 28 Church St., Burlington, 859-9463 finnigan’S pUB, 205 College St., Burlington, 864-8209 frannY o’S, 733 Queen City Park Rd., Burlington, 863-2909 haLfLoUngE SpEakEaSY, 136 1/2 Church St., Burlington, 865-0012 Jp’S pUB, 139 Main St., Burlington, 658-6389 JUnipEr aT hoTEL VErmonT, 41 Cherry St., Burlington, 658-0251 LEUnig’S BiSTro & Café, 115 Church St., Burlington, 863-3759 magLianEro Café, 47 Maple St., Burlington, 861-3155 manhaTTan pizza & pUB, 167 Main St., Burlington, 864-6776 mUDDY waTErS, 184 Main St., Burlington, 658-0466 nECTar’S, 188 Main St., Burlington, 658-4771 pizza Barrio, 203 N. Winooski Ave., Burlington, 863-8278 raDio BEan CoffEEhoUSE, 8 N. Winooski Ave., Burlington, 660-9346 raSpUTin’S, 163 Church St., Burlington, 864-9324 rED SqUarE, 136 Church St., Burlington, 859-8909 rÍ rÁ iriSh pUB, 123 Church St., Burlington, 860-9401 rUBEn JamES, 159 Main St., Burlington, 864-0744 SignaL kiTChEn, 71 Main St., Burlington, 399-2337 ThE SkinnY panCakE, 60 Lake St., Burlington, 540-0188 VEnUE nighTCLUB, 5 Market St., S. Burlington, 338-1057 ThE VErmonT pUB & BrEwErY, 144 College St., Burlington, 865-0500 zEn LoUngE, 165 Church St., Burlington, 399-2645 monkEY hoUSE, 30 Main St., Winooski, 399-2020 monTY’S oLD BriCk TaVErn, 7921 Williston Rd., Williston, 316-4262 oak45, 45 Main St., Winooski, 448-3740 o’BriEn’S iriSh pUB, 348 Main St., Winooski, 338-4678 on Tap Bar & griLL, 4 Park St., Essex Jct., 878-3309 park pLaCE TaVErn, 38 Park St., Essex Jct. 878-3015 pEnaLTY Box, 127 Porter’s Point Rd., Colchester, 863-2065 rozzi’S LakEShorE TaVErn, 1022 W. Lakeshore Dr., Colchester, 863-2342 ShELBUrnE VinEYarD, 6308 Shelburne Rd., Shelburne, 985-8222 On His Own Terms SEVENDAYSVT.COM 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS 86 ART R eal art has the capacity to make us nervous,” radical cultural critic Susan Sontag wrote in her influential 1966 essay “Against Interpretation.” She went on: “By reducing the work of art to its content and then interpreting that, one tames the work of art. Interpretation makes art manageable, comformable” (sic). Abstract painting, more than any other art form, is characterized by a “flight from interpretation,” Sontag posited. “Since there is no content, there can be no interpretation.” Which is why so many abstract painters, Peter Heller among them, decline to say what their work “means.” When Heller, who died in 2002, did discuss his art, he spoke about its form, not its content. And by leaving all his paintings untitled, he offered no cues or clues to his intentions in creating a body of work over 35 years in his northern Vermont studios. If viewers resist reading meanings into the 20 pieces included in a Heller retrospective now at Burlington’s BCA Center, they may be more apt to experience the nervousness that Sontag regards as a product of “real art.” A little creepiness does permeate many of these pieces. They contain shapes suggestive of insects, possibly in fossilized form. There are wavy excrescences resembling the antennae or legs of crawling bugs, and whitened rods that might be bones. Crab claws and carapaces make appearances, too. Most of these pieces are composed in a subdued palette of browns and grays that imparts a melancholic mood. With images lacking narrative and devoid of representation, it’s impossible to avoid making, or at least seeking, associations with familiar objects. But, as Sontag would argue, that shouldn’t lead to a search for messages in, or motives behind, abstract art. A curator may, of course, choose to ignore Sontag’s stricture against interpretation. A wall text introducing the BCA show asserts, for example, “Heller’s abstract paintings reflect an inner quest to capture the essence and meaning of life.” His work is also said to exude “a richness of internal feeling and observation.” UNTITLED PAINTINGS BY PETER HELLER COURTESY OF BCA CENTER “ THE TAKE-AWAY IMPRESSION IS OF A RESTLESS, QUESTING ARTIST WHO PAINTED AS HE PLEASED. Maybe so. Heller’s biography does provide a basis for seeing his art as soulful and sorrowful. He was born in Berlin in 1929 to Hans Heller, a Jewish composer and musician, and Ingrid Eichwede, a concert pianist. The couple fled to Paris with their 2-yearold son as Hitler was gaining strength. The family was again displaced a decade later, seeking refuge in the south of France when Paris fell to the Nazis. Hans Heller was sent to a French prison camp for foreigners, while Eichwede and her son hid in a goat hut until the war ended. Art ShowS THE BEST GIFTS ARE MEANINGFUL NEW THIS WEEK burlington f ‘ANImAl PoWEr’: paintings of horse-powered transportation and agriculture in vermont by multiple artists. Reception: Friday, december 5, 5:30 p.m. december 5-February 28. info, 652-4500. Amy e. Tarrant Gallery, Flynn Center, in burlington. f BoB SEAmAN: “being in order,” the artist’s first solo show, a collection of art that reinvents and repurposes everyday, familiar objects. Reception: Friday, december 5, 6-8 p.m. december 5-31. info, 660-9005. The Gallery at main street landing in burlington. f HAlEy BISHoP: “Nightly doodles,” illustrations and watercolor paintings by the vermont artist. Reception: Friday, december 5, 5-8 p.m. december 5-31. info, 488-5766. vintage inspired lifestyle marketplace in burlington. f mATTHEW THorSEN: New work by the vermont photographer. Reception: Friday, december 5, 5-8 p.m. Through december 31. info, 318-2438. Red square in burlington. ollI PrESENTS DENDrAlIA, DrAWINg AND CollEgE ArT ExHIBIT: Artist dawn littlepage is accompanied by live Celtic music. Friday, december 5, 5-6:30 p.m. info, 656-2085. uvm Continuing education in burlington. review iNFo vermont portraits, landscapes and abstract images by eight fine art photographers. Reception: Friday, december 5, 5-6:30 p.m. december 5-27. info, 658-3074. uncommon Grounds in burlington. 8v-mattaty120314.indd 1 12/1/14 11:12 AM chittenden county ‘DrEAmS & HAlluCINATIoNS’: A juried exhibit of surrealist photographs from national and international artists. Reception: sunday, december 14, 6:30 p.m. december 4-31. info, 777-3686. darkroom Gallery in essex Junction. f mICHEllE ENNIS jACKSoN: watercolor paintings of nature and the changing seasons by the essex Junction artist. Reception: sunday, december 7, 2-4 p.m. Through February 28. info, 985-8222. shelburne vineyard. barre/montpelier f SHAmuS mCCAFFrEy lANgloIS: “liminality: Totems and lovers, Clowns and villains,” recent sculptures, paintings and drawings by the gallery cofounder that interpret and explore the transitional spaces or boundaries between experience, desire and transformation. Reception: Friday, december 5, 4-8 p.m. december 5-January 23. info, 552-8620. gallery siX in montpelier. f TIBETAN BuDDHIST THANKgAS: hand-painted thankgas. Reception: Friday, december 5, 4-8 p.m. december 5-January 30. info, 223-1431. Tulsi Tea Room in montpelier. stowe/smuggs area f ‘SloPE STylE’: Thirty-five fully accessorized vintage ski outfits, with a special section of the exhibit dedicated to vermont ski brands. Reception: Friday, december 5, 7-9 p.m. december 5-october 31. info, 253-9911. vermont ski and snowboard museum in stowe. mAd RiveR vAlley/wATeRbuRy shows 100% Hawaiian Kona is coming in soon! Reserve your Jamaican Blue Mountain! 412 PINE ST, BURLINGTON 658-6016 8v-speeders112614.indd 1 peter heller, paintings, through January 24 at bCA Center in burlington. burlingtoncity arts.org f VErmoNT grouP PHoTogrAPHy SHoW: SEVEN DAYS kEViN j. kEllEY 102 Harbor Rd, Shelburne 985-3190 \| matthewtaylordesigns.net ‘SEABA FolIo 2003 ProjECT’: original prints by 22 of vermont’s finest artists. december 7-February 28. info, 859-9222. The pine street deli in burlington. 12.03.14-12.10.14 sun and moon shapes that appear in a number of his paintings could be seen as references to the discs that Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) included in artworks that ventured farther and farther from the realm of representation. But Heller’s work may best be described by indicating what it is not. Although he studied painting in Manhattan while abstract expressionism was upending the Western art tradition, Heller can’t be accurately associated with emancipators of the id such as Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning. Heller’s markings are precise and his style of painting reveals little about his techniques. The abstract-expressionist style, by contrast, is wildly gestural and rife with evidence of how the paint was applied. Heller carefully outlines his sinewy shapes in black, intending them to be seen as separate from one another and from an often gently shaded background. Heller also springs surprises. His pieces are varied in size and tone, with the mainly earthy colors seen on the gallery’s Church Street side giving way to a few cool, aquatic compositions as the show moves to the City Hall Park side. The take-away impression is of a restless, questing artist who painted as he pleased, without regard for art-world fashions and determined to elude interpretation. by Matthew Taylor SEVENDAYSVt.com A relative invited the family to settle in New York, where Peter would receive a degree from Columbia University’s School of Painting and Sculpture in 1956. He married Alexandra Noble, a fellow art student at Columbia, and took teaching jobs where he could find them, including at the University of Vermont in 1961 and later at Johnson State College. Heller taught art at Johnson for several years (the college hosted an exhibit of his paintings and Alexandra’s sculptures earlier this year); he lived in Morrisville until his death. Heller developed a distinctive style that hints at influences by artists such as Francis Bacon (1909-1992), a Brit noted for raw, abstracted images set in isolation against austere backdrops. Bacon’s impact on Heller is most apparent in a large-scale triptych hanging in the rear of the BCA gallery that qualifies as the showstopper in this well-paced retrospective. It consists of jaggedly geometric shapes in mostly blues and grays, with an allusion to a crucifixion on the right-hand panel and an outburst of red, white and yellow in the center portion, which has been arranged to suggest the impaling of a downy-feathered bird. Traces of the proto-surrealist Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516) can be seen in Heller’s eerily fantastical forms. There’s also a suggestion of Georgia O’Keeffe (1887-1986) in the bony shards scattered on Heller’s canvases. And the f ‘PrEoCCuPIED’: ornate, detailed artwork in various mediums by Adrienne Ginter, wylie Garcia, Xavier donnelly and dianne shullenberger. Reception: Thursday, december 4, 5:30-7:30 p.m. december 4-January 24. info, 865-7166. vermont metro Gallery, bCA Center, in burlington. THE GREEN MOUNTAIN COLLECTION art STOWE/SMUGGS AREA SHOWS « P.87 Carol MaCdonald: The artist opens her printmaking studio for an annual sale of original artwork and gifts; 10 percent of sales is donated to Frog Hollow. Carol MacDonald Studio, Colchester, Saturday, December 6, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Info, 862-9037. mad river valley/waterbury Ben Frank Moss & Varujan Boghosian: “Collage, Drawing, Painting,” works by the abstract and collage artists. Reception: Saturday, December 6, 4-7 p.m. Through February 14. Info, 767-9670. BigTown Gallery in Rochester. holiday art-ernoon tea: Enjoy complimentary Christmas tea and freshly baked scones while browsing the recently expanded gift shop and the new holiday show. Compass Music and Arts Center, Brandon, Saturday, December 6, noon-5 p.m. Info, 247-4295. f Chris stearns: Images by the Waterbury photographer. Reception: December 5, 5-7 p.m. December 5-31. Info, 496-5470. Three Mountain Café in Waitsfield. holiday oPen house: Visitors are invited to stroll among the galleries and take in the holiday show and sale, as well as a snow-globe exhibit, artist studios, watch demonstrations and refreshments. AVA Gallery and Art Center, Lebanon N.H., Saturday, December 6, 11 a.m.-4 p.m. Info, 603-448-3117. middlebury area ‘holiday trains’: The annual Midd-Vermont Train Club exhibit features an electric train layout for all ages. Through January 5. Info, 388-2117. Henry Sheldon Museum of Vermont History in Middlebury. Mark Boedges holiday exhiBition: Celebrate the holidays with new plein air paintings by the Burlington artist. Mark Boedges Fine Art Gallery, Burlington, Saturday, December 6, 4-7 p.m. Info, 735-7320. f ‘sMall Works shoW’: A group show of affordable petite works by local artists. Reception: Friday, December 5, 5-8 p.m. December 5-31. Info, 453-3188. WalkOver Gallery & Concert Room in Bristol. Meet the artist: eriC nelson: Nelson, of Eye and I Glass, provides insight into his process with a barrette-making workshop in the gallery. Frog Hollow Vermont State Craft Center, Burlington, Saturday, December 6, noon-4 p.m. Info, 863-6458. rutland area f ChaFFee art Center annual holiday Boutique: This juried annual holiday show features 100 items under $100 by Chaffee’s member artists. Reception: Friday, December 12, 5-7 p.m. December 5-19. Info, 775-0062. Chaffee Downtown Art Center in Rutland. upper valley f ‘the art oF Wilderness’: An exhibit of Vermont and New Hampshire wilderness photographs, organized by the Upper Valley Sierra Club. Talk by painter Joan Hoffman: Friday, December 12, 7 p.m. December 9-January 3. Info, 763-7094. Royalton Memorial Library in South Royalton. ‘Preoccupied’ People who are “preoccupied” become deeply engrossed f daVid laro: “Superman 3,” assemblage that Donnelly show the intricate designs that emerge on paper, canvas and cloth when explores Americana and pop culture. Reception: Friday, December 5, 5:30-7:30 p.m. December 5-31. Info, 295-0808. Scavenger Gallery in White River Junction. in a thought or subject matter. In the Vermont Metro Gallery’s latest contemporary art show, local artists Adrienne Ginter, Diane Shullenberger, Wylie Sofia Garcia and Xavier they’re immersed in their mediums. “‘Preoccupied’ features visually stunning work that demands careful study,” writes the gallerist. “Each artist has accomplished incredibly ornate scenes that are impressive at first glance and, upon closer inspection, illustrate art eVents 7th annual south end holiday shoP: Shop for a unique variety of arts and crafts at more than 40 South End art studios and creative businesses. Various Burlington locations, Friday, December 5, 5-8 p.m., and Saturday, December 6, 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Info, 859-9222. tiny features diligently cut, sewn, hashed and drawn with the utmost attention to detail.” The exhibit runs from December 4 through January 24, with a reception on Thursday, December 4, 5:30-7:30 p.m. Pictured: “Large City” by Donnelly. First Friday art: Dozens of galleries and other venues around the city open their doors to pedestrian art viewers in this monthly event. See Art Map Burlington at participating locations. Burlington, first Friday, December 5, 5-8 p.m. Info, 264-4839. MontPelier art Walk: Venues all over town open their doors for an evening of gallery receptions. Pick up a guidebook at participating locations. Downtown Montpelier, Friday, December 5, 4-8 p.m. Info, 223-9604. holiday art Walk: Merchants serve apple cider and offer sales to usher in the holiday season. Downtown Montpelier, Friday, December 5, 4-8 p.m. Info, 223-9604. tWo riVers PrintMaking studio silent auCtion: This annual fundraising event offers hand-pulled prints, paintings, pastels, pottery and more. Small, matted prints will be for 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVENDAYSVt.com art With a sPiCe: Artist Kadina Malicbegovic hosts an evening of wine and painting. Drink, Burlington, Wednesday, December 10, 6:30-8:30 p.m. $23. Info, 310-6851. Johnson Holiday Jubilee SEVEN DAYS 88 ART burlington BCa loCal sale 2014: Affordable artwork in a variety of mediums by Vermont artists. Peter heller: Fantastical abstract paintings by the noteworthy Morrisville painter, who passed away in 2002. Through January 24. Info, 865-5355. BCA Center in Burlington. f ‘Burlington College in Berlin’: Artwork by Burlington College students who traveled to the German city with the Travel+Learn program. Reception: Friday, December 5, 5-8 p.m. Through December 7. Info, 923-2314. Art’s Alive Gallery @ Main Street Landing’s Union Station in Burlington. ‘CiVil War era draWings FroM the BeCker ColleCtions: Drawings for newspaper publication by artist-reporters Joseph Becker and his colleagues not only from the battlefield but from the construction of the railroad, Chinese workers in the West, the Great Chicago Fire, and more. East Gallery. Through December 12. ‘CiVil War oBjeCts FroM the uVM ColleCtions’: Heirloom items Glass blown by Super Phunk NEW PRODUCTS COMING IN FREQUENTLY Friday, December 5th, 3-7PM FREE Ornament & Dreidel making for kids! 30% oﬀ the list price, daily Gift Certificates available Wide selection of beginner art sets and stocking stuﬀers Shop your favorite brands: Holbein, Golden and Gamblin 2 Lower Main St. East, Johnson • 635.2203 • thestudiostore.com 8h-studiostore120314.indd 1 annual holiday oPen house: Browse the electric toy train set and regular exhibits as carols, decorations and refreshments spark the holiday spirit. Henry Sheldon Museum of Vermont History, Middlebury, Saturday, December 6, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Info, 388-2117. ongoing shoWs HAVE A SUPER PHUNK-E SEASON!!! ILLADELPH, JM FLOW, EVO, DELTA 9, LOCAL AND 802 ARTISTS FINE ART SUPPLIES • • • • sale. Refreshments and live music. Two Rivers Printmaking Studio, White River Junction, Friday, December 5, 6-8 p.m. Info, 295-5901. ‘toast to CreatiVity: art & Wine With kristin riChland’: Celebrate Vermont art and wine in the tasting room with the local artist, whose exhibit of paintings is titled “Sweet Enemy.” Fresh Tracks Farm Vineyard & Winery, Montpelier, Wednesday, December 10, 6-8 p.m. Info, 223-1151. 12/1/14 4:51 PM CARRYING VAPORIZERS INCLUDING: PAX, G PEN & MAGIC FLIGHT Northern Lights 75 Main St., Burlington, VT 864.6555 Mon-Thur 10-9; F-Sat 10-10; Sun 10-8 w w w .n o rt h e rn lig h t spi pes . c om Must be 18 to purchase tobacco products, ID required 8h-northernlights112614.indd 1 Bhakti Ziek Textile artist Bhakti Ziek is inspired by ancient Safavid and 6H-danforth120314.indd 1 3v-VSO112614.indd 1 11/26/14 8:56 AM Ottoman narrative tapestries as well as by “places in my own inner world,” she writes. A collection of the Randolph artist’s masterfully woven tapestries, titled “Études,” currently adorns the walls of the Vermont Arts Council’s Spotlight Gallery. Through these works, Ziek “investigates the internal landscapes of the mind,” weaving letters and numbers amid abstract, dreamlike backgrounds. “Letters float like leaves, the potential for communication not yet formalized,” she writes in her artist statement. “For me, letters are beautiful in their own right, which then become exquisite chains of insight.” Through December 30, with a reception on Friday, December 5, 4-7 p.m. Pictured: a detail of “Copper.” DaviD Bethuel Jamieson: “Resurrections: Art by david Bethuel Jamieson (1963-1992),” a digital exhibit of artwork accompanied by music from the artist’s studio and a small selection of art lent by private collectors. A reprisal of a 2012 exhibit in washington, d.c., held in conjunction with the international Aids conference, intended to spark discussion about hiV/Aids. Through december 12. info, 656-4200. L/L Gallery, uVM, in Burlington. f Jane ann Kantor: Abstract, mixed-media panels by the charlotte painter. Reception: Friday, december 5, 5-8 p.m. Through december 31. info, 660-9005. dostie Bros. Frame shop in Burlington. linDa smith: storybook-style paintings by the former elementary-school teacher. curated by seABA. Through February 28. info, 859-9222. speeder & earl’s: pine street in Burlington. chittenden county gilBert myers: watercolors by the williston artist. Through december 31. info, 899-3211. emile A. Gruppe Gallery in Jericho. ‘homefront & BattlefielD: Quilts anD Context in the Civil War’: More than 70 rare civil war-era textiles including quilts, confederate and union flags and the noose reportedly used to hang John Brown are on view. Through January 4. ‘natural Beauties: JeWelry from art nouveau to noW’: nearly 300 works from the likes of Tiffany & co., harry winston, cartier and others illustrate the fascination with nature, and our evolving relationship to it, in jewelry design. Through March 8. info, 985-3346. pizzagalli center for Art and education, shelburne Museum. chiTTenden counTy shows ART 89 lynne reeD: “edgewalker paintings,” an exhibit of Japanese enso-inspired paintings by the Burlington artist. Through March 6. info, 233-6811. Revolution Kitchen in Burlington. rasthree: “Being in order,” mixed-media art that reinvents and repurposes familiar objects into odd compositions, bending relationships and meanings. Through december 31. info, 338-6459. The Gallery at Main street Landing in Burlington. SEVEN DAYS James vogler & Carolyn Crotty: Abstract paintings by Vogler and mixed-media by crotty. curated by seABA. Through February 28. info, 859-9222. VcAM studio in Burlington. ‘the PolitiCal Cartoons of Jane ClarK BroWn’: More than 150 political cartoons about Vermont, national and worldwide issues by the late artist and author. The cartoons were published in the suburban List, a former essex Junction newspaper, between 1968 and 1975. Through december 30. info, 865-7211. pickering Room, Fletcher Free Library, in Burlington. 12.03.14-12.10.14 inty muenala: “Mishky way, Vía dulce, sweet path,” an exhibit of new contemporary paintings that reflect traditional values of the Kichwa (Quechua) people of the ecuadorian Andes, which the artist also finds in Vermont culture. Through January 31. info, 363-4746. Flynndog Gallery in Burlington. f martin BoCK: “healing Art,” sculptures and paintings of shamanic objects by the Burlington author and artist. Reception: Friday, december 5, 6:00-8:30 p.m. Through January 31. info, 865-7211. Fletcher Free Library in Burlington. SEVENDAYSVt.com donated to the museum from America’s civil war period include correspondence and ephemera, quilts, medical items, fine and decorative art and more. wilbur Room. Through May 17. Kara WalKer: “harper’s pictorial history of the civil war (Annotated),” large-scale prints combining lithography and screen printing, and with the artist’s signature cut-paper silhouettes, that address slavery, violence, race, sexuality and American culture. Through december 12. info, 656-0750. Fleming Museum, uVM, in Burlington. » p.90 « p.89 middlebury area ‘The Built Environment’: Images of structures of all kinds by 40 international photographers. Through December 13. Info, 388-4500. PhotoPlace Gallery in Middlebury. Jordan Douglas: “Small Photographs,” a variety of silver gelatin images captured with the Holga, a low-tech, $25 plastic camera made in China, and known for its quirky light leaks, focus fall-off and dark vignetting. Through December 4. Info, 985-8922. Village Wine and Coffee in Shelburne. ‘Charity & Sylvia: A Weybridge Couple’: Artifacts, letters, poems, artwork and more chronicling the lives of Charity Bryant and Sylvia Drake, who lived together as a “married” couple in the early 19th century, and are the subject of a new book. Through December 31. Info, 388-2117. Henry Sheldon Museum of Vermont History in Middlebury. f ‘Less Is More’: A dynamic group show of small works by Vermont artists. Reception: Friday, December 5, 5-8 p.m. Through December 17. Info, [email protected]. Info, 225-614-8037. South Gallery in Burlington. f Hannah Sessions: “Fleeting Light,” paintings of farm animals in the late afternoon. Through Jill Madden: “Treescapes,” paintings that explore seasonal transformations in the mountains and on the coast. Reception: Saturday, December 6, 4-6 p.m. Through December 31. Info, 458-0098. Edgewater Gallery in Middlebury. The Pottery Show: An exhibition of pottery by clay instructors at the Shelburne Craft School and their students. Through December 4. Info, 985-3648. Shelburne Craft School. f ‘Reverence and Risk: Surveying the Past and Mapping a Future’: Paintings of the gritty side of Vermont by the late Northeast Kingdom artist Robert Klein, plus works by 18 other artists. Reception: Friday, December 5, 5:30-7:30 p.m. Through January 31. Info, 985-3848. Furchgott Sourdiffe Gallery in Shelburne. ‘Jackson Gallery 2014 Holiday Show’: Original, handmade fine arts and crafts by 18 local artists. Through December 31. Info, 388-1436. Jackson Gallery, Town Hall Theater, in Middlebury. Kate Gridley: “Passing Through: Portraits of Emerging Adults,” oil paintings and “sound portraits.” Through December 13. Info, 443-3168. Mahaney Center for the Arts, Middlebury College. Ryan Thompson: “Plant on Premises,” art that highlights the struggle between natural and industrial processes by the nationally known Chicago artist. Through December 12. Info, 6542795. McCarthy Arts Center Gallery, St. Michael’s College in Colchester. ‘Picturing Enlightenment: Tibetan Thangkas’: A collection of 18 centuries-old scrolls by anonymous Buddhist monks, primarily from Tibet, on loan from the Mead Museum of Art at Amherst College. ‘Visual Weimar’: Paintings, drawings and etchings by some some of Weimar Germany’s most prominent artists, including George Grosz, Otto Dix and Kätthe Kollwitz. Through December 7. Info, 443-5007. Middlebury College Museum of Art. f Scottie Raymond: “150 Minutes,” a show of mixed-media works informed by the artists of the Beat generation, by this year’s Wall to Canvas winner. Reception: Friday, December 5, 5-7 p.m. Through December 31. Info, 658-2739. The ArtSpace at the Magic Hat Artifactory in South Burlington. Shanley Triggs: “I Love Vermont,” watercolors by the local artist. Through December 31. Info, 777-3710. Milton Municipal Complex. ‘Visions of the Seasons’: New paintings by Carolyn Walton; pastels by Athenia Schinto; jewelry by Tineke Russell; landscapes by Betty Ball, Helen Nagel and Gail Bessette. Through January 31. Info, 985-8223. Luxton-Jones Gallery in Shelburne. SEVEN DAYS SEVENDAYSvt.com barre/montpelier ‘1864: Some Suffer So Much’: With objects, photographs and ephemera, the exhibit examines surgeons who treated Civil War soldiers on battlefields and in three Vermont hospitals, and the history of post-traumatic stress disorder. Through December 31. Arthur Schaller: “Billboard Buildings,” an exhibit of original collages by the Norwich University architecture professor. Through December 19. Info, 485-2183. Sullivan Museum & History Center, Norwich University, in Northfield. Aaron Stein: Mixed-media artwork created from vintage license plates, matchbox cars, tires and more by the Burlington artist. The deli serves up automobile-inspired menu options in conjunction with the exhibit. Through December 31. Info, 479-7069. Morse Block Deli in Barre. f Bhakti Ziek: “Études,” a collection of intricately woven wall hangings. Reception: Friday, December 5, 4-7 p.m. Through December 31. Info, 828-3291. Spotlight Gallery in Montpelier. ‘Celebrate!’: The gallery celebrates local artists with a group show of arts and crafts by more than 75 of its members. Through December 27. Info, 479-7069. Studio Place Arts in Barre. Daniel Barlow & Scott Baer: “Green Mountain Graveyards,” a photography exhibit that explores the evolution of historic gravestones and funerary art in Vermont. Through April 1. Info, 479-8519. Vermont History Museum in Montpelier. 90 ART Felt Tapestry Exhibit: Designs inspired by medieval Europe, ancient embroidery and designs of the Renaissance in handmade felt by Plainfield artist Neysa Russo. Through December 31. Info, 249-4715. Bagitos Bagel & Burrito Café in Montpelier. Haley Bishop Haley Bishop’s latest body of work draws inspiration from books she read as a preschool teacher, conversations with her students and memories of her own childhood. “Nightly Doodles,” on display at Vintage Inspired Lifestyle Marketplace through December, is a collection of the Vermont artist’s finely honed illustrations of owls, castles and other storybook phenomena. Bishop, who considers herself an “abstract colorist,” often punctuates her intricate ink drawings with vivid washes of color. Though December 31, with a reception on Friday, December 5, 5-8 p.m. Pictured: “Owl Family.” f Paintings by Susan Bull Riley: Natureinspired works in watercolor and oil. Reception: Friday, December 5, 4-7 p.m. Through December 19. Info, 828-0749. Vermont Statehouse, Card Room in Montpelier. Peter Schumann: “Penny Oracles: The Meaning of Everything Pictures,” an exhibit of paintings by the Bread and Puppet Theater founder. Through December 25. Info, 371-7239. Plainfield Co-op. W. David Powell: “Everything Must Go 3.0,” large paintings, prints, mixed-media and woven pieces by the Vermont artist. Through December 31. Info, 828-0749. Vermont Supreme Court Lobby in Montpelier. stowe/smuggs area ‘GEMS’: More than 100 paintings, photographs, sculture and mixed-media artwork that do not exceed 8 by 10 inches in size. ‘Land & Light & Water & Air’: The annual exhibit of landscape works features more than 100 New England painters and a corresponding photography exhibit. Through December 28. Info, 644-5100. Bryan Memorial Gallery in Jeffersonville. ‘Landscape Traditions’: The new wing of the gallery presents contemporary landscape works by nine regional artists. Through January 1. Info, 253-8943. West Branch Gallery & Sculpture Park in Stowe. f Lauren Stagnitti: “In a Moment,” infrared photographs printed on aluminum and other mediums by the local artist. Reception: Thursday, December 18, 5-7 p.m. f Sarah LeVeille: “Whimsy,” acrylic paintings by the Morrisville painter that bring farm scenes to life. Reception: Thursday, December 18, 5-7 p.m. Through January 4. Info, 888-1261. River Arts in Morrisville. Monica Jane Frisell: “The Waiting Line,” photography and video created during the Seattle native’s year as a staff artist at the studio center. Through December 8. Info, 635-2727. Vermont Studio Center Gallery II in Johnson. Peter Fiore: “Intuitive Light,” new landscape paintings by the renowned artist. Through January 10. Info, 253-1818. Green Mountain Fine Art Gallery in Stowe. mad river valley/waterbury Axel’s Gallery & Frameshop Holiday Group Show: Sculpture, collage, ceramics, fused glass, pastel and oil paintings by local artists. Through January 3. Info, 244-7801. Axel’s Gallery & Frameshop in Waterbury. Susan Bull Riley: Oil and watercolor paintings of Vermont’s botany, birds and landscapes by the East Montpelier artist. Through December 31. Info, 496-6682. Vermont Festival of the Arts Gallery in Waitsfield. Student Silkscreen Prints: Students from Hedya Klein’s printmaking class present prints inspired by observed life and their own imaginations. Through December 9. Info, 443-3168. Johnson Memorial Building, Middlebury College. f ‘Winter Nights’: Eight area artists exhibit seasonally compatible work in a variety of mediums: Karla Van Vliet, MP Landis, Bert Yarborough, Paul Bowen, Yinglei Zhang, Lily Hinrichsen, Klara Calitri and Rachel Baird. Reception: Friday, December 5, 5-7 p.m. Through December 30. Info, 800-2493562. ZoneThree Gallery in Middlebury. rutland area ‘The Art of Dying’: Work by Vermont artists accompanied by personal stories about a difficult theme, in an exhibit celebrating 40 years of hospice care in the U.S. Part of the Wake Up to Dying Project. Through December 5. Info, 775-0062. Chaffee Art Center in Rutland. ‘The Art of Giving’: One-of-a-kind gifts by local artists Mary Cliver, Barb DeHart, Barbara Gutheil, Sarah Hewitt, Jill Kleinman, Sara Longworth, Cristina Pellechio, Kristen Varian and Andrea Varney. Through January 11. Info, 247-4295. Compass Music and Arts Center in Brandon. Bert Yarborough, Paul Bowen & M P Landis: “Triage II,” individual and collaborative works by the three Vermont artists. Through December 19. Info, 468-6052. Christine Price Gallery, Castleton State College. f Sean Dye: “Visions of Addison,” paintings of Addison County by the founder of Creative Space Gallery in Vergennes. Reception: Friday, December 12, 6 p.m. Through January 10. Info, 468-6052. Castleton Downtown Gallery in Rutland. upper valley ‘Fibrations!’: Fiber creations by more than a dozen renowned New England artists. Through March 30. Info, 885-3061. The Great Hall in Springfield. Art ShowS ‘KunstKamera: the tricentennial anniversary of the Peter the Great museum’: Artworks and artifacts in a variety of media that celebrate the great Russian institution. Through January 31. Info, 356-2776. Main Street Museum in White River Junction. manchester/bennington marc Beerman: Photographs of landscape, birds and nature. Through January 5. Info, 359-5001. VINS Nature Center in Hartford. southern vermont colleGe GrouP show: An exhibit celebrating the diverse talents of 12 regional artists, who display work in a variety of media. Through December 7. Info, 447-6388. Southern Vermont College Gallery in Bennington. marcus ratliff: “Life drawings,” rarely seen drawings by the Vermont collage artist and graphic designer. Through December 5. Info, 295-0808. Scavenger Gallery in White River Junction. mary ann & andy davis: Artwork in pen and ink, pastel, oil and watercolor by the Royalton artists. Through December 8. Info, 763-7094. Royalton Memorial Library in South Royalton. ‘only owls’: Representations of the nocturnal predators by more than 30 artists including Leonard Baskin, Arthur Singer, Don Richard Eckelberry, Tony Angell and Bart Walter, from the collection of the Woodson Art Museum in Wisconsin. Through December 7. Info, 649-2200. Montshire Museum of Science in Norwich. ‘tunBridGe: then and now’: A collection of more than two dozen photographs of Tunbridge, Vt., displayed as diptychs, comparing views of the town from 100 years ago to today. A collaboration between Tunbridge Historical Society president Euclid Farnham and Valley News photographer Geoff Hansen, who took the recent photographs. Through January 4. Info, 889-9404. Tunbridge Public Library. northeast kingdom f 2nd tuesday exhiBit: Eight Vermont artists who meet monthly to make and talk about their work are exhibiting some of it together: Janet Van Fleet, Cheryl Betz, Alex Bottinelli, Mark Lorah, Maggie Neale, Elizabeth Nelson, Kathy Stark and Ann Young. Reception: Friday, December 12, 5-7 p.m. Through January 2. Info, 748-2600. Catamount Arts Center in St. Johnsbury. elizaBeth nelson: Landscape paintings of the Northeast Kingdom in oil, acrylic and mixed media. Through December 15. Info, 525-3366. The Parker Pie Co. in West Glover. harriet wood: Gestural, abstract paintings by the Vermont artist. Through December 30. Info, 472-5334. Hardwick Inn. outside vermont ‘evolvinG PersPectives: hiGhliGhts from the african art collection’: An exhibition of objects that marks the trajectory of the collection’s development and pays tribute to some of the people who shaped it. Through December 20. ‘the art of weaPons’: Selections from the permanent African collection represent a variety of overlapping contexts, from combat to ceremony, regions and materials. Through December 21. ‘witness: art and civil riGhts in the sixties’: More than 100 works of photography, painting, sculpture and graphic art by 66 artists who merged art and activism for the civil-rights movement. Through December 14. Info, 603-646-2095. allan houser: Five sculptures by one of the best-known Native American artists are installed outside the museum in the Maffei Arts Plaza, representing his 3D work from 1986-1992. Through May 11. Info, 603-635-7423. Hood Museum, Dartmouth College, in Hanover, N.H. 1 item w ith this exp. 12/1 ad! 4 0 DISC OUNT CODE: DEC2 199 College Street, Burlington 862-0707 • www.HydrangeaToo.com 12h-hydrangea112821.indd 1 le studio GeorGeville christmas sale & show: A wide array of arts and crafts by more than two dozen area artists. Through February 1. Info, 819-868-1967. Le Studio de Georgeville in Georgevile, Quebec, QC. 11/26/12 6:32 PM J A N A M U R AT O R I - A S A R O Rejuvenate Your Crib Organize your home for the Holidays No job too small or too big Whole Rooms/ Small Spaces Free Consultation Gift Certificates Available 802-522-7012 \| [email protected] 12h-JanaMuratori120314.indd 1 NEED ADVICE ON LOVE, LUST AND LIFE? Ask AthenA david fortuna: “Lost & Found,” a pop-up gallery of works by the Vermont artist. Through January 1. Info, 238-9696. Round Church Corners in Richmond, 05477. ‘from van GoGh to KandinsKy: imPressionism to exPressionism, 1900-1914’: More than 100 paintings and an equal number of drawings and prints, augmented with photograph and media of the time, reveals the cross-currents of modern art at the turn of the 20th century in France and Germany. Through January 25. ‘warhol mania’: Fifty posters and a selection of magazine illustrations by Andy Warhol offer a brand-new look at his commercial-art background. Through March 15. Info, 514-285-1600. Montréal Museum of Fine Arts. excludes Barefoot Dreams products Email [email protected] with your questions. 12h-AskAthena0091014.indd 1 9/9/14 1:28 PM Personalized care throughout your pregnancy, labor and delivery Individualized Gynecological care for all stages of your life. ‘Pan: a GraPhic arts time caPsule, euroPe 1895-1900’: Prints from the German publication PAN, the first art magazine of the 20th century, that illustrate the tension between avant-garde and conservative artists in fin-de-siècle Europe. Through January 11. Info, 518-564-2474. Burke Gallery, Plattsburgh State Art Museum, N.Y. m red square needs art!: Busy establishment on Church Street currently booking monthlong shows for 2015. All mediums considered. Info, contact Diane at creativegeniuses@ burlingtontelecom.net. ‘show off your masterPiece’: SEABA seeks artwork from attendees of its past “Art Under the Influence” social painting events for a group exhibit. Art produced during those events will be displayed alongside work by the teaching artists who led the workshops. Past attendees should email an image of their work to sarah@seaba. com. Deadline: December 15. SEABA Center, Burlington. Info, 859-9222. ‘we are the south end’: SEABA seeks submissions for a group show in January that “highlights the creative force that is the South End!” All South End artists may submit an image of one piece for consideration via email; please include information about the size of the piece. Info, [email protected]. Deadline: December 8. SEABA Center, Burlington. Info, 859-9222. Childbirth Classes on-site: www.laboroflove.com Free Breastfeeding Classes by certified instructors Water Birth Available 96 Colchester Ave, Burlington 802-658-0505 • Toll Free 877-275-8929 www.afﬁliatesobgyn.com • Visit us on Facebook 4t-affiliatesobgyn052814.indd 1 ART 91 winter art mart: Submit twoor three-dimensional artwork to the second annual Winter Art Mart, to be held January 16 to March 29. Work with winter scenes or theme encouraged but not required. All work accepted if it meets certain criteria. Info, cmacvt.org, [email protected] or 247-4295. Deadline: December 12. Compass Music and Arts Center, Brandon. Our personable & attentive staff is here for you! SEVEN DAYS creative comPetition: For this artist competition and exhibit during monthly First Fridays, artists may drop off one display-ready piece in any medium and size to Backspace Gallery, 266 Pine Street in Burlington, between noon and 6 p.m. on Wednesday, December 3, and Thursday, December 4, 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. on Friday, December 5. Entry: $8. During the First Friday reception, 5-9 p.m., viewers can vote on their favorite work; the winning artist takes home the collective entry money. The work remains on view for the duration of the exhibit. More info at space galleryvt.com. 20% OFF * marGaret lamPe Kannenstine: “Nocturnes: Variations on a Theme,” acrylic paintings of night skies by the Vermont artist. Through December 30. Info, 447-1571. Bennington Museum. 12.03.14-12.10.14 Tons of Accessories, Jewelry Trees, Stocking Stuffers & More! SEVENDAYSVt.com ‘toothBrush’: From “twig to bristle,” an exhibit of artifacts and images detailing the history of this expedient item. Through December 31. The Museum of Everyday Life in Glover. Accessorize & Organize SCAN THIS PAGE WITH THE LAYAR APP TO WATCH MOVIE TRAILERS SEE PAGE 9 Citizenfour ★★★★★ A s we learn in the final installment of the post-9/11 trilogy from documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras (The Oath), Big Brother is no longer content with watching. He now listens in on our phone calls, reads our email, looks over our shoulder as we surf the web and tracks our movements as we go about our business. Even when our business has nothing to do with terrorism. We learn the degree to which privacy has been outlawed just as the film shows Poitras and fellow journalist Glenn Greenwald (who recently earned a Pulitzer for his reporting on the subject) learning it for themselves. Citizenfour is the code name that NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden used when initially contacting the pair, whom he’d selected as conduits for getting his revelations to the public. Poitras’ mindblowing film chronicles several days during the summer of 2013. The three spent that interval in a Hong Kong hotel discussing the classified information before they dropped one of history’s biggest bombshells. When I say privacy has been “outlawed,” I’m not kidding. In October 2012, we now know, President Obama secretly signed a little something called Presidential Policy Directive 20. Sounds innocuous, right? It’s only the legal basis for the power the NSA and FBI now have to access our phone records from the telecoms while tapping into our personal data from internet behemoths like Yahoo and Google. We’ve seen Snowden’s face countless times, but the film offers viewers their first opportunity to get a sense of who he is. In all probability, you’ll be surprised by the 31-year-old you meet. He comes off as highly intelligent, slightly shy and, yes, patriotic. It’s clear Snowden realized the danger he was placing himself in, and equally clear that his sole motivation was warning the American people that, without their knowledge or consent, their government is using taxpayer funds to build “the biggest weapon for oppression in the history of mankind.” “A week after 9/11, they began actively spying on everyone in this country,” confirms former NSA technical director William Binney. The chilling takeaway: Nobody involved even bothers to pretend this is about terrorism anymore. In some cases, information about foreign corporations winds up in the hands of American corporations. In others, information about American citizens is simply “absorbed” and stored. Today everyone has an FBI file. You no longer need to be under suspicion to be under surveillance. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT Poitras provides a riveting real-time record of the days leading up to Snowden’s revelation of NSA abuses. THIS PA SCAN THIS PAGE Which, come to think of it, SCAN means any What an astonishing, immeasurably im-YOUR sympathetic journalist — or reviewer — typportant historical document this is (on topTEXT WITH LAYAR WITH LAYAR of being a lock for the Best Documentary Os- ing on a computer keyboard about this unSEE 9 of cinema, Citizenfour has asHERE paralleled violation of rights is SEE likely PAGE to be 5 car).PAGE As a work much in common with a Bourne-style tale of international intrigue or a Hitchcockian suspense-fest as it does with a traditional political documentary. The more Snowden reveals about the capabilities of today’s cyberspooks, the more the movie’s sense of dread mounts. We watch Poitras beating it to Berlin when the files start being released and she realizes she’s being followed. Snowden and his partners cut off their email communications when they become aware that even they can’t encrypt messages to the point where they’re impregnable by the forces trailing them. SEVENDAYSVT.COM 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS 92 MOVIES I THE LAME’S AFOOT Day, Sudeikis and Bateman return with more misguided boss-thwarting schemes in this underperforming sequel. with the promise of a hefty order from an industrial titan (Christoph Waltz). Now they’re in the driver’s seat, will Nick, Kurt and Dale turn out to be horrible bosses? (Point in favor: Their hiring practices are a sexual harassment suit waiting to happen.) Before we can watch their idealism collide with the realities of health insurance and unemployment payments, however, the film scampers straight back to the series’ original formula. Waltz’s character pulls a fast one on the unsavvy trio, leaving them facing bankruptcy — once again, three plebes fighting the RI C K KI S O N AK REVIEWS Horrible Bosses 2 ★★★ n one of the funnier scenes in Horrible Bosses 2, the three put-upon employees from the first film (Jason Bateman, Jason Sudeikis and Charlie Day) compare themselves to the heroines of previous workplace comedy Nine to Five (1980). It’s obvious that Bateman’s Nick is uptight Jane Fonda, and Day’s Dale is earthy Dolly Parton (his sexual harassment by his former boss lady [Jennifer Aniston] is, I fear, still a running gag in the sequel). But the parallel remains incomplete, because the trio has no equivalent to levelheaded, sardonic Lily Tomlin. The scene demonstrates two things: First, while Nine to Five is no comedy classic, it’s somehow endured for an impressive going-on-35 years in the collective consciousness. Second, the Horrible Bosses series won’t wear as well. Viewers who enjoy the incessant riffing of the three likable leads — with funny assists from supporting players — will get some laughs out of this sequel. But it helps to keep your expectations as low as Parton’s necklines. In the first film, Nick, Dale and Kurt (Sudeikis) teamed up to murder one another’s abusive supervisors, Strangers on a Trainstyle. Thanks primarily to their ineptitude, only one boss actually bit the dust. The sequel introduces a scenario that initially seems to turn the tables. Having invented a gadget called the Shower Buddy, our heroes embark on their very own business venture added to some shadowy master watch list. And our government will deny the existence of that list until someone as courageous and principled as Snowden makes it public. Yikes. I’ve got a wife and kids. Plus zero interest in moving to Berlin. Forget everything you just read. What I meant to say is, “Penguins of Madagascar is frosty fun for the whole family!” Man. And once again, they turn to not-sohardened criminal “Motherfucker” Jones (Jamie Foxx) for advice on extra-legal solutions. Mishaps and pratfalls ensue, along with many tired jokes about everyone’s lack of badassness. Almost nothing surprising happens in Horrible Bosses 2, cowritten and directed by Sean Anders, whose greatest (still highly dubious) accomplishment to date is the script for Hot Tub Time Machine. Aside from crafting one creative fantasy sequence, he pretty much just puts the camera on the actors and lets them talk over one another. The film’s brightest spots are the performances. While Bateman’s nervous-nice-guy shtik is all too familiar, Sudeikis and Day provide two amusingly complementary flavors of dim-wittedness: one dopily blissed out, the other squirrely and neurotic. Dumb and dumber, indeed. Chris Pine steals large stretches of the movie as the evil CEO’s wayward son, whom Nick, Kurt and Dale eventually resolve to abduct for ransom. Bouncing off the walls with a demented gleam in his eye, like a Ken doll with a meth habit, Pine clearly revels in utter rottenness. So does Aniston, whose deadpan delivery almost makes her character — a megalomaniac nymphomaniac — work on an absurdist level. Then there’s Oscar winner Waltz, who watches the trio’s plot unfold before him with no particular surprise. Even when he’s blindsided by events, the most he betrays is a dry air of bemusement at the foolishness of which humanity is capable. It’s easy to imagine his character as a studio head, greenlighting this unnecessary sequel and then reacting to its dim opening-weekend grosses with a blasé shrug. Potential viewers would be well advised to adopt a similar attitude. MARGO T HARRI S O N moViE clipS limit TWO free gift cards per customer Specials expire December 31, 2014. Not valid with any other discount or promotion. OTHER SERVICES AVAILABLE: Botox™ & Fillers with Dr. Parker Laser Hair Removal Massage & more… The Hunger Games: Mockingjay, Part 1 new in theaters FoRcE mAJEURE: a Swedish family’s ski vacation goes awry after a close encounter with an avalanche in this intense human drama from writer-director Ruben Östlund. Johannes Kuhnke, lisa loven Kongsli and clara wettergren star. (118 min, R. Savoy) now playing BiRDmAN oR (tHE UNEXpEctED ViRtUE oF igNoRANcE)HHHHH Michael Keaton plays an actor who once headlined blockbusters and is now struggling to make a theatrical comeback, in this art-mirrors-life drama from director alejandro gonzález Iñárritu (Babel). with Zach galifianakis, Edward norton and Emma Stone. (119 min, R; reviewed by R.K. 11/12) H = refund, please HH = could’ve been worse, but not a lot HHH = has its moments; so-so HHHH = smarter than the average bear HHHHH = as good as it gets iNtERStEllARHHH1/2 Earth’s last hope is a newly discovered interdimensional wormhole and the astronauts who agree to risk their lives there, in this sci-fi adventure from director christopher nolan. with Matthew Mcconaughey, anne hathaway, wes bentley and Jessica chastain. (169 min, Pg-13; reviewed by M.h. 11/12) 12/1/14 10:12 AM ... AND LOVIN’ IT! daysvt.com Watch at seven NEW THIS WEEK! pENgUiNS oF mADAgAScARHH1/2 The beloved birds from the Madagascar franchise get a comic spinoff in which they become secret agents. The family animation features the voices of tom Mcgrath, benedict cumberbatch and John Malkovich. Eric darnell and Simon J. Smith directed. (92 min, Pg) RoSEWAtERHHH Jon Stewart directed this drama based on the true story of Maziar bahari (gael garcía bernal), a journalist who faced imprisonment and interrogation when he returned to his native Iran for a visit in 2009. with Kim bodnia and dimitri leonidas. (103 min, R; reviewed by M.h. 11/19) nOw PlayIng 3, 2014 December 0 er gets Eva Sollberg a trip unstuck for tréal to two Mon ith “cat cafés” w ie ch a S r e blogg f o n a Kohlm a.” “My Cat Gom sponsored by: MOVIES 93 RatIngS aSSIgnEd tO MOVIES nOt REVIEwEd by Rick kiSoNAk OR mARgot HARRiSoN aRE cOuRtESy Of MEtacRItIc.cOM, whIch aVERagES ScORES gIVEn by thE cOuntRy’S MOSt wIdEly REad MOVIE REVIEwERS. 4t-MDcosmetics120314.indd 1 HoRRiBlE BoSSES 2HH1/2 how do the victims of horrible bosses fare when they become their own bosses? Our put-upon heroes (Jason bateman, Jason Sudeikis and charlie day) find out in this sequel to the hit comedy from director Sean anders (That’s My Boy). with Jennifer aniston and Kevin Spacey. (108 min, R; reviewed by M.h. 12/3) tHE HUNgER gAmES: mockiNgJAY, pARt 1HHH1/2 Rebellion against the regime breaks out into the open, with Katniss (Jennifer lawrence) as its symbol, in the first half of the last installment of the film adaptation of Suzanne collins’ ya saga. with Josh hutcherson, liam hemsworth, Julianne Moore and woody harrelson. francis lawrence returns as director. (123 min, Pg-13) 878.1236 www.mdlaserandbotox.com \| 120 Zephyr Road, Williston, VT 05495 (behind Guys Farm & Yard) » P.95 4t-stuck-lovn'120314.indd 1 an appointment today. 12.03.14-12.10.14 citiZENFoURHHHHH activist journalist and director laura Poitras interviewed Edward Snowden in hong Kong for this documentary about the web of covert government surveillance he exposed. (114 min, R; reviewed by R.K. 12/3) goNE giRlHHHH david fincher (The Social Network) directed this psychological thriller about a golden boy (ben affleck) who becomes a suspect after his wife vanishes, adapted by gillian flynn from her novel. Rosamund Pike and neil Patrick harris also star. (149 min, R; reviewed by M.h. 10/8) Call to Schedule SEVENDAYSVt.com Big HERo 6HHHH a young genius and his inflatable robot friend assemble a team of tech-equipped heroes to save their city in this adventure comedy from disney’s animation Studios. with the voices of Ryan Potter, Scott adsit and Jamie chung. don hall and chris williams directed. (108 min, Pg) DUmB AND DUmBER toHH are not-so-sharp buddies lloyd and harry (Jim carrey and Jeff daniels) still funny 20 years after their first comedy? bobby and Peter farrelly return to direct this sequel in which one of the dumbo duo discovers he has a daughter. with Rob Riggle, laurie holden and bill Murray. (110 min, Pg-13) 12/2/14 3:51 PM 4v-free-colors.indd 1 for all. The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 interstellar penguins of madagascar penguins of madagascar 3D St. Vincent 93 State St., Montpelier, 2290343, fgbtheaters.com wednesday 3 — thursday 4 Big hero 6 Dumb and Dumber to horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 interstellar friday 5 — thursday 11 Big hero 6 Big hero 6 3D Dumb and Dumber to horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 interstellar ESSEX ciNEmAS & t-rEX thEAtEr 21 Essex Way, #300, Essex, 8796543, essexcinemas.com wednesday 3 — thursday 4 Big hero 6 Dumb and Dumber to horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 interstellar penguins of madagascar penguins of madagascar 3D St. Vincent friday 5 — thursday 11 Big hero 6 Dumb and Dumber to horrible Bosses 2 6/12/12 3:25 PM wednesday 3 — thursday 4 Big hero 6 Big hero 6 3D Dumb and Dumber to Gone Girl horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 interstellar penguins of madagascar penguins of madagascar 3D friday 5 — thursday 11 Big hero 6 Big hero 6 3D Dumb and Dumber to Gone Girl horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 interstellar penguins of madagascar penguins of madagascar 3D mArQuiS thEAtrE Main St., Middlebury, 388-4841 wednesday 3 — thursday 4 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 penguins of madagascar friday 5 — thursday 11 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 penguins of madagascar mErrill'S roXY ciNEmA friday 5 — thursday 11 Birdman horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 interstellar The Theory of Everything whiplash pAlAcE 9 ciNEmAS 10 Fayette Dr., South Burlington, 864-5610, palace9.com wednesday 3 — thursday 4 Big hero 6 Dumb and Dumber to horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 interstellar penguins of madagascar penguins of madagascar 3D rosewater St. Vincent friday 5 — thursday 11 penguins 2d and 3d horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 Dumb and Dumber to interstellar Big hero 6 St. Vincent rosewater pArAmouNt twiN ciNEmA 241 North Main St., Barre, 4799621, fgbtheaters.com wednesday 3 — thursday 4 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 penguins of madagascar 3D thE SAVoY thEAtEr 26 Main St., Montpelier, 2290509, savoytheater.com wednesday 3 — thursday 4 Birdman citizenfour friday 5 — thursday 11 citizenfour Force majeure (turist) StowE ciNEmA 3 plEX Mountain Rd., Stowe, 2534678. stowecinema.com wednesday 3 — thursday 4 horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 penguins of madagascar friday 5 — thursday 11 horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 penguins of madagascar penguins of madagascar 3D wElDEN thEAtrE 104 No. Main St., St. Albans, 5277888, weldentheatre.com wednesday 3 — thursday 4 Dumb and Dumber to The hundred-Foot Journey penguins of madagascar friday 5 — thursday 11 Dumb and Dumber to The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 penguins of madagascar friday 5 — thursday 11 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 penguins of madagascar penguins of madagascar 3D 222 College St., Burlington, 8643456, merrilltheatres.net wednesday 3 — thursday 4 Birdman horrible Bosses 2 The hunger Games: mockingjay - part 1 interstellar The Theory of Everything whiplash look up ShowtimES oN Your phoNE! Go to SEVENDAYSVt.com on any smartphone for free, up-to-the-minute movie showtimes, plus other nearby restaurants, club dates, events and more. ‘ moViE clipS new on video St. ViNcENtHH Bill Murray plays a curmudgeonly war veteran who finds himself mentoring the son of his single-mom neighbor (Melissa McCarthy) in this comedy from writer-director Theodore Melfi. With Naomi Watts and Jaeden Lieberher. (102 min, PG-13) tHE tHEoRY oF EVERYtHiNGHHHH1/2 Eddie Redmayne and Felicity Jones play physicist Stephen Hawking and his wife, Jane, in this adaptation of the latter’s memoir of their marriage. James Marsh (Man on Wire) directed. (123 min, PG-13) WHiplASHHH1/2 Miles Teller plays a jazz-drumming student who clashes with his perfectionist instructor (J.K. Simmons) in this buzzed-about festival hit from writer-director Damien Chazelle. With Melissa Benoist and Paul Reiser. (107 min, R; reviewed by R.K. 11/19) Or call my plow guy. AS ABoVE, So BEloWHH This found-footage horror flick from director John Erick Dowdle is set in the Paris Catacombs, where a team of explorers encounters something worse than miles of ancient bones. (93 min, R; reviewed by M.H. 9/3) DAWN oF tHE plANEt oF tHE ApESHHHH Homo sapiens battles smart simians for control of the Earth in this sequel to the surprise hit Rise of the Planet of the Apes. With Gary Oldman, Keri Russell and Andy Serkis. (130 min, PG-13) 12h-frontporch-120314.indd 1 12/1/14 12:34 PM tHE HUNDRED-Foot JoURNEYHH1/2 The owner of an elite French restaurant (Helen Mirren) can’t tolerate the advent of her new neighbor, a family-owned Indian eatery, in this drama from director Lasse Hallström. (122 min, PG; reviewed by M.H. 8/13) more movies! Film series, events and festivals at venues other than cinemas can be found in the calendar section. movies YOu missed B Y MARGOT HARRI SON Did you miss: CharLie CounTryman WYLIE GARCIA ADRIENNE GINTER DIANNE SH U LLENBERGER XAVIER DONNELLY DECEMBER 4 T H - JANUARY 24 T H OPENING RECEPTION: THURSDAY, DECEMBER 4, 5:30 - 7:30PM 135 CHURCH STREET FOURTH FLOOR, BCA CENTER BURLINGTON, VERMONT V T M E T R O G A L L E R Y .O R G 6H-BCA120314.indd 1 12/1/14 2:02 PM Discover our feel-good gifts from around the world in the Movies You Missed & More feature every Friday, i review movies that were too weird, too cool, too niche or too terrible for Vermont's multiplexes. Should you catch up with them on dVd or Vod, or keep missing them? what I’M watching This week i'm watching: The LasT Days of PomPeii one career ago, i was a professor of film studies. i gave that up to move to Vermont and write for Seven Days, but movies will always be my first love. in this feature, published every Saturday on Live Culture, i write about the films i'm currently watching, and connect them to film history and art. sevendaysvt.com/liveculture with this coupon 1001644 CHURCH STREET MARKETPLACE 86 CHURCH ST BURLINGTON Use this logo for reductions only, do not print magenta. Do not reduce this logo 4t-tenthousandvillages120314.indd 1 more than 35%. Magenta indicates the clear area, nothing should print in this space. You may reduce the logo to 30% without the tag and strap lines. 12/1/14 6:18 Color of Wood Block Motif critical match to Pantone 1805. PM ReAd tHeSe eACH week on tHe LiVe CULtURe BLog At 25% OFF SEVEN DAYS The directors of the 1935 version of The Last Days of Pompeii are anything but subtle about reminding viewers that ol' Mt. Vesuvius might blow its top at any moment. And that's exactly why the movie is so much fun. 12.03.14-12.10.14 B Y ETHAN D E SEI FE SEVENDAYSVt.com The eponymous Charlie Countryman (Shia LaBeouf) is sad. Sad, sad, sad. He’s sad because his girlfriend (Aubrey Plaza) left him. He’s sad because his mom (Melissa Leo) is dying. Unable to face her last gasps, he runs out of the hospital room to sit forlornly with welling eyes, only to meet a ghostly vision of Mom, who instructs him to take a plane to Bucharest… WYLIE GARCIA, UPILLOW FORT (DETAIL) « P.93 Il‘ l send my kids over. Offer valid at participating stores until 12/10/14. Not valid with other discounts, gift card, Oriental rug or Traveler’s Find purchases. NOW PLAYING Help! I need snow shoveled. ‘ Michael Deforge NEWS QUIRKs by roland sweet Freedom Follies Eight in 10 Americans believe the public should be concerned about the government’s monitoring phone calls and internet communications, according to a report by the Pew Research Center. More than 90 percent of those surveyed agreed or strongly agreed that they’ve lost control over how their personal data are collected and used by companies. But 55 percent agreed that they’re willing to share some information in exchange for free online services. (Washington Post) Student researchers have figured out a better way to measure stress in whales than chasing them with motorboats and 15-foot poles. Carrying On Venice is banning tourists from using roller suitcases, which officials said make too much noise being wheeled across the city’s historic bridges and keep residents awake. To avoid the 500-euro ($625) fine, visitors will need suitcases with inflatable tires, although city official Maurizio Dorigo admitted they don’t yet exist. He expressed hope that a company will design and sell them by next May, when the ban takes effect. (Britain’s Express) Second-Amendment Follies Police said Dennis Eugene Emery, 57, accidentally shot himself in the face at his home in Pinellas Park, Fla. According to the report, Emery was arguing with his wife when he got a gun and threatened to shoot one of the family dogs. He pulled back the gun’s hammer as if he were going to fire. He then started to release it to a safe position while pointing the gun at his face, at which point the gun discharged. (St. Petersburg Tribune) Becca Campbell, 26, died after she accidentally shot herself in the head with a gun she bought for protection in anticipation of violent protests in Ferguson, Mo., while a grand jury decided whether to indict Michael Brown’s killer. The St. Louis woman’s 33-yearold boyfriend told police Campbell was jokingly waving the weapon around in his car, saying she was ready for Ferguson, when she pointed it at him. He swerved trying to duck and rearended another car, causing the gun to fire. (CNN) Christa Engles, 26, died after her 3-year-old son accidentally shot her in the head with a 9mm semiautomatic handgun he found on a table in the living room, according to police in Tulsa, Okla. Child specialists who interviewed the boy “confirmed what the evidence led investigators to assume,” police Sgt. Dave Walker said, noting the boy repeatedly told officers, “Mommy shot.” (Tulsa World) Tax Dollars at Work Despite recent scandals and budget and workforce cuts at the Internal Revenue Service, commissioner John Koskinen announced the agency is awarding millions of dollars in bonuses to “long-suffering staffers,” including those who’re delinquent in paying their own taxes. The IRS’ inspector general reported in April that 1,146 employees who had “tax compliance problems” a few years ago were handed bonuses totaling more than $1 million. “It’s no wonder the American people find it hard to believe the IRS needs more money when the agency fails to collect back taxes from their own employees and instead rewards them with bonuses,” said Sen. Orrin G. Hatch, R-Utah. (Washington Times) Drone On ing them with motorboats and 15-foot poles equipped with sensors. They dispatch a drone to hover directly over the animals’ blowhole and collect mucus samples from the spray. The researchers tested the method by attaching a sterilized surgical sponge to the drone to harvest pseudo-snot ejected from a fake whale: a catamaran fitted with sensors that measured what a real whale would feel and hear while being followed by the drone, which the students dubbed Snot Bot. (Boston Globe) So Long, and Thanks for All the Kimchi South Koreans are headed for extinction by the year 2750, according to a parliamentary study commissioned by the New Politics Alliance for Democracy party. Its forecasts are based on South Korea’s critically low birth rate of 1.19 children per woman, attributed to 1980s government campaigns to restrict family size. The study suggests the southern port city of Busan, which has one of the country’s most rapidly aging populations, will be the first to empty after its last resident is born in 2413. (Britain’s Independent) Student researchers from Olin College of Engineering in Needham, Mass., have figured out a better way to measure stress in whales than chas- Harry BLISS jen sorensen SEVENDAYSvt.com 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVEN DAYS fun stuff 97 “They’ve all been the winter of our discontent — some more discontented than others.” fun stuff SEVEN DAYS 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVENDAYSvt.com Fran Krause Have a deep, dark fear of your own? Submit it to cartoonist Fran Krause at deep-dark-fears.tumblr.com, and you may see your neurosis illustrated in these pages. KAz REAL fRee will astRology by rob brezsny decembeR 4-10 Sagittarius (nov. 22-Dec. 21) With both symbolic and practical actions, Sagittarius-born Pope Francis has tried to reframe the message of the Catholic Church. He’s having public showers installed for the homeless in Vatican City. He has made moves to dismantle the Church’s bigotry toward gays. He regularly criticizes growing economic inequality, and keeps reminding politicians that there can be no peace and justice unless they take care of poor and marginalized people. He even invited iconic punk poet Patti Smith to perform at the Vatican Christmas Concert. You now have extra power to exert this kind of initiative in your own sphere, Sagittarius. Be proactive as you push for constructive transformations that will benefit all. taURUs (April 20-May 20): I enjoy getting spam emails with outrageous declarations that are at odds with common sense. gemiNi (May 21-June 20): every one of us, including me, has blind spots about the arts of intimacy and collaboration. every one of us suffers from unconscious habits that interfere with our ability to get and give the love we want. What are your bind spots and unconscious habits, Gemini? Ha! trick question! They wouldn’t be blind spots and unconscious habits if you already knew about them. That’s the bad news. The good news is that in the next six weeks you can catch glimpses of these blocks and make a good start toward reducing their power to distort your relationships. caNceR (June 21-July 22): now and then, it is in fact possible to fix malfunctioning machines by giving them a few swift kicks or authoritative whacks. This strategy is called “percussive maintenance.” In the coming days, you might be inclined to use it a lot. That’s probably oK. I suspect it’ll work even better than it usually does. There will be problems, though, if you adopt a similar approach as you try to correct glitches that are more psychological, interpersonal and spiritual in nature. for those, I recommend sensitivity and finesse. leo (July 23-Aug. 22): What feelings or subjects have you been wanting to talk about but have not yet been able to? Are there messages you are aching to convey to certain people but can’t summon the courage to be as candid as you need to be? Can you think of any secrets you’ve been keeping for reasons that used to be good but aren’t good any more? The time has come to relieve at least some of that tension, Leo. I suggest you smash your excuses, break down barriers and let the revelations flow. If you do, you will unleash unforeseen blessings. ViRgo (Aug. 23-sept. 22): In 1662, Dutch painter rembrandt finished “The oath of Claudius Civilis.” It was 18 feet by 18 feet, the largest painting he ever made. for a short time, it hung on a wall in Amsterdam’s town hall. but local burgomasters soon decided it was offensive and returned it to the artist to be reworked. rembrandt ultimately chopped off three-fourths of the original. What’s left is now hanging in a stockholm museum, and the rest has been lost. Art critic svetlana Alpers wishes the entire painting still existed but nevertheless raves about the remaining portion, calling it “a magnificent fragment.” I urge you to think like Alpers. It’s time to celebrate your own magnificent fragments. libRa (sept. 23-oct. 22): you now have a special talent for connecting things that have never been connected. you also have a magic touch at uniting things that should be united but can’t manage to do so under their own power. In fact, I’m inclined to believe that in the next three weeks you will be unusually lucky and adept at forging links, brokering truces, building bridges and getting opposites to attract. I won’t be surprised if you’re able to compare apples and oranges in ways that make good sense and calm everyone down. scoRPio (oct. 23-nov. 21): In 1989, Amy tan birthed her first novel, The Joy Luck Club. Her next, The Kitchen God’s Wife, came out in 1991. both were best sellers. Within a few years, the student study guide publisher Cliffsnotes did with them what it has done with many masterpieces of world literature: produced condensed summaries for use by students too lazy to read all of the originals. “In spite of my initial shock,” tan said, “I admit that I am perversely honored to be in Cliffsnotes.” It was a sign of success to get the same treatment as superstar authors like shakespeare and James Joyce. The Cliffsnotes approach is currently an operative metaphor in your life, scorpio. try to find it in your heart to be honored, even if it’s perversely so. for the most part, trimming and shortening and compressing will be beneficial. caPRicoRN (Dec. 22-Jan. 19): The limpet is an aquatic snail. When it’s scared, it escapes at a rate approaching two inches per hour. If you get flustered in the coming week, Capricorn, I suggest you flee at a speed no faster than the limpet’s. I’m making a little joke here. The truth is, if you do get into a situation that provokes anxiety, I don’t think you should leave the scene at all. Why? There are two possibilities. first, you may be under the influence of mistaken ideas or habitual responses that are causing you to be nervous about something there’s no need to be nervous about. or second, if you are indeed in an authentic bind, you really do need to deal with it, not run away. aQUaRiUs (Jan. 20-feb. 18): sciencefiction novelist Philip K. Dick has been one of my favorite authors since I discovered his work years ago. I love how he reconfigured my mind with his metaphysical riffs about politics and his prophetic questions about what’s real and what’s not. recently I discovered he once lived in a house that’s a few blocks from where I now live. While he was there, he wrote two of his best books. I went to the place and found it was unoccupied. That night I slept in a sleeping bag on the back porch, hoping to soak up inspiration. It worked! Afterward, I had amazing creative breakthroughs for days. I recommend a comparable ritual for you, Aquarius. Go in quest of greatness that you want to rub off on you. Pisces (feb. 19-March 20): Do you enjoy telling people what to do? Are you always scheming to increase your influence over everyone whose life you touch? If you are a typical Pisces, the answer to those questions is no. The kind of power you are interested in is power over yourself. you mostly want to be the boss of you. right now is a favorable time to intensify your efforts to succeed in this glorious cause. I suggest you make aggressive plans to increase your control over your own destiny. SEVENDAYSVt.com aRies (March 21-April 19): The national science foundation estimates that we each think at least 12,000 thoughts per day. The vast majority of them, however, are reruns of impressions that have passed through our minds many times before. but I am pleased to report that in the coming weeks, you Aries folks are primed to be far less repetitive than normal. you have the potential to churn out a profusion of original ideas, fresh perceptions, novel fantasies and pertinent questions. take full advantage of this opportunity. brainstorm like a genius. “eating salads makes you sick” is one of my favorites, along with “Water is worse for you than vodka” and “smoking is healthier than exercising.” Why do I love reading these laughable claims? Well, they remind me that every day I am barraged by nonsense and delusion from the news media, the internet, politicians, celebrities and a host of fanatics. “smoking is healthier than exercising” is just a more extreme and obvious lie than many others that are better disguised. The moral of the story for you in the coming week: be alert for exaggerations that clue you in to what’s going on discreetly below the surface. Watch carefully for glitches in the Matrix. CheCk Out ROb bRezsny’s expanded Weekly audiO hOROsCOpes & daily text Message hOROsCOpes: RealastRology.com OR 1-877-873-4888 12.03.14-12.10.14 Oﬀering Traditional, Non-Traditional, and Eco-Friendly Burials and Cremations SEVEN DAYS 132 Main St \| Winooski, VT 05404 \| 802-655-3480 www.lavignefuneralhome.com Men seeking Women For relationships, dates and flirts: dating.sevendaysvt.com Women seeking Women looking for a new you I have a dominant personality. Seeking a submissive female for a special friendship that possibly leads to something longterm. whitesatin2014, 36 looking for an adventure Quiet, hardworking gal. Looking for a woman to share some time and see where it goes. Not into head games or drama. I love animals, sledding, being around the water. A perfect day would be to explore an area, share some great food and spend the night discovering each other. Life is too short. I want to enjoy it! luvsomefun8, 52, l You ain’t seen nothin’ yet I hate this part. I’m 30. My favorite color is baby green. I am spontaneous, full of energy. I’m loud, don’t wear my seat belt as often as I should. I can usually make anyone laugh. I have a 7-year-old pit, Volcom. I hunt, fish and love the outdoors. There’s nothing I won’t try. jrp02, 30, l Passionate, Creative, Honest I’m a thoughtful, intelligent woman who loves to play music, dance and paint when I’m not working as a gardener and food systems educator. Looking for new people to have fun with: hiking, biking, cooking, volunteering, catching a music show ... I’m up for anything, especially if it’s outdoors. QueenRhymesies, 23, l 100 personals 12.03.14-12.10.14 SEVENDAYSvt.com Women seeking Men young at heart, dancing, drumming, earthy Looking always on the bright side. Humanitarian. Love learning and laughter! spiritwithin, 60, l Fun-loving, Genuine, Positive, Intelligent... ...woman who believes in the good in people and loves life, enjoys music, networking, open-mindedness, paying it forward and all life has to offer. Seeking someone genuine, honest, respectful and funny who knows how to have a balance of professional and personal matters and have fun. Laughter is the best medicine. Let’s laugh together! 802VTGal, 32, l Ambituous, Sassy, Loving and Smart I’m looking for someone to be my best friend, partner and lifelong companion. It’s probably easier to say what I don’t like since I love to try all kinds of things. I enjoy being active, love the sunshine, enjoy 3 feet of snow and live each day like it is my last. VTCountryLady, 38, l California girl turned Vermont girl Semi-retired, cute, healthy, potentially fun, lover of the Vermont night sky! Looking for someone to hang out with when we both have the time. Mad Taco and the Savoy sound great to me. I don’t drink alcohol, so gotta keep it real in this friendship. nightreader, 60 warm and fuzzy I love to have fun and enjoy trying new things, but I can do predictable. Great sense of humor. Colleagues describe me as flexible, nurturing, confident and loyal. (Sounds a bit like your pet). Looking to travel through life with someone. Casual dating, and if it leads to something beyond, then so be it. Bucketlist, 54, l Quirky Soul Seeking Dance Partner I’m intense, I’m spiritual, I’m geeky, I’m athletic, and I love music. I love to write, play and sing it, I love to listen to it, and I love to dance to it! Contra, swing, while I’m cleaning, with my daughters, with an amazing dance partner, or just teaching someone the ropes ... Wanna dance? playfulsage, 36, l Learning, laughing, loving life I’m a native Vermonter who’s pretty independent, very hardworking and fun-loving. I have strong family values and am very loyal to friends. I love to travel and would love to find someone to go on adventures with, and who is motivated and knows what they want out of life, but also knows how to laugh. teachvt22, 26, l Curious? You read Seven Days, these people read Seven Days — you already have at least one thing in common! All the action is online. Browse more than 2000 local singles with profiles including photos, voice messages, habits, desires, views and more. It’s free to place your own profile online. Don't worry, you'll be in good company, l See photos of this person online. Irreverent lass seeking “to blave” SWF looking to find that singular, extra special kind, caring, supportive person sans chaos with whom to share my time and life’s adventures. snalbansvt, 45, l Sexy, silly, fun and adventurous I am a youngish 43-year-old lover. I derive a great deal of enjoyment from helping others. I am attractive, although no beauty queen. I believe my sparkling personality and witty intelligence make me more beautiful than any picture can ever capture. I care deeply for all living creatures, which also makes me sensitive and perhaps a bit naive. karenann, 43, l Adventurous, friendly, intelligent Friendly, open, blunt, dedicated. I love laughter. I am rather stubborn and adventurous. Want to go away for a weekend? Give me five minutes to pack and make arrangements. I would love to talk about the latest movie/TV show/ NPR segment. We can go for a hike or sit and watch movies. What would you like to do today? lookingforopus, 43, l specialloveamino1 I am a wonderful person with a lot to give to the right man. I have a close family, but I’m too young not to have some life in my life, other than family. I would like to have someone who likes to travel now and then. I like my quiet time, too. Sharing thoughts would be wonderful. specialloveami, 73, l Wanted: bed buddy I am seeking a sex friend for the upcoming winter. Me: fun, petite, blonde, yoga instructor. You: a delightfully enthusiastic and handsome gent looking for a new friend and a good time. If interested, shoot me a message, and we can get a drink and see if there’s a spark. ilikeapples, 24 Different drummer, hopeless romantic My values might be described as traditional with a hippie flair. :) I think “young” and still enjoy most of the things I did when I was younger. I enjoy learning, history, museums, books, theater, spirituality. I love animals too much to eat them, thus I’m a vegetarian. Some of my favorite activities are hiking, skiing, kayaking, swimming, taking drives, music. naturgirl, 58, l Brooklyn Expat in Wonderland Hi! I just moved to the most rural place ever from Brooklyn to learn cheese making. I love Vermont, but I have yet to meet that special someone with whom to revel in its beauty and cuddle up when the cold comes. I am music-obsessed, laugh-obsessed, wine-obsessed, word-obsessed and pizza-obsessed. Let’s hang out and do fun stuff together. SweetLo, 34, l Listening, interested learner A lover of working hands with the land and all the aspects of the sometimes not-so-simple life. A lover of a hard days’ work behind and the low-key social encounters in free time. A dedicated learner of creative endeavors and a free-spirited navigator through life’s high mountain paths. Peace and harmony. Naturefarmer64, 25, l Love Critters I stand within an invisible tiger that spits white fire. I kill ideas that flaunt excessive possessives. I dream of tender touches from ocean sirens from islands of magnificent suns. KinkyURCHIN, 25, l I like the adventure You and I and a bottle of red wine. Thoughts? Antonio1984, 29, l reggae roots chillin’ Off-beat, divorced art teacher; father of two college-age young adults looking for a woman to hang out with. Let’s dye some tablecloths or go for a hike. vtal, 45, l Gentleman Public, Naughty Boy behind doors Strong, independent, well-traveled, well-educated, open-minded, creative entrepreneur with a very successful career in IT and designing new business solutions. Seeking to complete my MBA, and I am seeking an intelligent, well-educated woman with ambitions who knows how to carry herself as a classy woman but who also has not forgotten how to be an attractive woman! AdventureSeeker41, 46, l Looking for a real woman Let’s face it: We’ve nothing to lose, but possibly a fantastic friendship to gain. It’s virtually impossible to get to know someone purely by a photograph or a few words of description. It takes a lot more than that. peter094, 39, l Looking For A Best Friend I want her / I need her / and someday, someway I’ll meet her. / She’ll be kind of shy / But real good-looking, too / and I’ll be certain she’s my girl / by the things she’ll like to do. / Like walking in the rain / And wishing on the stars up above / And being so in love. ShyGuy05401, 59 Looking for a female friend I am honest, open-minded, sincere, lovable, giving. I am a social person. I enjoy a female. I judge a female by what is in her heart. grengo2014, 54 open, adventurous, passionate seeker I’m an athletic, fit, open and kinda crazy adventurer who sees the best in everyone’s intentions and seeks connections of the heart and soul, as well as the physical. adventure_us, 29, l I need a new girl Well-rounded and in my prime. Things have been a little slow lately — it’s difficult being a professional. Looking for a new girl who wants to hang out and hook up. Love to travel and try new things. Shorter cute ones are typically the best fit. Message me, and we can meet up to see if there’s anything there. WeCanRoll, 26 Something missing Looking for someone to hang with, drink with and live with. scottyboy, 24 Stellar feller searches for bella Filler: Single, divorced dad. Two kids (10 and 5) live with me. Fully employed. Literate. All important physical bits accounted for. Special skills: I can cook, clean, dress myself and others, teach, learn, navigate, wander, exude or recline, create many things of many media with varying results. Important part: Want to like a lady and want her to like me. Superfly76, 38, l Simple qualities rare to find! My soul is finally free to offer to my true soulmate when I find her. I enjoy the simple things in life, such as exploring, treasure hunting, metal detecting, geocaching, hiking, fishing and sightseeing. My passionate hobby is numismatics (coin dealing/collecting). My expectations are simple: honesty, loyalty and sincerity. Yes, simple, but yet so rare to find. finallysingle40, 40, l Translucent Exterior with Sensitive Interior I am somewhat of a loner. Introversion causes this, I suppose. The roots in this one go quite deep, which few have seen. I’m not a fan of small talk, but am not against it. I feel the rest of life can be based around it, once a stable ground is crafted. I look for people with similar depth. bmwd40, 26, l Looking for Next Adventure With my youngest now in high school, I suddenly find myself with time on my hands. I’m interested in meeting someone to play with outdoors, maybe introduce me to some new interests, compare notes. I’m welleducated, fit and health-conscious, a little adventurous, open-minded, goal-oriented, not able to sit still for long. Happy. WinterinVT, 58, l Looking to meet great people I am looking for new friends and to hang out with people on the weekend. I haven’t been to Vermont in four years, since graduating college, and I love the Vermont landscape and culture. We all have one life to live, and I want to meet great people and have a lot of cool adventures. NewMosaic1987, 27, l Easygoing and easily amused I’m a really laid-back, low-maintenance kind of guy. I love the great outdoors and embracing it in any way possible. I would really like to find someone to share that passion with and explore and grow together if it seems fit. I’d love to hear from you if this fits your lifestyle. 802wanderer, 28, l Active skier, car guy Hardworking carpenter looking for ladies to share the adventure of life’s twisty roads. Willing to try most anything. Not into the bar scene. Do like different music venues. I cook and am selfsufficient. Looking for company with things that I like and willing to do things that you like. Like yoga. You are active, fit and enjoy sex. lonelycarguy, 61, l Kind, thoughtful professional Kind, thoughtful professional in the midst of recalibrating life, seeks new friends for outdoor adventures in all seasons, as well as quiet time over coffee, beer or a good meal. Good cook, nice smile, genuine, caring personality. mountainwater, 57, l For groups, bdsm, and kink: dating.sevendaysvt.com Women Seeking? Fun, flirty female Professional woman looking to have some fun and try new things. Bi-curious, so would be interested in having her first time with a couple. New to this whole thing, but always read this page in Seven Days and thought about wanting to give it a try. develizabeth, 27 Girl Next Door — More Behind Closed Doors Single woman wanting openminded, confident, dominant male who knows what he wants and can communicate it. Looking for casual but passionate get togethers. Open to more serious endeavours when/ if warranted. vtgirl1975, 39, l Girls Just Wanna Have Fun Hey hey, I am just looking for someone to hang out with. Nothing too crazy, but I’m a lot of fun. Vonnie, 23, l Lady4aLady Hi there. I’m just one lady looking for another lady to fool around, spend some time with, get to know a little, but mostly for some fun and some play. I’m open to all ideas and all ladyventures! Lady4aLady, 24 Looking to fill a hole I miss sex. I’ve put on weight due to a medical condition that I’m working on fixing, but I have a nearly insatiable appetite. Young men (under 36 y/o) in shape who know how to please a woman with curves like mine need only apply. FemUVMStudent, 26, l Naughty LocaL girLs waNt to coNNect with you 1-888-420-2223 18+ Status open choose ready comply I enjoy sex. I am more interested in finding a slave/submissive who will meet me at least twice a week to find our boundaries, explore. puzzleman65, 57, l Oor is wanting Goddess Freyja I need to find my Freyja to suckle between her thighs. Liqueur, 63, l adorable, playful, easy going Just looking around. Enjoying the view. alex7268, 39, l Passionate, endurance, explorer, marathon Lover Single male who is well traveled, well educated and a complete gentleman seeking passionate encounters. Very open-minded and creative. Easily bored, so seeking creative open fun with an attractive adventurous and passionate partner. Enjoy giving and pleasuring fully; expect mutual respect and return. Love a passionate woman who wears lingerie and is fully willing to express her feminine side. AdventureSeeker88, 46, l Looking to stay warm Looking to have some fun. If it goes from there, great. icecoast, 25 best of both worlds here Do you want to be pleased in every way possible, enjoy multiple orgasms and hours of fun? Then send me a message. uniqueguy76, 38, l wildlife and nature lover I am open, educated, honest, clean and neat, understanding, sexual, lovable, and a great guy. I judge a female by what is inside of her. Very sociable. porpoise50, 54, l Sensual adventure with sexy couple We are an awesome couple with a desire for adventure. We are easygoing, healthy, professional and looking for a like-minded woman to play with us. We love music, dancing, socializing and good people. Life is good, and we want to enjoy it! RosaLinda, 28 cum sprayer, exhibitionist, dirty secrets My husband and I are looking to fulfill our fantasies. We are an easygoing, great couple that likes to let loose and have some good, dirty fun. I like to be watched (like for a peep show), and he likes me being watched. I like mystery and masks, and he likes dirty and aggressive. Looking for couples, groups and voyeurs. crow, 41 D/s looking for Third We are a dominant/submissive couple looking for another submissive female to join us. I am very submissive and bisexual in nature. My master is a wonderful dom who knows how to take care of his slave(s). We are looking for a raunchy girl who is open-minded and definitely into both of us! DDF; 18 to 35. Master D and slave H. slave2Him, 32 Poly Couple on the prowl We are a pretty chill duo who are adjusting to life in rural Vermont. Our past lives included more poly possibilities, so we are trying to extend our network to meet fun people and play a little. DD-free, both are athletes and going for a hike would be just as fun as tying up the wife. Both would be best. ;) Poly_Peeps, 31, l It’s better with three! We are a happy, well-adjusted, late-30s couple looking for the right woman to join us for some erotic adventures. Open-minded, nonjudgmental, fit and active. Looking for NSA fun, but if it’s a good fit we can make it a regular thing. Looking4aThird, 36 Young and Fit Outdoorsy Couple Looking for attractive, laid-back ladies to have fun in the bedroom with us. We’re a very active, professional yet kinky couple interested in music, drinks, good times and body-shaking orgasms! btown73, 27 I’m completely heartbroken. I was with this guy forever and I need him back. He was the first guy I dated after coming out of the closet. I can’t think of anything else but having him back. But I don’t know what to do. We broke up a few weeks ago, and I’m so sad and lonely. Can you help me think of a romantic thing I could do to win him back? The breakup was sort of mutual, but now I totally regret it. Help, Desperately Dreaming of My Ex Dear Desperately Dreaming, I’ll admit it: I’m into romantic gestures. I’ve been known to watch Sleepless in Seattle more than once a week. I keep every card and note my partner gives me. I love it when two people come together in the end, preferably in the rain or in Paris or while Peter Gabriel’s “In Your Eyes” is playing. But before you surprise your ex with plane tickets to Miami or hire a violinist to play outside his window, you need to reflect on why you two called it splits. You say he was the first guy you dated after coming out. He was your partner at a crucial time in your life, and that’s really special. He will always be your first. But just because he played a big role in your past doesn’t mean he automatically fits into your future — or you in his. You note the breakup was mutual. Did you have a spat, something that can be easily resolved? Or did the two of you simply outgrow each other? Give this some serious thought before attempting to win him back. It’s normal to feel sad and lonely when a relationship ends. But you need to sort out if your heartache is bigger than the usual breakup blues. If it is, tap into his swoon-fest fantasies when planning your romantic gesture. Send him flowers every day with invitations to call you, perhaps, or invite him to an intimate dinner. How did you win his love the first time? Is there something you can do to re-create that? On the other hand, you could simply ask him to come back. Have you tried that? Sometimes the most romantic move is an honest plea — an apology and an offer of your love and commitment. If he turns you down, or if you realize you need to move on, remember that time heals heartbreak. Ice cream might help. Better yet, get out of the house and meet some new people. Cherish your history with this guy, but shift into anticipating your next romantic adventure. Yours, You can send your own question to her at [email protected] personals 101 Hot Pair Seeking a Third I’m petite, fit and flexible; he’s muscular and well-endowed. We’re great together and looking for another woman to make our fun times even better. We’ll work hard to please you and you’ll do the same for us. If you’ve got experience, that’s great, but experienced or not we look forward to exploring you and the possibilities of three people together. BlueMoon24, 29, l Dear Athena, SEVEN DAYS your choice of position Looking for NSA fun in central sub slut Vermont. Age 40-plus; young girls I am a little looking for a daddy dom don’t cut it! Any size BBW, just to control me. I want to be punished more to hang onto! You must host! 1x1c-mediaimpact050813.indd 1 5/3/13 4:40 PM and praised. Use me for your pleasure, Anything you want! escape, 55 make me submissive to you and leave me bruised. Ideally an ongoing Fit, Fun, Respectful and Ready DD/lg relationship. Aftercare is a In shape, generous lover seeking some must. submissivegirl, 20, l fun sexual encounters. Ideally looking for something that might turn into a seeing who’s out there FWB situation, but not a requirement. Hi, I’m Jessica. I’m a trans woman, Tall, attractive, attentive. GGGuy, 45, l and I’m ready to explore with some open-minded hot guys or couples! I ski season fun don’t have a lot of experience, so taking Hey, what’s up? Looking for like-minded things slow at first might be best. I individuals who want to have fun in am not looking only for a hookup, but the Killington area. I love to drink and also someone to be friends with and smoke and have fun chilling at the take it from there. hot4u, 30, l mountain all day, then proceed to keep it going all night. easywider68, 24, l Need more playtime I’m looking for some more playtime. Not getting what I need in the situation I’m in. I’m ready to have fun and get tortured a little. curious21, 25 Hot couple looking for fun Fun, hot couple, DD free, looking for a sexy woman to join us for some fun. Bisexual woman and straight guy. We’re looking for a woman who wants safe, consensual sex. If you’ve been searching for some adventurous fun, we’re your couple! AvtGirl88, 26, l 12.03.14-12.10.14 69 ¢Min Smart, Sexy and Seductive I’m a 23-year-old athletic man looking for some NSA/FWB fun. For me, attraction is the most important thing. Obviously attraction operates at the physical level, but a woman who can seduce me with her mind as well as her body is the sexiest of all. ;) meepeded, 23, l Other Seeking? Ask Athena SEVENDAYSvt.com ladyinwaiting Looking for someone to talk with, exchange texts and phone conversations — even possibly some erotic massage. I am a very sexual person and would like to explore my boundaries. mlg7513, 24 Men Seeking? Your wise counselor in love, lust and life i Spy If you’ve been spied, go online to contact your admirer! dating.sevendaysvt.com Read how Mark proposed to Jennifer at: little DruMMer boY I have missed you. Nothing compares to the music we make together. Let’s dance to this melody forever. When: Thursday, November 20, 2014. Where: everywhere. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912581 besttWo9785 I could use a Bolton woods ski partner this winter and you seem like a cool guy. Give a shout if you see this; I’ll turn on my hidden profile. When: Thursday, November 13, 2014. Where: online. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912570 MoNtpelier FD I saw you cleaning the garage windows/ doors on a seasonably warm Wednesday in September. Tall, muscular and dark brown/ black hair, and in your twenties (guessing). If you’re single, maybe we can get together for drinks and discuss our hectic careers. When: Wednesday, september 3, 2014. Where: Montpelier FD. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912590 leaviNG Market oN st. paul You were the cute girl leaving the market around 6. I was the guy in the ball cap and black puffy who wished he had come up with something to say in the split second when we passed each other. Grab a slice at Panacea sometime? When: Wednesday, November 19, 2014. Where: neighborhood market on st. paul. You: Woman. Me: Man. #912580 DriNk GoDDess Those eyes are no lies, and your smile is worth every mile I ran in military file. Stumble over thoughts, walks along raindrops and stops to think about locks that seem like silken sheen. A dreamer for the moment, hopeless semantics, can we plan a midnight romantic? When: Monday, october 27, 2014. Where: Drink. You: Woman. Me: Man. #912569 thaNk You McClure 4 at night. You said you’d hoped you wouldn’t see me again; it was our joke. You made me laugh and that made me feel so much better. I couldn’t believe how thoughtful and kind you were. When: tuesday, November 18, 2014. Where: hospital. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912587 CDL CLass a Course offereD in essex $250 off for the first two applicants. Ph (802) 754-2842 or Website: www.vtdrivered.com 12.03.14-12.10.14 seveNDaYsvt.coM 12/1/14 1:37 PMattractive, sMiliNG sNoWboarDers The Precision Driver Training School is accepting applications for classes that will be held Mondays through Fridays beginning May 4th from 4:00p.m. to 8:00p.m. 16t-PrecisionDriverTrainingSchool-2-120314.indd 1 sunday > 3:00 pm 102 PERSONALS We spoke for way too short a time while you two walked to your car. Me, standing behind my car, speaking with a friend. Nice smiles all around. Season pass holder? Do some runs together sometime, grab a beer? Would like to talk some more. When: sunday, November 23, 2014. Where: smugglers’ Notch parking lot. You: Woman. Me: Man. #912586 iNterstellar thursDaY 8:10 showing. You were in the front row with your gal pal. I was in the second row across the aisle with my guy pal. We checked each other out, but I missed you after the credits. Would love to know what you thought of the movie! When: Thursday, November 20, 2014. Where: roxy. You: Woman. Me: Man. #912585 leFt her iN the DriveWaY Golden hair, perfect lips. I don’t want you to go written in her eyes. I will see you again, my dear. When: saturday, February 22, 2014. Where: utah. You: Woman. Me: Man. #912584 12/1/14 10:06 AM boom vermont drum festival phoenix books thursdays > 8:00 pm GoNe With the WiNter WiND Distance you’ve put between us / a place for your feelings to hide, / I can hear the love in your voice / each time we talk / My patience has no end / when it comes to you / I will wait a lifetime / for you to see the truth / Real love doesn’t go away / it doesn’t fade into the past, / it goes on forever. When: saturday, February 22, 2014. Where: utah. You: Woman. Me: Man. #912583 to thc/the Nicest MaN I wish we could get back to being good friends. I miss talking to you. Last year you made me feel so much better, every time I saw you and every text you sent me. I miss and love you. Come visit or call soon. :) When: Friday, November 21, 2014. Where: in my dreams. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912582 Watch live @5:25 Weeknights on tV and online get more info or Watch online at vermont cam.org • retn.org ch17.tv 16t-retnWEEKLY.indd 1 eNDYNe beautY I came in and dropped off samples. You are a dark-eyed, dark-haired girl, tall and really funny. Not sure if you look on I Spy, but worth the try. :) When: Friday, November 14, 2014. Where: endyne. You: Woman. Me: Man. #912571 Garcia’s To the handsome man wearing a beanie: There are only so many tobacco products a girl can buy; ask me out already. When: saturday, November 29, 2014. Where: behind the counter. You: Woman. Me: Woman. #912591 MY star Shine bright, lover. Don’t be depressed and don’t fret. I’m here and now see that you are also. Don’t be sad. It is written in the stars, babe. This is ours and no one can take that away. When: Thursday, september 18, 2014. Where: chow hall. You: Woman. Me: Man. #912588 8v-vonbargens120314.indd 1 shareD sMiles bY exit 16 I was heading north; you were heading south. We were sitting in traffic and shared a couple of smiles. I started blushing, so I put my sunglasses on. I think you were in a dark SUV. Thanks — you made my afternoon. When: saturday, November 15, 2014. Where: route 7, colchester. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912572 12/2/14 12:48 PM NorthFielD sock sale Army brat with Maryland accent sincerely thanks Air Force brat in button-down shirt. If you are available, I would like to learn more about you. When: saturday, November 15, 2014. Where: cabot sock sale. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912579 Who’s Got Yer bellY? Favorite pseudo LumBro, meet me for drinks at the ONE? When: Wednesday, November 19, 2014. Where: corner of North st. and North ave. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912578 MY krYptoNite I know you read these all the time in the paper. And I want you to know I’m not over you yet. Everyday I think about you and wish things were back to the way they used to be. But just know I’m always here. Whenever you are “missing your sister” or need a back massage, I’m here for you. When: Wednesday, November 19, 2014. Where: near ethan allen park. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912577 heY You You: tall, dark and handsome with the curly, black hair (didn’t it used to be straight?). I spied you going into the restaurant. Still a hottie after all these years! Me: your admirer. When: tuesday, November 25, 2014. Where: sherpa kitchen. You: Man. Me: Man. #912576 For silverFox’s eYes oNlY Hello, Ma’amzelle Silverfox. Perhaps I’ve climbed further up the learning curve in this game. Perhaps I’ve had all the dragonflies hitched up to my Monju Bosatsu chariot for quite some time. Perhaps they’re restless. Here I offer what I consider to be proof. (Kindly ignore the gesture, please. It was a bad day, but a great photo!) When: Wednesday, November 5, 2014. Where: hunger Mtn coop parking lot. You: Woman. Me: Man. #912575 No Matter What... You are always with me in my heart. I am learning to believe, but can’t help missing your eyes and smile. I hope you know that. When: Friday, February 1, 2013. Where: Garage. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912574 actioN sci-Fi coMeDY You: a bearded salt ‘n’ pep man. We worked on that video camera together and you had me when you said “initializing” in that beautiful robot voice. Would love to learn more about that action/comedy/sci-fi movie you’re working on. Maybe you need someone to play a red shirt? When: Wednesday, November 12, 2014. Where: burlington. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912573 saNDWich at MiserY loves bakeshop You failed to find a sandwich at MLC, so you came back to the Bakeshop to settle on another one. I was posted up sending emails. We talked about spaghetti squash ratings and recipes. Coffee? When: Wednesday, November 12, 2014. Where: Mlc bakeshop. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912568 MY krYptoNite I know you read these every week. So I just wanted you to know I love you, and it sucks you love someone else. But you will always know how I feel. I am always here for you. (And if you still miss your sister or need a good back rub, you can always stop by anytime.) ;) When: Wednesday, November 12, 2014. Where: near ethan allen park. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912567 cutie iN baileY/hoWe It was evening, around 6 p.m. You were wearing green Levis and a white T-shirt. I was sitting at your one o’clock in the striped T-shirt. If you weren’t with your friends, I would have totally come and sat next to you. Maybe we can be studious together. When: tuesday, November 11, 2014. Where: bailey/ howe library. You: Man. Me: Woman. #912566 Curious? You read Seven Days, these people read Seven Days — you already have at least one thing in common! All the action is online. Browse more than 2000 local singles with profiles including photos, voice messages, habits, desires, views and more. It’s free to place your own profile online. 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In the Tour de France, the overall leader wears the yellow jersey, the king of the mountain wears the red and white polka dot. What color does the sprint leader wear?	Tour de France 101: What do different color jerseys mean? - CSMonitor.com Tour de France 101: What do different color jerseys mean? Andy Schleck of Luxembourg (l.) and Fabian Cancellara of Switzerland, wearing the overall leader's yellow jersey, ride in the pack during the sixth stage of the Tour de France on Friday. Christophe Ena/AP of What do the different color Tour de France jerseys mean? YELLOW: The maillot jaune, the yellow jersey, is the signature chemise of the Tour de France . It designates the overall leader of the race so far. When cyclists finish the three-week race by cruising through the streets of Paris , the photo of the yellow-shirted winner is seen around the globe. The yellow jersey is awarded after each of the 20 stages, or race days, to the rider who is the overall leader of the race so far. Each day the total amount of time taken to finish that stage is added to the cumulative time of all previous races, and the overall leader is determined. The next day, he wears the yellow throughout the stage. Recommended: Could you pass a US citizenship test? GREEN: The green jersey, or maillot vert, is the sprinter’s jersey. At every stage, points are awarded to the first 10-25 riders that cross the finish line. The amount of sprint points awarded depends on the day’s course (a flat course produces more points than the mountain terrain) and in what place the rider finishes that day. Some stages have mini-sprints within the stage that are worth points. German Erik Zabel holds the record for winning the final green jersey in the Tour six consecutive times, between 1996 and 2001. Photos of the Day Photos of the day 02/08 WHITE WITH RED POLKA DOTS: This is the King of the Mountains jersey. Points are awarded to the first rider to reach the crest of designated hills and mountains. Mountains are graded according to steepness, length, and position on the course, and points correspond to the grade. The best climber awards began in 1933, and the maillot à pois rouges was first worn in 1975. WHITE: This jersey is worn by the fastest overall rider under the age of 25 (on Jan. 1 in the year of the race). The first white jersey was worn in 1975. There are other prizes and competitions within the Tour de France that don’t involve jerseys. For example, the most combative rider of each stage – the one who tries to break clear of the field – will wear a red number on a white background, instead of the usual black on white. And the team prize – based on the team with the fastest three riders – wears a black number on a yellow background. More Tour de France 101 stories:	Green
What blues rocker is backed by The Destroyers?	Feature: Secrets of the Jerseys of the Tour de France Revealed Feature: Secrets of the Jerseys of the Tour de France Revealed Written by: Long Dong Date: Fri Jun 18 2010 What is he wearing? The Tour de France is coming and as the first of our articles in the lead up to the world’s biggest cycling event we explain what the different colour jerseys mean, and their interesting history. Whilst the yellow jersey of the overall winner is the most well known and prestigious, there are four specific jerseys that riders fight for at the Tour de France; Overall leader (Yellow) Best young rider under 23 years old (White) Sunny days make for fast riding in the Tour de France If a rider has one more than one jersey he wears the most prestigious based on the list above The jersey he does not wear is worn by the rider coming second in the competition. Overall leader Maillot Jaune (Yellow Jersey) The maillot jaune (yellow jersey in French) is worn by the general classification leader. The winner of the first Tour wore not a yellow jersey but a green armband. The yellow color was chosen to promote the newspaper that was sponsoring the first race, whose pages were printed on yellow paper. One rider has won the Tour de France seven times; that being the American Lance Armstrong in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 (seven consecutive years). Lance came out of retirement last year and finished third and is racing again in the Tour de France this year. The youngest Tour de France winner was Henri Cornet, aged 19 in 1904. The oldest winner was Firmin Lambot, aged 36 in 1922. Seven-time winner Lance Armstrong in the maillot jaune Riders from France have won most (36), followed by Belgium (18), Spain (12), United States (10), Italy (9), Luxembourg (4), Switzerland and the Netherlands (2 each) and Ireland, Denmark and Germany (1 each). As a sign of respect, traditionally no other cyclist wears this jersey expect for the race leader and only during the race. The winner from the previous year wears the yellow jersey on the first day and this year that will be Alberto Contador from Spain. Stage points - Green Jersey The points competition began in 1953 and is called the maillot vert (green jersey) is awarded for sprint points. At the end of each stage, points are earned by the riders who finish first, second, etc. Points are higher for flat stages, as sprints are more likely, and less for mountain stages, where climbers usually win. Australian fast man Robbie McEwen will be back in 2010 looking for another Green Jersey In addition, stages can have intermediate sprints in which 6, 4, and 2 points are awarded to the first three. At the end of the day or race if the points are tied, the number of stage wins determines the wearer of the green jersey. King of the Mountains - Polka Dot The King of the Mountains wears a white jersey with red dots (maillot à pois rouges), inspired by a jersey that one of the organisers, Félix Lévitan, had seen at the Vélodrome d'Hiver in Paris in his youth. The competition gives points to the first to top designated hills and mountains. Michael Rasmussen wearing the polka dot jersey on the individual time trial (stage 20) of the 2005 Tour de France. The difficulty of a climb is established by its steepness, length and its position on the course. The easiest are graded 4, most of the hardest as 1 and the exceptional (such as the Tourmalet) as beyond classification, or hors catégorie. The grades were originally decided in 1993 by what gear you needed in your car to get up the hill, with HC peaks being only for walking up. The best climber was first recognised in 1933, prizes were given from 1934 and the jersey was introduced in 1975. Best Young Rider - White Jersey Since 1975, there has been a competition for young riders. From 1975 to 1989 and from 2000, the leader has worn a white jersey (maillot blanc in French) . It is the rider who is under 23 and has lost the least amount or overall time, similar to the yellow jersey. Many winners of the white jersey have gone on to win the yellow jersey later in their career. Other daily prizes in the Tour The prix de la combativité goes to the rider who is the most aggressive during that day’s race, usually by trying to break clear of the field. The most combative rider wears a number printed white-on-red instead of black-on-white next day. An award goes to the most aggressive rider throughout the Tour. The competition started in 1958. The ‘Devil’ is a prominent feature on the high climbs in the Tour The team prize is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 2006 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Lanterne Rouge The rider who has taken most time (ie the slowest rider) is called the lanterne rouge (in English red lantern) and in past years sometimes carried a small red light beneath his saddle. The Lanterne Rouge is still seen as a very prestigious prize to win with some riders trying to lose time at the end of the race to ensure they receive the honour. Coming Up ... Cyclingnewsasia will be bringing you daily updates direct from France from 3rd July. Stay tuned next week when we will tell you who will win the 2010 Tour de France and give a complete run down on the key stages where the challengers will attack. Stay tuned to cyclingnewsasia for all the latest in cycling news and reviews from around Asia. You can choose how you stay in touch with cyclingnewsasia:	i don't know
On July 21, 1873, Jesse James and the James-Younger gang pulled off the first successful what of the American West, in Adair Iowa?	Jesse James Historical Site - Adair, IA Jesse James Historical Site Back to Adair County Jesse James Historical Site Jesse James and his notorious gang of outlaws staged the world's first robbery of a moving train the evening of July 21, 1873, a mile and a half west of Adair, Iowa. Early in July the gang had learned that $75,000 in gold from the Cheyenne region was to come through Adair on the recently build main line of the Chicago, Rock Island, & Pacific Railroad. Jesse sent his brother, Frank James, and Cole Younger to Omaha to learn when the gold shipment was to reach there. Jesse, Jim and Tom Younger, Clell Miller and Bill Chadwell remained camped in the hills in the Adair area. Finally, Frank James and Cole Younger got their tip that the gold shipment was on its way east and they brought the report to Jesse who had made plans for the train robbery. On the afternoon of the robbery, the bandits called at the section house and obtained some pies and other food from Mrs. Robert Grant, wife of the section foreman. In the meantime, the bandits broke into the handcar house, stole a spike-bar and hammer with which they pried off a fish-plate connecting two rails and pulled out the spikes. This was on a curve of the railroad track west of Adair near the Turkey Creek bridge on old U.S. No. 6 Highway. A rope was tied on the west end of the disconnected north rail. The rope was passed under the south rail and led to a hole they had cut in the bank in which to hide. When the train came along, the rail was jerked out of place and the engine plunged into the ditch and toppled over on its side. Engineer John Rafferty of Des Moines was killed, the fireman, Dennis Foley, died of his injuries and several passengers were injured. Two members of the gang, believed to have been Jesse and Frank James, climbed into the express car and forced John Burgess, the guard, to open the safe. In it they found only $2,000 in currency--the gold shipment had been delayed. They collected only about $3,000, including the currency and loot taken from the passengers, in the world's first robbery of a moving train. Levi Clay, employed by the railroad in Adair, which was then not quite a year old, walked to Casey where the alarm was sent by a telegrapher to Des Moines and Omaha, and soon the news was spread all over the nation. A train loaded with armed men left Council Bluffs for Adair and dropped small detachments of men along the route where saddled horses were waiting. The trail of the outlaws was traced into Missouri where they split up and were sheltered by friends. Later the governor of Missouri offered a $10,000 reward for the capture of Jesse James, dead or alive. On April 3, 1882, the reward reportedly proved too tempting for Bob Ford, a new member of the James gang, and he shot and killed Jesse in the James home in St. Joseph, Missouri. Location	Train robbery
“When your here, you’re family” is the advertising slogan for what national restaurant chain?	This Date in History: July 21 This Date in History This is about what happen in the world today, as well as in the past. We'll look at major events, famous birthdays, and significant deaths that occurred on a particular day. Thursday, July 21, 2016 1978 ~ Josh Harnett, American actor. 1973 ~ Ali Landry, American model and Miss USA 1996. She is from Breaux Bridge, Louisiana. 1968 ~ Brandi Chastain, American soccer player. 1966 ~ Sarah Waters, British novelist. 1957 ~ Jon Lovitz, American comedian. 1955 ~ Dannel Malloy, 88th Governor of Connecticut. He assumed Office in January 2011. 1951 ~ Robin Williams (d. 2014), American comedian. He committed suicide at age 63. 1948 ~ Garry Trudeau, American cartoonist. 1946 ~ Kenneth Starr, 39th Solicitor General of the United States. He served in the George W.H. Bush administration. He is best known for his tenure as independent counsel in the Bill Clinton impeachment proceedings. 1943 ~ Edward Herrmann (d. 2014), American actor. He died at age 71. 1939 ~ John Negroponte, 1st Director of National Intelligence. He served in the George W. Bush administration. 1938 ~ Les Aspin (d. 1995), 18th Secretary of Defense. He served in the Bill Clinton administration from January 1993 until May 1995. He died at age 56. 1938 ~ Janet Reno, 79th United States Attorney General and first female to hold this post. She served in the Clinton administration. 1926 ~ Norman Jewison, Canadian director and producer. 1924 ~ Don Knotts (né Jesse Donald Knotts, d. 2006), American actor best known for his role as Barney Fife on the Andy Griffith Show. He died at age 81. 1923 ~ Rudolph Marcus, Canadian chemist and recipient of the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 1920 ~ Isaac Stern (d. 2001), Ukrainian-born violinist. He died at age 81. 1899 ~ Hart Crane (d. 1932), American poet. He died at age 32. 1899 ~ Ernest Hemingway (d. 1961), American novelist and recipient of the 1954 Noble Prize in Literature. He committed suicide in 1961 three weeks before his 62nd birthday. 1893 ~ Hans Fallada (né Rudolf Wilhelm Friedrich Ditzen, d. 1947), German novelist best known for his novel, Every Man Dies Alone. He died at age 53. 1816 ~ Paul Reuter (d. 1899), German-born British journalist and founder or Reuters news service. 1693 ~ Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (d. 1768), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was Prime Minister from March 1754 until November 1756 during the reign of King George II, and again during the reigns of King George II and King George III, from March 1757 until May 1762. He died at age 75. 1620 ~ Jean Picard (d. 1682), French astronomer. He died at less than 2 weeks before his 62nd birthday. 14`4 ~ Pope Sixtus IV (né Francesco della Rovere, d. 1481). He is best known for having had the Sistine Chapel build. He was Pope from August 9, 1471 until his death 13 years later. He died about a month after his 70th birthday. Events that Changed the World: 1970 ~ The Aswan High Dam on the Nile in Egypt was completed after 11 years of construction. 1969 ~ Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the moon during the Apollo 11 mission. They had landed on the moon the day before. 1961 ~ Gus Grissom (1926 ~ 1967) became the second American go to into space. His was a suborbital mission in the Mercury program. 1925 ~ John T. Scopes (1900 ~ 1970) was convicting of violating the Tennessee state laws for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution in the so-called “Monkey Trial.” He was fined $100. 1902 ~ Willis Carrier (1876 ~ 1950) invented the first successful air conditioner. 1873 ~ Jesse James (1847 ~ 1882) and the James-Younger Gang pulled off the first successful train robbery in the American West. The train was robbed in Adair, Iowa. 1865 ~ Wild Bill Hickok (1837 ~ 1876) shot and killed Davis Tutt (1836 ~ 1865) in a duel in what is now regarded as the first western showdown. 1861 ~ The First Battle of Bull Run at Manassas Junction, Virginia, was the first major battle in the American Civil War. It was a victory for the Confederate Army. 1831 ~ King Leopold I of Belgium was inaugurated as the first king of the Belgians. 365 ~ A tsunami resulting from an estimated 8.0 magnitude earthquake in Crete, devastated the city of Alexandria, Egypt. It is estimated that over 50,000 people died from the effects of the tsunami. 230 ~ Pope Pontain became the 18th Catholic Pope. 356 BCE ~ The traditional date that the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, was destroyed by arson. Good-Byes: 2015 ~ E.L. Doctorow (né Edgar Lawrence Doctorow, B. 1931), American author who turned history into gold. He is best known for his novel Ragtime. He was 84 years old. 2015 ~ Theodore Bikel (b. 1924), Austrian singer and actor. He was of Jewish ancestry. He was named after Theodor Herzl, who was also born on this date. He died at age 91. 2008 ~ Eugene Foster (b. 1927), American pathologist who linked President Thomas Jefferson to his slave, Sally Hemmings. He died at age 81. 2004 ~ Edward B. Lewis (b. 1918), American geneticist and recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He died at age 86. 1998 ~ Alan Shepard (b. 1923), American astronaut. He was the first American and second person to travel into space, although is initial flight was suborbital. He died at age 74. 1982 ~ David Garroway (b. 1913), American journalist. He committed suicide at age 69 a week after his 69th birthday. 1967 ~ Albert Lutuli (b. 1898), South African politician and recipient of the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize. 1967 ~ Basil Rathbone (b. 1892), English actor. He died at age 75. 1948 ~ Arshile Gorky (né Vostanik Manoug Adoian, b. 1904), Armenian-American artist. He committed suicide at age 44. 1796 ~ Robert Burns (b. 1759), Scottish poet. He died at age 37. Posted by	i don't know
What comic strip, introduced by Aaron McGruder in 1999, features the characters Huey Freeman, a angry, cynical 10 year old boy, and his younger brother Riley, who is a fan of the thug life?	The Boondocks (comic strip) - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on The Boondocks (comic strip) Wikis The Boondocks (comic strip): Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a comic strip. For the animated television series, see The Boondocks (TV series) . "The Boondocks" redirects here. For other uses, please see The Boondocks (disambiguation) . The Boondocks Satire The Boondocks is a daily syndicated comic strip written and originally drawn by Aaron McGruder that ran from 1996 to 2006. Created by McGruder in 1996 for The Diamondback , the student newspaper at the University of Maryland, College Park , the strip moved from the college pages and was printed in the monthly hip hop magazine The Source in 1997. As it gained popularity, the comic strip was picked up by the Universal Press Syndicate and made its national debut on April 19, 1999. A popular and controversial strip, The Boondocks deals with African American culture and American politics as seen through the eyes of its protagonist, 10-year-old black radical Huey Freeman . McGruder sold the television and film rights for the strip to Sony Pictures Entertainment . The Boondocks animated TV series premiered on the Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim programming November 6, 2005. Contents 8 References History The strip debuted in The Diamondback under editor Jayson Blair on December 3, 1996, paying McGruder $30 per strip — $17 more than other cartoonists. McGruder ended the strip's run in The Diamondback on March 18, 1997, two weeks after the strip was omitted due to a technical error and a Diamondback staffer printed the word "OOPS" in its place without an explanation. He pulled the strip after the paper refused to run an apology. [1] (Upon the revelation in 2004 of news article fabrications by Blair, by then a reporter for The New York Times , McGruder's comic strip joined others in lampooning Blair.) In Fall 2003, Boston, Massachusetts -based artist Jennifer Seng assumed art duties from McGruder. In an interview with The New Yorker , McGruder said, "If something had to give, it was going to be the art. I think I'm a better writer than artist." [2] Carl Jones succeeded Seng as illustrator in late 2004. In the introduction to the collection Public Enemy #2, McGruder wrote, "I had hired an artist to help me on some of the art duties. People think I stopped drawing the strip, but that's never been the case. To this day there has never been a single Boondocks strip that I did not personally touch — I still obsess over the details of Huey, Riley, Caesar and Granddad. I still go over every panel. I still care what it looks like, and I always will." On February 28, 2006, McGruder announced that his strip would go on a six-month hiatus, starting March 27, 2006, with new installments resuming in October. Repeats of earlier strips were offered by Universal Press Syndicate in the interim. [3] The Boondocks was syndicated to over 300 clients at its peak, but more than half substituted different features rather than publish reruns during the hiatus. [4] [5] On September 25, 2006, Universal Press Syndicate president Lee Salem announced that the comic would not return, saying, "Although Aaron McGruder has made no statement about retiring or resuming The Boondocks for print newspapers ... newspapers should not count on it coming back in the foreseeable future." He added that Universal would welcome McGruder back if he chose to return. [6] Greg Melvin, McGruder's editor at the syndicate, met with him in an unsuccessful attempt to talk the cartoonist into returning. McGruder cited his work on the Cartoon Network show among other projects as reasons for not then returning to the strip. [7] After the strip was canceled, reruns continued to be carried by some newspapers through November 26, 2006. [8] Description The strip depicts Huey Freeman and his younger brother Riley, two young children who have been moved out of Chicago by their grandfather to live with him in the predominantly white fictional suburb of Woodcrest (in Maryland , as seen from the area code stated in the March 16, 2000 strip). The title word " boondocks " alludes to the isolation from primarily African-American urban life that the characters feel, and permits McGruder some philosophical distance. Huey is a politically perceptive devotee of black radical ideas of the past few decades (as explained in the May 4, 1999, strip, Huey is in fact named after Black Panther Huey P. Newton ) and is harshly critical of many aspects of modern black culture. For example, he is at least as hard on Vivica Fox and Cuba Gooding, Jr. at times as he is on the Bush administration . Riley, on the other hand, is enamored of gangsta rap culture and the "thug"/ bling-bling lifestyle. Their grandfather is a firm disciplinarian who is offended by both their values and ideas. Huey's best friend is Michael Caesar , a dreadlocked aspiring MC who agrees with many of Huey's criticisms but serves as a positive counterpoint to Huey's typically pessimistic attitude by taking a humorous approach to issues. He is also a budding comedian, although most of his humor consists of trying to play the dozens on Huey, which always falls flat. The Freemans' neighbors are NAACP member Thomas Dubois (a reference both to Uncle Tom and W. E. B. Du Bois ) and his white wife Sara, who are both lawyers. Their young daughter Jazmine is very insecure about her ethnic identity and is often the subject of Huey's antipathy for being out of touch with her African ancestry. The Boondocks was very political and occasionally subject to great controversy, usually sparked by the comments and behavior of its main character, Huey. The comic strip has been withheld by newspapers several times. In this respect, it is similar to Doonesbury . In particular, the principal characters often discussed racial and American socio-economic class issues. Because of its controversy and serious subject matter, many newspaper publishers either relegated the strip to the op-ed section of the paper, pulled more potentially controversial strips from being published, didn't publish the strip at all, or canceled it altogether. These tactics have also been employed in other strips, such as Doonesbury.[citation needed][citation needed] Main characters Huey Freeman - A cynical 10-year-old boy who appears angry most of the time, with strident political awareness, and who sees himself as a revolutionary. Named after Huey P. Newton , co-founder of the Black Panthers , he is disturbed by the ignorance in modern-day American society and media. An observant, intelligent child, he often finds himself playing the voice of reason. Huey is fond of some conspiracy theories, and completely distrusts all authorities. Riley Freeman - The opposite of his older brother, 8-year-old Riley praises the "thug life," and admires and emulates the rappers and thugs he sees on television. He has assigned himself the nickname "Esco", a reference to the rapper Nas christening himself "Nas Escobar" in the mid-1990s after infamous drug lord Pablo Escobar . He also formerly had the nickname " Yosemite Sam ", but that appears to have faded away with time. Other aliases he's given himself have included " Osama Bin Laden " (chosen many months before 9/11 ) and Uday . Riley chose this last nickname on one of the extremely rare occasions he watched the news; he normally goes to great lengths to avoid the acquisition of knowledge. He once became upset after getting a C+ in school because he was afraid such "exemplary" grades would ruin his " street cred ". Since asking for and not receiving rims for Christmas, Riley has been determined to sleigh-jack Santa Claus on Christmas Eve for the dual purpose of taking what he believes is owed to him and meting out punishment. Michael Caesar - Huey's classmate and best friend, who agrees with most of Huey's views of life. Unlike Huey, Caesar is more optimistic and cheerful, and usually jokes about whatever issue is at hand. It was Caesar's idea to find a boyfriend for Condoleezza Rice , reasoning that if she came to truly love somebody living on the planet she wouldn't be so "hell bent to destroy it." Caesar is originally from Brooklyn and needs little prompting to vocally represent his home town. He and Huey have co-founded the newsletter the "Free Huey World Report" and the annual "Most Embarrassing Black People Awards." Robert Jebediah "Granddad" Freeman - Huey and Riley's retired grandfather, a pragmatist and disciplinarian who usually sees through the shenanigans of his grandsons. Robert is known to panic at news reports, and values his own peace and comfort over the needs of others while still looking out for the children's welfare. Thomas and Sara Dubois - An interracial couple in the neighborhood. They both work as lawyers . Tom is often seen talking (sometimes arguing) with Huey about current politics, while Huey tends to deride Tom for being a conformist yuppie , sometimes going so far as to sarcastically suggest that he's not really black. For a while Tom was kicked out of the house by Sara after he called her a "two-timing political floozy" when she voted for Ralph Nader instead of Al Gore . Four years later, Tom kidnapped Nader in hopes of preventing him from taking votes away from John Kerry and costing the Democrats the 2004 Presidential Election . Huey eventually persuaded him to release Nader. Jazmine Dubois - Thomas and Sara's biracial , 10-year-old daughter, who seems to like Huey, despite his general coldness toward her. She is notable for her insecurity over her biracial status. Jazmine is often portrayed as naïve, and is optimistic in contrast to Huey's pessimism. Early in the strip she was deliberately ambiguously colored so as to cloud the issue of whether she was white or black. It even prompted her to be directly asked by her teacher. She disappeared for roughly two years, and it was revealed she had been so frightened of terrorists that she would not leave her house. She tried to turn herself in to the FBI three times, because she thought she was helping the terrorists by being scared (having heard statements to the effect that "If you live in fear, the terrorists win"). She eventually came out because of a "Credible threat against her teddy bear." Jazmine is insecure about her curly and voluminous hair, wishing it looked straighter, like her mother's hair. Huey's suggestion to Tom that he and Sara try "emphasizing the natural beauty of her African features" rather than trying to help her change her appearance fell on deaf ears. On one occasion when Jazmine was complaining about her "big and poofy" hair, Huey interrupted her to ask what she thought of clouds. She thought clouds were pretty, but completely missed the point Huey was trying to make. Cindy McPhearson - A Caucasian girl in Huey's class who appears to be utterly clueless about racial issues. She shows a fondness and curiosity for rap music ( P. Diddy & Snoop Dogg in particular). Minor characters Hiro Otomo - One of Huey's friends, a young Japanese-American DJ . Hiro only appeared in the original Diamondback version of the strip. He is named after mangaka Katsuhiro Otomo . The school principal - An out-of-touch white man who prepared for the arrival of Huey and Riley by renting several blaxploitation films, mistakenly thinking of them as representative of black culture. He somehow has access to FBI files of Huey. Mr. Petto - Huey and Caesar's white teacher, who is as clueless about how to handle them as the principal is. Old-fashioned and not used to dealing with blacks, he is intimidated by Huey's intellect and has struggled trying to debate with Huey during class. Gangstalicious - He is one of Rileys favorite rappers and he looks up to him because of his "gangsta" lifestyle. Gangstalicious is suppose to be a stereotype of a "typical" black rapper in society. Many viewers think he was suppose to imitate the rapper 50 Cent since he was shot 9 times in his premiere episode. [9] A Pimp Named Slickback - "Its A Pimp Named Slickback, Like A Tribe Called Quest You Got To Say The Whole Thing" Slickback makes his debut in the 2005 Guess Hoe's coming to dinner episode of the Boondocks series. Slickback is potrayed to imitate Money Mike, a pimp from the movie Friday After Next,where comedian Kat Williams plays his charecter. Kat Williams is also the voice of A Pimp Named Slickback. [10] --E3000 Controversies The content of McGruder's comic strip often came under fire for being politically left-wing and occasionally risque, leading to its being published in the op-ed section of many newspapers . For example, a strip making fun of BET 's rap videos, some of which rely on the sexually suggestive gyrations of female dancers, and a strip mocking Whitney Houston 's drug problems and emphasizing her buttocks, were pulled out of circulation. The Boondocks garnered significant attention after the September 11, 2001 attacks with a series of strips in which Huey calls a government tipline to report Ronald Reagan for funding terrorism. Soon after, he "censored" several strips by featuring a talking patriotic yellow ribbon and a flag (named Ribbon and Flagee, respectively) instead of the usual cast. Several strips have been briefly pulled from prominent publications. For example, the "Condi Needs a Man" strip, in which Huey and his friend Caesar create a personal ad for U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice , portraying her as a "female Darth Vader type that seeks loving mate to torture", resulted in The Washington Post withholding a week's worth of strips, the longest such suspension ever by the paper. However, the paper's ombudsman, Michael Getler, later sided with McGruder. [11] The Post also declined to run "Can a Nigga Get a Job?", which had black contestants compete on a reality TV show to work for Russell Simmons , only to find that all the contestants were rude and lazy. This unflattering portrayal drew the ire of many in the African American community.[citation needed] McGruder wrote a strip where Huey and Caesar discuss the "Most Embarrassing Black Person of the Year Awards", which they dub the "Elder" after Neocon Black commentator Larry Elder . In response, Elder published an opinion piece in which he created the "McGruder Awards", naming liberal commentators, and including five quotes from McGruder. [12] Published collections 2000: Because I Know You Don't Read the Newspaper 2001: Fresh for '01...You Suckas! 2003: A Right to Be Hostile (Treasury) 2005: Public Enemy #2 [Huey is writing a review of The Matrix Reloaded ] It's important to note that not all moviegoers have been kind to the Matrix sequel. Many have complained that the movie is confusing, and I would have to agree. With so many black people in the movie, it was impossible to predict who would die first. Ceasar:: You know, people say the best way to make good things happen is to put positive thoughts out into the universe. Huey:: [thinking] Queen Latifa versus Ann Coulter in a steel cage deathmatch... Queen Latifah verses Ann Coulter in a steel cage deathmatch... Huey:: Mr. Jones, it's Huey. You ready? James Earl Jones ::Young man, I told you last time this isn't funny. You're going to get us both in trouble. Huey:: Last time, I promise. Hold on. [Opens a three-way call] George W. Bush :: Uh... Thank you, Lord Vader! Caesar: Hey man, are you ok? Huey: A friend of mine back home just died...I never got to say goodbye, you know? I keep wishing he'll come back as a blue ghost, like Obi-Wan Kenobi. There's so much I want to say to him. [sigh] Why can't life be like Star Wars? Caesar: Well, then Jar-Jar Binks would be real, and there'd be a bunch of Ewoks running around everywhere - nobody wants that. Huey: A small price to pay if the people you love could come back as blue ghosts. Tom: Huey, why did you tell Jazmine that Santa Claus is on Death Row in Hungary? Huey: For the same reason you told her that Santa flies around the world passing out gifts with the help of magical reindeer. I guess we both really enjoy lying to small children. Tom: IT'S NOT THE SAME! Huey: See, I told you. Caesar: I can't believe it. Huey: I've known some self-hating black people before, but this takes the cake. Caesar: Oooh, we're next... Merry Cristmas! Uncle Ruckus: I hope you chimpanzees don't have a chimney. See also	Boondocks (disambiguation)
What famed martial artist, who died on July 20, 1970, is buried in Lakeview Cemetery up on Capitol Hill, next to his son, also a martial artist?	The Boondocks (Western Animation) - TV Tropes Luna , a champion martial artist who once ripped out a man's heart during a fighting tournament. When Robert becomes too scared to continue dating her , she has a mental breakdown and proves him right! Thelma. In all three versions of the Catcher Freeman story, she participated in a deadly slave revolt against Colonel Lynchwater; although in Robert's and Ruckus' versions of the story, she was mostly a distressed damsel and a femme fatale respectively. In the true and final version of the story, she was the rebelling slaves' leader, who actually fought a sword duel with Lynchwater. Ming Long-Dou is a preteen example, who is surprisingly deadly with her kickball skills. It should be noted that the kickball game is played out like a brutal brawl with lots of beatings and fighting. Esmeralda Gripenasty is an elderly example; along with her equally old male accomplices , they are surprisingly fast and strong, and cause a lot of trouble for our protagonists. Actual Pacifist : The Freedom Riders in "Freedom Ride or Die" are taught and pledged to be this in their efforts to show their moral superiority over the racists in the '60s. Their leader, Sturdy Harris, is more of a Martial Pacifist . Robert himself rejects their pacifism, believing it is better to either flee from or fight back against the angry racist mobs. After the End : "The Fried Chicken Flu". It appears that most of the world is dead, society is breaking down and the Freeman house may be the last safe place, all thanks to a mysterious virus caused by fried chicken. It turns out that the media blew things out of proportion. No one's actually dead and the "flu" is just salmonella. It's also shown that Ruckus and his group are the only ones dressed in that Mad Max gear, which Thugnificent points out. Alternative Foreign Theme Song : The Japanese version of the show has a different opening theme , by SOULD'd OUT of Voodoo Kingdom fame. An Aesop : Many episodes have some kind of message. Don't perpetuate negative stereotypes about your own people. (Many episodes, but especially "Return of the King".) Don't fight with people over stupid or trivial reasons. (Any episode involving Stinkmeaner and Nigga Moments.) Don't trust banks and big business in general. (Any episode involving Ed I or Ed II.) "Dick Riding Obama" Animation Bump : The overall visual quality of the Season 1 animation is absolutely nothing compared to the Season 2 or 3 animation, which makes it hard to re-watch old episodes at times... Animesque : McGruder specifically ordered the TV series to be made with an anime-inspired design, right down to hiring the South Korean animation studios Moi Animation (owned by the Japanese studio Madhouse , who did some uncredited work) and Dong Woo Animation (owned by Studio Gallop ) to help animate the series. Especially notable is that mouth movement is not smooth in the series, unlike most western animated shows. Applied Mathematics : Nigga Moment (perpetual conflict between niggas over trivial or ignorant things) + Nigga Synthesis (perpetual bond between niggas over trivial or ignorant things) = complete disaster . The gangsta rapper Gangstalicious denies his homosexuality, despite increasingly obvious evidence that he is. Also the play/screen-writer Winston Jerome (an expy of Tyler Perry ). Arson, Murder, and Jaywalking : When Uncle Ruckus came to the Freeman household to exorcise Tom, who is possessed by the spirit of Stinkmeaner, he used the following tools: a whip, a noose, a night stick, a branding iron and a job application . According to the self-hating Ruckus, these are the things that the black man fears the most. "She called me obsessed... disturbed... icky." Said by the obsessed counselor in "Smokin' with Cigarettes" A visual example in "The Color Ruckus", when Uncle Ruckus is telling the story of his childhood. When his father is throwing him out of the house: he steps on a rake , which hits him in the face and gives him his trademark bulging eye and broken teeth; he steps in a bear trap, giving him a limp; and he... gets wet paint from the fence on his shirt. His mother cries it'll need a presoak to get out. Other guest stars include Werner Herzog and Bill Maher . Ass Kicks You : Tom uses this to escape from the Booty Warrior. As You Know : Grandad even says "Look, nobody needs to be reminded of that tragic day you gave that girl a permanent severe limp" right before telling the story. Audience Surrogate : Ebony Brown, who deconstructs Uncle Ruckus's appeal, leans on the fourth wall , and expresses a desire to be a part of the main characters' wacky adventures. The fact that she's mind-bogglingly attractive and practically a saint suggests that McGruder is either playing around by making an in-universe Mary Sue fanfic in his own show, or he really, really appreciates his audience. She also might be McGruder's reply to black feminists who criticized him for not having a black woman as a regular on the show. He's basically saying this is the only character black women would be happy with, but there's no way she's going to be in the cast. Although Stinkmeaner got Tom's wife's booty and got away with it . Try not to throw any chairs when a large amount of black people are present. The "Nigga Moment" phenomenon as a whole occurs when two or more black people get into an altercation because one party regards a petty slight as a Berserk Button . The two individuals involved don't even need to be actual niggasnote Defined by Huey (and here I paraphrase) as black people who behave in a manner that reinforces negative stereotypes. If Riley thinks it's cool, it's probably nigga behavior. for a Nigga Moment to occur; two otherwise intelligent black people can start a Nigga Moment simply because one of them won't let the issue go. Don't try to shorten A Pimp Named Slickback's name when you address him. A Pimp Named Slickback: A Pimp Named Slickback! It's like A Tribe Called Quest , you say the whole thing! Big Damn Heroes : Thugnificent and his crew rescuing the Freemans and DuBoises in "The Fried Chicken Flu". Biting-the-Hand Humor : "You better not be watching any of that [adult swim] !" Bittersweet Ending : "Bitches to Rags" leaves Thugnificent bankrupt and forced to sell his home. However, he sort of manages to make a comeback as a UPS delivery man, realizing the "rapper lifestyle" wasn't going to last forever and that he had to move on. Although he is making a reality TV show based on his post rap career. Black Comedy : This show has a very cynical sense of humor. Corrupt authorities, racial stereotypes, and violent crime are all Played for Laughs . This show managed to take a horrible crime and make fear of said crime hilarious in "A Date with the Health Inspector". Ditto for "A Date with the Booty Warrior", especially the opening with Chris Hansen . Bland-Name Product : The store where Lamilton beats up his grandma is called Walli-Mart . What makes this strange is that Wal-Mart was actually mentioned by name in another episode. Uncle Ruckus, who'd join the Klan if he wasn't black. The irony is that he has the darkest skin out of all the cast. He claims to have "re-vitiligo", the opposite of what Michael Jackson's got. Colonel Stinkmeaner says that he hates everyone, but black people especially. The BET TV network executives despise their own audience, so they make sure that their programming keeps black people dumbed down. We learn that Uncle Ruckus partly learned his behavior from his mother, who wasn't exactly hateful of black people like he would be, but still thought that white people are better. Bread, Eggs, Breaded Eggs : In the episode "The Uncle Ruckus Reality Show", when Ruckus learns that he is 102% African, and subsequently quits all his jobs. Ruckus: Don't know how I'm gonna pay the bills. Probably have to start selling crack. Or rapping. Or rapping about selling crack. From "Stinkmeaner 3: The Hateocracy": NIGGA MOMENT + NIGGA SYNTHESIS = COMPLETE DISASTER Stinkmeaner and the Hateocracy bully other people for no reason other than having some evil fun. Likewise, Lamilton Taeshawn has the same motives for his crimes as well. Deborah Leevil is a cackling and scheming supervillainess who plans to destroy black people . She insists that BET doesn't stand for Black Entertainment Television, but Black Evil Television. Cassandra Truth : Played depressingly straight with Huey in the cartoon, as far as everyone hitting him, cursing him out, or fiendishly mocking him whenever he speaks the truth about the world around him. In the "The Fundraiser", Riley actually recognizes that everything Huey says comes true. However, he just decides not to listen, because he doesn't like spoilers thinks things go wrong because Huey talks about them. However, Riley makes an exception when Huey gives him a bulletproof vest , and makes the smart move of constantly wearing it. It ends up saving his life. In "The Fried Chicken Flu" this becomes a major plot point, since Huey has been preparing for the end. Hell, his survival plan is even titled, "I Told You So." They have enough food, supplies, and backup power for 4 people. Unfortunately, no one but Jazmine read Huey's plan, and because Riley and Granddad refused to listen to him for their own selfish ends, 9 people occupy the house, the power goes out, and food becomes scarce. It all goes to waste however; everyone in Woodcrest mistakenly thought the world was ending, when in fact the "killer fried chicken flu" was just an outbreak of salmonella. In the Season 3 finale, Granddad lampshades this at the very end. Granddad: Wow, Huey. You were totally right this time. Just imagine all the problems we could avoid if we just listened to you. Oh well. The Cartel : In "The Lovely Ebony Brown", we see that one of Robert's ex-girlfriends was a female Dominican drug boss, who brought an armed henchman to their date. Catch Phrase : Several characters have at least one. Also most black characters say " nigga " to the point of it being a Verbal Tic . Riley: Colonel H. Stinkmeaner: " BITCH-ASS NYUKKA !" Ed Wuncler III: "(What the) fuck y'all looking at?" A Pimp Named Slickback: "I'm A Pimp Named Slickback." Thugnificent: "No homo." Celebrity Paradox : Robert Freeman is voiced by John Witherspoon, yet both Friday and Soul Plane exist in the show. "Grandad, you didn't live that, that's from that movie Friday." The faux trailer for Soul Plane 2 states that it stars Witherspoon, as well as Gary Anthony Williams, who voices Uncle Ruckus. Character Development : Tom. He starts out as a hypocrite and, for lack of a more poignant term, a pussy. His main fear was being anally raped in prison, and yet, as a prosecution attorney, he sent many young men to that same fate. He realizes his hypocrisy, and decides to become a defense attorney, and goes to therapy to get over his phobia. He does well, and decides to test himself by chaperoning a "scared stiff" program, where boys are shown around a prison to scare them straight. He freaks out and leaves them at the mercy of the rioting prisoners, then realizes what a horrible thing he did. While on the rescue mission, he is confronted by a naked prisoner in the shower, who attempts to rape him. Tom actually stands and fights against him, and comes out victorious. Uncle Ruckus. He starts as just a self-hating, bitter, black man who works 47 jobs and claims to have "re-vitiligo," a made up disease that makes him black. It is revealed in the episode "The Color Ruckus" that he hates black people because he was actually brought up in a black family in which his father and grandmother were terrible to him, and his mother, who was very nice to him, would teach him all about how great she thought white people were. He probably was not adopted and does not have re-vitiligo, even if he still thinks so. At the end of the episode, he decides that he shouldn't hate black people, but rather, feel sorry for them. This isn't much of an improvement, but it's probably better than hating them. However, this character development is thrown out the window by Season 4, as Ruckus is just as hateful as before . Riley. Even being a stablished main character, the first season only has three episodes focused on him. And only "Rilery Wuz Here" has a real conflict and development. Season 2, on the other hand, has half of the first 10 episodes about him and his development as a person. Characterization Marches On : In season one, as per the comic the show is based on, Huey was much more of a reserved black nationalist and conspiracy theorist, as his opening lines in the first episode show. But in the later seasons he becomes more sane and normal to balance out Riley and Granddad's wackiness. It happens in general in the show compared to the comic - the show is more social commentary than political, and thus focuses on the ways people can be ignorant. As a result, the characters are changed to reflect that, with Huey being the Only Sane Man who exists to balance out the foolishness of the world around him. Granddad, who is in the comic a wise but weary man who just wants to enjoy his golden years, becomes self-centered, greedy, and obsessed with appearances. Riley is more of an exaggeration of himself - he is even more "thug-life" than he was in the comic, but in addition becomes a Small Name, Big Ego and loses much of his "clever but willfully Book Dumb " traits. Huey himself becomes less extreme, less aggressively opinionated and becomes wiser - basically, his Jerk with a Heart of Gold activist traits are traded for amplifying his Only Sane Man traits. This, in turn, leads him to not quite need a foil to mellow him out and point out when he's being hypocritical, which resulted in Michael Caesar not needing to make an appearance. Nearly every character from the comic gets some kind of alteration: Tom's foppish traits become the entire basis for his character, as well as his marriage problems. Jazmine's problems with racial identity are downplayed in favor of her extreme naivete. But nobody gets this greater than Cindy McPhearson, who is a completely different character: a racially ignorant ditz in the comic, an even crazier version of Riley in the show. The whole show is a giant Cluster N-Bomb . According to this video , there are approximately (give or take) 1,298 uses of "nigga", "nigger", etc. And of course there's lots of other profanity in this show, such as "fuck" and "shit", which are usually bleeped out on TV (but uncensored on DVD). Ruckus and how he treats other black people. Mr. Wuncler in how he uses illegal immigrant and/or child labor is also often played for laughs. Comic Book Fantasy Casting : Played with. The Hateocracy consists of Lord Rufus Crabmiser, Lady Esmerelda Gripenasty and Mister George Pistofferson. Their designs are based on Redd Foxx , Lawanda Page and Jimmy Walker , respectively. Comic-Book Time : The characters don't age despite the fact the series takes place in the "present day". Huey should now have been far older than ten when Obama was elected, for example. Subverted, in a way. They may be canonically the same age as they were in the beginning, but they're actually drawn to look older with each season. (compare season 1 Huey and Riley to their season 3 counterparts, who are somewhat taller and not as baby-faced.) How this works is anyone's guess. Common Nonsense Jury : In "The Trial of R. Kelly", a jury full of R. Kelly fans are easily convinced that the trial was all about racism against the defendant. Never mind that there's a lot of damning evidence against R. Kelly. From the same episode as the above, Uncle Ruckus claims to have served on a (mostly) white jury in the 1950s, where he convicted a blind black man of shooting 3 white women. note Though if this story is true, then how did the black Ruckus get around the segregation? Even if he does hate other black people, he still probably would've been barred from jury duty. In "The Passion of Reverend Ruckus", Shabazz K. Milton Berle was sentenced to death for the murder of a cop, even though the real killer (Eli Gorbinsky) shouted to everyone that he did it, and left all the evidence at the scene. Comically Missing the Point : Ruckus has a seething hatred of black people and everything about them despite not only being black, but being one of the darkest skinned characters in the series. He insists he has "that thing Michael Jackson had, but in reverse." Conflict Ball : "The Nigga Moment" is essentially this In-Universe . It describes a moment when ignorance overwhelms the mind of an otherwise logical black man, causing him to act in an illogical, self-destructive manner, such as getting into a shoot-out over a guy brushing against your shoulder on the street. Its inverse is "Nigga Synthesis"; when willfully ignorant black men join together and bond over something trivial and stupid (such as forming street gangs like the Bloods and Crips). The two are not mutually exclusive, as Applied Mathematics teaches us that a "Nigga Moment" + "Nigga Synthesis" = "Complete &$%^ing Disaster" . Continuity Nod : It's safe to say that the series is rife with these. Including several episodes that were (very loosely) adapted from the comic strips. The Season 1 opening prominently features a profile of Huey seen from the side, reminiscent of how he appears in the comic. In a few episodes, Huey can be seen near a tree on a hill, an iconic stock setting from the comic. "Granddad's Fight" gets three sequel episodes, forming a tetralogy (one episode per season), all of them about Robert's Nigga Moment with Stinkmeaner, and how it keeps coming back to haunt him. "A Huey Freeman Christmas" features Riley having a vendetta against Santa Claus, and assaulting two Mall Santas (one of whom is Uncle Ruckus), which was originally in the comic. In "Let's Nab Oprah", Huey emphasizes his reasons against Riley hanging out with Ed and Rummy to Granddad, by reminding him of the mini-mart robbery from "A Date with the Health Inspector". "Riley Wuz Here" combines two plots that were originally from the comic; the main plot is about Riley committing a graffiti spree throughout the neighborhood (though his modus operandi is different), while the side plot is about Huey experimenting with only watching TV shows about black people for 2 weeks straight. "The Block Is Hot" adapts and expands one comic strip about Jazmine running a lemonade stand, complete with a scene where Riley and Robert ask her stupid questions about the lemonade. "Tom, Sarah and Usher" alludes to a story arc from the comics about Tom staying with the Freemans after Sarah kicks him out, although the reasons for their split are completely different. "Pretty Boy Flizzy" shows Sarah kicking out Tom yet again, but an annoyed Robert decides to keep Tom out of the Freeman house this time. In "Shinin'", Thugnificent makes it clear that if his rap career fails, he and the rest of the Lethal Interjection Crew will turn to crime - with Flonominal specifically mentioning crack dealing. The exception is Leonard, who thinks he'd be fine working at Wendy's... In "Bitches to Rags", the jig is up, and Thugnificent is being supported by Leonard, who really did get a job at Wendy's, until Thugnificent decides to just sell crack. "Invasion of the Katrinians" also adapts a comic arc about Robert's relatives from New Orleans seeking refuge at his house after Hurricane Katrina, although it plays out very differently. "It's a Black President, Huey Freeman" contains the very first line Huey said in the intro for "The Garden Party", and later his plan is foiled because he can't get a ride (which is what happened before in "The Passion of Reverend Ruckus"). "The Story of Lando Freeman" starts and ends with the lawn needing to be mowed, with a mention that whenever Ruckus doesn't do the lawn, it's always Huey who has to do it. A running gag from the comic strip involved Granddad forcing Huey to mow the lawn. In "The Lovely Ebony Brown", when Huey and Riley hear that Granddad has a new date, the boys remember Granddad's past dating experiences and they freak out. Oddly in "Breaking Granddad", there's a passing joke about Jazmine's insecurity with her curly afro hair, which was a running gag in the comic strip. Corrupt Corporate Executive : Evil businesspeople seem to be frequent antagonists on this show. Ed Wuncler I and his son Ed Wuncler II use their money and power to accumulate even more wealth through unethical and and unlawful means. They get away with all of this because they've been outright deemed above the law . Deborah Leevil and Wedgie Rudlin run BET with the intention of keeping African-American viewers in a perpetual state of stupidity. Deborah outright calls herself evil and even murders two members of her of board of directors . Ed Wuncler I's business rival, Mr. Long-dou of Wushung, China, is a gambler who decides to bet Wuncler's debt to him over a kickball game, and even bribes the referee to allow the Chinese team to cheat. The UK-based World's Ultimate Chocolate company is run by Alistair Ripley, who treats chocolate fundraisers like drug trafficking. He even hires thugs to harass children for competing against him. Boss Willona knowingly sells poisonous and explosive hair products to desperate black women with nappy hair. Like Ripley, she treats an outwardly legitimate business like it was organized crime. Crapsack World : African-American stereotypes are rampant, corrupt rich white people get away with everything , and any world where Uncle Ruckus isn't locked inside an insane asylum is a bad one. Crapsaccharine World : Woodcrest may be a mostly affluent suburban city, but it's anything except quiet and peaceful, as the Freemans will learn. In "Good Times", Granddad considers moving out because their lives haven't been any easier in this town. Deadpan Snarker : Huey. Ed Wuncler: (After showing off his impressive team of mercenaries and Dominican children) Tell me that you don't want to be part of kickball history. Huey: (Without so much as changing the expression on his face) I don't want to be part of kickball history. A Pimp Named Slickback concerning Tom's Wouldn't Hit a Girl attitude. A Pimp Named Slickback: Has not hitting the bitch been working? I mean scientifically speaking, has not hitting the bitch achieved the desired result? And later, as one of his bitches beats on Tom. A Pimp Named Slickback: See that? Bitch has no problem hitting you. You're definitely allowed by law to hit her now, Thomas. Self Defense. Sweetest Taboo, you are in rare form. Death Glare : Huey may glare 90% of the time anyways, but those select glares he saves for those who have really pissed him off or who have done something he considers reprehensible are very, very vicious. Likewise, Granddad - the look he gives A Pimp Named Slickback when he tries to hit Cristal in his presence, for instance. Riley's first clue that Lamilton is crazy. Death Seeker : According to Robert, Sturdy Harris was this, claiming he cared more about dying for the cause than for the cause itself. Decomposite Character : This ends up being the case in Granddad and Ruckus's versions of the story of Catcher Freeman. Demoted to Extra : Huey, so that we can get more of Granddad's wacky adventures in dating and Riley's thuggery! because Huey was basically the tool McGruder used to comment on current events. Current events are much more suited to daily strips because... they're daily . If he tried to use current events in an episode that takes months to make, it wouldn't be current anymore. Neither Jazmine nor Gin Rummy had any lines for the first half of the third season. Denser and Wackier : The tone of the comic strip was overall mundane and down-to-earth, mostly focused on everyday life and social commentary . The TV series is far more outlandish and over-the-top, with crazier situations and the addition of action scenes. And somehow, it keeps getting weirder with every season. Department of Redundancy Department : "They call me the fundraiser 'cuz that's what I do: I raise funds." Riley also once said to Gin Rummy "It's a bad plan! You plan things badly!" To be fair, you can understand his frustration. Werner Herzog asks Huey how he, as a "black African-American negro" feels about Obama's election. Deus ex Machina : At the end of "The Passion of Reverend Ruckus", we have the lightning, that solved the two hopeless plots at once. Shabazz's execution has been thwarted, and Ruckus' sermon was disrupted. At the end of "The Fundraiser", The Mafia come out of nowhere and shoot the British candy cartel boss trying to take over Riley's business. And then the FBI show up and gun them down as well. Dirty Coward : Even though it turns out to be all just a dream , Robert's behavior in the intro to "Stinkmeaner 3: The Hateocracy" is especially despicable and cowardly. He forces Tom to let go of Sarah while the Stinkmeaners drag her away, coldly remarking "You'll find another white woman!". He throws Jazmine and kicks Tom downstairs in order to slow down the Stinkmeaners. He leaves behind his own grandkids Huey and Riley, while the Stinkmeaners grab them and they're calling for help. He hijacks Ruckus' motorboat and knocks Ruckus overboard to his demise (the boat could've easily accommodated them both). Although Ruckus was also planning to leave Robert to die. He does all of this without a second thought, forsaking everyone in his life just to save his butt. To top it all off, he's not horrified when he wakes up, instead is proud that he was wily enough to make his escape. "A Date With the Health Inspector" is a satirical allegory for the Invasion of Iraq. It even has Gin Rummy (Donald Rumsfeld parody) restate the infamous "known unknowns" speech. "The Itis" shows the effects of junk food ( also a metaphor for drugs ) on poor neighborhoods. "The Block Is Hot" is about corporations using child labor and when they get caught, they suffer little to no repercussions. Huey is a parody of William Ayers in "It's A Black President, Huey Freeman", as both of them were used by Republicans to try to discredit Barack Obama. The intro to "The Red Ball" satirizes American debt to the Chinese. "The Fundraiser" is actually about drug dealing, although this one is much less subtle than the others, and references Scarface heavily. "Good Times" and "Freedomland" overtly compares the recession to slavery. Downer Ending : "...Or Die Trying": revealed that the trod-upon movie theater employee Huey had talked into unionizing got the whole place shut down by the management and lost their jobs. "Attack of the Killer Kung-Fu Wolf Bitch": Poor Luna got a new lease on life after a tension-filled standoff with the Freemans... only to kill herself just a few minutes later after being egged on by her friend (who ironically afterwards is heard saying words of encouragement). "It's Goin' Down": Wuncler turns his usual Karma Houdini routine Up to Eleven and Huey, when encouraged by Agent Flowers that "They don't win until you give up", walks off as disillusioned as ever, echoing The White Shadow's line "You can't fight the future. Don't waste your life trying." "Good Times": Granddad's excessive debt forces him to sell the family to what is essentially slavery to Ed Wuncler II and Uncle Ruckus. Though, whether this sticks or not is debatable. Dream Intro : Several episodes begin with a dream sequence. In "The Garden Party", Huey dreams that he gives a provocative speech to a crowd of rich white people at a garden party. In "A Date with the Health Inspector", Tom has a nightmare about getting anally raped by a Scary Black Man in prison . In "A Huey Freeman Christmas", Jazmine has a dream about giving a sermon at a church, telling worshipers to praise Santa Claus (whom she confuses for Jesus Christ ). In "The Passion of Reverend Ruckus", Ruckus has a dream in which he visits "White Heaven" and meets his hero Ronald Reagan . In "Ballin'", Riley dreams that he's a super-talented NBA basketball star, but somehow Granddad manages to ruin it for him. In "Stinkmeaner 3: The Hateocracy", Robert has a nightmare in which an army of Stinkmeaner clones attack his house, and they chase him across town. End of Series Awareness : Later episodes such as "Mr. Medicinal" have Granddad make thinly veiled references to the end of the series, using wordplay that could be used to describe his old age. Enemies Equals Greatness : Huey and Riley took a minute to discuss this trope in "Shinin'" where the latter is excited about receiving a chain from Thugnificent: Riley: "I can't wait for niggas to start hatin! I can't wait!" Huey: "So you judge your success by the amount of ill-will you generate from those around you?" Riley: "Hey, if niggas ain't mad at you, then you doin' something wrong." Huey: "By that definition then, you have a very bright future." Riley to the point where Butch Magnus took his chain from him. Of course, Huey did warn him that invoking envy from others can cause trouble. Enemy Mine : Huey and Uncle Ruckus plan to run away to Canada together when Barack Obama becomes president, Uncle Ruckus for obvious reasons and Huey because it's proof we've moved beyond racism . Also, Huey and Agent Jack Flowers team up to stop a homegrown terrorist attack. Especially so, since Agent Flowers is a federal agent who previously held Huey under suspicion of planning to commit the very attack. Enfante Terrible : Lamilton, and pretty much every named child in the series, save for Jazmine. Even Evil Has Standards : Riley may have a eye for causing trouble but even he is disturbed by Lamilton's flat out sociopathy. When taken hostage in a prison, Uncle Ruckus asks the sexually deprived inmates if they're going to rape the children. They respond "Hell no! Do we look like priests ?!" Everybody Was Kung-Fu Fighting : In this show, random fistfights and shootouts can break out at the slightest provocation. Everything's Better with Samurai : The Blind Nigga Samurai, from Huey's dream in "Granddad's Fight". In Huey's play "The Adventures of Black Jesus", while we don't know anything about the plot, samurai were apparently involved as they are present at rehearsal, and one takes a bow at the end of opening night. Ed Wuncler I, as the oldest patriarch of the Wuncler family . Uncle Ruckus, who is old enough to proudly remember racial segregation. Ruckus' father and grandmother are even older and worse than him. Colonel H. Stinkmeaner is an unrepentant bully who owed his long life to his "love of hatred". Stinkmeaner's associates, the Hateocracy. They terrorized a retirement home before getting kicked out, so they traveled around the world in search of more mayhem. While Betty von Heusen isn't exactly evil, she's always depicted as a nasty jerkass. Expy : A lot of characters are parodies of other people from other media or even real life: Ed Wuncler I and his grandson Ed Wuncler III are parodies of Prescott Bush and his grandson George W. Bush. Ed III's best friend Gin Rummy is a parody of Donald Rumsfeld. Bushido Brown is based on Jim Kelly . Riley's art teacher is based on Bob Ross, the famously laid-back white artist with an afro, who loved to paint landscapes. Thugnificent is obviously based on Ludacris , with elements of Ice-T down to being from Georgia. Rollo Goodlove is a parody of Al Sharpton. BET CEO Deborah Leevil is a parody of the real CEO Debra L. Lee and Dr. Evil . BET President Wedgie Rudlin is an extremely unflattering parody of the real President Reginald Hudlin ... who happens to have originally been an executive producer of The Boondocks. Two guesses as to who Dick O'Rushballs is a parody of. George Pistofferson, Rufus Crabmiser, and Esmeralda Gripenasty are based on JJ Evans , Fred Sanford, and Aunt Esther respectively. Lamilton Taeshawn is based on 7-year-old Latarian Milton, who appeared in the news twice for taking a joyride in his grandma's car and beating on his grandma. He's also based on another fictional evil child named Henry Evans . Lamilton's psychiatrist Dr. Doomis is based on Dr. Loomis . Winston Jerome is Tyler Perry with elements of David Koresh and Jim Jones. The Booty Warrior is a carbon copy of Fleece Johnson, a prisoner interviewed on an MSNBC documentary about prison life. Jack Flowers is based on Jack Bauer . And then there's Kardashia Kardashian . Evolving Credits : The opening changes both in its general presentation, and the clips it uses. The song remains the same, but it's remixed each time. In "Pause," Winston Jerome's secretary is Ms. Fanservice . And then there's Winston's parade of Walking Shirtless Scenes with well oiled bodies. Foil : Huey and Riley, while in the show he exists as the character representation of the show's point of contrast between wisdom (Huey) and ignorance. Grandpa to Ruckus, as old-fashioned men with very different beliefs as to what old-fashioned wisdom and right is, a major reason why they are often played off each other as "friends," and the very point of one episode's subplot. For the Evulz : Stinkmeaner and the Hateocracy lived this trope, according to his flashbacks. They were Jerkasses to an extreme level. His posse say that they "don't need a reason to fuck shit up." This is also Lamilton Taeshawn's excuse for his sociopath-behavior, stating that "It's fun to do bad things." Free-Range Children : This is lessened somewhat in the cartoon, as Granddad often attempts to restrain them from doing anything crazy, but as the show goes on they're able to get away with more and more anyway (at one point, for example, they're able to effortlessly sneak into a movie studio). "I assure you, you'll be seeing a lot more of me ." In "The Story of Catcher Freeman" , during Grandpa's tale, their are several mentions of Col. Lynchwater's demise. Particularly how it happens in his story. The Booty Warrior is a prisoner who really enjoys sodomizing his fellow inmates . Boss Willona's henchman is implied to be gay, as he dresses in pink clothes and uses women's hair care products. Girls with Moustaches : Maybelline , one of Robert's old flames. Gonk : They only appear briefly, but Robert's internet dates in "Attack of the Killer Kung-Fu Wolf Bitch" are cartoonishly ugly. Gratuitous English : A necessary instance of this happens in the Japanese-dubbed version of the show: Since the use of the Japanese-equivalent word for nigger (and similar slurs) is not allowed in both Japanese media and translations, the translators solves this problem by using the same words untranslated from English (and sometimes, from other languages like Spanish, like the Señor Piñata insult, who was also untranslated in that dub)note Oddly enough, because Señor Piñata could be translated easily to Japanese without issues, since it's not a slur. This is not exclusive for insults and slurs: Some names and sometimes even honorifics remains untranslated: Both A Pimp Named Slickbacknote ア・ピンプ・ネームド・スリックバック and Uncle Ruckus'snote アンクル・ラッカス are the same in English in the Japanese version, albeit in his case, Uncle is his name, not a honorific. Hypocritical Humor : Uncle Ruckus is the main source of this because of his self-racism . In "The Garden Party", Robert tells Huey and Riley that they shouldn't use the N word , even though Huey points out that Robert says it all the time. And this moment from "Tom, Sarah and Usher": Riley: BOOOO! Hey Tom, shut the fuck up! Granddad: Boy, watch your mouth! Tom, shut the fuck up! In "The Color Ruckus", Riley admits that Uncle Ruckus's story was sad, but said that he was not going to cry because that would be "gay". Later in the episode, after Ruckus continues to tell the story, Riley is seen sobbing like a baby. Imperial Stormtrooper Marksmanship Academy : It seems that most people in this show are very bad at shooting even at close range, and almost no one gets harmed. There's quite a few examples from Season 1 alone: "Granddad's Fight": Two gangsters are standing two feet away from each other, each shooting an entire clip at each other from point blank range, and neither one gets wounded... until the cops show up and waste them both with single shots. "A Date with the Health Inspector": Ed Wuncler III and Gin Rummy shoot exactly one guy during the shootout at the convenience store, a bystander cop, who somehow lives . "The Story Of Gangstalicious": Three gangsters, one of whom had two guns, run out of bullets without hitting one naked, blindfolded, and slowly-walking man. "The Block Is Hot": The police attempt to shoot Uncle Ruckus with over a hundred bullets without success, and in the end resort to beating him with nightsticks. I'm Taking Him Home With Me! : One of the batshit crazy women Granddad dated tried to run off with Riley. Ink-Suit Actor : A good portion of the characters look exactly like their actors, in costume. Granddad even wears John Witherspoon's trademark white shoes. Innocent Bigot : In the show, this is more of less the default portrayal of minor white characters, at least those that aren't more apathetic than anything. Riley and his "niggas", Ed Wuncler III and Gin Rummy Riley and the members of the Lethal Interjection Crew. Jerkass : Uncle Ruckus definitely counts here. Most of the time, he's cruel and antipathetic to other black people, and it's sometimes implied that his hatred can get violent. Colonel H. Stinkmeaner could be considered a personification for hatred. He proudly despises everyone, and enjoys annoying the hell out of everyone. Ed Wuncler I is the embodiment of the Corrupt Corporate Executive . He sees nothing wrong with doing downright illegal things in pursuit of the almighty dollar. Moe Jackson is this in spades. Even from beyond the grave, he wants to have a laugh at the expense of Robert. This guy was a cruel practical joker of the worst kind. Huey, Riley, and Robert. Their family relationship is dysfunctional, but they do care about each other deep down. Even Uncle Ruckus very occasionally, such as in "A Huey Freeman Christmas" and "The Color Ruckus". Pretty Boy Flizzy, although he hides it for his image. Karma Houdini : There's several outrageous examples: R. Kelly gets away with urinating on an underage girl, despite overwhelming evidence in the form of a self-incriminating video, because he was acquitted by a jury of his absurdly loyal fans . The Ed Wuncler family line ( I , II , & III ) and their friend Gin Rummy . Despite all of their blatantly criminal activity, they have enough money and connections to be ignored by the authorities, from the local police to the federal government! Although it might possibly be subverted with Ed III and Rummy, as they are both detained by a rogue federal agent for an indefinite time. But definitely still played straight with Ed I and Ed II. Eli Gorbinsky, the man who shot a cop named Gary Faulkner, manages to get away scott-free from the crime, because another guy named Shabazz K. Milton-Berle was wrongly convicted of the murder instead. Jericho Freeman and his large family , who fled New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, decide to stay at Robert's house. However they quickly take advantage of his hospitality by eating all the food, creating a huge mess in the house, refusing to work, and waiting on a welfare check to solve all of their problems. Jericho even lies about not receiving the check, and returns to New Orleans without repaying the debt. BET CEO Deborah Leevil is able to get away with murdering two of her own employees; and along with the BET President Wedgie Rudlin, they continue to corrupt their African-American audience. Stinkmeaner, NYUKKA! A Pimp Named Slickback. Y'all better make that G4 work and stop playin'. Laughably Evil : As this is a black comedy show, there's more than a fair share of funny villains here: Uncle Ruckus is a hardcore white supremacist ... who happens to be black . He usually appears once an episode to make outrageous comments . Colonel H. Stinkmeaner, an evil old man who likes to mess with other people for his own amusement . His personality and actions are so over-the-top that it's hard not to laugh along with him. Ed Wuncler III and Gin Rummy are a duo of stupid crooks who go around town robbing people, but most of the time they're too dim-witted to succeed with any of their crimes. Deborah Leevil is a hammy and card carrying supervillainess who who wants to destroy black people ... through the mind-rotting power of a certain TV channel . Leitmotif : Very common in this show. You'll hear a very ugly tuba (Jabba The Hutt's theme from Star Wars ) play every time Uncle Ruckus makes an appearance in an episode. The "Terrible Terre Belle" track from Thugnificent's "Mo Bitches, Mo Problems" CD becomes his leitmotif from Season 3 onward. The appearance of Ed "Eddie Jr." Wuncler II often is accompanied by sleazy lounge music. The Jericho Family has a jazzy rendition of "When The Saints Go Marching In." Middle Eastern Terrorists : In "A Date with the Health Inspector", Ed III and Rummy rob a mini-mart owned by an Arab man, claiming that he's a terrorist as an excuse. The owner denies being a terrorist, but soon he and two fellow clerks retaliate by shooting assault rifles at Ed and Rummy. It's not exactly clear if they really were terrorists after all. "It's Goin' Down" begins with Jack Flowers torturing a captured jihadist fighter named Omar Muhammad inside a US military base. Jack kicks Omar's testicles repeatedly, which somehow made him reveal that there was going to be a bombing attack in Woodcrest... though it had nothing to do with Islamic extremism . Mockumentary : There's a documentary about Thugnificent's life and career titled Rags to Bitches in "The Story of Thugnificent". "It's A Black President, Huey Freeman" is presented as a Werner Herzog documentary about local Woodcrest reactions to the 2008 election of Barack Obama . With special parody emphasis on Herzog's ridiculous monologues and narration. The frame story of "Freedom Ride or Die" is a documentary which interviews Robert Freeman and some old acquaintances regarding their involvement in the Freedom Rides of 1961 . Mondegreen : Lampshaded in-universe in "Bitches To Rags", when Thugnificent talks about how some people mishear the lyrics to "Booty Butt Cheeks". Thugnificent: Y'all send me stupid fuckin' messages online, but won't pay for my damn song? I hate y'all niggas, man. "Hey, hey, Thugnificent, is it booty butt cheeks or move them butt cheeks?" Nigga, who gives a fuck, it's a song about butt cheeks! Multitasked Conversation : This trope is nearly the entirety of Rummy's interactions with Ed III in "Thank You For Not Snitching," due to Ed III's affinity for his new Bluetooth earpiece. The Hateocracy: Colonel H. Stinkmeaner, Lord Rufus Crabmeiser, Lady Esmerelda Gripenasty and Mr. George Pistofferson. The Booty Warrior. Naughty Nuns : Invoked and parodied in "Granddad Dates a Kardashian". An old nun named Mother Maria, who is dying of an illness and offered a chance to be on reality TV if she spices up her tragic stories, lies that she "fucked Eisenhower " and almost died of syphilis. Never Live It Down : In-universe, Granddad will never be allowed to forget about killing Stinkmeaner, neither by his crew nor the man himself . Averted with the law . No-Holds-Barred Beatdown : Robert shows no mercy to the clone of Stinkmeaner when Ed Wuncler I arranges another fight between them to help pay off Robert's debts. It was a complete Curb-Stomp Battle , but Huey talked Granddad out to making the killing blow. No Kill Like Overkill : In "The Red Ball", Ed Wuncler I hired Gin Rummy to kill the kickball referee by strangling him, throwing him off a bridge, and overdosing him with amphetamines, which Wuncler claims was self-inflicted . Noodle Incident : Huey tried to refuse going to the movies with Riley and Robert, noting that the last time they did, they got arrested and shot at. Whatever lead to that is never shown. Not What It Looks Like : Double Subverted . In "Stinkmeaner Strikes Back" Robert's date walks in on him, Huey, Riley and Uncle Ruckus (who's brandishing a whip) standing around a bed with Tom tied to it, and immediately guesses that they're performing an exorcism. And then dumps Robert over it anyway. Actually, to make it funnier, she goes out of her way to point out that she's not dumping Robert over the exorcism; she's dumping Robert over the fact that he lied about it. N-Word Privileges : And uses them liberally, nigga! Most of the black characters, and a few white characters, say "nigga" frequently. The DuBois family are an exception though, never saying the word once. This show's N-Word Privileges go beyond just profanity. It often plays offensive black stereotypes for humor ; had it been created by a white guy, it probably would've been derided as racist. In "The Garden Party", Robert tells Huey and Riley that they shouldn't use the N-word, even though Huey points out that Robert says it all the time . Lampshaded during Uncle Ruckus' "Don't Trust Them New Niggas Over There" song. After he finishes singing his horribly racist song for a bunch of rich white guests, one woman comments that she thinks it's okay for "them" to use the N-word, and then the audience applauds politely. Orgy of Evidence : In "The Trial of R. Kelly", there's mountains of evidence for R. Kelly urinating on a 14-year-old girl. He gets away with it, mainly because his lawyer uses some outrageous defense strategy , and the jury are all incredibly stupid. A strange case in "The Passion of Reverend Ruckus". A black man, Shabazz K Milton Berle, who was interning for the Black Panthers, was arrested for the murder of a cop, which occurred just outside. Ridiculous amounts of the evidence , including a court stenographer present at the scene taking down the murderer's explicit confession and identification of himself ( which he signed and dated ) points to Shabazz not being guilty, but he's arrested anyway and sentenced to death after a few minutes of deliberation by the jury. Oscar Bait : Ruckus' origin story as hilariously lampshaded by Huey. Huey: That's like Academy Award -winning sad. Out of Order : Season 4 has an arc where Granddad tries to get out of debt. Looking at how the episodes were aired, it looks like the arc was never resolved because of the last episode ("The New Black"), but looking at the production orders , the arc makes a bit more sense. The arc is actually resolved in the fourth episode ("Early Bird Special"), where Granddad gets a girlfriend who ends up paying off his debt anyway. Panty Shot : Winston Jerome's secretary has one from Grandad's POV as he's lying on the ground after being tackled by an obese female fan in "Pause". Piss-Take Rap : Granddad's rebuttal to "Eff Granddad". Has to be seen to be believed. Police Are Useless : The Woodcrest Police Department, or at least most of the cops anyway. They're usually brutal , corrupt , racist , or just plain stupid . Political Correctness Gone Mad : The show as a whole is VERY politically incorrect. So it's no surprise that the subject of political (in)correctness was parodied and satirized in "The S-Word" and "The New Black". "FUCK - YOUR - COURT - NIGGA! FUCK - YOUR - COUUUUURRRRTTT!!!" Also a Shout-Out to the infamous Rick James sketch . "DO NOT - LIE TO ME!" "YOU - CAN'T - HAVE - IT! "Rashomon"-Style : "The Story of Catcher Freeman" is told via conflicting historical flashbacks about a slave revolt on Colonel Lynchwater's plantation: Granddad tells a cliched action movie plot, with escaped slave Catcher Freeman as a badass hero who rescues slaves from slavers; Thelma as a vapid but attractive Damsel in Distress and Love Interest ; Master Colonel as the Big Bad ; and Colonel's loyal slave Tobias, as a generally useless race-traitor house slave who wrote the world's first film script... before films were invented . Ruckus tells a backward and racist story, with "Catch-A-Freeman" as a superhuman slave who captured runaway slaves; Thelma as an evil and promiscuous Femme Fatale who seduces Catcha; Master Colonel as a nice man who ineffectually tries to discipline ungrateful slaves who find Happiness in Slavery (which according to Ruckus was a jolly fun time where black people didn't have to work); and Tobias as Master's favorite slave, and most definitely not the Colonel's son and... a generally useless race traitor. Huey finally sets both of them straight with the true version, from the internet, which reveals: [[spoiler:The so-called "Catcher Freeman" was based on Tobias, Master Colonel's illegitimate slave son, a Fake Ultimate Hero who takes credit after he accidentally kills Master Colonel (he meant to shoot Thelma). Thelma was the real hero of the story, and Master Colonel was a fairly decent slave master, leaving Ruckus and Granddad in an agreement to disagree with each other, but more so Huey . The episode ends while Riley tries to tell his own, intentionally inaccurate story. Reality Ensues : Played straight in "Stinkmeaner 3: The Hateocracy". The titular group fought and killed Bushido Brown, an already established badass, and after a failed attempt to make peace with them, the Freeman family is about to be killed, how are these monsters stopped? The police are called, and the Hateocracy surrender without a fight. In the pilot, while at a party occupied by white people, Huey attempts to tell "the truth" (Jesus was black, Ronald Reagan was the devil, and the government is lying about 9/11). However, no one believes him because he's just a kid , he has no solid evidence and everything he says is just his opinions, also it's believed by him and Robert that if he told people the "the truth", chaos would ensue among the white people . That doesn't happen; just because ONE person says something (especially, a conspiracy theorist's opinions), it doesn't mean that everyone is going to instantly going to believe said person. In a episode, Kernel's Fried Chicken (a KFC parody) does a food promotion to introduce a new fried chicken recipe. However, SO many people come to try it, there are numerous lines, people begin getting pissed about waiting so long, and worse several KFC restaurants run out of chicken. Then, Hilarity Ensues when all the chicken loving black people (and white people as well) start rioting. Recycled Premise : Season 4 rehashed some plots, which was considered one of several symptoms of the Seasonal Rot . "Pretty Boy Flizzy" copies "Tom, Sarah and Usher", as Tom is trying to keep another R&B singer away from his wife's attention. "Stinkmeaner: Begun the Clone War Has" is yet another Stinkmeaner episode, which involves a sort of rematch of the first fight from "Granddad's Fight". Stinkmeaner's clone: Hey kids, welcome to the Nigga Moment Reboot! This is where we're gonna do some shit we already did, and just pretend you didn't see that shit the first time! Hahahaha! That's right, nigga! We don't respect your intelligence! And "The New Black" is awfully similar to "The S-Word", as Riley and Rollo Goodlove get involved in yet another controversy about political correctness. Refuge in Audacity : Everywhere, but Uncle Ruckus is the standout example. An extremely over-the-top white supremacist. Who is black. He never misses an opportunity to extol the wonders of the white man or complain about everything that's wrong with black people. The plot of the episode "The S-Word" is based on an actual news piece about a black student and his white teacher exchanging the N-word. The antagonist of "Smokin' with Cigarettes" (Lamilton Taeshawn) is a parody of Latarian Milton , a little boy who drove his grandma's car and shortly afterward, attacked her for not buying him chicken wings. Likewise, the title character from "A Date with the Booty Warrior" is based on Fleece Johnson , a prisoner who also engaged in rape and sodomy. Whitney Houston in court with her husband... Again. References to the film Friday in the TV series. Doubles as an Actor Allusion for John Witherspoon. A few of Huey's schemes would have gone perfectly if he only had a ride. Though this joke stopped in the rest of the series when Huey stopped being the one going on zany schemes. Gin Rummy hates meaningless gadgets, while Ed Wuncler III loves flashy things, and both are very vocal about it even if they're supposed to be focusing on other things. Near every episode where they appear has them having a conversation about whatever new phone, app or pager that Ed has bought this time. The various stereotypical hip-hop songs that recur throughout the series, particularly "Booty Butt Cheeks," which consists of nothing but the title phrase repeated over and over. Stinkmeaner's frequent run-ins with Robert get worse each time. Pretty amazing considering the first conflict ended in Stinkmeaner's DEATH. Even death and damnation can't end a Nigga Moment, it seems. Sand In My Eyes : In "The Color Ruckus" Riley cries after hearing Uncle Ruckus's story. He claimed that he had allergies. Sequential Symptom Syndrome : In "The Fried Chicken Flu", Huey explains to Jazmine the symptoms of the eponymous disease, while Tom suffers the symptoms of the illness right behind them, having eaten tainted buffalo wings. Serious Business : In "The Red Ball", Ed Wuncler I and a Chinese businessman bet the entire town over a game of kickball. Wuncler hires Blackwater mercenaries and Dominican Republic children for his team, only for the former to bail out and the latter to be deported. The Chinese team includes a prodigy who was trained since birth just to play kickball. Also school chocolate fundraisers. When Riley tries to sell chocolate bars for his own profit, he draws the attention of real gangsters who treat chocolate fundraising like drug trafficking. Up to and including using intimidation and violence against their competitors. And fried chicken. In Woodcrest and many other American cities, countless people wait through long lines and heavy traffic just to try out some new KFC fried chicken. When the restaurants have shortages of chicken, people go nuts and start riots! And even after a mysterious food-borne disease causes millions to become ill, a lot of people still want to eat the fried chicken. Shout-Out : It's probably safe to say that Aaron McGruder, or at least some creators and producers on the show are big fans of Star Wars . Shown Their Work : In "Bitches to Rags", Thugnificent tries to make crack. He ends up burning it because he is cooking the mixture far too hot too quickly, a mistake commonly made by inexperienced crack cooks. Side Bet : Eddie Wuncler bet his assistant Vanderbilt that he could get Robert Freeman to sign himself into slavery. He won. Shrouded in Myth : Catcher Freeman. There are several different stories of his life, and in Robert's story, field slaves claim "He's 14 feet tall, got trapezist muscles... And he can fly. Underwater." Of course Huey googles the truth in the end. But, as per the usual "ignorance is bliss" motif, Robert and Ruckus don't want to believe it. Side-Effects Include... : The episode "Mr. Medicinal" brings us Zortafrinex: Commercial announcer: Women, pregnant women, and most men should not take Zortafrinex. Known side-effects include dry mouth, upset stomach, mild death, blindness, massive heart attack, difficulty breathing, and rectal fungus. Almost all men who took Zortafrinex experienced a severe loss in sexual performance. This is normal. Please stop taking Zortafrinex immediately if you feel mild discomfort on or in testicles as this can be a sign of a rare and extremely unpleasant side-effect known as Total Scrotal Implosion. If Total Scrotal Implosion should occur, call your doctor right away. If you cannot move or talk due to the debilitating pain of Total Scrotal Implosion, please have a loved one call your doctor. There is no cure for Total Scrotal Implosion. Zortafrinex: Always the right choice. Sir Swears-a-Lot : Many characters are very foul-mouthed, some more so than others. The only person who doesn't ever use profanity is Jazmine (although the closest she said was "a load of bull"). Sliding Scale of Idealism vs. Cynicism : Like the comic, this show is very much on the cynical side of the scale, perhaps even more so. Occasionally, it has an optimistic undertone (i.e., things are bad, but they can get better). "Return of the King" is an illustration of this, where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s peaceful protesting, which proved to be hugely effective in the 1960s, is seen as weak-willed and un-American in the 21st century post-9/11 . Sorry Ociffer : In "Mr. Medicinal", Granddad is high on marijuana when he is pulled over by an officer, Officer Douche. So What Do I Do Now? : Huey's reaction to Obama's election in the 3rd season premier has shades of this. It's unclear if he's just ambivalent about Obama or if he simply feels useless now. His juxtaposition with Ruckus suggests the latter. Special Guest : Many episodes have at least one guest voice actor. Flonominal and the rest of the Lethal Interjection crew teach Riley that, contrary to what he thought, the entire point of being in a crew is so you never have to handle your own problems like a man. Nearly everything A Pimp Named Slickback says is a ridiculously sexist Spoof Aesop . A Pimp Named Slickback: Scientifically speaking Tom, has not hittin' a bitch achieved the desired results? "The Hateocracy" also ends with one (two depending on how you look at it). Status Quo Is God : Often played straight, but sometimes defied. Stealth Parody : While obviously a satire of modern black culture, the TV series also takes pride in mocking things that makes America in general look stupid, such as the overreaction of the bird flu virus and the Obama hype. Story Arc : A couple of subtle ones. One revolving around Granddad and Stinkmeaner. Another revolving around Riley and Gangstalicious. The most overt one is Huey becoming increasingly disillusioned that he can make a difference. By the end of the third season, he seems to have given up hope on changing anything. Stop Being Stereotypical : Both this and the newspaper comic make regular use of this trope. Straw Character : The series is loaded with these on both sides of the aisle. Huey Freeman is used to represent far-left radicals; he's been described variously as a socialist or black nationalist. Though it varies whether he's a strawman, or is actually making a good point . Tom and Sarah DuBois, though portrayed as decent people, are milquetoast establishment Strawman Democrats. Tom once tried to kidnap Ralph Nader for taking votes away from Al Gore. (Thus earning the title of "the first moderate liberal extremist".) Uncle Ruckus is used to parody white nationalists (despite being black) and Tea Party Republicans. "Wingmen" featured Dewey Jenkins, a fake Muslim who writes bad poetry because he's "down with the struggle". Huey, an actual leftist radical, finds him disgraceful. Betty von Heusen is portrayed as an obsessed gun nut . Rev. Rollo Goodlove, an Expy of Al Sharpton, is a self-serving black liberal hypocrite who intentionally attaches himself to bogus "struggles" for publicity. Their portrayal of Ann Coulter: She appears on TV as a massively hateful ranter, but it's just an act for publicity. She's not even a real conservative. Stylistic Suck : Granddad's "diss rap" in "The Story of Thugnificent". We may only hear about 20 seconds of it, but that's still enough to know epically bad it is. Watch it here (at the 1:00 mark) . Tall Poppy Syndrome : In "The Trial of R. Kelly", when a female R. Kelly supporter derided the anti-Kelly protesters, who were prominent black intellectuals, as "uppity niggas" for having the temerity for not supporting a singer accused of urinating on 14-year-old girl, and stressing the importance of reading. Huey got this from his old friends when traveling back to Chicago to attend a funeral, with Dewey mocking him for not being "down with the struggle" and moving to "Whitecrest". His other friend Cairo further insults him and Granddad, causing him to fight back. Take That : Many shots will be fired, including at: Soul Plane will be fired on with impunity whenever it comes up. Hell, even Martin Luther King Jr. took shots at it. The most severe were probably "The Hunger Strike" and "The Uncle Ruckus Reality Show" which attacked BET , which actually got banned from US broadcast. The episode "Pause", AKA the Winston Jerome episode, is a sucker punch to Tyler Perry 's plays and films. It was also banned for similar reasons. To Barack Obama 's speech patterns, throughout season 3. The Season 3 premiere was a Take That at the "Obama Hype Machine" going into the election, and especially at will.i.am . The Talk : Defied by Robert. Robert: Wait a minute, if someone talks to [Riley] about sex, maybe it'll straighten this whole thing out! Uncle Ruckus: So you're gonna talk to 'im? Robert: OH, NO, MM-MM, MM-MM. MM-MM! Teach Him Anger : A Pimp Named Slickback tried to do so to Tom once. He partly succeeded, though not in the way he intended. Tom got what he wanted out of it, at any rate. Not necessarily, since he believed that Usher was trying to take his wife away from him. She informed him that she was only there to get an autograph from him for Jazmine, and wasn't cheating on him. Tom got an ass-kicking from Usher and his bodyguards, and A Pimp Named Slickback seems to believe he slapped the wrong person and left Tom to his fate. That Came Out Wrong : The best illustration is this dialogue from Season 3's "Pause": Granddad: I'm gonna really let him have it. Show him my stuff. Give that man everything I've got. Riley: Pause. Granddad: Pause? Pause what? Ruckus loves directing these to black people . In "The Trial of R. Kelly", Huey gives a scathing speech to the jury who acquitted R. Kelly. In "Return of the King", Martin Luther King Jr. gives the mother of all "the reason you suck" speeches to the African-Americans who have embraced BET and nigga culture. In "The Color Ruckus", Ruckus' dad gives a scathing one to him. But Ruckus returns the favor later in the episode. Ruckus: No, no, keep talking, keep talking dad. Let it all out of your system, that's the proper eulogy this woman deserves. Oh, she did this to you, and now you're doing it to us, and it's getting old, it's getting real old, old man! So finish what you were saying, sit down AND SHUT THE FUCK UP ! What the Hell, Hero? : Riley gives this treatment to Tom for abandoning them in "A Date with the Booty Warrior", even when Tom came back for them twice . Where Da White Women At? : There seems to be a running gag that a lot of black men, especially (but not limited to) those with money or power, really want to score with white women. Most notably, there's Tom and Sarah DuBois' marriage. Robert has been seen dating both black and white women. Uncle Ruckus enjoys white women as well. It's the main reason he tolerates the DuBoises. Rollo Goodlove is seen flirting with Ann Coulter (the two were pretending to be enemies earlier). In "A Date With The Booty Warrior", a prison gang of Scary Black Men are a little tired of anally raping the other inmates , so they demand that women (white ones especially) should be imported into the jail. White Gang-Bangers Ed III and Rummy, despite being affluent white men, think that they're black street gangsters . They commit petty crimes despite already having plenty of money. The Whitest Black Guy : Tom DuBois "acts" very "white" for a black man; he is an upper-middle-class suburbanite, and thus he doesn't speak with a ghetto accent. And of course he's married to a white woman . And Tom's daughter Jazmine is biracial with a mostly white appearance . As she's also part of the same "white" culture as Tom, she's confused by Huey's insistence that she's black. Like other BET executives, Wedgie Rudlin feels a lot of contempt for other black people . He also boasts about having a business degree from the WASP Harvard University , instead of "one of those historically black colleges ". Uncle Ruckus, despite fitting into quite a lot of black stereotypes himself, also has some stereotypical redneck-like traits, from being a white supremacist , to being a big fan of country music. Whole Plot Reference : Season 3's "The Red Ball" is almost note for note a homage to the Samurai Champloo episode "Baseball Blues". Wikipedia : Huey looks at it as the only credible source to find out about Stinkmeaner's crew. At first, it looks exactly like TOW's real Stinkmeaner article, even the Merge Tag. This is also Thugnificent's solution when he can't decipher the lyrics of a song on how to make crack. The Worf Effect : Huey is supposed to be a master of kung fu, but he never won a kung fu fight, not counting Martial Arts Kickball . The only people he seems to be able to beat are his younger brother Riley and those few Mook guards in "... Or Die Tryin'". Justified, as the only people who have beaten him are much older masters of kung fu, who take him seriously. Huey is never really shown to be a "master" so much as "well-trained for a kid", and as this trope would imply, not at the top of his game. Bushido Brown is killed thanks to this trope. World of Badass : Senior citizens, psychotic women, and even Uncle Ruckus can match Huey, martial arts expert though he may be. Mr. Long-dou and Ed Wuncler, Sr. It's also Ming's motivation for wanting Huey in the tournament, although her fake sob-story might say otherwise. Riley. The kid dropkicks someone, gets on the couch and hits a moonsault. Then he transitions into a Boston crab submission hold. Chris Jericho would have been proud. Ruckus did a back suplex to Dan the Security Man in "It's Going Down". Yandere : Luna - she tries to kill Granddad because she thinks he's cheating on her, locks up Huey and Riley so they can't help him and kidnaps Tom when he comes to help the family. Siri. After Robert buys an iPhone, Siri helps him out greatly, but after he declares his love for her, she goes completely yandere on him because nobody ever said that to her before. She does everything beyond her programming to ensure that Robert cannot leave her. She calls 911 on him when he threatens to smash the phone with a hammer, hacks his Facebook page and posts explicit content that Jazmine might have seen, controls his bank account, and just all around grabs his life by the balls. She even Photoshops his image into an Al Qaeda terrorist, copies his voice and threatens to nuke the U.S., and orders a drone strike on his position. Yellow Peril : The Chinese kickball team in "The Red Ball" are a pack of cheating, lying, manipulative brutes. Though they are funded by Mr. Long-dou, the Chinese rival of Ed Wuncler I . You Didn't Ask : When Robert finally asks Stinkmeaner's clone to leave him alone. Stinkmeaner II: Well sure, all you had to do was ask. I'm just a clone of Stinkmeaner, I don't even know you. Your Mom : Among the many insults Stinkmeaner spews during his 'exorcism' is, "Y'all ain't shit!! Your MOMMAS ain't shit!" This is how Riley gets under Cindy's skin during their Trash Talk duel in the middle of a basketball game. Sgt. Gutter actually RINGS Thugnificent's mom live on air so she can tell him off for his bad language during their rap feud. ...	i don't know
July 20, 1969 saw the landing of what NASA mission, the first to land men on the moon?	Apollo 11 Flight Log, July 20, 1969: The Moon Landing Apollo 11 Flight Log, July 20, 1969: The Moon Landing By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor \| July 20, 2014 07:25am ET MORE Lunar landing operations for the Apollo 11 crew officially began around 9:27 a.m. July 20, when lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin crawled through a tunnel separating the command module Columbia from the lunar module, Eagle, to power on the lander. Four hours later, Buzz Aldrin and his commander, Neil Armstrong , stood in Eagle while it separated from Columbia. At the controls of Columbia, command module pilot Michael Collins turned on the ship's engines and moved it away. He watched as Armstrong and Aldrin fired Eagle's engines for the lunar descent. "Everything's going just swimmingly. Beautiful!" Collins said over radio to Mission Control. Apollo 11 Moon Landing 45th Anniversary: Complete Coverage But not everything went to plan after that. Eagle's computer experienced several task overloads that tripped program alarms in the spacecraft. Just after 4 p.m., Armstrong looked outside the window and saw the automatic landing system was taking Eagle to a rocky field. He took control of the spacecraft, steering it down to the surface with just seconds of fuel to spare. Apollo 11 was on the moon. "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed ," he radioed Mission Control at 4:18 p.m. The main event, the moonwalk, began at 10:39 p.m. when Armstrong opened the hatch of Eagle and backed outside, watched by Aldrin. He carefully moved down the ladder, turning on the TV camera on the way. His first step took place at 10:56 p.m. "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind ," he radioed Earth. NASA's Historic Apollo 11 Moon Landing in Pictures Armstrong quickly moved to take samples from nearby Eagle, and Aldrin followed him on to the surface. The moonwalk lasted 2.5 hours, in which time the men picked up several rock samples, deployed science experiments, erected a flag and took a phone call from U.S. President Richard Nixon. Eagle's hatch was closed, astronauts inside, at 1:11 a.m. the next morning. It has been more than four decades since the first men landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. Test your memory of the moon landing with this quiz.	Apollo 11
What World War II figure was known as Old Blood and Guts?	Apollo 11: First Men on the Moon Apollo 11: First Men on the Moon By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor \| July 25, 2012 03:39pm ET MORE Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin Aldrin photographed this iconic photo, a view of his footprint in the lunar soil, as part of an experiment to study the nature of lunar dust and the effects of pressure on the surface during the historic first manned moon landing in July 1969. Credit: NASA The historic launch of the Apollo 11 mission carried three astronauts toward the moon. Two of them would set foot on the lunar surface for the first time in human history as millions of people around the world followed their steps on television. The astronauts The crew of Apollo 11 were all experienced astronauts. All three had flown missions into space before. Cmdr. Neil Armstrong , 38, had previously piloted Gemini 8, the first time two vehicles docked in space. Born Aug. 5, 1930, in Ohio, Armstrong was 38 when he became the first civilian to command two American space missions. Apollo 11 crew: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. Credit: NASA Col. Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin , 39, was the first astronaut with a doctorate to fly in space. Born Jan. 20, 1930, in New Jersey, Aldrin piloted Gemini 12, taking a two-hour, twenty-minute walk in space to demonstrate that an astronaut could work efficiently outside of the vehicle. For Apollo 11, he served as the lunar module pilot. The command module pilot, Lt. Col. Michael Collins, 38, was born in Italy on Oct. 31, 1930. The pilot of Gemini 10, Collins spent almost an hour and a half outside of the craft on a space-walk and became the first person to meet another spacecraft in orbit. From Earth to the moon Mission planners at NASA studied the lunar surface for two years, searching for the best place to make the historic landing. Using high-resolution photographs taken by the Lunar Orbiter satellite and close-up photographs taken by the Surveyor spacecraft, they narrowed the initial thirty sites down to three. Influencing factors included the number of craters and boulders, few high cliffs or hills, and a relatively flat surface. The amount of sunlight was also a factor in determining the best time to land on the lunar surface. Apollo 11 launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 9:32 a.m. EDT on July 16, 1969. While in flight, the crew made two televised broadcasts from the interior of the ship, and a third transmission as they drew closer to the moon, revealing the lunar surface and the intended approach path. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin entered the lunar module, nicknamed the "Eagle" and separated from the Command Service Module — the "Columbia" — headed toward the lunar surface. Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin poses with the American flag on the surface of the moon in July 1969. Credit: NASA The lunar module touched down on the moon's Sea of Tranquility , a large basaltic region, at 4:17 p.m. EDT. Armstrong notified Houston with the historic words, "Houston, this is Tranquility Base. The Eagle has landed." For the first two hours, Armstrong and Aldrin checked all of the systems, configured the lunar module for the stay on the moon, and ate. They decided to skip the scheduled four-hour rest to explore the surface. A camera in the Eagle provided live coverage as Armstrong descended down a ladder at 11:56 p.m. on July 20, 1969, and uttered the words, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin followed twenty minutes later, with Armstrong recording his descent. Armstrong had the responsibility to document the landing, so most of the images taken from the Apollo 11 mission were of Aldrin. [Images: NASA's Historic Apollo 11 Moon Landing in Pictures ] While on the surface, the astronauts set up several experiments, collected samples of lunar soil and rock to bring home, erected a United States flag, and took core samples from the crust. They spoke with U.S. President Richard Nixon, whose voice was transmitted from the White House, and placed a plaque that stated: HERE MEN FROM THE PLANET EARTH FIRST SET FOOT UPON THE MOON JULY 1969, A.D. WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND Memorial medallions with the names of the three astronauts who perished in the Apollo 1 fire and two cosmonauts who were also deceased, including the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin , remained after the astronauts left, as did a one-and-a-half-inch silicon disk with goodwill messages from 73 countries, and as the names of congressional and NASA leaders. Armstrong spent a little over two and a half hours outside of the Eagle. The astronauts traveled a total distance of about 3,300 feet (1 kilometer) as they walked around, traveling as far as 200 feet (60 meters) from the module to visit a large crater. They collected 47.51 pounds (21.55 kilograms) of samples from the moon, and reported that mobility on the moon was easier than anticipated. Apollo 11 astronauts, still in their quarantine van, are greeted by their wives upon arrival at Ellington Air Force Base on July 27, 1969. Credit: NASA At 1:54 p.m. EDT, having spent a total of 21 and a half hours on the moon , the lunar module blasted back to where Collins sat in the Columbia. The two vehicles docked, and the crew and samples transferred to the Command Service Module before the Eagle was jettisoned into space. The astronauts headed back home. The team splashed down in the Pacific Ocean at 12:50 p.m. EDT on July 24, only a few miles from the recovery ship, the U.S.S. Hornet. After donning biological isolation garments, the crew left the Columbia and climbed into a rubber boat, where they were rubbed down with iodine in an effort to stem potential contamination. They traveled by helicopter to a Mobile Quarantine Facility aboard the ship before being taken to Houston. They remained quarantine until Aug. 10, having completed the national goal set by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, to perform a crewed lunar landing and return to Earth. This is part of a SPACE.com series of articles on the Greatest Moments in Flight, the breakthrough events that paved the way for human spaceflight and its next steps: asteroid mining and bases on the moon and Mars. Related:	i don't know
What color are the 0 (and potentially 00) spots on a roulette wheel?	ROULETTE WHEEL \| Colors \| Numbers \| Layout \| Sequence Roulette W heel 's The European roulette wheel is the same as the French roulette wheel The European roulette wheel is the most played game of online roulette games because of its lower house edge (2.7%). European / French Roulette Wheel shown. The French roulette wheel is a contrasting theme of reds and blacks, broken by a single green slot. There are 37 numbered compartments from 0 to 36, though no ordered numerical sequence is adopted, there is a correlation between the color and whether a number is odd or even. As there are '8 RED EVEN' and '10 RED ODD' and in comparison '8 BLACK ODD' and '10 BLACK EVEN' roulette wheel/table numbers. French and European roulette wheels have only one green coloured slot, the zero number. Each number changes color repeatedly between the roulette signature colors of red and black. American roulette wheel The American roulette wheel has an extra green compartment for a double zero '00' number. Shown in the picture below. Double Zero '00' the extra compartment added to the American roulette wheel, diagonally opposes the single zero '0'. But the extra double zero isn't the only modification made. The American roulette wheels number sequence in comparison to the European/French wheel, is completely different too. Though each numbers color hasn't changed i.e. black 22 is still black 22 in both wheel types. The frenetic randomness of the French wheel sequence is less so in the American wheel with regards to diagonally opposing numbers bearing some relation to each other like 1 and 2 oppose each other, the pattern continues up to 35 opposing 36 possibly done this way as the zero and double zero face one another to bring about a pleasing symmetry when in designing the American roulette wheel. with the Best Chance The Roulette Wheel with the single green slot marked as a [0], is of the European and French Roulette wheel games. Compare this to the American Roulette Wheel which has one more green slot on the wheel marked as a [00] and you can see that your chances of winning are reduced by this additional green slot. The Casino has nearly a 3 percent advantage over the player with the Roulette Wheel pictured on the left and just over a 5 percent advantage with the American Roulette Wheel. Playing online you have the choice of both wheels.	Green
According to the proverb, a what in your hand is worth two in your bush?	Best Online Roulette Best Online Roulette Roulette Posted by casino On Sunday, October 17, 2010 0 comments Roulette is a quietly fun and potentially exciting table game named after the French word meaning "small wheel". In roulette, players may choose to place bets on either a number, a range of numbers, the color red or black, or whether the number is odd or even. Each bet has a different payout based on the odds of winning losing with that particular game. Roulette has a classy feel and is one of the easiest casino games to catch on to. Roulette In Action To determine the winning number and color, an attendant spins a wheel one way, (automated croupier in online roulette) then spins a ball the opposite way around a circular track running around the edge of the wheel. The ball eventually will lose speed and fall on to the wheel and into one of the numbers on the wheel. There are 37 number pockets in European Roulette and 38 number pockets in American roulette. Roulette Wheel Numbers The slots of the roulette wheel are numbered from 1 to 36, alternating between red and black. There is a green slot numbered 0. In American roulette, there is an additional green pocket marked 00. If The Ball Lands On the 0 or OO spot of the board then the casino basically wins every single bet placed on the board. These two spots are solely what give the casino a slight winning advantage over time. If you think about it, the extra dead spot in American Roulette causes it to have a slightly bigger house advantage than European roulette. Roulette Bets Roulette bets are pretty easy to understand. Before the wheel is spun you place a bet on a number, range of numbers, color, or whether the number will be odd or even. Some of these bets are less likely to hit, so if you hit for example a single number, you will get a big payoff. On the other hand if you place a bet on whether the number will be red or black, then you have a 50/50 shot at getting that correct, so the payoff is only 1:1. Inside bets Inside Bets are the lottery bets, meaning the odds are very much against you winning. This also means that if you get lucky and hit one of these bets the payout will be large. Straight Up: You'll single number bet. The chip is placed entirely on the middle of a number square. Split: You'll bet on two adjacent numbers, either on the vertical or horizontal line. Your bet placed on the line between two numbers. Street: You'll bet on three numbers on a single horizontal line. Your bet is placed on the edge of the line of a number at the end of the line (either the left or the right, depending on the layout). Corner: You'll bet on four numbers in a square layout (as in 11-12-14-15). Your bet is placed at the horizontal and vertical intersection of the lines between the four numbers. Six Line: You'll bet on two adjacent streets, with the chip placed at the corresponding line, between where two street bets would normally be placed. Trio: You'll bet on the intersecting line between 0, 1 and 2, or 00, 2 and 3. Outside Bets Outside bets have better odds of winning, so the payouts are much smaller. 1 to 18: You'll place a bet on a spot marked 1-18. You're Hoping that the ball drops on a number 1-18 19 to 36: You'll place a bet on a spot marked 19-36. You're Hoping that the ball drops on a number 19-36 Red or Black: You simply place a bet on whether the ball will drop on a red or black number on the wheel Even or Odd: You simply place a bet on whether the ball will drop on a even or number on the wheel Dozen Bets: You bet on the first group (1-12), second group (13-24), or third group (25-36) of twelve numbers. Column Bets: You bet on all 12 numbers on any of the three vertical lines (such as 2-5-8-11-14). Roulette Strategy Roulette is simply a guessing game where the odds are slightly against you because of the 0 and 00 spots on the board/wheel. So winning will require a lucky streak. However, online roulette can be a good game to milk out great bonuses from online casinos. The way to do this is find great casino bonuses that allow roulette play and make the maximum deposit. Then place bets on only outside bets. If you manage your bankroll well and keep a consistent win-lose pattern goin on (resulting in even money), you can add bonus money to your bankroll and then cash out your winnings after meeting wagering requirements.	i don't know
Claiming to be the largest independent new and used bookstore in the world, what downtown Portland institution occupies over 68,000 sq feet of retail floor space?	Pearl District News [Archive] - SkyscraperPage Forum MarkDaMan Oct 3, 2005, 7:29 PM Portland's Pearl District has been a resounding success. Below is a recent article that gives a short history of the district as well as "look" into what has already been done. This thread will follow the finishing touches that will round out the district in the next 5 to 10 years. There is still much work to do. The district has much infill potential that will keep new development happening for many more years, but there is also a new district within the district the developers have branded "NoLo.":yuck: In this district (north of Lovejoy street) the city has agreed to raise its height limit to allow taller slender buildings and there is land potential for at least 15 new towers, if not many more than that, to be built. With Portland expecting 20 to 30 new towers (most if not all above 175ft) to be started by this winter, it shouldn't take long to fill this empty track. What's old is new again in Portland's gem Lively Pearl District teems with galleries, shops and clubs Christine Delsol, San Francisco Chronicle Staff Writer Sunday, October 2, 2005 Portland, Ore. -- Oregon's No. 1 city has been mostly overlooked by Californians (not always to its great regret) as merely a "nice place" with rose-filled parks, pretty bridges and decent hotels -- more important as a stopover than a destination. A coterie of hippies and iconoclasts were drawn to Portland's individualism, and fans of Seattle's coffee and dot-com cultures might have had a look on the way, but mostly we haven't paid much attention. News flash: When we weren't looking, Portland got hip. While other cities were paving over or bulldozing places that were no longer profitable, Portland was turning them into attractive and affordable parks, restaurants, shops, music venues, art galleries, restaurants and brew pubs. It's managed to pack in all the big-city attractions while keeping urban aggravations to a minimum. The Pearl District, whose reclaimed warehouses and rail yards have been populated in recent years with artists and designers, is an ideal vantage point for observing the city's evolution. With the recent immigrants came international flavors, sidewalk cafes, lively clubs and flashy lofts and townhouses. But art and design remain at its heart. People pack the streets for a crash course in contemporary painting, sculpture and photography the first Thursday of the month, when galleries stay open late and offer food and entertainment. In response to growing interest in its urban style and interior design, the neighborhood staged Pearl CitySpaces, a weeklong public condominium and loft tour, in May. The Pearl, adjacent to downtown, is also about a 15-minute walk, or a short ride by free public transit, from the city's latest arts buzz: The Portland Art Museum's new Jubitz Center for Modern and Contemporary Art, which opened Saturday. The landmark former Masonic Temple is now the Pacific Northwest's largest repository of modern art. The museum's addition occupies the south wing of the temple, built to monumental proportions in 1925. The staid brick exterior is scored by a decidedly modern, faceted glass "pleat" that pulls natural light into five levels of galleries, and capped with glowing glass penthouses. But in its core, two ballrooms were meticulously restored for public use, complete with rusticated walls, Moorish flourishes and a circular frieze of painted quotations. The Pearl District is a similar marriage of modern culture and historic preservation. This is where young cosmopolitans, surrounded by plasma TVs and plates of Thai salad rolls, choose from 100 tap beers within the exposed brick walls and 24-foot ceilings of Henry Weinhard's original brewery. Today's Brewery Blocks house not only Henry's 12th Street Tavern but retailers, offices, restaurants, Peet's Coffee and possibly the world's most ornate Whole Foods market, in a former Chevrolet dealership facing the old brewery's smokestack. My first glimpse of the Pearl, under the wing of my friend Renate, who lives across the river but regularly crosses the Broadway Bridge to shop or walk her dogs, was Jamison Square, a 3-year-old park where kids splashed in the fountain from morning to evening. A few blocks away, the Fremont Bridge arched beyond a red neon "Go by streetcar" sign, echoing nearby Union Station's classic "Go by train" sign. As we strolled, Renate's boyfriend couldn't say he disagreed with complaints that the district has become too precious, a "fake" version of Europe or San Francisco. But he eagerly ushered me to Sinju, an uncharacteristically spacious and quiet sushi bar, and to the Ecotrust Building. This century-old warehouse's socially minded tenants include a Patagonia store, the Wild Salmon Center, Hot Lips Pizza, the nation's first environmental bank and Ecotrust itself, a nonprofit promoting environmental sustainability. Even the renovation was green, reusing old timbers and recycling 98 percent of the construction materials. Returning to the Pearl on my own, I got lost in the endless stacks at Powell's City of Books, the country's largest independent bookstore. I had outrageously good Cuban chicken palomillo and a mojito at Oba. I saw the same model of running shoe that carried Jesse Owens to four gold medals in the 1936 Berlin Olympics at the West Coast's only Adidas Originals store, and bought a clever little notebook for my purse at Oblation. A couple sitting on their ground-level patio smiled as I passed, music spilled from bars and brew pubs, and I joined the briefcase-toting natty dressers milling around Whole Foods. It all felt so ... companionable. When this was Henry Weinhard's neighborhood in the 1850s, it was called Couch's Addition. Union Station was built in 1896, and warehouses, manufacturing and storage facilities rose along rail spur lines throughout the district. Then the urban flight of the 1960s killed the momentum. Artists started moving into the derelict neighborhood in the late 1970s, touching off a resurgence remarkable for its continuity between past and present. Sherman, Clay and Co., which operated here in the 1920s, returned to the Brewery Blocks in 2004. Even the district's status as a furniture and design mecca is old news: the Central Door Co., which exported building materials throughout the world a century ago, now houses JD Madison's contemporary furniture, rugs and design services. The last train rolled in 2003, but the North Bank passenger station endures, full of townhouses. Burlington Northern's former storage yards house the Portland Streetcar, along with Jamison Square and trendy Portlanders' lofts and condos. The renovated Union Station is still a transit hub. The juxtaposition of brick warehouses, sleek high-rises and picturesque storefronts does have a certain San Francisco feel. In the Pearl, though, stylish restaurants don't laugh if you walk in without a reservation. Streets are narrower, and traffic moves at nonlethal speeds. Maybe it's time to start paying attention. The Pearl offers a plenty good time, and it even seems to have gotten San Francisco right. http://movingtoportland.net/maps/map_pearl.jpghttp://www.breweryblocks.com/graphics/home_lgphoto.jpg Oct 3, 2005, 7:39 PM projects under construction: Cronin Block (to be named) http://www.movingtoportland.com/homes/croninblock.jpg 15-story, 244-unit building developed by Robert Ball, designed by Fletcher Farr Ayotte with a courtyard by the late Robert Murase. The Casey http://www.movingtoportland.com/homes/Casey.jpg The Casey will be one of the most energy efficient and environmentally-friendly high rise residential projects in the United States. The developer, Gerding/Edlen, is aiming for it to be the first condo tower in the country to earn a top "platinum" rating under the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program. The Casey will have only five condos per floor and will have 56 units. It will be a 15-story building. The average size of a Casey condo will be 2,000 square feet. Square Foot Price: $400 and up The Crane http://www.movingtoportland.com/homes/crane.jpg The building will be converted into a mixed use with six floors total - three floors will be residential. MarkDaMan Oct 3, 2005, 7:45 PM Waterfront Pearl http://www.movingtoportland.com/homes/waterfront%20pearl.jpg Amenities include an underground parking garage, lap pool, exercise room, boardroom and common area. Plans include an extensive water feature. The water features covers almost the entire property and will range in depth from 18 to 36 inches. Water will cascade down a series of waterfalls, be recycled through a series of filters, and re-circulated. It is designed to assist with storm water management, building temperature control and irrigation. It will also provide gray water for toilet flushing and water for fire fighting. The effect would be to make the buildings look like they're resting in the shallows of the Willamette River. The project calls for extensive landscaping, maintains view corridors from Naito Parkway and continues the riverfront trail that currently ends at the edge of the parking lot. Soren Rasmussen, the architect, sees the project as a bridge that will connect the Pearl District to the Willamette River and teamed with Portland landscape architectural firm Walker Macy to design a central water feature intended to illustrate the connection. Rasmussen's design for the two towers calls for sculpted, wedge-shaped buildings that a Bureau of Development Services employee this summer said resemble the shape of "a ship's bow." Metropolitan http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v252/edirp/Metropolitan.jpg With The Metropolitan, Hoyt Street Properties will establish a new benchmark for buildings in Portland’s Pearl District, one of the nation’s most successful new urban neighborhoods. At a mid point in their development of the area, Hoyt Street Properties envisions the 380,000-square-foot project as an icon in the city, becoming Portland’s most luxurious urban condominium building. The Metropolitan will be one of the city’s first truly mixed use projects—121 large, luxury units in a 19-story tower will be paired with a 4-story, 20,000-square-foot boutique live/work building. These two sections will be joined by over 20,000 square feet of retail space at the street level and two floors of underground parking. At 225 feet tall, the Metropolitan will be the tallest building in the Pearl District offering sweeping views of the neighborhood, Tanner Springs Park, Jamison Square, Willamette River, mountain peaks, downtown, and the west hills. The unique design of the condominium tower allows a majority of the units to be exclusive corner units, maximizing views and daylight for unit owners. Additional amenities are incorporated throughout the building: concierge service, a club with individual wine storage and a wine bar, an exercise room, conference facilities, guest suites, and a second floor roof garden. The building will convey the sense of luxury within—the exterior will be clad in roman travertine and a custom glass curtain wall system. Furthermore, a balance between luxury and sustainability will be promoted in the project—high performance mechanical systems, a rainwater retention and reuse system, and the incorporation of durable, low-maintenance materials will help The Metropolitan achieve LEED Silver Certification. MarkDaMan Oct 4, 2005, 8:18 PM Lovejoy Columns find a home Two of the fabled Lovejoy Columns have found a home in the Pearl District. Developer John Carroll has agreed to place two of the 30’ remnants of the old Lovejoy Ramp in the Plaza at The Elizabeth. Before the ramp was demolished in 1999, the columns were a cult attraction because of folk art murals painted on them in the 1940’s by rail switchman Tom Stefopolous. Safeway on the boards Designs for the two-block mixed use project between 12th and 14th at Lovejoy have begun to make their way through city planning channels. The new development features two buildings. The first includes a Safeway grocery store, three levels of parking above the store, and 60,000 square feet of office space. The second building will also have ground floor retail, three or four stories of parking, and a 12 story tower of apartments above. Development promises to change the look and function of the Pearl District’s waterfront. The Waterfront Pearl Condominiums will dramatically change the look of the Pearl’s waterfront. Today, it’s easy to be in the Pearl District and forget that the Willamette River is just a short walk away. But new public and private projects sprouting up along the river will likely change the Pearl’s relationship with the waterfront. Riverscape Apollo Development’s Riverscape will be a mixed residential development. The first phase consists of 104 town homes priced from $525,000 to about $1 million and is under construction on the 15.4 acre site just north of the Fremont Bridge. The project’s future phases were anticipated to be complete in five years. Original plans included a marina, 91 brownstones and two condo towers, although at press time developers were seeking further input from potential residents and customers. “These townhomes are geared for Pearl folks who are looking for more space,” Brian Ramsay of Realty Trust explains, “or considering starting a family, hoping for more room for kids. One element of the project is a large Riverwalk [part of the Willamette River Greenway] that will be monitored for security but open to the public.” Waterfront Pearl Naito Properties/Pemcor’s Waterfront Pearl is a $130 million riverfront condo project near the end of Overton Street, between the Broadway and Fremont Bridges. Phase One includes 200 units, priced from $350,000 to $1.3 million, in two metal, stone and glass towers sitting in a unique sustainable reflecting pond. This phase is scheduled for completion in the fall of 2007. “The reflecting pond cleans water that drains from the roof, it provides stormwater management, it helps control building temperatures and it serves as storage for firefighting. It does a lot more than just look pretty.” says Judd James in Northwest Construction Magazine. James is project manager for Portland’s Otak Architects, who partnered with Walker Macy of Portland and Soren Rasmussen Architects of Vancouver, B.C. on the design. Centennial Mill Eighty years ago, 50 different steamship lines called on Portland, then the world’s largest lumber export But the ships docked at Centennial Mill weren’t taking on wood, they were picking up flour made from Oregon grain. Today, depending upon your perspective, the mill can be a scenic and restorable relic of the district’s maritime history, or a decaying collection of nearly 100-year-old buildings awaiting the wrecking ball. The fate of Centennial Mill is, if you’ll forgive the pun, a watershed issue for the Pearl waterfront. Even with Waterfront Pearl and Riverscape underway, the mill’s fate will define the overall philosophy of future redevelopment efforts according to Bruce Allen, senior development manager at the Portland Development Commission. “We’re facing a key decision point,” Allen points out. “Do we want active or passive uses on the waterfront? They are really polar opposites. You can also ask what is more open space worth?” The “active” use Allen refers to is development and “passive” use means parks. “Given the current ownership and development future,” he says, “if the mill is preserved, only one acre will remain available for open space on the waterfront. If the mill is torn down, a five- or six-acre park is possible. I’m not advocating either course, but there is a direction that needs to be chosen.” That direction was a foregone conclusion in the 1994 River District plan, which called for the mill complex to be demolished for an expansion of Tom McCall Waterfront Park. In 2000, the Portland Development Commission paid $7.7 million for the property. In May 2005, however, the City Council gave Centennial Mill a stay of execution, directing PDC and the Bureau of Planning to explore other options. “Tearing down the historic mill would be a shame for the city, an absolute tragedy,” says Patricia Gardner, Pearl-based architect and planning committee chair for the Pearl District Neighborhood Association. “The taller buildings at the site can be preserved, as can the wharf. The rest of the buildings are problematic, but during this process everything is on the table.” The City of Portland is currently engaged in a request-for-proposal (RFP) process to gather ideas on how to preserve and make the best use of the site. The RFP will likely hit the streets in late winter; People on both sides of the issue will have an opportunity to come forward. The site is a difficult one, but some combination of preserved and new buildings with retail, office and housing components will likely emerge. The old wharf on the site contains piers that are still solid below the water line, and could be restored as a base for new structures, as was accomplished on Astoria’s waterfront. Whatever the outcome, many believe that the process itself will be an improvement. “We’ve been developing the waterfront by neglect rather than by plan,” says Gardner. We need to know where we’re going. Is history worth saving?” “I think it’s healthy to see what people have in mind,” adds Allen, “although it will probably be at least a year before any activity starts, one way or the other.” Sales will start in October for The Metropolitan, the latest project from Hoyt Street Properties. The 19-story tower will feature 136 units, including 15 loft style live or work units. The building is currently under construction between 10th and 11th, Lovejoy and Marshall Streets. The Crane Building at 14th and Irving is being renovated and developers are seeking tax abatements. These abatements require that the building’s 30 lofts be rented out as apartments until 2012. (The two penthouses are new construction, and do not qualify for tax abatement). The developers hope to have the building occupied in late 2006. No word yet on when sales begin. pdxstreetcar Oct 4, 2005, 10:15 PM I say "active" waterfront, I really want to see Centennial Mills saved and reused. bvpcvm Oct 5, 2005, 12:57 AM “These townhomes are geared for Pearl folks who are looking for more space,” Brian Ramsay of Realty Trust explains, “or considering starting a family, hoping for more room for kids." Yeah, right. Only if mommy and daddy are both lawyers. MarkDaMan Oct 5, 2005, 4:42 PM artist rendering of Pearl's "NoLo" buildout on property owned by Hoyt Street Properties. http://hoytyards.com/images/hsp_rendering.jpg The grayish/brown building in the center has been built also the one to the left has too. The greenspace both abutting the river at the bottom of pic and above the rail are actually other developer's property that wasn't included in this developer's image. The small buildings in the background are also being developed as high rises by other companies. colemonkee Oct 6, 2005, 5:13 PM I lived in Portland from '92-'95, and this area was mainly abandoned buildings. I go back every year to visit family and friends, and I've been very pleased with the turnaround. Every time I go back I make a point to visit this area and go out to dinner or out to a bar/club. I remember seeing a Diesel store and an American Apparel on my last trip and thinking "damn, Portland's becoming a real urban city!" It's always been a great city, but now it's becoming more of a modern, urban place, not just a "northwest" place. MarkDaMan Oct 6, 2005, 8:07 PM The two Lovejoy Columns going to the Elizabeth plaza were set in place yesterday. FIRST THURSDAY TONIGHT...can't wait to get my drink on courtesy of the art galleries! And the Addias store, they had two kegs flowing last month and a DJ....wonder if newcomers over the past month will have anything set up... mSeattle Oct 12, 2005, 9:46 PM Great news. I need to get down and take pictures. MarkDaMan Oct 14, 2005, 9:41 PM Historic Crane Building to be renovated Guardian Management LLC has purchased the historic Crane Building in Portland's Pearl District. Partnering with individual investors and a historic tax investor to create Crane Building Investors LLC, the Portland-based real estate investment and management company will relocate its headquarters from Johns Landing to become the anchor tenant in the Crane Building's 24,000 square feet of available office space. Plans for the six-story, 90,000-square-foot Crane Building, located at 710 N.W. 14th Ave., include an $18 million restoration project to create mixed-use office, retail and residential space. Renovations will begin this month, with project completion scheduled for the fall of 2006. Thirty market-rate loft apartments will be created from 24,000 square feet of space and two luxury penthouses units -- which do not fall under the historical designation -- will be available for purchase. Built in 1909, the Crane Building was designed by William C. Knighton, a Portland-based architect known for his work on the Capital National Bank Building in Salem and Portland's Governor Hotel. The Crane Building served as the regional headquarters for the Crane Co., a rapidly expanding brass foundry and pipe fitting company based in Chicago in the late 1800s. and Pearl District gets new bistro Another former Torrefazione Italia space has found a new occupant. The former coffee chain's Pearl District location, 1140 N.W. Everett St., reopens in November as Everett St. Bistro. The bistro is owned by Kyle Lynch, principal at KL Design Group. In addition to a deli case and coffee service, it will serve breakfast on weekends as well as lunch and dinner. Previously, Mia Gelato announced it would take over the Northwest 23rd Torrefazione Italia spot. urbanlife Oct 15, 2005, 1:46 AM I just drove by thae waterfront area, there is alot of work going on over there. My biggest concern is how it will connect to the rest of the Pearl and downtown without having to use a car. cab Oct 15, 2005, 3:01 AM Anyone know what is going on with the abandon building on 14th and evertt? I believe it was an old Meier and Frank warehouse. I thought it was going to be rehabilitated this Fall, but I haven't seen any signs on the building yet. urbanlife Oct 15, 2005, 4:24 AM good question, I was beginning to wonder that myself. pdxstreetcar Oct 16, 2005, 5:56 PM yeah thats an old M&F warehouse, and I'm surprised nothing has happened to that building being that its a full block, something tells me it might be one of those, I think they call them, "Telco hotels" with tons of telecommunications equipment packed inside. edgepdx Oct 17, 2005, 1:32 AM I think the 14th and Everet is empty. I'm really suprised no one has converted it to lofts. It's got pretty good sized windows already. bvpcvm Oct 17, 2005, 5:36 AM From the October 14, 2005 print edition Condo craze gets all wet The Pearl is yesterday's news as focus moves to river Wendy Culverwell Business Journal staff writer The construction cranes have decamped from the Pearl District for waterside sites as Portland's residential aspirations shift ever so slightly to the east. At last count, there were some 1,439 condominium units in development along the west bank of the Willamette River. When built, they will occupy 10 separate towers at five separate locations. Four separate sets of developers are driving the waterfront construction boom. They all have this in common beyond their waterfront location: Buyers have snapped up units almost as soon as they hit the market. Riverscape, on Front Street near the western terminus of the Fremont Bridge, is closest to completion of the five projects in development. The first 34 units will be ready for residents this fall. The project will eventually boast about 500 units, including 104 townhouses. Not far to the south, Waterfront Pearl is the most recent project to get going. Offered by the Naito Properties LLC and its development partners from Vancouver, British Columbia, and Seattle, it will include 192 units in two towers in the former River Queen parking lot, just north of the Broadway Bridge. Two additional towers may be developed in the future on the adjacent site, which is owned by a separate branch of the Naito family. The first phase opens in two years. Buyers reserved about 80 percent of the first building when it was put on the market earlier this summer. The second building will be available in a month or so and its builders expect a similar reception. There's no secret why some of Portland's most prominent condominium developers -- Gerding/Edlen, Homer Williams and Jack Onder -- have turned their attention to the waterfront. The Pearl District is nearly built out and high-end buyers have a seemingly unending appetite for luxury condos. "The market is ravenous right now," said Kirk Taylor, senior vice president for investment sales at CB Richard Ellis. Taylor helped usher Waterfront Pearl to fruition when he introduced Sam and Verne Naito, who own the property, to a team of out-of-town developers, Pemcor Development Corp. of Vancouver, British Columbia, and Grancorp Holdings LLC of Seattle. Builders aren't the only ones taking advantage of the ongoing appetite for condominiums and waterside living, Taylor said. Almost every apartment complex along the river has converted to condominiums and very little developable land remains between Portland and Lake Oswego outside of the South Waterfront area. Demand for luxury condominiums remains strong and mortgage interest rates remain low. And compared with other cities along the West Coast, Portland remains a bargain -- buyers would have to pay twice as much elsewhere to afford the kinds of properties available in Portland. Builder Jack Onder got his start in the Pearl District and notes that district continues to go strong and several new projects are in the offing. But there aren't many spots left in there, which means builders are looking elsewhere. Now, years of effort to build in the River Place urban renewal area are coming to fruition. The Strand was originally conceived as a hotel, but morphed into a residential project with the twists and turns of the economy. The 216-unit project will include three towers and is in mid-construction. The first units will be ready for residents a year from now. RiverPlace Partners, which consists of Onder's company and Williams and Dame Development Inc., has been working on its piece for five years. The Strand occupies one of the last sites available in the district between the Hawthorne and Interstate 5 bridges. Developers didn't discover the river, Onder said. They work with the sites that become available. And right now, that means the river. So far, the sales crew at The Strand has released 137 units in the first two towers to buyers. Most have been reserved. Buyers will be asked to sign binding purchase agreements starting this weekend and, based on the conversion rate of similar properties, Onder and his broker say most reservations will convert into actual sales. Buyers are expected to occupy their units and speculative investors are turned away. Onder describes the projects strung along the waterfront in chain-like terms -- the pieces will eventually be linked. To a large extent, they already are -- by the riverwalk that extends from the Broadway Bridge south to RiverPlace. He believes it will eventually find its way further south and will eventually connect the northern sections of the river with the South Waterfront, where Gerding/Edlen is building the Meriwether and John Ross condominiums. Buyers are drawn by the green aspects as much as by the river and its endless parade of pleasure boats as well as working ships, developers agree. At the north end of the Willamette, builders of the Waterfront Pearl use terms like "working riverfront" and "retro industrial" to market their projects. It is a quaint caution to would-be buyers that Portland's riverfront is a busy -- and loud -- place to live and perhaps not suited to those who cherish silence. Oceangoing vessels, trains, freeways, city streets and even pedestrian trails contribute decibels. At Waterfront Pearl, which faces the Amtrak station, builders are hedging against the sound of whistle blasts with triple-glazed windows on the walls that face the tracks. An extensive water feature is being engineered to produce soothing sounds to mask the background racket that reverberates around the area, such as the hum from a grain elevator on the opposing shore. At RiverPlace, designers addressed a different noise challenge. There are no nearby train tracks, but an elevated bridge carries Interstate 5 across the river and past the construction site on the south. "It is urban," agreed Onder, who said extensive noise studies indicate freeway noise drifts south and away from his project. Overall, the noise levels at RiverPlace are comparable to those in downtown. If quiet is important, he gingerly suggested that perhaps the waterfront isn't the right place to live. Brian Ramsay, a broker with Realty Trust Group and listing agent for Riverscape, said the 104 townhouses (average price $704,000) have been well received, especially by current Pearl District residents who want more space and don't like the commercialization of the once industrial neighborhood. Of the 54 put on the market, 44 have sold. Last week, the real estate company launched a Web site to register interest for the condominiums that will be contained in two towers. Within days, it had taken 200 names for the waiting list. Realty Trust also is the selling agency for Gerding/Edlen's Meriwether and John Ross projects at South Waterfront. Both had similar sales patterns. Ramsay's theory about why developers are concentrating on the shoreline is simple: demand. To paraphrase Mark Twain, he said, they're not building any more riverfront property. [email protected] \| 503-219-3415 MarkDaMan Oct 25, 2005, 7:09 PM and more of the "gritty industry" feel has been taken from what is becoming a very Tony neighborhood. Pearl’s thoroughly paved Downtown’s last unpaved street reopened last week with fanfare not usually seen for the filling of potholes. A collection of dignitaries that included city Commissioner Sam Adams, Commissioner Mark Rosenbaum of the Portland Development Commission, neighborhood leaders, developers and business owners all held forth in a ceremony at Northwest 13th Avenue between Johnson and Raleigh streets. The occasion marked the paving of the eight-block stretch of Northwest 13th Avenue, the last unpaved street in the neighborhood. Potholes, gravel and the railroad tracks have been replaced with a concrete street, a valley gutter along the loading docks with pedestrian ramps, head-in parking and lights. Two-thirds of the money for the $2.6 million project came from property owners, through a local improvement district, and the remainder from River District Urban Renewal Area funds. MarkDaMan Oct 31, 2005, 7:54 PM Riverscape-going through the permits process http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v252/edirp/Riverscape.jpg not actually considered the Pearl as this development sits just under the Fremont Bridge, but with it surrounded by heavy industry it will probably become the farthest edge of the Pearl at buildout... FlyersFan118 Oct 31, 2005, 8:12 PM thats wassap. Nov 18, 2005, 6:16 PM nationwide the housing market might be cooling off, but here in Portland it's still HOT! Demand Out Distances Housing Supply 11/10/2005 On Thursday November 3rd The Metropolitan sales were kicked off with a three-day buyers’ preview of the 136-unit condominium community. At the end of the preview, 500 buyers had indicated their interest in purchasing one of the homes. “We had a sense that we would have more buyers interested than we had homes to sell,” said Tiffany Sweitzer, President of Hoyt Street Properties (HSP). “Prior to the launch more than 4,600 inquiries had been received regarding the project.” Faced with this enviable problem, HSP and Hoyt Realty Group designed a lottery system that gave everyone an equal chance at purchasing a home. On Sunday November 6th two hundred names were drawn and the process of informing the winners began the following day. As the developer of a 30-block neighborhood in the Pearl District, Hoyt Street Properties is accustomed to a high level of interest in its projects. For example, the 124 unit Park Place condominium, overlooking Jamison Park, sold out just 8 months after it opened in May 2004. A year later the Pinnacle Condominium’s 176 homes were sold before its doors opened. “We believe this increased level of interest is directly related to the progress we are making in transforming a former railroad yard into a unique mixed-use community,” speculated Sweitzer. “After 10 years of effort people are now able to feel and visualize the distinctive nature of our urban neighborhood with its own lively character and personality.” pdxtraveler Nov 30, 2005, 9:37 PM The crane is going up on this as I write. MarkDaMan Nov 30, 2005, 11:00 PM Affordable housing is as crucial as jobs Wednesday, November 30, 2005 The Sitka Apartments -- the Pearl District's latest entry into Portland's red-hot housing market -- takes up a full city block at Northwest 12th Avenue and Northrup Street. Its studio and one- and two-bedroom apartments have some of the same amenities -- free high-speed Internet, keyless entry and a fitness center -- as the rest of its neighboring condos, some of which are selling for $1 million or more. It even has its own streetcar stop, landscaped courtyard and a rental unit available for guests. However, all but seven of the 210 apartments are available only to working folks who don't qualify for housing subsidies but otherwise couldn't afford a trendy Pearl address. Many of the units were already leased before the Sitka officially opened Tuesday. "I think this is one of the best buildings that's been built in the whole affordable-housing portfolio," says City Commissioner Erik Sten, a seasoned champion of low-income housing. "They're units that you can imagine living in for a long time." The Pearl, where the name of your building typically reflects the depth of your bank account, already houses about 600 affordable apartments. But Sitka is the first to qualify as predominately "work force housing" -- a buzzword that may be as essential to Portland's economic stability as new jobs. With housing prices out of reach of the average income and more rental apartments converting to condos, many different types of workers -- such as retail salespeople, police officers and registered nurses -- are being squeezed out of the city. This flight of the working class puts stress on neighboring communities. It also siphons children out of Portland's schools, creates more traffic congestion and erodes the city's tax base. What's more, growing companies -- such as California's Keen Footwear -- want to relocate in urban cities where employees can afford to live near their job. But without more work force housing, Portland is at a disadvantage before it even gets to the table. City Hall does a good job advocating for affordable housing for folks at the lower end of the economic scale. But we also need more housing for those whose paychecks aren't keeping pace with the cost of living. "This is the perfect prototype for what we should replicate," Andrew Wilch, housing director for the Portland Development Commission, says about Sitka. But, he adds, "we're not focusing on the work force housing needs in any active manner." The problem is that it requires an aggressive public subsidy, with buy-in from private investors and a developer that has the vision to build energy-efficient, affordable apartments that are roomy and attractive enough for both singles and families. To make the numbers work for Sitka, it took a team of bankers, corporate investors, and local and state government. Albina Community Bank made a short-term, $2 million loan to buy the land. PDC gave its lead developer, Ed McNamara, a $9 million construction loan. The Oregon Housing and Community Services Department floated a $17 million tax-exempt bond -- purchased by U.S. Bank to use as a construction loan. The state also provided a predevelopment loan and $1 million in tax credits. And the city offered a 10-year abatement on property taxes. Another major player on the project, Portland-based Homestead Capital, lured $9.5 million in equity from private investors, which earn tax credits for investing in low-income housing. "We're glad to have the building there," says Joan Pendergast, the recently elected president of the Pearl Neighborhood Association. Her community, she adds, "isn't all full of rich yuppies like so many people think." It's hard to believe, but with the opening of the Sitka, the Pearl now qualifies as a mixed-income neighborhood. It's time for the whole city -- for its own sake -- to follow suit. S. Renee Mitchell: 503-221-8142; [email protected];1320 S.W. Broadway, Portland OR 97201 James Bond Agent 007 Dec 4, 2005, 5:26 AM Yay. Dec 8, 2005, 9:50 PM Sierra Club praises Pearl District In a November report announcing America's best new development projects, the Sierra Club named Portland's Pearl District a top example of successful development. The report recognized Portland based-Hoyt Street Properties for spearheading the transformation of a faded industrial zone into a revitalized multiuse community. It also praised Gerding/Edlen Development Co. for renewing the historic Pearl District Brewery Blocks. In its report, the Sierra Club profiled 12 of the nation's top projects and named players that helped realize innovative development plans. Favorable projects reused previously developed land, offered a range of eco-friendly transportation options, and helped foster and preserve community values. Hoyt Street Properties was recognized for turning a former railyard into a unique urban neighborhood in which homes, businesses, retail shops and parks are successfully integrated. The Sierra Club commended the developer for working with the Portland Development Commission in creating a pedestrian-friendly environment where walking, cycling and streetcars are seen as viable means of transportation. MarkDaMan Dec 8, 2005, 9:51 PM Sierra Club praises Pearl District In a November report announcing America's best new development projects, the Sierra Club named Portland's Pearl District a top example of successful development. The report recognized Portland based-Hoyt Street Properties for spearheading the transformation of a faded industrial zone into a revitalized multiuse community. It also praised Gerding/Edlen Development Co. for renewing the historic Pearl District Brewery Blocks. In its report, the Sierra Club profiled 12 of the nation's top projects and named players that helped realize innovative development plans. Favorable projects reused previously developed land, offered a range of eco-friendly transportation options, and helped foster and preserve community values. Hoyt Street Properties was recognized for turning a former railyard into a unique urban neighborhood in which homes, businesses, retail shops and parks are successfully integrated. The Sierra Club commended the developer for working with the Portland Development Commission in creating a pedestrian-friendly environment where walking, cycling and streetcars are seen as viable means of transportation. PacificNW Dec 8, 2005, 10:50 PM I read the article a couple days ago...good going! pdxstreetcar Dec 9, 2005, 3:41 AM I would love to see Centennial Mills renovated with a new Maritime Museum and retail on the ground floor with condominiums or apartments on the floors above. If the Naitos build those 2 other towers I hope they will be at least slightly different in appearence. I really just dont want to see 4 identical towers on the waterfront. PacificNW Dec 9, 2005, 5:38 AM Has the Naito family settled their differences concerning these condo's? Is the complete project back on? MarkDaMan Dec 9, 2005, 5:00 PM ^nope, talk about a disfunctional family! designpdx Dec 9, 2005, 8:25 PM ^nope, talk about a disfunctional family! Ditto. PacificNW Dec 9, 2005, 10:59 PM Bill is probably turning over in his grave...now their was a man who had visions for Portland. He is sorely missed. MarkDaMan Dec 15, 2005, 7:57 PM new rendering Dec 21, 2005, 9:24 PM The express route Pearl District partners with American Express to promote district Wendy Culverwell Business Journal staff writer The Pearl District gained its holiday footing this year with the district's first-ever comprehensive Christmas promotion. The program is backed by American Express, which signed on as a major sponsor of the Pearl District Business Association and underwrote the cost of everything from Christmas carolers to bag-checking services for customers. "We're thrilled," said Monica Spoelstra Metz, marketing coordinator for the business association. Shoppers can win prizes at participating vendors and leave their cars with valets -- complimentary to American Express cardholders and low-cost for all others. Carolers stroll the streets on weekends and a shuttle service ferries visitors between the Pearl District and a half-dozen downtown hotels. One spa owner described the environment as "magical." The business association couldn't afford a holiday promotion on its own, said Metz, and went looking for a partner. Attracting American Express as a partner shows just how much the district has grown in the past 10 or so years since a strip of warehouses and rail yards reinvented itself as a business and residential district, with more than 5,500 residential units developed since 1994. American Express likes what it sees in the Pearl District, said Lisa Gregg, a company spokeswoman. The merchant community routinely uses American Express to process sales transactions and the neighborhood's generally well-heeled residents fit the company's customer profile, she said. It's been a long slog for the business association, which formed nearly a decade ago when the Pearl District was just starting to emerge around the former rail yards at Hoyt Street. A group of retailers and restaurateurs decided to publish a map to guide visitors and hit up their neighbors for contributions to pay for it. Today, the association's membership fluctuates between 220 and 250 or so members and the base is expanding to include more professional services. Metz said there are many "off map" members -- those businesses that participate in the association but don't need or want to be on the shoppers' map, which it still publishes. Joanne Sunnarborg founded Desperado, a Western boutique, nine years ago and was instrumental in soliciting $25 contributions for the initial map. "It was pretty quiet down here," she recalled. Having a formal holiday promotion this year has generated traffic. She didn't have to take any extra steps to participate since she's accepted American Express almost since she opened in 1994. "It's that demographic. If three people say, 'Do you take American Express?' That's good enough for me," she said. Indeed, that's a big part of why the company stepped in to underwrite the multipronged promotion, Gregg said. A large base of merchants accept the card and the Pearl District offers the right setting for its cardholders, who tend to spend more on dining and shopping. She wouldn't disclose what American Express is paying to support the Pearl District's holiday extravaganza, but it is certainly considerable. To drive traffic to the Pearl District, American Express sent $15 prepaid gift cards to its cardholders throughout Portland. They can be used anywhere that accepts American Express, but carry the Pearl District logo -- no small coup, Metz noted with satisfaction. Sunnarborg said she's seen plenty of gift cards with the Pearl District brand at her cash register. "It is pretty fascinating that they would partner with us to launch this," she said. Metz said there are plenty of perks for all visitors and the business association pitches the Pearl District as a holiday destination to residents in Portland's close-in neighborhoods as well as the West Hills and along Highway 26. It isn't trying to compete with the regional shopping malls. "For us, it's people who want an urban arts, shopping and dining experience," she said. John Cusack, proprietor of the Hawaiian-themed Kanani Pearl Spa, opened 13 months ago. Christmas is an important season for the personal services industry and indeed, he's busy now with clients who received gift certificates for spa treatments last Christmas. The holiday promotion isn't just good for business, it's good for the business community, he said "It's been very unifying for the merchants," he said. A sense of solidarity developed as participants met to hash out the program details. To him, American Express' willingness to invest its marketing dollars in the neighborhood is an important mark of approval. "I think it's a recognition of what the Pearl's accomplished," he said. [email protected] \| 503-219-3415 Dec 22, 2005, 5:58 PM Financing in Place for Next Phase of Riverscape Using $24.65 million in construction financing from Home Street Bank, local developer Tim Ralston has begun construction on the next phase of the 390-unit Riverscape condominiums here. The development site is immediately north of the Fremont Bridge on the west side of the Willamette River. When completed, the entire development will include 104 town homes, two condominium towers (this one and a second with 120 units, to be built after this tower is completed), and 91 brownstone-style homes. About 84 units are currently under construction, not including this latest phase for which Ralston has obtained financing. The new phase is one of the two planned towers. It will be an eight-story building with 74 units and partially underground parking. Units are expected to fetch at least $407 per sf. The size of the units will range from 539 sf to 2,705 sf, and the price tags will range from $250,000 to $1.3 million. Units will be upscale with hardwood floors, plush carpeting and/or tile floors, European fixtures, slab granite counter tops and Jenn-Air appliances in the kitchens. Windows will cover about 70% of the building exteriors. At least 40% of the units are expected to be pre-sold. The remaining units are expected to be sold off at a rate of at least four a month once the tower is completed in mid 2007. Ralston is co-owner of Apollo Development and Apollo Homes. The architect for the project is LRS. The general contractor is LCG Pence. MarkDaMan Jan 13, 2006, 4:37 PM just in case we have any starving artists on the board... $10,000 Artist Commission for New Pearl District Dining Experience Portland - Portland, ORE. -- January 11, 2005 -- The owners of SoLo, a new bar and dining establishment scheduled to open in Portland's Pearl District in March, is offering $10,000 to an artist who can capture the new venue's spirit in paint. Artists are asked to submit their proposals by January 31 (deadline extended from January 15). The "Call to Artists" is for local, Portland-based artists only. Artists will be judged on how well their submission "captures the notion of one’s solo journey through this world—both the struggle to thrive and the triumph felt when we do." The parameters: a flat painting no more than 36? high by 48? wide and no smaller than 28? inches by 36?, oils or acrylics. Artist must be local (based in the Portland Metropolitan area). Judges will be favoring pieces that contain humanistic elements versus abstract objects; warm, brilliant color versus colder, muted themes. "We want our patrons to stand in awe of this special piece. We also want them to draw inspiration from the composition—an effort to define 'solo' in paint," said Nathaniel Clevenger, CEO of 3, the public communicatons co., the firm promoting the new bar. Artists need to submit their idea in a short—no more than one paragraph—email and include no more than 5 slides of their work. Responses should be sent to [email protected]. All submissions due by January 31, 2006. Judges will review and select top submissions. Commission selected by February 15, 2006. Final artwork due approximately 30 days from selection (no later than March 15, 2006). The Commission $10,000 (Includes framing and any other costs associated with mounting the piece.) bvpcvm Jan 15, 2006, 1:35 AM I just noticed today that it looks like the Lovejoy columns are done. They've copied the drawings (etched, I guess, saw this from the streetcar) onto some kind of black stone (granite?). Weren't the original drawings to be displayed inside the Elizabeth lobby? Coldrsx Jan 18, 2006, 6:36 PM i cannot wait to come visit, portland has always intrigued me. CouvScott Jan 26, 2006, 5:23 PM BOORA is seeking design advice for a master plan of the development of Hoyt Street Properties' 8.5 acres in the Northern portion of the River District. The plan includes initial concepts for the building programming, massing, height, parking and access, pedestrian spaces and community. This is planned for March 16th. MarkDaMan Jan 30, 2006, 7:33 PM Mak’s makes a move One of Portland’s top jazz and blues clubs, Jimmy Mak’s, is moving — but just across the street. Owner Jim Makarounis says that he’s moving to the Pearl Gallery building, kitty-corner at 221 N.W. 10th Ave., in hopes of bringing in more big-name national acts like, piano legend McCoy Tyner — hopefully this spring. He and two fellow investors plan to boost seating from 80 seats to 130 and install a bigger, faster kitchen. “I think it’s time for us to take that next step up,” Makarounis says, adding that the ambience and music will not change. “The one thing we want to do is be true to that core group of people that have supported us over the years.” With this move, the corner that Mak's sits on could be developed into a very slender tower. Would be nice to see something tall next to the Elizabeth which seems to sit out by itself. designpdx Jan 30, 2006, 9:58 PM Interesting considering that the Elizabeth builders origonally tried to buy that building. pdxstreetcar Jan 30, 2006, 10:55 PM there is the historic buddah building next door which might complicate redeveloping that 1/4 block. i never noticed that article about AmEx & the Pearl, interesting. i guess when a large corporation takes a liking to a neighborhood like the pearl it must help in spreading pearl-style development around the country. bvpcvm Jan 31, 2006, 4:42 AM there is the historic buddah building next door which might complicate redeveloping that 1/4 block. I'm pretty sure I saw a "For Sale" sign on the Buddha just last week. dkealoha Jan 31, 2006, 5:33 AM I'm pretty sure I saw a "For Sale" sign on the Buddha just last week. Yea, I think that sign has been there for a while too. I remember it from a long time ago. MarkDaMan Feb 2, 2006, 7:49 PM http://www.thepostcard.com/walt/state/or/or344.gif Custom House hotel plan waits on lease Thursday, February 02, 2006 By Su-jin Yim The months roll on but his confidence hasn't faded. The developer of a plan to turn one of the city's most architecturally distinctive buildings into a boutique hotel says he expects to start construction late this spring, even though he has yet to finalize a lease. Keith Pochter of The Pochter Group Limited of Northbrook, Ill., is negotiating a long-term lease to develop the U.S. Custom House on the North Park Blocks. The U.S. General Services Administration, which manages federal buildings, announced almost a year ago that it had selected Pochter over Portland developer Venerable Properties, which had hoped to create a mixed-use space with a section for the University of Oregon architecture school. Last year, the agency said it planned to sign with Pochter within four months. That plan called for an upscale, 82-room Wyndham hotel. But they're still working on it, says agency spokesman Bill Lesh. "It's just going slower than we anticipated when it was announced," he says, though more information may be available this month. The agency's choice disappointed some neighborhood activists who were hoping for community space in the majestic, 100,000-square-foot building at 220 N.W. Eighth Ave. The 1901 Italian Renaissance structure, which has sat empty since the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers moved out in 2004, was designed by architect James Knox Taylor. A hotel is a good plan for the building, Pochter says. "Your hotel marketplace is very strong and growing quarterly with some fairly significant increases" in room rates, Pochter says. Pochter, who frequently visits Oregon, says the plan is moving about as he expected. He hopes the hotel will open in time to take advantage of summer festivals. "The process has been exactly what it was meant to be," he says. "I'm a very focused individual who wants to complete what he started. That's exactly what I intend to do." Su-jin Yim: 503-294-7611; [email protected] Feb 2, 2006, 7:51 PM http://www.thepostcard.com/walt/state/or/or344.gif Custom House hotel plan waits on lease Thursday, February 02, 2006 By Su-jin Yim The months roll on but his confidence hasn't faded. The developer of a plan to turn one of the city's most architecturally distinctive buildings into a boutique hotel says he expects to start construction late this spring, even though he has yet to finalize a lease. Keith Pochter of The Pochter Group Limited of Northbrook, Ill., is negotiating a long-term lease to develop the U.S. Custom House on the North Park Blocks. The U.S. General Services Administration, which manages federal buildings, announced almost a year ago that it had selected Pochter over Portland developer Venerable Properties, which had hoped to create a mixed-use space with a section for the University of Oregon architecture school. Last year, the agency said it planned to sign with Pochter within four months. That plan called for an upscale, 82-room Wyndham hotel. But they're still working on it, says agency spokesman Bill Lesh. "It's just going slower than we anticipated when it was announced," he says, though more information may be available this month. The agency's choice disappointed some neighborhood activists who were hoping for community space in the majestic, 100,000-square-foot building at 220 N.W. Eighth Ave. The 1901 Italian Renaissance structure, which has sat empty since the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers moved out in 2004, was designed by architect James Knox Taylor. A hotel is a good plan for the building, Pochter says. "Your hotel marketplace is very strong and growing quarterly with some fairly significant increases" in room rates, Pochter says. Pochter, who frequently visits Oregon, says the plan is moving about as he expected. He hopes the hotel will open in time to take advantage of summer festivals. "The process has been exactly what it was meant to be," he says. "I'm a very focused individual who wants to complete what he started. That's exactly what I intend to do." Su-jin Yim: 503-294-7611; [email protected] Feb 22, 2006, 4:35 PM I've created a photo thread of the Pearl, come see the progress! http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=99264 Feb 28, 2006, 10:37 PM More condos coming The Pearl District’s appetite for condos appears insatiable with two new towers in the planning stage. The first will be called 937 Condos, reflecting its address, 937 N.W. Glisan St. It will contain 131 units in 16 stories. Another 16-story tower will have 200 condos on a property called Block 19, located just north of Union Station on Northwest Ninth Avenue. Block 19 will complement another building that is planned for development across Ninth Avenue. The two curved buildings will face the street, creating a hublike effect at Northwest Ninth Avenue and Front Street. Both developments currently are being reviewed by city planners. According to Jasmine Ruthdotter, who tracks Pearl development for the design and transportation committee of the Pearl District Neighborhood Association, 1,500 new condo units are planned for the neighborhood over the next three years. Currently, Ruthdotter says, there are about 4,000 condos in the district. MarkDaMan Mar 7, 2006, 7:34 PM Quick overview on Pearl development http://adserver1.harvestadsdepot.com/portorgonian/ss/042114/ http://adserver1.harvestadsdepot.com/portorgonian/ss/042114/014/014_001/014_001.jpg By Lynnette Fusilier There is something for everyone in the Pearl real estate market. If you are shopping for unparalleled opulence and expansive views, consider a unit in THE METROPOLITAN, the Pearl's tallest building at 11th and Lovejoy. Developed by Hoyt Street Properties, the 19-story LEED certified Metropolitan will feature 136 residential units and offer concierge service, guest suites, individual wine storage and other luxurious amenities. For those who enjoy living large, consider a home in THE CRONIN BLOCK at NW 13th and Marshall. This yet unnamed, "New York style" red-bricked building from developer Robert Ball will house 244 residential units and ground level retail space. This 15-story building will be the largest mixed-use development in the Pearl. If the environment and energy conservation tops your list of priorities, consider a unit in THE CASEY at 12th and Everett. This 17-story building developed by Gerding Edlen is adjacent to the Brewery Blocks and is designed to be the first LEED Platinum designated condo in the country. Features include solar panels for water heating, ground source heat pumps, and unique exterior facades integrated with Bullseye glass. For those that crave historic detail, consider a home in THE CRANE BUILDING at 14th and Irving. Built in 1907, this six-story warehouse will contain 30 loft-style units and two penthouses and will be eligible for tax abatement. Condition for tax abatement requires that the 30 lofts be rented out as apartments until 2012. The penthouses are new construction and do not qualify for tax abatement. Looking for commercial space? THE GADSBY BUILDING, a former furniture warehouse at 13th and Hoyt is undergoing a major facelift. Historical details-wood floors, large beams and exposed brick walls-are left intact and restored to the original luster. The building is owned and managed by Rick and Peter Michaelson and has a boutique feel hallmarked by distinctive details and personalized customer service. cab Mar 7, 2006, 8:28 PM How about if you crave something....cheap? MarkDaMan Mar 9, 2006, 7:11 PM Galleries buy permanence in the Pearl Property - A stronger market allows galleries to reclaim the district as the heart of artness Thursday, March 09, 2006 D.K. ROW The Oregonian Portland's Pearl District is reclaiming its place as Oregon's premier fine arts marketplace, buoyed by a growing interest in local artists and a recovering economy. Within the past 18 months, several well-known galleries have bought new spaces in the district, which had lost many of its top galleries to rising rents in the fast-developing neighborhood, prompting questions about whether art could survive in the Pearl. Now, developer Jim Winkler is on the verge of finalizing purchase agreements with four more important Portland galleries and one San Francisco transplant, and a new art center housing them is expected to open on the North Park Blocks by the spring of 2007. The resurgence of fine art galleries in the Pearl District follows a steady growth in the market for local artists, fueled both by local collectors and new buyers from around the country, gallery owners say. And the Pearl's central location has encouraged owners to buy their own spaces. The new complex, in the old Daisy Kingdom building at 123 N.W. Eighth Ave., punctuates the trend. Among the recent events: The purchase of a large new space by the Elizabeth Leach Gallery at 417 N.W. Ninth Ave. Leach is one of the Oregon dealers with a national reputation. The move by two of Leach's peers, high-end galleries PDX Contemporary Art and Pulliam Deffenbaugh Gallery, into similarly attractive spaces of their own close to Leach on Northwest Flanders St. The construction of an artist residency program and exhibit space on Northwest Ninth Avenue by Portland Art Museum patron and art collector Sarah Miller Meigs. Meigs' donations have supported new contemporary art programming at the museum's newly opened modern art wing. "Business is good" The activity in the Pearl reflects a new aggressiveness by art dealers in town and the steady growth of the art market, according to Leach, who has been in the gallery business here since 1981. "Portland's reflecting the larger art world," Leach says. "There's a genuine excitement and intensity in the art market right now, from beginners to hedge fund managers." Leach says her gallery's business had grown steadily for the past several years, at a 5 percent to 10 percent clip, even through the dot-com crash. "Business is good," she says. Jane Beebe, owner of PDX Contemporary Art, says her gallery has seen an increase in both out-of-town and local collectors, but that her participation in national art fairs has driven up the number of non-Oregonian collectors who consistently buy art from her. "Still, being a dealer is a hand-to-mouth existence," Beebe says, "but right now it's a higher level of hand-to-mouth." Located on the cusp of Old Town and the Pearl, Winkler's project promises to extend the Pearl District art scene farther east and closer to West Burnside St. Beebe says the Pearl District location of Winkler's project makes perfect sense. Dealers want venues that are easily reachable by collectors and connected to other cultural activities. Collectors will like the plan's one-stop approach, which resembles other well-known art gallery hubs, such as Los Angeles' Bergamot Station. "It's accessible from all parts of the city, by freeway from Beaverton, Southeast Portland and North Portland," says Beebe. "And from downtown by the streetcar and by foot. You couple that accessibility with other businesses in the area like restaurants, and it makes the Pearl attractive to people who can see art and have dinner." New pieces of the Pearl Each of the galleries that have bought space in Winkler's development has a different story. The one with the most at stake is the venerable Contemporary Crafts Museum & Gallery, which will leave quiet Southwest Corbett Ave. for the bustle of the Pearl. And the bustle is what's attractive, says executive director David Cohen. Attendance at the 69-year-old museum has dipped as low as 12,000 people a year. "The tree that falls in the forest doesn't make a sound," Cohen says. "I can't condone that. We should be doing more, much more, to say we are making a difference in the community." The location next to many galleries in the light-rail accessible Pearl District appealed to Cohen so much that he was one of the first players to commit to Winkler's plan, eventually claiming the biggest chunk of the complex's gallery space -- 15,000 square feet. To raise part of the $3.6 million it will cost to buy the new space, the museum is trying to sell its Southwest Corbett Avenue building for $2 million. The museum will have to raise the remaining $1.6 million, and another $2.4 million to fund building improvements and an endowment. "We're going to change the way people see us." Cohen says. Blue Sky Gallery, another nonprofit, has shown socially conscious photography for the past 30 years, mostly in a small Pearl District space, and it's hoping to secure its future in the Pearl, too. "Blue Sky is 30. And one of the things you do at 30 is buy a house," says Christopher Rauschenberg, the gallery's board chairman. To purchase the 3,800-square-foot space that will double its size, Blue Sky is undertaking a $2 million capital campaign, aided by the sale of a $1 million painting donated by legendary artist Robert Rauschenberg, Christopher's father. The commercial galleries involved in the development -- Augen Gallery, Froelick Gallery and Charles A. Hartman Fine Art -- are also betting on the Pearl. And betting a lot: Prices in the development hover around $1 million, according to Winkler, who developed Adidas Village in North Portland and is a prominent local art collector and supporter. "I'm freaking out," says Charles Froelick, who currently rents space in Southwest Portland. "It's exciting, and I want to puke. But this is a great opportunity. I'll get new visitorship that I wouldn't get on Second Avenue." Bob Kochs, who owns the print specialist Augen Gallery, will keep his Southwest Second Avenue location and open a satellite gallery in the Pearl. Charles A. Hartman Fine Art is the only new gallery in Winkler's group. Hartman moved to Portland about a year ago from San Francisco and is still deciding his gallery's focus. Gallery owner Rod Pulliam says it's all part of a natural process. "There's a maturing in the art world, and buying space is part of that," he says. "You realize that if I'm going to stay in this location, I really need to be my own landlord, because of all the development and potential for rent increase. No one realized how stable the Pearl would become." D.K. Row: 503-294-7654 or [email protected]. http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/1141876539178830.xml&coll=7 Mar 9, 2006, 7:12 PM Galleries buy permanence in the Pearl Property - A stronger market allows galleries to reclaim the district as the heart of artness Thursday, March 09, 2006 D.K. ROW The Oregonian Portland's Pearl District is reclaiming its place as Oregon's premier fine arts marketplace, buoyed by a growing interest in local artists and a recovering economy. Within the past 18 months, several well-known galleries have bought new spaces in the district, which had lost many of its top galleries to rising rents in the fast-developing neighborhood, prompting questions about whether art could survive in the Pearl. Now, developer Jim Winkler is on the verge of finalizing purchase agreements with four more important Portland galleries and one San Francisco transplant, and a new art center housing them is expected to open on the North Park Blocks by the spring of 2007. The resurgence of fine art galleries in the Pearl District follows a steady growth in the market for local artists, fueled both by local collectors and new buyers from around the country, gallery owners say. And the Pearl's central location has encouraged owners to buy their own spaces. The new complex, in the old Daisy Kingdom building at 123 N.W. Eighth Ave., punctuates the trend. Among the recent events: The purchase of a large new space by the Elizabeth Leach Gallery at 417 N.W. Ninth Ave. Leach is one of the Oregon dealers with a national reputation. The move by two of Leach's peers, high-end galleries PDX Contemporary Art and Pulliam Deffenbaugh Gallery, into similarly attractive spaces of their own close to Leach on Northwest Flanders St. The construction of an artist residency program and exhibit space on Northwest Ninth Avenue by Portland Art Museum patron and art collector Sarah Miller Meigs. Meigs' donations have supported new contemporary art programming at the museum's newly opened modern art wing. "Business is good" The activity in the Pearl reflects a new aggressiveness by art dealers in town and the steady growth of the art market, according to Leach, who has been in the gallery business here since 1981. "Portland's reflecting the larger art world," Leach says. "There's a genuine excitement and intensity in the art market right now, from beginners to hedge fund managers." Leach says her gallery's business had grown steadily for the past several years, at a 5 percent to 10 percent clip, even through the dot-com crash. "Business is good," she says. Jane Beebe, owner of PDX Contemporary Art, says her gallery has seen an increase in both out-of-town and local collectors, but that her participation in national art fairs has driven up the number of non-Oregonian collectors who consistently buy art from her. "Still, being a dealer is a hand-to-mouth existence," Beebe says, "but right now it's a higher level of hand-to-mouth." Located on the cusp of Old Town and the Pearl, Winkler's project promises to extend the Pearl District art scene farther east and closer to West Burnside St. Beebe says the Pearl District location of Winkler's project makes perfect sense. Dealers want venues that are easily reachable by collectors and connected to other cultural activities. Collectors will like the plan's one-stop approach, which resembles other well-known art gallery hubs, such as Los Angeles' Bergamot Station. "It's accessible from all parts of the city, by freeway from Beaverton, Southeast Portland and North Portland," says Beebe. "And from downtown by the streetcar and by foot. You couple that accessibility with other businesses in the area like restaurants, and it makes the Pearl attractive to people who can see art and have dinner." New pieces of the Pearl Each of the galleries that have bought space in Winkler's development has a different story. The one with the most at stake is the venerable Contemporary Crafts Museum & Gallery, which will leave quiet Southwest Corbett Ave. for the bustle of the Pearl. And the bustle is what's attractive, says executive director David Cohen. Attendance at the 69-year-old museum has dipped as low as 12,000 people a year. "The tree that falls in the forest doesn't make a sound," Cohen says. "I can't condone that. We should be doing more, much more, to say we are making a difference in the community." The location next to many galleries in the light-rail accessible Pearl District appealed to Cohen so much that he was one of the first players to commit to Winkler's plan, eventually claiming the biggest chunk of the complex's gallery space -- 15,000 square feet. To raise part of the $3.6 million it will cost to buy the new space, the museum is trying to sell its Southwest Corbett Avenue building for $2 million. The museum will have to raise the remaining $1.6 million, and another $2.4 million to fund building improvements and an endowment. "We're going to change the way people see us." Cohen says. Blue Sky Gallery, another nonprofit, has shown socially conscious photography for the past 30 years, mostly in a small Pearl District space, and it's hoping to secure its future in the Pearl, too. "Blue Sky is 30. And one of the things you do at 30 is buy a house," says Christopher Rauschenberg, the gallery's board chairman. To purchase the 3,800-square-foot space that will double its size, Blue Sky is undertaking a $2 million capital campaign, aided by the sale of a $1 million painting donated by legendary artist Robert Rauschenberg, Christopher's father. The commercial galleries involved in the development -- Augen Gallery, Froelick Gallery and Charles A. Hartman Fine Art -- are also betting on the Pearl. And betting a lot: Prices in the development hover around $1 million, according to Winkler, who developed Adidas Village in North Portland and is a prominent local art collector and supporter. "I'm freaking out," says Charles Froelick, who currently rents space in Southwest Portland. "It's exciting, and I want to puke. But this is a great opportunity. I'll get new visitorship that I wouldn't get on Second Avenue." Bob Kochs, who owns the print specialist Augen Gallery, will keep his Southwest Second Avenue location and open a satellite gallery in the Pearl. Charles A. Hartman Fine Art is the only new gallery in Winkler's group. Hartman moved to Portland about a year ago from San Francisco and is still deciding his gallery's focus. Gallery owner Rod Pulliam says it's all part of a natural process. "There's a maturing in the art world, and buying space is part of that," he says. "You realize that if I'm going to stay in this location, I really need to be my own landlord, because of all the development and potential for rent increase. No one realized how stable the Pearl would become." D.K. Row: 503-294-7654 or [email protected]. http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/1141876539178830.xml&coll=7 Apr 10, 2006, 5:59 PM Crane construction adds to Pearl District's building boom The Business Journal of Portland - April 7, 2006 by Wendy Culverwell Business Journal staff writer When the hammering stops at The Crane Building later this year, an old warehouse will emerge as a new office building with apartments, penthouses and an upscale seafood restaurant. Six months after Guardian Management LLC acquired the historic Pearl District building as the real estate management company's new corporate headquarters, reconstruction is in full swing and a major tenant has agreed to lease a sizable chunk of the ground floor for a seafood restaurant. Moana Restaurants LLC, a subsidiary of Auberge Resorts, will lease 8,500 square feet on the main floor, with an option to eventually buy the space. The new restaurant, the 20th in the Auberge portfolio, is slated to open in early 2007. The company has upscale restaurants in numerous California resort destinations and operates the Paragon restaurants in Portland, San Francisco and Seattle. At the Crane Building it will operate a 319-seat restaurant with formal and informal dining areas, banquet rooms and a retail fish market. "Portland just doesn't have any hip, cool fish places," said Tom Brenneke, owner and president of Guardian Management. Brenneke said the restaurant will compete with Jake's Famous Crawfish, which is nearby. Jake's is owned and operated by McCormick & Schmick's Seafood Restaurants Inc. and has been in business more than 110 years. Guardian bought the Crane Building after outgrowing its Johns Landing office. The 70-person office moves in December. Brenneke said the company scouted numerous locations all over the Portland area once it made the decision to leave Johns Landing. Brenneke ultimately decided to "stay put" in Portland and settled on the Crane Building, at the corner of Northwest 14th Avenue and Irving Street. Neighbors include the new REI store and The Irving Street lofts. Built in 1910 for the Crane Plumbing Co., it had been the home of American Rag for many years before Guardian acquired it in October. Transforming an aging, 90,000-square-foot structure into a modern office building is a daunting physical challenge. Making it work financially is arguably tougher, Brenneke said. To fortify it against future earthquakes, for example, engineers created a central core tied by metal rods to the rest of the structure. The old brick walls may rattle and roll, but the structure will stay put. The seismic work accounts for $2.5 million of the $23 million budget to acquire and renovate the building. To make the numbers work, Guardian renewed its listing on the historic registry, which qualified it for federal tax credits, and extended its listing with the state, which freezes property taxes for 15 years. Although the building will be turned into a condominium complex, that can't happen for five years because of the federal tax credits, which defray up to 20 percent of the development costs. The main floor will be given over to retail, the restaurant and a lobby for residents. Guardian will occupy the second and third floors. The fourth through sixth floors will house apartments and two penthouses are being constructed on the roof. They will be available for sale immediately since they aren't part of the historic structure. The units, 3,000 and 2,200 square feet, will be marketed for $650 to $750 a square foot -- a price Brenneke said is competitive in light of the $900-plus commanded for penthouses in some of the Pearl District's newest buildings. Guardian was formed in 1971 and manages more than 200 properties with 500 employees in six states. It specializes in multifamily properties in Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Texas and Washington. [email protected] \| 503-219-3415 Apr 28, 2006, 7:12 PM Pioneering developer keeps at it Hoyt Street Properties bought a rail yard and started a boom, and it’s not done By RANDALL BARTON Issue date: Fri, Apr 28, 2006 The Tribune Having already reached the Pinnacle — a Pearl District condominium completed by Hoyt Street Properties in 2005 — what remained was for the developers to hit the heights. They’re doing that with the Metropolitan, which at 225 feet will be the Pearl’s tallest structure to date. It is the latest chapter in a success story begun almost a decade ago when Hoyt Street Properties purchased a former 34-acre rail yard and ignited an urban renaissance. The 19-story, glass-walled building, designed by John Meadows of BOORA Architects, is scheduled for completion in the summer of 2007. It also ups the ante in amenities offered in the Pearl, with wine lockers, a library for relaxing and entertaining, an exercise room, conference facilities, separate guest rental suites, and a raised outdoor plaza with a fireplace and teahouse. It took a year to gain city approval for the additional height, achieved by borrowing footage from a 100-foot building that faces Tanner Springs Park and setting back the taller, 225-foot tower to avoid shadowing the park. Taller buildings make for a more diverse and interesting skyline, Hoyt Street President Tiffany Sweitzer says. “Instead of one building taking up a whole 40,000-square-foot block, you can do three different things on a block and create more light and air architecturally. There’s a lot of ‘Yeah, but are you making more money?’ You can, but also I think you’re doing something a little more unique with the property as well. If you’re building the Metropolitan on a 12,000-square-foot footprint, you have fewer units to a floor.” Of the 136 units in the Metropolitan, 97 are sold and an additional 19 are on “developer hold” until the building is finished, at which time they will be offered at market price. Ten of the available units are live-work units — affording owners the opportunity to live or work in the apartment, or both — priced between $479,000 and $640,000. The median price in the building is $650,000 for a 1,486-square-foot, two-bedroom unit with den. The lowest priced unit sold for $370,000, and the most expensive was a penthouse that sold for nearly 10 times that much: $3,445,000. When Riverstone, the first Pearl condominium offered by Hoyt Street, opened in 1998, a third-floor, 1,915-square-foot apartment sold for $180,500. Prices have risen dramatically since then. The average price per square foot today in the Pearl is $550 versus $200 in ’98, Sweitzer says. Developers may be making more money than they did eight years ago, but as she points out, construction costs, including the price of steel and other materials, have risen dramatically. Also, buyers have become more sophisticated about condominiums and are demanding finished apartments instead of unfinished lofts, a greater selection of finishes and more amenities. It isn’t as easy as “if you build it, they will buy,” Sweitzer insists. “The Metropolitan has all of this open space, and club facilities that you’re not really getting anything for. But you’re selling those amenities. So I thought, ‘Can you ask for more?’ because you’re offering something unique that’s costing a lot more. Let’s say you take that risk, you price those units and you hope that two and a half years from now when the project is completed the market is still there … There’s an incredible amount of risk, and costs are increasing as you’re going. You never know what you’re going to get into.” ‘We’re seeing more babies’ A favorite topic at cocktail parties around town is, Who’s buying these condominiums? Marilyn Andersen, sales manager and principal broker for the Hoyt Realty Group — the sales arm of Hoyt Street Properties — says it is a misconception that buyers in the Pearl are largely empty nesters divesting of possessions. “A lot of them never had children,” she says. “We get people who don’t have children who have lived in the neighborhood houses and have had no choice but to live in those houses. Now there’s some other choices.” On the other hand, “we have a lot of younger couples moving into the neighborhood. Since they’ve moved here they’ve had children and have wanted to stay. So we’re seeing more babies around here.” Single males purchasing at the Metropolitan outnumber single females by nearly 2-to-1, and there are nearly twice as many single people as couples. The age distribution is about equally distributed among those in their 30s, 40s and 50s. Real estate agents lead the pack in terms of professions, but there also are techies, doctors, engineers, teachers and attorneys. Sales records show only the buyer’s most recent ZIP code. Thus, those who may have moved here from out of state a few months before their purchase are listed as coming from Portland. Sweitzer believes most of the buyers are Portland residents seeking a front porch that opens onto the city. “It’s kind of going back to the old neighborhood but in a more efficient way of doing it,” she says. “Your front porch is Piazza Italia over here, and you walk in and Gino knows what dish you want and he knows your name. Or it’s going out to Jamison Square and you know the five dogs and the owners of those dogs and you know they’re going to be there at 5:30 every night and that’s your social hour.” The first units in the Metropolitan were offered in a lottery. Andersen says they learned from the madhouse sales opening of the Lexis condominiums in 2005 — with people pushing and shoving — that they had to come up with a better system. “We had so many people that we had established relationships with who had come into our office that wanted to be the first to buy at the Metropolitan,” she says. “Who do we choose? Who gets the first pick? We have a lot of really nice people who live in our buildings already who wanted to live in the Metropolitan. It just came about that we would do the lottery so that we would make it fair.” Opening night and for a few days afterward prospective buyers were given floor plans and a lottery ballot for specifying their preferred units. Several days later Hoyt Realty Group began drawing names from a pool of 500 prospective buyers. To prevent people from buying on speculation, Hoyt Realty Group is not selling to investors. Buyers sign a contract agreeing that the unit will be owner occupied for two years. Andersen explains that financing becomes difficult when more than 30 percent of the units in a building are nonowner occupied. 8 more buildings considered Sweitzer, 39, reckons it will be 10 years before Hoyt Street has completed its development in the Pearl with what probably will be eight more buildings. The company still is in the process of completing its master plan. “So many people are coming to Portland and asking, ‘How did this work?’ ” she says. “Portland is a unique town, and it’s a process town. You’ve got to go through all the hand-holding and work with your neighborhoods and work with the city to get things done. I think that’s what made this city unique. We formed a partnership with the city of Portland and at the time that was such a strange thing, it hadn’t been done. “I think the biggest thing that people don’t understand is it’s not just building a building. The parks have to work, and there have to be open spaces here. Transportation has to be thought about and planned. The retail has to work in conjunction with the building. There have to be all the pieces coming together, and they don’t always come together at one time. So when you start to see them working like it is around Jamison now, then you feel like you’ve accomplished something. “I feel very good when the lights come on in a building because you know it’s taken three years to get there,” she says. “You see people start to move in, and you know you’re a part of someone else’s life. That’s a big deal.” [email protected] Apr 28, 2006, 7:13 PM http://www.portlandtribune.com/newsi/60428.P.hoytstreet.jpg To your right is an image of Block 19, evidence that the development in the Pearl is far from finished. Ground will be broken this summer for a building that will be named the Encore, and sales will start in the fall. The 15-story building will have 176 units, including town homes with large garden areas targeted at families. Over the past few decades, many other decaying industrial areas have been rejuvenated in American cities as citizens have realized an appreciation of historic preservation. But the planners of the Pearl District have achieved something remarkable. It.s not just a tourist attraction filled with chain stores and crowded businesses selling .I (heart) Portland. knickknacks. It's a neighborhood where real Portlanders live, work, shop, eat and play. This special pullout section of the Portland Tribune features stories that reflect on how the Pearl has evolved as well as stories about what.s yet to come . a new arts center, a primo jazz club. Other pieces should help residents and visitors alike enjoy the neighborhood, whether they.re looking for a cooking class, athletic wear or dog treats, or simply taking a stroll. The map on page 20 will help guide the exploration. http://www.portlandtribune.com/pearl06/index.html May 1, 2006, 4:57 PM The Pearl District Is A Model For Urban Developments 05/01/2006 The revitalization of Portland’s Pearl District into one of the nation’s most distinctive urban neighborhoods has long been on the “must see list” for developers, architects, city planners and elected officials from communities throughout the U.S. This May the Pearl District will once again be the centerpiece of a three-day Portland area visit by a 50-member delegation from Kansas City, MO. According to Stan Parson, Kansas City Home Builder Association’s Special Projects Coordinator, the delegation wants to see first hand why Portland’s urban developments are so successful. Hoyt Street Properties (HSP), the Pearl District’s largest developer, will host the delegation on Wednesday May 18 at the EcoTrust building. HSP’s Sue Miller, Vice President/Special Projects, who will brief the Kansas City delegation, notes that the group is one of many who have come to Portland from as far away as Florida, Texas, Japan and Hawaii. According to Miller “the delegations have come to learn how we have created a strong public-private partnership in Portland that has resulted in a vibrant city core and the Pearl’s distinctive mixed-use urban community with all the amenities of public transportation, unique housing, parks and pedestrian friendly space.” zilfondel May 1, 2006, 5:19 PM I would pay money to see the faces of the people in these delegations when they realize how badly their own cities suck ass. edgepdx May 1, 2006, 5:23 PM Now, now be nice zilfondel. They are coming here to learn. MarkDaMan May 1, 2006, 6:35 PM Daisy Kingdom could bloom again Planned galleries may turn historic building into a new art destination By JOSEPH GALLIVAN Issue date: Fri, Apr 28, 2006 The Tribune It’s only 395 paces across the park from the old Daisy Kingdom store at Northwest Davis Street and Eighth Avenue to PDX Contemporary Art at Northwest Ninth and Flanders. But if PDX is the new hub for fine art on Ninth, Daisy Kingdom is the new frontier. While the North Park Blocks may form a psychological barrier between the Pearl and Old Town, real estate developer Jim Winkler is gambling that the distance won’t be too much for art lovers. Starting next January, the building that formerly housed the fabric store Daisy Kingdom and the adjoining Lombard Automobile Buildings will be the new home for several art galleries: the Contemporary Crafts Museum and Gallery, a new gallery by Charles A. Hartman (formerly of San Francisco), Blue Sky Gallery, Froelick Gallery and a second location for Augen Gallery. Winkler also sees an opportunity for a food venue. “It’s a step forward in the maturation of the galleries and the creation of an art district,” Winkler says. “You can see most of the good galleries in Portland within a few blocks. My hope is that when someone checks in at the Heathman Hotel, the Lucia or the Custom House (when it’s reopened), first they’ll go see the Portland Art Museum, then they’ll ask the concierge, ‘Where can I see good local art?’ ” He hopes the area will become a mini version of Chelsea in New York, or be like Bergamot Station, a former trolley station in Santa Monica, Calif. The Daisy Kingdom side of the building is in better shape than the side that faces Broadway, but both need a lot of work. Winkler says renovating the building, which was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in January, is not the obvious thing to do. He could have made more money knocking it down and building a 350-foot-high condo. But he says his plan will “accelerate the redevelopment of Old Town by tying into what’s going on at Everett Station Lofts, Butters Gallery and the stuff David Gold is trying to do with the Goldsmith block” (i.e., the Portland Art Center). Next door, Chicago-based developer Keith Pochter hopes to turn the historic Custom House into a hotel by the summer of 2007. “The Pearl’s pretty much done in terms of commitments,” Pochter says. “But I believe Old Town-Chinatown will be one of the most valuable districts in Portland, with the light-rail extension” planned along the bus mall to Union Station. Winkler thinks that when gallerists own their space and don’t have to worry about rents going up, they can be more adventurous. “They can be more gutsy, more innovative, take on more artists, show young artists, or bring someone in at a higher price point than has been seen in Portland.” The whole structure will be called the DeSoto Building, since it was home to one of the first car dealerships in Oregon. “Historically, it’s part of the transition from the buggy to the powered vehicle,” he says. It has an automotive elevator and a faded painted sign on the south wall advertising Plymouth and DeSoto, which by law must be preserved, not covered up or even repainted. As with the Portland Center Stage’s renovation of the armory a few blocks west, the rehab is radical — starting with asbestos and lead paint removal, then a seismic upgrade, new glass, skylights and a new lobby. “A rational economic person would knock down this turkey!” Winkler says. The firm LRS Architects is moving its operation to the third floor. This open space runs for a half-block. Winkler rates it one of the best in Portland. There’s also a fourth-floor commercial condominium available. He’s considered moving his office there (from 210 S.W. Morrison St., another historic building he restored) but says he probably won’t. “I’m a peculiar person. I’ve had one wife, I keep cars for a long time, I have the same friends. …” If you need proof that the soft-spoken, immaculately groomed Winkler is detail-oriented, consider his brick mansion he renovated on Southwest Park Place (it’s also on the National Register of Historic Places). In February, vandals threw eggs at the house and his vehicles. Winkler was soon up a ladder trying to clean it, an almost impossible task. Now he’s paying to have the brickwork detailed by experts, as well as having three of his cars repainted. While he’s certainly in this venture for profit, he stresses what everyone knows about the arts in Portland: They haven’t made anyone rich. Winkler also has more than 100 pieces of art on his office walls and is a board member at the Portland Art Museum, so he’s put his money where his mouth is before. With this project, he ups the ante. “Part of the strategy was to take advantage of making the building historic and passing through some of the rehabilitation tax credits to the galleries,” he says. “Normally I’d keep that — I wouldn’t give away one or two million dollars.” But building material costs have been going up since Hurricane Katrina —at one point, he says, the price of plastic piping was going up 25 percent a week. Whether nonprofits and small private galleries still will be able to afford the place by the time it’s finished remains a worry. In March, parties such as Charles Hartman were still applying for funding. Finally, Winkler has plans for a west-facing, 3,000-square-foot deck on the roof for events and parties, with an eye-level view of the treetops. “That’s one of my favorite views, where you feel you’re floating at tree height.” Even for this, Winkler has an ambitious analogy. He compares it not only to the South Park Blocks as seen from the Trustee Room at the Portland Art Museum, but to views of New York’s Central Park. [email protected] He could have made more money knocking it down and building a 350-foot-high condo. damn! May 1, 2006, 6:37 PM Daisy Kingdom could bloom again Planned galleries may turn historic building into a new art destination By JOSEPH GALLIVAN Issue date: Fri, Apr 28, 2006 The Tribune It’s only 395 paces across the park from the old Daisy Kingdom store at Northwest Davis Street and Eighth Avenue to PDX Contemporary Art at Northwest Ninth and Flanders. But if PDX is the new hub for fine art on Ninth, Daisy Kingdom is the new frontier. While the North Park Blocks may form a psychological barrier between the Pearl and Old Town, real estate developer Jim Winkler is gambling that the distance won’t be too much for art lovers. Starting next January, the building that formerly housed the fabric store Daisy Kingdom and the adjoining Lombard Automobile Buildings will be the new home for several art galleries: the Contemporary Crafts Museum and Gallery, a new gallery by Charles A. Hartman (formerly of San Francisco), Blue Sky Gallery, Froelick Gallery and a second location for Augen Gallery. Winkler also sees an opportunity for a food venue. “It’s a step forward in the maturation of the galleries and the creation of an art district,” Winkler says. “You can see most of the good galleries in Portland within a few blocks. My hope is that when someone checks in at the Heathman Hotel, the Lucia or the Custom House (when it’s reopened), first they’ll go see the Portland Art Museum, then they’ll ask the concierge, ‘Where can I see good local art?’ ” He hopes the area will become a mini version of Chelsea in New York, or be like Bergamot Station, a former trolley station in Santa Monica, Calif. The Daisy Kingdom side of the building is in better shape than the side that faces Broadway, but both need a lot of work. Winkler says renovating the building, which was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in January, is not the obvious thing to do. He could have made more money knocking it down and building a 350-foot-high condo. But he says his plan will “accelerate the redevelopment of Old Town by tying into what’s going on at Everett Station Lofts, Butters Gallery and the stuff David Gold is trying to do with the Goldsmith block” (i.e., the Portland Art Center). Next door, Chicago-based developer Keith Pochter hopes to turn the historic Custom House into a hotel by the summer of 2007. “The Pearl’s pretty much done in terms of commitments,” Pochter says. “But I believe Old Town-Chinatown will be one of the most valuable districts in Portland, with the light-rail extension” planned along the bus mall to Union Station. Winkler thinks that when gallerists own their space and don’t have to worry about rents going up, they can be more adventurous. “They can be more gutsy, more innovative, take on more artists, show young artists, or bring someone in at a higher price point than has been seen in Portland.” The whole structure will be called the DeSoto Building, since it was home to one of the first car dealerships in Oregon. “Historically, it’s part of the transition from the buggy to the powered vehicle,” he says. It has an automotive elevator and a faded painted sign on the south wall advertising Plymouth and DeSoto, which by law must be preserved, not covered up or even repainted. As with the Portland Center Stage’s renovation of the armory a few blocks west, the rehab is radical — starting with asbestos and lead paint removal, then a seismic upgrade, new glass, skylights and a new lobby. “A rational economic person would knock down this turkey!” Winkler says. The firm LRS Architects is moving its operation to the third floor. This open space runs for a half-block. Winkler rates it one of the best in Portland. There’s also a fourth-floor commercial condominium available. He’s considered moving his office there (from 210 S.W. Morrison St., another historic building he restored) but says he probably won’t. “I’m a peculiar person. I’ve had one wife, I keep cars for a long time, I have the same friends. …” If you need proof that the soft-spoken, immaculately groomed Winkler is detail-oriented, consider his brick mansion he renovated on Southwest Park Place (it’s also on the National Register of Historic Places). In February, vandals threw eggs at the house and his vehicles. Winkler was soon up a ladder trying to clean it, an almost impossible task. Now he’s paying to have the brickwork detailed by experts, as well as having three of his cars repainted. While he’s certainly in this venture for profit, he stresses what everyone knows about the arts in Portland: They haven’t made anyone rich. Winkler also has more than 100 pieces of art on his office walls and is a board member at the Portland Art Museum, so he’s put his money where his mouth is before. With this project, he ups the ante. “Part of the strategy was to take advantage of making the building historic and passing through some of the rehabilitation tax credits to the galleries,” he says. “Normally I’d keep that — I wouldn’t give away one or two million dollars.” But building material costs have been going up since Hurricane Katrina —at one point, he says, the price of plastic piping was going up 25 percent a week. Whether nonprofits and small private galleries still will be able to afford the place by the time it’s finished remains a worry. In March, parties such as Charles Hartman were still applying for funding. Finally, Winkler has plans for a west-facing, 3,000-square-foot deck on the roof for events and parties, with an eye-level view of the treetops. “That’s one of my favorite views, where you feel you’re floating at tree height.” Even for this, Winkler has an ambitious analogy. He compares it not only to the South Park Blocks as seen from the Trustee Room at the Portland Art Museum, but to views of New York’s Central Park. [email protected] May 1, 2006, 6:44 PM this should really help that area PacificNW May 1, 2006, 6:54 PM And the Drag Queens from the Embers from across the street.....they will only add to the festivities of lst Thursday Events! pdxstreetcar May 7, 2006, 12:01 AM I never knew about this until just now when I was searching the internet on the Pearl District but there is a church in the Pearl (actually it is inside the Ecotrust building) designed for urbanites. Pearl Church "Church for an Urban Community" 2nd floor of the Ecotrust Building The Pearl Church is a non-denominational, Christian church providing a spiritual home for those who live in and identify with the heart of Portland. Developed with a view toward urban sensibilities, the worship draws from an eclectic source of historic as well as contemporary spiritual modalities while retaining a solidly evangelical and orthodox commitment. Our desire is to create space and provide cause for people to truly worship by encouraging a love for God and for others. pdxstreetcar May 8, 2006, 1:37 AM "The next park next park [after the long proposed 2.5 block neighborhood park] to be built after that is the recently acquired block across from the post office (what will become the northern most north park block). It is currently a parking lot for the federal building." "You may have heard that Davis is going to be altered as part of the Armory renovation…one lane will be taken out and turned into a sliver park. The street will also become a festival street, which will allow it to be closed to traffic and used for special events." -from the Pearl Blog regarding a recent PDNA meeting: http://www.oregonlive.com/weblogs/pearlblog/ MarkDaMan May 8, 2006, 4:14 PM new Encore rendering SKgottime Jun 3, 2006, 6:52 PM A boutique hotel is wrong for the Custom House. The floor heights are too large, which means they'll probably have to chop it up inside to fit more room floors, destroying the integrity of the large windows. Plus the buildings strong civic pressence is wasted on a private, for-profit, use. This building should have been the UofO's Portland campus. It has the civic presence of a university building. (I wonder if Jack Abramoff's connections in the GSA had any infuence on this unfortunate decision.) MarkDaMan Jun 5, 2006, 3:50 PM A boutique hotel is wrong for the Custom House. The floor heights are too large, which means they'll probably have to chop it up inside to fit more room floors, destroying the integrity of the large windows. Plus the buildings strong civic pressence is wasted on a private, for-profit, use. This building should have been the UofO's Portland campus. It has the civic presence of a university building. (I wonder if Jack Abramoff's connections in the GSA had any infuence on this unfortunate decision.) I have to disagree. I think that a boutique hotel is perfect for that location. I think having a national chain is a poor choice. I would like to have seen some local ownership as I believe they would have preserved the interior of the building...something like the McMenamins. Although I haven't heard for sure that they would be ripping up the inside, so I guess we have to wait and see. Although the wait has been some time and I wonder if the plans are still a go. As for UofO, Old Town, especially that area of Old Town, greatly needed the boost it will get. It makes sense for UofO to be located on the MAX line also. pdxstreetcar Jun 5, 2006, 5:07 PM i think a hotel would preserve the interior more than an architecture school. if the details and ornament are already in the interior, one would assume the hotel would want to preserve as much as possible since it sets the place apart from the rest and becomes a major selling point for the hotel. likely the first thing an architecture school would do to the space would be to "deconstruct" the existing interior and add all kinds of random useless and wierd-looking objects for contrast. SKgottime Jun 6, 2006, 5:35 AM I have to disagree. I think that a boutique hotel is perfect for that location... It's not the location that I have a problem with (a hotel anywhere on the N park blocks would be a good idea), it's the proposed use for that particular building. That building, through its architectural language, its symmetry, its setbacks from the property-lines, its generous open space (the courtyard facing the park blocks), and its neo-classical detailing speaks civic institution to me. That message, that meaning, will be lost on a for-profit enterprise, be it a boutique hotel or brewpub. It's that loss that I lament. The UofO, a library, a community center, even a church of scientology would preserve that meaning. When are we as a society going to recognize the value of our civic art and quit selling it off to the highest bidder? Why should I have to feel obligated to pay to enjoy it? Or, why should our children be forced to attend school in some gleaming modernist, piece of crap, double-wide bungalow, while McMennemins is flipping burgers in a humane, civic and sensitive environment like the Kennedy school? Cheers! MarkDaMan Jun 6, 2006, 4:10 PM historic properties are being torn down across the country, even here in Portland. It took almost an act of God to get that church to save the Ladd Carriage House, yet they are still taking down the beautiful historic apartment complex. Seattle is losing a magnificent church in their downtown, a building that stuck in my memory last time I visited, before demolition plans were public. Think if the Portland Hotel was saved, be it in a different use than a hotel. I'd rather have the building and the beautiful architecture be it public or private, than not have anything at all. If a boutique and brewpub can open the place to the public, be it for a fee, I'd rather have it saved and preserved than destroyed for another boring tower. That's really what it comes down too. The building is too large for a branch library, a community center isn't a bad idea but there isn't free funds, and like hell a 'church of scientology' would make me it more open than a boutique hotel with a public restaurant. Also, I don't see why you think McMenamins Kennedy School is some hamburger flipping joint. I am extremely happy they saved the school from a row house development. I think the theater is fantastic, being that every seat is a different old couch. The food is not hamburger fare, and the bed and breakfast is cheap and inviting to guests that I bring from out of town. Back to the Customs House...how many times when it was used by the government did you go in and visit it? With the big gates that surround the courtyard always locked, and an official title on the sign, it was hardly inviting. Every city I visit I walk into historic hotels to see the beauty of their lobbies, restaurants, views, etc...I don't see a school or church being as open, nor would they preserve the space, such as a private venture buying a building because of the charm, not to rid the lot of the historic touches. edgepdx Jun 6, 2006, 7:41 PM I have to agree that the hotel is probably the best use. A community center would be nice, but it's probably too big a building for that. A school would be really closed off to the public. In addition I think a hotel could be a sucess since the Pearl doesn't have any hotels and most residents don't have a lot of guest space. zilfondel Jun 6, 2006, 8:35 PM The fact is, cities grow - spaces outlive their purposes as institutions and people need more space. The custom house - the former home of the immigration service - doesn't really have much history, like Ellis Island in NYC does... it's just a cookie-cutter 1920's era concrete neoclassical federal building type. Should it be preserved? I think it has a pretty lousy connection to the street, the parking lot, loading bays, lack of any vegetation around it, and the fact it is all gray. Hopefully a hotel will make it look a little more inviting for people - because teh former use of it did not want it to be - it was a place that deported people AWAY from the country! Now it will be accepting people to Portland. Quite a difference, eh? PDX City-State Jun 6, 2006, 9:20 PM I can´t think of a better use. Portland will get its first really nice hotel north of Burnside, the public will get to enjoy the historic buidling, and the public won´t have to pay a cent. I live in a neighborhood in Madrid called Lavapies. According to the locals, it´s ¨el barrio mas castizo de Madrid.¨ This is how Madrileños refer to something that is traditionally, well, Madrid. Unlike other close-in barrios (We are five minutes from Puerta Del Sol--Spain´s Times Square), Lavapies is a gritty and very Spanish maze of winding streets laid out on a hillside--with a nice collection of buildings built mainly in the 1700s. Some of the oldest buildings, built in the 1600s and a few in the 1500s, have been been under constant renovation by the city--which has received an ungodly amount of money from the EU for urban renewal. The city has been buying a lot of these buildings, evicting the businesses and residents, and turning them into community centers and other public buildings. Perhaps my favourite neighborhood bar, La Taberna De Lavapies, is being shut down by the city and turned into some kind of public building. In my opinion, this is a travesty. Not only does the neighborhood lose a few businesses, the city will eventually have to pay for the upkeep of all these buildings it has acquired. In many cases, and I say this as a former appraiser of commercial real estate, this is the worst option. I would rather have Marriot paying to refurbish buildings than taxpayers. cab Jun 6, 2006, 10:15 PM So Pdx Citystate, when do we get to see pictures of Madrid? PDX City-State Jun 7, 2006, 11:16 AM So Pdx Citystate, when do we get to see pictures of Madrid? I aim to post a thread in the next few weeks. I have never done it before. How does one post? Development in Madrid is interesting. It´s one of the fastest growing cities in Europe, and one local told me there are more cranes in the skyline of Madrid than any city in Europe. I certainly believe it. Low interest rates have created a somewhat artificial demand on this side of the Atlantic as well. Anyways, a lot of the new buildings look the same and the development for the most part is pretty homogenous, but I would definitely say that the built environment here is in much better shape than in the USA. They are building some monstrous towers in the North of the city by big name architects--Sir Norman Foster being one of them. Still, Madrid won´t have the tallest building in Spain. Valencia is planning one by Calatrava that will stand taller than 1000 feet. If you ever want to see a total architectural wet dream, go to Valencia. It´s unbelievable. For great planning, Bilbao is fantastic--somewhat Portland-like. It´s small, walkable, and has a great mix of old an new. And they have nearly the same streetcars as PDX. Enough rambling--I promise to post a Madrid thread during the next two weeks. MarkDaMan Jun 26, 2006, 4:11 PM new tower to begin construction next month... W&K Development on its way up in Pearl by Libby Tucker 06/26/2006 With its first mixed use project in Northwest Portland complete, W&K Development is moving on to bigger and better things in the Pearl District. General contractor Gray Purcell Inc. completed construction on the $3.2 million Thurman Street Lofts last week. The five-story mixed-use building includes 16 loft condominiums and 500 square feet of ground-floor retail space at 2538 N.W. Thurman St. "They've hit it right out of the ballpark," said Mike Purcell, president of Gray Purcell. "The building's modern 'daredevil' design is distinctive, but it somehow blends into the historic neighborhood and adds a lot of character to it, too." W&K Development partners Patrick H. Kessi and Geoff Wenker have now moved on to bigger projects. Andersen Construction will begin work next month on W&K's 16-story, 937 Glisan condominium building at Northwest Glisan Street between Ninth and 10th avenues in the Pearl District. "It's a big step for us, but we're really confident," it will be successful, said Kessi. The building's 114 units, which are expected to be completed in July of 2008, are not yet being pre-sold. http://www.djc-or.com/viewStory.cfm?recid=27417&userID=1 Dougall5505 Jul 4, 2006, 5:59 AM cool great pictures i was going to go take some pics of this area today but it looks like you have it covered pdxstreetcar Jul 13, 2006, 4:55 AM it appears the pearl is getting more kid friendly... a toy store is opening in the streetcar lofts (i think its called 'leap frog toys') a coffee shop in park place is opening called 'sip & kranz' where mom sips an expresso while the little ones color in the special kids section in addition hoyt street's master plan model shows just in rough massing a 1/4 block tower (full block base) on the block north of tanner springs park, the height looks to be several floors taller than the metropolitan perhaps around 22 maybe slightly taller. dont know whether this is merely a generic placeholder for the model or if it reflects at least vaguely the plan for the block. the tower portion of this massing model building is however positioned on the west side of the block most likely to not obstruct the metropolitan tower on the east side of its block. there are other massing model buildings and a detailed model of 'the encore' has been added also to this neighborhood model. bvpcvm Jul 13, 2006, 5:14 AM btw, i was looking at urbanworks' web site. there's a new sushi place (hiro sushi?) going in on the 10th ave side of the burlington tower. and, already leased (!) is the sw corner retail space of the metropolitan, but the web site only says "national clothing retailer". tworivers Jul 13, 2006, 5:19 AM http://www.hoytstreetproperties.com/images/artist_rendering2.jpg Wish the rendering was larger. I like the tall tower, and the green roofs - also the trail along the riverbank. Don't see the ped bridge, though, that I thought was supposed to connect the "boardwalk" along 10th to the revamped Centennial Mills/waterfront area. I'm also curious about the building directly southeast of the Encore - looks like a mirror image in design? bvpcvm Jul 13, 2006, 5:59 AM wow (http://www.hoytstreetproperties.com/HSP_Master_Plan_c.zip) Jul 13, 2006, 6:21 AM i like that tall slender tower too sort of surprising to see another sushi restaurant in the pearl on 10th ave. especially so close to sinju, but then again i like sushi so i'm not complaining interesting about the "national clothing retailer"... any random guesses as to who it might be? has anyone heard anything about the rest of station place? or is it tied up in PDC chaos? i recall hearing several years ago that a somewhat large format retailer (of around 40000 sq ft) was going in at station place, i think it was something about a supermarket or drug store but the pearl already has both of those (or at least in the works) plus the office max. bvpcvm Jul 13, 2006, 6:25 AM ^ mmmm... the wife and i just stuffed our faces at sushiland... more sushi is never a bad thing. oh, and: Jul 13, 2006, 3:37 PM Concrete Jungle Hidden parks take the edge of downtown Thursday, July 13, 2006 Fred Leeson Hit a few golf balls. Dangle your feet in the solitude of a cascading mountain stream. And not leave downtown. Hey, would we kid you? Of course not. The crannies of the city center hold a few surprises. Take golf. Hidden behind the far corner of the Peter W. Stott Center at Portland State University lie a sand trap and putting green just waiting for a wedge and putter. Make no mistake, this is not Augusta National. The putting surface is artificial turf, but it offers some interesting undulations. And it has not just one hole to aim at but six. Bring a sandwich, play 18 and you're still back at the office within the noon hour. Finding the hidden golf site is the first challenge. It's past the dead end of Southwest College Street west of Park Avenue. Take the sidewalk on the south side of the Stott Center as far as possible, and there you are. Another plus: The roar of Interstate-405 immediately behind will drown out the sudden verbal outbursts that inevitably accompany golf. Lovejoy Fountain If a mountain freshet fits your mood, try finding the Lovejoy Fountain at Southwest Third Avenue and Harrison Street. This is no simple task, given the awkward superblocks of the South Auditorium Urban Renewal Area. OK, so the mountain is made of layered concrete. The sound of the rushing water still gives a sense of nature, as does the solitude. There's a good chance you'll have the whole fountain to yourself, since most Portlanders forgot about it a few years after the fountain opened in 1966. Those who remember it can't find it. We can blame the Lovejoy's isolation on the unfortunate early urban renewal street plan. And on the larger, greener Forecourt Fountain, now Ira's Fountain, that opened four years later. You can wet your toes in Ira's Fountain, too, but you'll have to share it with a whole bunch of other people. Have we gotten better at urban renewal since the Lovejoy Fountain days? Tanner Springs Park Reach your own conclusion at Tanner Springs Park, which opened last summer at Northwest 10th Avenue and Marshall Street in the Pearl District. It is the second of three parks planned in the River District Urban Renewal Area. This park attempts to re-create the feel of the historic wetlands of Tanner Creek as it poured out of the Tualatin Mountains into the Willamette River. Alas, the real Tanner Creek was channeled into subsurface culverts many decades ago. The water feature at Tanner Springs certainly isn't a fountain. It starts as a trickle and collects into a shallow pool near the east entrance. Visitors are encouraged to stay on the paths, and dogs are not welcome. (Fido's excretions could do bad things to the water quality.) It's meant to be a contemplative space, not for large gatherings. Take a close look at the wavy steel fence. It's made of railroad tracks from the rail yards that used to comprise the neighborhood. Is Tanner Springs Park a success? Make your own call. At least you can find it, because this time planners respected Portland's street grid and its peculiar little downtown blocks. Fred Leeson: 503-294-5946; [email protected] MarkDaMan Jul 13, 2006, 3:44 PM I Googled Lovejoy Fountain and found this...Is this is? I can't believe I've never seen it before, looks really nice... http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=117394 cab Jul 13, 2006, 4:00 PM Thats it. Its a great place to get away from cars. Totally carfree. A few urban mistakes screwed this park up (retail surrounding this park would have been an incredible European type park) but its still a great place to get some peace from the roar of the road. There is also another carfree park in this complex a little north of this one. 65MAX Jul 13, 2006, 4:31 PM It's a shame, it really is hidden away in the middle of the superblock between 1st and 4th, Montgomery and Lincoln. It could really use a little activity, a restaurant, even a coffee kiosk, anything. colemonkee Jul 13, 2006, 4:47 PM Kick ass! Is that the base of the Fremont Bridge on the far right in the first picture? cab Jul 13, 2006, 5:13 PM That hiddeness is what makes it so appealing. You can really escape the costant buzz of cars. I'm not sure the US is ready for a carfree pubic square with active retail similar to a lot of european cities. We seem to confuse car traffic with urban vibrancy. I'm always amazed by cafe culture on the sidewalk sitting a few feet away from 35 mile and hour car traffic. 65MAX Jul 13, 2006, 5:26 PM I agree about keeping it car-free, but I think a cafe off to one side would be a great addition. Dougall5505 Jul 13, 2006, 5:39 PM ooo that rendering is purdy, i like the crown sorta thing on the tall building the pearl needs more if these interesting tops of buildings like the benson CouvScott Jul 13, 2006, 7:57 PM Kick ass! Is that the base of the Fremont Bridge on the far right in the first picture? That it is! Hopefully, more height will be allowed along side the bridge. pdxstreetcar Jul 13, 2006, 10:01 PM I prefer the Keller Fountain (which I really like) to the Lovejoy Fountain, maybe its because the few times I've seen the fountain it always looked rundown. I'll have to check it out on a hot day. Tanner Springs Park is great... its unique in many ways especially in that its not an active park at all and probably has more in common with the Chinese Garden, but thats ok because the noisier and more active Jamison Square with its interactive fountain is two blocks south and the future neighborhood park of open lawns for non-organized sports and recreation will be one block north. These parks complement each other by catering to different uses and users yet all serve the same area. Even though I normally like Maya Lin's work, I thought her design for the Tanner Springs Park was atrocious and a terrible idea for any park let alone that location. CouvScott Jul 14, 2006, 2:11 PM Visit, but don't play Depending on whom you ask, Pearl park is a boon or a bust By Peter Korn	Powell
A parent company of on of the worlds largest consumer products brands Unilever, What product did Lever Brothers manufacture when they first opened shop in 1885?	Pearl District News [Archive] - SkyscraperPage Forum MarkDaMan Oct 3, 2005, 7:29 PM Portland's Pearl District has been a resounding success. Below is a recent article that gives a short history of the district as well as "look" into what has already been done. This thread will follow the finishing touches that will round out the district in the next 5 to 10 years. There is still much work to do. The district has much infill potential that will keep new development happening for many more years, but there is also a new district within the district the developers have branded "NoLo.":yuck: In this district (north of Lovejoy street) the city has agreed to raise its height limit to allow taller slender buildings and there is land potential for at least 15 new towers, if not many more than that, to be built. With Portland expecting 20 to 30 new towers (most if not all above 175ft) to be started by this winter, it shouldn't take long to fill this empty track. What's old is new again in Portland's gem Lively Pearl District teems with galleries, shops and clubs Christine Delsol, San Francisco Chronicle Staff Writer Sunday, October 2, 2005 Portland, Ore. -- Oregon's No. 1 city has been mostly overlooked by Californians (not always to its great regret) as merely a "nice place" with rose-filled parks, pretty bridges and decent hotels -- more important as a stopover than a destination. A coterie of hippies and iconoclasts were drawn to Portland's individualism, and fans of Seattle's coffee and dot-com cultures might have had a look on the way, but mostly we haven't paid much attention. News flash: When we weren't looking, Portland got hip. While other cities were paving over or bulldozing places that were no longer profitable, Portland was turning them into attractive and affordable parks, restaurants, shops, music venues, art galleries, restaurants and brew pubs. It's managed to pack in all the big-city attractions while keeping urban aggravations to a minimum. The Pearl District, whose reclaimed warehouses and rail yards have been populated in recent years with artists and designers, is an ideal vantage point for observing the city's evolution. With the recent immigrants came international flavors, sidewalk cafes, lively clubs and flashy lofts and townhouses. But art and design remain at its heart. People pack the streets for a crash course in contemporary painting, sculpture and photography the first Thursday of the month, when galleries stay open late and offer food and entertainment. In response to growing interest in its urban style and interior design, the neighborhood staged Pearl CitySpaces, a weeklong public condominium and loft tour, in May. The Pearl, adjacent to downtown, is also about a 15-minute walk, or a short ride by free public transit, from the city's latest arts buzz: The Portland Art Museum's new Jubitz Center for Modern and Contemporary Art, which opened Saturday. The landmark former Masonic Temple is now the Pacific Northwest's largest repository of modern art. The museum's addition occupies the south wing of the temple, built to monumental proportions in 1925. The staid brick exterior is scored by a decidedly modern, faceted glass "pleat" that pulls natural light into five levels of galleries, and capped with glowing glass penthouses. But in its core, two ballrooms were meticulously restored for public use, complete with rusticated walls, Moorish flourishes and a circular frieze of painted quotations. The Pearl District is a similar marriage of modern culture and historic preservation. This is where young cosmopolitans, surrounded by plasma TVs and plates of Thai salad rolls, choose from 100 tap beers within the exposed brick walls and 24-foot ceilings of Henry Weinhard's original brewery. Today's Brewery Blocks house not only Henry's 12th Street Tavern but retailers, offices, restaurants, Peet's Coffee and possibly the world's most ornate Whole Foods market, in a former Chevrolet dealership facing the old brewery's smokestack. My first glimpse of the Pearl, under the wing of my friend Renate, who lives across the river but regularly crosses the Broadway Bridge to shop or walk her dogs, was Jamison Square, a 3-year-old park where kids splashed in the fountain from morning to evening. A few blocks away, the Fremont Bridge arched beyond a red neon "Go by streetcar" sign, echoing nearby Union Station's classic "Go by train" sign. As we strolled, Renate's boyfriend couldn't say he disagreed with complaints that the district has become too precious, a "fake" version of Europe or San Francisco. But he eagerly ushered me to Sinju, an uncharacteristically spacious and quiet sushi bar, and to the Ecotrust Building. This century-old warehouse's socially minded tenants include a Patagonia store, the Wild Salmon Center, Hot Lips Pizza, the nation's first environmental bank and Ecotrust itself, a nonprofit promoting environmental sustainability. Even the renovation was green, reusing old timbers and recycling 98 percent of the construction materials. Returning to the Pearl on my own, I got lost in the endless stacks at Powell's City of Books, the country's largest independent bookstore. I had outrageously good Cuban chicken palomillo and a mojito at Oba. I saw the same model of running shoe that carried Jesse Owens to four gold medals in the 1936 Berlin Olympics at the West Coast's only Adidas Originals store, and bought a clever little notebook for my purse at Oblation. A couple sitting on their ground-level patio smiled as I passed, music spilled from bars and brew pubs, and I joined the briefcase-toting natty dressers milling around Whole Foods. It all felt so ... companionable. When this was Henry Weinhard's neighborhood in the 1850s, it was called Couch's Addition. Union Station was built in 1896, and warehouses, manufacturing and storage facilities rose along rail spur lines throughout the district. Then the urban flight of the 1960s killed the momentum. Artists started moving into the derelict neighborhood in the late 1970s, touching off a resurgence remarkable for its continuity between past and present. Sherman, Clay and Co., which operated here in the 1920s, returned to the Brewery Blocks in 2004. Even the district's status as a furniture and design mecca is old news: the Central Door Co., which exported building materials throughout the world a century ago, now houses JD Madison's contemporary furniture, rugs and design services. The last train rolled in 2003, but the North Bank passenger station endures, full of townhouses. Burlington Northern's former storage yards house the Portland Streetcar, along with Jamison Square and trendy Portlanders' lofts and condos. The renovated Union Station is still a transit hub. The juxtaposition of brick warehouses, sleek high-rises and picturesque storefronts does have a certain San Francisco feel. In the Pearl, though, stylish restaurants don't laugh if you walk in without a reservation. Streets are narrower, and traffic moves at nonlethal speeds. Maybe it's time to start paying attention. The Pearl offers a plenty good time, and it even seems to have gotten San Francisco right. http://movingtoportland.net/maps/map_pearl.jpghttp://www.breweryblocks.com/graphics/home_lgphoto.jpg Oct 3, 2005, 7:39 PM projects under construction: Cronin Block (to be named) http://www.movingtoportland.com/homes/croninblock.jpg 15-story, 244-unit building developed by Robert Ball, designed by Fletcher Farr Ayotte with a courtyard by the late Robert Murase. The Casey http://www.movingtoportland.com/homes/Casey.jpg The Casey will be one of the most energy efficient and environmentally-friendly high rise residential projects in the United States. The developer, Gerding/Edlen, is aiming for it to be the first condo tower in the country to earn a top "platinum" rating under the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program. The Casey will have only five condos per floor and will have 56 units. It will be a 15-story building. The average size of a Casey condo will be 2,000 square feet. Square Foot Price: $400 and up The Crane http://www.movingtoportland.com/homes/crane.jpg The building will be converted into a mixed use with six floors total - three floors will be residential. MarkDaMan Oct 3, 2005, 7:45 PM Waterfront Pearl http://www.movingtoportland.com/homes/waterfront%20pearl.jpg Amenities include an underground parking garage, lap pool, exercise room, boardroom and common area. Plans include an extensive water feature. The water features covers almost the entire property and will range in depth from 18 to 36 inches. Water will cascade down a series of waterfalls, be recycled through a series of filters, and re-circulated. It is designed to assist with storm water management, building temperature control and irrigation. It will also provide gray water for toilet flushing and water for fire fighting. The effect would be to make the buildings look like they're resting in the shallows of the Willamette River. The project calls for extensive landscaping, maintains view corridors from Naito Parkway and continues the riverfront trail that currently ends at the edge of the parking lot. Soren Rasmussen, the architect, sees the project as a bridge that will connect the Pearl District to the Willamette River and teamed with Portland landscape architectural firm Walker Macy to design a central water feature intended to illustrate the connection. Rasmussen's design for the two towers calls for sculpted, wedge-shaped buildings that a Bureau of Development Services employee this summer said resemble the shape of "a ship's bow." Metropolitan http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v252/edirp/Metropolitan.jpg With The Metropolitan, Hoyt Street Properties will establish a new benchmark for buildings in Portland’s Pearl District, one of the nation’s most successful new urban neighborhoods. At a mid point in their development of the area, Hoyt Street Properties envisions the 380,000-square-foot project as an icon in the city, becoming Portland’s most luxurious urban condominium building. The Metropolitan will be one of the city’s first truly mixed use projects—121 large, luxury units in a 19-story tower will be paired with a 4-story, 20,000-square-foot boutique live/work building. These two sections will be joined by over 20,000 square feet of retail space at the street level and two floors of underground parking. At 225 feet tall, the Metropolitan will be the tallest building in the Pearl District offering sweeping views of the neighborhood, Tanner Springs Park, Jamison Square, Willamette River, mountain peaks, downtown, and the west hills. The unique design of the condominium tower allows a majority of the units to be exclusive corner units, maximizing views and daylight for unit owners. Additional amenities are incorporated throughout the building: concierge service, a club with individual wine storage and a wine bar, an exercise room, conference facilities, guest suites, and a second floor roof garden. The building will convey the sense of luxury within—the exterior will be clad in roman travertine and a custom glass curtain wall system. Furthermore, a balance between luxury and sustainability will be promoted in the project—high performance mechanical systems, a rainwater retention and reuse system, and the incorporation of durable, low-maintenance materials will help The Metropolitan achieve LEED Silver Certification. MarkDaMan Oct 4, 2005, 8:18 PM Lovejoy Columns find a home Two of the fabled Lovejoy Columns have found a home in the Pearl District. Developer John Carroll has agreed to place two of the 30’ remnants of the old Lovejoy Ramp in the Plaza at The Elizabeth. Before the ramp was demolished in 1999, the columns were a cult attraction because of folk art murals painted on them in the 1940’s by rail switchman Tom Stefopolous. Safeway on the boards Designs for the two-block mixed use project between 12th and 14th at Lovejoy have begun to make their way through city planning channels. The new development features two buildings. The first includes a Safeway grocery store, three levels of parking above the store, and 60,000 square feet of office space. The second building will also have ground floor retail, three or four stories of parking, and a 12 story tower of apartments above. Development promises to change the look and function of the Pearl District’s waterfront. The Waterfront Pearl Condominiums will dramatically change the look of the Pearl’s waterfront. Today, it’s easy to be in the Pearl District and forget that the Willamette River is just a short walk away. But new public and private projects sprouting up along the river will likely change the Pearl’s relationship with the waterfront. Riverscape Apollo Development’s Riverscape will be a mixed residential development. The first phase consists of 104 town homes priced from $525,000 to about $1 million and is under construction on the 15.4 acre site just north of the Fremont Bridge. The project’s future phases were anticipated to be complete in five years. Original plans included a marina, 91 brownstones and two condo towers, although at press time developers were seeking further input from potential residents and customers. “These townhomes are geared for Pearl folks who are looking for more space,” Brian Ramsay of Realty Trust explains, “or considering starting a family, hoping for more room for kids. One element of the project is a large Riverwalk [part of the Willamette River Greenway] that will be monitored for security but open to the public.” Waterfront Pearl Naito Properties/Pemcor’s Waterfront Pearl is a $130 million riverfront condo project near the end of Overton Street, between the Broadway and Fremont Bridges. Phase One includes 200 units, priced from $350,000 to $1.3 million, in two metal, stone and glass towers sitting in a unique sustainable reflecting pond. This phase is scheduled for completion in the fall of 2007. “The reflecting pond cleans water that drains from the roof, it provides stormwater management, it helps control building temperatures and it serves as storage for firefighting. It does a lot more than just look pretty.” says Judd James in Northwest Construction Magazine. James is project manager for Portland’s Otak Architects, who partnered with Walker Macy of Portland and Soren Rasmussen Architects of Vancouver, B.C. on the design. Centennial Mill Eighty years ago, 50 different steamship lines called on Portland, then the world’s largest lumber export But the ships docked at Centennial Mill weren’t taking on wood, they were picking up flour made from Oregon grain. Today, depending upon your perspective, the mill can be a scenic and restorable relic of the district’s maritime history, or a decaying collection of nearly 100-year-old buildings awaiting the wrecking ball. The fate of Centennial Mill is, if you’ll forgive the pun, a watershed issue for the Pearl waterfront. Even with Waterfront Pearl and Riverscape underway, the mill’s fate will define the overall philosophy of future redevelopment efforts according to Bruce Allen, senior development manager at the Portland Development Commission. “We’re facing a key decision point,” Allen points out. “Do we want active or passive uses on the waterfront? They are really polar opposites. You can also ask what is more open space worth?” The “active” use Allen refers to is development and “passive” use means parks. “Given the current ownership and development future,” he says, “if the mill is preserved, only one acre will remain available for open space on the waterfront. If the mill is torn down, a five- or six-acre park is possible. I’m not advocating either course, but there is a direction that needs to be chosen.” That direction was a foregone conclusion in the 1994 River District plan, which called for the mill complex to be demolished for an expansion of Tom McCall Waterfront Park. In 2000, the Portland Development Commission paid $7.7 million for the property. In May 2005, however, the City Council gave Centennial Mill a stay of execution, directing PDC and the Bureau of Planning to explore other options. “Tearing down the historic mill would be a shame for the city, an absolute tragedy,” says Patricia Gardner, Pearl-based architect and planning committee chair for the Pearl District Neighborhood Association. “The taller buildings at the site can be preserved, as can the wharf. The rest of the buildings are problematic, but during this process everything is on the table.” The City of Portland is currently engaged in a request-for-proposal (RFP) process to gather ideas on how to preserve and make the best use of the site. The RFP will likely hit the streets in late winter; People on both sides of the issue will have an opportunity to come forward. The site is a difficult one, but some combination of preserved and new buildings with retail, office and housing components will likely emerge. The old wharf on the site contains piers that are still solid below the water line, and could be restored as a base for new structures, as was accomplished on Astoria’s waterfront. Whatever the outcome, many believe that the process itself will be an improvement. “We’ve been developing the waterfront by neglect rather than by plan,” says Gardner. We need to know where we’re going. Is history worth saving?” “I think it’s healthy to see what people have in mind,” adds Allen, “although it will probably be at least a year before any activity starts, one way or the other.” Sales will start in October for The Metropolitan, the latest project from Hoyt Street Properties. The 19-story tower will feature 136 units, including 15 loft style live or work units. The building is currently under construction between 10th and 11th, Lovejoy and Marshall Streets. The Crane Building at 14th and Irving is being renovated and developers are seeking tax abatements. These abatements require that the building’s 30 lofts be rented out as apartments until 2012. (The two penthouses are new construction, and do not qualify for tax abatement). The developers hope to have the building occupied in late 2006. No word yet on when sales begin. pdxstreetcar Oct 4, 2005, 10:15 PM I say "active" waterfront, I really want to see Centennial Mills saved and reused. bvpcvm Oct 5, 2005, 12:57 AM “These townhomes are geared for Pearl folks who are looking for more space,” Brian Ramsay of Realty Trust explains, “or considering starting a family, hoping for more room for kids." Yeah, right. Only if mommy and daddy are both lawyers. MarkDaMan Oct 5, 2005, 4:42 PM artist rendering of Pearl's "NoLo" buildout on property owned by Hoyt Street Properties. http://hoytyards.com/images/hsp_rendering.jpg The grayish/brown building in the center has been built also the one to the left has too. The greenspace both abutting the river at the bottom of pic and above the rail are actually other developer's property that wasn't included in this developer's image. The small buildings in the background are also being developed as high rises by other companies. colemonkee Oct 6, 2005, 5:13 PM I lived in Portland from '92-'95, and this area was mainly abandoned buildings. I go back every year to visit family and friends, and I've been very pleased with the turnaround. Every time I go back I make a point to visit this area and go out to dinner or out to a bar/club. I remember seeing a Diesel store and an American Apparel on my last trip and thinking "damn, Portland's becoming a real urban city!" It's always been a great city, but now it's becoming more of a modern, urban place, not just a "northwest" place. MarkDaMan Oct 6, 2005, 8:07 PM The two Lovejoy Columns going to the Elizabeth plaza were set in place yesterday. FIRST THURSDAY TONIGHT...can't wait to get my drink on courtesy of the art galleries! And the Addias store, they had two kegs flowing last month and a DJ....wonder if newcomers over the past month will have anything set up... mSeattle Oct 12, 2005, 9:46 PM Great news. I need to get down and take pictures. MarkDaMan Oct 14, 2005, 9:41 PM Historic Crane Building to be renovated Guardian Management LLC has purchased the historic Crane Building in Portland's Pearl District. Partnering with individual investors and a historic tax investor to create Crane Building Investors LLC, the Portland-based real estate investment and management company will relocate its headquarters from Johns Landing to become the anchor tenant in the Crane Building's 24,000 square feet of available office space. Plans for the six-story, 90,000-square-foot Crane Building, located at 710 N.W. 14th Ave., include an $18 million restoration project to create mixed-use office, retail and residential space. Renovations will begin this month, with project completion scheduled for the fall of 2006. Thirty market-rate loft apartments will be created from 24,000 square feet of space and two luxury penthouses units -- which do not fall under the historical designation -- will be available for purchase. Built in 1909, the Crane Building was designed by William C. Knighton, a Portland-based architect known for his work on the Capital National Bank Building in Salem and Portland's Governor Hotel. The Crane Building served as the regional headquarters for the Crane Co., a rapidly expanding brass foundry and pipe fitting company based in Chicago in the late 1800s. and Pearl District gets new bistro Another former Torrefazione Italia space has found a new occupant. The former coffee chain's Pearl District location, 1140 N.W. Everett St., reopens in November as Everett St. Bistro. The bistro is owned by Kyle Lynch, principal at KL Design Group. In addition to a deli case and coffee service, it will serve breakfast on weekends as well as lunch and dinner. Previously, Mia Gelato announced it would take over the Northwest 23rd Torrefazione Italia spot. urbanlife Oct 15, 2005, 1:46 AM I just drove by thae waterfront area, there is alot of work going on over there. My biggest concern is how it will connect to the rest of the Pearl and downtown without having to use a car. cab Oct 15, 2005, 3:01 AM Anyone know what is going on with the abandon building on 14th and evertt? I believe it was an old Meier and Frank warehouse. I thought it was going to be rehabilitated this Fall, but I haven't seen any signs on the building yet. urbanlife Oct 15, 2005, 4:24 AM good question, I was beginning to wonder that myself. pdxstreetcar Oct 16, 2005, 5:56 PM yeah thats an old M&F warehouse, and I'm surprised nothing has happened to that building being that its a full block, something tells me it might be one of those, I think they call them, "Telco hotels" with tons of telecommunications equipment packed inside. edgepdx Oct 17, 2005, 1:32 AM I think the 14th and Everet is empty. I'm really suprised no one has converted it to lofts. It's got pretty good sized windows already. bvpcvm Oct 17, 2005, 5:36 AM From the October 14, 2005 print edition Condo craze gets all wet The Pearl is yesterday's news as focus moves to river Wendy Culverwell Business Journal staff writer The construction cranes have decamped from the Pearl District for waterside sites as Portland's residential aspirations shift ever so slightly to the east. At last count, there were some 1,439 condominium units in development along the west bank of the Willamette River. When built, they will occupy 10 separate towers at five separate locations. Four separate sets of developers are driving the waterfront construction boom. They all have this in common beyond their waterfront location: Buyers have snapped up units almost as soon as they hit the market. Riverscape, on Front Street near the western terminus of the Fremont Bridge, is closest to completion of the five projects in development. The first 34 units will be ready for residents this fall. The project will eventually boast about 500 units, including 104 townhouses. Not far to the south, Waterfront Pearl is the most recent project to get going. Offered by the Naito Properties LLC and its development partners from Vancouver, British Columbia, and Seattle, it will include 192 units in two towers in the former River Queen parking lot, just north of the Broadway Bridge. Two additional towers may be developed in the future on the adjacent site, which is owned by a separate branch of the Naito family. The first phase opens in two years. Buyers reserved about 80 percent of the first building when it was put on the market earlier this summer. The second building will be available in a month or so and its builders expect a similar reception. There's no secret why some of Portland's most prominent condominium developers -- Gerding/Edlen, Homer Williams and Jack Onder -- have turned their attention to the waterfront. The Pearl District is nearly built out and high-end buyers have a seemingly unending appetite for luxury condos. "The market is ravenous right now," said Kirk Taylor, senior vice president for investment sales at CB Richard Ellis. Taylor helped usher Waterfront Pearl to fruition when he introduced Sam and Verne Naito, who own the property, to a team of out-of-town developers, Pemcor Development Corp. of Vancouver, British Columbia, and Grancorp Holdings LLC of Seattle. Builders aren't the only ones taking advantage of the ongoing appetite for condominiums and waterside living, Taylor said. Almost every apartment complex along the river has converted to condominiums and very little developable land remains between Portland and Lake Oswego outside of the South Waterfront area. Demand for luxury condominiums remains strong and mortgage interest rates remain low. And compared with other cities along the West Coast, Portland remains a bargain -- buyers would have to pay twice as much elsewhere to afford the kinds of properties available in Portland. Builder Jack Onder got his start in the Pearl District and notes that district continues to go strong and several new projects are in the offing. But there aren't many spots left in there, which means builders are looking elsewhere. Now, years of effort to build in the River Place urban renewal area are coming to fruition. The Strand was originally conceived as a hotel, but morphed into a residential project with the twists and turns of the economy. The 216-unit project will include three towers and is in mid-construction. The first units will be ready for residents a year from now. RiverPlace Partners, which consists of Onder's company and Williams and Dame Development Inc., has been working on its piece for five years. The Strand occupies one of the last sites available in the district between the Hawthorne and Interstate 5 bridges. Developers didn't discover the river, Onder said. They work with the sites that become available. And right now, that means the river. So far, the sales crew at The Strand has released 137 units in the first two towers to buyers. Most have been reserved. Buyers will be asked to sign binding purchase agreements starting this weekend and, based on the conversion rate of similar properties, Onder and his broker say most reservations will convert into actual sales. Buyers are expected to occupy their units and speculative investors are turned away. Onder describes the projects strung along the waterfront in chain-like terms -- the pieces will eventually be linked. To a large extent, they already are -- by the riverwalk that extends from the Broadway Bridge south to RiverPlace. He believes it will eventually find its way further south and will eventually connect the northern sections of the river with the South Waterfront, where Gerding/Edlen is building the Meriwether and John Ross condominiums. Buyers are drawn by the green aspects as much as by the river and its endless parade of pleasure boats as well as working ships, developers agree. At the north end of the Willamette, builders of the Waterfront Pearl use terms like "working riverfront" and "retro industrial" to market their projects. It is a quaint caution to would-be buyers that Portland's riverfront is a busy -- and loud -- place to live and perhaps not suited to those who cherish silence. Oceangoing vessels, trains, freeways, city streets and even pedestrian trails contribute decibels. At Waterfront Pearl, which faces the Amtrak station, builders are hedging against the sound of whistle blasts with triple-glazed windows on the walls that face the tracks. An extensive water feature is being engineered to produce soothing sounds to mask the background racket that reverberates around the area, such as the hum from a grain elevator on the opposing shore. At RiverPlace, designers addressed a different noise challenge. There are no nearby train tracks, but an elevated bridge carries Interstate 5 across the river and past the construction site on the south. "It is urban," agreed Onder, who said extensive noise studies indicate freeway noise drifts south and away from his project. Overall, the noise levels at RiverPlace are comparable to those in downtown. If quiet is important, he gingerly suggested that perhaps the waterfront isn't the right place to live. Brian Ramsay, a broker with Realty Trust Group and listing agent for Riverscape, said the 104 townhouses (average price $704,000) have been well received, especially by current Pearl District residents who want more space and don't like the commercialization of the once industrial neighborhood. Of the 54 put on the market, 44 have sold. Last week, the real estate company launched a Web site to register interest for the condominiums that will be contained in two towers. Within days, it had taken 200 names for the waiting list. Realty Trust also is the selling agency for Gerding/Edlen's Meriwether and John Ross projects at South Waterfront. Both had similar sales patterns. Ramsay's theory about why developers are concentrating on the shoreline is simple: demand. To paraphrase Mark Twain, he said, they're not building any more riverfront property. [email protected] \| 503-219-3415 MarkDaMan Oct 25, 2005, 7:09 PM and more of the "gritty industry" feel has been taken from what is becoming a very Tony neighborhood. Pearl’s thoroughly paved Downtown’s last unpaved street reopened last week with fanfare not usually seen for the filling of potholes. A collection of dignitaries that included city Commissioner Sam Adams, Commissioner Mark Rosenbaum of the Portland Development Commission, neighborhood leaders, developers and business owners all held forth in a ceremony at Northwest 13th Avenue between Johnson and Raleigh streets. The occasion marked the paving of the eight-block stretch of Northwest 13th Avenue, the last unpaved street in the neighborhood. Potholes, gravel and the railroad tracks have been replaced with a concrete street, a valley gutter along the loading docks with pedestrian ramps, head-in parking and lights. Two-thirds of the money for the $2.6 million project came from property owners, through a local improvement district, and the remainder from River District Urban Renewal Area funds. MarkDaMan Oct 31, 2005, 7:54 PM Riverscape-going through the permits process http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v252/edirp/Riverscape.jpg not actually considered the Pearl as this development sits just under the Fremont Bridge, but with it surrounded by heavy industry it will probably become the farthest edge of the Pearl at buildout... FlyersFan118 Oct 31, 2005, 8:12 PM thats wassap. Nov 18, 2005, 6:16 PM nationwide the housing market might be cooling off, but here in Portland it's still HOT! Demand Out Distances Housing Supply 11/10/2005 On Thursday November 3rd The Metropolitan sales were kicked off with a three-day buyers’ preview of the 136-unit condominium community. At the end of the preview, 500 buyers had indicated their interest in purchasing one of the homes. “We had a sense that we would have more buyers interested than we had homes to sell,” said Tiffany Sweitzer, President of Hoyt Street Properties (HSP). “Prior to the launch more than 4,600 inquiries had been received regarding the project.” Faced with this enviable problem, HSP and Hoyt Realty Group designed a lottery system that gave everyone an equal chance at purchasing a home. On Sunday November 6th two hundred names were drawn and the process of informing the winners began the following day. As the developer of a 30-block neighborhood in the Pearl District, Hoyt Street Properties is accustomed to a high level of interest in its projects. For example, the 124 unit Park Place condominium, overlooking Jamison Park, sold out just 8 months after it opened in May 2004. A year later the Pinnacle Condominium’s 176 homes were sold before its doors opened. “We believe this increased level of interest is directly related to the progress we are making in transforming a former railroad yard into a unique mixed-use community,” speculated Sweitzer. “After 10 years of effort people are now able to feel and visualize the distinctive nature of our urban neighborhood with its own lively character and personality.” pdxtraveler Nov 30, 2005, 9:37 PM The crane is going up on this as I write. MarkDaMan Nov 30, 2005, 11:00 PM Affordable housing is as crucial as jobs Wednesday, November 30, 2005 The Sitka Apartments -- the Pearl District's latest entry into Portland's red-hot housing market -- takes up a full city block at Northwest 12th Avenue and Northrup Street. Its studio and one- and two-bedroom apartments have some of the same amenities -- free high-speed Internet, keyless entry and a fitness center -- as the rest of its neighboring condos, some of which are selling for $1 million or more. It even has its own streetcar stop, landscaped courtyard and a rental unit available for guests. However, all but seven of the 210 apartments are available only to working folks who don't qualify for housing subsidies but otherwise couldn't afford a trendy Pearl address. Many of the units were already leased before the Sitka officially opened Tuesday. "I think this is one of the best buildings that's been built in the whole affordable-housing portfolio," says City Commissioner Erik Sten, a seasoned champion of low-income housing. "They're units that you can imagine living in for a long time." The Pearl, where the name of your building typically reflects the depth of your bank account, already houses about 600 affordable apartments. But Sitka is the first to qualify as predominately "work force housing" -- a buzzword that may be as essential to Portland's economic stability as new jobs. With housing prices out of reach of the average income and more rental apartments converting to condos, many different types of workers -- such as retail salespeople, police officers and registered nurses -- are being squeezed out of the city. This flight of the working class puts stress on neighboring communities. It also siphons children out of Portland's schools, creates more traffic congestion and erodes the city's tax base. What's more, growing companies -- such as California's Keen Footwear -- want to relocate in urban cities where employees can afford to live near their job. But without more work force housing, Portland is at a disadvantage before it even gets to the table. City Hall does a good job advocating for affordable housing for folks at the lower end of the economic scale. But we also need more housing for those whose paychecks aren't keeping pace with the cost of living. "This is the perfect prototype for what we should replicate," Andrew Wilch, housing director for the Portland Development Commission, says about Sitka. But, he adds, "we're not focusing on the work force housing needs in any active manner." The problem is that it requires an aggressive public subsidy, with buy-in from private investors and a developer that has the vision to build energy-efficient, affordable apartments that are roomy and attractive enough for both singles and families. To make the numbers work for Sitka, it took a team of bankers, corporate investors, and local and state government. Albina Community Bank made a short-term, $2 million loan to buy the land. PDC gave its lead developer, Ed McNamara, a $9 million construction loan. The Oregon Housing and Community Services Department floated a $17 million tax-exempt bond -- purchased by U.S. Bank to use as a construction loan. The state also provided a predevelopment loan and $1 million in tax credits. And the city offered a 10-year abatement on property taxes. Another major player on the project, Portland-based Homestead Capital, lured $9.5 million in equity from private investors, which earn tax credits for investing in low-income housing. "We're glad to have the building there," says Joan Pendergast, the recently elected president of the Pearl Neighborhood Association. Her community, she adds, "isn't all full of rich yuppies like so many people think." It's hard to believe, but with the opening of the Sitka, the Pearl now qualifies as a mixed-income neighborhood. It's time for the whole city -- for its own sake -- to follow suit. S. Renee Mitchell: 503-221-8142; [email protected];1320 S.W. Broadway, Portland OR 97201 James Bond Agent 007 Dec 4, 2005, 5:26 AM Yay. Dec 8, 2005, 9:50 PM Sierra Club praises Pearl District In a November report announcing America's best new development projects, the Sierra Club named Portland's Pearl District a top example of successful development. The report recognized Portland based-Hoyt Street Properties for spearheading the transformation of a faded industrial zone into a revitalized multiuse community. It also praised Gerding/Edlen Development Co. for renewing the historic Pearl District Brewery Blocks. In its report, the Sierra Club profiled 12 of the nation's top projects and named players that helped realize innovative development plans. Favorable projects reused previously developed land, offered a range of eco-friendly transportation options, and helped foster and preserve community values. Hoyt Street Properties was recognized for turning a former railyard into a unique urban neighborhood in which homes, businesses, retail shops and parks are successfully integrated. The Sierra Club commended the developer for working with the Portland Development Commission in creating a pedestrian-friendly environment where walking, cycling and streetcars are seen as viable means of transportation. MarkDaMan Dec 8, 2005, 9:51 PM Sierra Club praises Pearl District In a November report announcing America's best new development projects, the Sierra Club named Portland's Pearl District a top example of successful development. The report recognized Portland based-Hoyt Street Properties for spearheading the transformation of a faded industrial zone into a revitalized multiuse community. It also praised Gerding/Edlen Development Co. for renewing the historic Pearl District Brewery Blocks. In its report, the Sierra Club profiled 12 of the nation's top projects and named players that helped realize innovative development plans. Favorable projects reused previously developed land, offered a range of eco-friendly transportation options, and helped foster and preserve community values. Hoyt Street Properties was recognized for turning a former railyard into a unique urban neighborhood in which homes, businesses, retail shops and parks are successfully integrated. The Sierra Club commended the developer for working with the Portland Development Commission in creating a pedestrian-friendly environment where walking, cycling and streetcars are seen as viable means of transportation. PacificNW Dec 8, 2005, 10:50 PM I read the article a couple days ago...good going! pdxstreetcar Dec 9, 2005, 3:41 AM I would love to see Centennial Mills renovated with a new Maritime Museum and retail on the ground floor with condominiums or apartments on the floors above. If the Naitos build those 2 other towers I hope they will be at least slightly different in appearence. I really just dont want to see 4 identical towers on the waterfront. PacificNW Dec 9, 2005, 5:38 AM Has the Naito family settled their differences concerning these condo's? Is the complete project back on? MarkDaMan Dec 9, 2005, 5:00 PM ^nope, talk about a disfunctional family! designpdx Dec 9, 2005, 8:25 PM ^nope, talk about a disfunctional family! Ditto. PacificNW Dec 9, 2005, 10:59 PM Bill is probably turning over in his grave...now their was a man who had visions for Portland. He is sorely missed. MarkDaMan Dec 15, 2005, 7:57 PM new rendering Dec 21, 2005, 9:24 PM The express route Pearl District partners with American Express to promote district Wendy Culverwell Business Journal staff writer The Pearl District gained its holiday footing this year with the district's first-ever comprehensive Christmas promotion. The program is backed by American Express, which signed on as a major sponsor of the Pearl District Business Association and underwrote the cost of everything from Christmas carolers to bag-checking services for customers. "We're thrilled," said Monica Spoelstra Metz, marketing coordinator for the business association. Shoppers can win prizes at participating vendors and leave their cars with valets -- complimentary to American Express cardholders and low-cost for all others. Carolers stroll the streets on weekends and a shuttle service ferries visitors between the Pearl District and a half-dozen downtown hotels. One spa owner described the environment as "magical." The business association couldn't afford a holiday promotion on its own, said Metz, and went looking for a partner. Attracting American Express as a partner shows just how much the district has grown in the past 10 or so years since a strip of warehouses and rail yards reinvented itself as a business and residential district, with more than 5,500 residential units developed since 1994. American Express likes what it sees in the Pearl District, said Lisa Gregg, a company spokeswoman. The merchant community routinely uses American Express to process sales transactions and the neighborhood's generally well-heeled residents fit the company's customer profile, she said. It's been a long slog for the business association, which formed nearly a decade ago when the Pearl District was just starting to emerge around the former rail yards at Hoyt Street. A group of retailers and restaurateurs decided to publish a map to guide visitors and hit up their neighbors for contributions to pay for it. Today, the association's membership fluctuates between 220 and 250 or so members and the base is expanding to include more professional services. Metz said there are many "off map" members -- those businesses that participate in the association but don't need or want to be on the shoppers' map, which it still publishes. Joanne Sunnarborg founded Desperado, a Western boutique, nine years ago and was instrumental in soliciting $25 contributions for the initial map. "It was pretty quiet down here," she recalled. Having a formal holiday promotion this year has generated traffic. She didn't have to take any extra steps to participate since she's accepted American Express almost since she opened in 1994. "It's that demographic. If three people say, 'Do you take American Express?' That's good enough for me," she said. Indeed, that's a big part of why the company stepped in to underwrite the multipronged promotion, Gregg said. A large base of merchants accept the card and the Pearl District offers the right setting for its cardholders, who tend to spend more on dining and shopping. She wouldn't disclose what American Express is paying to support the Pearl District's holiday extravaganza, but it is certainly considerable. To drive traffic to the Pearl District, American Express sent $15 prepaid gift cards to its cardholders throughout Portland. They can be used anywhere that accepts American Express, but carry the Pearl District logo -- no small coup, Metz noted with satisfaction. Sunnarborg said she's seen plenty of gift cards with the Pearl District brand at her cash register. "It is pretty fascinating that they would partner with us to launch this," she said. Metz said there are plenty of perks for all visitors and the business association pitches the Pearl District as a holiday destination to residents in Portland's close-in neighborhoods as well as the West Hills and along Highway 26. It isn't trying to compete with the regional shopping malls. "For us, it's people who want an urban arts, shopping and dining experience," she said. John Cusack, proprietor of the Hawaiian-themed Kanani Pearl Spa, opened 13 months ago. Christmas is an important season for the personal services industry and indeed, he's busy now with clients who received gift certificates for spa treatments last Christmas. The holiday promotion isn't just good for business, it's good for the business community, he said "It's been very unifying for the merchants," he said. A sense of solidarity developed as participants met to hash out the program details. To him, American Express' willingness to invest its marketing dollars in the neighborhood is an important mark of approval. "I think it's a recognition of what the Pearl's accomplished," he said. [email protected] \| 503-219-3415 Dec 22, 2005, 5:58 PM Financing in Place for Next Phase of Riverscape Using $24.65 million in construction financing from Home Street Bank, local developer Tim Ralston has begun construction on the next phase of the 390-unit Riverscape condominiums here. The development site is immediately north of the Fremont Bridge on the west side of the Willamette River. When completed, the entire development will include 104 town homes, two condominium towers (this one and a second with 120 units, to be built after this tower is completed), and 91 brownstone-style homes. About 84 units are currently under construction, not including this latest phase for which Ralston has obtained financing. The new phase is one of the two planned towers. It will be an eight-story building with 74 units and partially underground parking. Units are expected to fetch at least $407 per sf. The size of the units will range from 539 sf to 2,705 sf, and the price tags will range from $250,000 to $1.3 million. Units will be upscale with hardwood floors, plush carpeting and/or tile floors, European fixtures, slab granite counter tops and Jenn-Air appliances in the kitchens. Windows will cover about 70% of the building exteriors. At least 40% of the units are expected to be pre-sold. The remaining units are expected to be sold off at a rate of at least four a month once the tower is completed in mid 2007. Ralston is co-owner of Apollo Development and Apollo Homes. The architect for the project is LRS. The general contractor is LCG Pence. MarkDaMan Jan 13, 2006, 4:37 PM just in case we have any starving artists on the board... $10,000 Artist Commission for New Pearl District Dining Experience Portland - Portland, ORE. -- January 11, 2005 -- The owners of SoLo, a new bar and dining establishment scheduled to open in Portland's Pearl District in March, is offering $10,000 to an artist who can capture the new venue's spirit in paint. Artists are asked to submit their proposals by January 31 (deadline extended from January 15). The "Call to Artists" is for local, Portland-based artists only. Artists will be judged on how well their submission "captures the notion of one’s solo journey through this world—both the struggle to thrive and the triumph felt when we do." The parameters: a flat painting no more than 36? high by 48? wide and no smaller than 28? inches by 36?, oils or acrylics. Artist must be local (based in the Portland Metropolitan area). Judges will be favoring pieces that contain humanistic elements versus abstract objects; warm, brilliant color versus colder, muted themes. "We want our patrons to stand in awe of this special piece. We also want them to draw inspiration from the composition—an effort to define 'solo' in paint," said Nathaniel Clevenger, CEO of 3, the public communicatons co., the firm promoting the new bar. Artists need to submit their idea in a short—no more than one paragraph—email and include no more than 5 slides of their work. Responses should be sent to [email protected]. All submissions due by January 31, 2006. Judges will review and select top submissions. Commission selected by February 15, 2006. Final artwork due approximately 30 days from selection (no later than March 15, 2006). The Commission $10,000 (Includes framing and any other costs associated with mounting the piece.) bvpcvm Jan 15, 2006, 1:35 AM I just noticed today that it looks like the Lovejoy columns are done. They've copied the drawings (etched, I guess, saw this from the streetcar) onto some kind of black stone (granite?). Weren't the original drawings to be displayed inside the Elizabeth lobby? Coldrsx Jan 18, 2006, 6:36 PM i cannot wait to come visit, portland has always intrigued me. CouvScott Jan 26, 2006, 5:23 PM BOORA is seeking design advice for a master plan of the development of Hoyt Street Properties' 8.5 acres in the Northern portion of the River District. The plan includes initial concepts for the building programming, massing, height, parking and access, pedestrian spaces and community. This is planned for March 16th. MarkDaMan Jan 30, 2006, 7:33 PM Mak’s makes a move One of Portland’s top jazz and blues clubs, Jimmy Mak’s, is moving — but just across the street. Owner Jim Makarounis says that he’s moving to the Pearl Gallery building, kitty-corner at 221 N.W. 10th Ave., in hopes of bringing in more big-name national acts like, piano legend McCoy Tyner — hopefully this spring. He and two fellow investors plan to boost seating from 80 seats to 130 and install a bigger, faster kitchen. “I think it’s time for us to take that next step up,” Makarounis says, adding that the ambience and music will not change. “The one thing we want to do is be true to that core group of people that have supported us over the years.” With this move, the corner that Mak's sits on could be developed into a very slender tower. Would be nice to see something tall next to the Elizabeth which seems to sit out by itself. designpdx Jan 30, 2006, 9:58 PM Interesting considering that the Elizabeth builders origonally tried to buy that building. pdxstreetcar Jan 30, 2006, 10:55 PM there is the historic buddah building next door which might complicate redeveloping that 1/4 block. i never noticed that article about AmEx & the Pearl, interesting. i guess when a large corporation takes a liking to a neighborhood like the pearl it must help in spreading pearl-style development around the country. bvpcvm Jan 31, 2006, 4:42 AM there is the historic buddah building next door which might complicate redeveloping that 1/4 block. I'm pretty sure I saw a "For Sale" sign on the Buddha just last week. dkealoha Jan 31, 2006, 5:33 AM I'm pretty sure I saw a "For Sale" sign on the Buddha just last week. Yea, I think that sign has been there for a while too. I remember it from a long time ago. MarkDaMan Feb 2, 2006, 7:49 PM http://www.thepostcard.com/walt/state/or/or344.gif Custom House hotel plan waits on lease Thursday, February 02, 2006 By Su-jin Yim The months roll on but his confidence hasn't faded. The developer of a plan to turn one of the city's most architecturally distinctive buildings into a boutique hotel says he expects to start construction late this spring, even though he has yet to finalize a lease. Keith Pochter of The Pochter Group Limited of Northbrook, Ill., is negotiating a long-term lease to develop the U.S. Custom House on the North Park Blocks. The U.S. General Services Administration, which manages federal buildings, announced almost a year ago that it had selected Pochter over Portland developer Venerable Properties, which had hoped to create a mixed-use space with a section for the University of Oregon architecture school. Last year, the agency said it planned to sign with Pochter within four months. That plan called for an upscale, 82-room Wyndham hotel. But they're still working on it, says agency spokesman Bill Lesh. "It's just going slower than we anticipated when it was announced," he says, though more information may be available this month. The agency's choice disappointed some neighborhood activists who were hoping for community space in the majestic, 100,000-square-foot building at 220 N.W. Eighth Ave. The 1901 Italian Renaissance structure, which has sat empty since the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers moved out in 2004, was designed by architect James Knox Taylor. A hotel is a good plan for the building, Pochter says. "Your hotel marketplace is very strong and growing quarterly with some fairly significant increases" in room rates, Pochter says. Pochter, who frequently visits Oregon, says the plan is moving about as he expected. He hopes the hotel will open in time to take advantage of summer festivals. "The process has been exactly what it was meant to be," he says. "I'm a very focused individual who wants to complete what he started. That's exactly what I intend to do." Su-jin Yim: 503-294-7611; [email protected] Feb 2, 2006, 7:51 PM http://www.thepostcard.com/walt/state/or/or344.gif Custom House hotel plan waits on lease Thursday, February 02, 2006 By Su-jin Yim The months roll on but his confidence hasn't faded. The developer of a plan to turn one of the city's most architecturally distinctive buildings into a boutique hotel says he expects to start construction late this spring, even though he has yet to finalize a lease. Keith Pochter of The Pochter Group Limited of Northbrook, Ill., is negotiating a long-term lease to develop the U.S. Custom House on the North Park Blocks. The U.S. General Services Administration, which manages federal buildings, announced almost a year ago that it had selected Pochter over Portland developer Venerable Properties, which had hoped to create a mixed-use space with a section for the University of Oregon architecture school. Last year, the agency said it planned to sign with Pochter within four months. That plan called for an upscale, 82-room Wyndham hotel. But they're still working on it, says agency spokesman Bill Lesh. "It's just going slower than we anticipated when it was announced," he says, though more information may be available this month. The agency's choice disappointed some neighborhood activists who were hoping for community space in the majestic, 100,000-square-foot building at 220 N.W. Eighth Ave. The 1901 Italian Renaissance structure, which has sat empty since the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers moved out in 2004, was designed by architect James Knox Taylor. A hotel is a good plan for the building, Pochter says. "Your hotel marketplace is very strong and growing quarterly with some fairly significant increases" in room rates, Pochter says. Pochter, who frequently visits Oregon, says the plan is moving about as he expected. He hopes the hotel will open in time to take advantage of summer festivals. "The process has been exactly what it was meant to be," he says. "I'm a very focused individual who wants to complete what he started. That's exactly what I intend to do." Su-jin Yim: 503-294-7611; [email protected] Feb 22, 2006, 4:35 PM I've created a photo thread of the Pearl, come see the progress! http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=99264 Feb 28, 2006, 10:37 PM More condos coming The Pearl District’s appetite for condos appears insatiable with two new towers in the planning stage. The first will be called 937 Condos, reflecting its address, 937 N.W. Glisan St. It will contain 131 units in 16 stories. Another 16-story tower will have 200 condos on a property called Block 19, located just north of Union Station on Northwest Ninth Avenue. Block 19 will complement another building that is planned for development across Ninth Avenue. The two curved buildings will face the street, creating a hublike effect at Northwest Ninth Avenue and Front Street. Both developments currently are being reviewed by city planners. According to Jasmine Ruthdotter, who tracks Pearl development for the design and transportation committee of the Pearl District Neighborhood Association, 1,500 new condo units are planned for the neighborhood over the next three years. Currently, Ruthdotter says, there are about 4,000 condos in the district. MarkDaMan Mar 7, 2006, 7:34 PM Quick overview on Pearl development http://adserver1.harvestadsdepot.com/portorgonian/ss/042114/ http://adserver1.harvestadsdepot.com/portorgonian/ss/042114/014/014_001/014_001.jpg By Lynnette Fusilier There is something for everyone in the Pearl real estate market. If you are shopping for unparalleled opulence and expansive views, consider a unit in THE METROPOLITAN, the Pearl's tallest building at 11th and Lovejoy. Developed by Hoyt Street Properties, the 19-story LEED certified Metropolitan will feature 136 residential units and offer concierge service, guest suites, individual wine storage and other luxurious amenities. For those who enjoy living large, consider a home in THE CRONIN BLOCK at NW 13th and Marshall. This yet unnamed, "New York style" red-bricked building from developer Robert Ball will house 244 residential units and ground level retail space. This 15-story building will be the largest mixed-use development in the Pearl. If the environment and energy conservation tops your list of priorities, consider a unit in THE CASEY at 12th and Everett. This 17-story building developed by Gerding Edlen is adjacent to the Brewery Blocks and is designed to be the first LEED Platinum designated condo in the country. Features include solar panels for water heating, ground source heat pumps, and unique exterior facades integrated with Bullseye glass. For those that crave historic detail, consider a home in THE CRANE BUILDING at 14th and Irving. Built in 1907, this six-story warehouse will contain 30 loft-style units and two penthouses and will be eligible for tax abatement. Condition for tax abatement requires that the 30 lofts be rented out as apartments until 2012. The penthouses are new construction and do not qualify for tax abatement. Looking for commercial space? THE GADSBY BUILDING, a former furniture warehouse at 13th and Hoyt is undergoing a major facelift. Historical details-wood floors, large beams and exposed brick walls-are left intact and restored to the original luster. The building is owned and managed by Rick and Peter Michaelson and has a boutique feel hallmarked by distinctive details and personalized customer service. cab Mar 7, 2006, 8:28 PM How about if you crave something....cheap? MarkDaMan Mar 9, 2006, 7:11 PM Galleries buy permanence in the Pearl Property - A stronger market allows galleries to reclaim the district as the heart of artness Thursday, March 09, 2006 D.K. ROW The Oregonian Portland's Pearl District is reclaiming its place as Oregon's premier fine arts marketplace, buoyed by a growing interest in local artists and a recovering economy. Within the past 18 months, several well-known galleries have bought new spaces in the district, which had lost many of its top galleries to rising rents in the fast-developing neighborhood, prompting questions about whether art could survive in the Pearl. Now, developer Jim Winkler is on the verge of finalizing purchase agreements with four more important Portland galleries and one San Francisco transplant, and a new art center housing them is expected to open on the North Park Blocks by the spring of 2007. The resurgence of fine art galleries in the Pearl District follows a steady growth in the market for local artists, fueled both by local collectors and new buyers from around the country, gallery owners say. And the Pearl's central location has encouraged owners to buy their own spaces. The new complex, in the old Daisy Kingdom building at 123 N.W. Eighth Ave., punctuates the trend. Among the recent events: The purchase of a large new space by the Elizabeth Leach Gallery at 417 N.W. Ninth Ave. Leach is one of the Oregon dealers with a national reputation. The move by two of Leach's peers, high-end galleries PDX Contemporary Art and Pulliam Deffenbaugh Gallery, into similarly attractive spaces of their own close to Leach on Northwest Flanders St. The construction of an artist residency program and exhibit space on Northwest Ninth Avenue by Portland Art Museum patron and art collector Sarah Miller Meigs. Meigs' donations have supported new contemporary art programming at the museum's newly opened modern art wing. "Business is good" The activity in the Pearl reflects a new aggressiveness by art dealers in town and the steady growth of the art market, according to Leach, who has been in the gallery business here since 1981. "Portland's reflecting the larger art world," Leach says. "There's a genuine excitement and intensity in the art market right now, from beginners to hedge fund managers." Leach says her gallery's business had grown steadily for the past several years, at a 5 percent to 10 percent clip, even through the dot-com crash. "Business is good," she says. Jane Beebe, owner of PDX Contemporary Art, says her gallery has seen an increase in both out-of-town and local collectors, but that her participation in national art fairs has driven up the number of non-Oregonian collectors who consistently buy art from her. "Still, being a dealer is a hand-to-mouth existence," Beebe says, "but right now it's a higher level of hand-to-mouth." Located on the cusp of Old Town and the Pearl, Winkler's project promises to extend the Pearl District art scene farther east and closer to West Burnside St. Beebe says the Pearl District location of Winkler's project makes perfect sense. Dealers want venues that are easily reachable by collectors and connected to other cultural activities. Collectors will like the plan's one-stop approach, which resembles other well-known art gallery hubs, such as Los Angeles' Bergamot Station. "It's accessible from all parts of the city, by freeway from Beaverton, Southeast Portland and North Portland," says Beebe. "And from downtown by the streetcar and by foot. You couple that accessibility with other businesses in the area like restaurants, and it makes the Pearl attractive to people who can see art and have dinner." New pieces of the Pearl Each of the galleries that have bought space in Winkler's development has a different story. The one with the most at stake is the venerable Contemporary Crafts Museum & Gallery, which will leave quiet Southwest Corbett Ave. for the bustle of the Pearl. And the bustle is what's attractive, says executive director David Cohen. Attendance at the 69-year-old museum has dipped as low as 12,000 people a year. "The tree that falls in the forest doesn't make a sound," Cohen says. "I can't condone that. We should be doing more, much more, to say we are making a difference in the community." The location next to many galleries in the light-rail accessible Pearl District appealed to Cohen so much that he was one of the first players to commit to Winkler's plan, eventually claiming the biggest chunk of the complex's gallery space -- 15,000 square feet. To raise part of the $3.6 million it will cost to buy the new space, the museum is trying to sell its Southwest Corbett Avenue building for $2 million. The museum will have to raise the remaining $1.6 million, and another $2.4 million to fund building improvements and an endowment. "We're going to change the way people see us." Cohen says. Blue Sky Gallery, another nonprofit, has shown socially conscious photography for the past 30 years, mostly in a small Pearl District space, and it's hoping to secure its future in the Pearl, too. "Blue Sky is 30. And one of the things you do at 30 is buy a house," says Christopher Rauschenberg, the gallery's board chairman. To purchase the 3,800-square-foot space that will double its size, Blue Sky is undertaking a $2 million capital campaign, aided by the sale of a $1 million painting donated by legendary artist Robert Rauschenberg, Christopher's father. The commercial galleries involved in the development -- Augen Gallery, Froelick Gallery and Charles A. Hartman Fine Art -- are also betting on the Pearl. And betting a lot: Prices in the development hover around $1 million, according to Winkler, who developed Adidas Village in North Portland and is a prominent local art collector and supporter. "I'm freaking out," says Charles Froelick, who currently rents space in Southwest Portland. "It's exciting, and I want to puke. But this is a great opportunity. I'll get new visitorship that I wouldn't get on Second Avenue." Bob Kochs, who owns the print specialist Augen Gallery, will keep his Southwest Second Avenue location and open a satellite gallery in the Pearl. Charles A. Hartman Fine Art is the only new gallery in Winkler's group. Hartman moved to Portland about a year ago from San Francisco and is still deciding his gallery's focus. Gallery owner Rod Pulliam says it's all part of a natural process. "There's a maturing in the art world, and buying space is part of that," he says. "You realize that if I'm going to stay in this location, I really need to be my own landlord, because of all the development and potential for rent increase. No one realized how stable the Pearl would become." D.K. Row: 503-294-7654 or [email protected]. http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/1141876539178830.xml&coll=7 Mar 9, 2006, 7:12 PM Galleries buy permanence in the Pearl Property - A stronger market allows galleries to reclaim the district as the heart of artness Thursday, March 09, 2006 D.K. ROW The Oregonian Portland's Pearl District is reclaiming its place as Oregon's premier fine arts marketplace, buoyed by a growing interest in local artists and a recovering economy. Within the past 18 months, several well-known galleries have bought new spaces in the district, which had lost many of its top galleries to rising rents in the fast-developing neighborhood, prompting questions about whether art could survive in the Pearl. Now, developer Jim Winkler is on the verge of finalizing purchase agreements with four more important Portland galleries and one San Francisco transplant, and a new art center housing them is expected to open on the North Park Blocks by the spring of 2007. The resurgence of fine art galleries in the Pearl District follows a steady growth in the market for local artists, fueled both by local collectors and new buyers from around the country, gallery owners say. And the Pearl's central location has encouraged owners to buy their own spaces. The new complex, in the old Daisy Kingdom building at 123 N.W. Eighth Ave., punctuates the trend. Among the recent events: The purchase of a large new space by the Elizabeth Leach Gallery at 417 N.W. Ninth Ave. Leach is one of the Oregon dealers with a national reputation. The move by two of Leach's peers, high-end galleries PDX Contemporary Art and Pulliam Deffenbaugh Gallery, into similarly attractive spaces of their own close to Leach on Northwest Flanders St. The construction of an artist residency program and exhibit space on Northwest Ninth Avenue by Portland Art Museum patron and art collector Sarah Miller Meigs. Meigs' donations have supported new contemporary art programming at the museum's newly opened modern art wing. "Business is good" The activity in the Pearl reflects a new aggressiveness by art dealers in town and the steady growth of the art market, according to Leach, who has been in the gallery business here since 1981. "Portland's reflecting the larger art world," Leach says. "There's a genuine excitement and intensity in the art market right now, from beginners to hedge fund managers." Leach says her gallery's business had grown steadily for the past several years, at a 5 percent to 10 percent clip, even through the dot-com crash. "Business is good," she says. Jane Beebe, owner of PDX Contemporary Art, says her gallery has seen an increase in both out-of-town and local collectors, but that her participation in national art fairs has driven up the number of non-Oregonian collectors who consistently buy art from her. "Still, being a dealer is a hand-to-mouth existence," Beebe says, "but right now it's a higher level of hand-to-mouth." Located on the cusp of Old Town and the Pearl, Winkler's project promises to extend the Pearl District art scene farther east and closer to West Burnside St. Beebe says the Pearl District location of Winkler's project makes perfect sense. Dealers want venues that are easily reachable by collectors and connected to other cultural activities. Collectors will like the plan's one-stop approach, which resembles other well-known art gallery hubs, such as Los Angeles' Bergamot Station. "It's accessible from all parts of the city, by freeway from Beaverton, Southeast Portland and North Portland," says Beebe. "And from downtown by the streetcar and by foot. You couple that accessibility with other businesses in the area like restaurants, and it makes the Pearl attractive to people who can see art and have dinner." New pieces of the Pearl Each of the galleries that have bought space in Winkler's development has a different story. The one with the most at stake is the venerable Contemporary Crafts Museum & Gallery, which will leave quiet Southwest Corbett Ave. for the bustle of the Pearl. And the bustle is what's attractive, says executive director David Cohen. Attendance at the 69-year-old museum has dipped as low as 12,000 people a year. "The tree that falls in the forest doesn't make a sound," Cohen says. "I can't condone that. We should be doing more, much more, to say we are making a difference in the community." The location next to many galleries in the light-rail accessible Pearl District appealed to Cohen so much that he was one of the first players to commit to Winkler's plan, eventually claiming the biggest chunk of the complex's gallery space -- 15,000 square feet. To raise part of the $3.6 million it will cost to buy the new space, the museum is trying to sell its Southwest Corbett Avenue building for $2 million. The museum will have to raise the remaining $1.6 million, and another $2.4 million to fund building improvements and an endowment. "We're going to change the way people see us." Cohen says. Blue Sky Gallery, another nonprofit, has shown socially conscious photography for the past 30 years, mostly in a small Pearl District space, and it's hoping to secure its future in the Pearl, too. "Blue Sky is 30. And one of the things you do at 30 is buy a house," says Christopher Rauschenberg, the gallery's board chairman. To purchase the 3,800-square-foot space that will double its size, Blue Sky is undertaking a $2 million capital campaign, aided by the sale of a $1 million painting donated by legendary artist Robert Rauschenberg, Christopher's father. The commercial galleries involved in the development -- Augen Gallery, Froelick Gallery and Charles A. Hartman Fine Art -- are also betting on the Pearl. And betting a lot: Prices in the development hover around $1 million, according to Winkler, who developed Adidas Village in North Portland and is a prominent local art collector and supporter. "I'm freaking out," says Charles Froelick, who currently rents space in Southwest Portland. "It's exciting, and I want to puke. But this is a great opportunity. I'll get new visitorship that I wouldn't get on Second Avenue." Bob Kochs, who owns the print specialist Augen Gallery, will keep his Southwest Second Avenue location and open a satellite gallery in the Pearl. Charles A. Hartman Fine Art is the only new gallery in Winkler's group. Hartman moved to Portland about a year ago from San Francisco and is still deciding his gallery's focus. Gallery owner Rod Pulliam says it's all part of a natural process. "There's a maturing in the art world, and buying space is part of that," he says. "You realize that if I'm going to stay in this location, I really need to be my own landlord, because of all the development and potential for rent increase. No one realized how stable the Pearl would become." D.K. Row: 503-294-7654 or [email protected]. http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/1141876539178830.xml&coll=7 Apr 10, 2006, 5:59 PM Crane construction adds to Pearl District's building boom The Business Journal of Portland - April 7, 2006 by Wendy Culverwell Business Journal staff writer When the hammering stops at The Crane Building later this year, an old warehouse will emerge as a new office building with apartments, penthouses and an upscale seafood restaurant. Six months after Guardian Management LLC acquired the historic Pearl District building as the real estate management company's new corporate headquarters, reconstruction is in full swing and a major tenant has agreed to lease a sizable chunk of the ground floor for a seafood restaurant. Moana Restaurants LLC, a subsidiary of Auberge Resorts, will lease 8,500 square feet on the main floor, with an option to eventually buy the space. The new restaurant, the 20th in the Auberge portfolio, is slated to open in early 2007. The company has upscale restaurants in numerous California resort destinations and operates the Paragon restaurants in Portland, San Francisco and Seattle. At the Crane Building it will operate a 319-seat restaurant with formal and informal dining areas, banquet rooms and a retail fish market. "Portland just doesn't have any hip, cool fish places," said Tom Brenneke, owner and president of Guardian Management. Brenneke said the restaurant will compete with Jake's Famous Crawfish, which is nearby. Jake's is owned and operated by McCormick & Schmick's Seafood Restaurants Inc. and has been in business more than 110 years. Guardian bought the Crane Building after outgrowing its Johns Landing office. The 70-person office moves in December. Brenneke said the company scouted numerous locations all over the Portland area once it made the decision to leave Johns Landing. Brenneke ultimately decided to "stay put" in Portland and settled on the Crane Building, at the corner of Northwest 14th Avenue and Irving Street. Neighbors include the new REI store and The Irving Street lofts. Built in 1910 for the Crane Plumbing Co., it had been the home of American Rag for many years before Guardian acquired it in October. Transforming an aging, 90,000-square-foot structure into a modern office building is a daunting physical challenge. Making it work financially is arguably tougher, Brenneke said. To fortify it against future earthquakes, for example, engineers created a central core tied by metal rods to the rest of the structure. The old brick walls may rattle and roll, but the structure will stay put. The seismic work accounts for $2.5 million of the $23 million budget to acquire and renovate the building. To make the numbers work, Guardian renewed its listing on the historic registry, which qualified it for federal tax credits, and extended its listing with the state, which freezes property taxes for 15 years. Although the building will be turned into a condominium complex, that can't happen for five years because of the federal tax credits, which defray up to 20 percent of the development costs. The main floor will be given over to retail, the restaurant and a lobby for residents. Guardian will occupy the second and third floors. The fourth through sixth floors will house apartments and two penthouses are being constructed on the roof. They will be available for sale immediately since they aren't part of the historic structure. The units, 3,000 and 2,200 square feet, will be marketed for $650 to $750 a square foot -- a price Brenneke said is competitive in light of the $900-plus commanded for penthouses in some of the Pearl District's newest buildings. Guardian was formed in 1971 and manages more than 200 properties with 500 employees in six states. It specializes in multifamily properties in Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Texas and Washington. [email protected] \| 503-219-3415 Apr 28, 2006, 7:12 PM Pioneering developer keeps at it Hoyt Street Properties bought a rail yard and started a boom, and it’s not done By RANDALL BARTON Issue date: Fri, Apr 28, 2006 The Tribune Having already reached the Pinnacle — a Pearl District condominium completed by Hoyt Street Properties in 2005 — what remained was for the developers to hit the heights. They’re doing that with the Metropolitan, which at 225 feet will be the Pearl’s tallest structure to date. It is the latest chapter in a success story begun almost a decade ago when Hoyt Street Properties purchased a former 34-acre rail yard and ignited an urban renaissance. The 19-story, glass-walled building, designed by John Meadows of BOORA Architects, is scheduled for completion in the summer of 2007. It also ups the ante in amenities offered in the Pearl, with wine lockers, a library for relaxing and entertaining, an exercise room, conference facilities, separate guest rental suites, and a raised outdoor plaza with a fireplace and teahouse. It took a year to gain city approval for the additional height, achieved by borrowing footage from a 100-foot building that faces Tanner Springs Park and setting back the taller, 225-foot tower to avoid shadowing the park. Taller buildings make for a more diverse and interesting skyline, Hoyt Street President Tiffany Sweitzer says. “Instead of one building taking up a whole 40,000-square-foot block, you can do three different things on a block and create more light and air architecturally. There’s a lot of ‘Yeah, but are you making more money?’ You can, but also I think you’re doing something a little more unique with the property as well. If you’re building the Metropolitan on a 12,000-square-foot footprint, you have fewer units to a floor.” Of the 136 units in the Metropolitan, 97 are sold and an additional 19 are on “developer hold” until the building is finished, at which time they will be offered at market price. Ten of the available units are live-work units — affording owners the opportunity to live or work in the apartment, or both — priced between $479,000 and $640,000. The median price in the building is $650,000 for a 1,486-square-foot, two-bedroom unit with den. The lowest priced unit sold for $370,000, and the most expensive was a penthouse that sold for nearly 10 times that much: $3,445,000. When Riverstone, the first Pearl condominium offered by Hoyt Street, opened in 1998, a third-floor, 1,915-square-foot apartment sold for $180,500. Prices have risen dramatically since then. The average price per square foot today in the Pearl is $550 versus $200 in ’98, Sweitzer says. Developers may be making more money than they did eight years ago, but as she points out, construction costs, including the price of steel and other materials, have risen dramatically. Also, buyers have become more sophisticated about condominiums and are demanding finished apartments instead of unfinished lofts, a greater selection of finishes and more amenities. It isn’t as easy as “if you build it, they will buy,” Sweitzer insists. “The Metropolitan has all of this open space, and club facilities that you’re not really getting anything for. But you’re selling those amenities. So I thought, ‘Can you ask for more?’ because you’re offering something unique that’s costing a lot more. Let’s say you take that risk, you price those units and you hope that two and a half years from now when the project is completed the market is still there … There’s an incredible amount of risk, and costs are increasing as you’re going. You never know what you’re going to get into.” ‘We’re seeing more babies’ A favorite topic at cocktail parties around town is, Who’s buying these condominiums? Marilyn Andersen, sales manager and principal broker for the Hoyt Realty Group — the sales arm of Hoyt Street Properties — says it is a misconception that buyers in the Pearl are largely empty nesters divesting of possessions. “A lot of them never had children,” she says. “We get people who don’t have children who have lived in the neighborhood houses and have had no choice but to live in those houses. Now there’s some other choices.” On the other hand, “we have a lot of younger couples moving into the neighborhood. Since they’ve moved here they’ve had children and have wanted to stay. So we’re seeing more babies around here.” Single males purchasing at the Metropolitan outnumber single females by nearly 2-to-1, and there are nearly twice as many single people as couples. The age distribution is about equally distributed among those in their 30s, 40s and 50s. Real estate agents lead the pack in terms of professions, but there also are techies, doctors, engineers, teachers and attorneys. Sales records show only the buyer’s most recent ZIP code. Thus, those who may have moved here from out of state a few months before their purchase are listed as coming from Portland. Sweitzer believes most of the buyers are Portland residents seeking a front porch that opens onto the city. “It’s kind of going back to the old neighborhood but in a more efficient way of doing it,” she says. “Your front porch is Piazza Italia over here, and you walk in and Gino knows what dish you want and he knows your name. Or it’s going out to Jamison Square and you know the five dogs and the owners of those dogs and you know they’re going to be there at 5:30 every night and that’s your social hour.” The first units in the Metropolitan were offered in a lottery. Andersen says they learned from the madhouse sales opening of the Lexis condominiums in 2005 — with people pushing and shoving — that they had to come up with a better system. “We had so many people that we had established relationships with who had come into our office that wanted to be the first to buy at the Metropolitan,” she says. “Who do we choose? Who gets the first pick? We have a lot of really nice people who live in our buildings already who wanted to live in the Metropolitan. It just came about that we would do the lottery so that we would make it fair.” Opening night and for a few days afterward prospective buyers were given floor plans and a lottery ballot for specifying their preferred units. Several days later Hoyt Realty Group began drawing names from a pool of 500 prospective buyers. To prevent people from buying on speculation, Hoyt Realty Group is not selling to investors. Buyers sign a contract agreeing that the unit will be owner occupied for two years. Andersen explains that financing becomes difficult when more than 30 percent of the units in a building are nonowner occupied. 8 more buildings considered Sweitzer, 39, reckons it will be 10 years before Hoyt Street has completed its development in the Pearl with what probably will be eight more buildings. The company still is in the process of completing its master plan. “So many people are coming to Portland and asking, ‘How did this work?’ ” she says. “Portland is a unique town, and it’s a process town. You’ve got to go through all the hand-holding and work with your neighborhoods and work with the city to get things done. I think that’s what made this city unique. We formed a partnership with the city of Portland and at the time that was such a strange thing, it hadn’t been done. “I think the biggest thing that people don’t understand is it’s not just building a building. The parks have to work, and there have to be open spaces here. Transportation has to be thought about and planned. The retail has to work in conjunction with the building. There have to be all the pieces coming together, and they don’t always come together at one time. So when you start to see them working like it is around Jamison now, then you feel like you’ve accomplished something. “I feel very good when the lights come on in a building because you know it’s taken three years to get there,” she says. “You see people start to move in, and you know you’re a part of someone else’s life. That’s a big deal.” [email protected] Apr 28, 2006, 7:13 PM http://www.portlandtribune.com/newsi/60428.P.hoytstreet.jpg To your right is an image of Block 19, evidence that the development in the Pearl is far from finished. Ground will be broken this summer for a building that will be named the Encore, and sales will start in the fall. The 15-story building will have 176 units, including town homes with large garden areas targeted at families. Over the past few decades, many other decaying industrial areas have been rejuvenated in American cities as citizens have realized an appreciation of historic preservation. But the planners of the Pearl District have achieved something remarkable. It.s not just a tourist attraction filled with chain stores and crowded businesses selling .I (heart) Portland. knickknacks. It's a neighborhood where real Portlanders live, work, shop, eat and play. This special pullout section of the Portland Tribune features stories that reflect on how the Pearl has evolved as well as stories about what.s yet to come . a new arts center, a primo jazz club. Other pieces should help residents and visitors alike enjoy the neighborhood, whether they.re looking for a cooking class, athletic wear or dog treats, or simply taking a stroll. The map on page 20 will help guide the exploration. http://www.portlandtribune.com/pearl06/index.html May 1, 2006, 4:57 PM The Pearl District Is A Model For Urban Developments 05/01/2006 The revitalization of Portland’s Pearl District into one of the nation’s most distinctive urban neighborhoods has long been on the “must see list” for developers, architects, city planners and elected officials from communities throughout the U.S. This May the Pearl District will once again be the centerpiece of a three-day Portland area visit by a 50-member delegation from Kansas City, MO. According to Stan Parson, Kansas City Home Builder Association’s Special Projects Coordinator, the delegation wants to see first hand why Portland’s urban developments are so successful. Hoyt Street Properties (HSP), the Pearl District’s largest developer, will host the delegation on Wednesday May 18 at the EcoTrust building. HSP’s Sue Miller, Vice President/Special Projects, who will brief the Kansas City delegation, notes that the group is one of many who have come to Portland from as far away as Florida, Texas, Japan and Hawaii. According to Miller “the delegations have come to learn how we have created a strong public-private partnership in Portland that has resulted in a vibrant city core and the Pearl’s distinctive mixed-use urban community with all the amenities of public transportation, unique housing, parks and pedestrian friendly space.” zilfondel May 1, 2006, 5:19 PM I would pay money to see the faces of the people in these delegations when they realize how badly their own cities suck ass. edgepdx May 1, 2006, 5:23 PM Now, now be nice zilfondel. They are coming here to learn. MarkDaMan May 1, 2006, 6:35 PM Daisy Kingdom could bloom again Planned galleries may turn historic building into a new art destination By JOSEPH GALLIVAN Issue date: Fri, Apr 28, 2006 The Tribune It’s only 395 paces across the park from the old Daisy Kingdom store at Northwest Davis Street and Eighth Avenue to PDX Contemporary Art at Northwest Ninth and Flanders. But if PDX is the new hub for fine art on Ninth, Daisy Kingdom is the new frontier. While the North Park Blocks may form a psychological barrier between the Pearl and Old Town, real estate developer Jim Winkler is gambling that the distance won’t be too much for art lovers. Starting next January, the building that formerly housed the fabric store Daisy Kingdom and the adjoining Lombard Automobile Buildings will be the new home for several art galleries: the Contemporary Crafts Museum and Gallery, a new gallery by Charles A. Hartman (formerly of San Francisco), Blue Sky Gallery, Froelick Gallery and a second location for Augen Gallery. Winkler also sees an opportunity for a food venue. “It’s a step forward in the maturation of the galleries and the creation of an art district,” Winkler says. “You can see most of the good galleries in Portland within a few blocks. My hope is that when someone checks in at the Heathman Hotel, the Lucia or the Custom House (when it’s reopened), first they’ll go see the Portland Art Museum, then they’ll ask the concierge, ‘Where can I see good local art?’ ” He hopes the area will become a mini version of Chelsea in New York, or be like Bergamot Station, a former trolley station in Santa Monica, Calif. The Daisy Kingdom side of the building is in better shape than the side that faces Broadway, but both need a lot of work. Winkler says renovating the building, which was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in January, is not the obvious thing to do. He could have made more money knocking it down and building a 350-foot-high condo. But he says his plan will “accelerate the redevelopment of Old Town by tying into what’s going on at Everett Station Lofts, Butters Gallery and the stuff David Gold is trying to do with the Goldsmith block” (i.e., the Portland Art Center). Next door, Chicago-based developer Keith Pochter hopes to turn the historic Custom House into a hotel by the summer of 2007. “The Pearl’s pretty much done in terms of commitments,” Pochter says. “But I believe Old Town-Chinatown will be one of the most valuable districts in Portland, with the light-rail extension” planned along the bus mall to Union Station. Winkler thinks that when gallerists own their space and don’t have to worry about rents going up, they can be more adventurous. “They can be more gutsy, more innovative, take on more artists, show young artists, or bring someone in at a higher price point than has been seen in Portland.” The whole structure will be called the DeSoto Building, since it was home to one of the first car dealerships in Oregon. “Historically, it’s part of the transition from the buggy to the powered vehicle,” he says. It has an automotive elevator and a faded painted sign on the south wall advertising Plymouth and DeSoto, which by law must be preserved, not covered up or even repainted. As with the Portland Center Stage’s renovation of the armory a few blocks west, the rehab is radical — starting with asbestos and lead paint removal, then a seismic upgrade, new glass, skylights and a new lobby. “A rational economic person would knock down this turkey!” Winkler says. The firm LRS Architects is moving its operation to the third floor. This open space runs for a half-block. Winkler rates it one of the best in Portland. There’s also a fourth-floor commercial condominium available. He’s considered moving his office there (from 210 S.W. Morrison St., another historic building he restored) but says he probably won’t. “I’m a peculiar person. I’ve had one wife, I keep cars for a long time, I have the same friends. …” If you need proof that the soft-spoken, immaculately groomed Winkler is detail-oriented, consider his brick mansion he renovated on Southwest Park Place (it’s also on the National Register of Historic Places). In February, vandals threw eggs at the house and his vehicles. Winkler was soon up a ladder trying to clean it, an almost impossible task. Now he’s paying to have the brickwork detailed by experts, as well as having three of his cars repainted. While he’s certainly in this venture for profit, he stresses what everyone knows about the arts in Portland: They haven’t made anyone rich. Winkler also has more than 100 pieces of art on his office walls and is a board member at the Portland Art Museum, so he’s put his money where his mouth is before. With this project, he ups the ante. “Part of the strategy was to take advantage of making the building historic and passing through some of the rehabilitation tax credits to the galleries,” he says. “Normally I’d keep that — I wouldn’t give away one or two million dollars.” But building material costs have been going up since Hurricane Katrina —at one point, he says, the price of plastic piping was going up 25 percent a week. Whether nonprofits and small private galleries still will be able to afford the place by the time it’s finished remains a worry. In March, parties such as Charles Hartman were still applying for funding. Finally, Winkler has plans for a west-facing, 3,000-square-foot deck on the roof for events and parties, with an eye-level view of the treetops. “That’s one of my favorite views, where you feel you’re floating at tree height.” Even for this, Winkler has an ambitious analogy. He compares it not only to the South Park Blocks as seen from the Trustee Room at the Portland Art Museum, but to views of New York’s Central Park. [email protected] He could have made more money knocking it down and building a 350-foot-high condo. damn! May 1, 2006, 6:37 PM Daisy Kingdom could bloom again Planned galleries may turn historic building into a new art destination By JOSEPH GALLIVAN Issue date: Fri, Apr 28, 2006 The Tribune It’s only 395 paces across the park from the old Daisy Kingdom store at Northwest Davis Street and Eighth Avenue to PDX Contemporary Art at Northwest Ninth and Flanders. But if PDX is the new hub for fine art on Ninth, Daisy Kingdom is the new frontier. While the North Park Blocks may form a psychological barrier between the Pearl and Old Town, real estate developer Jim Winkler is gambling that the distance won’t be too much for art lovers. Starting next January, the building that formerly housed the fabric store Daisy Kingdom and the adjoining Lombard Automobile Buildings will be the new home for several art galleries: the Contemporary Crafts Museum and Gallery, a new gallery by Charles A. Hartman (formerly of San Francisco), Blue Sky Gallery, Froelick Gallery and a second location for Augen Gallery. Winkler also sees an opportunity for a food venue. “It’s a step forward in the maturation of the galleries and the creation of an art district,” Winkler says. “You can see most of the good galleries in Portland within a few blocks. My hope is that when someone checks in at the Heathman Hotel, the Lucia or the Custom House (when it’s reopened), first they’ll go see the Portland Art Museum, then they’ll ask the concierge, ‘Where can I see good local art?’ ” He hopes the area will become a mini version of Chelsea in New York, or be like Bergamot Station, a former trolley station in Santa Monica, Calif. The Daisy Kingdom side of the building is in better shape than the side that faces Broadway, but both need a lot of work. Winkler says renovating the building, which was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in January, is not the obvious thing to do. He could have made more money knocking it down and building a 350-foot-high condo. But he says his plan will “accelerate the redevelopment of Old Town by tying into what’s going on at Everett Station Lofts, Butters Gallery and the stuff David Gold is trying to do with the Goldsmith block” (i.e., the Portland Art Center). Next door, Chicago-based developer Keith Pochter hopes to turn the historic Custom House into a hotel by the summer of 2007. “The Pearl’s pretty much done in terms of commitments,” Pochter says. “But I believe Old Town-Chinatown will be one of the most valuable districts in Portland, with the light-rail extension” planned along the bus mall to Union Station. Winkler thinks that when gallerists own their space and don’t have to worry about rents going up, they can be more adventurous. “They can be more gutsy, more innovative, take on more artists, show young artists, or bring someone in at a higher price point than has been seen in Portland.” The whole structure will be called the DeSoto Building, since it was home to one of the first car dealerships in Oregon. “Historically, it’s part of the transition from the buggy to the powered vehicle,” he says. It has an automotive elevator and a faded painted sign on the south wall advertising Plymouth and DeSoto, which by law must be preserved, not covered up or even repainted. As with the Portland Center Stage’s renovation of the armory a few blocks west, the rehab is radical — starting with asbestos and lead paint removal, then a seismic upgrade, new glass, skylights and a new lobby. “A rational economic person would knock down this turkey!” Winkler says. The firm LRS Architects is moving its operation to the third floor. This open space runs for a half-block. Winkler rates it one of the best in Portland. There’s also a fourth-floor commercial condominium available. He’s considered moving his office there (from 210 S.W. Morrison St., another historic building he restored) but says he probably won’t. “I’m a peculiar person. I’ve had one wife, I keep cars for a long time, I have the same friends. …” If you need proof that the soft-spoken, immaculately groomed Winkler is detail-oriented, consider his brick mansion he renovated on Southwest Park Place (it’s also on the National Register of Historic Places). In February, vandals threw eggs at the house and his vehicles. Winkler was soon up a ladder trying to clean it, an almost impossible task. Now he’s paying to have the brickwork detailed by experts, as well as having three of his cars repainted. While he’s certainly in this venture for profit, he stresses what everyone knows about the arts in Portland: They haven’t made anyone rich. Winkler also has more than 100 pieces of art on his office walls and is a board member at the Portland Art Museum, so he’s put his money where his mouth is before. With this project, he ups the ante. “Part of the strategy was to take advantage of making the building historic and passing through some of the rehabilitation tax credits to the galleries,” he says. “Normally I’d keep that — I wouldn’t give away one or two million dollars.” But building material costs have been going up since Hurricane Katrina —at one point, he says, the price of plastic piping was going up 25 percent a week. Whether nonprofits and small private galleries still will be able to afford the place by the time it’s finished remains a worry. In March, parties such as Charles Hartman were still applying for funding. Finally, Winkler has plans for a west-facing, 3,000-square-foot deck on the roof for events and parties, with an eye-level view of the treetops. “That’s one of my favorite views, where you feel you’re floating at tree height.” Even for this, Winkler has an ambitious analogy. He compares it not only to the South Park Blocks as seen from the Trustee Room at the Portland Art Museum, but to views of New York’s Central Park. [email protected] May 1, 2006, 6:44 PM this should really help that area PacificNW May 1, 2006, 6:54 PM And the Drag Queens from the Embers from across the street.....they will only add to the festivities of lst Thursday Events! pdxstreetcar May 7, 2006, 12:01 AM I never knew about this until just now when I was searching the internet on the Pearl District but there is a church in the Pearl (actually it is inside the Ecotrust building) designed for urbanites. Pearl Church "Church for an Urban Community" 2nd floor of the Ecotrust Building The Pearl Church is a non-denominational, Christian church providing a spiritual home for those who live in and identify with the heart of Portland. Developed with a view toward urban sensibilities, the worship draws from an eclectic source of historic as well as contemporary spiritual modalities while retaining a solidly evangelical and orthodox commitment. Our desire is to create space and provide cause for people to truly worship by encouraging a love for God and for others. pdxstreetcar May 8, 2006, 1:37 AM "The next park next park [after the long proposed 2.5 block neighborhood park] to be built after that is the recently acquired block across from the post office (what will become the northern most north park block). It is currently a parking lot for the federal building." "You may have heard that Davis is going to be altered as part of the Armory renovation…one lane will be taken out and turned into a sliver park. The street will also become a festival street, which will allow it to be closed to traffic and used for special events." -from the Pearl Blog regarding a recent PDNA meeting: http://www.oregonlive.com/weblogs/pearlblog/ MarkDaMan May 8, 2006, 4:14 PM new Encore rendering SKgottime Jun 3, 2006, 6:52 PM A boutique hotel is wrong for the Custom House. The floor heights are too large, which means they'll probably have to chop it up inside to fit more room floors, destroying the integrity of the large windows. Plus the buildings strong civic pressence is wasted on a private, for-profit, use. This building should have been the UofO's Portland campus. It has the civic presence of a university building. (I wonder if Jack Abramoff's connections in the GSA had any infuence on this unfortunate decision.) MarkDaMan Jun 5, 2006, 3:50 PM A boutique hotel is wrong for the Custom House. The floor heights are too large, which means they'll probably have to chop it up inside to fit more room floors, destroying the integrity of the large windows. Plus the buildings strong civic pressence is wasted on a private, for-profit, use. This building should have been the UofO's Portland campus. It has the civic presence of a university building. (I wonder if Jack Abramoff's connections in the GSA had any infuence on this unfortunate decision.) I have to disagree. I think that a boutique hotel is perfect for that location. I think having a national chain is a poor choice. I would like to have seen some local ownership as I believe they would have preserved the interior of the building...something like the McMenamins. Although I haven't heard for sure that they would be ripping up the inside, so I guess we have to wait and see. Although the wait has been some time and I wonder if the plans are still a go. As for UofO, Old Town, especially that area of Old Town, greatly needed the boost it will get. It makes sense for UofO to be located on the MAX line also. pdxstreetcar Jun 5, 2006, 5:07 PM i think a hotel would preserve the interior more than an architecture school. if the details and ornament are already in the interior, one would assume the hotel would want to preserve as much as possible since it sets the place apart from the rest and becomes a major selling point for the hotel. likely the first thing an architecture school would do to the space would be to "deconstruct" the existing interior and add all kinds of random useless and wierd-looking objects for contrast. SKgottime Jun 6, 2006, 5:35 AM I have to disagree. I think that a boutique hotel is perfect for that location... It's not the location that I have a problem with (a hotel anywhere on the N park blocks would be a good idea), it's the proposed use for that particular building. That building, through its architectural language, its symmetry, its setbacks from the property-lines, its generous open space (the courtyard facing the park blocks), and its neo-classical detailing speaks civic institution to me. That message, that meaning, will be lost on a for-profit enterprise, be it a boutique hotel or brewpub. It's that loss that I lament. The UofO, a library, a community center, even a church of scientology would preserve that meaning. When are we as a society going to recognize the value of our civic art and quit selling it off to the highest bidder? Why should I have to feel obligated to pay to enjoy it? Or, why should our children be forced to attend school in some gleaming modernist, piece of crap, double-wide bungalow, while McMennemins is flipping burgers in a humane, civic and sensitive environment like the Kennedy school? Cheers! MarkDaMan Jun 6, 2006, 4:10 PM historic properties are being torn down across the country, even here in Portland. It took almost an act of God to get that church to save the Ladd Carriage House, yet they are still taking down the beautiful historic apartment complex. Seattle is losing a magnificent church in their downtown, a building that stuck in my memory last time I visited, before demolition plans were public. Think if the Portland Hotel was saved, be it in a different use than a hotel. I'd rather have the building and the beautiful architecture be it public or private, than not have anything at all. If a boutique and brewpub can open the place to the public, be it for a fee, I'd rather have it saved and preserved than destroyed for another boring tower. That's really what it comes down too. The building is too large for a branch library, a community center isn't a bad idea but there isn't free funds, and like hell a 'church of scientology' would make me it more open than a boutique hotel with a public restaurant. Also, I don't see why you think McMenamins Kennedy School is some hamburger flipping joint. I am extremely happy they saved the school from a row house development. I think the theater is fantastic, being that every seat is a different old couch. The food is not hamburger fare, and the bed and breakfast is cheap and inviting to guests that I bring from out of town. Back to the Customs House...how many times when it was used by the government did you go in and visit it? With the big gates that surround the courtyard always locked, and an official title on the sign, it was hardly inviting. Every city I visit I walk into historic hotels to see the beauty of their lobbies, restaurants, views, etc...I don't see a school or church being as open, nor would they preserve the space, such as a private venture buying a building because of the charm, not to rid the lot of the historic touches. edgepdx Jun 6, 2006, 7:41 PM I have to agree that the hotel is probably the best use. A community center would be nice, but it's probably too big a building for that. A school would be really closed off to the public. In addition I think a hotel could be a sucess since the Pearl doesn't have any hotels and most residents don't have a lot of guest space. zilfondel Jun 6, 2006, 8:35 PM The fact is, cities grow - spaces outlive their purposes as institutions and people need more space. The custom house - the former home of the immigration service - doesn't really have much history, like Ellis Island in NYC does... it's just a cookie-cutter 1920's era concrete neoclassical federal building type. Should it be preserved? I think it has a pretty lousy connection to the street, the parking lot, loading bays, lack of any vegetation around it, and the fact it is all gray. Hopefully a hotel will make it look a little more inviting for people - because teh former use of it did not want it to be - it was a place that deported people AWAY from the country! Now it will be accepting people to Portland. Quite a difference, eh? PDX City-State Jun 6, 2006, 9:20 PM I can´t think of a better use. Portland will get its first really nice hotel north of Burnside, the public will get to enjoy the historic buidling, and the public won´t have to pay a cent. I live in a neighborhood in Madrid called Lavapies. According to the locals, it´s ¨el barrio mas castizo de Madrid.¨ This is how Madrileños refer to something that is traditionally, well, Madrid. Unlike other close-in barrios (We are five minutes from Puerta Del Sol--Spain´s Times Square), Lavapies is a gritty and very Spanish maze of winding streets laid out on a hillside--with a nice collection of buildings built mainly in the 1700s. Some of the oldest buildings, built in the 1600s and a few in the 1500s, have been been under constant renovation by the city--which has received an ungodly amount of money from the EU for urban renewal. The city has been buying a lot of these buildings, evicting the businesses and residents, and turning them into community centers and other public buildings. Perhaps my favourite neighborhood bar, La Taberna De Lavapies, is being shut down by the city and turned into some kind of public building. In my opinion, this is a travesty. Not only does the neighborhood lose a few businesses, the city will eventually have to pay for the upkeep of all these buildings it has acquired. In many cases, and I say this as a former appraiser of commercial real estate, this is the worst option. I would rather have Marriot paying to refurbish buildings than taxpayers. cab Jun 6, 2006, 10:15 PM So Pdx Citystate, when do we get to see pictures of Madrid? PDX City-State Jun 7, 2006, 11:16 AM So Pdx Citystate, when do we get to see pictures of Madrid? I aim to post a thread in the next few weeks. I have never done it before. How does one post? Development in Madrid is interesting. It´s one of the fastest growing cities in Europe, and one local told me there are more cranes in the skyline of Madrid than any city in Europe. I certainly believe it. Low interest rates have created a somewhat artificial demand on this side of the Atlantic as well. Anyways, a lot of the new buildings look the same and the development for the most part is pretty homogenous, but I would definitely say that the built environment here is in much better shape than in the USA. They are building some monstrous towers in the North of the city by big name architects--Sir Norman Foster being one of them. Still, Madrid won´t have the tallest building in Spain. Valencia is planning one by Calatrava that will stand taller than 1000 feet. If you ever want to see a total architectural wet dream, go to Valencia. It´s unbelievable. For great planning, Bilbao is fantastic--somewhat Portland-like. It´s small, walkable, and has a great mix of old an new. And they have nearly the same streetcars as PDX. Enough rambling--I promise to post a Madrid thread during the next two weeks. MarkDaMan Jun 26, 2006, 4:11 PM new tower to begin construction next month... W&K Development on its way up in Pearl by Libby Tucker 06/26/2006 With its first mixed use project in Northwest Portland complete, W&K Development is moving on to bigger and better things in the Pearl District. General contractor Gray Purcell Inc. completed construction on the $3.2 million Thurman Street Lofts last week. The five-story mixed-use building includes 16 loft condominiums and 500 square feet of ground-floor retail space at 2538 N.W. Thurman St. "They've hit it right out of the ballpark," said Mike Purcell, president of Gray Purcell. "The building's modern 'daredevil' design is distinctive, but it somehow blends into the historic neighborhood and adds a lot of character to it, too." W&K Development partners Patrick H. Kessi and Geoff Wenker have now moved on to bigger projects. Andersen Construction will begin work next month on W&K's 16-story, 937 Glisan condominium building at Northwest Glisan Street between Ninth and 10th avenues in the Pearl District. "It's a big step for us, but we're really confident," it will be successful, said Kessi. The building's 114 units, which are expected to be completed in July of 2008, are not yet being pre-sold. http://www.djc-or.com/viewStory.cfm?recid=27417&userID=1 Dougall5505 Jul 4, 2006, 5:59 AM cool great pictures i was going to go take some pics of this area today but it looks like you have it covered pdxstreetcar Jul 13, 2006, 4:55 AM it appears the pearl is getting more kid friendly... a toy store is opening in the streetcar lofts (i think its called 'leap frog toys') a coffee shop in park place is opening called 'sip & kranz' where mom sips an expresso while the little ones color in the special kids section in addition hoyt street's master plan model shows just in rough massing a 1/4 block tower (full block base) on the block north of tanner springs park, the height looks to be several floors taller than the metropolitan perhaps around 22 maybe slightly taller. dont know whether this is merely a generic placeholder for the model or if it reflects at least vaguely the plan for the block. the tower portion of this massing model building is however positioned on the west side of the block most likely to not obstruct the metropolitan tower on the east side of its block. there are other massing model buildings and a detailed model of 'the encore' has been added also to this neighborhood model. bvpcvm Jul 13, 2006, 5:14 AM btw, i was looking at urbanworks' web site. there's a new sushi place (hiro sushi?) going in on the 10th ave side of the burlington tower. and, already leased (!) is the sw corner retail space of the metropolitan, but the web site only says "national clothing retailer". tworivers Jul 13, 2006, 5:19 AM http://www.hoytstreetproperties.com/images/artist_rendering2.jpg Wish the rendering was larger. I like the tall tower, and the green roofs - also the trail along the riverbank. Don't see the ped bridge, though, that I thought was supposed to connect the "boardwalk" along 10th to the revamped Centennial Mills/waterfront area. I'm also curious about the building directly southeast of the Encore - looks like a mirror image in design? bvpcvm Jul 13, 2006, 5:59 AM wow (http://www.hoytstreetproperties.com/HSP_Master_Plan_c.zip) Jul 13, 2006, 6:21 AM i like that tall slender tower too sort of surprising to see another sushi restaurant in the pearl on 10th ave. especially so close to sinju, but then again i like sushi so i'm not complaining interesting about the "national clothing retailer"... any random guesses as to who it might be? has anyone heard anything about the rest of station place? or is it tied up in PDC chaos? i recall hearing several years ago that a somewhat large format retailer (of around 40000 sq ft) was going in at station place, i think it was something about a supermarket or drug store but the pearl already has both of those (or at least in the works) plus the office max. bvpcvm Jul 13, 2006, 6:25 AM ^ mmmm... the wife and i just stuffed our faces at sushiland... more sushi is never a bad thing. oh, and: Jul 13, 2006, 3:37 PM Concrete Jungle Hidden parks take the edge of downtown Thursday, July 13, 2006 Fred Leeson Hit a few golf balls. Dangle your feet in the solitude of a cascading mountain stream. And not leave downtown. Hey, would we kid you? Of course not. The crannies of the city center hold a few surprises. Take golf. Hidden behind the far corner of the Peter W. Stott Center at Portland State University lie a sand trap and putting green just waiting for a wedge and putter. Make no mistake, this is not Augusta National. The putting surface is artificial turf, but it offers some interesting undulations. And it has not just one hole to aim at but six. Bring a sandwich, play 18 and you're still back at the office within the noon hour. Finding the hidden golf site is the first challenge. It's past the dead end of Southwest College Street west of Park Avenue. Take the sidewalk on the south side of the Stott Center as far as possible, and there you are. Another plus: The roar of Interstate-405 immediately behind will drown out the sudden verbal outbursts that inevitably accompany golf. Lovejoy Fountain If a mountain freshet fits your mood, try finding the Lovejoy Fountain at Southwest Third Avenue and Harrison Street. This is no simple task, given the awkward superblocks of the South Auditorium Urban Renewal Area. OK, so the mountain is made of layered concrete. The sound of the rushing water still gives a sense of nature, as does the solitude. There's a good chance you'll have the whole fountain to yourself, since most Portlanders forgot about it a few years after the fountain opened in 1966. Those who remember it can't find it. We can blame the Lovejoy's isolation on the unfortunate early urban renewal street plan. And on the larger, greener Forecourt Fountain, now Ira's Fountain, that opened four years later. You can wet your toes in Ira's Fountain, too, but you'll have to share it with a whole bunch of other people. Have we gotten better at urban renewal since the Lovejoy Fountain days? Tanner Springs Park Reach your own conclusion at Tanner Springs Park, which opened last summer at Northwest 10th Avenue and Marshall Street in the Pearl District. It is the second of three parks planned in the River District Urban Renewal Area. This park attempts to re-create the feel of the historic wetlands of Tanner Creek as it poured out of the Tualatin Mountains into the Willamette River. Alas, the real Tanner Creek was channeled into subsurface culverts many decades ago. The water feature at Tanner Springs certainly isn't a fountain. It starts as a trickle and collects into a shallow pool near the east entrance. Visitors are encouraged to stay on the paths, and dogs are not welcome. (Fido's excretions could do bad things to the water quality.) It's meant to be a contemplative space, not for large gatherings. Take a close look at the wavy steel fence. It's made of railroad tracks from the rail yards that used to comprise the neighborhood. Is Tanner Springs Park a success? Make your own call. At least you can find it, because this time planners respected Portland's street grid and its peculiar little downtown blocks. Fred Leeson: 503-294-5946; [email protected] MarkDaMan Jul 13, 2006, 3:44 PM I Googled Lovejoy Fountain and found this...Is this is? I can't believe I've never seen it before, looks really nice... http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=117394 cab Jul 13, 2006, 4:00 PM Thats it. Its a great place to get away from cars. Totally carfree. A few urban mistakes screwed this park up (retail surrounding this park would have been an incredible European type park) but its still a great place to get some peace from the roar of the road. There is also another carfree park in this complex a little north of this one. 65MAX Jul 13, 2006, 4:31 PM It's a shame, it really is hidden away in the middle of the superblock between 1st and 4th, Montgomery and Lincoln. It could really use a little activity, a restaurant, even a coffee kiosk, anything. colemonkee Jul 13, 2006, 4:47 PM Kick ass! Is that the base of the Fremont Bridge on the far right in the first picture? cab Jul 13, 2006, 5:13 PM That hiddeness is what makes it so appealing. You can really escape the costant buzz of cars. I'm not sure the US is ready for a carfree pubic square with active retail similar to a lot of european cities. We seem to confuse car traffic with urban vibrancy. I'm always amazed by cafe culture on the sidewalk sitting a few feet away from 35 mile and hour car traffic. 65MAX Jul 13, 2006, 5:26 PM I agree about keeping it car-free, but I think a cafe off to one side would be a great addition. Dougall5505 Jul 13, 2006, 5:39 PM ooo that rendering is purdy, i like the crown sorta thing on the tall building the pearl needs more if these interesting tops of buildings like the benson CouvScott Jul 13, 2006, 7:57 PM Kick ass! Is that the base of the Fremont Bridge on the far right in the first picture? That it is! Hopefully, more height will be allowed along side the bridge. pdxstreetcar Jul 13, 2006, 10:01 PM I prefer the Keller Fountain (which I really like) to the Lovejoy Fountain, maybe its because the few times I've seen the fountain it always looked rundown. I'll have to check it out on a hot day. Tanner Springs Park is great... its unique in many ways especially in that its not an active park at all and probably has more in common with the Chinese Garden, but thats ok because the noisier and more active Jamison Square with its interactive fountain is two blocks south and the future neighborhood park of open lawns for non-organized sports and recreation will be one block north. These parks complement each other by catering to different uses and users yet all serve the same area. Even though I normally like Maya Lin's work, I thought her design for the Tanner Springs Park was atrocious and a terrible idea for any park let alone that location. CouvScott Jul 14, 2006, 2:11 PM Visit, but don't play Depending on whom you ask, Pearl park is a boon or a bust By Peter Korn	i don't know
Note quite the Canyonero (or suburban, for that matter), what full sized SUV from Chevrolet is the companion to the GMC Yukon?	Cain's Segments: Full-Size SUV Sales In America - February 2015 YTD Tweet Sales of full-size, body-on-frame, pickup truck-based SUVs from volume brands are up 58% through the first two months of 2015. The Chevrolet Suburban and Tahoe, GMC Yukon and Yukon XL, Ford Expedition, Nissan Armada, and Toyota Sequoia produced 41,557 sales in January and February, or about the same number as the Toyota RAV4, Americaâs second-best-selling SUV/CUV . RAV4 sales are up 25%, year-over-year. Part of the reason for the large SUV segmentâs impressive uptick relates to early 2014âs severe downturn. With GMâs new quartet still in the on-deck circle, sales of these same seven SUVs tumbled 17% in the first two months of last year. Nevertheless, the category is on track to easily top the 300,000-unit mark in 2015 for the first time since 2008 , when 13% of the segmentâs sales were generated by discontinued (Aspen, Borrego) or totally altered (unibody Durango) participants. But even with vastly improved volume, these big brutes continue to operate in a far-flung corner of the industry. From a market share perspective, they combined to bring in only 1.7% of all new vehicle sales in the first two months of 2015. Thatâs way up from the 1.2% they achieved at this time last year, but itâs down slightly from the 1.8% mustered in calendar year 2014. Itâs on par with 2013 year-end results, up from the 1.6% share they collected in 2012, and less than half the market share they collected a decade ago, in 2005. Auto 26,290 58.1% Moreover, 2005âs 4.1% share marked a sharp drop from the 5.1% achieved one year earlier and the 5.3% figure from 2003. Times have most definitely changed. There is a huge amount of competition from luxury-branded three-row crossovers with similar price tags, an image that contains a certain degree of wastefulness (regardless of whether the owners are poseurs or RV haulers), and a greater tendency to view crew cab pickup trucks as the more appropriate all-around vehicle. Does that mean GM is unhappy with adding 32,041 Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon, and Yukon XL sales (and another 5141 Escalade and Escalade ESV sales) to the 109,279 Silverado and Sierra sales they managed in the first two months of 2015? Most definitely not. Timothy Cain is the founder ofÂ GoodCarBadCar.net , which obsesses over the free and frequent publication of U.S. and Canadian auto sales figures.	Lake Tahoe
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Latest Price Drop (within past 7 days) -$2,000 8,501 Miles 6.6 8 Cylinder Turbo Diesel Truck This outstanding example of a 2016 GMC Sierra 2500HD Denali is offered by Frankel Cadillac. Your buying risks are reduced thanks to a CARFAX BuyBack Guarantee. You appreciate the finer things in life, the vehicle you drive should not be the exception. Style, performance, sophistication is in a class of its own with this stunning GMC Sierra 2500HD. This 4WD-equipped vehicle will handle beautifully on any terrain and in any weather condition your may find yourself in. The benefits of driving a 4 wheel drive vehicle, such as this GMC Sierra 2500HD Denali, include superior acceleration, improved steering, and increased traction and stability. The GMC Sierra 2500HD Denali will provide you with everything you have always wanted in a car -- Quality, Reliability, and Character. 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Away 3.6 6 Cylinder Twin Turbo Sedan Frankel Cadillac has a wide selection of exceptional pre-owned vehicles to choose from, including this 2016 Cadillac XTS. This beautiful Black Cadillac XTS Platinum V-sport qualifies for the CARFAX BuyBack Guarantee. Just say Show me the CARFAX and Frankel Cadillac will provide the history report for free! Excellence, luxury and stature are just a few of the pillars this car is built upon. You'll love the feel of AWD in this 2016 Cadillac XTS. It provides a perfect balance of handling power and control in virtually every driving condition. The quintessential Cadillac -- This Cadillac XTS Platinum V-sport speaks volumes about its owner, about uncompromising individuality, a passion for driving and standards far above the ordinary. Price show may not include Cadillac Certified Warranty. 5.3 8 Cylinder Not Specified SUV * SPECIAL DECEMBER OFFER -INCLUDES UNLIMITED TIME 100,000 MILE SERVICE CONTRACT CALL HARRY PARSONS AT 410 666 600 ! Thank you for your interest in one of Frankel Cadillac's online offerings. Please continue for more information regarding this 2015 Chevrolet Suburban LTZ with 12,591 miles. Rest assured when you purchase a vehicle with the CARFAX Buyback Guarantee, you're getting what you paid for. This Chevrolet Suburban LTZ defines excellence in an SUV. It has the convenience of limitless boundaries paired with city sophistication. Outstanding craftsmanship and artisanal refinements abound with this Chevrolet Suburban LTZ. Equipped with 4WD, this Chevrolet Suburban gives you added confidence to tackle the surface of any path you take. Price show may not include Cadillac Certified Warranty. 5.3 8 Cylinder Not Specified SUV SPECIAL DECEMBER OFFER- UNLIMITED TIME 100,000 MILE SERVICE CONTRACT INCLUDEDCALL HARRY PARSONS AT 410-666-6000 ! INSTALLED DVD *Frankel Cadillac is pleased to be currently offering this 2015 Chevrolet Suburban LTZ with 24,214 miles. How to protect your purchase? 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Strengths of this model include strong V8 performance, Tough but stylish exterior, comfortable ride and handling, impressive tow ratings, and opulent interior appointments Price show may not include Cadillac Certified Warranty. 6.2 8 Cylinder Supercharged Coupe Thank you for your interest in one of Frankel Cadillac's online offerings. Please continue for more information regarding this 2013 Cadillac CTS-V Coupe with 37,083 miles. Drive home in your new pre-owned vehicle with the knowledge you're fully backed by the CARFAX Buyback Guarantee. You deserve a vehicle designed for higher expectations. This Cadillac CTS-V Coupe delivers with a luxurious, well-appointed interior and world-class engineering. It's not a misprint. And the odometer isn't broken. This is a very low mileage Cadillac CTS-V Coupe. A rare find these days. More information about the 2013 Cadillac CTS-V Coupe: The Cadillac CTS is a family of mid-size premium sport sedans (or coupes, or wagons) that is somewhat closer in size to the BMW 5-Series and Audi A6 but competes more with the 3-Series and A4 families--as well as the Infiniti G37. Compared to most of these other models, the CTS has a different, uniquely American style inside and out that really sets it apart in the market. It's also very competitive with other luxury models when it comes to pricing and features. And while it doesn't yet offer Cadillac's CUE interface that's in the ATS sport sedan and XTS luxury sedan, it offers a very well-designed pop-up navigation system and top-notch premium audio. Meanwhile the CTS-V models are fully competitive with the likes of the BMW M3 or M5, the Jaguar XFR-S, and the Mercedes-Benz C63 AMG. Cadillac boasts that it was the first production 4-door model using street tires to break the 8-minute barrier on Germany's Nurburgring test track. 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What futuristic cartoon character had a daughter Judy and a boy named Elroy?	George Jetson - Protagonist of the Future \| Cartoon Characters \| Cartoon Characters George Jetson next → If you watch The Jetsons cartoon on television, then you must know the patriarch of the Jetson family, George Jetson. Just like the rest of his family, George lives in the year 2062, when technology and science has advanced so much that robots and flying cars have already become commonplace. As the head of the Jetson family, George can be regarded as the most popular character on the show. Learn more about George and the rest of the Jetson family as you go through this article. Contents Occupation: Digital index operator The Jetsons The Jetsons television show was created after the successful run of The Flintstones, another Hanna-Barbera production. While The Flintstones is set in the prehistoric era, the producers decided to set The Jetsons in the future to provide a strong contrast between the two shows. Basically, The Jetsons revolves around the titular family living in Orbit City in the year 2062, 100 years after the original airing of the show in 1962. All houses and buildings are already set in the sky, and housekeeping is done by robot maids. Even though everything is conveniently done because of the help of machines and technology, people still complain of the remaining inconveniences of that time, such as going to work one hour per day, two days a week. Meet George Jetson George Working The 40-year-old George Jetson is the patriarch of the Jetson family, and also serves as the main protagonist in the cartoons. As a child, George was the star pitcher of his Spaceball team in Orbit High School. Even though he grows up to be a loving husband and doting father to his two kids, he always seems to make the wrong but well-intentioned decisions. Just like everyone else, he has a very convenient work schedule and his job is at Spacely Space Sprockets, Inc., which manufactures sprockets as well as other high tech equipment and gadgets. His job as a digital index operator was to turn the Referential Universal Digital Indexer (R.U.D.I.) button on and off. And just like everyone else at that time, he complains about his apparently heavy workload. George is portrayed as having a slim build with average height. He has a large nose and short red hair. Voice of George Jetson George Jetson has been voiced by a number of men through the years. During The Jetsons’ first run from 1962 to 1987, George’s voice had been rendered by voice actor George O’Hanlon. In fact, George Jetson was modeled after him, and even got his name. O’Hanlon continued to voice George Jetson until the 1990 film Jetsons: The Movie, which was released after the actor’s death. From 1990 up to the present reruns, Jeff Bergman is the one who lends his voice to the character of George Jetson. He also voiced some parts of the movie because of O’Hanlon’s death. George Jetson Car Aerocar George has a green flying car that looks like a flying saucer with a clear bubble top. He uses it in going to and coming home from work. This aerocar is very typical in Orbit City, since everyone already lives high up in the air and a flying car is a necessity. George Jetson Quotes Here are some of the most popular quotes uttered by George Jetson, including his catchphrase: “Jane! Stop this crazy thing!” “Hooba-dooba-dooba!” “Imagine putting your back on a four-day week. What does he think this is? The 20th century?” Here are also quotes uttered by other characters in The Jetsons: “Jetson. You’re fired.” – Cosmo Spacely, George’s boss “I’m in love.” – Judy Jetson, George’s daughter “There’s only one thing worse than war and that is business, and Spacely has declared business on us.” – Spencer Cogswell, Cosmo Spacely’s competitor George Jetson Wife Jane Jetson Jane Jetson is George Jetson’s wife and the mother of his two children. This 33-year-old wife is a good-natured and protective mother to her children, although she can have angry fits when someone or something is threatening her family. She stays at home and does the housework using automated appliances and a robot maid. However, this does not keep her from complaining about tiredness and even asking for a vacation. Jane is also a member of the Galaxy Women Historical Society and is a known fan of Picasso Pia and Leonardo de Venus. Jetson Children The Jetson couple has two children: 16-year-old Judy and six-year-old Elroy. Judy Jetson Judy Jetson Being a teenager, Judith Angela “Judy” Jetson acts just like one, only with more futuristic tastes. For instance, she loves talking for hours on the phone, shopping for new outfits, and supporting her favorite rock singer, Jet Screamer, as well as tinkering with her modern gadgets, such as zero-gravity switches and robotic diaries. She is characterized as a pretty girl with bleached blonde hair worn in a ponytail on top of her head. She also often wears a pinkish purple futuristic outfit. She attends high school at Orbit High School—the same school as her father. Elroy Jetson Elroy Jetson At a young age, Elroy Jetson has already become an expert in space sciences, making him the most intelligent in the Jetson family. He is a mild-mannered and good child, and loves studying star geometry, astrophysics, and space history at Little Dipper School. George Jetson Dog George Jetson’s dog’s name is Astro, a dim-witted but extremely loyal dog to the Jetsons. George Jetson’s dog was first found by Elroy, and he, together with his mother and sister, proposed to adopt Astro. At first, George was against it and even got his family an electronic dog named Lectronimo. But when Lectronimo fails to catch a burglar, which Astro managed to catch, the Jetson family decided to keep Astro and surrender Lectronimo to the police. Unlike present-day dogs, Astro is also a futuristic dog because he can speak the English language slightly, although he mispronounces most words because of his abundant use of the letter “R”. Other Characters Some of the other regular characters on The Jetsons include: Rosie – She is the humanoid maid and housekeeper of the Jetson family. She is portrayed as having a torso atop a single leg, but she uses caster wheel to go around the house. She also wears a frilly apron. Orbitty – He is the alien pet of the Jetson family. He can show his emotions by changing colors. Cosmo Spacely – He is the president and owner of Spacely Space Sprockets, which makes him George Jetson’s boss. He is the stereotypical strict boss, as he constantly yells at George to get his work done. One of the constantly used plots in the animated TV series is the firing of George by Mr. Spacely, but the episode always culminates with George being reinstated in his job. He has a wife named Stella, a son named Arthur, and a dog named Zero. Spencer Cogswell – He is Mr. Spacely’s biggest competitor, as he owns Cogswell’s Cosmic Cogs. It can be said that he is one of the series’ antagonists, always causing lots of trouble to both George and Mr. Spacely. R.U.D.I. – The acronym for Referential Universal Digital Indexer, R.U.D.I. is George’s work computer and best friend because of his human-like personality. Watch The Jetsons Cartoon TV Show George Jetson Song Watch the video and sing along to the lyrics of The Jetsons theme song: Meet George Jetson,	George Jetson
Poetess Emma Lazarus was born on July 22, 1849 in New York City, and is best known for her poem The New Colossus, which is prominently displayed where?	"The Jetsons" Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 8:34 AM, PST NEWS trailers and videos full cast and crew trivia official sites memorable quotes Overview 13 out of 15 people found the following review useful: A look backward at the future- from The Imperial Earth State 25 December 2003 This show is pretty funny. One of the more amusing things about it is the venue- the World of the Future. Anyone who remembers (or has since studied) the future as it was imagined in 1962 will find a load of images here that will be familiar: personal service robots, flying cars, the push-button, fully automated workplace, the self cleaning house, automatic food dispensers, the works. And of course, highly-prominent were the star-fields of space, the "last frontier." This is the sort of stuff that was touted as being in our future at the Seattle World's Fair in 1962, the "Century 21" Exposition. As to the cartoon itself, it was amusing how the characters found themselves interacting with the technology of their time- the daughter blabbering on the phone, the son off pursuing his projects or grumbling about school, mom finding that the food dispenser requires a refill, dad returning from work moaning about how exhausted he is from a long hard day of pushing buttons, the bullying boss, and so on. In 1962, "Cen.21" touted the future as being, if not perfect, then at least far more congenial than the (then) present. The cartoon stated that this would not necessarily be so- and our own world of the 21st century has proven that the latter was more right than wrong, sociologically speaking at least. Was the above review useful to you? 10 out of 12 people found the following review useful: A show ready for bringing back from Essex 3 April 2005 I first discovered The Jetsons when I was 7, and remember how much I loved it then, how funny I thought it was, and how clever all the gadgets were. Then, rediscovering it 10 years later, late night on a cartoons channel has brought about the same things as it had done before - laughter. This says to me that the show is hilarious for any age. Younger children can feel with Elroy's trials of school, and teenage girls can laugh and cry with Judy's boy troubles. I think the scripts were wrote brilliantly, and had a brilliant cast to voice the lines. I'd love to see The Jetsons brought back, because I think that even now - it'd be a big hit. Was the above review useful to you? 7 out of 8 people found the following review useful: Classic Hanna-Barbera from the golden age of the early 60's from Chapel Hill, North Carolina 12 April 2002 If you wanted to know what the future would be like,The Jetsons was the show to watch. From its opening sequence where George,Jane,Judy,and Elroy and Astro fly to their sky high apartment in their family car(spaceship), and other parts was the highlight of the show. In my honest opinions about the show,I never did like the ones they did from the late 1980's,but it was the earlier episodes that were the ones to tuned in for(the original 24 episodes from 1962-1963 which ran on ABC-TV,and its repeats continued into syndication). This was on the same format as another Hanna-Barbera format,The Flintstones,but this was a show that features all of the gadgets that were used in the future and so much more. The original ones were a lot more funnier too,including several episodes that I would highly recommend for viewing from the 62-63 season,and these were classic gems of animation..................... 1. The premiere episode,where George gets very nervous about bringing over his boss for dinner(Mr. Spacely),and it ends with hilarious results. 2. The Jet-Screamer episode,where Judy goes out on a date with her singing idol,and George tries to brake it up,ending up uninvited at teen club. 3. The Las Vegas(Space Vegas)episode,where George and Jane leave the kids behind at home,and then head to Vegas and that's when Jane catches George flirting with another woman,in which the woman turns out to be the head of huge cosmetics company in which Mr. Spacely gets George to get a contract sign for his job. My personal favorite. 4. The episode where Elroy runs away from home after George and Jane find out that he and another classmate switch report card tapes,and from there Elroy tangles up(along with Astro the dog)with some dangerous space criminals and its up to George to save Elroy and the family from great danger. 5. The Ultiblah episode(hilarious as it gets!) in which a troublesome robot gets Mr. Spacely,George,and Henry the maintanance man in trouble with the Army,and its up to George and Henry to bale themselves and George's boss out....... Catch the episodes on Boomerang and Cartoon Network! Was the above review useful to you? 3 out of 3 people found the following review useful: Here's George Jetson, his boy Elroy, Jane his wife ... and a whole lot more! from Italy 1 May 2009 Golly, I remember this show when it was on Sunday nights, for only one season before getting the cancellation ax! After enjoying the surprising (or was it?) success of THE FLINTSTONES, Hanna & Barbera reasoned that they could have just as much with the future with THE JETSONS. Unfortunately, they had one big problem in the present (1962). ABC pitted THE JETSONS against WALT DISNEY'S WONDERFUL WORLD OF COLOR, which was a very popular family institution. THE WONDERFUL WORLD OF COLOR had it all, fun, cartoons, comedy, drama, not to mention the loyalty of, well, almost everybody! The fact that THE WONDERFUL WORLD OF COLOR was ... in color, further guaranteed its success, thus insuring that anyone competing would become a casualty in the ratings war. Well, THE JETSONS became a casualty in the ratings war and was canceled after only one season. But the series was given a second chance when it went into syndication and became a very popular favorite as a Saturday morning cartoon. The fact that there were so few (only 24) episodes did not affect its popularity. The networks simply spaced each episode further apart. The kids loved THE JETSONS and after growing up into college students, STILL loved THE JETSONS. And after getting married and having kids, they introduced their children to THE JETSONS (as an excuse to continue to watch and enjoy the cartoon). So in 1984, seeing that THE JETSONS was one success story that refused to die, Hanna & Barbera decided that it was time to launch Season Two of THE JETSONS, continuing to keep the series "futuristic" 1962-style and while sneaking a classic episode or two in with the new batch of episodes. A new character or two were introduced. And in the newer episodes, there were some devices (not yet in existence in 1962) like pocket calculators, VHS players and a few other gadgets that were gradually added to the mix of futuristic gimmicks used on THE JETSONS. The Jetsons are a normal modern day family not like any other modern day family of today, except, of course that they live in the future. And that is exactly why this show is such a wonderfully entertaining program that thankfully has seen the light of digital release! Was the above review useful to you? 2 out of 2 people found the following review useful: Family Values In The Year 2062 AD Blast off into the futuristic, spaced-out world of TV's ideal family-of-tomorrow - "The Jetsons". The year - 2062 AD. The place - Orbit City. Join George, Jane, Judy and Elroy (along with Astro, the clumsy canine, and Rosie, the robot maid) as they merrily/miserably live out their day-to-day futuristic lives where malfunctioning space-age inventions never fail to complicate matters and seemingly get the better of them. These cute, good-natured cartoons from The Jetsons' first season (1962-1963) are enjoyable in their own right, but, in retrospect, they are far from being a very promising look at the future. Was the above review useful to you? 2 out of 2 people found the following review useful: Not as good as the Flintstones, but still a very good cartoon nonetheless from United Kingdom 13 May 2010 The reason why I love the Flintstones so much is because it is funny, it is smart and it has an irresistibly catchy theme tune. The Jetsons is not as funny and smart, but it is still very good. It has great animation, good music, original and interesting ideas in terms of episodes and concept(the misadventures of a futuristic family, love the idea) and the characters especially George, Elroy and Judy(the latter of the two teenagers can relate to though Astro was my personal favourite, and it is always entertaining to see how George speaks and acts to his wife and boss) are likable. It is a shame though The Jetsons were so short-lived, when it ended I was like "that doesn't feel right. Why didn't it last longer and have a proper send-off?" Also I felt it lacked a Barney sort of character, someone for George to properly share his problems without him feeling like someone's on his back constantly. Overall though, The Jetsons is very good. 8/10 Bethany Cox Was the above review useful to you? 2 out of 2 people found the following review useful: Vulcan Mind Meld - The Past (1962) and the Future (2262) in One from United States 1 June 2004 I bought the new Jetsons original series DVD set for a friend's kid and ended up watching it with her and was blown away. I used to watch re-runs as a kid and had forgotten how much I used to love them. It's a very high quality cartoon series that put me in sort of Vulcan mind meld with the past and the future all at the same time. That is because when you watch it you are seeing a 1962 version of the 23rd century (or so). It is fascinating to see this in action. The wife stays home and goes shopping while the husband goes off to the exploitive factory to work for a demeaning boss. I really enjoyed looking at all of the gadgets they had and seeing which ones came true in the future, like flat screen TVs and wristwatch phones everywhere, and which ones never did. Maybe some of the creators ideas are right around the corner! The funny thing was my friend's daughter enjoyed it as much as I did because of the funny story lines. I can highly recommend the new DVD set with all 24 episodes from 1962. There are commentaries from some of the characters and other added features that made this a great buy. Was the above review useful to you? 1 out of 1 people found the following review useful: Bedrock's Flipside from United States 2 August 2014 FOLLOWING ON THE heels of their highly successful, ground-breaking production of THE FLINTSTONES, the good folks over at Hanna=-Barbera Productions sought new worlds to conquer. With the premier of Fred, Wilma, Barney, Betty and Dino's weekly half hour, the cartoon series had been brought to prime-time. THE NATURAL AND obvious move was that of a sort of reverse play. The logic was simple, direct and almost mandatory. For if our ancient cartoon ancestors were the FLINTSTONES of Bedrock; our descendants in the far future should be represented on this animation family tree. FOR SOME REASON or another, the exploits of George & Jane Jetson, their family and futuristic community failed to garner the support (Nielsen Ratings) needed to stay on ABC prime-time. They were canceled after a season. PERHAPS WE SHOULDN'T say canceled, but rather shelved; as THE JETSONS reappeared over two decades later to continue their run. This time it was a healthy three or four years; lasting from 1985-88. This go-round also included the theatrical release, THE JETSONS MOVIE (1990). THE PROBLEMS IN getting a sufficient following initially certainly weren't because of quality of animation, production values or the talents of the voice actors. The animation was tops for TV, the series was done by the skillful hands of the Hanna-Barbera people; who comprised the best cartoon company in television. AS FOR THE cast, it couldn't have been better. We have Geoege Jetson, portrayed by veteran comic player/supporting actor George O'Hanlon. He starred in the long running series of JOE McDOAKES Shorts from Warner Brothers. Jane was also in the best of hands in Penny Singleton. She is best remembered as BLONDIE in those Columbia "B" movies. THE REST OF the cast was filled out by all veterans of Hanna-Barbera's stable of blue ribbon performers. Headed up by the one and only "Mr. Voice" himself, Mel Blanc, it included: Daws Butler, Janet Waldo, Don Messick and Jean Vander Pyl. SO, IN CONCLUSION, we can only find that THE JETSONS had the rough road to success due only to two things. Those being scheduling and the time slot. AFTER ALL, IT has been said that TIME-ing is everything in life; be that time prehistoric or futuristic. Was the above review useful to you? 1 out of 1 people found the following review useful: The Jetsons is a show that will be remembered as a classic, like the Flintstones from United States 7 January 2014 This show depicted life in the future, like the opposite of The Flintstones. It was based around one family, The Jetsons. George Jetson, the man that works for Spacely Sprockets. Jane is his wife that does work around the house. Elroy is their son, and Judy is their daughter. Rosie is the robot that helps Jane around the house, and Astro is the Jetsons family dog. This was and is still a great show. I like the 1960's version better. It is a funny show, too. The plot is very great and original. The storyline kept developing too, which was also great. Overall, a great show. Was the above review useful to you? 1 out of 1 people found the following review useful: An In-Depth Look at the First Family of the Future! 16 March 2012 This review may contain spoilers * Having done individual critiques for all 75 episodes, I thought I would analyze the series as a whole and give my feelings about it, having been a long-time fan and having my share of both favorite episodes and loathed ones. All things considered, The Jetsons is a very good series and quite underrated, even during its time. I would have to say that the only real problem the show had was with its character development as well as story, as the show seems to be built more around the futuristic machinery used by the characters, than the characters themselves. During an episode, they'll cut away in the middle of what's going on to show them using some neat little gadget to accomplish a mundane task. It has no baring on the story whatsoever, it was merely put in as a diversion. Comparing this show to, say, The Flintstones, you'd see that The Flintstones was more about the characters as opposed to their setting. The show was about two families living in the Stone Age, and occasionally they did use Stone Age gadgets, including an animal operating something that would otherwise be electric, but this didn't always take away from what was happening in the story. We got to know Fred, Barney, Wilma and Betty, we followed them around, we learned a bit about their passions, their pasts, their dreams. With The Jetsons, we didn't really get that. Sure there was an episode that recalled George and Jane meeting and then getting married, but that was about it. Also, I think it would have helped if there was a Barney Rubble character in the series. A friend for George, who really had nobody to play off of except for Spacely, and I'll get into Mr. Spacely in a moment. We, the audience, don't really get to know The Jetsons as characters, or at least not in a sense that goes beyond their gimmicks. For example, Judy is the stereotypical teenage girl who's into cars, clothes, hair and boys, and she has a passion for music, but we rarely if ever got to see anything beyond that until Rockin' with Judy Jetson, which I'll get to later. Also what does Jane like besides shopping? What are her passions? How about George? We know he's a terrific pitcher in space ball, a great bowler, a hard worker, a good provider, but what is he really like? Same with Elroy, he's a boy genius and very precocious, but not very strong. You see, we don't really get to know these characters very well, we're only supposed to identify with their gimmicks and follow them as they do stuff and we're not sure why. This doesn't take away from the show's entertainment value, but it leaves a bit to be desired. Mr. Spacely, oh boy, the meanest boss in the universe and a really deplorable character. He must have been put there for the little kids, because all he does is yell, scream and jump around a lot. Astro was the same way, a very flamboyant character, and I know a cartoon show needs cartoon characters, but these guys are often shoe-horned into scenes where they don't really belong, other than to liven things up. Comic relief, if you will. It's apparent, particularly in the later episodes that whenever the writers couldn't think of anything engaging to do with the Jetson family, they'd always bring in Spacely and his ever-growing rivalry with Cogswell Cogs. Yet another gimmick and a chance to throw in gags for no real reason other than to move the plot along. I think Cogswell was added just to try and make Spacely seem like a good guy and at times, he has expressed some affection for George and his family, though not very often. Now, I've already said which episodes are my favorites, but I'll go ahead and recap right here. I liked "The Swiss Family Jetson" because it took the characters out of their element and showed them having to thrive off instinct and know-how, which I had said should have been the movie, but it worked out fine as a 22 minute episode. Most of the shows were pretty good, but one episode I've always hated is "The Wrong Stuff" purely for the way it was set up, the story was stupid, the plot was weak, what should have been a great opportunity for character development was cast aside so Spacely could show up and exploit Elroy for no reason other than to allow him to be in an episode where he didn't belong. "Space Bong" was alright, but I didn't like the subplot of Spacely being invited to dinner, as this shows The Jetsons' universe didn't allow for any other characters to be their friends. Character is definitely where the show falls flat. Overall, I love The Jetsons, it's a great show and the characters, while not very deep, are still enjoyable and even the horrible episodes are better than most cartoons coming out today. George, Jane, Judy, Elroy, Rosie and Astro are all endearing and you enjoy watching them do what they do. I also liked Orbitty, he was a nice addition to the cast, I don't know why they got rid of him in Season 3. Did they think he was the Jetson's answer to Cousin Oliver? Even Mr. Spacely, you love to hate him. He's so mean and cruel, yet he has his endearing moments. I would also like Mr. Cogswell if I got to know him better. Just once I would have liked to see him without Spacely and see what he's really like. I really recommend the show, as I said, some episodes are great, some are stupid, but for the most part, it's just corny fun. Suspend your disbelief and you'll enjoy what you see. Was the above review useful to you? Page 1 of 4:	i don't know
Which book by Dr. Seuss features a character who calls himself “Sam I Am”?	"Sam I Am" --Cooking Lesson plan based on a Christian interpretation of Dr. Seuss \| Rotation.org "Sam I Am" --Cooking Lesson plan based on a Christian interpretation of Dr. Seuss 0 replies Last edited by Rotation.org Lesson Forma-teer 10/9/1510:10 AM Cooking Lesson For our rotations during the summer of 2008, our theme was "The Parables of Dr. Seuss". We based our lessons on the book by that name which is a Christian interpretation of Seuss' work by Reverend Short, ...the same pastor who wrote "The Gospel According to Peanuts." One of the rotations was "Green Eggs and Ham". The Sam I am statements were correlated with the I Am scriptures. There were three sets of four week rotations. Each workshop was based upon a different Dr. Seuss book. I stripped the following I AM workshop from the completed lesson plan. Lesson Overview: Theodor Seuss Geisel, also known as Dr. Seuss, set his first career goal for a professorship in English literature. He soon realized the Oxford faculty was too serious for his brand of humor. He then tried German drama and later a dissertation on Jonathon Swift. No go. These early attempts of Geisel are solid proof of his astounding education, high intelligence, and not often shown depth. Dr. Seuss did not consider himself an author of children’s books like the rest of the world does. We are aware of the laughter and surface lessons from his books, but there is much more to him and his works than many of us are possibly aware of. Ted Geisel was a known Christian, but there is no record of him publicly stating that he incorporated his beliefs into his works. Whether or not Geisel intended to hide Christian messages in his work, they are there. We will spend the summer digging deeper into Dr. Seuss and finding the definitive touch of God’s hand. Each workshop will focus on a different Dr. Seuss book during each four week rotation (for a total of 12 books). And each book will have a different Christian focus. Our main objective is to teach the children (and possibly ourselves) how too look for God’s influence even if the author/artist had no knowledge of His guiding hand. Book: “Green Eggs and Ham” Memory Verse: John 6:51 “I am that living bread which has come down from heaven; if anyone eats this bread he shall live forever. Scripture Reference: Book of names and their meanings or copy of attachment A Green eggs and ham play set (available from several different websites) Advance Preparation Requirements: Presentation Opening-Welcome and Lesson Introduction: Have the green eggs and ham cooking as the children assemble for class. Introduce yourself and any new child. When the food is done, arrange it on a platter and place in front of the class. Encourage them to eat some while you read the story “Green Eggs and Ham” by Dr. Seuss. Older children may want to take turns reading the book out loud. Dig - Main Content and Reflection: Read John 6:51 “I am that living bread which has come down from heaven; if anyone eats this bread he shall live forever. Moreover, the bread I will give is my own flesh; I give it for the life of the world.” Ask, “Does this mean we are supposed to eat the flesh of Jesus?!” Sounds gross. Read John 6:53-55. “I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the son of Man and drink his blood you have no life in you. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood possess eternal life, and I will raise him up on the last day. My flesh is real food; my blood is real drink.” Ask, “How do you think His disciples reacted to this statement?” Sounds even more gross! Read John 6:60. “Many of [Jesus’] disciples on hearing it exclaimed, ‘This is more than we can stomach!’” Ask, “What do you think Jesus’ statements REALLY mean?” Read John 6:35. “I am the bread of life. Whoever comes to me shall never be hungry; and whoever believes in me shall never be thirsty.” Explain to the class how it is important that we believe whole heartedly (swallow it whole) in Jesus. Show examples of how most of us believe somewhat (not always putting God first in our lives) and how much easier it is to believe completely when we need Him (hard challenges: tests, sports, sickness, etc) Ask the following: If necessary, guide children towards the answer of Christianity Why do you think Dr. Seuss chose this name? o Accept all answers o Sam is short for Samuel o Present attachment A o Samuel = “his name is God” o I Am = Jesus’ numerous references to self John 6:35 “…I am the bread of life.” John 8:12 “…I am the light of the world.” John 8:23 “…I am from above.” John 8:28 “…I am the one I claim to be. John 8:58 “…before Abraham was born, I am!” There are numerous others, encourage the children to find them and discuss. Ask the class if they found any other parallels in the story Closing: Ask, “Would you eat green eggs and ham?” Close with prayer. Additional Suggestions: Adaptations - Younger Children You might make a poster or handout with a few of the bible verses containing “I am” statements. Encourage the children to retell the story from a Christian perspective with the Green Eggs and Ham play set References: “The Parables of Dr. Seuss” by Dr. Robert L. Short, Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville, London, 2008. “Green Eggs and Ham” by Dr. Seuss, Random House, New York, 1962. SAMUEL is from the Hebrew, meaning HIS NAME IS GOD SAMUEL may also be from the root Shin Mem Ayin , meaning to HEAR ( SAMUEL - GOD HAS HEARD. Variant spellings - SAMUELE – SHEMUEL - SCHMUEL Hebrew Bible name - Samuel was the son of Hannah, a prophet and a judge who anointed Saul as the first king of Israel (1 Samuel 1:20). This lesson was originally posted by Member Cissy Green from: First United Methodist Church Beebe, AR A representative of Rotation.org reformatted this post to improve readability. Become a Registered or Supporting Member We are a volunteer-run, 100% member supported, ad-free, non-profit ministry to Sunday Schools. Learn more. About Our Lesson Content Access to Lesson Content: You are welcome to glean from our growing public collection of volunteer-contributed lessons, ideas and articles . Please contribute your great ideas. Registering for free gets you additional access to certain content and features. Supporting Members get access to an extra special group of lessons written by our "Writing Team." Visitors and Registered Members can see the 'overview' of what's in the Team's special lesson sets. How Our Content is Organized: Our Lesson Forums are organized by Bible story, then by teaching medium (video, art, cooking, etc --or what Rotation Modelers call "workshops"). Traditional Sunday Schools can easily adapt Workshop Rotation lessons. Some stories don't have much content available (yet). This is due in part to the Rotation Model belief in teaching the same "major" Bible stories four or five weeks in a row for depth. New content is always being posted. Your lesson ideas and requests for lesson help are welcome. Read more about the list of "major" Bible stories most Rotation churches teach. Theologically speaking... Rotation.org's content, membership, and leadership reflect the broad middle. We expect every church to adapt content to their needs.	Green Eggs and Ham
What southern state, home of the 17th President of the United States, and site of many Union victories, was the first to be readmitted to the Union on July 24, 1866?	Hernando: Sam-I-am highlights birthday jam Contact us Sam-I-am highlights birthday jam The annual birthday bash at Pine Grove Elementary features readers in red (firefighters) as well as eggs in green. By LOGAN NEILL published March 7, 2002 [Times photo: Kevin White] Third-grader Rebecca Doyle, 8, enjoyed her green eggs and ham so much she had a second helping. I would not eat green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am. Somehow, the famous line that runs through one of the most beloved children's books of all time didn't register negatively with 8-year-old Rebecca Doyle as she sat down at the long table with 12 or so of her schoolmates. Within a few minutes, she had completely cleaned her plate of the colorful culinary creation so despised by Dr. Seuss' curmudgeonly character. "I like 'em," Rebecca said as she looked up and down the table. "Everybody likes 'em!" That was certainly true at Pine Grove Elementary last Thursday evening, when hundreds of children and their parents turned out for the school's annual Dr. Seuss birthday bash. For a couple of hours it was okay, even for the most serious of grownups, to dabble in the daffy world of wogs, yeps, fibbels, sneedles and drum-tummied snums. But mostly it was a night made for kids. They packed the school cafeteria to enjoy snacks, play games and listen to local dignitaries read from some of the author's most notable works. Sheriff Richard Nugent, himself a die-hard Seuss fan, read from one of his favorites, The Cat in the Hat, while wide-eyed youngsters giggled with delight. Across the way, Hernando school superintendent Wendy Tallone delighted in reciting the wacky rhymes from Green Eggs and Ham. Even members of Hernando Fire and Rescue got into the act, arriving in their firefighting gear to read If I Ran the Circus to their young admirers. "It's a way of showing them that reading is something that's fun to do," said Paula Clark, Pine Grove Elementary's reading specialist, who has organized the event for the past three years. "When they see people like sheriff's deputies and firefighters enjoying a book, that has a positive impact on them." Every year, Pine Grove Elementary, along with several other Hernando County elementary schools take part in the National Education Association's annual Read Across America celebration. Originally celebrated on the author's 100th birthday, the event now attracts about 35-million participants from around the country. No doubt, says Clark, Seuss, who was probably the most celebrated children's author of all time, would have heartily approved. "He wrote his books with a timeless quality to them," she said. "Today's parents love them every bit as much as they did when they were young, and it gives them something to identify with their own children." Clark says that Seuss' creativity and imagination reaches children of early reading age more effectively than just about every author she has encountered. The fact that they are fun for kids to read is reason enough to some youngsters to keep coming back for more. "I've been reading Dr. Seuss since I was 3," said 7-year-old Nicole Hoyd. "The stories are really fun. Even my mom likes them." Eight-year-old Tiffany Lufcy agreed. She got her start reading with Seuss' whimsically titled primer, The Foot Book. Now that she is in the second grade, she has moved on to adventure books and stories that deal with animals. But she still has an affection for Seuss' sense of humor. "I think that's why kids like reading those books," she says. "When you first start reading, you do it because it's something fun to do. I've read lots of his books and they always make me laugh." © 2006 • All Rights Reserved • Tampa Bay Times 490 First Avenue South St. Petersburg, FL 33701 727-893-8111	i don't know
Michele Obama is the current First Lady of the United States. If John McCain had won, what would the first lady’s name be?	Michelle Obama Biography :: National First Ladies' Library Chicago, Illinois 17 January, 1964 Michelle Obama is the third First Lady born in Chicago, Illinois, after Betty Ford (1918) and Hillary Clinton (1947). Although Nancy Reagan identifies herself as a Chicagoan she was born in Flushing, Queens, New York and spent her childhood in Bethesda, Maryland. Nancy Reagan did spend her adolescent and teenage years in Chicago where she was adopted by her stepfather to whom her mother had remarried. Mary Lincoln also identified herself as a Chicagoan in the first years of her widowhood, having assumed residency in Chicago, first in rented quarters and then in purchasing a home there. She was born in Kentucky and spent her young adult years in Springfield, Illinois. Father: Fraser Robinson III, born 1 August 1935, Chicago, Illinois; City of Chicago Waterworks, pump worker and Democratic Party precinct captain (volunteer); died 6 March 1991 Mother: Marian Shields Robinson, born July 1937, Chicago, Illinois; married to Fraser Robinson, 1960 in Chicago; a stay-at-home mother while her children were young, Mrs. Robinson later worked as secretary in the offices of Spiegel Catalogue until the 2008 presidential election Marian Robinson is only the third First Lady’s mother to take up official residence in the White House, following Madge Wallace and Minnie Doud, the mothers of Bess Truman and Mamie Eisenhower, respectively. However, Juliana Gardiner and Emma Folsom, the mothers of Julia Tyler and Frances Cleveland, respectively, also made lengthy stays which might be considered residency. Ancestry: African. Although Michelle Obama’s genealogy has not yet been extensively researched, it is known that at least one of her paternal great-great-grandfathers, James Robinson had been enslaved in Georgetown, South Carolina. In one speech while President Obama was campaigning, he indicated that there is also descent in his wife’s family from a European-American ancestor. Birth Order and Siblings: second child, one brother; Craig Robinson, born April 1962, currently head basketball coach of the Oregon State Beavers Physical Appearance: Brown hair, brown eyes, 5 feet, 11 inches tall Michelle Obama stands at the same height as Eleanor Roosevelt, making them both equally the tallest First Ladies Education: Bryn Mawr Elementary School (renamed Bouchet Academy), Chicago, Illinois, 1970-1977. Michelle Robinson was such an excellent student that she was able to skip the second grade. In 1975, while enrolled in the sixth grade, she was chosen for a “gifted student” program which permitted her the chance to take advanced biology and French classes at Kennedy-King Community College. Whitney Young Magnet High School, Chicago, Illinois, 1977-1981. Based on her academic excellence, Michelle Robinson was given the chance to attend the first “magnet” high school in Chicago, which afforded students a greater depth and breadth of study with a focus on college preparedness. As a student here, Michelle Robinson was enrolled in advanced-placement classes, was invited and joined the National Honor Society, and served as Student Council Treasurer. Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1981-1985, bachelor’s degree in Sociology, with a minor degree in African-American Studies. She worked with both the Third World Center and belonged to the Organization of Black Unity, an African-American student group. She graduated cum laude. Harvard Law School, Juris doctor degree, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985-1988. While in attendance, Michelle Robinson joined the Black Law Students Association, which often brought speaks to campus, addressing legal issues and career guidance. Occupation before Marriage: As a young girl, Michelle Robinson has household chores for which she was responsible and shared with her brother. Carl A. Fields Center for Equality and Understanding (formerly, Third World Center), Princeton, New Jersey, 1981-1985. While at Princeton University, Michelle Robinson enrolled in a work-study program, helping to earn part of her tuition. She worked at the center, creating an after-school reading program for the children of the manual workers of the university. Harvard Legal Aid Bureau, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985-1988. While in law school, Michelle Robinson worked to help local residents unable to afford legal advice and representation, on issues ranging from divorce, custody and tenant rights. Associate Attorney, Sidley & Austin, 1988-1991. Upon graduating from Harvard Law School, Michelle Robinson accepted a job as an associate attorney in the Chicago offices of the law firm Sidley & Austin, where she specialized in intellectual property rights and marketing, representing clients that included AT&T and Union Carbide. Assistant to the Mayor, City of Chicago, 1991-1992. Although her work as an attorney enabled Michelle Obama to meet the substantial monetary debt resulting from her college and law school educations, the death of both her father and a friend provoked a focus on her priorities and values, leading her to determine to build a career in community service. She took a position in this line of professional work as an assistant in the office of Chicago Mayor Richard Daley, where she was employed for a year before moving to another position within the city government. Drawing on her business experience from the law firm, she was charged with serving as a liaison between the city and fledgling businesses, seeking to help encourage Chicago economic development. Marriage: 28 years old, married 3 October, 1992 to Barack Obama, 31 years old, (born 4 August, 1961, Honolulu, Hawaii, lawyer and community organizer) at Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago, Illinois. Michelle Robinson first met Barack Obama when he came to work as a summer associate in June of 1989 at Sidley & Austin, where she was already working as an attorney. When he returned to Cambridge, Massachusetts to complete Harvard Law School (graduated 1990), they continue to correspond and date. They became engaged in 1991. Their first home was an apartment in the Hyde Park section of Chicago. Barack Obama taught at the University of Chicago law school and worked at a small civil rights law firm. Children: Two daughters; Malia Ann (born 4 July, 1998) and Natasha “Sasha (born 7 June, 2001). Both girls are students at Sidwell Friends in Washington, D.C. Michelle Obama is the first First Lady to have given birth in the 21st century Occupation after Marriage: Assistant Commissioner of Planning and Development, in the office of the Mayor of Chicago, (1992-1993). Michelle Obama was working in this position at the time of her marriage. Executive Director of Public Allies Chicago, (1993-1996) Michelle Obama was the founding director of the Chicago branch of this organization, which seeks to identify potential community leaders among young people from all backgrounds, levels of education and professional experiences and then to train them to assume leadership of both established and fledgling organizations which serve various constituencies in their communities or region. As the founder of the Chicago branch of the organization, which soon became part of the Clinton Administration’s AmeriCorps, Michelle Obama was a highly successful fundraiser and executive, helping launch Public Allies successfully. Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago, (1996-2002), Michelle Obama worked during her pregnancy and after the birth of her two daughters. From her job at Public Allies she went into the employ of the University of Chicago. In her first job there, she increased rates of voluntarism between the student body and the local neighborhood bordering the university. Executive Director for community affairs at the University of Chicago Hospitals (2002-2005) and Executive Vice President for community and external affairs (2005-2008) In 2002, Mrs. Obama continued to work for the University of Chicago, first as the executive director at its network of medical facilities and then, for the subsequent three years, in its office that sought to engage the university community with the residential ones adjoining it. In these two latter roles... Initially leery of her husband’s ambition to enter politics because of its instability, she campaigned for him during his failed 2000 race for U.S. Congress and his successful one for the U.S. Senate in 2004. Michelle Obama continued to work full-time and raise her daughters in Chicago while her husband worked as a Senator in Washington and returned home on weekends and recesses. Michelle Obama served on several boards, including TreeHouse Foods, and the Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Presidential Campaign and Inauguration: Through the latter months of 2007 leading up to the state primaries and caucuses of the 2008 presidential campaign, Michelle Obama continued to work, reducing her hours at the University of Chicago Medical Center while increasing the days she spent speaking to groups throughout the country. She initially limited her absences from home to day trips and then eventually to trips involving one-overnight away from home per week, in order to maintain her responsibilities as mother to her two young daughters. In October 2007, she participated in the first forum ever held which gathered nearly all the spouses of both Democratic and Republican candidates running for the presidency, at the Women’s Conference in Long Beach, California, hosted by California’s First Lady Maria Shriver. As the primaries ensued during the winter and spring of 2008, Michelle Obama took an increasingly active role, speaking to voters in different states about her husband but also drawing experiences from her own life that spoke directly to the goals of her husband’s potential presidency, finding a personal link to her audiences. Spontaneous remarks she made at Wisconsin campaign event in February 2008, about being proud of her country “for the first time” were interpreted negatively by some Republican media commentators and Cindy McCain, wife of the Republican candidate. Five months later, however, incumbent First Lady Laura Bush defended Mrs. Obama, stating, “I think she probably meant I'm 'more proud,' you know, is what she really meant. I mean, I know that, and that's one of the things you learn and that's one of the really difficult parts both of running for president and for being the spouse of the president, and that is, everything you say is looked at and in many cases misconstrued.” The incident had no significant affect on the election. Michelle Obama also delivered a stirring speech at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, which won overwhelming praise from the media and public, as reflected in polls. Although she offered her opinion at times on the campaign strategy, she emphasized that she was not a policy advisor. When Barack Obama was elected president in November of 2008, he thanked his wife for her sacrifices to his career and his reliance on her support. Through the campaign, he frequently referred to her as “the rock” which grounded him and their family. Tremendous media attention and public interest increased on Michelle Obama’s clothing as the weeks from Election Day approached Inauguration Day, with sometimes hyperbolic predictions of how she would seek to set a new national style. More importantly would be the symbolism of her statements about making clothing purchases from popular stores of items at reasonable prices; this conveyed the new First Lady’s sense of conscientiousness about, and empathy for the increasing number of American citizens who found their home ownership threatened with bank foreclosures, loss of job or job security, decreased or lost health care and retirement benefits, and plummeting retirement savings. During the swearing-in ceremony of her husband, Michelle Obama held the historic and fragile Bible which had been used by President Abraham Lincoln for his presidential oath. Most significant of all the events, in terms of Michelle Obama’s intentions, was her foregoing a traditional women’s event at which an incoming First Lady was traditionally honored the day before the Inauguration; instead, she and the president-elect hosted “a day of service,” encouraging the millions of visitors to Washington for the Inaugural, as well as around the nation, to commit to volunteer service in their community. Forecasting her own agenda as First Lady to create a national voluntary service program, she emphasized in her videotaped message about the day that it was her hope such commitments would continue past January 19th and be ongoing. 2009, January 20 - current incumbency 45 years old In her first weeks as First Lady, Michelle Obama has affirmed that her personal priority is the care of her two daughters. Although both are enrolled in school locally and live full-time at the White House with their parents, they are in a new city with new friends, and suddenly living a life where the most routine aspects of childhood are scrutinized by the press and public. The first manifestation of this public interest was a toy company which created dolls named after her daughters. After the First Lady expressed her dismay, the company decided to discontinue the line. In terms of the areas of public issues she intends to focus her attention, Michelle Obama has identified three: helping working mothers find balance between family and employment commitments, providing necessary support for American military families, and encouraging voluntarism in community service. In her first weeks, the First Lady also made good on her promise to fully learn and integrate herself into her new community of Washington, D.C. She began with a working lunch with the city’s mayor and his wife, visits to schools and drop-bys and speeches at the Department of Education and the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Coming to the Cabinet Department headquarters were the first of her intended visits to all of the other executive branch divisions. She is making these trips to introduce herself as a personal representative of the new Administration and provide a sense of connection to the thousands of civil service federal employees, emphasizing that they work in concert for the common goals. This is an unprecedented effort by a First Lady. Not since the 1940’s when Eleanor Roosevelt hosted several large receptions for women federal workers has a First Lady reached out in such a manner. In her remarks at HHS, Mrs. Obama emphasized that she was there to listen and interact; this recalls the “eyes and ears” role played by Eleanor Roosevelt, Lady Bird Johnson, Pat Nixon, and Rosalynn Carter as they made frequent trips throughout the country meeting and speaking with citizens, hearing their concerns and problems directly and reporting their reactions from such fact-finding missions back to the President. Updated February 5, 2009	Cindy
As portrayed by Carl Weathers, and known as “The Master of Disaster”, “The King of Sting”, “The Dancing Destroyer”, or “The Count of Monte Fisto”, what was the name of the opponent Rocky faced for the Word Championship title in the first Rocky movie?	Michelle Obama and the Politics of Candor - The New Yorker Michelle Obama and the politics of candor. By Lauren Collins Obama’s pride chafes at being asked to make herself seem duller and less independent than she is. Photograph by Chris Hondros.CreditPhotograph by Chris Hondros / Getty Images One January afternoon at the University of South Carolina’s Children’s Center, in Columbia, Michelle Obama scrunched her five-eleven frame into a small white wooden rocking chair. The state’s Democratic primary, which her husband, Barack, needed badly to win, was in forty-eight hours. Obama picked up a picture book, flared her nostrils, and began sniffing noisily, in the manner of a bear foraging in the woods for dinner. “Boom! Boom! Boom!” she read to a group of preschoolers. “The bear will tromp through the forest on his big hungry feet and”—sniff, sniff, sniff—“find that strawberry, no matter where it’s hidden.” The kids burst into giggles. Obama picked up another book, from the “Olivia” series. “I have Olivia in my four-year-old class!” one boy yelled. “Is she a friend of yours?” Obama asked. “Yes.” “Is she a pig?” Soon, the story was over. “Let’s see,” Obama said. “Maybe we have a special guest who will read to us.” She got up from the rocking chair and walked over to a set of French doors. “It’s Cocky!” the kids shouted as Obama threw open the doors to welcome an enormous red rooster, dressed in a U.S.C. basketball jersey. She flung her arms around Cocky to give him a hug, a gesture somewhat thwarted by his plush potbelly. “Cocky! Let’s read one book together with Cocky.” Obama selected another book and held it up to Cocky’s beak. “Here you go, Cocky. Can you read?” “Cocky, I love you!” a kid screamed. Sharing the stage with a large, fuzzy piece of poultry might have daunted a more delicate sort of aspiring First Lady, but Obama took her eclipse by Cocky with the seen-it-all aplomb of one of the human characters on “Sesame Street.” That day, she was wearing a pair of high-waisted pin-striped sailor pants, a gray cashmere sweater, and a strand of pearls, but, though she is stylishly appointed, she is not dainty. She is often called “regal”—whether in The New Republic or in Glamour—but her bearing is less royal than military: brisk, often stone-faced (even when making jokes), mordant. Obama works out like “a gladiator,” a friend has said. When people—they’re almost always shorter—ask her to pose for pictures, instead of bending her knees she leans at the waist, like the Tin Man. Her winningly chipmunk-cheeked smile is doled out sparingly, a privilege to be earned, rather than an icebreaker or an entreaty. Obama, who graduated from Princeton, earned a law degree from Harvard, and became, first, a corporate lawyer and, more recently, the vice-president for community and external affairs at the University of Chicago Hospitals, spent all but the first year of her childhood in a four-room bungalow on Chicago’s South Side. Having traversed vast landscapes of race and class, often as a solo traveller, she evinces the discipline and, occasionally, the detachment of an Army brat. She can seem aloof from politics. Her mother and her older brother both say that she has never once phoned them in tears. Obama is cool in temperament. When Stevie Wonder, whom she was escorting to the stage at a rally in February, tripped on a riser, sending her tumbling down next to him in front of thousands of people, she exhibited no embarrassment or alarm, turning what could have been a blooper-reel nightmare into a non-event. She is unquestionably accomplished, but she is not a repressed intellectual, in the mode of Teresa Heinz Kerry. More than anything, she seems to enjoy talking about her husband and her daughters (Malia, nine, and Sasha, six). She can give the impression, in the midst of the campaign’s endless roundtables and kaffeeklatsches, that she’d rather be talking to them. Obama seems like an iconoclast precisely because she’s normal (the norm for a candidate’s wife having been defined, in the past, as nonworking, white, and pious about the democratic process). Obama is also cool in the other sense of the word; her tastes, references, and vocabulary—“freaky,” “24/7,” “got my back,” “American Idol,” Judge Mathis—if not exactly edgy, are recognizable, which, for a political spouse, makes them seem radical. Of the Iowa State Fair’s corn dogs and candied apples, obligingly gushed over by hopeful First Ladies every four years: “Stuff on a stick.” Here’s Obama, talking to me in her motorcade halfway between Sheboygan, Wisconsin, and Green Bay about Obama Girl, the young woman who professed her crush on Obama’s husband all over the Internet: “That was a little weird, because, you know . . . I just assumed, you know, there’s no way anybody’s gonna hear about that. And one day Sasha comes home and she’s, like, ‘Daddy has a girlfriend. It’s you, Mommy.’ And it’s, like, ‘Oh, shhhhhhhhh—yeah.’ “ Curse word averted, barely. Her lack of pretense has made her popular with the portion of the electorate, and the media, for whom prim Laura Bush seems out of touch. Cindy Moelis, who has known Obama since they worked together in Chicago’s city hall, in the nineties, told me, “I’ve actually had girlfriends call me and go, ‘You’re so lucky. If I’d only met her fifteen years ago, I bet we would be best friends.’ “ “Can Michelle Obama Be First Lady No Matter What?” pleaded the headline for a post on Wonkette, the political blog, about a gathering of candidates’ wives. “Please don’t get all Botoxed and start acting like some sort of Stepford wife. Please?” the post went on, remarking approvingly on what it termed the “ ‘bitch, please’ look” that Obama had seemed unable to suppress in the wake of a comment by Ann Romney. It’s not that Obama doesn’t know the anodyne, wifely things to say (essentially, nothing). She is, after all, a “community and external affairs” professional. But her pride visibly chafes at being asked to subsume her personality, to make herself seem duller and less independent than she is, even in the service of getting her husband elected President of the United States. In Wisconsin, I asked her if she was offended by Bill Clinton’s use of the phrase “fairy tale” to describe her husband’s characterization of his position on the Iraq War. At first, Obama responded with a curt “No.” But, after a few seconds, she affected a funny voice. “I want to rip his eyes out!” she said, clawing at the air with her fingernails. One of her advisers gave her a nervous look. “Kidding!” Obama said. “See, this is what gets me into trouble.” Pundits have portrayed Obama as an oversharer and a taskmaster, demeaning her husband by acknowledging his morning breath and his body odor. But the domestic carping that commentators have taken as some sort of uncontrollable T.M.I. tic serves Obama’s husband well, and this may account for her frequent recitation of the mundane details of their housekeeping arrangements. By noting, for example, that Barack is “the ‘Harry Potter’ parent,” and that she encourages him to find time to read to Malia and Sasha, Michelle makes Barack seem like a great dad and a guardian of young womanhood. The contrast between their family life and that of the Clintons is implicit. When Michelle remarks—as she did, now famously, at a fund-raiser hosted in Beverly Hills—that Barack forgets to “secure the bread so that it doesn’t get stale,” she’s playing the martinet as hammily as she played the big hungry bear in South Carolina. “Occasionally, it gives campaign people heartburn,” David Axelrod, the Obama campaign’s chief strategist, admits. “She’s fundamentally honest—goes out there, speaks her mind, jokes. She doesn’t parse her words or select them with an antenna for political correctness.” People forget that Barack himself has been working the hapless-hubby routine for a long time: he writes about trying to enjoy the bachelor life as a freshman senator in Washington but finding himself too “fully domesticated, soft, and helpless” to remember to buy a shower curtain. The ordinary card, in fact, may be one of the Obamas’ best assets. It assuages fears of difference—“We’re just like you” is the cumulative message of all the back-and-forth about the breath and the bread—and inoculates against jealousy, a smart bit of self-deprecation on the part of a young, gifted, attractive couple whose fortunes have risen quickly, like movie stars insisting that they were unpopular in high school. Besides, Obama’s tendency toward deflation isn’t limited to Barack. Cindy Moelis recalls commissioning a cookie bouquet with icing in the pattern of the Obama campaign’s logo and presenting it to Michelle, who replied, “Oh, great. More sugar for the kids.” Obama’s dismissiveness is not that of the spoiled princess, as her detractors have suggested, but that of the wary striver: why get used to things being good if they could fall apart at any moment? “Michelle’s always been very vocal about anything,” her mother, Marian Robinson, told me. “If it’s not right, she’s going to say so. When she was at Princeton, her brother”—Craig, now the head basketball coach at Brown, was two years ahead of Michelle—“called me and said, ‘Mom, Michelle’s here telling people they’re not teaching French right.’ She thought the style was not conversational enough. I told him, ‘Just pretend you don’t know her.’ “ There is more to the Obamas’ relationship, however, than the caricature of Michelle as a ballbreaker to Barack’s Obambi (Maureen Dowd’s term). Consider the moments leading up to Barack’s career-making speech at the Democratic National Convention in 2004. The story that the Obamas like to tell, and that their chroniclers like to repeat, is that Michelle pulled Barack aside just before he took the stage, warning him, “Just don’t screw it up, buddy!” Someone who was involved in the preparation of the speech recalls a more nuanced dynamic, as Michelle calmed an irritable Barack. “We were spending intense sessions tinkering with wording and commas,” the person says. “It was pretty tense, because everybody was picking at Barack and making suggestions. He was getting a little irate. Michelle was in the room, and she was kind of handling both him as well as some of the speech.” The observer went on, “She was listening intently and, without being overly directive, was somebody that he could glance over to, almost a telepathic kind of relationship. He was clearly looking to her for reaction.” Earlier on the day that Obama visited the nursery school, she addressed a congregation at the Pee Dee Union Baptist Church, in Cheraw, a hamlet of about six thousand known as “The Prettiest Town in Dixie.” The church’s makeshift gravel parking lot, next to the Pee Dee Ice and Fuel Company and bounded by train tracks, was full. After an invocation by the Reverend Jerry Corbett and an introduction by the mayor of Cheraw, Obama came to the pulpit. “You all got up bright and early just for me?” she asked the mostly elderly, almost all-black crowd. “Yes!” they roared. Obama continued, “On behalf of my church home and my pastor, Reverend Wright, I bring greetings.” Obama opened with some reminiscing. “My people are from South Carolina,” she said. “I don’t know if y’all knew that. . . . In fact, my brother and I came down last week for a mini family reunion at my grandparents’ church, because they retired back down here, and before their death they were living here, attending an A.M.E. Baptist church in Georgetown.” Obama was playing to her audience—later she riffed on “those relatives who have plastic on the furniture” and reminded the churchgoers to get “ten other triflin’ people in your life” out of bed and down to the polls on Saturday. Her appearances at the church, and many like it, were a key point of strategy in a state that would be the first real test of whether or not Barack could attract significant numbers of black voters. “In South Carolina in particular, because she had family from there, it made a lot of sense for her to speak in the African-American community,” David Axelrod said. After warming up the crowd, Obama launched into her stump speech, a forty-five-minute monologue that she composed herself and delivers without notes. Obama has been open about the value of her ability to speak to black audiences in cadences that reflect their experience, but she makes clear her distaste for the notion that she is a niche tool, wielded by her husband’s campaign to woo black voters solely on the basis of their shared racial identity. “I mean, I’ve been to every early state,” she told me, when I asked her about reports that she was “deployed” in the South to reach black audiences. “I was ‘deployed’ to Iowa,” she said, making air quotes with her fingers. “I was ‘deployed’ to New Hampshire.” The four times I heard her give the speech—in a ballroom at the University of South Carolina, from the pulpit of Pee Dee Union, at an art gallery in Charleston, and in the auditorium of St. Norbert College, in De Pere, Wisconsin—its content was admirably consistent, with few of the politician’s customary tweaks and nods to the demographic predilections, or prejudices, of a particular audience. Obama begins with a broad assessment of life in America in 2008, and life is not good: we’re a divided country, we’re a country that is “just downright mean,” we are “guided by fear,” we’re a nation of cynics, sloths, and complacents. “We have become a nation of struggling folks who are barely making it every day,” she said, as heads bobbed in the pews. “Folks are just jammed up, and it’s gotten worse over my lifetime. And, doggone it, I’m young. Forty-four!” From these bleak generalities, Obama moves into specific complaints. Used to be, she will say, that you could count on a decent education in the neighborhood. But now there are all these charter schools and magnet schools that you have to “finagle” to get into. (Obama herself attended a magnet school, but never mind.) Health care is out of reach (“Let me tell you, don’t get sick in America”), pensions are disappearing, college is too expensive, and even if you can figure out a way to go to college you won’t be able to recoup the cost of the degree in many of the professions for which you needed it in the first place. “You’re looking at a young couple that’s just a few years out of debt,” Obama said. “See, because, we went to those good schools, and we didn’t have trust funds. I’m still waiting for Barack’s trust fund. Especially after I heard that Dick Cheney was s’posed to be a relative or something. Give us something here!” First Ladies have traditionally gravitated toward happy topics like roadside flower beds, so it comes as a surprise that Obama’s speech is such an unrelenting downer. Obama acknowledged to me that some advisers have lobbied her to take a sunnier tone, with little success. “For me,” she said, “you can talk about policies and plans and experience and all that. We usually get bogged down in that in a Presidential campaign, over the stuff that I think doesn’t matter. . . . I mean, I guess I could go into Barack’s policies and rattle them off. But that’s what he’s for.” In Cheraw, Obama belittled the idea that the Clinton years were ones of opportunity and prosperity: “The life that I’m talking about that most people are living has gotten progressively worse since I was a little girl. . . . So if you want to pretend like there was some point over the last couple of decades when your lives were easy, I want to meet you!” After the speech, Obama was whisked into the church basement. A clutch of people gathered nearby, hoping to catch a glimpse of her. But when she emerged into the chilly morning air, she didn’t linger long with her well-wishers. She can seem squeamish about politicking, put off by the awkward stagecraft of glad-handing and the small-group discussions—Michelle, five or six women, and, as she put it one day in Wisconsin, “five thousand cameras”—that her staff bills as “intimate conversations.” But she thrives in large venues. Cindy Moelis said, “The first time she got feedback on being such a wonderful speaker, I think when people said, ‘Wow, you’re really good at that,’ she goes, ‘Why’s everybody surprised?’ “ If Michelle Obama’s husband succeeds in garnering the Democratic nomination and then in winning the general election in November, she will be not only the first black First Lady of the United States but also one of the youngest since Jackie Kennedy. Yet, for a potential revolutionary, Michelle Obama is deeply conventional. She exudes a nostalgia, invoking the innocence and order of the past, as much as her husband beckons to a liberating future. Listening to her speeches, with their longing for a lost, spit-shine world, one could sometimes mistake her, were it not for the emphasis on social justice, for a law-and-order Republican. “It’s not just about politics; it’s TV,” she says, of our collective decay. And, wistfully: “The life I had growing up seems so much more simple.” She is a successful working mother, but an ambivalent one: “My mother stayed at home. She didn’t have to work.” Her music of choice is Stevie Wonder, and has been since her childhood. (At the Obamas’ wedding, a friend sang “You and I.”) One of her favorite foods is macaroni and cheese. In “The Audacity of Hope,” acknowledging the appeal of the Reagan Administration, Barack writes, “It was related to the pleasure that I still get from watching a well-played baseball game, or my wife gets from watching reruns of ‘The Dick Van Dyke Show.’ “ Obama draws a straight line from the way her parents, Fraser and Marian Robinson, raised her to the world as it ought to be. For all her modern womanhood, she has not been tempted by rebellion or self-differentiation. “My lens of life, how I see the world, is through my background, my upbringing,” she said, in South Carolina. Fraser Robinson and Marian Shields, who both grew up on the South Side of Chicago, married in 1960. Craig was born two years later, and on January 17, 1964, Marian gave birth to Michelle LaVaughn, whom Fraser nicknamed Miche. She and Craig looked so much alike (and still do) that people often mistook them for twins. Fraser, who was partially handicapped by multiple sclerosis, worked swing shifts as a city pump operator, while Marian tended to the children. The family lived in a modest house that they rented from a relative in the South Shore neighborhood. “If I had to describe it to a real estate agent, it would be 1BR, 1BA,” Craig told Peter Slevin, of the Washington Post. “If you said it was eleven hundred square feet, I’d call you a liar.” Money was scarce but sufficient. Fraser took pride in providing for his family. “If the TV broke and we didn’t have any money to have it fixed, we could go out and buy another one on a charge card, as long as we paid the bills on time,” Marian told me. Saturday nights were spent at home playing Chinese checkers, Monopoly, or a game called Hands Down (like spoons, with bluffing). It was a simple time. “I probably had two sleepovers my entire life,” Craig said. “We were home folks.” Many years, the family drove to Dukes Happy Holiday Resort, in Michigan, for a week’s vacation. The Robinsons went to church occasionally, but if they subscribed to any credo it was that of freethinking. From a young age, Craig and Michelle were encouraged to make choices, and to contend with the consequences. “More important, even, than learning to read and write was to teach them to think,” Marian Robinson said. “We told them, ‘Make sure you respect your teachers, but don’t hesitate to question them. Don’t even allow us to just say anything to you. Ask us why.’ “ Craig recalls, of Michelle, “I wouldn’t say she ran roughshod over her friends, but she was sort of the natural leader.” Craig became a basketball star at a parochial school, while Michelle rode the bus, and then the El, to attend classes at Whitney M. Young Magnet High School. Michelle’s Class of ’81 yearbook—she was treasurer of her class—includes a picture of her as a serious-looking young lady in a bright-yellow silk shirt. She did not play varsity sports, even though people were always telling her she should. Craig told me, “That’s the best way to get her not to do something. She didn’t want to play just because she was tall and black and athletic.” Bernadette McHale, one of her teachers, recalled, “Our first full graduating class was in ’78, so it was pretty experimental to come here. She made a decision to choose an integrated environment that had more diversity in both curriculum and population.” Craig was recruited to play basketball at Princeton, and Michelle—who figured she could cut it if he could—followed him there. Princeton in 1981 was not particularly hospitable to minorities of any sort. “It was a very sexist, segregated place,” Angela Acree, who was Obama’s roommate there for three years, recalled. She continued, “We couldn’t afford any furniture, so we just had pillows on the floor, and a stereo.” Their social lives revolved around gatherings at the Third World Center, rather than the university’s eating clubs. Acree recalled, “The white people didn’t dance—I know that sounds like a cliché—and they also played a completely different kind of music, whereas we were playing R. & B., Luther Vandross, Run-D.M.C., at the T.W.C.” Obama majored in sociology, investigating, in her senior thesis, “Princeton-Educated Blacks and the Black Community,” the ways in which attending Princeton affected black alumni’s sense of connection to the black community. At Obama’s request, the thesis was embargoed until November 5, 2008. Last month, amid charges of hypocrisy—the Obama campaign has congratulated itself on transparency—Obama finally released the document to the Web site Politico. A sample passage: “Unfortunately there are very few adequate support groups which provide some form of guidance and counsel for Black students having difficulty making the transition from their home environments to Princeton’s environment. Most students are dependent upon the use of their own faculties to carry them through Princeton.” She dedicated the project to “Mom, Dad, Craig and all of my special friends. Thank-you for loving me and always making me feel good about myself.” Obama went straight from Princeton to Harvard Law School. After graduating, she became a junior associate, specializing in intellectual property law, at the Chicago firm of Sidley & Austin. She worked there for three years, eventually becoming, as she says in her stump speech, disenchanted with “corporate America.” Valerie Jarrett hired her as an assistant to the mayor, Richard Daley. “In the planning department, part of her job was to help businesses solve problems,” Jarrett told me. Sort of like a one-woman 311? “No, a 911,” Jarrett responded. “She made problems go away just that fast.” In 1993, she was appointed the founding director of the Chicago office of a public-service program called Public Allies, which places young adults from diverse backgrounds in paid internships with nonprofit organizations. An early appearance in the Chicago Tribune was in an article about Gen X-ers. Obama told the reporter, “I wear jeans, and I’m the director.” Michelle and Barack met at Sidley & Austin, when she was assigned to advise him during a summer job. Michelle’s co-workers warned her that the summer associate was cute. “I figured that they were just impressed with any black man with a suit and a job,” she later told Barack. Over her protestations—she felt that dating someone she worked with would be “tacky,” her brother recalls—Barack began to court his boss. “She took me to one or two parties,” Barack writes, “tactfully overlooking my limited wardrobe, and she even tried to set me up with a couple of her friends.” Before the end of the summer, he’d got her to agree to go out for a movie—Spike Lee’s “Do the Right Thing”—and an ice-cream cone at Baskin-Robbins. Vacationing on Martha’s Vineyard in 2004, Barack met Spike Lee at a reception. As Michelle has recalled, he told Lee, “I owe you a lot,” because, during the movie, Michelle had allowed him to touch her knee. Barack had a more bohemian attitude toward romance. “We would have this running debate throughout our relationship about whether marriage was necessary,” Obama told me. “It was sort of a bone of contention, because I was, like, ‘Look, buddy, I’m not one of these who’ll just hang out forever.’ You know, that’s just not who I am. He was, like”—she broke into a wishy-washy voice—“ ‘Marriage, it doesn’t mean anything, it’s really how you feel.’ And I was, like, ‘Yeah, right.’ “ Eventually, he proposed to her over dinner at Gordon, a restaurant in Chicago. “He took me out to a nice dinner under the guise of celebrating the fact that he had finished the bar,” Obama recalled. “And he got me into one of these discussions again, where, you know, he sort of just led me down there and got fired up and it’s like you’ve got blah blah blah blah, and then dessert comes out, the tray comes out, and there’s a ring!” The couple married in 1992, and moved into a condominium in a walkup building in Hyde Park. Cindy Moelis recalled a dinner party the Obamas gave when they were newlyweds: shrimp-and-pasta, inexpensive art on the walls from their travels to Hawaii and Kenya. Barack was not the life of the party. “Because Barack was so smart, he was pretty serious when we were in our thirties. I’d poke him and say, ‘Come on, let’s talk about the last movie you saw,’ “ Moelis said. “At some point in our forties, I said to Michelle, ‘You know, I think he’s so much grown into who he is now. He’s so much more lighthearted.’ Because he became a senator and he had this wonderful outlet to be a policy person and to be intense, and when he got home he could relax and laugh and just have dinner with friends and talk about movies and basketball.” Parenthood, far more than politics, has been the catalytic force in Michelle’s adult life. She is passionate about being a mother, and about confronting the problems that working women face in making time for both their families and their professions. When I asked if there was an issue she has worked particularly hard to bring to her husband’s attention, she replied, “The attention that he’s focussed on work-family balance. . . . That is our life. To the extent that we have challenges, and struggles, headaches that everybody else is going through . . . those are our conversations.” (Barack has candidly chronicled their struggle “to balance work and family in a way that’s equitable to Michelle and good for our children,” and its toll on their marriage.) Her frame of reference can seem narrow. When she talks about wanting “my girls to travel the world with pride” and the decline of America “over my lifetime,” you wonder why her default pronoun is singular if the message is meant to be concern for others and inclusiveness. Last summer, Obama’s mother retired from her job as a bank secretary in order to look after Malia and Sasha when Barack and Michelle are on the road. (The Obamas employ a full-time housekeeper, and Michelle tries to see a personal trainer four times a week, but they do not have a nanny.) Obama speaks frequently of her reliance on a network of female relatives, friends, and co-workers. Her staff comprises a collection of mostly young women, practical yet fashionable, like their leader, efficient but not effusive. On Super Tuesday, before the triumphant couple took the stage in the ballroom of the Chicago Hyatt, one of Obama’s aides leaned over and whispered in my ear, “Tonight, she’s wearing red. ” When Barack was elected to the United States Senate, the Obamas decided that Michelle and the girls would remain in Chicago rather than leave behind what she refers to as her “support base.” A local mother told the Tribune, of their chore-swapping, “This weekend was Hannah Montana, next weekend Michelle has soccer-skills practice.” One morning, during a roundtable at Ma Fischer’s, a diner in Milwaukee, Elizabeth Crawford, a recently divorced caterer with two children, brought up the subject of the eating habits of American families. “I really, really hope that Barack will jump on that,” she said. Then, having given thoughtful but boilerplate responses most of the morning, Obama suddenly departed from her script. It was the most animated I saw her on the campaign trail. “You know,” she said, “in my household, over the last year we have just shifted to organic for this very reason. I mean, I saw just a moment in my nine-year-old’s life—we have a good pediatrician, who is very focussed on childhood obesity, and there was a period where he was, like, ‘Mmm, she’s tipping the scale.’ So we started looking through our cabinets. . . . You know, you’ve got fast food on Saturday, a couple days a week you don’t get home. The leftovers, good, not the third day! . . . So that whole notion of cooking on Sunday is out. . . . And the notion of trying to think about a lunch every day! . . . So you grab the Lunchables, right? And the fruit-juice-box thing, and we think—we think—that’s juice. And you start reading the labels and you realize there’s high-fructose corn syrup in everything we’re eating. Every jelly, every juice. Everything that’s in a bottle or a package is like poison in a way that most people don’t even know. . . . Now we’re keeping, like, a bowl of fresh fruit in the house. But you have to go to the fruit stand a couple of times a week to keep that fruit fresh enough that a six-year-old—she’s not gonna eat the pruney grape, you know. At that point it’s, like, ‘Eww!’ She’s not gonna eat the brown banana or the shrivelledy-up things. It’s got to be fresh for them to want it. Who’s got time to go to the fruit stand? Who can afford it, first of all?” The Obamas are fixtures of Chicago’s philanthro-social scene: there they are, waving from a silver Mustang at the annual Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic; there’s Michelle delivering remarks at the Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority’s Seventy-second Central Regional Conference; there she is arriving at the Black Creativity Gala with a shopping bag full of “Obama for Senator” buttons. Cindy Moelis recalls being shocked, after agreeing to host Obama’s baby shower, that the guest list included fifty people. “Hmmm,” Michael Sneed, the Sun-Times columnist, reported in 2006. “Sneed hears rumbles a mink coat reportedly belonging to Michelle Obama, wife of Sen. Barack Obama, may have gone missing following the Rev. Jesse Jackson’s birthday bash at the South Shore Cultural Center.” The Obamas’ financial standing has risen sharply in the past three years, largely as a result of the money Barack earned from writing “The Audacity of Hope.” In 2005, their income was $1.67 million, which was more than they had earned in the previous seven years combined. “Our lives are so close to normal, if there is such a thing when you’re running for President,” Michelle has said. “When I’m off the road, I’m going to Target to get the toilet paper, I’m standing on soccer fields, and I think there’s just a level of connection that gets lost the further you get into being a candidate.” Just after Barack was elected to the United States Senate, Michelle received a large pay increase—from $121,910 in 2004 to $316,962 in 2005. “Mrs. Obama is extremely overpaid,” one citizen wrote in a letter to the editor of the Tribune, after the paper published a story questioning the timing of the award. “Now, what is the real reason behind such an inflated salary?” Her bosses at the University of Chicago Hospitals vigorously defended the raise, pointing out that it put her salary on a par with that of other vice-presidents at the hospital. (As it happens, Obama has spent most of her life working within the two institutions for which she most frequently claims a populist disdain: government and the health-care system.) Michelle’s roots in the community predate her involvement with Barack; in fact, he has written that it was one of the things that attracted him to her, awakening, after years of peripatetic soul-searching, “a longing for stability and a sense of place that I had not realized was there.” Barbara Pace-Moody, the development director of Muntu, an African-dance company on whose board Obama serves, recalls meeting her, in the early nineties, when they were both volunteers for a mentoring program: “We spent every Saturday with young women from the Chicago Housing Authority. We had a big gala, and she and her sister-in-law took their own money and paid for the girls to get their hair done and set them up in a hotel downtown. I remember thinking, Who is this Michelle Robinson?” More troubling to the Obamas’ image of civic rectitude is their entanglement with a campaign contributor named Antoin (Tony) Rezko in a 2005 real-estate deal. (Rezko is now awaiting trial on corruption charges.) That year, as the Tribune reported, the Obamas moved to a $1.65-million Georgian Revival mansion in Hyde Park, which features a thousand-bottle wine cellar and bookcases made of Honduran mahogany. On the day they bought the house, Rita Rezko, Tony’s wife, purchased the adjacent lot, which was wooded and empty, for $625,000. After the deal went through, Michelle contacted the city’s landmarks commission, which she had served on, and received an e-mail from a deputy commissioner with suggestions for obtaining permits to erect a fence between the parcels. The Obamas paid for legal, architectural, and landscaping work, while Rezko got the bill for the fence’s construction, for fourteen thousand dollars. (Obama paid the proper fraction of the purchase price for a sliver of land that he bought from the Rezkos as a buffer.) The other Chicago connection that dogs the Obamas is Dr. Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr., their pastor at Trinity United Church of Christ. Wright, who drives a Porsche and references Bernie Mac and Terry McMillan in his unorthodox sermons (“Take what God gave you and say, ‘In your face, mediocrity, I’m a bad mamma jamma!’ “), officiated at Michelle and Barack’s wedding and baptized their two daughters. Barack took the title “The Audacity of Hope” from a sermon that Wright preached. In 2006, the Obamas gave $22,500 to the church. Wright espouses a theology that seeks to reconcile African-American Christianity with, as he has written, “the raw data of our racist existence in this strange land.” The historical accuracy of that claim is incontestable. But his message is more confrontational than may be palatable to some white voters. In his book “Africans Who Shaped Our Faith”—an extended refutation of the Western Christianity that gave rise to “the European Jesus . . . the blesser of the slave trade, the defender of racism and apartheid”—he says, “In this country, racism is as natural as motherhood, apple pie, and the fourth of July. Many black people have been deluded into thinking that our BMWs, Lexuses, Porsches, Benzes, titles, heavily mortgaged condos and living environments can influence people who are fundamentally immoral.” In portraying America as “a Eurocentric wasteland of lily-white lies and outright distortions,” Wright promulgates a theory of congenital separatism that is deeply at odds with Obama’s professed belief in the possibilities of unity and change. Last year, Trumpet Newsmagazine, which was launched by Trinity United and is run by Wright’s daughter, gave the Dr. Jeremiah A. Wright Jr. Trumpeter Award to Louis Farrakhan, leading to accusations that Wright was anti-Semitic. Barack’s advisers have tried to dismiss the criticisms of his association with Wright as a witch hunt by conservative blogs and talk-show hosts. The candidate disinvited Wright from giving the convocation when he announced his Presidential bid. Last month, I attended an Ash Wednesday service at the church. When it was over, I approached Wright and asked him to tell me about Michelle Obama. “She’s from the ’hood,” he said. Within seconds, a minder rushed over to say that I was forbidden to conduct any interviews on the premises. “We don’t want our church to receive the brunt of this notoriety,” Obama told me. I asked her whether Wright’s statements presented a problem for her or for Barack. “You know, your pastor is like your grandfather, right?” she said. “There are plenty of things he says that I don’t agree with, that Barack doesn’t agree with.” When it comes to absolute doctrinal adherence, she said, “I don’t know that there would be a church in this country that I would be involved in. So, you know, you make choices, and you sort of—you can’t disown yourself from your family because they’ve got things wrong. You try to be a part of expanding the conversation.” (She made a similar argument when I asked if she agreed with her husband in opposing gay marriage. “It’s like you gotta do the baby steps. . . . You don’t start with the hardest, toughest issues when you’re trying to unite a group.”) Obama does not avoid blunt discussions about race. One year, she and Cindy Moelis, who is white, went to a spa in Utah to celebrate their birthdays. “We were in the cafeteria, getting healthy food for breakfast,” Moelis recalled. “Everybody was, like, ‘Hey, Michelle!’ “ Moelis wondered aloud why nobody remembered her name. “See any more six-foot-tall African-American women?” Obama replied. “I didn’t think so. So stop taking it personally.” Michelle’s perceived authenticity has been an asset to Barack. Ron Carter, a former associate of the Black Panther Party who is the publisher of the South Street Journal, told me that he was impressed by her handling of a combustible situation that arose during Barack’s senatorial campaign, following a speech that he gave at Liberty Baptist Church, on Chicago’s South Side. “There were lots of radicals protesting, calling into question his loyalty to the community,” Carter recalled. “She came out the back door, and there were a bunch of hoodlum thugs ready to do a full-blast demonstration. She put on her street sense and asked all the guys, ‘Y’all got a problem or something?’ They all froze, guys who would slap the mayor, who would slap Jesse Jackson in the face, even.” Barack has written eloquently about the pressure of assimilation for members of minority groups. When I asked Michelle if she had felt that sort of pressure, she replied, “What minority communities go through still represents the challenges, the legacies, of oppression and racism. You know, when you have cultures who feel like second-class citizens at some level . . . there’s this natural feeling within the community that we’re not good enough . . . we can’t be as smart as or as prepared—and it’s that internal struggle that is always the battle.” She talked about her first trip to Africa—Barack took her to Kenya to meet his father’s family—and the realization that, as much as white society fails to account for the African-American experience, so does any conception of pan-blackness. “There’s also the view among many black Americans that Africa is home,” she said. “But when you’re a black American you’re very much an American first.” Marian Robinson told me that she did not know that Barack’s mother was white until long after she met him. “He never talked about himself,” she said. The Obamas’ partnership has been a source of great pride among African-American women. In an essay on TheRoot.com, Kim McLarin writes that Obama reminds her of Ntozake Shange’s play “For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf”: “ordinary / brown braided woman / with big legs and full lips / reglar.” For her, the Obamas’ relationship is a public validation of the worthiness of dark-skinned women. “He chose one of us, and I am thrilled,” McLarin writes. “She loves, respects, and adores Barack, but she is the prize and she damn well knows it. He better know it, too.” In Chicago, Barbara Pace-Moody opened her e-mail to show me a JPEG of Barack and Michelle that she had been forwarded as an exemplar of a strong marriage. In it, Michelle stands behind Barack, her arms clasped around his waist, while he leans back, his hands over hers, closing his eyes ever so slightly. The picture was taken at a rally in New Hampshire, but they could have been on a beach in Hawaii. Ebony named “Barack & Michelle” to its “10 Hottest Couples” list this year, in the company of Beyoncé and Jay-Z. An aide, referring to their “kissy” backstage displays, told me, “They’re, like, ‘We don’t care who’s standing by.’ “ Some observers have detected in Obama an air of entitlement. Her defenders attribute these charges of arrogance to racist fears about uppity black women. While it’s a stretch to call the suggestion that Obama projects an air of self-satisfaction bigoted, it may at least reflect a culture gap: last April, after Maureen Dowd wrote a column criticizing Obama for undermining her husband’s mystique, a blog riposte, circulated widely on the Internet, was titled “The White Lady Just Doesn’t Get It.” Things had been going remarkably smoothly for Michelle Obama until mid-February. Campaigning four days a week, she was drawing crowds in the thousands. According to David Axelrod, she had urged the campaign to be aggressive in its outreach to female voters, and her husband had made significant inroads with a demographic that had been a Clinton stronghold. “She’s pivoted her language to ‘See how far we’ve come’ as opposed to ‘Don’t we have a long way to go,’ “ one of Obama’s advisers told me, in Sheboygan. “It’s weird,” Craig Robinson said, at the beginning of the month. “It’s like if your sister’s a budding actress, and all of a sudden she’s Julia Roberts.” Speaking at a rally in Wisconsin on February 18th, Obama remarked, “For the first time in my adult lifetime, I am really proud of my country, and not just because Barack has done well, but because I think people are hungry for change.” The sentiment—that America was in a mess, and Mrs. Obama was not happy about it—was not a new one, but her unfortunate formulation instantly drew charges that she was unpatriotic. Bill O’Reilly spawned his own scandalette, remarking, “I don’t want to go on a lynching party against Michelle Obama unless there’s evidence, hard facts, that say this is how the woman really feels.” Victor Maltsev, of Rego Park, wrote to the Post, “Obama wants to be our next first lady? Watch out, America!” Cindy McCain seized the opportunity to draw a sniffy contrast between the Obamas and her and her war-hero husband, telling a cheering crowd, “I don’t know about you—if you heard those words earlier—I’m very proud of my country.” It was a manufactured controversy, but it reflected a real cavalierness on Obama’s part—not toward the Blue Angels and 9/11 and the Berlin Wall and America’s armed forces, as her various critics had it, but toward the reality that it might be wise for a person whose spouse is running for President not to say something that could be construed that way. The controversy over her brand of household humor may have been a matter of cultural misinterpretation. But Obama’s blitheness about politics may have less to do with race than it does with class—conservative commentators pegged her as a paragon of élitist leftism—or, more likely, for a daughter of blue-collar Chicago, with personal disposition. In our conversation, she came across as almost apolitical. I asked her about the first time she voted. “Oh, God, um, I’ve voted every time that I could vote, but I don’t—it doesn’t stand out,” she said. “You know, that was just something you did. You know, you didn’t not vote. . . . But I, you know, it wasn’t like this moving experience for me”—she breathed in dramatically—“ ‘I cast my first vote!’ “ (“I feel kind of bad about it,” she once told a reporter, unconvincingly, who asked whether she participated in the Senate spouses’ club.) The self-assurance that colors Obama’s assumption that her personal feelings are some bellwether of American achievement is also palpable in her forceful declarations that her husband is the only person who can solve the country’s problems. “I tell people I am married to the answer,” she said, in a speech in Harlem. “The man . . . who I am willing to sacrifice,” she called her husband, in Iowa. In November, on MSNBC: “Black voters will wake up and get it.” There is a hectoring, buy-one-while-supplies-last quality to Obama’s frequent admonitions that Americans will have only one chance to elect her husband President. Someone who has spent a good portion of her life gaining purchase has suddenly been asked to sell something, and she seems to find it slightly beneath her. Perhaps Obama’s high-handedness is preëmptive, her way of “claiming a seat at the table”—as she is fond of calling enfranchisement in the power-brokering structure—rather than waiting to be offered one. It’s as though she figures she might as well say that she and her husband are all that before someone can say that they aren’t. And there’s a sort of strategic genius to her presentation of campaigning as grinding work that takes her away from her family, rather than a glorious tour of the world’s greatest country that she would be thrilled to be undertaking even if she didn’t have to. She frequently tells her audiences, “I don’t care where I am, the first question is ‘How are you managing it all? How are you holding up?’ “ The effect, of course, is to set up an expectation of tribute, like those hairdressers who display all their gifts in the days leading up to Christmas. By loudly voicing her distaste for retail politicking, Obama makes people feel as though, by showing up, she were doing them a favor. One on one, Obama is gracious. A week before the Wisconsin primary, she made an appearance at the Hops Haven Brew Haus, in Sheboygan. When it was over, I joined her in the back seat of a Ford Explorer for part of the ride to Green Bay. Space was tight, and I couldn’t find anywhere to put my sludgy boots except practically on top of her black leather pocketbook. (If a woman’s handbag is a window onto her soul, Obama really is normal: hers had an empty M&M’s wrapper and an iPod sticking out of an unzipped compartment.) “You know what, let me move it because I can put it out of your way,” she said. Someone was trying to put something in the trunk, which was locked. “Oh, they’re trying to get in the back,” she said, and moved to help, like a mother packing her charges into the station wagon. The acrimony between the Obamas and the Clintons had been intensifying in the days leading up to the Wisconsin primary. I asked Obama if she was worried about negative attacks on her husband. She was diplomatic. “We’ve pretty much heard it all,” she said. “She’s very competitive, and she believes deeply in him and in what we’re doing,” David Axelrod said later. “I don’t think she’s a pacifist—if she thinks we’re being treated unfairly or doesn’t think we’re being aggressive enough in debunking attacks, she will say so. She does not fold up into the lotus position and start chanting ‘kumbaya.’ She’s against gratuitous attacks but she’s not against defending our position and making sure we don’t get punked.” Others in the Obama camp were less circumspect. “I’m telling you, she’s not faking the funk, that’s for sure. Neither is he,” Craig Robinson said, over lunch in Providence. “And that’s why it’s working. That’s why people are connecting. ’Cause you can’t B.S. that good. Even if you’re Bill Clinton you can’t, because he’s getting called on it.” I asked Robinson about Bill Clinton’s “fairy tale” comment. “He’s straight up saying things that aren’t true,” Robinson responded. “And it was great, because Barack didn’t go crazy. He just said, ‘Hey, we just have to say something when somebody says something that’s blatantly not true.’ No one’s ever called those people on it.” He went on, “Michelle and Barack’s plan is to win this election. They can’t be worried about what he says. I mean, you know, sometimes you get angry. But it’s so ludicrous that it’s almost comical. It really is. It really is. And the whole crying now before every primary? You’ve got to be kidding me. If I was a woman, I’d be embarrassed for her,” he said of Hillary Clinton. The competition between the two couples, and specifically between Michelle Obama and Bill Clinton, became explicit later when one of Michelle’s advisers pulled me aside and pointed out that Michelle had recently been given Secret Service protection. “So that’s both spouses on both sides,” the aide pointed out. Back in the Explorer, I asked Obama if she thought that her husband, as the Democratic nominee, could take John McCain. “Oh, yeah. We got him,” she replied. When the conversation turned to the broader significance of Obama’s candidacy, I wondered if the burden of history weighed upon her. “No, I just don’t think in those terms,” Obama said. “I’m very much one foot in front of the other. You know, we’re not there. We’ve got to win a bunch of states and delegates and, you know, this is a messy process. And then there’s still a general election. So I am so far away from history right now that it’s like, ‘Why get caught up in that emotionally when there’s so much stuff in front of us that we have to do?’ Plus, I’ve got kids, and, you know, what are we doing for spring break, and their birthdays are coming up. I’ve got plenty of stuff to worry about before my legacy in history and all that.” In “The Audacity of Hope,” Barack Obama perceives a vulnerability in his wife, one so closely guarded that even her brother professed to me never to have noticed it. There was “a glimmer that danced across her round, dark eyes whenever I looked at her,” he writes, “the slightest hint of uncertainty, as if, deep inside, she knew how fragile things really were, and that if she ever let go, even for a moment, all her plans might quickly unravel.” The Explorer rolled on to Green Bay. ♦ Lauren Collins began working at The New Yorker in 2003 and became a staff writer in 2008.	i don't know
What is the large pack of bike riders in a race such as the Tour de France called?	What is the Tour de France? - CBBC Newsround What is the Tour de France? 21 July 2013 The Tour de France is the world's biggest annual sporting event. Nearly 200 riders cover over 2,000 miles in just 23 days. It's fair to say it's a good way to keep fit. If you finish the gruelling Tour, you could burn off up to 118,000 calories. That's the equivalent of 26 Mars bars per day. Martin finds out how tough the Tour is But do you know your yellow jersey from your polka dot? Your prologue stage from your flat? If not, Newsround is here to help. What is it? Basically, it's a huge bike race that takes place every summer. It goes right around France. Millions of people line the route that's made up of 21 stages raced over 23 days - that means they only have two days off to rest. Ouch. Twenty-two teams from right across the world are involved in the Tour, each has up to nine riders. The riders average around 25 miles-per-hour over the entire course but at some points they'll go a lot faster than that. Play CBBC's Sport Superstars cycling game! The Stages The race is broken up into 21 different parts or 'stages'. It's not just flat roads, the Tour takes the riders up into the mountains too. The stages have different names: Prologue: Each rider races against the clock in a short (usually under six miles) time trial. Flat: Despite the name, it doesn't necessarily mean it's perfectly flat. Usually it's big packs of competitors riding together in a big group or 'peloton' for around 125 miles. These end in one of two ways; a 'breakaway' victory by an individual or small group; or typically with a hair-raising bunch sprint. Individual time trial: Every man against the clock. Similar to a prologue but a little longer. These are shorter stages of around 30 miles (as opposed to 100-125 miles). Mountain: These come in all shapes and sizes. Climbing from sea level to 2,000 metres sometimes more than once in a day. Tough. Image copyright Getty Images How did it start? The race was started by Henri Desgrange as a publicity stunt back in 1903. He came up with the crazy idea of a bike race around France in order to raise the profile of L'Auto, the newspaper he worked for. The first race was a huge success with 60 riders covered an amazing 1,500 miles. What are the jerseys all about? The Green Jersey is given to the best sprinter. Britain's Mark Cavendish is one of the world's best in this category, reaching speeds over 40 miles-per-hour. But the tour isn't just about reaching the highest speeds - it's also known for its uphill struggles. The riders climb thousands of metres up Alpine mountains, with the best rider on those stages winning a snazzy red and white Polka Dot Jersey. The White Jersey is given to the best young rider - that's someone who's under 25 years old. But the prize everyone wants is the Yellow Jersey. If you are in it, you are the overall race leader on total time since the start of the Tour. Tour champions are often good at climbing, sprinting and time trialling. Image copyright Getty Images Is it all about individuals? No. It's a big team event but the team leader is very important. He's usually the stronger rider. The other team members are traditionally called domestiques, from the French word for servants. These riders work hard in every stage to protect their team leader. If he gets a puncture, they will wait while the team mechanic changes his wheel. The star-man will ride behind his team mates to get into their slipstream- that means there's less air resistance for him and it's easier to go fast. Their reward is a share of the prize money and the glory of contributing to a successful team. It's called the Tour de France but has it ever left the country? Yes. It regularly nips into other countries that border France. The first two days of racing, the Grand Depart, are held in a new location every two years. It was in London in 2007.	Peloton
In the stupid celebrity names category, what Las Vegas based entertainer named his daughter Moxie CrimeFighter and his son Zolten?	The feedzone: Nutritional Challenges of the Tour de France \| VeloNews.com Home » Training Center » Nutrition » The feedzone: Nutritional Challenges of the Tour de France The feedzone: Nutritional Challenges of the Tour de France Nov. 29, 2012 By Monique Ryan With 16 days of hard racing behind them, the peloton is headed for the last day in mountains. From a nutritional perspective, the biggest challenge of a three week stage race like the Tour de France is not only eating to achieve full muscle glycogen recovery off the bike, when riders have large team meals and recovery snacks available to them. But they must also meet the demands of glycogen depletion on the bike, an almost impossible task given the intricacies of race dynamics, stomach and intestinal tolerances, and the gargantuan fuel demands and fluid losses that occur during a stage. Researchers have actually quantified the nutritional consumption of riders in the Tour de France (1991 Tour), and the Tour of Spain (1998 Tour), and measured that riders average a daily food intake of 4,000 to 8,000 calories. You may have your own experiences of consuming several thousand calories daily during hard training and your own stage racing experience. Consider your own challenges of meal planning, packing food, and negotiating restaurant meals over two to three days. For Tour de France riders, even with the assistance of an organized team, soigneurs, and perhaps a team chef, eating enough food around long stages and maintain this high nutritional intake for three weeks can be challenging. As fatigue sets in over the course of a race appetite can decrease and the race diet they consume off the bike may become routine and unappealing. Of course race morning starts with a very large breakfast, typically three hours before the start, a digestion period that works well for both for pro and middle of the pack Cat III riders. Food choices should be kept to easily digested and trusted items for any rider. Your own breakfast can consist of cereal, dairy or soy milk, juice, and toast with plenty of carbohydrate rich jam. Before a very long stage, Tour de France riders consume these types of foods but may add in some protein from eggs and egg whites, protein powder, and even add in a large bowl of rice and pasta. Of course most riders start the day with plenty of coffee to lift their brain power and energy levels. Moderate doses of caffeine should be well tolerated and provide a legal performance boost. You can have your own lean protein portions before a long race, but make sure that you experiment with tolerances in training. A large breakfast not only raises liver glycogen stores and blood glucose levels, it can also top off muscle glycogen stores for the depleted Tour De France riders. It is estimated that the Tour de France requires a carbohydrate intake of 13 g/kg (6 g/lb.) of body weight, and they need to intake these amounts day after day. Your own long training days may demand carbohydrate fuel at a level of 7 to 10 g/kg (3-4.5 g/lb.) daily. By week three some nutritional boredom can even set in and riders will look for a little variety in their pre-race meal. While three hours allows for good digestion of the right food choices, Tour de France riders can also pay attentions to their energy and especially carbohydrate needs right up to the start. They may consume easily digested energy drinks for hydration purposes as well, and an energy bar in the one to two hours before the start. Your own pre-race meal can be topped off with these items and others such as energy gels for a quick pre-race carbohydrate boost. Of course long stages in the Tour are challenging from a hydration and fueling perspective and how riders keep up can make a difference in their contribution to the team. Mountain stages can make it more difficult to access food and it can be tricky to eat and drink on the descents. Optimally riders need to consume over 60 grams of carbohydrate per hour. Sports drinks are a great option as they also replace some of the sweat losses of these well-trained athletes. Because of the long stages, riders may also reach for some solid items including items like gels, energy bars, and even bread rolls with jam. Fuel and fluid consumption should start soon after they settle into the stage, to offset fuel depletion early on. Solids tend to work better in the beginning, with gel shots providing a good carbohydrate boost at the end of a long stage. These riders have plenty of practice with consuming both solids and liquids on the bike and riders with a high rate of gastric emptying, as well as lower sweat rates would have an advantage in offsetting fluid losses. For your own race preparation, focus on your favorite sports drink to replace fluid and fuel. Sweat losses can be high in some cyclists, over 2 liters per hour. At your very best, your drinking efforts may only be minimizing the level of dehydration that can develop during a race. Aim for 1 gram of carbohydrate intake per kilogram of body weight per hour from your sports drink. Drinks with multiple sources of carbohydrate allow for a slightly higher amount of carbohydrate to absorbed through the small intestine. Liquids also tend to be the most appealing on hot racing days. You can add in gels as needed for longer stages. After a long stage the Tour de France riders quickly down a recovery drink of mainly carbohydrate and some protein. Ideally 1.2 g of carbohydrate per kg of body weight should be consumed immediately after hard efforts. Ten to 15 grams of protein can be added to the mix to help with muscle repair. Sodium containing drinks also speed the rehydration process. Riders may snack steadily until dinnertime on sweets, fruits, and even soft drinks, with a focus on constant refueling. Muscle glycogen resynthesis is speediest immediately after exercise, but is still relatively elevated for 4 to 6 hours afterwards. Dinner should finally arrive by 8 pm, and the riders are likely to be hungry again. Here they will consume protein such as chicken and fish, plates of pasta or rice, vegetables, salad, and bread. Riders with higher energy needs may snack in the room at night. Your own recovery nutrition should also continue after meeting your immediate post-training or racing intake. You should aim for 1.2 g carbohydrate/kg body every two hours, combined with moderate doses of protein. Check labels to make sure that your recovery snacks and meals contain sodium to enhance rehydration.	i don't know
Which golf club would be used to hit the ball the farthest? The 1 wood or the 5 wood?	Types of Golf Clubs & Their Uses \| Golfsmith Blog Types of Golf Clubs & Their Uses Leave a comment There are many different types of golf clubs that a player can choose from. These clubs are designed to hit the ball varying distances and come with assorted degrees of loft to get the ball into the air. The typical set of golf clubs is composed of a combination of different clubs so that players have one for every shot they may be faced with. Woods Woods are the golf clubs that propel the ball the farthest (from 200 to 350 yards, when used properly). At one time, the head of this type of golf club was actually made of wood (e.g. persimmon or hickory), which gave the club its name. Nowadays, however, woods are made of metals, such as steel, titanium, and other alloys. The head of a wood is large and rounded, with a flat bottom to glide over the ground during the course of a shot. The club face is big, and the typical wood has a degree of loft, measured at a right angle to the ground, lower than other clubs. The driver, or 1-wood, is the least lofted and is employed to hit the ball the farthest. Woods with higher numbers are generally known as fairway woods. These are more lofted, and as the name suggests, are designed to hit the ball in the fairway or when on a tee. Irons Irons have club heads made of metal and are typically used by golfers when their ball is fewer than 200 yards from the green. Numbered 1 through 9, the irons possess a higher degree of loft than the woods, with the 9-iron having the most. 1-, 2-, and 3-irons are called long irons and have little loft, meaning they can send the golf ball the farthest. The 4-, 5-, and 6-irons are known as the middle irons and are used when the ball is about 150 to 170 yards from the hole. The short irons are the 7-, 8-, and 9-irons and get the ball in the air quickly due to their loft. A normal golf set contains 3- through 9-irons because the 1- and 2-irons are the most difficult to master. Hybrids Hybrid clubs combine the features of both irons and fairway woods. The hybrid’s club face is similar to an iron, but the head is rounded like a wood. Hybrids are built with a center of gravity that is further back and lower than in an iron, making them more ‘forgiving’ than either an iron or a wood for many players. Hybrids are among the most versatile clubs any golfer can use and generally come in lofts of 16 to 26 degrees. Ideally, your lowest-number hybrid should provide a distance of 10 to 15 yards shorter than your highest-number fairway wood so there’s no gap in distance coverage. Wedges Wedges are used to strike the ball and make it fly high into the air before landing on the putting surface. These clubs are lofted much higher than the others; for example, a pitching wedge has a loft between 46 to 51 degrees, and a lob wedge’s loft can be as high as 64 degrees. Golfers usually select a pitching wedge when the shot is as far as 130 yards to the green, and a sand wedge to escape from bunkers and very tall grass. A gap wedge allows the golfer to take a full swing and hit the ball about 110 yards. The lob wedge is chosen when the ball needs to rise quickly to clear a hazard, but not have to carry a great distance. Golf sets generally come with a pitching wedge; other wedges must be purchased separately. Putters The putter is the club that gets the most use. It is utilized to roll the ball along the green toward the hole. Putters come in different sizes, with the standard putter about 33 to 35 inches tall. The belly putter and broomstick putter are much taller clubs and are used to give the golfer a better putting stroke when the player has problems using a standard putter. The heads of putters can be in the form of a flat blade or a mallet with a flat surface. See also:	1 wood
What part of the body does meningitis affect?	Lesson #1: The Basics of Golf Clubs The Basics of Golf Clubs 2 - Golf Club Terminology & Definitions Golf clubs are the tools we use to strike the golf ball. A golf club has three components — the Head, the Shaft and the Grip . The rules of golf constrain golf club designs, but the goal of clubmakers is to create golf clubs, within those constraints that maximize the physics behind a golfer's swing while allowing for some range of swing error to provide an accurate, long, and forgiving shot. The better your swing, the less forgiving club you require whereas the more your swing needs work, the better off you are with a more forgiving club design. A modern set of golf clubs typically consists of three woods (the 1-driver, 3, and 5), at least 1 hybrid (3H) seven irons (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and PW), and a putter. This gives you a total of twelve clubs. The rules of golf allow you to carry fourteen clubs in your bag, so many golfers add another wedge or specialty hybrid. After all, the more tools we have in our toolbox, the more options you have to make doing your job easier! Woods Woods are used to hit long shots. If a golf hole is 450 yards from tee to green, most golfers use a wood to hit off the tee. A wood is a hollow-bodied large headed golf club. It's customary to use your woods when you are 175 yards or more away from the green. The driver (also called the 1 wood) has the lowest loft of any golf club. Loft is the angle of the club face that controls trajectory and affects distance. A driver has a loft between 7 and 12 degrees. Experienced golfers have traditionally favored lower lofted drivers (less than 10 degrees of loft), which require much more skill to hit than higher lofted drivers. A dramatic development has occurred over the past several years — professional golfers are throwing out their low lofted drivers and opting for large-headed, higher-lofted 10 and 11 degree drivers. Their argument is that the longest drives are achieved by combining a high launch angle with lower spin. This change is a huge reversal from prior years. During the mid to late 1990's, the average loft on the PGA Tour was around 7 degrees. However, those were difficult shots for the pros to make and the low loft resulted in lots of spin on the ball. The experts in ball flight analysis showed that the longest golf drives are achieved with a high launch angle combined with low spin. The new solid core golf balls provide that low spin which was not available in the golf balls of yesterday. A higher lofted club gives the golfer the higher launch angle. Most PGA pros now carry drivers with lofts of 8.5 to 10 degrees or more. Non-pros should probably play drivers with lifts 10 degrees or higher. So, our recommendation is: follow the advice of the PGA pros and increase the loft of your driver. Most golfers also carry 3 and 5 woods in their bag. A 3 wood has a loft between 15 and 18 degrees, and a 5 wood has a loft between 20 and 22 degrees. The higher the golf club number, the higher the loft. Also, the higher the golf club number, the shorter the club shaft length. The 3 wood and 5 wood are commonly referred to as fairway woods, because they are most often used during the second shot of play, when you are supposed to be in the fairway of the golf hole (as opposed to in the woods!). All higher lofted woods (7, 9, 11, and so on) are commonly referred to as utility woods. A 3 wood is generally ½" shorter than a driver and so on with each successive club. However, we build all our woods higher than a 5 wood the same length as the 5 wood. This is because shortening a club decreases the arc of the swing. The smaller the arc, the less speed the golf club will have when it strikes the ball — ergo the less distance the ball will travel. We believe that a 5 wood is short enough and while the 7 and 9 woods provide more forgiveness, we also want longer distance in our shots. Arghh, the physics of golf! What about 2 and 4 woods? These woods actually exist and were popular 20 or more years ago, but they have fallen out of favor as newer technologies have improved the performance of woods. Today, most golfers prefer 7 and 9 woods in their bag (which can only have fourteen clubs) than a 2 or 4 wood. In fact, there is now a trend to include higher numbered woods and eliminate the traditional low numbered irons in your set of golf clubs. That will be discussed in greater detail when we talk about irons. Why aren't woods made of wood? They used to be, but since the 1980's woods have been made of metal. Metal has many advantages over wood. For the beginning golfer, the most important features are perimeter weighting and low center of gravity (LCG) which can only be achieved through precisely molded metal. Both of these design technologies result in golf clubs that are much more forgiving than wooden woods. Perimeter weighting helps create a larger sweet spot — a larger area on the face of the club that will result in a good hit. Low center of gravity creates mass at the right place — increasing the height that the ball will launch off the club and reducing the likelihood of miss-hits into the ground. Hybrids What about hybrids? In the past 5 years a recent development that began over 10 years ago has really caught on with pros and non-pros alike. Hybrids are a combination of a fairway wood head design and a iron length shaft. The long irons have traditionally been the most difficult to hit. Evidence of this difficulty was best captured by Lee Trevino, who said, "if you are ever caught on a golf course during a storm and are afraid of lightning, hold up a 1-iron, not even God can hit a 1-iron." The idea is to give the golfer a more forgiving option when compared to long irons, which are more difficult to hit. Hybrids are commonly touted as "the best of both worlds." The popularity of hybrids has been so strong in recent years that many golfers have decided to replace many of their 3 and 4 irons with the hybrid clubs. An important factor is the distance that many hybrids offer when compared to a typical 3 or 4 iron shot. You will also see golfers opt out from using 5 woods and 7 woods, replacing those fairway woods with a #2 or #3 hybrid. It is important to remember that while most manufacturers match the hybrid number to the corresponding iron number, the best indicator of distance when looking at hybrids is the loft. Most 3 hybrids match up closely with a 3 iron in loft. Loft being equal, most hybrids will perform better with regards to distance and forgiveness. Irons Irons are generally used when you are less than 200 yards away from the green. The closer you are to the green, the higher the iron you will use. A standard set of irons consists of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 irons and the pitching wedge (PW). The 3 and 4 irons are harder to hit than the higher number irons. Many golfers, especially ladies, seniors and higher handicap golfers, are changing to a modified standard golf set that replaces the 3 and 4 iron with higher lofted woods like the 7 and 9 woods. We think this is a sensible trend and one that a beginning golfer should consider. Higher lofted woods, like the 7 and 9 wood are easier to hit than a 3 or 4 iron and result in comparable distances. Wedges Wedges are really just specialty irons. The first wedge is the pitching wedge (PW), which is usually about 46-48 degrees in loft. Wedges generally increase in increments of 4 degrees loft. So wedges commonly come in 48, 52, 56, 60 and 64 degree lofts. The PW is the highest lofted iron in a standard set and lowest loft of the wedges. Following the PW with higher lofts are the approach wedge (AW), sand wedge (SW), the lob wedge (LW), and the high-lob wedge. We also manufacture a very special wedge called the last wedge — which has a 68 degree loft. Wedges are extremely useful to your game and most golfers have a few of them. Wedges are generally designed as "blade clubs" because you are close enough to the green that the game improvement design elements such as wide soles are less important. The need for increased shot control and shot shaping, which blade design encourages, becomes the more important technology for a good wedge design. Putters A putter is a golf club with a special purpose: getting the ball into the hole. After you have slammed your drive 250 yards right into the middle of the fairway, hit your second shot 175 yards into the sand trap, and then wedged out onto the green, it is time to "putt for dough." The putter is used on the green and there are many styles of putters: short, belly, long, bent, center-hosel, heel-toe, mallet, and so on. At Pinemeadow Golf, we provide you a huge selection of putters and we have a good reason for it which will be explained later. The Psychology of What You Carry in Your Golf Bag After decades of experience in the golf club manufacturing business, building millions of clubs for huge numbers of happy customers, we have noticed one thing. Most golfers have as their minimum arsenal one set of irons, one or two hybrids, multiple wedges, several drivers and a variety of putters. This is because your foursome all gets together at the tee where you use your driver. The pressure is high to perform well. Hopefully you end up in the fairway, spread out all over the golf course. As you work your way through the hole using your fairway woods and irons — eventually, you all come back together again on the green. So, where do you need the most weapons at your disposal? It is where the stakes are highest and the pressure to perform reaches its zenith. That is at the tee and the green — they don't say "drive for show, putt for dough" casually. And that is why most golfers we know have multiple drivers and putters and one set of irons. Continue your golf education on the Pinemeadow Golf Blog . 1-800-309-6878 • Fax 503-855-5152 • Questions?	i don't know
A longtime resident of Jellystone National Park, what is the name of Yogi Bears long suffering girlfriend?	Skaneateles Press by Eagle Newspapers - issuu issuu Your news, your newspaper for 180 years 75 cents EAGLE source Mustangs and Lakers combined? ... Page 8 Our Bob Feldmann passes ... Page 3 20 weeks home delivery for $10 to do Call advertising at 315.434.8889 for details EAGLE CNY’s source for news, views & things to do EAGLE Youth hockey scores big; on to states Calendar...............2 Classifieds.......... 16 Editorial................4 Obituaries..............3 School news...........6 Sports...................6 & things call: (315) 434-8889 x342 email:[email protected] new subscribers only Volume 181, No. 9 March 2 to 8, 2011 See a team picture, page 15 views Eagle News Online Web Ads Home of many Charlie Majors The Bantam Team (14 and under) won the New York State Central Section Championship on Sunday by beating the Syracuse Blazers 6-5 in double overtime. Coach John Miller praised the Bantam team’s heart and character for coming from behind to tie the game with 14 seconds left in regulation and eventually winning the game in the second sudden death overtime. The team moves on to the State Championships being held in Clifton Park, near Albany March 11to13. The Pee Wee Team (12 and under) also won the New York State Central Section Championship by beating the Syracuse Blazers 2-1. Coach Mike Major praised the team’s ability to hold off a relentless attack by the Blazers in the final period and for a total team effort in winning five games played in three days. The team is hosting the State Championships at the Allyn Arena in Skaneateles March 11to 13. This is a first for the Skaneateles Youth Hockey Association with both Pee Wee and Bantam teams winning the Sectionals in the same year. for news, SYHA names local judge ‘Hockey Hero’ during annual celebration During Fire fight in Kunar Province Sgt. Blessing,center, covers his men with an M4 grenade launcher. Bronze Blessings Skaneateles soldier and family engaged in battles By Dwayne Houghton Tour of Duty, Iraq, October 2008 In a split second of horrific thunder, the IED, Improvised Explosive Device exploded just as the humvee rolled over it. Instantly the air was a thick combination of road rubble and blinding dust. The force of the blast tore at the vehicle carrying Army Specialist and Skaneateles native Bill Blessing Jr. Blessing was in the humvee’s gun turret manning a .50 caliber machine gun when he realized the men outside were still in trouble. He jumped from the vehicle, exposing himself to enemy fire and assisted his fellow soldiers getting them to a safe spot. Specialist Blessing was wounded in the initial blast YANKEE FAN: Blessing of Skaneateles in Afghanistan. and earned the honor of a Purple Heart, a medal awarded to those wounded in battle. lurking in the hillside trees behind their Believing his wounds didn’t warrant the Franklin Street home. Bill Jr.’s enlistment decoration, Blessing turned it down. seemed a forgone conclusion. His patriotism Bill Blessing Jr., son of Bill Sr. and his and ambition to serve were solidified by the wife, Sue, was still in high school when he Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World didn’t tell his parents about meeting with an Trade Center. By the time Bill Jr. graduArmy recruiter. When he did tell them, they ated Skaneateles High School in 2006, he’d weren’t terribly shocked. From an early age, already chalked up time at Fort Drum with Bill Jr. was a natural outdoor kid. Always the Army’s early entry program. playing soldier with younger brother, Chris, See Blessings, page 8 they fought and defeated imaginary enemies By Miranda L. Pennock miranda.pennock@ gmail.com Each year, the Skaneateles Youth Hockey Association dubs a community member its “Local Hockey Hero.” Usually, the guy taking photos is town Justice Charlie Major, but this year as he readied himself to photograph the honoree, his camera was taken from him and Major was told he was the 2011 Local Hockey Hero award recipient. Generally the one doing the tricking, Major said this time he was tricked and totally unaware he would be receiving the award. “We told him he was just going to be taking photos,” said SYHA Board President Bill Marquardt. “He showed up to take the photos and it was great to pull the wool over him a bit.” “I knew nothing about this,” Major said. Major joins an elite group of people who have been named local hockey heroes, including Bill Allyn and Chuck Gridley, who See Major, page 3 Elbridge Village Board drops Fire Volunteer shortage leads board to consolidation By Ned Campbell [email protected] The Elbridge Village Board declared a state of emergency at a special meeting last Monday, voting to terminate its contract with the Elbridge Fire Department. The village plans to contract with the Jordan Village Fire Department, but will first hold a public hearing on the issue. All calls have been turned over to the Jordan VFD. Village officials said the decision was made due to shortage of staff. The low number of volunteers responding to calls led to slow response times and heightened risk for the firefighters. The Elbridge FD has around 40 volunteers, but only six to eight have been responding as of late, said Elbridge Mayor Hank Doerr. See Elbridge Fire, page 8 Monday-Friday 7:30-5:30 Saturday 9:00-12:00 Hassle Free Collision Repairs Free Loan Cars 509 Hinsdale Rd., Camillus • Lifetime Warranty • Six Convenient Locations • 36 Years In CNY www.northsidecollision.com Special Pricing On Non-Insurance Repairs C A M I L LU S CAMILLUS This week .81/11.75â€? Last year 2.1/21.25â€? Sports: Phil Blackwell 434-8889, ext. 348 [email protected] Display advertising: Mike Gibbons 434-8889, ext. 317 [email protected] Classified Advertising: 434-1988 (deadline: 5 p.m. Thursday) Subscriptions: 434-8889 ext. 342 or [email protected] by Ellen Leahy Avg. gallons/day to Syracuse: 34.25 mgd Avg. gallons/day down outlet: 24.61 mgd Trivia Night at Creekside Spafford Fire House Saturday breakfasts The Spafford Auxiliary is holding a breakfast at the Spafford Fire House on Route 41, every Saturday in March /April from 8 a.m. to 10:30a.m. The proceeds to benefit Spafford Food Pantry, which serves 53 families in the Spafford and Scott communities. Donations will be matched by the Feinstein Foundation. Contact Ann Cole at 636-8199. March 2 CPCA to meet 7 p.m. Citizens to Preserve the Character of Skaneatales meets at Creamery. Open to the public. 685-8336 Kids starts at 5:30 p.m. Adult trivia at 7 p.m. Creekside. Admission of $1. March 3 6:30 and 8 p.m. Creekside Coffeehouse, Free. March 4 Snake Oil Glassworks First Friday Event From 6 to 9 p.m. Phil Austin, glassblower, will be making rondels and platters. What is a rondel? Well, come find out. Light refreshments. 685-5091. March 5 Journaling Because Your Life Matters, Part II Mary Gardner will SPRING IN THE AIR: Skaneateles County Club picnic tables in line dance formation during chilly sunset. conduct a workshop at Stella Maris Retreat Center (SMRC) from 9:30 a.m. to 3 p.m. Writing Memoir builds on learning modules and discussion in Part I, but participation in the earlier workshop not required. Participants will leave with a plan for continuing their writing. Offering: $45, includes lunch and materials. Call 685-6836 to reserve. March 7 March 8 Mardi Gras music at Sherwood Inn The Irish Channel Jazz Band featuring Skaneateles banjo player Dick Sheridan plays Fat Tuesday from 7 to 10 p.m. at the Inn, on Route 20, Skaneateles. Admission is free; 685- 3405. March 10 At 6:30 p.m. at Town Hall, Jordan Street for an open meeting to discuss Hydrofracking in the Watershed. Come share knowledge, concerns and information. Contact msmenapace@ gmail.com. Skaneateles Nursery School open house From 5:30 to 7 p.m. Thursday. Come meet the teachers, tour the class- rooms and register for Fall. SNS is located in St. James Episcopal Church), 96 East Genesee St. 685-8543or skaneatelesnurseryschool. co. March 14 Marcellus Skaneateles Art Guildâ€™s to meet Getting to Know You, will be the theme of the Art Guildâ€™s March meeting at 7:30 p.m. in Marcellus Free Libraryâ€™s Community Room, 32 Maple St. Marcellus. Members old and new and visitors, bring one or two of your art pieces or show & tell. All area artists welcome. 673-3221. Bio Tech Biotechnology AS Computer Tech 8 Computer Technology degrees Sleep Tech Polysomnographic Technology AAS Theatre Tech Theater Technology AAS Vet Tech 06674 Veterinary Technology AAS Â‡&&UDWHGE\681<FRPPXQLW\FROOHJHVWXGHQWVIRUTXDOLW\ RIFRPSXWHUVXSSRUWVHUYLFHV,QWHUQHWDFFHVVDQG HIIHFWLYHLQQRYDWLRQXVHRIWHFKQRORJ\ Â‡%LJFROOHJHRSSRUWXQLWLHVZLWKVPDOOFDPSXVFRQQHFWLRQV Â‡VWXGHQWFOXEV Â‡&RQYHQLHQW3ODFHV3DFHVDQG7LPHVWRVWXG\ Dr. Kate Rao Â‡6SULQJ2SHQ+RXVHV 6DWXUGD\V0DUFKWK 0D\WK# $0 On Campus/ Online/ Hybrid/ Video/ Webinar/ Weekend To download a code reader, open your mobile browser and visit scan. mobi. 673-1131 HQHVHH&RPPXQLW\&ROOHJHLVDQHTXDORSSRUWXQLW\DIĂ€UPDWLYHDFWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQ 28 E. Main Street, Marcellus www.marcellusdentist.com 06765 Scan the QR Code with your moblie device to connect to GCC Study Options. EAGLE Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs Find the police blotter online each week at Skaneatelespress.com. Major have spent numerous years coaching local children on the ice and have been honored in recent years with the award. â€œItâ€™s a very special group of people whoâ€™ve received the award,â€? Marquardt said. â€œItâ€™s nice to be able to add Charlie to this list.â€? The award is given annually during Hockey Weekend Across America, which SYHA is encouraged to celebrate and participate in by the national youth hockey association USA Hockey. Town Councilor Steve McGlynn presented the award this year to Major after the first period of the Feb. 18 high school hockey game. He was chosen for his dedication to local hockey and the community. â€œHeâ€™s been involved with the association since literally From page 1 the early 70s and worked as a volunteer and board member,â€? Marquardt said. â€œHeâ€™s been involved right from the start and has been an advocate for years.â€? Major was one of the founding members of the Skaneateles Youth Hockey Association and served as a board member for many years. Every year he took part is constructing an outdoor rink at Austin Park before the old rink was built, which he helped pave the way for during his tenure as Skaneateles town supervisor, Marquardt said. Humbled by the honor, Major said there are many more people who have been involved since the organization started with the outdoor rink in the upper parking lot at Austin Park during a time WHAT A YEAR FOR HOCKEY IN SKANEATELES: Skaneateles Town Justice Charlie Major, left, receives the 2011 Local Hockey Hero Award from town Councilor Steve McGlynn during the Feb. 18 high school hockey game. The award is given annually during the Hockey Weekend Across America celebration. when the village Department of Public Works was located there. For some, Major was most deserving of the award this year because of the time heâ€™s given to the sport, but also to the community â€” Major has been a volunteer firefighter for more than 50 years, was team manager for countless youth hockey teams and has worked as a public servant in the roles of town supervisor and town justice. â€œHeâ€™s just been one of the backbones for youth hockey for years and year and years,â€? Marquardt said. â€œHeâ€™s a person whoâ€™s been a role model for people in Skaneateles. It was nice to give him that honor.â€? For 25 consecutive years, Major manned the penalty box at Skaneatelesâ€™ home games where he kept penalized players under control and let them out when their time was up. â€œIt gets confusing when more than one [player] is in there with different times,â€? Major said. But with the home ice advantage, he always handled the Skaneateles box and was able to talk the players down. â€œI could keep them from saying anything to refs that might get them more time,â€? he said. Not only has Major been instrumental in turning Ska- neateles into a hockey town, he also instilled a love of the game in his children. All five of his sons played from tykes on up through high school and continue to have great adoration for the sport. Some have followed in their fatherâ€™s footsteps by taking active roles in local hockey programs, like son Mitch Major, who is currently the varsity boys ice hockey coach. Marquardt said Major is a the kind of man who shows up and cheers on the home team and is an incredibly positive and dedicated member of the Skaneateles community who is deserving of the title â€œLocal Hockey Hero.â€? â€œThe community owes him a great deal,â€? Marquardt said. Obituary Robert Feldmann: Namesake of Bobâ€™s True Value, Chamber Citizen of the Year and successful entrepreneur Robert Feldmann Marketâ€? in the mid â€˜60â€™s, after a fire. He rebuilt it, and by the 1970â€™s he had purchased another building across from Clift Park and the mail boat docks. There he could often be found on hot summer days protecting his shoppersâ€™ parking spaces from all-day swimmers, and selling softserve ice cream, pizza and groceries to a â€œwhoâ€™s whoâ€? of locals whose names he knew well. Feldmann served in the U.S. Navy during World War II as a Seabee - the construction battalion. He was stationed in the Aleutian Islands and Okinawa. In 1945 he married his high school sweetheart, Shirley Jane Fesenger. The couple had four children, Curt, Debbie, Scott and Leslie. They grew up on East Lake Road in Skaneateles and attended local schools. He loved his family, and relished teaching them all to waterski behind his beloved tri-hull Johnson inboard/outboard motorboat. In 1976 Bob and Shirley purchased the Reuel E. Smith house on West Lake Street, a pre-Civil War era cottage known locally as â€œThe Gingerbread House.â€? They carefully restored it and had it listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In recent years Bob cherished his perch on the front porch, where he could be found daily, waving to friends and neighbors, enjoying the bliss of the lake and the bustle of the small town. Bob was an active Rotarian, a past president and a Paul Harris Fellow, as well as a Skaneateles Citizen of the Year recognized by the Chamber of Commerce. He was well known for his dedication as a S.A.V.E.S. ambulance driver. He would often quip: â€œI wanted to be a doctor, but I failed Latin I - four times!â€? But he never failed to answer an emergency call, saving many lives. He also raised funds for the all-volunteer service. Bobâ€™s inspiration for this was his daughter Leslie, a flight nurse with Air Life in Denver Colorado. In 1997 she tragically lost her life in a helicopter crash while on a rescue mission. The Leslie Feldmann Scholarship was established in her honor and has assisted many aspiring nurses in entering the profession. Bob Feldmann is survived by his wife of 66 years, Shirley, his children Curtis, Debra and Scott, and five grandchildren. His father Charles, mother Ha- zel Donovan and brother â€œJackâ€? all preceded him in death. Calling hours were Tuesday March 1 at the Robert Gray Funeral Home, Skaneateles with services following at Holy Trinity Lutheran Church, 37 West Genesee St.. Cremation and burial will be held in a separate, private ceremony. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to S.A.V.E.S. via the website SAVESambulance.com or by telephone: 685-5217. See tribute page 5. See more obituaries on page 12 GREAT $4,000,000 FURNITURE & RUG SALE Starts Friday, March 4th SAVE 40%-70% Join us at the former Goldbergâ€™s showroom and warehouse on Route 11 in North Syracuse, where youâ€™ll find savings of 40% - 70% off suggested retail on fine furniture from Stickley, Nichols & Stone, Hancock & Moore, Durham, Sherrill, Hooker, Bradington-Young and other famous makers. Specially priced Oriental rugs, too! FACTORY OUTLET FORMER GOLDBERGâ€™S, ROUTE 11 NORTH SYRACUSE &RIDAY 3ATURDAY 3UNDAY sSTICKLEYAUDICOM All sales are final, as is, and ready for immediate carry-out. 08500 Robert Curtis Feldmann, known as â€œBobâ€? to friends, died Tuesday Feb. 22, 2011, of natural causes at his beachfront home in Longboat Key, Fla. A long-time resident of Skaneateles, Bob and his wife Shirley were escaping the cold winter months by wintering in their Florida home when he passed away. Bob was known in Skaneateles as the namesake of â€œBobâ€™s True Value,â€? located across from the U. S. Post Office where Kinney Drugs is today. The hardware store was a part of the fabric of the community, as was Bob. There he could always be found, helping customers with a quirky product mix that went beyond paint, nuts and bolts to include hula-hoops, fresh fish, drycleaning and a pack-andship service. â€œYou sell people what they want to buy, not what you think they should buy,â€? he would explain. The store was his last enterprise in a series of successful stores, including Mary Carter Paints, â€œThe Bookieâ€? bookstore, and a half-dozen True Values that he partnered in with his son Curtis. His first business was a minute-market in 1950â€™s Syracuse, before chains dominated the industry. He grew this into a fullservice grocery store in East Syracuse, and ultimately opened The Bridge Market in Skaneateles. Feldmann purchased the â€œOld Bridge Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 Opinion Editorial Check us out on Facebook Our readers can now check us out on Facebook. Visit facebook.com/Skaneatelespress where you can check out posted stories and share your opinions, comments and thoughts about your community. Skaneateles residents do a wonderful job of contributing to their local paper, the Skaneateles Press. We think of it as your newspaper. On a weekly basis, we receive numerous submissions from local clubs such as the Women’s Garden and Rotary clubs, from preschools and private schools within greater Skaneateles, area churches, Both Skaneateles and Mottville volunteer fire companies, The library, the Skaneateles Central School District, The greater Skaneateles Chamber of Commerce, event organizers from Skan races to the Skaneateles Festival and more. Submissions are key to the success of the paper because it keeps news relevant to those that matter most, our readers. Sometimes it can be difficult to get submissions into the weekly edition in a timely manner, especially when there is so much going on in our community. But, that doesn’t mean you have to wait weeks to read your stories in print. Skaneateles’ news is posted daily on Facebook and on our Web site at skaneatelespress.com. These sites will have all the stories about what is happening in the town and village of Skaneateles, as well as Spafford. The sites are updated as the information comes in to provide you with community news and activities as they happen. You can also find the latest news regarding surrounding communities at eaglenewsonline.com. When you have news to report, please send it along. We want it and we’ll get it to the web or in print as soon as possible. Please e-mail your news to: [email protected]. Be sure to include a telephone where you can be reached in case we have questions. For more information call your editor at (315) 434-8889 x 319. Check out our photo galleries on Facebook.com/ Skaneateles Press! Skaneateles Press 2501 James St., Suite 100 Syracuse, New York 13206 Established 1879 USPS 497-760 Phone: 315-434-8889 ● Fax: 315-434-8883 www.skaneatelespress.com Ellen Leahy, Editor Mike Gibbons, Advertising Representative The Skaneateles Press is a unit of Eagle Newspapers David B. Tyler Jr., Publisher, Ext. 302 Colleen Farley, Associate Publisher, Ext. 315 John McIntyre, Publisher, Spotlight Newspapers Gary Catt, Executive Editor, Ext. 330 Jennifer Wing, Managing Editor, Ext. 340 Lisa Congdon, Business Manager, Ext. 303 Office of Publication: 2501 James St., Suite 100, Syracuse, New York 13206 Periodical Postage paid at Syracuse, New York 13220 and additional mailing offices The Skaneateles Press serves the residents of the towns of Skaneateles and Spafford Mail subscription rates: $30/$44 per year to addresses in New York state depending on county; $48 per year to addresses outside New York state. Senior rates available. Newsstands, 75 cents per issue. Postmaster: Send address changes to The Skaneateles Press, 2501 James St., Suite 100, Syracuse, N.Y. 13206 Eagle Newspapers is owned by Community Media Group LLC, David B. Tyler, Jr., President; Daniel E. Alexander, Vice President; John A. McIntyre Jr., Secretary/Treasurer. NEwspapErs Recording our family’s stories in the Press My dear old dad, four brothers and I would like to thank the community for their comforting words, missives, remembrances and kind actions in regard to my mom’s recent move up to heaven. She’s definitely there, having lived with the likes of us. I apologize for the lengthy obituary in the Press, but actually, I wrote it to illustrate a couple of points. One being that if you are up to it, we do want to know more about your loved ones. The end of one’s life is not always the best time for communicating clearly, but your thoughts are always wel- Ellen Leahy Wondering about come in the pages of the Press as well as online at skaneatelespress.com. You also aren’t limited to just one picture. And, consider that we still don’t charge for publishing obituaries. Secondly, the many contributions that moms make to the lives of those in their families often go unrecorded. I thought of my mom’s story as a love letter to all Skaneateles moms, as this is a com- munity where family is central. There are so many more things I could have written about my mother. The pure joy that she got from the little things in life, such as picking wildflowers out on County Line Road or a simple trip to the dump. The fact that she wasn’t really crazy about ice cream as she had worked a coveted soda fountain job when she was a teenager. And then, there was her modeling career that started in her 70s where she worked in infomercials, product shots with wheelchairs and had her hands and lap featured shelling peas in the official Parmigiano Reggiano Cookbook, posing as an Italian grandmother. One of the things that tickled me the most in her later life was her deep concern for riding shotgun in the car, and her antics in trying to achieve that goal were priceless. Anyway, the Press is a place for you to journal your family’s stories, whether you want to do the writing or turn that task over to us. Your voices and images are always welcome, as we record this often misunderstood town of called Skaneateles. Leahy is the editor of the Skaneateles Press. Letters Opportunity to vote for fresh perspective and experience on village board The March 15 election for Skaneateles is fast approaching. It is my privilege to recommend to voters of this community that a vote for Mary Sennett would be voting for a fresh perspective on the many critical issues facing the community. It would be redundant to list the many quali- fications Holly Gregg so aptly previously described. Mary is a dedicated teacher and resident who has served the town of Skaneateles. As a member of the village board, Mary would apply her experience and common sense to serving our community in a most positive manner. Also in this election a vote for Marty Hubbard for mayor would return proven experience to guide our village through these challenging times. Julie Sharpe Village Of Skaneateles Based on experience, Peterson endorse Hubbard for mayor The Skaneateles community is very fortunate to have Marty Hubbard as a candidate for mayor. Skaneateles knows Hubbard through his many years of service as a village trustee and two-term mayor. Marty’s dedication to the community’s values and citizens is exceptional. What people may not know is that Hubbard is also one of the most highly respected individuals in the regional heavy construction industry. As the owner of M. Hubbard Construction, Inc., Marty has successfully completed three decades of challenging projects involving public facilities, roadway and bridge construction as well as water and wastewater treatment plants. Marty is known throughout the industry as an outstanding contractor and trusted colleague. Success in this indus- try does not come easy and Marty’s achievements are applauded. From personal experience I believe Marty’s success is enabled by his hard work ethic, intelligence, ability to communicate with people at all levels and unquestionable integrity. Hubbard makes his living understanding problems, developing solutions, marshaling resources and implementing plans. The Skaneateles community will be well served with Marty Hubbard as mayor. Andy Peterson President, Peterson Geotechnical Construction LLC Resident, village of Skaneateles Endorsement for Angelillo, Sennett and Hubbard in Skaneateles Village election I encourage all eligible voters to come to the polls on March 15 to participate in the village elections. In particular I support the candidacies of Marc Angelillo and Mary Sennett for village trustee and Marty Hubbard for mayor. I have served on the village board and the village municipal board with Marty Hubbard and know him as an outstanding leader who has a unique command of the issues facing the village as well as the ability and vision to address those issues and provide solutions. He is a long time resident of the village and has shown his commitment to the community in a variety ways, both in public positions such as his service as mayor and trustee and in more understated personal contributions that do not draw attention to himself. Mary Sennett has an assortment of experience that will make her an outstanding addition to the village board including an extensive business background with IBM, her current position with the Lafayette School District and her work with the town as a member of the zoning board of appeals. Marc Angelillo has served two terms as a village trustee and has been a very active and involved member of that board. Marc’s intelligent and thoughtful approach to the job of trustee allows him to garner the respect of all he comes in contact with while holding to his firm convictions and a solid resolve while dealing with difficult issues. In addition, Marc, like Marty and Mary, is a person of great character both personally and in his public dealings. Mark Roney Village of Skaneateles Make your vote count To the editor: Absentee ballots are very important, as has been shown in some recent, very close count elections. Many Skaneateles residents have plans to go south during the March 15 election coming up for mayor of Skaneateles. Please go to the village office and fill out and vote on the absentee ballot. Let your voice be heard in this forthcoming important village mayoral contest. George Haux Skaneateles EAGLE Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs Opinion Skaneateles â€“ how much do we miss you...? Seems the older I get the faster the summers go. For those of us with summer homes on Skaneateles Lake the months over the winter when we are unable to get up to our camps due to weather, lack of heat at cabins, etc. can seem an eternity. Yet, most of us are fortunate and have a full and productive life wherever it is that we migrate to each summer. We miss the view, the people and our lives on the lake but we are not without other resources. These feelings express how we feel under what can be called â€˜normal circumstancesâ€™ in a â€˜normal winterâ€™ season. The winter of 2011 will go down as definitely NOT a â€˜normal winter.â€™ Here at the Jersey Shore we have had one of the worst winters in decades. A blizzard in December left 32 inches of snow piled halfway up entrances to homes. And before cleanup from the blizzard could truly get underway there was another 10 inches, then 8 inches and then maybe an additional 12 inches. Just to hold its reputation intact February gave us another 6 inches â€“ wouldnâ€™t want to be able to say, â€œIt didnâ€™t snow at all in February of 2011.â€? On and off there have been â€˜dustingsâ€™ of 4, 6 or 8 inches. The snow was piled more than 5 feet on the roadsides and higher than that in driveways and off of sidewalks. The remnants of that first snow in December are still about â€“ each following snow fall just adding to the piles. And â€“ winter still has a month to go. I realize this is nothing for you hardy folk in the lake regions but, although our public works departments did marvelous jobs each storm â€“ we have NOWHERE to put this lovely white stuff. Long story short here â€“ it is only the end of February and we are very anxious to return to Skaneateles. Weâ€™re so anxious that weâ€™ve decided to take a weekend in March and come up and treat ourselves to a stay at the Sherwood â€“ why not, everyone else we know has stayed there while weâ€™re out at camp cooking and cleaning and preparing for barbeques. Canâ€™t wait to get some â€˜good foodâ€™ at Dougâ€™s and that breakfast sandwich with coffee at the bakery. Weâ€™ve been told by the few brave souls that live year-round on our lane that it would be foolish to try to navigate the mile-long hill to our cabin. To say nothing of the fact that there will be no water, no heat until we get everything percolating again. So â€“ weâ€™re up for the tripâ€Ślooking forward to seeing the village â€“ three months is a long time and it will be good to just get away for three or four days. And of-course weâ€™re eager to pick up on our condo search. Must alert the â€˜Kewpie Dollâ€™ Gail Brewer at Williams Realty that we will be up. Most of all it will be good to see our â€˜friendsâ€™ (like Gail) once again â€“ or as we call them â€“ the â€˜Village People.â€? Yeah, sorry guys, you are the â€˜Village Peopleâ€™ to us - the wonderful, wonderful â€˜Village People.â€™ Not just our personal friends mind you but the people at the library (love that library); the sales help in the stores â€“ canâ€™t wait to see the changes at TOPS; the chamber people; all the guys and gals at the restaurants; Rolandâ€™s â€“ gosh, I need a new Skaneateles sweatshirt; St. James Church; just to be able to look at the lake. Good Lord â€“ maybe weâ€™ll come up this weekend. Carolann McLoughlin, a writer and editor from New Jersey with a home on Skaneateles Lake, can be reached at [email protected]. Quiet mentor: remembering Bob Feldmann By Diana Whiting Bob was an essential part of the fabric of our community. I came to know him and his family in 1978 when I rented a space from him to open my Headquarters Salon in the village of Skaneateles. When I was older, I realized that I might not have looked like the best prospect. I was 26 and didnâ€™t have any business background, clients or much start up capital. Yet, after our interview across his deli counter, he gave me a chance. Years later, he told me he liked my moxie. Perhaps, he saw a bit of himself having started up many businesses himself. As a landlord, he was very fair and helpful to this newcomer. For me, he was good role model and friend. His daughter Debbie and I took him out last October for her birthday. Mike Tudor at the Sherwood kindly got us a table up front in the tavern so Bob could get a good seat for Loren Barrigar and his brother Kevinâ€™s performance. A good time was had by all and his sense of humor was as good as ever. I am glad I got to give him one more haircut that day and reminisce about the past. I will miss him. Read Mr. Feldmannâ€™s obituary on page 3. Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs Schools TECH TONIC: Genesee Community College ranked # 1 among all 27 participating SUNY community colleges for the quality of computer support services, Internet access, safety and security services, quality of the student union, effective use of information technology, and innovative use of technology in learning. See full story online. Wild horses and fresh water? Marcellus, Skaneateles Superintendents weigh in on school consolidation By Ellen Leahy and Ned Campbell The Marcellus and Skaneateles administrative office have been meeting for a couple years, considering how best to consolidate business office functions, custodial services and building to grounds operations, says Skaneateles Superintendent Phil D’Angelo. Chuck O’Neil’s guest column in the Skaneateles Press and Eagle Observer two weeks ago proposed a consolidation of the Skaneateles and Marcellus School Districts (read it online at skaneatelespress. com). Marcellus Superintendent Craig Tice said full consolidation of the districts is “nothing we’ve pursued,” but advocates for sharing services behind the scenes – “in a way that would not readily be seen by students,” he said. “We’ve been talking to Skaneateles about back office operations,” Tice added. Tice is no stranger to consolidation – this past fall the district worked with the Marcellus village and town boards to secure a State Assembly block grant to fund a new message board that will eventually go up on North Street in Marcellus. The board will display announcements and notices about community events such as the Marcellus Olde Home Days. Tice said the district is thankful to the Do you have local sports news you want to share with the community? Contact Sports Editor Phil Blackwell 434-8889 ext. 348 [email protected] town and village for collaborating on the project. “It’s something we’d like to do more of to save taxpayers money,” he said. Options galore D’Angelo said consolidation of transportation hasn’t been on the table, as Skaneateles is contracted with First Student, a service that supplies and manages bus drivers, whereas Marcellus has its own drivers. Schools have a number of different options for providing services such as transportation and dining. D’Angelo said it’s important to keep in mind that not every option works for every district. “[New York State would] like us to go to county run school districts,” he said. States such as Maryland and Florida are models. D’Angelo warns that it’s a little like comparing apples to oranges, as in Maryland the counties are much smaller, maybe only encompassing a total of four school districts compared to Onondaga County’s 19 districts. And also consider that Florida schools are not known for the quality of the education provided. “Florida schools are big, you can’t focus on what is important,” D’Angelo said. “Craig Tice understands his community; he knows how to operate to service its specific needs.” Sports By Phil Blackwell Happy opp or tunity smiled upon the Skaneateles girls basketball team just when it looked like its comeback season was about to end short of a Section III Class B playoff berth. Thanks to a Feb. 18 win over Bishop Grimes, the Lakers were 7-10 with one regular-season game remaining, against Westhill the following day. Had it played that game and lost (Westhill, at 12-5, was a considerable favorite and had beaten Skaneateles 7333 early this season), the Lakers would not make the playoffs. But on Feb. 19 a huge snow and wind storm hit Central New York, and it was decided that the Skaneateles-Westhill game would be canceled – the best possible news for the Lakers since, by not playing, it could finish above. 400- and make the sectional tournament. Given the no. 10 seed in the sectional bracket, Skaneateles made its way north, to Dexter, to face no. 7 seed General Brown in last Tuesday’s opening round –and with a stirring late comeback, the Lakers beat the Lions 39-36. Perhaps the long bus ride had an early effect, for Skaneateles trailed 11-5 after one period before settling down and, by halftime, only trailed GB by an 18-16 FLAHERTY MASONRY, INC. Over 30 Years Experience -Fully Insured- Driveways, Sidewalks, Curbs, Patios, Chimneys, Fireplaces, Foundations 09974 315-283-4877 seven points as Elizabeth Lane put up six points, five assists and four steals. This sent Skaneateles into an imposing Class B quarterfinal at no. 2 seed Cazenovia, a team it lost to twice in the regular season. And it would fall a third time, this one a 51-10 defeat where it did not manage a single point in the first quarter and saw two Cazenovia players, Raeanne Clabeaux (16 points) and Ellen Burr (15 points), outscore them alone. That loss, though, could not erase the vast improvement Skaneateles made in 2010-11. Ross and Sheldon depart, but the return of Leslie, Lane and Erin Tonzi, plus a strong JV squad, means that the Laker program might not be done moving up. DOUBLE TEAMED: Skanteateles’ junior Emily Call, 14, gives her all for the ball in Sautrady’s game against Cazenovia. Ready to race? For All Your Masonry Needs • Concrete • Plaster • Stucco • Flagstone margin. Yet the Lions started fast in the third quarter with an 8-0 run, making it 26-16 before head coach Bob Braunitzer could call a time-out, telling his players not to end the season like this. Sure enough, the Lakers blanked GB the rest of the period and pulled within one, 26-25, setting up a tense fourth quarter where both sides traded the lead. Skaneateles moved in front, 38-36, in the waning moments and, with 3.6 seconds left, got a free throw from Erin Tonzi to help seal the victory. Though no Laker scored in double figures, Holly Ross amassed 16 rebounds and four steals. Ashley Sheldon had 10 rebounds to go with her six points, while Emily Call led with eight points. Jackie Leslie had Bob Atkinson Skaneateles girls go 1-1 in playoffs SkanRaces.com is open for registration for all 2011 events. Go to SkanRaces. com to reserve your spot in any or all 2011 races. Season starts with the Race for Hope Bicycle Race in Borodino on Memorial Day Weekend. The fun continues with the OwascoMan Triathlon in Auburn over the Fourth of July Weekend. Racing season closes with the Skaneateles Labor Day Race Weekend: Skinnyman Triathlon, Escape from the Judge Swim, Coon Hill Grind Bicycle Time Trial, and Skaneateles Four Mile Road Race. For those looking for a challenge, “I’m All That” enters athletes in all four Labor Day races. Youth events are in planning for all three holiday race weekends. SkanRaces.com promotes wellness and active lifestyles in central New York by conducting races and funding health related programs with the proceeds. Among many activities sponsored by SkanRaces.com, fundrais- ing in 2010 year offered the ability to donate $5000 to support programs for children suffering cancer at the Upstate Golisano Children’s Hospital, another $5000 for patient programs at Auburn Memorial Hospital, and free swimming lessons to any seven year old during 2011 at both the Auburn YMCA and the Skaneateles YMCA and Community Center. Visit www.SkanRaces.com today for more information and to register now at reduced “early bird” rates. Save the date Mottville pancakes The Mottville Fire Company will be holding its annual Spring pancake breakfast on Sunday March 20 starting at 0700 serving until noon. The cost is $6 for adults, $5 for seniors kids 5 to 12 $4 and under 5 free. Also still available at the breakfast will bethe “Help us Find you “ reflective address signs. Place your order w hile you eat for only $15. EAGLE Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs More sports Lakers top Lowville to get to semis By Phil Blackwell More than a week had passed since the Skaneateles boys basketball team had completed its OHSL Liberty division regular-season championship run. Now the Lakers, as the top seed in the Section III Class B playoffs, were eager to set out on the quest to end an 18-year championship drought â€“ but had to wait an extra day as snow postponed Fridayâ€™s quarterfinal against no. 9 seed Lowville. The delay did little to slow Skaneateles down, though, as it emerged Saturday and methodically took the Red Raiders apart, easily prevailing by a score of 63-35. Lowville, who had ousted no. 8 seed South Jefferson 54-38 in the first round, never gave the Lakers a serious worry as the hosts held them to six points in the opening quarter. Still, the rust may have showed up on the offensive side, as Skaneateles only led 26-16 going into halftime. But a stern halftime talk from head coach Karl Norris seemed to awaken Bob Atkinson GOTCHA: Skaneateles center, 42, Pat Roberts gets this jump ball in Saturdayâ€™s Class B quarterfinal against Lowville. the attack as Skaneateles outscored the Red Raiders 21-7 in the third quarter to pull clear. Kevin Rice again provided a major spark, the senior pouring in 18 points. Pat Roberts earned 10 points, while Jimmy Atkinson nailed a trio of 3-pointers to account for all of his nine points. Brandon Barron and Paul Oâ€™Donnell each had seven points as James Smith got six points. The early rounds of the Class B tournament revealed, once again, the strength within the OHSL Liberty division as, just like 2010, all four semifinalists came from the league â€“ Skaneateles, Bishop Grimes, Marcellus and defending state champion Westhill. In one of those semifinals, Skaneateles would try to beat Grimes, the no. 5 seed, for the third time this season. Led by Mike Stoneâ€™s 29 points (including all 19 his team got in the third quarter), the Cobras took out Bishop Ludden 55-49 in its quarterfinal â€“ and burns to avenge those regular-season setbacks, especially the 73-42 beating it took at Skaneateles on Feb. 18. Whoever wins that game would draw Westhill or Marcellus on Saturday in the Class B title game, to be played at Utica Memorial Auditorium. Lakers record high finishes at state track qualifier By Phil Blackwell Skaneateles indoor track and field seniors Caroline Walton and Gabby Eckles both managed high finishes during last Saturdayâ€™s Section III state qualifying meet at Colgate Universityâ€™s Sanford Field House. Walton would battle Auburnâ€™s Corrine Taylor for the top position in the shot put. Walton threw it 36 feet 8 inches, beating everyone except Taylor, who won by going 37 feet 10 Â˝ inches, but still had the best finish among small-school competitors. As for Eckles, she rose to fourth place in the high jump, clearing 5 feet 2 inches as Mexicoâ€™s Kaylea Morse (5 feet 4 inches) grabbed the top spot. Over in the triple jump, Eckles went 32 feet 5 Âź inches and took fifth place. Elsewhere, freshman Madeline Adams worked her way to fourth place in the 3,000-meter run in 11:37.21, while fellow ninth-grader Taylor Woodruff earned seventh place in the 300-meter dash in 44.98 seconds. In the boys state qualifier, Skaneateles senior Sean Cooper was fourth in the 55-meter hurdles, speeding to a time of 8.21 seconds as Liverpoolâ€™s Joe Spernyak (7.84 seconds) went to the front. Senior Tim Lewis topped 5 feet 8 inches to get to sixth place in the high jump, as Junior Taylor Weyneth cleared 10 feet 6 inches for seventh place in the pole vault. Pembridge makes historic state appearance Construction Martial Arts Florist Tree Care Groce (1976), in the small pantheon of Skaneateles state meet participants. Wrestling at 140 pounds, Pembridge met Clifton Fineâ€™s Jacob Denmon in the first round on Friday afternoon, and hung around all six minutes before losing an 8-2 decision. Denmon went on to a sixth-place finish. Carpeting Placed into the consolation bracket on Saturday, Pembridge ran into Brandon Hassenbohler (Alden) and was pinned in 2:42, ending his state meet run. For the season, Pembridge was 29-5 and he had a career mark of 67 wins and 13 losses. Pembridge had the misfortune of being in the same Optometry weight class as Sandy Creek star Derek Pfluger, a 2010 state champion at 135 pounds. Plfuger nearly repeated that triumph, reaching the state finals before falling to Tiogaâ€™s Derak Heyman in a 4-2 decision. It was Plfugerâ€™s first defeat after he had won 90 consecutive matches over two years. Need Gutters? 5â€? resideNtial 6â€? CommerCial Seamless Gutter Systems â€˘ Gutter Covers â€˘ Fascia/Soffit Replacement â€˘ Many Colors Available â€˘ Manufacturer Warranted www.lewisseamlessgutter.com CliNtoN, NY 732-9577 02577 While it did not last too long, Skaneateles senior Kevin Pembridgeâ€™s appearance at the New York State Public High School Athletic Association Division II wrestling championship meet last weekend at Albanyâ€™s Times Union Center still was a milestone. Pembridge was the first Laker wrestler in the state meet since current assistant coach Joe Brillo appeared in 1981, and the first since the programâ€™s varsity revival less than a decade ago. In doing so, Pembridge joins 1969 state 215-pound champion Bill McCauley, plus Ken Rankin (1964) and Steve Real Estate Automotive Pet Grooming Pavement Sealing Landscaping Business Directory Insurance By Phil Blackwell Serving Our Community Since 1969 Child Safety Experts. 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Proud to be serving, as are a majority of todayâ€™s soldiers who enlist in the Armed services, Blessing wasnâ€™t in it for medals. He felt it was his duty. Naturally, Bill Sr. and wife Sue were proud of their sonâ€™s decision. Proud and naturally a little concerned. America is at war. Still, there were plenty of duty stations outside of active combat. Possible assignments included the 10th Mountain Division located north of Watertown at Fort Drum. Their son would be relatively safe and close to home, Bill Sr. and Sue thought hopefully. Their hope was soon replaced by a dark cloud of worry beyond words. Bill Jr., with a rank of Army Specialist, was assigned to the 2nd Battalion, 327 Infantry Division, 101st Airborne Division, at Fort Campbell, KY. The infantry fights wars on the ground, front and center. Eclipsing his parentâ€™s dread, Bill Jr. was thrilled beyond measure to join the 101st Airborne, the honorable division that earned distinction on D-Day in WWII, recounted on film as â€œThe Band of Brothers.â€? The small town kid who played army in the trees was now officially a â€œScreaming Eagle.â€? Tour of duty,Combat Outpost (COP) Monti, Kunar Province, Afghanistan, April 2010 From Specialist to Corporal to Sergeant Blessing, he was deployed to Combat Outpost Monti, located in the unforgiving, rocky landscape of the Kunar Province in northeast Afghanistan, close to the Pakistan border. The young Sgt. was assigned as a leader of a fire-team of three infantry men. COP Monti, a hostile and deadly location, is relentlessly â€œactive.â€? The almost daily engagements with Taliban and insurgent forces are often brutal and bloody. Last August, Sgt. Blessing, his fire-team and a number of men from his company were manning a heavy .50 caliber machine gun dug in on a low mountain ridge, anticipating another enemy assault. When it came, the Taliban attacked with roughly 100 fighters, Blessing and his soldiers took and returned fire, the big .50 hammering away for what might have been hours. During the engagement, an enemy round tore into the arm of a member of Blessingâ€™s team. The sudden impact of the bullet pitched the man and he fell hard onto sharp rocks below, fracturing his leg. Under heavy fire, Blessing, who had medic training, scrambled to the man and dragged him to a safe position. Another soldier took an enemy round in the chest. The bullet, deflected by his protective body armor, instead tore into his arm. Again under constant enemy fire, Blessing made his way to the wounded man and got him to safety as well. Blessing returned to his team, fewer now, and continued to pound the enemy with the heavy gun, not stopping until ordered to do so. For his courage and meritorious actions under fire, Sgt. Blessing received the Bronze Star, the fourth highest military decoration. Parents of soldiers serving in an active war zone, serve as well The children, whom theyâ€™ve protected from birth, are in harmâ€™s way, leaving the parents enveloped in a dark cloud of helplessness. Itâ€™s a cold, inescapable feeling that comes with knowing the horrible realities of war. Itâ€™s always there, surrounding them, dread beyond worry, every second of every minute of every day. Advancement in communication technology has brought the war zone from newsreels and telegrams, to live reports on laptops. Immediate and face-to-face, parents have virtually live contact with sons and daughters on location as they serve. Military family support groups keep parents in touch with other parents of serving children, letting them know theyâ€™re not alone. It all helps, maybe even eases a bit of the heavy burden of worry parents constantly carry. But the blank spot is always in front of them while they carry on with daily tasks. Thereâ€™s no medal for parents, nor would they want one. When the kids come home safe, thatâ€™s the reward. Thank God for Skaneatelesâ€™ many Blessings Elbridge Fire â€œNot everybody can respond because the economy has changed, some have two or three or four jobs,â€? Doerr said, adding â€œClose to a dozen calls this month have been delayed or no response.â€? In cases where Elbridge did not respond, mutual aid fire departments were called in. Three Elbridge firefighters, including second assistant chief Keven Mead, last Thursday approached village board members with concerns about the safety of residents as well as their own, prompting the village board to take action. â€œWhen you call in for an emergency, [the firefighters] donâ€™t always know the full scope of it â€“ the six to eight firefighters are so at risk,â€? Do- From page 1 err said. â€œI know that they feel more comfortable today than they did prior to this.â€? He cited the Feb. 14 electrical fire at Chestnut Cottage in Skaneateles, where calls for mutual aid went out and multiple departments responded, as one example of unacceptable response time. He said there was a time when 35 people would leave from the station immediately, but this time, there werenâ€™t enough volunteers to get out in a timely manner. â€œIt took a half hour before the engine rolled,â€? Doerr said. â€œTo treat our neighbors that way - how do we expect to be treated?â€? Village officials chose not to abolish the Elbridge Fire Department, as they wish to keep firefighters dispatch- Ellen Leahy Elbridge was one of several Fire Companies that responded to the fire at the Chestnut Cottage in the village of Skaneateles. ing from the Elbridge Fire Department headquarters on Route 5. Doerr expects active Elbridge volunteers to work under Jordan Fire Chief Doug Milton, and hopes more volunteers will become active with the change. â€œDougâ€™s a hell of a resource High School Sports Fans Donâ€™t miss the Onondaga Community College Inside High School Sports show. All the districts, all the sports, every week! â€“ traditional firefighting at its finest â€“ and he wants to do everything he can [to help],â€? Doerr said. Doerr said Elbridge Fire Chief Tim Ganey had indicated that he wouldnâ€™t run for election in April. â€œThe firefighters approached us and said theyâ€™re not sure theyâ€™re gonna live till April,â€? Doerr said. â€œThatâ€™s untenable.â€? In December, Onondaga County released response times for village fire departments, listing Jordan as the department with the slowest response time at nearly 16 minutes. Elbridge was listed at around 9:35. Doerr said county officials admitted to getting the numbers wrong in this case. Jordan Mayor Dick Platten said that on several occasions, the Jordan VFD has had more firefighters at an Elbridge fire than the Elbridge VFD. He said he supports reorganizing fire services within the town of Elbridge to make sure both villages ar as safe as possible. Mottville, Camillus fire departments offer added support Tim Baker, chief of the Mottville Fire Department, called Elbridge Town Supervisor Ken Bush last Tuesday morning and asked him to reassure residents that the Mottville FD is willing and able to help assist through mutual aid any emergency situations that should develop in the town of Elbridge. â€œThis offer of assistance is especially important to those residents living in the southern portion of the township,â€? Bush said. Camillus Fire Chief Scott Binns also called Bush that day offering added assistance to the town of Elbridge and its residents. Journalists wanted Eagle Newspapers, the publisher of seven community newspapers in the greater Syracuse area, is currently accepting resumes from qualified journalists in anticipation of future openings for both editor and reporter positions. To be considered, please submit a current resume and two or three relevant examples of your writing ability to: Gary Catt Executive Editor [email protected] Saturdays 9 to 10 a.m. ESPN ATTENTION COACHES! ITâ€™S THAT TIME AGAIN... 97.7 FM 100.1 FM and 1200 AM 1440 AM We Offer... t%JTDPVOUPO:PVS"EWFSUJTFNFOU t1MBDFNFOUPOUIF4QPSUT1BHF t$BMFOEBSPG&WFOUT-JTUJOH $BMMPSFNBJM$IFMTFBGPSGVSUIFSJOGPSNBUJPOPSUPSFTFSWFTQBDF t[email protected] %FBEMJOF'SJEBZOPPOGPSGPMMPXJOH8FEOFTEBZ 02370 Featuring host Mike Bristol and Eagle Newspapers Sports Editor Phil Blackwell, the OCC Inside High School Sports show is canâ€™t miss listening for the scholastic sports fan. Time to announce Your Team Registration Dates Your Local Newspaper Can Help! EAGLE Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs Join the thousands of homeowners who have saved up to $700 on their annual home energy costs* NYSERDA’S HOME PERFORMANCE WITH ENERGY STAR® PROGRAM IS ONE OF THE NATION’S LEADERS IN MAKING HOMES MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT. Most New Yorkers qualify for a free or reduced-cost comprehensive home assessment, also referred to as an energy audit, and low-interest loans made available through the Green Door Project NY. Additionally, participants may be eligible for cash-back incentives. All our Home Performance contractors are accredited by the Building Performance Institute. For complete information, go to GetEnergySmart.org or call 1-877-NY-SMART. Actual savings may vary based upon efficiency measures selected, age of home, appliances, equipment and other factors. A participating contractor can help evaluate potential savings. 09022 RES-HP-adv1-feb11 *Green Door Project NY offers financing, energy audits, and workforce development opportunities as part of the Green Jobs-Green NY Act of 2009. 10 Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs Obituaries Edward Belinski Retired dentist, former Skaneateles Board of Education president Edward Joseph Belinski, born June 23, 1927 in Parish, passed away Sunday Feb. 13, 2011,Â after a brief illness. He spent his summers in Skaneateles and winters in Bradenton, FL. He was the son ofÂ Joseph P. Belinski and Rosemary Scripic. He was pre-deceasedÂ by his sister Elizabeth Rainbow and brother Walter J. Belinski. He is survived by his loving wife of 52 years, Marion (Jones) Belinski, originally ofÂ Wilkes-Barre, PA.,Â son D av i d Â of Sk ane atel e s , daughter Karen Belinski of Boston, MA, grandchildren ElizabethÂ andÂ Jack Belinski, andÂ six nieces and nephews. Edward graduated in 1950 from Syracuse University with aÂ degree in physical education; he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity andÂ was a three-time letterman and All-AmericanÂ soccer player.Â Following graduation, he joined the U.S. Navy, completed flight training and pilotedÂ carrier-based fighters forÂ eight years. He Edward Belinski left â€œactive dutyâ€? status with the Navy in 1958Â to pursue a career in dentistry and earned his DDSÂ from Temple University Dental School. While attending Temple,Â he worked parttime for the U.S. Mail Service, delivering mail inÂ his Philadelphia neighborhood and continued with the NavyÂ in â€œreserveâ€? status, shuttling planes to and from Naval bases across the U.S. He ultimately retired from Navy with 19 years active and reserved duty at the rank of captain. Upon graduation from Temple he returned to Central New York, settled in Skaneateles,Â and started his dentalÂ practiceÂ which he operatedÂ for 33 years until his retirementÂ 1995. Through continuing education and study he achieved and maintained his status asÂ a Fellow of the American Society of Dentistry and provided charity dental servicesÂ in underdeveloped regions of South America.Â A strong proponent of community service, he served asÂ a president of Skaneateles Board of Education andÂ assisted numerous community charity organizations including his longtime assistance with â€œFISHâ€? in Skaneateles. AlwaysÂ happy to devote time to youth athletics, he coached, assisted and officiatedÂ youth baseball and hockey programs in Skaneateles for a number of years.Â An avid golfer, he was a longtime member of both the Skaneateles Country Club and the El Conquistador Golf and Country Club of Bradenton,Â and a proud member of the Golfing Cavaliers menâ€™s group of Syracuse. He was a member and past Elder ofÂ the First Presbyterian Church, Skaneateles, and attended servicesÂ in winter months as a â€œsnow birdâ€? at Westminster Presbyterian Church, Bradenton, FL. Following his passing, services were held at the Westminster PresbyterianÂ on Feb. 15.Â AÂ memorial serviceÂ will beÂ held in SkaneatelesÂ this spring.Â He will be remembered for his love and lifelongÂ devotion to his wife Marion andÂ hisÂ family, service to his community, his god and country,Â his warm reception to friends and strangers alike,Â aÂ firm handshake,Â and his sincereÂ interest in helping anyone in need.Â Contributions may be made toÂ the Central NY Chapter of the Autism Society of America cnyasa.org. Arrangements by Robert D. Gray Funeral Home, Skaneateles. Ronald E. Atwell, 77 Enjoyed hunting, fishing, racing Ronald E. Atwell, 77, of Elbridge, passed away Sunday Feb. 20, 2011, at home with his daughter Sandra and friends battling cancer. He was born July 1, 1933 in Andover, NY. Ron served as a Corporal in the U.S. Marine Corp. from January 1952 Ronald E. Atwell to January 1955. He retired from New York State Department of Transportation after over 30 years of employment, and was the town of Elbridge Code Enforcement Officer for many years. He worked security at Dirt Motor Sports for 11 years in Weedsport and Super Dirt Week in Syracuse. He enjoyed hunting, fishing, racing and other outdoor activities and being with his wife and great grandchildren watching Yankee baseball. He was predeceased by his wife of 43 years Nettie Irene, who passed away on February 16, 2008. He is survived by three children Tim (Cheryl) Collier of Ararat, NC, Sandra Penird and Roxanne (Dan) Lindsey both of Jordan, grandchildren Rachel, Wendy, Ashley, and Katie, great-grandchildren Nick and Alyssa, brothers Carl of Springfield, MO. and Wayne Atwell of Dansville, NY, a sister Doris Breiding of Phoenix, AZ. and many nieces, nephews and cousins. He was a wonderful man, father and grandfather and will never be forgotten. A memorial service will be held in the spring. Contributions may be made to Hospice of CNY. Arrangements by Robert D. Gray Funeral Home, Skaneateles. :H+DYH$ 1(:$'',7,21 SHRINE CIRCUS TICKETS ,Q From Eagle Newspapers LQVLGH 2 Lucky Readers Will Win 4 Tickets Each for the Saturday, April 2nd 10 a.m. Performance Entry Deadline Friday, March 25th Don't Miss the Bicycle Giveaway! As the local print and electronic medium to and for professional women in the Greater Syracuse and Central NY Area, Syracuse Woman Magazine carries out a mission to inform, entertain, inspire and educate women in a proactive way. We will regularly address matters of importance to women including leadership, health, education, charitable activities and the latest fashions. Our advertisers appreciate the value of this loyal readership. &217$&7,1)2 2XU7RS Womanadvertising Magazine Syracuse Magazine gets consumers to act: Two sources 2501 separate James St., Suite 100 show that more than half of Syracuse, NY(56%) 13206 act on magazine ads all readers 08645 Magazine audiences accumulate faster than [email protected] you think: The average monthly magazine accumulates approximately 60% of its audience within a monthâ€™s time More than half of all readers (56%) act on 08640 VRPXFKPRUH Courtesy of the Shrine Circus 2XU5HDGHUVÂŤ<RXU&XVWRPHUV We distribute the Syracuse Woman Magazine in areas that are frequented by women throughout the Greater Syracuse Area. Among other stores, our magazines can be found at select Wegmans locations, Tops Markets, local YMCAâ€™s, libraries, hospitals, and universities. We are also in the waiting areas of many professional offices. We are a combination subscription and controlled circulation product ensuring convenience and consistency to our readers and advertisers. The magazines are distributed via print medium and to thousands of professionals in an interactive electronic format. Enter online at www.eaglenewsonline.com Hit "Contest" 4 Bicycles Will Be Given Away at Each Performance! 2XUJDPHSODQLVVLPSOH/LVWHQWRZKDW6\UDFXVH ZRPHQZDQWWRUHDGDERXWWKHQGHOLYHU EAGLE Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs 11 Elizabeth V. Lambdin, 86 Devoted wife and mother Elizabeth V. Lambdin Hood College in 1945, she taught Social Studies at Middletown High School for several years. In 1947 Elizabeth married William S. Lambdin and moved to Baltimore, where she re- sumed teaching part-time. She became a full-time homemaker after the birth of their first child in 1951. The family moved to eastern New York in 1959 when her husband became Chief Engineer at Empire Devices in Amsterdam. Betty was a 50-year member of the First Presbyterian Church of Gloversville, serving as an Elder, and participated in various Broadalbin Central School activities, culminating in service as President of its Board of Education some years after becoming the first woman elected to the board. She also was active in the League of Women Voters, the American Association of University Women, and the Fulton County Childrenâ€™s Com- .%+%("%, %$ - ( %$ #&"%. mittee, where she served as treasurer. She was an avid reader and renowned baker, especially noted by her friends for her gifts of â€œSticky Buns.â€? See Lambdin, page17 Steve Landon (of Mirbeau) Joelle Mollinger (of Joelleâ€™s Bistro) Two of 20 Featured Chefs from our Region The American Red Cross of Central New York invites you to attend its 27th Annual Gala and the â€œKitchen Arenaâ€? The first hour features tantalizing and creative hors dâ€™ouevres. The second hour showcases a variety of spectacular tasting plates. The third hour concludes with a multitude of amazing desserts. All the culinary magic will take place on stage â€œKitchen Stadium-Styleâ€? right in front of you! Sunday, March 13th 5 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. Grande Ballroom at the Oncenter Hosts Danielle M. McCann, Esq. Joseph F. Serbun Plus an exciting silent auction offering fun and special auction items including fantasy destinations to the Grammy Awards (including after party) and the final rounds of the Masters! Silent Auction Chair - David B. Snyder, Esq. Reserve your place by March 7th at $250 per person Reservations of eight or ten are also available. Black Tie Optional ""* '* $""& * * Tickets may be purchased online at www.RedCrossCNY.org For more info contact Amanda Ramsing at: [email protected] or 315-234-2225 "-( , $+ 0 * "%%(0 + "% -%(! ( %(( )+")%$% +($* ) # "(%+%# ---" &) /&%$* ( %%# 09646 Elizabeth V. Lambdin, 86, mother and grandmother of Skaneateles area residents, died peacefully on Saturday, February 19 at the Nathan Littauer Hospital Nursing Home in Gloversville, NY, in loving presence of immediate family. Always a devoted wife and mother, Betty had been an active member of her church and community before declining with Alzheimerâ€™s disease into her eighties. B orn in Frederick, Maryland on March 5, 1924, she was the daughter of the late Eldred W. and Elizabeth R. Van Fossen. After graduating from The SYRACUSE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA performs at the Mulroy Civic Center Looking to get Saturday sponsor: RJR Associates, Inc. March 25-26, 8 p.m. \| Tickets start at $15 FISK AND FALLETTA JoAnn Falletta, conductor Eliot Fisk and Zaira Meneses, guitars Friday Sponsor: WRVO The M&T Bank Pops Series March 11-12, 8 p.m. \| Tickets start at $15 BROADWAY GIANTS: THE MUSIC OF GERSHWIN, ELLINGTON AND PORTER MARCH The Central New York Community Foundation Family Series 06657 COMMUNITY EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT Orderyourtickets today! Call (315) 424-8200 ororder online SyracuseSymphony.org. 08468 March 12, 10:30 a.m. \| Tickets $10 Adults/$5 Children Ride the waves of popularculture, exploring music dedicated ITâ€™S INSTRUMENTAL! to civil rights legend Rosa Parks, discovering some of classical Michael Butterman, conductor musicâ€™s greatest hits, reveling in the amazing artistic range of Jennifer Carsillo, narrator the guitar, and experiencing the ultra-cool Gershwin, Ellington Sponsors: Lockheed Martin Corporation and SUNY Upstate Medical University and Porter. From the romantic Piano Concerto No. 2 of Franz Liszt (the Justin Bieberof his day), to Bernsteinâ€™s raucous facebook.com/SyracuseSymphony Symphonic Dances from West Side Story, the SSO makes March a month to remember! call (315)294-8841 or online at cayuga-cc.edu/ xenegrade Call for our Spring Catalog (315)294-8841 Michael Butterman, conductor Andrew Russo, piano Adriana Zabala, mezzo-soprano 12 The Trucks Are In Oswego! CNY RV Show comes to the Fairgrounds March 3 - 6 2011 Dodge Ram 1500 LEASE FOR $289 mo. For 36 Months Sign & Drive $289 Due at Signing Leases are for 36 mos. 10k miles per year. All rebates applied. Expires 3/31/11. Many models will be featured at the CNY RV show. Serving Central NY Since 1939 SHAPIRO MOTORS 8TU4USFFUÂ…0TXFHP .JOVUFT'SPN4ZSBDVTFÂ…0OMZ.JOVUFT'SPN#BMEXJOTWJMMF $POUBDUVTBUMTIBQJSP!UXDOZSSDPN THE NAME TO KNOW IN OSWEGO â€˘ www.shapiromotors.com 08194 343-6194 â€˘ 800-639-SHAPIRO If youâ€™re in the market for a recreational vehicle, look no further than the 41st annual Central New York RV Show this March 3-6 at the New York State Fairgrounds. â€œItâ€™s a great place to come if youâ€™re interested in an RV, whether youâ€™re just starting to look or if youâ€™re seriously looking at buying one,â€? said Paul Oot, owner of Seven-Oâ€™s RV Way in Cicero, one of the participating dealers. â€œEverything is indoors. Thereâ€™s a huge variety of models in every price range. There are also great pricing and great interest rates â€“ through all the banks at the show.â€? Sponsored by the RV Dealers Association of Syracuse and the Campground Owners of New York, the show, which takes place from 12 to 9 p.m. Thursday March 3, 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. Friday March 4 and Saturday March 5 and 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Sunday March 6, will occupy three buildings at the Fairgrounds: the Americraft Center of Progress, the Toyota Exhibit Center and the Horticultural Building. Oot said one building will have only closeouts and pre-owned RVs . â€œThereâ€™s a good variety,â€? Oot said. â€œItâ€™s not just new.â€? In addition to the seven dealers selling new and preowned models as well as some parts and accessories, there will be booths from area campgrounds and other businesses that support the RVing Family Fun located close to you! Sites by Day, Week, Month, Season Rental Rustic and Luxury Log Cabins â€˘ RV Park Trailer Rentals Full Activities Staff for themed weekends Planned activities every day - July & August Yogi Bearâ„˘ & Boo Boo Pool â€˘ Playgrounds â€˘ Wagon Rides Flatrock Sporting â€˘ Cindyâ€™s Kitchen â€˘ Golf of Mexico (mini-golf) Gemstone Mining â€˘ Gifts â€˘ Tackle â€˘ Bait â€˘ Ice â€˘ RV/Camping Hardware â€˘ Groceries â€˘ Propane Spin wheel at RV Show win discount coupons for camping For people ages 3 to 83. The object - get your opponent wet & have fun! HOME OF FLATROCK MINING COMPANY - Mine for Gemstones, Fossils & More! County Route 16, Mexico, NY 13114 (Between Routes 104 and 104B) www.jellystonecny.com 963-7096 08188 More Than Just a Campground! industry. You can also see camping demonstrations and get information on resorts and other destinations. Tickets for the RV show are $9 for age 16 and up; kids 16 and under get in free and receive a free Kidâ€™s Camping Meal. â€œAs far as special pricing goes, on Thursday, tickets are half-price, and Friday through Sunday, you can get $2 off your ticket by going to our Web site at cnyrvshow. com,â€? Oot said. In addition, if you attend the show Thursday, you can come back any day for free. Free shuttles will take visitors to and from the parking lot and between buildings. Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts will be on hand to greet visitors, help on the shuttles and give demonstrations. Oot said about 15,000 people attend the show every year. â€œSaturday is the busiest day,â€? he said. â€œThursday and Friday tend to be a little slower, especially during the day, so thatâ€™s a great time to come and kind of peruse what weâ€™ve got, especially with the halfprice tickets on Thursday.â€? Oot also encouraged families to check out the show. â€œRVing is a great way to go, especially with the family, whether itâ€™s just over the weekends or for a big vacation,â€? he said. â€œIn New York alone, there are hundreds of campgrounds, whether youâ€™re going to the Adirondacks or really anywhere in the state.â€? The same is true throughout the nation, with more than 16,000 campgrounds See CNY RV Show, next page EAGLE Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs 13 Yogi Bear…Family fun-close to you! Jellystone Park marks 41st year asked us to take Yogi to a holiday event in Rochester on Dec. 2. It was a tree lighting and a variety of family activities. We spent about two and a half hours meeting and greeting families. Yogi kept the children busy while waiting to have their picture taken with Santa. Yogi and Boo Boo traveled to Carousel Mall for the opening night of the new movie. They were on a red carpet as they greeted movie-goers. Later they were asked to ride the carousel with the children. It was difficult to move through the food court both Friday night and Saturday because so many children and adults wanted their picture with the bears. Saturday, when someone on the carousel spotted Yogi work his way for aother ride, a loud “Yogi Chant” was started that certainly got some attention. They also rode the glass elevator and the escalator. What a great experience for all of us,” said Barb Lighthall. Yogi Bear’s Jellystone Park is located at 601 County Route 16, Mexico. For more information call 963-7096 or visit jellystonecny.com. Propane is available year-round; call ahead. Store hours starting April 1 are 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Trailer Sales & Service Inc. 315-487-8469 701 State Fair701 Blvd., NY 13209 State Syracuse, Fair Blvd., Syracuse, NY 13209 701 State Fair Blvd., Syracuse, NY 13209 Trailer Tires (5 lb. cyls. to Motor Homes) 4” to 15” Also Available Wheelbarrow Lawn & Garden Tires Plastic Welding Holding tanks, water tanks, etc. CANVAS REPAIR Repairs Replacements Awnings • Canvas Screens Zippers, etc. RENT ME RESERVATIONS NEEDED RV & CAMPER REPAIR From previous page rience for the family. “The great thing about RVing in terms of the family is that it kind of forces you to be together,” Oot said. “There’s not as many distractions and you’re not all going in different directions. Throughout the trip each day and for the vacation itself, you’re spending time together, from the morning until the campfire at night.” For more information on the CNY RV Show, call (877) 228-8240 or visit cnyrvshow. com. SHOP US ONLINE 315.598.2135 • RT 57 South, Fulton, NY 08193 08190 throughout the country. “Pretty much any destination you’re thinking about, there’s a campground nearby, whether it’s a private campground or one of the state-run ones,” Oot said. “The same is true throughout the country. Let’s say you’re going to Disney. They have a campground along with their hotels. Every resort has a campground. You can bring your own things, sleep in your own bed, there’s no airport delays or cancelled flights.” RVing also provides a good bonding expe- OPEN ALL YEAR Plastic Welding ABOVE: Yogi Bear and Boo Boo at Carousel Mall. LEFT: Celebrating Halloween at Yogi Bear’s Jellystone Park. CNY RV Show Propane Fills 08191 Open since 1970, Yogi Bear’s Jellystone Park offers fun activities for families wishing to “get away,” relax and enjoy being outdoors. Weekends from May 1 until the end of October are planned around a different theme. The recreation staff provides planned activities seven days a week from June 24 until Labor Day Weekend. A typical day includes flage raising with Yogi Bear, wagon rides, crafts, field games and time with both Yogi Bear and Boo Boo. Camping facilities include both campsites and cabins. Miniature golf, gemstone mining and Water Wars are open to the public every day. Cindy’s Kitchen, serving meals and ice cream, is located in the large Ranger Station. Also located in the Ranger Station is a fully-stocked store for gifts, RV/camping supplies, hardware and souvenirs. Propane is sold by the pound and metered. Jellystone Park will host an open house on June 35. In addition to tours of the park and facilities, there will be wagon rides, children’s activities and a craft show. There will be a fundraiser for the Mexico Fire Department. Local firemen will be taking on all challenghers for the Water Wars battle. All proceeds will go to the fire department. “We have been busy all winter so the time has really gone by fast. Warner Bros. Zippers, etc. Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs Congratulations to the 2011 Sectional Champion Lakers! Ellen Leahy Skaneateles Bell celebrates 90 YOUTH TIER II LAKERS: Coaches are Chris Welch, Mike Major and John Miller. Members of the team inlcude Patrick Majo, Reggie Buell, Matt Benson, Raymond Falso, Eric Huba, Trevor Grant, Adam Lupo, Jacob Patalino, Devin Callahan, Jeremy Miller, Marc Welch, Demitris Christou, Bennett Morse, Kyle Ochsner and Conner Jones (not pictured in order). State Championships will be played on home ice at Allyn Arena March 11-13. For more pictures go to Facebook.com/Skaneatelespress. Bill Bell holding court during his 90th birthday celebration at his daughter in lawâ€™s dance studio in Manlius aptly called â€œThe Dance Studio.â€? He is pictuted seated second from left, in a booth with Bent and Joan Thomsen, Jane Cates and Sue Spalding (standing). More coupons arriving on-line everyday! INNOVATIONS 4BMPO4QB ;6N:>I:K>AA:HFJ6G: C:MIID;G>:C9ANH =ZVi:ViBZVah 7JTJUPVSXFCTJUFUPPSEFS HJGUDBSETPOMJOFBUZPVS DPOWFOJFODFIPVSTBEBZ EBZTBXFFL ;G:H=Â™=:6GINÂ™=DB:B69: 7jnDcZ!\Zi =6A;D;;i]Z'cY Brought to you by: Eagle Newspapers .POUI $% "13 .JO%FQ 5IFBOOVBMQFSDFOUBHFZJFMEJTBDDVSBUF FGGFDUJWFUISV "QFOBMUZNBZCFJNQPTFEGPSFBSMZXJUIESBX "DDPVOUT'%$OTVSFE BOESFGFSVQUPGSJFOETPSGBNJMZGPSVQUP JODPVQPOT TFFTBWFBMPUDPNGPSGVMMEFUBJMT 0ĂľMVODIPS XJUIQVSDIBTFPGUXPFOUSFFT BOEUXPCFWFSBHFT -VODI.POEBZ4BUVSEBZ0OMZ %JOOFS4VOEBZ5IVSTEBZ0OMZ Coupon Expires 3/31/11 "%JWJTJPOPG$IBSMFT)FBUJOH"JS$POEJUJPOJOH XXXCFOKBNJOGSBOLMJOQMVNCJOHDPN BQVSDIBTFUPUBMJOHPSNPSF 6TFE$BS,JOHDPN -VCF PJMBOEmMUFSDIBOHF XJUIQPJOUDIFDLQMVTSPUBUFUJSFT $BMMUPEBZ 8FEFMJWFSUP4ZSBDVTFBMMUIFTVCVSCT 8FTU(FOFTFF4U3U $IJUUFOBOHP/: 4FSWJDF%FQBSUNFOU "OZ4FSWJDF$BMM /PUWBMJEXJUIPUIFSPGGFSTPSPOIPMJEBZT DPVQPOQFSUBCMF&YDMVEFT5BLFPVUT XXX$ISJTnPXFSTMJWFSQPPMDPN 4UPSFIPVST .'4BU Brought to you by: Eagle Newspapers $50 OFF Brought to you by: Eagle Newspapers Brought to you by: Eagle Newspapers Brought to you by: Eagle Newspapers TU4USFFU 7JMMBHFPG-JWFSQPPM 09943 PGGDPVQPOBOZQVSDIBTFPWFS 08366 Brought to you by: Eagle Newspapers 07620 8FTUTU4U 3U 'VMUPO $"--")&"% Brought to you by: Eagle Newspapers 09418 35 -JWFSQPPM /: XXXJOOPWBUJPOTEBZTQBDPN :H B6@ A>;: :6HN 0OMZWBMJEBU$IJUUFOBOHP4FSWJDF$FOUFS/PBQQPJOUNFOU OFDFTTBSZ6QUPRVBSUTPGPJM%JFTFM 5VSCPTPS4ZOUIFUJD FYUSB.VTUQSFTFOUDPVQPOUPSFDFJWFEJTDPVOU0OFQFS DVTUPNFS/PUWBMJEXJUIPUIFSDPVQPOTPSPĂ¸FST Brought to you by: Eagle Newspapers Hundreds of Local and National Coupons available On-line at www.eaglenewspapers.yourcouponnetwork.com EaglE Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation d/b/a National Grid PURPOSE: THE FILING OF REVISED RATES TO P.S.C. 220 ELECTRICITY AND P.S.C. NO. 214 STREETLIGHTING TO COMPLY WITH THE COMMISSION’S ORDER DATED JANUARY 24, 2011 IN P.S.C. CASE 10-E-0050. TEXT: Notice is hereby given that Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation d/b/a National Grid has filed with the Public Service Commission to comply with the Commission’s order dated January 24, 2011, in Case 10-E-0050. These revised rates were issued to become effective February 1, 2011. The tables listed below show a comparison between the Company’s rates effective January 1, 2011 and February 1, 2011. The Merchant Function Charge reclassifies costs from delivery rates to supply rates in the rates effective February 1, 2011 column and is applicable to customers receiving their Electricity Supply Service from the Company. In addition, Income Eligible SC 1 and 1C Residential Customers receiving HEAP Payments are entitled to a $5.00 credit per month and Residential Customers with electric heat are entitled to a $15.00 credit per month. Service Classification No. 1 Residential Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $16.21 $16.21 Income Eligible Basic Service Credit ($5.00) ($5.00)/($15.00) Distribution Delivery Charge per kWh $0.05572 $0.05403 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00242 Service Classification No. 1C Time of Use Residential Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $30.00 $30.00 Income Eligible Basic Service Credit ($5.00) ($5.00)/($15.00) Distribution Delivery Charge per kWh $0.04650 $0.04504 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00242 Service Classification No. 2 Non-Demand Small General Service Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $21.02 $21.02 Distribution Delivery per kWh $0.06615 $0.06448 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00242 Service Classification No. 2 Demand Small General Service Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $52.52 $52.52 Distribution Delivery per kW $ 10.10 $ 9.28 Distribution Delivery per kWh $0.02171 $0.02415 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00066 Service Classification No. 3 – Secondary Large General Service Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $260.15 $260.15 Distribution Delivery per kW $15.96 $15.90 Distribution Delivery per kWh(First 450 Hrs. Use)$0.01592 $0.01592 Distribution Delivery per kWh(Over 450 Hrs. Use)$0.00540 $0.00540 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00066 Service Classification No. 3 – Primary Large General Service Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $436.70 $436.70 Distribution Delivery per kW $13.51 $13.48 Distribution Delivery per kWh(First 450 Hrs. Use)$0.01814 $0.01814 Distribution Delivery per kWh(Over 450 Hrs. Use)$0.00706 $0.00706 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00066 Service Classification No. 3 – Sub Transmission Large General Service Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $554.83 $565.23 Distribution Delivery per kW $8.93 $8.89 Distribution Delivery per kWh(First 450 Hrs. Use)$0.01727 $0.01723 Distribution Delivery per kWh(Over 450 Hrs. Use)$0.00704 $0.00681 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00066 Service Classification No. 3 – Transmission Large General Service Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $599.15 $565.23 Distribution Delivery per kW $8.65 $8.89 Distribution Delivery per kWh(First 450 Hrs. Use)$0.01706 $0.01723 Distribution Delivery per kWh(Over 450 Hrs. Use)$0.00544 $0.00681 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00066 Service Classification No. 3 A– Secondary Large General Service Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $902.00 $902.00 Distribution Delivery per kW $11.13 $11.10 Distribution Delivery per kWh(On-Peak) $0.01549 $0.01549 Distribution Delivery per kWh(Off-Peak) $0.01131 $0.01131 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00066 Service Classification No. 3 A– Primary Large General Service Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $902.00 $902.00 Distribution Delivery per kW $10.39 $10.38 Distribution Delivery per kWh(On-Peak) $0.01974 $0.01974 Distribution Delivery per kWh(Off-Peak) $0.01517 $0.01517 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00066 Service Classification No. 3 A– Sub Transmission Large General Service Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $1400.00 $1400.00 Distribution Delivery per kW $6.55 $6.54 Distribution Delivery per kWh(On-Peak) $0.01861 $0.01861 Distribution Delivery per kWh(Off-Peak) $0.01414 $0.01414 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00066 Service Classification No. 3 A– Transmission Large General Service Rates EffectiveJanuary 1, 2011 Rates EffectiveFebruary 1, 2011 Basic Service Charge $3172.00 $3172.00 Distribution Delivery per kW $5.79 $5.76 Distribution Delivery per kWh(On-Peak) $0.01636 $0.01636 Distribution Delivery per kWh(Off-Peak) $0.01271 $0.01271 Merchant Function Charge* $0.00000 $0.00066 * Merchant Function Charge will be assessed on Company provided Electricity Supply Service. Copies of the proposed amendments to PSC No. 220 Electricity and PSC No. 214 Street Lighting are available for public inspection and can be obtained by writing National Grid, Electric Pricing Department, A-4, 300 Erie Boulevard West, Syracuse, New York 13202. Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation d/b/a National Grid NEwspapErs Notice of Formation of Limited Liability Company (LLC) Name: CHARLIE’S AT THE FAIR, LLC. Articles of Organization filed with Secretary of State of New York (SSNY) on 01/31/11. Office Location: Onondaga County. SSNY designated as agent of LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail copy of process to: 4755 Cornish Heights Parkway, Syracuse, NY 13215. Purpose: to engage in any and all business for which LLCs may be formed under the New York LLC Law. EO-11 NOTICE OF FORMATION Notice of Formation of The Blarney Stone Inn, LLC, Art. of Org. filed Sec’y of State (SSNY) 1/21/11. Office location: Onondaga County. SSNY designated as agent of LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail copy of process to 141 Worden Ave., Syracuse, NY 13208. Purpose: any lawful activities. SK-11 NOTICE OF FORMATION Notice of Formation of Allyn Family Capital Fund, LLC, Art. of Org. filed Sec’y of State (SSNY) 1/14/11. Office location: Onondaga County. SSNY designated as agent of LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail copy of process to 56 State St., Skaneateles, NY 13152. Purpose: any lawful activities. SK-11 NOTICE OF FORMATION Notice of Formation of Allyn Family Pooled Fixed Income Fund, LLC, Art. of Org. filed Sec’y of State (SSNY) 1/ 13/11. Office location: Onondaga County. SSNY designated as agent of LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail copy of process to 56 State St., Skaneateles, NY 13152. Purpose: any lawful activities. NOTICE OF FORMATION Notice of Formation of J & T Holdings, LLC, Art. of Org. filed Sec’y of State (SSNY) 1/ 10/11. Office location: Onondaga County. SSNY designated as agent of LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail copy of process to 6 East Lake St., Skaneateles, NY 13152. Purpose: any lawful activities. SK-11 FORMATION OF A NEW YORK LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY PURSUANT TO NEW YORK LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY LAW SECTION 206(C) 1. The name of the limited liability company is Spicer’s Greenways Construction, LLC. 2. The date of filing of the articles of organization with the Department of State was September 20, 2010. 3. The county in New York in which the office of the company is located is Onondaga County. 4. The Secretary of State has been designated as agent of the company upon whom process may be served, and the Secretary of State shall mail a copy of any process against the company served upon him or her to 3804 Split Rock Road, Camillus, NY 13031. 5. The business purpose of the company is to engage in any and all business activity permitted under the laws of the State of New York. EO-12 LEGAL NOTICE WSA ENTERPRISES LLC Articles of Org. filed NY Sec. of State (SSNY) 1/28/ 2011. Office in Onondaga Co. SSNY desig. agent of LLC upon whom process may be served. SSNY shall mail copy of process to 16 Orchard St., Marcellus, NY 13108, which is also the principal buiness location. Purpose: Any lawful purpose. EO-12 SKANSPORTS, LLC: Notice of Formation of Limited Liability Company. Articles of Organization for SKANSPORTS, LLC (“LLC”) were filed with the Secretary of State of New York (“SSNY”) on February 16, 2011. Office Location: Onondaga County. SSNY designated as agent of LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail a copy of any process to the LLC, 69 West Lake Street, Skaneateles, New York 13152. Purpose: To engage in any lawful activity. SK-13 TJP MANAGER, LLC: Notice of Formation of Limited Liability Company. Articles of Organization for TJP MANAGER, LLC (“LLC”) were filed with the Secretary of State of New York (“SSNY”) on February 16, 2011. Office Location: Onondaga County. SSNY designated as agent of LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail a copy of any process to the LLC, 69 West Lake Street, Skaneateles, New York 13152. Purpose: To engage in any lawful activity. SK-13 BID NOTICE Region: 03, Carl Ford, Regional Director, 333 E. Washington St. State Office Bldg., Syracuse, NY 13202 D261662, PIN 3805.80, Onondaga Co., Tree Removal along State Routes, within NYS Right-of-Way, Bid Deposit $75,000.00, Plans on CDs $10, plus $8 Postage. Completion Date: 1 2 / 31/2011 Goals: MBE/WBE 0 0% Funding Category: NA Electronic Plans and Proposals can be obtained from the New York State Department of Transportation, Plan Sales Unit, 1st Floor Suite 1PS, 50 Wolf Road, Albany, NY 12232. Phone: (518) 4572124. Requirements: NYSDOT requires that all bidders and subcontractors present evidence of experience and financial standing. Subcontracting Provisions: Subcontracting is permitted as described in the Standard Specifications §108-05. Please call Contracts at (518) 457-3583 if you need a reasonable accommodation for person(s) with a disability to participate in our program. No Amendments are included on the CD. Amendments are posted on the NYSDOT and Bid Express Web Sites. The Contractor is responsible for ensuring that all Amendments are incorporated into its bid. Notification on Amendments will be sent via e-mail to each person or firm purchasing CDs from the NYSDOT as e-mail addresses are obtained. NOTE: Amendments may have been issued prior to CD purchase. Contractors purchasing CDs must also check the NYSDOT Web Site https://www.nysdot.gov/ d o i n g b u s i n e s s / opportunities/const-notices) for a list of all Amendments. Contractors are advised that under New York State Finance Law communication on procurements can be made only with designated contact persons, Contact persons for this procurement are Jodi Riano [email protected], and Bill Howe [email protected], of the NYSDOT Contract Management Bureau (518) 457-3583 or Suzanne Charles [email protected], NYSDOT Office of Legal Affairs (518) 457-2411 For technical questions or comments, the Project Manager noted on page 1 of the proposal. Contact with any other NYSDOT unit or any other Agency involved with any advertised project will be considered a very serious matter and may result in disqualification. Federally Aided Contracts identify a DBE Goal, and 100% NY State Funded Contracts identify both MBE and WBE Goals. Contracts with 0% Goals are generally single operation contracts, where subcontracting is not expected, and smaller size contracts — both of which may present direct bidding opportunities for Small Business Firms, including, but not limited to, DBE or MBE and WBE. The New York State Department of Transportation, in accordance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 78 Stat. 252, 42 U.S.0 2000d to 2000d-4 and Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Department of Transportation, Subtitle A, Office the Secretary, Part 21, Nondiscrimination in Federally-assisted programs of the Department of Transportation and Title 23 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 200, Title VI Program and Related Statutes, as amended, issued pursuant to such Act, hereby notifies all who respond to a written Department solicitation, request for proposal or invitation for bid that it will affirmatively insure that in any contact entered into pursuant to this advertisement, disadvantaged business enterprises will be afforded full opportunity to submit bids in response to this invitation and will not be discriminated against on the grounds of race, color, national origin, sex, age, disability/handicap and income status in consideration for an award. EO-11 LEGAL NOTICE PLEASE TAKE NOTICE THAT THE TOWN OF SPAFFORD ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS WILL HOLD A PUBLIC HEARING MARCH 8, 2011 AT THE SPAFFORD TOWN HALL, 1984 ROUTE 174, SKANEATELES, NY 13152 AT 7:00 P.M. TO HEAR THE F O L L O W I N G APPLICATION: Jalaine Delcorps/Frank Ireland, owning property at 2344 Rose Hill Road, are seeking to amend a Special Permit to construct a 14.5’x10' addition to an existing dog kennel. Tax Map #005-01-29. Kim Read Zoning Secretary SK-9 VILLAGE OF MARCELLUS NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Village of Marcellus Planning Board will conduct a public hearing on March 16, 2011 at 7:15pm prevailing time at the Village Hall, 6 Slocombe Avenue, Marcellus, NY 13108 to consider a site plan review made by Daniel’s Grill for a parking lot expansion located at 69 North Street. Copies of the Application and Short SEQRA Environmental Assessment Form are on file with the Village Clerk and available for public review. All interested parties will have the opportunity to be heard at the scheduled hearing. Dan Kwasnowski Planning Board Chairperson Village of Marcellus EO-9 VILLAGE OF JORDAN LEGAL NOTICE TAKE NOTICE THAT PURSUANT to a resolution adopted by the Board of Trustees for the Annual Village Election to be held on the 15th day of March 2011, are as follows: 1.Village of Jordan constitutes of one election district and the polling place for such district shall be located at the Whiteley Community Building located at 13 Mechanic Street in the Village of Jordan, New York. 2.The hours during which the polls shall be open for voting on March 15, 2011 shall be from 12:00 noon through 9:00 p.m. local time. 3.The names and addresses of all those who have been duly nominated in accordance with the Election law for Village Office whose certificates of petitions of nomination have been duly filed with the Village Clerk and the office and terms of such office which have been so nominated are as follows: Citizen Party – Lee Badman, 82 South Hamilton St., Jordan, NY Trustee– Term 4 years; Cindy Milton, 41 Clinton St., Jordan, NY Trustee – 4 year term; Catherine Ferris, 40 North Main St., Jordan, NY Trustee – 2 year term, Michael Weirs, 38 Mechanic St., Jordan, NY, Justice – 4 year term. Linda J. Boehm Village of Jordan EO-9 NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING TO CONSIDER TIME WARNER CABLE FRANCHISE AGREEMENT RENEWAL FOR THE TOWN OF OTISCO PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Town Board of the Town of Otisco, New York (the “Town”), will meet at the Town Hall, 1924 Barker Street, Otisco, New York 13159 on the 14th day of March 2011, at 7:00 o’clock P.M., for the purpose of conducting a Public Hearing upon a proposal by said Town Board regarding the renewal of the cable television Franchise Agreement by and between the Town and TIME W A R N E R ENTERTAINMENTADVANCE/NEWHOUSE PARTNERSHIP (“ Time Warner Cable”) for the provision of cable television services within the Town. A copy of the Franchise Agreement renewal is available for public inspection and copying at the regular copying charges during normal business hours at the Town of Otisco Town Clerk’s Office at 1924 Barker Street, Otisco, New York 13159. At such Public Hearing, said Town Board will meet to consider the proposed Franchise Agreement renewal and will hear all persons interested in the subject matter thereof concerning the same. All persons will be given an opportunity to be heard. Written and oral statements will be taken at that time. Time limitations may be imposed for each oral statement, if necessary. The Regular Monthly Meeting for March 2011 will be held on Monday, March 14, 2011, immediately following the Public Hearing. Dated: Otisco, New York February 24, 2011 By order of the Town Board of the Town of Otisco, New York. Georgette T. Waldau, Town Clerk Town of Otisco, NY. PO-9 NOTICE TO BIDDERS The Board of Education of Onondaga-Cortland-Madison Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES), in accordance with Section 103 of Article 5-A of the General Municipal Law and Article 119-O of the General Municipal Law, will receive bids on: Name of Bid: STUDENT AGENDAS, Bid # RFB -21141 Bid Opening: March 18, 2011, 1:30 P.M., at the Conference Room in the Henry Center Administrative Building at OnondagaCortland-Madison BOCES, 6820 Thompson Road, Syracuse, NY 13211 Term of Contract: May 1, 2011 to April 30, 2012 Contact for more information and to obtain bid documents: Sean Joyce, Board of Cooperative Educational Services, Onondaga, Cortland, and Madison Counties, 6820 Thompson Road, P.O. Box 4754, Syracuse, NY 13221, Phone: 315.431.8584, Email: [email protected] VILLAGE OF ELBRIDGE NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Village Board will hold a special meeting on Monday, March 14, 2011 at 7:00 p.m. at the Village Hall, 210 West Main Street, Elbridge, New York, to enter into a new contract for fire protection services with the Jordan Volunteer Fire Department and Company, Inc., with approval and consent of the Town of Elbridge and Village of Jordan. Persons wishing to appear at the hearing may do so in person or by attorney or by other representation. 2/22/2011 Henry A. Doerr Mayor LEGAL NOTICE PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Village of Elbridge Board of Trustees will hold a special meeting on Monday, March 14, 2011 at 7:00 p.m. for a workshop to discuss the 2011-2012 budget, also any other business that may come before them. EO-9 EAGLE Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs Obituaries Lambdin From page 12 Survivors include her husband of 63 years, William S. Lambdin, and their three children William W. Lambdin of Guilderland, Mary Elizabeth Lambdin (James Henze) of Cocoa Beach, FL and Thomas E. Lambdin (Claudia) of Auburn, and two granddaughters, Skaneateles students Allison and Mary Lambdin. Three of Betty’s five siblings also survive: Cecelia Boller of Frederick, MD, Dolores Hall of Greenville, SC, and James VanFossen of Orefield, PA. A memorial celebration will be scheduled for the near future. Arrangements have been entrusted to the Walrath and Stewart Funeral Home of Gloversville. Cremation will take place at Parkview Crematorium in Schenectady. Memorial contributions can be made in memory of Elizabeth to the Food Pantry of the First Presbyterian Church, 16 W. Fulton St., Gloversville, NY 12078. Robert Beam, 73 1955 graduate of Skaneateles High School R o b e r t “ B o b” Beam, 73, passed away on Tuesday Feb. 22, 2011, in Auburn. Bob was born on March 17, 1937, in Syracuse, the son of the late Albert W. and Leora Mae Smith-Beam. He was a 1955 graduate of Skaneateles High Robert Beam School. He owned and operated his own farm as well as worked for other area farmers. Before his retirement on July 1, 2005 Bob was a rural newspaper deliveryman for the Finger Lakes Times. He was a member of the Solid Rock Wesleyan Church in Waterloo. He was predeceased by his wife of 34 years, Grace Potter-Beam, who passed away on Feb. 15, 2006. He is survived by his sisters, Sally (Warren) Clauss of Auburn, Carol (John) Delano of Skaneateles, and Betty (Bob) Raymond of Concho, AZ; his brother Charles (Barbara) Beam of Auburn and several nieces, nephews and cousins. Services: Saturday Feb. 26 at the Robert D. Gray Funeral Home, 49 Jordan St. Skaneateles. Burial was in Lake View Cemetery. Contributions may be made to the Solid Rock Wesleyan Church, 17 Thurber Drive, Waterloo, NY 13165. Help Wanted For Sale Garage Sales 17 John H. Lynch, Jr., 91 Enjoyed photography, was a lifelong fan of the Syracuse Orange John H. Lynch, Jr., 91, died peacefully at home surrounded by family on Feb. 23, 2011. John (Jack) was born in Syracuse to John H. Lynch, Sr. and Nora M. Lynch. He graduated from Syracuse Central High School in1938 and from the L.C. Smith College of Engineering at Syracuse University in 1943. Following graduation, he entered the Army Air Corps and served until the end of WWII. Newly married to the former Virginia M. Zinsmeister of Syracuse, Jack took a position in the engineering department of Ansco in Binghamton in 1947. He resided in Chenango Bridge, NY, and worked for Ansco (GAF Corporation) until he retired as manager of plant control systems in 1982. An avid boater, Jack was a member of the Susquenango Chapter of the US Power Squadron, enjoying many summers on Cayuga Lake and the St. Lawrence River. He also served as a trustee Service Directory General Employment nature and love of life and family. Jack was predeceased by his wife of 47 years, Virginia M. Lynch, in 1991, his sister, Mary Lynch Homeyer, and his grandson, David Theobald. He is survived by his children John (Joanne) Lynch of Setauket, NY, Peter (Diane) Lynch of Skaneateles, NY and Cynthia (Fred) Theobald of West Chester, PA; grandchildren, Geoffrey (Mary) Lynch, Kristyn (Andrew) Keefe, Jessica (Bill) Murphy, John (Danielle) Lynch, Jeremy (Kate) Theobald and Stephanie Theobald; great grandchildren Emma and Will Murphy; and three nephews. Funeral mass was Monday Feb. 28 at St. Mary of the Lake Roman Catholic Church in Skaneateles. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to Hospice of the Finger Lakes. Arrangements by Robert D. Gray Funeral Home, Skaneateles. John H. Lynch, Jr. and secretary of the Rosamond Gifford Charitable Foundation in Syracuse. Shortly after retirement he relocated to Baldwinsville and, eventually, Skaneateles, where he resided at the time of his death. Jack was a communicant of St Mary’s of the Lake Church, Skaneateles. Jack enjoyed photography and was a lifelong fan of the Syracuse Orange, frequently in attendance at football, men’s and women’s basketball, and lacrosse games. Jack’s family and friends will remember him for his gentle Real Estate Classifieds Apartments For Rent Wanted Sell it local, sell it fast! To place an ad, call Chelsea Dorado 437-6173 or email [email protected]. 100 Announcements 100 Announcements Adoption: Fun, healty, financiallysecure couple seeks newborn to adopt. Will provide loving home, quality education, strong family connections. Call 1-866-944HUGS(4847). Expenses Paid. www. adoption-is-love.com (NYSCAN) TFN LIFE INSURANCE, EASY TO QUALIFY, NO MEDICAL EXAMS. 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Certiﬁed Public Accountant 06047 Please send a check to Rachel Gillette, 9423 Peregrin Lane, Brewerton, NY 13029 & when I receive your check in the mail, I will bake you a bag of bones! Bars/Entertainment 312 South Main Street All treats are baked upon receiving your order to ensure the freshest pet treats possible. Monday - Saturday Sunday 11:00 am - 2:00 am Noon - 2:00 am  In Kmart Plaza, Mattydale, NY  06810 05296 YOUR HOME AWAY FROM HOME! STOP IN AND TRY ONE OF LUTIE’S AWARD-WINNING BLOODY MARYS........ We are all here because we are not all there! Crossword Syracuse Pet Directory THE The Prayer to the Blessed Virgin. (Never known to fail) 09747 Must be w/ 6 month purchase 06804 CASH NOW! Junk & Used Autos. Towed away for FREE! Call (315) 876-7016 Piano Lessons 08373 -PIANO LESSONS- O’most beautiful flower of Mount Carmel, fruitful vine, splendor of Heaven, Blessed Mother of the Son of God, immaculate Virgin, assist me in my necessity. O’star of the sea, help me and show me where you are my Mother. O’Holy Mary, Mother of God, Queen of Heaven and Earth, I humbly beseech you from the bottom of my heart to secure me in my necessity. There are none that can withstand your power. Show me herein you are Mother. O’Mary conceived without sin pray for us who have recourse to thee. (3x) O’ Holy Mary, Sweet Mother I place this cause in your hands. (3x) Thank you for your mercy to me and mine. Amen Say this prayer for 3 consecutive days and after 3 days your request will be granted and the prayer must be published. Thank you! R.G.B. 06828 Free Cleaning Every 6 Months! Fully Insured & References • 361-4881 Music Teacher w/ B.S. & M.S. Degrees & Years of Experience! $19.00 for 45 minutes. 635-3819. Visit us online! www.eaglenewsonline.com Call 437-6173 or email [email protected] to advertise your classifieds today! Equipment Rental ALL TYPES - Skid Steers - Mini Ex etc. Del. Available - Daily or Weekly Rates 457-2394 Featuring “CAT” Equip. 05295 673-2608 09749 Open 7am to 6pm, Monday-Friday. From our cozy infant room to our active school age program, come see what makes us special! Employment Sell it local, sell it fast! To place an ad, call Chelsea Dorado 437-6173 or email [email protected]. Dock Workers-$12-$14/hr! Positions 06830 available immediately in Syracuse. 4hr Shifts, various days of week. 18 yoa, read/write english, able to lift 65 lbs. req. Forklift operating exp. pref. APPLY: www.yrcw.com/careers EAGLE EAGLE NEWSPAPERS 06833 the publisher of seven community newspapers in the greater Syracuse area, is currently accepting resumes from qualified journalists in anticipation of future openings for both editor and reporter positions. To be considered, please submit a current resume and two or three relevant examples of your writing ability to: Gary Catt, Executive Editor [email protected] Come Join the Team at the Facility of Choice in Wayne County Assistant Director of Nursing Supervising Registered Nurse part-time and full-time (3-11 & 11-7 shift) Registered Nurses, full-time and part-time (All shifts) Contact: Cheryl Acome RN, DON Wayne County Nursing Home (315) 946-5673 • Fax: (315) 946-5671 e-mail: [email protected] web: www.waynecountynursinghome.org Equal Opportunity Employer 06803 Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs 19 Employment VANTINE IMAGING, LLC is the nationâ€™s leading composite company, photographing fraternities & sororities on college campuses across the country. Currently we are looking for an individual to join our IT team. This position is responsible for the research, development,& implementation of state of the art information technology strategies & platforms that meet current & future business needs. The ideal candidate must be able to perform all aspects of data & database administration, logical & physical database design & implementation, testing, security, research & evaluation of new technologies and related responsibilities. In addition this person will be highly organized, able to multi-task and prioritize, have solid critical thinking skills for effective problem solving, possess excellent written and verbal communication skills and strong interpersonal skills. Previous experience required. Associateâ€™s degree in IT or related field required. Knowledge of basic computer operations in an Apple environment. We offer an excellent work environment, competitive pay & benefits and the opportunity for a rewarding career. To apply please send your resume, cover letter, and salary requirements to Laurie Valenti at [email protected] ; fax 824-3136, or mail PO Box 220, Hamilton, NY 13346. EOE We offer opportunities to deliver and install the product/freight which consists of appliances, furniture, building materials, cabinets, windows, ofďŹ ce supplies, and direct to home merchandise. If your company owns/leases any of the following equipment, youâ€™re just what weâ€™re looking for: 24â€™, 26â€™, or 28â€™ straight box trucks By contracting with 3PD, Inc., your business can expect: opportunities to run multiple trucks, high annual gross revenues, run multiple stops per day, 7-day freight availability in most markets, your employees home every night, weekly settlements, and ďŹ‚exible delivery requirements. Our customerâ€™s requirements include background checks, good driving record, valid state and/or federal operating authority, knowledge of home furnishings and installations, and strong customer service skills. To learn more about this opportunity, call Ome at 315-453-8914. 457-9900 SERVED YOUR COUNTRY START YOUR CAREER Liverpool, NY & Buffalo, NY WELDER Job Placement Assistance Second shift full time opening for an experienced welder. Please mail resume with any salary requirements to: HR Manager, P.O. Box 11009 Syracuse, NY 13218 or apply in person at 526 State Fair Blvd., Syracuse Must be registered in NY. Must be familiar with all areas of ultrasound including ECHOâ€™S. Excellent benefits. Call Carl Kaminisky 1-800-972-9392 is currently seeking a 20 hour per week employee to perform multiple general office functions at the Town Hall. Duties include but are not limited to answering the phone, reception, filing, data entry and general office duties. Position would start immediately. Please submit resumes to Allison Edsall, Town Clerk at [email protected]. Learn to Earn Active Duty/ Tuition Assistance Full or Part Time Classes for Portable X-Ray Co PRIVATE DUTY AIDES Light Housekeeping, Meals, Bathing & CDLâ€“A TRAINING Entrepreneurs! Build own business in spare time. Low start-up cost. No inventory deliveries or collections. 06831 3PD, Inc., is a Freight Forwarder under contract with major retailers such as Loweâ€™s, Home Depot, Sears, OfďŹ ce Depot, etc., to provide Logistical support, solutions and warehousing needs. We are seeking established Motor Carriers to provide the last mile delivery and installation of our customerâ€™s products. To be considered, your business must be able to satisfy our customerâ€™s requirements and deliver outstanding customer service. If you are looking to build and diversify your current book of business and can meet our customerâ€™s requirements then we would like to speak to you! 06446 Contract Carriers Wanted DRIVERS CDL drivers needed for local service company. Full time or Part time positions Saturdays or Sundays available. Company paid health benefits. Please mail resume with any salary requirements to: )3.BOBHFSt10#PY 4ZSBDVTF /: or apply in person at 4UBUF'BJS#MWE 4ZSBDVTF 06384 Top Pay. + BeneďŹ ts/Bonuses! Regional. No-Touch. 85-95% D&H. CDL-A. 866-460-8464 or Apply gomartini.com X-Ray Technician for Portable X-Ray Co Must be licensed in NY. Immediate opening. Excellent benefits. Call Carl Kaminisky 1-800-972-9392 06447 06812 Retirement & health insurance benefits. The successful applicant will have excellent computer and people skills. Send resume to Town Clerk, Town of Cazenovia, 7 Albany St, Cazenovia, NY 13035 06807 Apply in person at: Camillus Ridge Terrace 2453 West Genesee Turnpike Camillus, NY 13031 Deputy Town Clerkâ€”Full-time position available. 06805 Searching for motivated individuals to join our team! Full-time day position available immediately for housekeeper needed in an elegant assisted living facility. Housekeeping experience preferred. Competitive pay and benefits available. Must have a good attitude, good attendance record, and enjoy the elderly. SYSTEMS DEVELOPER - EXCITING CAREER OPPORTUNITY: 03405 10 minutes outside Chittenango. Cazenovia School District. No Pets. Newly Remodeled. $900/month. 06824 Marcellus 1 Bedroom Apartment Available with 08369 315-289-9878 nts/wknds or 315-445-8990 days. www.empiremgtco.com Race St. Located near downtown Chittenango. Paved Driveway. Garage, washer/dryer hook-ups, requires 1 yr. lease. 2 bdrms. $775.00/month. Avail. Mid-April. No Pets. Call 687-3525. 06827 Upstairs of a Duplex Avail. 06821 1 & 2 bdrms. starting at $825 heat & hot water incl., hrdwds, FM schools. 1 BDRM: $ VUMt2 BDRM: $525+utl 06450 06631 apt in the Village of Hamilton. $600 plus utility. 315-824-3604 "COLONIAL IN MEADOWRIDGE" 4 Bedrooms, 2 1/2 Baths on Cul-de-sac. Eat in Kitchen - Livingroom/Diningroom - 1st flr office, Music Room or possible 5th Bedroom. Familyroom w/Fireplace. Hardwood flooring - newer roof, windows, and more. 2 Car Garage. Offered @ $228,000. MLS # S244679 -- Northfield Lane #7645 SHIRLEY HENNEBERG BROKER ASSOCIATE CBR, CRS, GRI â€˘ HUNT R.E. ERA 100 E. Seneca St., Manlius, N.Y. 13104 â€˘ 315-682-3515 x 216 Oneida Housing Authority Public Housing & Section 8 Assistance CLEAN MODERN UNITS SECURITY AFFORDABLE HOUSING FRIENDLY ATMOSPHERE NEAR DOWNTOWN ONEIDA LAUNDRY ON PREMISES FREE PARKING ACCESS TO TRANSPORTATION HANDICAPPED ACCESSIBILITY IN-HOUSE ACTIVITIES SNACK SITE OVER 31 YRS IN BUSINESS 315-363-8450 226 Farrier Ave Oneida, New York EQUAL HOUSING OPPORTUNITY NEWLY REMODELED APTS AVAIL MARCH 1ST For Rent: 1 bdrm 1st floor Need a good business location? This offering is for you â€“ fix it, use it or sell it! Out of town seller will even help with financing! Three contiguous properties available with frontage near Carousel Mall; buy one or all â€“ good investment. --- or rent to own. 8,000 sf warehouse with retail space; 4 family house; 2 family house, large lot. ~ Broker 315.466.3819 ~ 06794 TDD/TTY: 1(800) 545-1833 Ext.800 [email protected] 20 LOW RATES â€˘ PERSONAL SERVICE AUTO â€˘ HOME â€˘ BUSINESS 6 Southgate Rd (off Rte 690 & 31) Construction 635-9795 â€˘ BALDWINSVILLE 09686 GALLAGHER PAINTING, INC. www.Gallagher Painting Plus.net Color Consultation, Specialty Painting, Interior/Exterior, Walls, Ceiling & Plaster Repair Ins., Free Est. 415-8000. Home Improvement Hunt's Painting 20 Years Experience Residential & Commercial We are a full service construction Co. Demolition Interior/Exterior Painting Staining & Pressure Washing Bathroom Remodeling Starting at $3250 Great Prices, Fully Insured, Free Estimates 40 Yrs. experience Residential Commercial (315) 652-3773 ADA modifications & Construction Basement & Attic Remodeling Additions, Porches, Garages & Deck. Free Est. Fully Insured. 315 679-2321 06825 DEMOLITION De Barrâ€™s Home IMPROVEMENTS ,iÂ“Âœ`iÂ?ÂˆÂ˜}ĂŠUĂŠ >Ă€ÂŤiÂ˜ĂŒĂ€ĂžĂŠUĂŠ iVÂŽĂƒ -Âˆ`ÂˆÂ˜}ĂŠ ÂœÂœĂ€ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ7ÂˆÂ˜`ÂœĂœĂƒĂŠUĂŠ+Ă•>Â?ÂˆĂŒĂžĂŠĂœÂœĂ€ÂŽtĂŠ ,i>ĂƒÂœÂ˜>LÂ?iĂŠĂ€>ĂŒiĂƒtĂŠUĂŠĂ€iiĂŠ ĂƒĂŒÂˆÂ“>ĂŒiĂƒĂŠUĂŠĂ•Â?Â?ĂžĂŠÂ˜ĂƒĂ•Ă€i` Pat De Barr 427-3769 Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs 21 HEALTH & WELLNESS Hematology-Oncology Associates provides the highest level of quality care Since 1982, Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY (HOA) has been a private practice dedicated to providing optimal care in a healing environment for the mind, body and spirit of patients dealing with cancer and blood disorders. HOA is comprised of 16 physicians, 22 nurse practitioners/physician assistants and 200-plus clinical personnel in four locations including one in Rome and three in the greater Syracuse area. They are privileged to have patients entrust them with their medical care and allow them to be an integral part of their healthcare journey. HOA treats about 2,500 new cancer patients and 1,300 new patients with blood disorders each year. HOA’s Clinical Research Department and Clinical Trials are one of our community’s jewels. HOA is one of just 50 National Cancer Institute Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) participants in the U.S. There are times when HOA’s patients can benefit from clinical trials using new cancer treatments or technologies that are unavailable anywhere else in Upstate NY. Everyone at HOA is deeply committed to offering their patients the most advanced treatments available. Their clinical staff is highly skilled and certified in their Oncology specialty. HOA’s comprehensive cancer sites offer infusion therapy and radiation therapy via two advanced Varian linear accelerators for IGRT (Image Guided Radiation Therapy). Their East HOA is deeply committed to offering their patients the most advanced treatments available. Syracuse facility also houses the CyberKnife, the world’s most accurate radiosurgery weapon, which painlessly treats tumors with minimal effects on nearby healthy cells. The CyberKnife tackles tumors throughout the body including the spine, brain, lung and prostate – even those deemed inoperable. Because it’s so effective, patients need far fewer treatments. HOA also offers in-house CT imaging, giving their treatment teams quick, desktop access to each patient’s cumulative imaging, so physicians can closely monitor progress. In addition, their certified laboratory offers extensive on-site testing for exceptional results and patient convenience. What makes their practice truly special is that everyone at HOA is “united in spirit” – a spirit that is filled with possibilities and hope. They believe that effective medical treatment is not only about healing their patients’ physical illnesses, but also about promoting their emotional, mental and spiritual well being. Their patients are treated like people – not cases. They offer counseling and alternative therapies such as Reiki, massage, healing touch, acupuncture and foot reflexology to complement their state-of-the-art medical treatments and clinical trials. The mission of Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY is to provide the highest level of quality care in a healing environment for the mind, body and spirit of patients dealing with cancer and blood disorders. HOA’s sites include Brittonfield Parkway in East Syracuse – 472-7504; Onondaga Hill in Syracuse – 472-7504; North Medical Center in Liverpool – 472-7504, and East Chestnut Street in Rome – 339-5783. Their beautiful, healing space called “The Wellness Center” is located at 5700 West Genesee Street in Camillus and provides a haven of opportunity for the mind, body and spirit and it is open to the public. Visit their website at hoacny.com. Popular alternative to nursing home care thrives in CNY Who would have dreamt that one of Central New York’s most popular alternatives to traditional nursing home care today originated nearly 30 years ago on the west coast of the United States? PACE CNY, Loretto’s popular Program of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly in cooperation with St. Joseph’s Hospital Health Center, is based on the national PACE model created in 1973 to help the AsianAmerican community in San Francisco care for its elders in their own homes. It provided an innovative way to offer and coordinate a comprehensive array of medical services, physical and occupational therapies, nutrition, transportation, respite care, socialization and other needed services using home care and an adult day setting. In 1994, Loretto determined that it would pursue development of a PACE program in Onondaga County. PACE CNY officially opened its doors on December 1, 1997, and has since expanded to include two full PACE Day Centers serving a current census of more than 400 enrollees. According to the National PACE Association, the typical PACE participant is over the age of 80, lives alone or with relatives, and requires help with personal care and with activities of daily living to maintain safety and security. The Interdisciplinary Team Approach One of the unique aspects of PACE CNY is its interdisciplinary team approach to providing or coordinating care of those people who are nursing home eligible and are age 55 or older. Every weekday morning the team gathers for “Morning Meeting,” where they discuss any findings or concerns about each individual participant’s health and well being. Every participant has a team that manages their needs. The PACE CNY interdisciplinary team includes medical care from primary care physicians and nurse practitioners, and home care services from registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and certi- fied home health aids. In addition, PACE CNY offers physical, occupational and massage therapies, as well as therapeutic recreation, day care, nutrition, medication management, transportation and case management staff services. Recent developments at PACE CNY In 2008, Loretto’s Forest View at Fayette opened to provide quality, low-cost housing for 14 older adults in Syracuse. PACE CNY provides supportive services for these residents to help them remain independent and living in the community for as long as possible. PACE CNY is now offering services at Loretto’s O’Brien Road Senior Apart- PACE CNY, Loretto’s Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly, is now offering services at Loretto’s O’Brien Road Senior Apartments in the town of Van Buren. ments in the Town of Van daga County seniors and Buren that include thera- their loved ones, providing peutic recreation activities, quality care with a focus on a mid-day meal, a light independence and dignity. snack and companionship To learn more about in a safe and nurturing en- PACE CNY, please convironment. The program is tact Ginny Turley, PACE open to adults 55 and over CNY director of intake and in the area who are enrolled marketing, at 703-3656 in PACE CNY. or e-mail her at gturley@ Loretto’s PACE CNY lorettosystem.org or visit has positively impacted the pacecny.org. lives of hundreds of Onon- Excellus BCBS awards hospitals $19 million for quality improvements Fifty-two upstate New York hospitals last year earned more than $19 million in quality improvement incentive payments from Excellus BlueCross BlueShield as part of the health insurer’s Hospital Performance Incentive Program. In the past two years, quality performance incentives from Excellus BlueCross BlueShield have exceeded $40 million. “By tying our payments to these hospitals to improvements in health outcomes and patient safety, we’re helping assure that our members and all others get the best quality care and the most value for their health care dollars,” said Carrie Frank, vice president of quality and health informatics at Excellus BlueCross BlueShield. Eight hospitals in Central New York participated in this program in 2010, including Community General Hospital, Cortland Regional Medical Center, Crouse Hospital, Massena Memorial Hospital, Oswego Hospital, Samaritan Medical Center, St. Joseph’s Hospital Health Center and SUNY Upstate University Hospital. “Working with Excellus BlueCross BlueShield complements our robust quality improvement program at Upstate University Hospital,” said James Legault, director of clinical practice analysis and infection control at SUNY Upstate University Hospital. “The ability to combine our goals with Excellus BlueCross BlueShield works well for both organizations.” Launched in 2004, the HPIP program evaluates participating hospitals on more than 300 performance measures. Target outcomes are jointly agreed upon by each hospital and the health insurer using benchmarks established by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, the Leapfrog Group, the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, the Institute for Healthcare Improvement and others. Four areas are targeted for improvement: Clinical Outcomes – Focused on improvements in heart attack care, heart failure, pneumonia and surgical care. Patient Safety – Focused on reductions in hospital-acquired infections, improved medication reconciliation processes and National Quality Forum Safe Practices. Patient Perception of Care and Patient Satisfaction – Focused on a hospital’s use of a national survey tool. Efficiency – Focused on generics utilization, length of stay and readmissions. “Having a financial incentive to improve quality has resulted in participating hospitals consistently scoring higher on CMS Quality Measures than hospitals whose payments are not at-risk,” said Frank. CMS is the federal agency that administers Medicare, Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program. Relevance in upstate New York In 2007, Excellus BlueCross BlueShield issued a fact sheet on hospital-acquired infections which showed an estimated 19,500 upstate New Yorkers acquired an infection during a hospital stay in 2004 and nearly a thousand deaths were likely to have occurred as a result. The fact sheet, titled HospitalAcquired Infections in Upstate New York, is archived under the heading “Hospitals” in the News & Information section of excellusbcbs.com. Excellus BlueCross BlueShield, a nonprofit independent licensee of the BlueCross BlueShield Association, is part of a family of companies that finances and delivers vital health care services to 1.7 million people across upstate New York. Excellus BlueCross BlueShield provides access to high-quality, affordable health coverage, including valuable health-related resources that our members use every day, such as cost-saving prescription drug discounts and wellness tracking tools in our Step Up program. To learn more, visit excellusbcbs.com. 22 Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs Health & Wellness Seneca Federal: Navigating economic changes, same solid community foundation Katrina Russo, President â€“ CEO of Seneca Federal Savings and Loan Association is very passionate about her community bank and its solid decision making. 2010 marked Seneca Federal Savings and Loan Associationâ€™s 83th year of providing financial services to communities within Central New York. â€œThis milestone is rare in todayâ€™s financial industry and weâ€™re proud of it. Given the competitive environment and state of todayâ€™s economy, within which Seneca Federal operates, the association is fortunate to have a dedicated staff of employees who continue to provide exceptional, personal customer service to our members. This dedication has proven to sustain us through many years,â€? Russo said. Russo continued, â€œThe national economy has been marked by high unemployment rates, a rising number of foreclosures, declining home prices and contractions in business and consumer credit. The unemployment rate locally was slightly below the national average, which was 9.4 percent in December 2010.â€? She explained that in 2010, the association continued to have strong asset quality based on the associationâ€™s conservative underwriting standards and diligent monitoring of delinquent and nonperforming loans. â€œWe have remained committed to our charter of fostering homeownership during 2010 by originating over $12.4 million in residential mortgage loans,â€? she said. â€œOur net interest income is above last yearsâ€™ level and we have maintained liquidity while preparing our balance sheet for the risk of inflation, and expanding our residential mortgage loan business as well as to invest in what management believes will be a future higher rate environment.â€? The associationâ€™s operating expenses are below last yearâ€™s level as a result of various factors including the completion of the final phase of the succession plan, developed by the board over four years ago. â€œThe succession plan was a slow, seamless process that was completed in mid 2010. We were able to navigate our own internal changes while also navigating all the various changes in the economy and banking regulations,â€? Russo said. â€œMany small banks face a merger at the time executive and senior officers retire,â€? she said. â€œThe continued viability of Seneca Federal is not only a tribute to the board, but also to the retiring officers and employees who provided others with the knowledge and skill sets necessary for the association to carry on for many more decades under the thrift charter and to this end we are very thankful to be given this opportunity entrusted to us.â€? Looking ahead to 2011, management remains committed to maintaining a steady course in carrying out the responsibilities entrusted to them by the board, as the merger between the Office of Thrift Supervision and the Office of The Comptroller of the Currency occurs in July of this year. â€œThe extensive regulatory changes brought about by the creation of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and the passing of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and At left, Seneca Federal Savings President-CEO Katrina M. Russo and Wendy K. Bodnar, EVP-CFO. Consumer Protection Act in 2010 marks yet another transformation in banking activities, which can stretch the resources of small community banks,â€? points out Russo. Reform will be far reaching into such areas as Federal consumer protection law compliance, state law compliance, and Homeland Security Regulations. The regulatory burden is always disproportionately heavy for reputable lenders such as Seneca Federal as attempts are made by the federal government to police the dishonest few. Russo is emphatic that the See Seneca Federal, continued on next page Maico Hearing Aid Service committed to providing knowledge, education ing aid dispensers and a New York State licensed audiologist with specific training to pinpoint the cause and uncover the solution to your unique hearing challenges. Their relationship with you does not end when you walk out the door. They love what we do and want whatâ€™s best for you. That is why they have a reputation of outstanding customer service and support. Their follow-up and aftercare services ensure that with regular maintenance, your hearing device will always work at peak per- formance. Maico Hearing Aid Service offers the latest in technological advances with state-of-the-art digital hearing aids, major brands of digital technology, amplified phones, TV ears and accessories that compliment and enhance your overall hearing experience. Pick up the phone and call today at 451-7221. Stop missing out on the laughs and enjoy conversing with friends and family again. Maico Hearing Aid Service, 1001 vine Street, Liverpool, NY 13088. maicohearing.com. Hereâ€™s a CD Thatâ€™s Right For You! 1.05 12-Month CD Annual Percentage Yield Minimum Deposit $500 * The annual percentage yield is accurate and effective February 28, 2011 thru March 6, 2011. A Penalty may be imposed for early withdrawl. Accounts FDIC insured. Invest now Each depositor insured to at least $250,000 Temporarily increased from $100,000 to $250,000 through 12/31/2013 MAIN OFFICE 0TXFHP4Ut#BMEXJOTWJMMFt LIVERPOOL 4FDPOE4Ut-JWFSQPPMt NORTH SYRACUSE /PSUI.BJO4Ut/PSUI4ZSBDVTFt 11448 education they need about hearing loss. When you first speak with Denice to schedule an appointment you will know that your experience at Maico Hearing Aid Service will be a delight. Their clinical staff includes board certified hear- 08617 Do you miss what everyone is laughing about? Are you tired of asking folks to repeat themselves? Maico Hearing Aid Service has been serving Central New Yorkers for nearly 50 years and is committed to providing their customers with the knowledge and EAGLE Skaneateles Press, March 2, 2011 NEwspapErs 23 Health & Wellness Short-term rehabilitation gets you home again In a blink of an eye, Michelle Rurka’s life changed forever. On her way to visit her family in New Jersey, she hit a patch of black ice on the highway and lost control of her car. It flipped several times before resting on its roof. The impact of the crash broke her back. Once stabilized in t he hospit a l weeks later, she ch o s e Sy r a c u s e H o m e’s s h o r t term rehabilitation to help her recover from her injuries. “I am so grateful for the care I received at Syracuse Home. The therapists are well-trained, sup- portive and committed to helping us return home to our families,” says Rurka. Syracuse Home’s comprehensive short-term rehabilitation has rapidly become one of Central New York’s most recommende d prog rams. Short-term rehabilitation at Syracuse Home focuses on recovery by helping individuals build the strength, independence and confidence they need to return home. The professional rehabilitation therapies staff works with individuals with orthopedic conditions resulting from elective surgeries like hip or knee replacements or injuries such as multiple fractures resulting from accidents. Physical and occupational therapies develop skills that enable residents to l e a d i n d e p e n d e nt lives. “After my accident, I never thought I would walk again. Come Join the Team at the Facility of Choice in Wayne County Assistant Director of Nursing Within three weeks of rehabilitation, I returned home. Words cannot describe how wonderful it felt to actually walk into my home. I can’t say enough about my experience. The nurses went above and beyond their normal duties to address my individual needs. I highly recommend Syracuse Home for short-term rehabilitation,” says Rurka. Occupational therapies address muscle strength, range of motion, plus cognitive and visual skills that enhance every day activities. When appropriate, speech therapies address treatment and management of communication impairments as well as swallowing disorders. Located on a beautiful 150-acre campus in historic Baldwinsville, Syracuse Home offers a full continuum of healthcare programs and services for seniors including; independent retirement living, assisted living, memory care, reSee Syracuse Home, continued on next page Seneca Federal Supervising Registered Nurse part-time and full-time (3-11 & 11-7 shift) Registered Nurses, full-time and part-time (All shifts) 06815 Contact: Cheryl Acome RN, DON Wayne County Nursing Home (315) 946-5673 • Fax: (315) 946-5671 e-mail: [email protected] web: www.waynecountynursinghome.org Equal Opportunity Employer Michelle Rurka of Baldwinsville (above left) exercises with Nichole Veaudry, P.T.A., in Syracuse Home’s state-of-the-art rehabilitation center. At left, Rurka learns how to use everyday appliances in a real kitchen setting as part of her rehabilitation treatment plan. association will continue an ongoing commitment to educate and train its employees regarding new and changing compliance regulations to better assist both customers and noncustomers. She believes that it’s reassuring for members to know our officers and employees have the capability and initiative to successfully implement From previous page programs required by the complex regulatory environment. This ability is just as necessary as financial performance in keeping community banks viable as dictated by the federal examination process. Russo said, “The association remains continued commitment to the financial needs of our members re- gardless of economic conditions here or nationwide. Whether the need is for home ownership (regardless of income level), home refinancing, auto loans and other consumer loans, business needs, or our community and charitable financial support, Seneca Federal will be here.” A Leader in Short-Term Rehabilitation I can’t say enough about my experience at Syracuse Home. The nurses went above and beyond their normal duties to address my individual needs. The atmosphere is warm, welcoming and cheerful. The therapists are well-trained, supportive and committed to helping us return home to our families. I highly recommend Syracuse Home for short-term rehab! After my car accident, I never thought I would walk again. —Michelle Rurka of Baldwinsville Specialized care plans focus on your individual needs. If you are planning short-term rehab for hip or knee replacement, neuromuscular disorder, injury, stroke, illness, surgery or other diagnosis, please call: 315-638-2521 Over 400 short-term rehab residents successfully returned home last year. Caring for Generations since 1851 Syracuse Home Health & Rehabilitation Center 7740 Meigs Road, Baldwinsville, New York 13027, www.syracusehomeassn.org 11447 Retirement Living * Assisted Living * Memory Care * Skilled Nursing Care * Short-Term Rehabilitation Health & Wellness Syracuse Home From previous page spite care, skilled nursing care and short-term rehabilitation. As a not-for-profit organization, Syracuse Home boasts a 160- year mission of providing quality healthcare to all of those in need throughout the Central New York region. To learn more about the shortterm rehabilitation program, please call the admissions coordinator at 315-638-2521. Retirement Living for Independent Seniors Make New Memories at Springside St. Patrick’s Day feast in 2009 at Springside. NEW PRICING! Also One and Two Bedroom Apartments Apply Now! Your new home awaits. Tours and Info 315-343-5658, Call Today! Springside at Seneca Hill An Affiliate of Oswego Health www.oswegohealth.org 08189 The residents of Springside can enjoy many fun and informative community programs brought right to their door on a regular basis. Whether it’s taking part in a creative writing program taught by a SUNY Oswego professor, or an osteoporosis exercise program, the nearly 70 residents have many programs available right where they live. The residents also enjoy many theme dinner parties throughout the year. Some of their favorites are the upcoming Mardi Gras, and the traditional St. Patrick’s Day Party where they’ll enjoy entertainment and the traditional fare for the event. In turn, community organizations utilize Springside’s facilities when holding functions. Springside hosts between 40 and 50 events each year, for organizations including local service clubs, church-related groups, retiree groups, and SUNY-Oswego programs. The facility is also often the location for many Oswego Health functions such as board meetings and social gatherings. Then there are the ever popular Soup Lovers luncheons held October through April the second Wednesday of the month. These luncheons, which are open to the public, attract as many as 200 individuals each month. In addition to the Soup Lovers events, there is a strawberry Festival held in mid-June and summertime hotdog luncheon events. “These events keep our residents connected with the community,” said Vice President/COO Teresa Ferlito. “Their interest is always piqued as to what organization is using their beautiful facility to host a meeting or dining event.” Springside residents enjoy the delicious meals prepared for them by the in-house chef. They have input into the menus and are encouraged to share their favorite recipes with the kitchen staff. Other interesting programs are held for the residents. Selected presenters talk about a favorite topic to the residents, which would be either health-related or on a hobby. The presenters are typically local individuals. “These workshops encourage our residents to use their talents and helps them maintain their social lives,” Ferlito said. Springside at Seneca Hill is a premier retirement community located midway between Oswego and Fulton. For further information contact 343-5658, or visit the website at oswegohealth.org. Springside is an affiliate of Oswego Health. Duplex and Cottage Homes Available CANCER BEWARE “I had cancer. Cancer never had me.” Yesterday, I got out my fishing rod. I couldn’t help thinking of everyone at HOA. It was last spring when I found out. I was overwhelmed, distraught – and scared. I thought my fishing days were over. Then I went to HOA. My medical team all said, “We have the technology to fight this thing!” and showed me the CyberKnife. It sounded scary, but when I learned how it worked and how safe it was, I had hope for the first time. Your attitude really inspired me, your staff always encouraged me and your plan of action worked. I may have had cancer, but cancer never had me. Today, my kids and I are heading up to the lake. ™ Centers for Cancer Care and Blood Disorders Onondaga Hill Brittonfield Parkway Syracuse East Syracuse W. Taft Rd Liverpool	Cindy
“And that’s the way it is” closed the broadcasts of what legendary anchorman, who passed away this week at age 92?	California Obituaries: California Obituaries 10/19/10 California Obituaries 10/19/10 BARRETT, ALMA L. Wildomar, Calif. August 27, 1925 - Oct. 12, 2010 Mt. Erie Baptist Church Oct. 21st at 11 a.m. 511 S. 47th Street Greenwood M. Park & Mortuary ANGIE HUFFMAN* HUFFMAN, ANGIE Angie Huffman passed away in San Diego, California on October 15, 2010. She passed peacefully, surrounded by members of her family. She was born Angeline Mary Merenda on January 19, 1923 in Detroit, Michigan. She married John Miles Huffman on May 2, 1943 in Addison, Michigan. She is survived by her husband, along with sons Sam and Bill, eight grandchildren, and four great grandchildren. She was preceded in death by her son, John Scott. Angie was a teacher at Granite Hills High School in El Cajon for many years. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions in her memory should be made to: Loma Linda University Children's Hospital Donations Department Attn: David Colwell 11234 Anderson St. Loma Linda, CA 92354 Alberta Fitzsimmons Alberta Bowman Fitzsimmons, born October 28, 1922, in the Eagle Rock area of Los Angeles passed away on October 10, 2010 at St. Mary Medical Center, Apple Valley., Alberta was a child of the Great Depression and maintained a life-long commitment to honesty, integrity, hard work and thrift. Growing up in San Gabriel with her family she enjoyed the pleasures of the garden, excelled in school and was a caregiver to her beloved sister. She was a resident of the Victor Valley for nearly seventy years. She worked all of her life and joined the federal civil service during World War II at the then Victorville Army Air Force Training Command where she met her future husband, Charles. They returned several years later to what became George Air Force Base to raise their family. Alberta worked with her close friend, the late Annabelle Ralya, at the Mode O'Day dress store for many years. She joined the Daily Press in 1978 as a bookkeeper and retired in 2008., Alberta was pre-deceased by husband Charles Dillard Fitzsimmons, son Michael Clayton Fitzsimmons, sister Marie Elizabeth Peterson and brother-in-law Harry A. Peterson, brother Robert Bowman, brother John Bowman and parents John Rice Bowman, Jr., and Marie Elizabeth Roth Bowman. Alberta is survived by son Robert L. Fitzsimmons of Victorville, daughter Charlene Marie of Lincoln, Nebraska, granddaughter Koryn D. Bishop of Redding, granddaughter KayCee Marie Oldenburg of Lincoln, Nebraska, grandson Kerry Michael Oldenburg of Lincoln, Nebraska, great grandson Riley James Geistmann of Golden, Colorado, great granddaughter Marie Estelle Bishop of Redding, brother Charles L. Bowman and sister-in-law Jackie Johnson of Laguna Beach and niece Leslie Jensen of Bayfield, Colorado. She was very fond of special friends Gene and Susana Krejckant, Yoko Cox, Toni Felz, Midge McDonnell, Millie Lambert, Fran Glazer, Helen Gallant, Steve Williams, Fred and Elizabeth Carrillo, Richard and Ginger Wolf, Leda Medearis, Jan Chien and Freddy and Wendy Rosales. Alberta's kindness, humor and love will live forever in the memories of her family and friends., A celebration of Alberta's life will be held on Friday, October 22, beginning at 4 p.m. and continuing through "Happy Hour" at Sunset Hills Memorial Park, 24000 Waalew Road, Apple Valley., The caring, professionalism and compassion she experienced at St. Mary Medical Center - especially at rehabilitative services - were deeply appreciated. In lieu of flowers, contributions in her memory may be made to the St. Mary Hospital Foundation. Alfredo Dumlao Jr., 79, of Redding died Wednesday at home. Arrangements are pending at Lawncrest Chapel in Redding (222-1587). Alice Curran Alice L. Curran July 14, 1913 - October 16, 2010 Died peacefully at home on October 16, 2010. Born in Hawaii on July 14, 1913. Moved to Angel Island when she was a year old and grew up there with her mother and father Mary and Hugh Mooney. Her 3 brothers Charles, Cyril and Eugene Mooney, all deceased and 3 sisters, Dolores (Dolly) who was her twin sister, deceased, Kathleen and Barbara. She lived on Angel Island until she graduated at St. Peter High School in San Francisco. She married Philip Curran (deceased). She is the mother of Robert, Michael (deceased) and John Curran. She is the grandmother of Mary Volker, Mike, Joe and Tim Curran and Mike Curran of Myrtle Beach, North Carolina. She is the great grandmother of Nick, Ashley and LeAnna Volker. She is the great great grandmother of Leilani. Mother-in-law of Karen and Arlene Curran. She is survived by her two sisters Kathleen Kehan and Barbara Nelson. Her 2 children Robert and John, 4 grandchildren, 2 great grandchildren and 1 great great grandchild. She worked at St. Mary's hospital, San Francisco. She was a member of St. Cecilia Church and was active in Lady Guild organizations. She loved her family and they loved and enjoyed her. She will always be remembered for her wonderful smile, her kindness, the way she loved roses and the Giants. Friends may visit Thursday October 21st, 6:30pm with a Rosary 7pm followed by a Funeral Mass Friday October 22nd, 11am all at St. Cecilia Church (17th Ave. and Vicente S.F.) Committal Holy Cross Cemetery Colma. The family asks that any donations be made to Pathways Hospice, 395 Oyster Point Blvd., Suite 128, South San Francisco, CA 94080. Alice Seymour Aged 94 years and 8 months, died at Palm Drive Hospital on September 25, 2010 after a short illness. Her daughter and grandsons were with her. Alice was born in San Francisco on January 25, 1916 and graduated from UC Berkeley in 1937. In 1939 she married Howard Seymour, a native of Santa Rosa. They lived in Alameda for many years where their daughter was born. Alice and Howard were married for 50 years and retired to Occidental on property purchased in 1950. Alice was a homemaker and 'professional volunteer' throughout her life. Before her recent illness she was a volunteer at the Sebastopol Food Pantry and The Living Room in Santa Rosa. She was a consummate seamstress and quilter and crafted her daughter's wedding dress and trousseau. St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in Sebastopol was her spiritual home for many years and there she put her professional volunteering efforts to good use. Alice is survived by her daughter, Janet Berg; grandson, Jim Berg; and grandson Eric Berg and his wife, Nancy and Alice's adored great grandchildren, great grandson, Aidan, who is three and great granddaughter Kiara, who was one in July. A step-son, Howard Seymour and his wife, Betty, of Pleasant Hill; a sister-in-law in Oregon and a brother-in-law in Stockton also survive her. She was predeceased by her husband in 1988. Her brother, sister, step-daughter and husband, foreign-exchange student daughter, and son-in-law also predeceased her. Services will be held at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, 500 Robinson Road, Sebastopol, CA 95472 at 11:00 a.m. on Saturday, October 23. Donations can be made to St. Stephen's for the Food Pantry, Outreach Program, or the Living Room at Church of the Incarnation, 550 Mendocino, Santa Rosa, CA 95401. Alice Valdez Grajiola Alice Valdez Grajiola, 83, of Indio, Calif. passed away peacefully at home surrounded by family on October 10, 2010. She was born to the late Manual and Maryann Bustamante in San Jose, Calif. on August 5, 1927. She was married to Max H. Grajiola. Alice is survived by daughters, Dolores Ortiz of Indio, Stella Nieto of Perris, Calif., Ramona Perez of Rialto, Calif., Virginia Galindez, Eleanor Zamora and Isabel Martinez of Indio; sons, Bobby Grajiola of Beaumont, Calif., Max H. Grajiola II, and Joe Grajiola of Indio; sisters, Angie Lujan of Arizona and Maltilde Chavez of Corona, Calif.; and brother, Mike Bustamante of California. In addition, she is survived by her 26 grandchildren, 59 great-grandchildren and five great-great-grand-children. She was preceded in death by husband, Max H. Grajiola; daughter, Mary Guerrero; and sons, Peter Grajiola and Charles Grajiola, of Indio. Alice was known for her kindness and sense of humor. She enjoyed dancing to Mexican music and spending time with family. She will be greatly missed. Viewing will take place from 5-8:00 PM on Sunday, October 17, 2010 at Forest Lawn in Indio. The Rosary will be said at 6:00 PM. Services will be at 8:30 AM on Monday, October 18, 2010 at Our Lady of Perpetual Help in Indio. Amelia Ramos (In Memoriam) In Loving Memory of Amelia Ramos October 19, 1936 - April 3, 2010 Feliz Cumpleanos Mom You were born on October 19, 1936 in a pueblo called Mezquitic, Jalisco that rests in the embrace of the mountains, cooing in the song of its river. A town in intimacy and silence where the clamor of the world does not reach and where the soul of its residents makes them ponder important values, and with its climate, lifts the spirit. Mother you gave birth to five girls and three boys. We were your gift of gold that you cherished in your heart and soul. We were your pride and joy that kept you going through good times and rough times. Bakersfield is like your place in Mezquitic surrounded by mountains. Where the river flows bringing life to its destination. We your children do love you no matter what life brings. You never abandoned us and we will never abandon you. For you told us to care and help one another and to forgive. You taught us to pray not only for bad times, but for all times good and bad. When you were young you had to learn to survive at an early age. Life wasn't easy and it sure wasn't easy having 8 children. It was a struggle. But we thank the Lord who gave you the will and strength to have a family who loves you more than anything else in the world. Con mucho Amor de parte de tus hijos, Norberto, Carmen, Lupe, Ramon, Lydia, Irma, Gracie, Miguel Andy Carvalho (In Memoriam) ANDY CARVALHO OCTOBER 19, 1968 Daddy, It's been 12 years since you've been gone. I wish you had been there when I graduated high school, or when I got my license or when I got my first job. I find the number 22 somewhere every day, whether it's getting change, my phone number or my tattoo. Mom says that she knows it is not coincidence, it's just you letting us know you are there watching over us. I hope you are proud of the young women we have become. I know someday I will see you again. I love you. Your oldest daughter, Alexxis POLIVODA, Anna Hillside Mortuary 800-576-1994 Anne L. Heffley ANNE L. WEEGIE'' HEFFLEY MAY 25, 1951 - OCT 14, 2010 Anne Louise (Weegie) Heffley, 59 of Conway, AR, was born in Deer, AR to the late Benjamin Franklin Wagler and Marjorie Julia (Hogate) Wagler. She passed away Thurs. morning, at the Arkansas Hospice Center in Little Rock, AR, surrounded by her family members. Anne loved reading, fishing, writing poems, and maintaining the family history with photos. She also was a great animal lover and over the years had many cats, dogs and birds that she loved. Anne leaves behind two children, Luke Heffley and wife Joanne of Russellville, AR and Megan Jane Allen and husband Michael of Conway, AR; three granddaughters: Lincoln, Regan and McKinley of Russellville, AR; two brothers, David Wagler of Sacramento, CA and Harry Wagler of Citrus Heights, CA; three sisters, Betty Bell of Lake View, Oregon, Judy Souza of Modesto, CA and Jeane Sutton of Pinole, CA and numerous nieces and nephews. Anne was preceded in death by her parents, one sister, Margie Ann, two brothers, Don and Bill Wagler. Family visitation was held on Sunday, Oct. 17 at Roller McNutt Funeral Home in Conway, AR. Services were held on Monday, Oct. 18 at Lurton Assembley of God Church in Lurton,AR with Stanley Taylor officiating. Interment was held at Deer Cemetery in Deer, AR. On line guest book:, www.rollerfuneralhomes.com Arlene McKinney Arlene ("Skip") Allsopp McKinney Passed away peacefully at her home surrounded by her family on Monday, October 18, 2010. She was born in San Francisco on September 23, 1925, a third generation Californian. She graduated from UC Berkeley, Phi Beta Kappa, a member of her beloved Sigma Kappa Sorority, with a major in Latin American studies. After working a year as a Spanish translator for the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, Arlene, known as Skip (except to her California friends), left with a girlfriend on a one-month freighter trip to find jobs in South America. After finding civil unrest and no employment in Argentina, she found work in Rio de Janeiro with the United States-Brazilian military command. After a year, she decided to tour Europe and then found employment in Munich where she was in charge of personnel records for the U.S. Army-Europe. A year later she came home to San Francisco to marry her "pen pal" of five years, Bob McKinney, then moved to Hawaii, which served as their home port while Bob served in the Navy during the, . She then moved to Indianapolis where she helped her husband start and develop his law practice and where they raised five perfect children, Rob, Marni, Kevin, Kent, and Lisa; enjoyed five perfect grandchildren, Franci, Aidan, Payton, Liza and Tristan; as well as her daughters-in-law, Bridget and Heather McKinney and her son-in-law Dick Waterfield. She also enjoyed her interim home in Washington, D.C. during the Carter administration where she supported her husband as a Georgetown hostess and served as an active member of the International Club. They were happily married and traveled the world for 59 years. She is also survived by her cousins, Patsy Mehlinger, of San Francisco and James Winkler, of East Hampton, New York Art was always Skip's true love. She was particularly fond of portrait painting of her children, dogs, friends and studio subjects. She was generous of her talent, time and treasure working weekly at the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, and establishing at UC Berkeley an endowment for Latin American Scholarship, giving special support for her Sigma Kappa Chapter House, and for the world renowned Bancroft Library. Skip also joined her husband in supporting, financially and actively, many other causes including the US Naval Academy,, , and the Sierra Club Foundation. She was a former board member of the Indianapolis Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, the Contemporary Club, and the McKinney Family Foundation. She was a member of the Investment Connection, Meridian Hills Country Club, Lemon Bay Country Club, Walloon Lake Country Club, The Columbia Club and Sam's Club. A special thank you to Steve Jobs. Her adventurous spirit, her marvelous dry wit, her gentle nature and absolute kindness, her selflessness, frugality and unrelenting loyalty will live in our hearts forever. Family and friends will gather on Friday October 22nd from 9:30 to 11:00 am in the Father Paul Courtney Reception Room at St. Luke Catholic Church, 7575 Holliday Drive East, Indianapolis, IN with a Mass of Christian Burial being celebrated at 11:00 am. You are invited to visit the website www.leppertmortuary where you may share a personal memory of Skip and sign the guest book and in lieu of flowers, you may make a contribution to The Society of St. Vincent de Paul at www.svdpindy.org or the Indianapolis Art Center www.indplsartcenter.org. Arthur M. Bustamante Arthur M. Bustamante, 73, from La Quinta, Calif. passed away October 9, 2010 at his residence. He was born in Mesa, Ariz. to Manuel and Virginia Bustamante. He is survived by wife, Florence; daughters, Gloria Diaz, Rosie Leeger and Debbie Juarez; son, Roman Bustamante; 12 grandchildren, 31 great-grandchildren; and two great-great-grand-children. He was a "Water Boy" at Coachella Valley Water District as a heavy equipment machine operator for 30 years. Visitation will be Sunday, Oct. 17, 2010 from 4-9:00 PM with a rosary at 7:00 PM at Casillas Family Funeral Home in Coachella. Funeral Mass will be celebratedat 10:00 AM on Monday Oct. 18, 2010 at Saint Francis of Assisi Catholic Church in La Quinta. Burial will follow at Coachella Valley Cemetery. All services are under the direction of Casillas Family Funeral Home. Beatrice Anderson Beatrice Anderson, 88, of Vacaville died on Sunday, Oct. 10 in Davis. She was born on Sept. 26, 1922, in Maringouin, La., A Funeral service with Pastor Leroy Gainey officiating will be held on Tuesday, Oct. 19, at 11 a.m. at First Baptist Church, 1127 Davis St. in Vacaville. Arrangements are by McCune Garden Chapel, 448-6546, www.mccunechapel.com. Benjamin Scott Colvin Benjamin Scott Colvin, 19, passed away on Sunday, Oct, 10. He was born in Fairfield, Calif. on Dec. 5, 1990. Funeral services will be private. Please sign the online guest book for his family at www.vacahillschapel.com. Arrangements by Vaca Hills Chapel Funeral Home, 446-3233. Benjamin T. Olaes Sr. Benjamin T. Olaes Sr. 89 of Lemoore, California, beloved father, grandfather, brother and great grandfather who was called to the Lord on Monday, October 5, 2010 in Hanford, California., Benjamin was born on December 8, 1920 in the Philippines to Bernardo and Dionisia Olaes. He married Maria Amoroso in 1938. Benjamin worked as a City Councilman for the Philippine government for over 20 years. He came to Oxnard, California in 1992 and resided in Camarillo until 2008 when he moved to Lemoore, CA. Benjamin was well known for his love of singing Elvis and Frank Sinatra songs, dancing at parties, playing bingo, boxing and his love for beer. Everyone knew him for singing "Happy Birthday" at any occasion - he just had to sing happy birthday. His wife, Maria in 1988, three sons and two brothers, preceded Benjamin in death., "Our Grandpa was fun and very cool. We will miss and hold you in our hearts, Grandpa Ben. You are now finally with your loving wife and three sons. We know you are in a happier place.", Benjamin is survived by his loving and devoted daughter, Nenette Walsh of Lemoore, Danilo, Ricardo, Milagros, Dovie, Egie, Benjamin, Jr. and Albert, all of the Philippines; grandchildren, Tess Wolstenholme, Lilian Bruce, Roland Olaes & Jordan Diaz; great grandchildren between Camarillo, Lemoore and The Philippines., Visitation will be held on Saturday, October 16, 2010 from 1 - 6 p.m. at People's Funeral Chapel, 501 N. Douty Street in Hanford, CA., Graveside memorial services will be held on Friday, October 22, 2010 at 1 p.m. at Ivy Lawn Memorial Park, 5400 Valentine Road in Ventura, CA. A reception will follow at the American Legion Post #741 in Camarillo at 3 p.m., Condolences may be made at, Arrangements are under the direction of People's Funeral Chapel, 501 N. Douty St., Hanford, CA 93230 (559) 584-5591. Bill W. Hinsley Bill W. Hinsley August 19, 1934 - October 13, 2010 Bill W. Hinsley was born in Tillman County, Oklahoma to Jack and Avis Hinsley. When he was ten they migrated to California to make a new life in Shafter. He graduated from Shafter High School in 1953 where he excelled in track and football, not academics. It was there he met and married the love of his life, Norma Neuman. They married in May 1954 while he was in the Army. After returning from Germany, they made their home in Bakersfield. He decided to go into barbering and bought several shops. In the early 70's he switched to the grocery business in conjunction with the late Jim Wagner and the late Rod Dannelley. By the end of the 70's he turned to being a landlord or slumlord as some knew him. Whatever he did he did it well and helped numerous people along the way. Survivors are his wife, Norma; daughter, Margo and Ernie Place, WA; son, Brian, WA; son, Bruce and Colleen, Bakersfield; sister, Kathy Hensley, AR; 5 grandchildren; numerous nieces and nephews. He has taught many, helped more, and is loved for a lifetime. A Celebration of his life will be held Saturday, Oct. 23rd, 4 p.m., at Hodel's Harvest Rm. Donations may be made in his name to Odyssey Foundation, 5001 E. Commerce Center Drive 93309. Billy H. Monroe Billy H Monroe 1933 - 2010 Bill was born to Jess and Virgie Monroe in Bakersfield, CA January 18, 1933 and passed, with family at his side, on October 14, 2010. He grew up and was educated locally and joined the U.S., Air Corps in 1950. While serving in England he witnessed the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Bill also served in numerous stateside installations. Discharged in 1953, he returned to Bakersfield and, through a mutual friend, met the love of his life, Joyce Savage. They married in Las Vegas in 1954 and were married for 56 years. He always looked at her with total adoration. Bill worked for Kern Rock Company for 12 years and retired from the Southern California Gas Company in 1993 where he had worked for 20 years. Bill and Joyce enjoyed travelling and took every opportunity to do so. The St. Louis Cardinals lost their most avid fan in his passing. Bill is preceded in death by his grandson, Joshua Jackson. He is survived by his wife, Joyce; brother, Jess 'Dick' Monroe Jr.; sister, Geri Burdick; his son and daughter-in-law, Joey and Dawn Monroe; his daughter and son-in-law, Kim and Herbert Jackson; numerous grandchildren and a multitude of great-grandchildren. A special 'Thank you' to Odyssey Hospice for their kindness, patience, comfort and understanding. We will always remember in our hearts Nurse Theresa Aguilar for the professional and personal dignity and the respect she showed Bill. Graveside services will be held at Hillcrest Memorial Park on Wednesday, October 20th, at 12:00 p.m. A private family visitation will take place Tuesday, October 19th, from 4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m., at Hillcrest Mortuary. Burna Virginia Lewis 92, of Brownsville, passed away on October 17, 2010. Services are pending and arrangements are under the direction of Scheer Memorial Chapel in Oroville. Burnham, Marie Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM Marie Burnham, 83 SOLANA BEACH -- Marie Burnham of Chelsea, Mich., passed away Saturday, October 16, 2010 at Silver Maples of Chelsea. She was ..... C.D. Piearcy C.D. Piearcy of Lemoore passed away at a Hanford hospital on October 1, 2010 at the age of 82., C.D. was born in Oklahoma to Joseph and Jewel Piearcy and has lived in Kings County for the past 41 years. C. D. owned and operated Ruby's Bar in Lemoore and loved to bar-b-que. He could be found at the grill at the Double O Ranch during dove season and at MIQ's Fall Festival. C. D. loved to go camping and fishing. He played on the King's County Men's Pool Team. He enjoyed gardening and would grow large gardens with plenty of vegetables to give away. C. D. also raised cattle, he enjoyed life and was a joker always looking to play pranks on others and just joke around. In his later years C.D. enjoyed playing bingo at the senior apartments where he lived., C.D. is survived by 4 sons, Keith "Sam" Piearcy of Lemoore, Joey Piearcy , Rusty Piearcy and Teddy Piearcy all of Fresno, 3 daughters: Pamela Oliveira of Lemoore, Paula Petery of Fresno and Nancy Iverson of MN, 3 brothers: Bill Piearcy of Oklahoma, Jim and his wife Helen Piearcy of Taft and Gomer Piearcy of Lemoore, 5 grandchildren: Nicholas Oliveira, Jonathan Oliveira, Nathan Oliveira, Makayla Piearcy and Jeff Piearcy, along with numerous nieces and nephews. He was preceded in death by his wife, Melba Piearcy, his daughter, Wanda Piearcy, his parents, Joseph & Jewel Piearcy, 2 sisters, Ruby Brown and Ollie Lane, his sister-in-law, Geraldine Piearcy and his son-in-law, Joseph P. Oliveira., A memorial service for C.D. will be held on Wednesday, October 20, 2010 at 10:00 a.m. at the Lemoore Cemetery., Arrangements are under the direction of Phipps-Dale Funeral Chapel in Lemoore. CAROLYN JANE EASTMAN August 19, 1948 ~ October 15, 2010 Carolyn Jane Eastman, 62, passed away in Chowchilla on Friday, Oct. 15, surrounded by her family. She was born on Aug. 19, 1948, in Merced to Ronald P. and Ardythe Thissen of Chowchilla. She was an elementary school teacher for over 28 years. She was preceded in death by her mother, Ardythe Thissen. Carolyn is survived by her loving husband, Frank; her children and their spouses, Christine Beltz and her husband, Andrew of Madera, Kari Anderson and her husband, Tim of Fresno, Dawnette Thomas and her husband Jonathan of East Wenatchee, Washington and Shawn Cardwell and wife Denise of Clackamas, Oregon; 11 grandchildren; her father, Ronald Thissen; two brothers and one sister. A visitation will be held at Palm Memorial Worden Chapel on Thursday, Oct. 21, from 4 to 7 p.m. with a Rosary following at 7 p.m.A Mass will be held on Friday, Oct. 22, at 10 a.m. at St. Columba Catholic Church. Father Angel Sotello of St. Columba will officiate. Remembrances may be sent to Leukemia/Lymphoma Society, 340 W Fallbrook Avenue, Suite 101, Fresno, CA 93720 CHARLES HARRIS CHARLIE HARRIS Charles Pearsall Harris, age 39, died October 12, 2010, in San Bernardino, CA. He was the son of E.A. (AL) Harris and Kathy Harris of Murrells Inlet, SC. His brother Ted Harris lives in Myerstow, PA. Charlie was a Celerina A. Guillen Celerina A. Guillen, beloved mother, wife, grandmother, great-grandmother, daughter, and sister, passed away peacefully with family at her side on Wednesday, Oct. 13, 2010., She was born on June 15, 1937 to Alberto Arteaga and Socorro Marquez. Our mother was a loving, beautiful, humble, hardworking and generous woman. She enjoyed spending time with her family and in her later years in life, she found peace and comfort while spending time with her dogs ( Brownie, Vida, and Shiloh). She loved nothing more than being in the same room with her nine children. We will miss her forever!, She was preceded in death by her son, Eulalio Guillen, on April 17, 1985, and her dog, Coco, on May 14, 2010. She is survived by her husband of 58 years, Efren Guillen; mother, Socorro Marquez; and children, Maria Popma, Angelina Fuentes, Margarita Guillen, Gloria Olguin, Joe Guillen, Gabino Guillen, Rosa Guillen, Linda Seitz and her "baby boy" Juan D. Guillen; 33 grandchildren; 16 great-grandchildren; dogs, Brownie, Vida, and Shiloh; and five siblings, Guadalupe Arteaga, Angela Arteaga, Salud Arteaga, Gregorio Arteaga and Eugenio Arteaga., Mama, I love you more than all the stars in the sky, more than all the fish in the sea, more than the sun's heat. I will miss you more than words can say! Linda..., Visitation will be held from 12 noon to 10 p.m. with a rosary to be recited at 7 p.m. on Sunday, Oct. 17 at Garcia Mortuary, 629 South A Street. Mass of Christian burial will be celebrated at 10:30 a.m. on Monday, Oct. 18 at Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church, 500 N. Juanita Rd., Oxnard. Interment will follow at Santa Clara Catholic Cemetery. For maps and directions to all ceremony locations and to sign the family's online guestbook, please visit www.mysantapaulafuneralhome.com. Funeral arrangements are under the direction of the family owned and operated Garcia Mortuary, 629 South A Street, Oxnard. For further information, please call 486-9148. Celeste Marie Kett Celeste Marie Kett, 44, of Dixon, passed away on Friday, Oct. 8, in Sacramento., She was born on Dec. 23, 1965, in Sacramento., A visitation will be held on Sunday, Oct. 17, from 3 to 6 p.m., with a Rosary at 4:30 p.m., at Milton Carpenter Funeral Home., A Mass with Father Dan Madigan and Father Carlos Farfan officiating will follow on Monday, Oct. 18, at 11 a.m. at St. Peter's Catholic Church., In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to a college fund that has been set up for her daughter, Megan, in honor of Celeste at First Northern Bank in Dixon. Donations can also be made to St. Peter's Food Locker or Sacramento Food Bank., Arrangements are under the direction of Milton Carpenter Funeral Home, 678-2189, www.miltoncarpenter.com., Charles Martin Morris Morris, Charles Martin February 5, 1925 - October 15, 2010 Charles Martin Morris died October 15th of complications from lymphoma. He was 85. Born in Joplin, Missouri, on February 5, 1925, he was the son of famed greyhound breeder and racer, Frank W. Morris and his wife Ida. He and his older brother, Bud, moved with their parents to Santa Monica, California, in 1932 and "Chuck" attended Saint Monica Grammar School and Loyola High School. Enlisting in the Marines in 1943, he was stationed in the Pacific where he saw combat as a radar specialist in Guam, Okinawa, and China. After the war he was employed by General Telephone for 40 years. Married in 1948 to the former Betty Ann Kuykendall, they had three children. He is survived by his wife, his older son, the Reverend Michael Morris of Berkeley, his daughter, Patricia Chamberlain of Encino, his younger son, Timothy Morris of Hermosa Beach, and four grandchildren. Charmaine Gomes CHARMAINE GOMES AUG 16, 1926 - OCT 16, 2010 Charmaine Gomes, age 84 of Patterson, passed away Saturday at her Residence. Mrs. Gomes was a native of Red Bluff, CA and a resident of Patterson for 65 years. She worked for Laidlaw as a School Bus Driver for 36 years. She was a member of the American Legion Auxiliary of Patterson, Meals on Wheels, and original member of the STARS program in Patterson. She loved and was dedicated to animal welfare in Patterson and was married at the Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Patterson to Howard Gomes 65 years ago. Mrs. Gomes is survived by her husband, Howard Gomes of Patterson; sons, Dan Gomes (Cindy) of Patterson, Richard Gomes of Nashville, TN; 3 grandchildren, Jason McCleery (Marci) of Patterson, Julie Hubin (Chad) of Coulterville, Justin Gomes (Britney) of Patterson and 3 great grandchildren. A visitation will be held from 5:00 to 7:00 pm, Wednesday, October 20th at Hillview Funeral Chapel in Patterson. A Rosary/Funeral Mass will be held at 10:00 am, Thursday, October 21st at Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Patterson. Interment to follow at Patterson District Cemetery in Patterson. Remembrances may be made to: Fathers Connors Endowment Trust Fund, PO Box 1174, Patterson, CA 95363. Services conducted by Hillview Funeral Chapel, Patterson. Christi Marie (Mancini) McCarthy CHRISTI MARIE MCCARTHY (NEE MANCINI) DEC 5, 1965 - OCT 13, 2010 Christi Marie McCarthy of Winton passed away on October 13th, at the age of 44. Christi was raised in Modesto, grew up playing soccer, and attended Davis High School. She spent the last 14 years as the Transportation Coordinator for Stanislaus County Special Education, where she was a dedicated advocate for special needs children. She was an active parent member of Boy Scout Troop #9 and at Summit Charter School. A beloved mother, daughter, sister and friend to many. Christi's unique spirit will be sorely missed. She is survived by her children, Justin and Nicholas McCarthy; parents John Mancini Sr. and Linda Marasovich; step-parents Jerry Marasovich and Julia Mancini; siblings John Mancini Jr., Jullie Camacho; step-siblings Jeff Cox, Jay Curtis Cox, Jeff Marasovich, Joanna Weyand, Jill Arnold, Dennis Graves, Kim Ford and Tammy Harris. A memorial service will be conducted on Friday, October 22 at 7pm at Frankiln and Downs Chapel on McHenry. Remembrances can be made in lieu of flowers in the names of her children at Wells Fargo Bank (Standiford & McHenry), or to Sierra Vista Learning Center (100 Poplar, Modesto, CA) www.modbee.com/obituaries Clifford B. Mitchell a true icon of the Humboldt County legal community, a man of many and varied talents and interests, and most of all, a family man who was blessed to spend 58 blissful years married to his college sweetheart, Janice I. Mitchell, passed peacefully on October 15, 2010 at age 83 surrounded by his family. Cliff was born in San Francisco on July 20, 1927. His father Emery moved the family to Humboldt County in the early 40's to pursue his legal career, and Cliff graduated from Eureka High School in 1945, lettering in football, basketball, baseball and tennis. After 2 years in the Navy, he spent two years at Humboldt State and then transferred to Stanford University, from which he obtained his B.A. in English in 1950, and later his law degree in 1953. While at Stanford Law School, he was an Editor of the Law Review alongside two eventual U.S. Supreme Court Justices (Rehnquist and O'Connor). Cliff joined his father in the Mitchell and Henderson law firm in 1953, which eventually became Mitchell, Dedekam and Angell, and now proudly still bears his father's name as Mitchell, Brisso, Delaney and Vrieze. His son William is currently a partner in the firm. He tried well over 100 jury trial cases, was recognized throughout Northern California as one of its very top trial attorneys, and was nominated to numerous national prestigious trial lawyer organizations, including the American College of Trial Lawyers, and the American Board of Trial Advocates (ABOTA). One of his most significant, published cases was one which resulted in the first ever award of punitive damages against an insurance company in California, in which he represented a local woman who was unfairly denied disability benefits. He met his bride Janice Ide at Stanford while he was at Law School and she an undergrad, and they wed on August 16, 1952. After moving to Eureka, they raised four children, Cliff, William, Shelley and Steve, all graduates of Eureka High. In 1966, they purchased what he called his "little slice of heaven" on the Mad River beyond Kneeland. The family built a cabin to go along with the existing "White House", and four generations of Mitchells, including nephew Forrest Mitchell and his family and niece Millie, thoroughly enjoyed their summers along the mile of private river frontage for more than 40 years (hence the name "Mad Mile Ranch"). In 1989, they built their dream house in the hills of Arcata, nestled amongst the redwoods, and overlooking the Humboldt Bay, were he lived until his death. In the past 5 years, they enjoyed their retreats to the warmth of their condominium in Medford, frequently attending plays in Ashland. Away from home, Cliff and Jan traveled the world, including memorable trips to Greece, Egypt, Russia, France, China, Italy, England, Alaska, Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. Just 3 years ago, they summited the ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru. Cliff was a master level chess player, having games published in chess magazines, tournament bridge player, astronomer, fly fisherman (including trips to Alaska, Montana and Christmas Island), competitive golfer and longtime member and past President of Baywood, and among the area's finest tennis players for many years. An avid reader and history buff, he was versed in everything from the Greek and Roman civilizations, the Civil War, World War II, Shakespeare, Robert Burns poems, to Raymond Carver short stories. He stood by his family through thick and thin. His brother Bernon caused an international stir when he left the United States for the Soviet Union in 1960 at the height of the Cold War, and while working as a cryptologist for the National Security Association, but Cliff remained loyal and close to his brother visiting and travelling with him on several occasions. He loved unconditionally his four children, and his daughters-in-law Oxana and Theresa Mitchell, and was immensely proud of his four grandchildren, Scott, Emily, Amy and Jenny Mitchell from Santa Rosa (Scott currently attending DARLENE RALLS April 26, 1941 ~ October 13, 2010 Darlene Ralls, 69, was born April 26, 1941 in Mesa, AZ. and died Oct. 13, 2010 in Merced. She came to California at the age of 5. Her family settled in Dos Palos where she met and married Olaf H. Ralls, Jr. in 1958, then moved to Los Banos in 1976 where she resided until her death. She is preceded in death by her husband Olaf H. Ralls, Jr., son Olaf H. Ralls, III (Butch), father Lee Nunley, mother Lucille Nunley, brother Richard Nunley, sister Joyce Russell. She is survived by her daughters Tammy Rodrigues (Steve), Paula Gomez, Donna Bridgford (Rocky) of Los Banos and Janet Becerra (Fernando) of Firebaugh; sisters Jeannie Lyons of Firebaugh, Nita Martinez of Oklahoma, Marla Bunyard of Dos Palos, brothers Ronnie Nunley of Bakersfield, Michael Nunley of DosPalos. 17 grandchildren, 15 great-grandchildren. Numerous aunts, uncles, nieces and nephews. Visitation will be Tuesday, Oct. 19th at 10am. Service will follow at 11am at Whitehurst Funeral Chapel. Burial will follow at Los Banos Cemetery. David Avanzino David Francis Avanzino Feb. 1, 1948- Oct. 16, 2010 Passed to his new life on October 16th. David was a native San Franciscan who fully enjoyed and appreciated the beauty and diverse nature of his City. Dave graduated from Saint Ignatius and San Francisco City College, served in the, Reserves and was a proud member of Retail Clerks Union 648. He was actively involved in community work as a counselor and mentor for 20 years. David enjoyed traveling, walking, family gatherings and his SF Giants. He was predeceased by his mother, Minnie; brother Thomas and sister-in-law Linda. David is survived by his loving father John and step-mother Anna Marie; siblings Stephen, Jerome, Timothy, Marie and Matthew. He is also survived by his aunts Betty Huss and Rose Falsetto, and numerous cousins, nephews, nieces and grand-nephew. He also is survived by his loving friend Laura McCabe. A memorial service will be held at St. Ignatius College Prep. Chapel, located at 2001-37th Avenue in SF on Oct. 23rd, at 11:00 a.m. In lieu of flowers, contributions may be made to your local Hospice organization. David Dillon David A. Dillon Passed away on October 12, 2010, at the age of 92. A native San Franciscan, David graduated from Polytechnic High and the University of San Francisco. He served in the, in, , and returned to complete a long career with the City of San Francisco. A long-time member of the Olympic Club, he was a true Irish gentleman. He will be fondly remembered for his broad smile, quick wit, and the twinkle in his eye. Friends may visit Tuesday at 9:30 AM and a Funeral Mass will be celebrated Tuesday at 10:00 AM (BOTH AT) St. Ignatius Church, Parker at Fulton St. S.F. McAVOY O'HARA CO 415-668-0077 David F. Crandall, died on Friday Oct. 8, in Dixon. He was born on July 1, 1940., Arrangements will be made by Bryan-Braker Funeral Home, Dixon, 693-0292 www.bryanbraker.com. David Foster Crandall It is with great sadness that we share with you the passing of David Foster Crandall. Born on July 11, 1940, in Berkeley, David grew up in the Berkeley Hills, where he attended Berkeley High School., After high school, he attended San Jose State University. David entered the United States Army in 1961. After the Army, he worked for the San Jose Police Department. In 1966, he became a proud member of the California Highway Patrol, where he served until his retirement in 1995., In his spare time, David loved golf, working on his 40 Chevys and attending church., David is survived by his wife, Lucy; and his children, Elida Mena, Henrriette Mena, David Andrew Crandall, David Glenn Crandall, Daniel Crandall and Katie Crandall., A service will be held on Thursday, Oct. 14, at 11 a.m. at United Methodist Church, 209 North Jefferson St., Dixon, Calif., 678-2191., The family requests that donations in David's memory be made to Allendale Union Church., Interment will be private at Sacramento Valley National Cemetery, Dixon., Arrangements are by Bryan-Braker Funeral Home - Dixon, 693-0292. Sign our guest book at www.bryanbraker.com., David Mask David Mask January 27, 1918 - October 15, 2010 David was born in Portales, New Mexico, lived and attended schools in Roswell, NM. He moved to Bakersfield in the early 30's with his brothers and worked in the oil fields constructing storage tanks in Bakersfield, Taft and Long Beach. He served his country during, in the U.S. Army serving campaigns and battles in Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes, Rhineland and Central Europe from 1943 to 1945. Upon discharge, he returned to Roswell with his wife Edythe and farmed with his brother until 1950. David then came back to Bakersfield to stay, owned and operated a local drug store and retired as a house painter in 1985. He enjoyed playing golf and spending time with his family, especially with his grandsons. He was preceded in death by his parents, James and Annie Mask and 9 brothers and sisters, his wives Edythe Newton and Lily Followell. He is survived by his sister, Francis Corn of Roswell, NM; and his only child, David R. Mask and wife Donna; 2 grandsons, Ryan and Blake, all of Bakersfield. David will be laid to rest at the Bakersfield National Cemetery on Thursday, October 21, at 10:45 a.m., viewing on Wednesday, October 20, from 3:00 to 7:00 p.m., at Hopson- Anspach Family Mortuary. Please sign David's guest book at, Hopson-Anspach Family Mortuary David Ross Freeman Freeman, David Ross (December 30, 1949 - October 15, 2010) David Freeman left this life as he lived it, with dignity, courage and faith. He died on October 15, 2010 from malignant brain tumor. A master craftsman and an exceptional builder, he was inspired in his daily work ethic by St. Joseph Worker. Owner and manager of his company for over 30 years, he was attentive to detail, design and quality on every project. An amazing and loving husband, true friend, father, grandfather, uncle, mentor and hero, he balanced his life with a dedication to family work, and the challenges of everyday living. He is survived by his wife and best friend of 39 years, Mary (Frazier) Freeman; children, Matthew, Andrew, Katherine (Freeman) Batty, Michael and Rebecca; son-in-law, Dr. William Batty; daughter-in-law, Jennifer Freeman; grandchildren, Alannah, Aiden Conner, Isabella, Tristan and Emily (all of whom will greatly miss helping grandpa make his famous pancakes, and homemade ice cream!) David will live on in his children and his grandchildren as they seek to emulate his simple genuine spirit of embracing life in daily tasks, while building upon his sound philosophy and everyday wisdom. The family extends its deepest gratitude to the doctors, health care providers and St. Joseph Hospice for their kindness and compassion during David's illness,and all who have shared in his journey. Memorial Mass and Rosary will be held at St. Joseph Catholic Church, Placentia on Wednesday 10/20/2010, 10:15 a.m. In lieu of flowers please continue to build upon the legacy of DRF and send donations to : Habitat for Humanity of Orange County. Deborah J. (Schroeder) Masters Debbie was active in the United Methodist Church for her entire life, serving both in the choir and as choir director in multiple locations, including the Nuremburg Philharmonic in Germany. For the past four years, she has been the choir director at the Travis Air Force Base Protestant Chapel., Debbie is survived by her loving husband of 2 1/2 years, Fred Daniels; two sons, Skip Leasure (Reme) of Spokane, Wash., and Randy Leasure of San Francisco; grandsons, Jacob and Joshua Leasure of San Diego, and Noah Covey-Leasure of Spokane, Wash.; sister, Teresa Cline (Dave) of Vacaville, Calif.; brother Elmer J. Schroeder Jr. (Deanne) of Willoughby, Ohio; 2 step-children, Michael Daniels (Heidi) of Springfield, Va., and Susan Joy Draper (Ben) of Omaha, Neb.; step-grandchildren, nieces, nephews, grandnieces and grandnephews. She was preceded in death by father, Elmer J. Schroeder Sr. (1972); mother, Janet D. Keiffer (2002); and sister, Mary Kay Schroeder (2000)., A Celebration of Life Service will be held at Community United Methodist Church, 1875 Fairfield Ave., Fairfield, Calif., on Oct. 30, 2010, at 11 a.m. The family suggests donations to the American Cancer Society in her name., Debra Lynne Dawson, 52, of Fairfield, died on Sunday, Oct. 10., She was born on Jan. 9, 1958., Private family services will be held., Arrangements are by Fairfield Funeral Home, 1750 Pennsylvania Ave., Fairfield, 425-1041, fairfieldfuneral-home.com. Dennis Michael Carroll (DC) Born into Life... September 12, 1947 Born into Eternal Life... October 12, 2010., On Tuesday, October 12, 2010 DC lost his battle with a very rare stomach cancer. He was born in Denver, Colo. and moved with his mother to Ojai, Calif. at the age of two and later moved to Oxnard. He worked as an Electronic Tech at Point Mugu Naval Base & San Nicholas Island and retired after 39 years of service., DC was energetic, full of life and caring of everyone. Joking was his lifestyle and he had several nick names for his family, friends and dogs. He never left home without his kids (dogs) Tyrone, Toby, Nicole and Nikki. He traveled often with work and loved going to Kauai. He loved having friends over for BBQ's and informing them he was the best "BBQer"., Competing was also a strong trait of DC's; playing dominos, craps and black jack were his favorite past times. He was a loyal fan of the LA Rams, USC Trojans, Dodgers and Lakers. Boating, fishing, bowling, and golfing were among his many pleasures in life. He enjoyed many camping trips , outings and his home away from home on the Colorado River., He is survived by the love of his life, Beth Ann; daughter, Shannon; son, Earl; mother, Linnea; his loving family and friends in Jacksonville, Fla. and his brothers from other mothers in Oxnard. His favorite granny Elvera was with him in heart and sprit throughout his life and illness., A special thanks goes out to nurse Ratchit (Diana), Dr. Barone and Cresent Pharmacy. A "Celebration of Life" (Hawaiian theme) will be held for family and friends from 1-8 p.m. at the Oceanview Pavilion (Port Hueneme beach) on Saturday, October 23 (575 E. Surfside Dr., Port Hueneme). In appreciation of DC's love for animals, donations can be made to any animal shelter of your choice. Dixie Dillingham Dixie "Dix" Dillingham of Indian Wells, lost her battle with cancer on October 1, 2010 at Eisenhower Hospital in Rancho Mirage. Born Dixie Jane Dillingham on Sept 11, 1931 in Ardmore, Oklahoma to Cecil (Dilli) and Dorothy (nee) Mcphee Dillingham. She was predeceased by her sister Dorothy Mizell. She is survived by her niece, Molly Peterson; and family of Atlanta, Ga. Inurnment was on Oct. 8, 2010 at Forest Lawn in Cathedral City, Calif. A Memorial Celebration of Life will be held at a later date. Dixie attended Healdton High School and the University of Oklahoma where she was a Pi Phi Sorority sister. After college she worked in Dallas and LA for advertising and marketing firms and after relocating to the Coachella Valley she was an agent for Becker & Becker. She enjoyed travel (except on planes), "loved those big parties" and liked to spend quality time with friends. Her enthusiasm for the Dallas Cowboys and Sooner football was obvious to everyone she met. She had pride in her native Oklahoma and battling to the end she will always be remembered for this part of the Sooner fight song lyrics that she loved to recite. "I'm a Sooner born And a Sooner bred. And when I die, I'll be a Sooner dead." Thank you Dixie for so many memories: the laughter, the good times, your zest for life and the unforgettable twinkle in your eye. In memory donations are suggested to be made to The Donald E. Redman Donald E. Redman passed away on October 17, 2010 in San Pedro. Donald was born on December 28, 1935 in Texas and resided in Rancho Palos Verdes for over 27 years. He was a longshoreman with the ILWU Local #13 for 10 years and enjoyed fishing, movies, coaching Little League, volunteering with the Boy Scouts and was also very artistic. Donald is survived by his wife, Dorothy; sons, Mark (Angela) and Eric (Stacy) Redman; grandchildren, Samantha and Noah; and numerous nieces and nephews. A vigil service will be held on Thursday, October 21, 2010, 9:30 a.m. at Holy Trinity Catholic Church. The funeral Mass will follow at 10:00 a.m. Interment will be held at Green Hills Memorial Park. Visitation will be on Wednesday 2-8p.m. at McNerney's Mortuary. You are welcomed to leave the family a message or share memories at Donald J. Backe It is with great sadness and heavy hearts that we announce the passing of Donald J. Backe on Oct. 12, 2010., He was born on July 21, 1928 in Burbank but spent the majority of his early life in Saticoy. He was a longtime resident of Camarillo. His last days were surrounded by his family and friends at home., Don was preceded in death by his parents, Edmund and Helen (Quintana) Backe, and his beloved wife of almost 40 years, Margaret (Wieneke) Backe. He is survived by his children, Nick Backe, Dawn Adrianne (James) Jordan, and Kurt (Jennifer) Backe. His grandchildren are Jonathan Backe, Jared Backe, Jason Backe, Chloe Jordan, James Jordan, and Matthew Jordan., He was an exceptional Dad who never failed to love and protect his children. He adored his grandchildren. He leaves his children and grandchildren a legacy of strength, loyalty, and absolute integrity., Don was remarried on Nov. 6, 1999 to Maureen (Sanford) Backe. They enjoyed their years together traveling and with family. Maureen always referred to Don as her "Knight in Shining Armor.", Don was owner of Backe Electric and retired in 2002. He was a member of the American Legion, and the British Car Club. His son Kurt and he worked together to restore his Triumph GT6. He won first place for his Triumph at the Central Coast British Car Show just this past June., He proudly served his country with an honorable discharge from the Army on June 29, 1956., Funeral services are as follows: Visitation will be from 2 to 8 p.m., with Rosary being held at 7 p.m., on Monday, Oct. 18 at Joseph P. Reardon Funeral Home, 757 E. Main St., Ventura. Funeral Mass will take place at 11 a.m. on Tuesday, Oct. 19 at the San Buenaventura Mission in Ventura. Burial immediately following at Ivy Lawn Cemetery, Ventura. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to Livingston Nursing Association or . Arrangements under the direction of Joseph P. Reardon Funeral Home, 643-8623. Donna Garcea Donna Joyce Garcea, Resident of San Jose, 96, died peacefully October 16, 2010 at Watsonville Residential Assisted Living in Watsonville, California., She is survived by her daughter, Leona August (Pat), sons Larry Garcea, Gregory Garcea (Charlotte), grandchildren Deborah Livermore (Jayson), Dianna Skillicorn (James), Donna (Jesse) Hughes, Steven Garcea. She is also survived by her great grandchildren: Jennifer and Jared Livermore, Russell August, Thomas Skillicorn, Mason Hughes, her sister Barbara Domitrovich and 22 nieces and nephews., Donna was predeceased by her husband Pat Garcea, grandson, Mark Patrick August, parents Vincent and Kata Domitrovich, eight sisters and two brothers., Visitation will be at noon, service at 1 P.M. on October 21, 2010 at Lima Family Mortuary, 466 North Winchester Blvd. Santa Clara, California 95050. Burial immediately following the service will be at Santa Clara Mission Cemetery, 490 Lincoln, Santa Clara 95050., Condolences may be offered at www.limafamily Doris J. Fischer January 31, 1933 - October 9, 2010 Doris J. Fischer, daughter to Ralph B. Crandall and Dorothy Loomis was born in Joplin, Mo. on January 30, 1933. She died October 9, 2010 in her home surrounded by loving family after a year-long battle with cancer. She is survived by her brother, Ralph Crandall of Palm Springs, Calif.; son, James Fischer of Corvallis, Ore.; and daughters, Janice Smith of Redding, Calif. and Loretta Prince of Anderson, Calif.; grandchildren and great grandchildren. Doris was preceded in death by her husband, Paul Fischer; daughter, Ginger Prince; brother, Loomis Crandall; and two granddaughters, Tara and Jolea Prince. She enjoyed playing golf, bowling, painting, creating stained glass and wintering in Palm Desert, Calif. while enjoying summers in Corvallis, Ore. A non-denominational service will be held for Doris at the McHenry Funeral Home in Corvallis, Ore. starting at 1:00 PM on Saturday, October 16, 2010. Burial will follow at Oak Lawn Memorial Park. For on-line condolences go to www.McHenry Funeral Home.com. Doris Marie Steffey Doris Marie Steffey was born in Springville, Utah, on May 21, 1924. Her job as an executive secretary with U.S. Steel took her to San Francisco in the 1950s, and she lived in the Bay Area the rest of her life., In 1961, she met George R. Steffey through mutual friends, and they discovered a shared love of bowling and coin collecting. They were married in September of that year. In September of 1962, Doris gave birth to their only child, Susan Denise., In the late '60s, the family moved to Vacaville, and shortly thereafter, Doris went to work as a secretary for the Vacaville Unified School District, for whom she worked until her retirement in the 1980s. Doris loved collecting antiques, painting, reading, movies, and caring for cats who needed her., Doris died peacefully on Sept. 25 of congestive heart failure. She is survived by her husband, George, of Fairfield; daughter, Susan Milikien (Doug) of Lafayette; granddaughter, Gabriela of Lafayette; her sister, Verna Garrett of Provo, Utah; and many, much-loved nephews and nieces. A private memorial service will be held later this month in Springville, Utah., As a life-long lover of cats, Doris would be honored for donations to be made to: The Solano Feral Cat Group, http://solanoferals.org, 421-5515., Dorothy (Rowland) Adams Dorothy Rowland Adams, 8/24/1921-10/9/2010, Born August 24, 1921 to Charles and Edith Rowland, she passed away peacefully on October 9, 2010., A graduate of Roseville High and Placer Jr. College, she began her career with the State of CA in 1941, retiring in 1988 from the Dept. of Education., She was a devoted mother to her children, Glenn and Barbara Adams and is also survived by grandchildren Ryan and Andrea Adams; great-grandson Gabriel Adams; sister Margie Inglett and many nieces and nephews. Preceded in death by her parents; siblings Rita Stewart, Una Hale, Edith Reeves and Stanley Rowland., At her request, no services will be held. As a faithful lifetime member of the First United Methodist Church of Roseville, she requested that donations in her memory be made to her beloved church. Dorothy Anona "Sue" (Lance) Jackson July 24, 1936 - October 14, 2010 Dorothy "Sue" Anona Jackson, nee Lance, 74, of Redding, died Thursday at Mercy Medical Center. She was born in Westwood, CA where she lived with her parents and two brothers for many years. In 1948, the family relocated to Redding. Dorothy attended Sequoia Junior High School, graduating in 1950. Following her freshman year at Shasta High School, the family moved to Anderson in 1951. Dorothy resumed her studies at Anderson High School, graduating with honors in 1954. In October of 1958, Dorothy met her future husband, Bill Jackson, whom she married on September 19, 1959. The couple shared more than 51 years of connubial happiness. Dorothy was an employee of the state for more than 40 years. Working for both CalTrans (formerly the Division of Highways) and the California Department of Forestry, she performed well in myriad positions for these respective agencies. Her infectious smile and genuine affability endeared her to many of the individuals with whom she interacted. Retiring in 1999, her four-decades-plus tenure with the state was an accomplishment of which she was proud. Dorothy is preceded in death by her parents, Walter and Mabel Lance, as well as her two brothers, Robert "Buddy" and James "Howard" Lance. She is survived by her husband, Bill, her two children, Rick Jackson of Chico and Tracy Jackson of Red Bluff, as well as five grandchildren and one great-grandchild. At the family's request, no services are planned. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to the Enterprise Lions' Club Endowment Fund for the giant American flag. Dorothy Frances Beelard Dorothy Beelard, 82, passed away at home in her sleep, with her family around her., Dorothy was born in Broken Bow, Okla., to John and Tinnie Swafford. The Swafford family moved to California in 1935. Dorothy married Verne Beelard on Nov. 2, 1945. They raised three sons, Verne, Billy and Wayne. The family owned and operated Beelard Chevron for more than 40 years. Dorothy enjoyed her family and friends gatherings at her home, all of her grandchildren and the occasional trip to the casinos. Her sense of humor, her zest for life, and her feisty personality will be forever missed., Dorothy was preceded in death by her son, Billy. She is survived by husband, Verne; sons, Verne and Wayne; daughter-in-law, Toni; and five grandchildren., Graveside service will be held on Friday, Oct. 15, at 10 a.m. at Vacaville-Elmira Cemetery. Arrangements are under the direction of McCune Garden, 448-5646. Online guestbook www.mccunechapel.com., Dorothy Jewel "Mimi" Murphy MURPHY, Dorothy Jewel 'Mimi' Mrs. Dorothy Jewel "Mimi" Murphy died peacefully at home in Rohnert Park on Saturday, October 9, 2010. She was 89. Family was very important to Mrs. Murphy, whom her family called Mimi. She was the matriarch of the Murphy clan of Sonoma County, and she loved nothing more than having her children, grand children, and great-grand children around her. She also loved a dry Martini with lots of olives, the drier the better, and a game of Pinochle with her friends in the Royal Oaks Mobile Home Park in Petaluma. Mrs. Murphy was born in 1921 in San Francisco and lived all her life in Northern California. In addition to the City By the Bay, she lived in Tiburon, Petaluma and Rohnert Park. In the early part of her life, Mrs. Murphy lived on The Avenues in San Francisco. Later she moved to Tiburon, where for more than 40 years she lived on Juno Road, near Blackie's Pasture, where she raised her three children and saw Marin County explode in growth. Her small home on Juno was for generations the gathering point for all holidays, and all members of the extended Murphy clan have fond memories of it, particularly the large (and loud) holiday dinners around the long table near the kitchen, and anyone who knew her will carry the memory of her belly laugh to their grave. Other staples of Mrs. Murphy's home were the ever-present bowls of candy that beckoned from the coffee table, the big backyard divided by a huge hedge and her ingenious way of hiding Easter eggs. She moved to Petaluma in 1987. While raising a family, Mrs. Murphy also worked for several years at Fidelity Savings and Loan in Mill Valley. Mrs. Murphy was married to her second husband, the late Joseph Murphy, for 56 years. They met shortly after World War II, where Joe had a distinguished military career that included extensive service in Northern Africa and Europe. After raising their family, Mrs. Murphy and her husband were avid square dancers for many years, crisscrossing the state in their RV to attend square dancing events. After her husband's death, Mrs. Murphy took many excursions with the Day Trippers group out of Santa Rosa. Mrs. Murphy's oldest son Joe, of Sebastopol, died in February 2008. She is survived by daughter Carole Bratton of Rohnert Park, her daughter De De Teeters of Seattle, son Tom Dunlap and wife Charlotte of Aptos and their son Paul; Carole's daughter Pamela Roth and her husband Robert of Rohnert Park, and their children Tim, Meghan and Caroline. Mimi is also survived by son Jon S. Murphy of Sacramento; Joe's wife Vicki of Sebastopol, daughter Molly and her husband John Eleen of Davis, and their daughter Kennedy; their son Ryan and his wife Elin of Point Arena, their children Sophia and Ethan. Mimi is also survived by many cousins and long-time friends. A memorial service will be Friday, October 22nd, at 2:00 p.m., at Cross and Crown Lutheran Church, 5475 Snyder Lane, Rohnert Park, CA. Donations are preferred to Neighbors Organized Against Hunger (NOAH), PO Box 2955, Rohnert Park, CA 94927, or to your local food bank. Dorothy Marie Martelli Dorothy (Dottie) Marie Martelli passed away at Eisenhower Hospital in Rancho Mirage, Calif. on September 28, 2010. Dottie was born to Leo Roy and Lenna Mae Walls (Bond) in Floydada, Texas on October 12, 1929. She grew up in Abilene, Texas and attended and graduated from local Abilene schools. She worked for Tenneco West for years and after retiring spent many hours volunteering her time at Eisenhower Hospital's Diabetes Center where she enjoyed the many friendships she made there. She is survived by her son, David (Barbara) Schuyler; and daughter, Morii (Frank) Taylor. She will be greatly missed by her grandchildren, Justin, Brandon, Ryan, Lindsay and Jennifer; and her great-grandchildren, Taryn, Megan and Kailyn who so loved spending time with their "Granny." Dottie leaves behind many extended family members including step-grandchildren, Robi and Kelly; along with two former-daughter-in-laws she cared so much for, Aleta and Jennifer. She enjoyed many friendships over the years but none as dear as the ones with her friends, Alladean, Sylvia and Bev. She especially loved her little dog, Darby, who was by her side the last two years. She was preceded in death by her husband, Richard with whom she enjoyed a full and happy life; her son, Bill (Bubba); and her beloved granddaughter, Heather, all of whom she loved and missed so much. Her ashes will be interred next to Richard's in Riverside National Cemetery and a Celebration of Life will be held at a later date. We love you and miss you, Mom. You will be forever in our hearts. Douglas (Greg) Jacob-Foster Douglas (Greg) Jacob-Foster of Indio Calif. passed away October 11, 2010 in Palm Desert Calif., he was 47. He was born March 6 1963 to Joseph L. Jacob and Donna E. Jacob in Lutcher La. Greg married Brinn McKone on October 4 2008 in Palm Desert Calif. He was a co-owner of Zippity Zip courier Service and 20 year flight attendant for Alaska Airlines, retired. He served in the Air Force from June 1985 to June 1986. Greg is survived by his husband Brinn McKone of Indio Calif., sister Bunny Accardo of Hester, La., brother Jacob Jacob of Tacoma Wash., and "adopted mother" Jeannie Foster of Vashon Wash. He was preceded in death by father Lee Jacob, mother Donna E. Jacob and "adopted" father Michael Foster. Memorial services will be at 10am on October 16 2010 at the Center For Spiritual Living in Palm Desert Calif., Interment will be at 11:45am on October 16 2010 at Forest Lawn in Cathedral City Calif. The family suggests donations be made to thetrevorproject.org, to help stop teen suicide. Douglas O'Brien DOUGLAS P. O\'BRIEN Doug went home to be with the Lord on Sept. 20, 2010. Age 73, a resident of Riverside, CA since 1959. He was a machinist until his retirement in 2001. He is survived by his wife, Dolores, of 52 years and his two daughters and their families, Erin & Mike Chavez and Karen & Mike Hubbard; four grandchildren, Nick & Michelle Chavez, and Natasha & Joey Hubbard; great-grandson, Tyler Woodring. He was born and raised in Michigan. Preceded in death by son, John D. O\'Brien; parents, Daniel and Eunice O\'Brien; sister, Phyllis Tivy and brother-in-law, Stan Tivy. He was a wonderful Husband, Dad and Grandfather. He was a member of Fellowship Baptist Church since 1974. A private Family Ceremony will be held on Sunday. In lieu of flowers, the family wishes that donations be made to Fellowship Baptist or charity of your choice. DR. GRACIELA SARMIENTO, 53, of Arroyo Grande, died Oct. 16, 2010. Arrangements are under the direction of Lady Family Mortuary and Crematory of Arroyo Grande. Duncan Halcro Duncan Halcro, 56, of Palm Desert, Calif. passed away October 9, 2010 in Palm Desert. He was born May 19, 1954 to Jack and Nelma Halcro in San Diego. He was a dedicated employee of Desert Arc in Palm Desert for seven years. He was preceded in death by his parents and his twin brother, Malcolm. Graveside services will be at 2:00 p.m., Monday, October 18, 2010 at San Jacinto Valley Cemetery, Hemet, Calif. In lieu of flowers, the family suggests donations be made to Desert Arc, Palm Desert, Calif. Edgar Leonard Gee Jr. Edgar Leonard Gee, Jr. Born August 18, 1921 in Marysville, CA, to Edgar Gee, Sr. and Louise Wright, the oldest of their two children; a second generation California native. On September 16, 1945, he married his sweetheart, Virginia Pilcher who preceded him in death in 1992. He is survived by their four children, Lance Gee (Emma), Denise Damm (Robert), Marcus Gee and Laurie Gee; seven granddaughters and 15 great grandchildren. He was reunited with Virginia on October 15, 2010. The family would like you to visit, and sign the online guest book. Family and friends are invited to Lakeside Colonial Chapel, 830 D Street, in Marysville, CA on Tuesday, October 19, 2010 from 5-8pm for a visitation. There will be a funeral service held on Wednesday, October 20, 2010 at 11:00am at the First Presbyterian Church in Marysville, with a burial at Sierra View Memorial Park with the Beale Air Force Base Honor Guard. Arrangements are under the direction of Lakeside Colonial Chapel, Marysville, CA (530) 749-9277. Send Condolences to Elizabeth Louise Ranous Elizabeth Louise "Betty Lou" Ranous, 82, passed away on September 28, 2010. Betty Lou was born to Raymond and Louise Nottke in Los Angeles, Calif. in 1927. She married William "Bill" Ranous in La Canada, Calif. on September 8, 1946, and had two children, Richard and Susan. They lived in Glendale, Calif. until 1989, when they moved to Palm Desert, Calif. to spend their retirement years on the golf course. Betty Lou enjoyed golfing, sewing, and her grandchildren and great grandchildren. She was an active member in the Christian Science Church in Palm Desert, the Rancho Mirage Women's Club, and the Philanthropic Educational Organization. Betty Lou was preceded in death by her parents and her husband of 60 years. Survivors include her two children, Rick (Audra) Ranous and Susan (Alan) Brubaker; five grandchildren, Jennifer (Billy), Daniel (Shanna), Alison, Kaitlin and Kyle; and two great grandchildren, Kailyn and Kirianne. Elizabeth Ryan Minor December. 20 1946- October. 15, 2010 Liz died peacefully Friday afternoon, at home, with her family in attendance as they had been throughout her brief illness. When she received the diagnosis and its prognosis, in May, ofCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease she decided two things. First, she set about contacting friends from throughout her life hoping to hear from them and inviting those that could to come visit her while she still had the ability to get out and enjoy their company. A surprising number responded, coming from far and near, bringing much joy to her in the months she had left. They in return received joy and much inspiration from her spirited battle with this presently incurable disease. Second, she gave permission for herself and her records to be studied in the hope that Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease will someday be understood and families will no longer have to endure the ravages of this disease. Liz is survived by her husband Chuck, her daughter Jill and her sister Virginia Hanley. Her sisters-in-law Sue Sherrer, Jane Minor, and Jane's sister Virginia Rowen were devoted and much appreciated care givers, giving generously of their time and love to help out. Our heartfelt thanks go to them and the many neighbors, friends and relatives who became a steady stream of visitors bringing warm hugs, meals, gifts and "much Chocolate" thus brightening her often dreary Humboldt days. A Eureka native, Liz graduated from St. Bernard Schools of Eureka and Dominican University of San Rafael. She spent a number of years in Tucson, Arizona, where among other things she worked for the Mayor of Tucson. Wanting to be nearer family she moved to San Francisco where she worked for the Orthopedic Residency Training Program at St Mary's Hospital. After their marriage, she and Chuck returned to Eureka to raise a family. Here she worked for the Center For Child Advocacy, becoming the Director, and then worked as an independent contractor to the Superior Court of California Humboldt County until forced early retirement. She will be remembered for her wit, intelligence, creative style and her devotion to family, friends and coworkers. She was a world traveler; some memorable trips included Scotland with five cousins searching out their ancestral home, Italy, joining Jill who studied there one summer and Paris with her sister and their daughters after Jill graduated from the University of Arizona She was a creative and outstanding cook, a book artist and member ofNORBAG, a letter writer who never forgot a birthday, an avid reader and longtime Book Club member who kept a record of every book she ever read. A Service for Elizabeth will be held at St Bernard Church on Friday October 22, 2010 at 2PM. The family requests that in lieu of flowers a donation, in Liz's name, be made to Hospice of Humboldt, the Caring Bridge web site or a charity of your choice. Elizabeth Torres was one of four victims in the deadly gas line explosion and fire on Sept. 9, 2010 in San Bruno, Calif., For more: Emma Bernice Tolson Emma Bernice Tolson October 10, 1916 - October 14, 2010 Viewing will be held between 5:00 - 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 20, 2010 at Greenlawn Mortuary (3700 River Blvd). Services will be held at 11:00 a.m. on Thursday, October 21, 2010 at the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints at Fairview Ward (2801 S. Real Rd.). Graveside services will follow at Greenlawn Cemetery. Emma Bernice Tolson passed away peacefully at home Thursday, October 14, 2010. She was born in Weinent, Haskell, Texas October 10, 1916. She moved to Bakersfield, CA in 1959 where she raised her two sons up to be men, James H. Mayfield and Oran B. Mayfield. Emma Bernice Tolson has five family of Farris on her side of the family. Erwin Froehlich Erwin Froehlich, 85, passed away October 12, 2010, in his Corcoran home., A memorial service will be held on Saturday, October 23, 2010, 11:00 a.m., at Bledsoe Family Peoples Funeral Chapel, 1030 Cardoso Avenue, Corcoran, followed by a reception to celebrate his life., Mr. Froehlich was born on August 25, 1925, in Minsk, Russia to Julius and Emma Froehlich. The family left Russia in April 1943 to return to their homeland of Germany. Mr. Froehlich married Magdalene Franz on June 15, 1950 and immigrated to the United States in 1951, arriving in Lemoore, California on November 11th of that year. He and his wife made Corcoran their home in 1955 and raised three children. Erwin worked for Gilkey Farms, Inc., for over 40 years, retiring in 1993., After retirement, Erwin was an active participant in local German and Polish Clubs, a Senior Center member and a Commissioner for the Kings County Commission on Aging. He and Magdalene were also named the King and Queen of Corcoran for the Kings County 73rd Homecoming Parade in 2000 and Grand Marshals of the 2003 Corcoran Cotton Parade in recognition of their involvement in the community., Mr. Froehlich is survived by his beloved wife of 60 years, Magdalene, and his loving children, Carl Froehlich and wife Sandra of San Jose, CA, Robert Froehlich and wife Peggy of Simi Valley, CA, and Christine (Froehlich) Shippey and husband Tom of Pollock Pines, CA. He is also survived by six grandchildren, two sisters, Else and Mila, and his brother Albert and wife Erika., Erwin was preceded in death by his parents, two brothers, Leo and Adolf, and a sister, Lene., In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to the Corcoran Senior Center, 800 Dairy Avenue, Corcoran, CA 93212. F.L. Thomas (In Memoriam) F. L. "ZEKE" THOMAS OUR DAD AND PAPA Nov. 17, 1929 ~ Oct. 19, 1996 REST IN PEACE Dad for one who goes to meet the Lord Your gentle touch remains upon the hearts of those who loved you best. Take care of Jim and now Steve. Love Mom, Judy, BJ, Peggy & Teresa FRED RUSTICUS October 31, 1947 ~ October 12, 2010 Fred Rusticus was born on December 14, 1946 in Waxens, Friesland to parents Mike and Grace Rusticus. They moved to America on October 31, 1947. With family by his side, he entered into rest on Tuesday, October 12, 2010 after his short battle with lung cancer. He was a wonderful brother to Jerry Rusticus, Marlene Passalaqua, Anita Rusitcus, Joan Wells, Sandy Rusticus, and Grace Pimentel. He was a father to Eric Check, a Grandpa, and an Uncle to many nieces and nephews. Fred served in the U.S. Army from March 1966 to May 1968. After his Army service, Fred got into the trucking business as a driver and mechanic, hauling hay and other commodities. In 1999 he started farming almonds in Hilmar, CA. You could catch him riding around his orchard with his dogs, boy did he love his dogs! He built a huge shop and that is where he enjoyed spending his free time. He loved working on trucks and tractors, anything mechanical to say the least. Fred loved watching 50's televisions shows and listening to 50's music. Everyone knows that if you wanted to get Fred wound up, just start talking politics with him! Another thing Fred enjoyed was being on the computer. He loved researching political issues, finding jokes to email everyone, and keeping in touch with his family and friends. Fred was always surrounded by his family and friends, and in his final days, they were there for him when he needed them the most. We would like to invite everyone to come celebrate Fred's life. A visitation will be held at Wilson Family Funeral Chapel, 1290 Winton Way in Atwater, on Tuesday, October 19, 2010 from 3:00pm to 6:00pm. Funeral services will be held at Gateway Community Church, 353 E Donna Dr in Merced, on Wednesday October 20, 2010 at 10:00am. We thank you all for being a part of Fred's life. He will forever hold a special place in our hearts. Filipe A. Chagas Filipe A. Chagas of Bethel died October 16,2010 tragically after being struck by a motor vehicle in Darien, he was 19 years old. Filipe was born August 2, 1991 in Pocos De Caldas Brazil, the son of Peter and Vera ( Souza) Chagas. He was a graduate of Bethel High School, and was most recently attending Naugatuck Community College. He is survived by his parents Peter and Vera of Bethel; one sister Ashley, and many friends, and relatives. The family will receive friends for calling hours on Thursday October 21, 2010 from 2 to 6 pm at the Christ of the Shepherd Church 52 Stadley Rough Rd. Danbury CT 06811 where a funeral service will be held at 5 00 pm. Cremation services will be in private. In lieu of flowers the family would like donations to be made to The Chagas family C/O Newtown Savings Bank 211 Greenwood Ave., Bethel CT 06801 Att. Carla Begglo. Funeral arrangements have been entrusted to Green Funeral Home in Danbury. Fleda Fern (Krone) Evans Fleda passed away on Friday, April 9, 2010, after a long illness. She was born in Long Beach, CA, on January 26, 1924, the daughter of Ray and Vera Krone. Her childhood years were spent in Arcata, San Bruno, and Palo Alto, CA. She graduated from Palo Alto High School, and became one of the pioneers of the Palo Alto Children's Theater. She received her BA from Stanford University in Theater Arts and Costume Design. In 1950 she married William Evans, and on April 8, 2010, they celebrated their sixtieth wedding anniversary. A year ago Fleda and Bill moved to Loomis, CA, from Los Altos Hills, to be near their family., Fleda shared her love of the theater through teaching drama education at San Jose State University and directing plays for amateur theater groups in her home town of Los Altos, CA. She was an active member of PEO, a service organization which supports academic scholarships for women, and was for many years an active member of a religious theater group called LAMP (Los Altos Methodist Players), directing numerous productions there., Fleda is survived by her husband Bill, her daughter and son-in-law, Lee Evan and Jeff Belfiglio of Bellevue, WA; her son and daughter-in-law, Roger and Amanda Evans of Loomis, CA; grandchildren Evan and Alexander Belfiglio, Silas Brewton, and Carson Evans; her sister Betty Krone Asher of Loomis, and many nieces and nephews., A memorial service will be held at Shepherd of the Sierra Presbyterian Church in Loomis, CA on Saturday, May 1 at 4:30 PM. Internment will be on an Evans plot in Louisville, KY. Remembrances may be sent to PEO (, ) in memory of Fleda Evans, Chapter OZ, or to the "UC Davis Foundation" for the Krone Professorship of the College of Engineering of The University of California at Davis, . The family also wishes to gratefully acknowledge services of Hospice Care. Frances W. Clausell Frances W. Clausell was born on March 12, 1931 in Newport News, Va. She passed away on Saturday, Oct. 9. A viewing will be held on Sunday, Oct. 17, from 12 to 5 p.m. at Fouche's Funeral Home, 366 Telegraph Ave. in Oakland. Funeral Services will be held on Monday, Oct. 18, at 10 a.m. at Shiloh Baptist Church, 185 Chandler Street Vacaville, Calif., 95688. Interment will follow at Rolling Hills, 4100 Hilltop Road, Richmond, Calif., 94803., Frances is survived by her four children, seven grandchildren and three great-grandchildren., Frank Peter Crook Jr. Crook, Frank Peter 10/20/1917 - 9/30/2010 Born 10/20/1917 in L. A. to Gadys Cahen and Frank Peter Crook, Sr. Passed gracefully 9/30/2010 from sepsis just shy of his 93th birthday. He was surrounded by his loving family: Pam Gray (Wendy Gleason); Gordon Crook (wife-Susie, Kevin and Kelly). He married his childhood sweetheart, Mary Ficovic in 1941. She preceded him in January 2009. They enjoyed a loving marriage of 67 years. He graduated from LA High in 1935, attended UCLA and graduated from Cal in 1941 with a BA in Mechanical Engineering. During WWII he designed airplanes for Douglas Aircraft. In 1958 he and Milt Miner formed Miner & Assoc. In 1962, they added other companies forming Tridair Indus. In 1975 Tridair merged with Rexnord. Peter then went off on his own with blueprints of airplane parts he felt would be usesd for the next five to ten years and formed Aeroterra, Inc. Aeroterra closed their doors in late 1999 some 24 years later. Who knew it would last so long. Peter, as he was known by most (although he was also known as Gordon or Frank depending upon when you knew him) was a gentle, kind man who has now joined his wife, Mary. I'm sure she has him out there on the dance floor already. He was very active in the S.M. Republican Club, Optimists, L.A. Country Club and a variety of other organizations over the years. Golf was a big part of his life and he especialy enjoyed golfing with his son, Gordon and grandson, Kevin. His first grandchild, Wendy Gleason has been takng care of him and Mary since she first took ill in 2006. He was much loved and will be missed by everyone. Celebration of his life wil be held on October 20, 2010 at 388 Surfview Dr., Pacific Palisades, CA. In lieu of flowers a contribution may be made to Santa Monica Animal Shelter, 1640 9th St., S.M., Ca 90404, attn: Donation for Frank Peter Crook, Jr. Fred Alva Rose Fred Alva Rose Born April 16, 1930 in Dobbins, CA. Passed away October 6, 2010 in Oroville, CA. He is survived by his wife Emily Rose; and children: Lupe Cordova (wife Leah), Johnathan Rose, Eleanor Robles (husband Socorro), Sandy Mankin (husband Steve), Henry Rose (partner Joanne), Belinda Lucich (husband John), Faye Rose, Matt Rose, Calvin Rose, and Glenda Rose. He is also survived by his sister Martha Noel and his aunt Lorraine Betega; thirty-three grandchildren; and thirty-seven great grandkids, also numerous nieces and nephews. Preceded in death by his son Alvin Rose; mother Ella Rose-Mix; and father Ralph Rose; two brothers: Lloyd Rose and Ralph (Sonny) Rose. Fred served in the Air Force. He was a Swamper, Log Scaler for the Forest Service and pulled green chain. Fred was also a truck driver. He will be greatly missed. Graveside services will be held at Keystone Cemetery, Dobbins CA at 2:00 pm Saturday, October 23, 2010. For information, please call (530) 675-2434. Send Condolences at Frederick Howard Gardner Frederick, affectionately known to his friends and relatives as "Fritz" passed away on October 11, 2010. He was born in 1916 to Howard J. and Adah L. Gardner in Columbus, Ohio. After grade school, he graduated from Frenz, Albert "Al" Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM Albert "Al" Frenz 1923 - 2010 Resident of San Leandro Al Frenz, age 87 years old, a lifelong resident of Alameda County passed away ..... Fulvia Bonetti Fulvia Bonetti, forty year resident of Palm Springs, Calif. passed away peacefully on October 13, 2010 at the age of 87 in Las Vegas, Nev. surrounded by her loving family. She was born in Alife, Italy on July 24, 1923 to Philomena and Michael Isabella. She grew up in New York City and moved to Rosemead, Calif.where she met, fell in love and married her "one and only," Pasquale "Lino" Bonetti, to whom she was married to for 50 magical years, until his death in 2005. She was a loving and dedicated mother to daughters, Mary Keefe of Banning, Calif. and Joan Riegert of Las Vegas; and son, Mike Bonetti of Bermuda Dunes, Calif. In addition, she is survived by her brother, Armando Isabella of Covina, Calif. She adored her four grandchildren, Justin, Rachael, Christina and Matthew; and her son-in-law, Rick; and daughter-in-law, Annette. A service was held at Forest Lawn in Cathedral City, followed by a burial ceremony at Desert Memorial Park Cathedral City. GRACE MARION LEMA July 9, 1929 - October 15, 2010 Grace Lema was born to Henry and Virginia Atkins on July 9, 1929. She passed away peacefully in her home on Oct. 15, 2010 surrounded by her loving family and friends. She was 81 years old. Grace was married to Eddie Lema, her best friend for 59 years. Grace and Ed farmed together locally and raised two daughter, Kathy & Vickie. Grace also worked for the Davis Canning Co. for 30 yrs. Every year Grace would raise fruits and vegetables, but her passion was cooking. She loved baking pies and bread and creating new recipes to share with her friends and family. She wrote a cookbook called Grace's Kitchen. Grace adored her 2 daughters, 4 grandchildren and 8 great-grandchildren. She was so proud of each of them for their many accomplishments and successes in life. Grace was preceded in death by her husband Eddie in 2006, three sisters Florence, Ruby and Margaret, and brother Thomas. She is survived by: daughters Kathy Wilson of Pendleton, OR and Vickie Robinson of Winton; grandchildren: Jason Wilson, Janis Edwards, Jake Wilson and Jill Robinson-Wolgamott: great-grandchildren: Taylor, Brooke, Jacey, Ayden, Piper, Heath, Kelvyn and Tyler. She is also survived by sisters: Della Dunkak and Janet Krebbs. Visitation for family and friends will be held Thursday, October 21, 2010 from 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. at the Wilson Family Funeral Chapel of Atwater. Funeral Services will begin at 11:00 a.m. with Pastor Gary Martin officiating. Burial will at follow at Winton Cemetery. Arrangements are entrusted to Wilson Family Funeral Chapel of Atwater. Gary A. French Gary passed away unexpectedly at home in Sandwich, MA on Tuesday, August 31, 2010 at the age of 65. Born in Burbank, CA, the son of Henry Sidney "Sid" French and Ada Chapin French, Gary spent many years in San Jose and later Sebastopol, CA, before relocating to the east coast. He was a graduate of San Jose State University and earned his MBA at Pepperdine University. Gary had previously worked in sales for, , but had recently made a career change and at the time of his death was employed at Plymouth Crossings, a senior care facility in Plymouth, MA as Director of Community Relations. During his 21 years in Sebastopol, Gary was actively involved with Kiwanis Club of Sebastopol, was a member of Leadership Santa Rosa Class XII, and was named Kiwanian of the Year and Sebastopol Humanitarian of the Year. Gary was also a former President and member of the Board of Directors of the Polly Klaas Foundation, and is one of three men credited with revolutionizing the way missing person information and photographs are shared, by digitizing them and then disseminating them electronically. Gary was a gourmet cook and a lively host who loved providing family and friends with a good meal. He was also an enthusiastic and successful gardener who, with his wife Paula, had planted the entire properties they shared in Sebastopol and Sandwich. Gary is survived by his wife of 11 years, Paula French, and his children, Jeremy French of Forestville, CA, and Stephanie Summerton-French of Santa Rosa, CA, and two of his beloved aunts, Zaye Chapin and Irma Davis, both of Tuscon, AZ. A celebration of Gary's life will be held on the afternoon of Sunday, October 24. For details, and to share stories about Gary, please contact [email protected] . His ashes will be scattered on both coasts at later dates. Gary Kolvoord His open to the public service will be held on Friday at 11 a.m. at the Sacramento Valley National Cemetery, 5810 Midway Road, Dixon, CA 95620. Following the service, there will be a reception at 11:45 in Dixon., In lieu of flowers, please make donations to North Bay Cancer Alliance in Gary Kolvoord's name to be used toward the Lake County Facility. Donations can be mailed to 185 Sotoyme St., Santa Rosa, CA 95405., Gary Lee Rayner April 26, 1939 - Sept. 10, 2010 Gary L. Rayner was born in Phoenix, Ariz., then went on to serve the U.S. Army in 1962-1963. He majored in Business and was a R.E.A./Broker for 30 years. He lived in Compton, Long Beach, Santa Barbara and then moved to the desert where he resided for 15 years. Gary was living in Rancho Mirage and working for Windermere Real Estate when he lost his battle to Cancer after two weeks at the VA Hospital in Loma Linda. Gary will be remembered as a respectable, generous and genuine man. He will live in the hearts of the people who had the honor to know him. He rests at the National Cemetery in Riverside. "Forever we will miss you." Gayton, Georgia Leona Smith Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM Georgia Leona Smith Gayton Passed away at the age of 67 in Richmond CA. Georgia was a long time resident of Contra Costa County ..... Gene Sincich In Loving Memory Of, Gene Sincich, PhD, Aug. 14, 1946 - Oct. 19, 2008, Chemist, Teacher, Eagle Scout, "It is not the length of life but the depth of life.", Dear Gene, Two years have passed, but you're still very much missed and will never be forgotten. You worked so hard for everything you achieved in life, and your smile could light up a room! Your legacy will live on through continued support of the causes and interests that were important to you. Love, Ginny, family and friends. GEORGE MOLINA, 53, of Nipomo, passed away October 17, 2010. Arrangements are in the care of Magner-Maloney Funeral Home and Crematory. George O. Hart George O. Hart, 78, resident of La Quinta, Calif. passed away in Bermuda Dunes, Calif. on October 11, 2010. He was born in Colebrook, N.H. on April 24, 1932 to Joseph Francis Hart and Zella Blanche Wilkins. He was a retired Director of Maintenance and Operations, Desert Sands Unified School District. He is survived by his wife, Joy Woods Hart of La Quinta; sons, Warren A. Hart (Patti) of Hooksett, N.H., and Ted A. Hart (Linda) of La Quinta, Calif.; step-daughter, Malia Morales (Joe) of Indio, Calif.; step-son, Mark Woods (Julia) of La Quinta; grandson, George L. Hart II, of Indio; step-grandchildren, Meagan McKenny of Thermal, Calif., Heather Morales and Seth Morales of Indio, Jeremy Morales of New Orleans, La., Chad Woods of Denver, Colo., Cole Woods of San Luis Obispo, Calif., Clint Woods of Austin, Texas. George was pre-deceased by his first wife, Georgia M. Shively; son, George L. Hart; his parents; and six brothers and sisters. A special thank you to Sedona Court Board and Care and Staff for their care and kindness given to him and family during this difficult time. Visitation was held at the Wiefels Chapel in Palm Springs, Calif. on Wednesday, October 13, 2010. Graveside Services will be held at the Coachella Valley Cemetery on Thursday, October 14, 2010 at the hour of 1:00 PM. Donations to the Gilbert Huerta GILBERT HUERTA Gilbert was born to Erlindo and Salud Huerta on September 23, 1941, the ninth of ten children. After graduating from Ramona High School he served his country in the Army, where he was stationed in Thule, Greenland as a radar missile weapons communicator. After his military duties he landed his dream job with Southern California Gas Company where he retired after 33 years. He was preceded in death by his parents, five sisters, and one brother. Gilbert passed away on October 10, 2010; he was surrounded by his wife, children, and close family members. He is survived by his wife, four children, three grandchildren, honorary grandchildren, one brother, two sisters, and many special family members. Memorial services are to be held on Friday, October 22, 2010 at 1:00 PM at Montecito Mortuary Valley View Chapel, 3520 E. Washington Street, Colton, California 92324. Inurnment will be private. In lieu of flowers anyone who wishes to can make a donation in his honor to the Diabetes Foundation, Kidney Foundation, or the Braille Foundation. MONTECITO MORTUARY AND MEMORIAL PARK Colton, CA (909) 825-3024 Please visit us at www.mem.com Giulio Pollastrini June 10, 1904 - Oct. 19, 1960 You are remembered as a man of unbounded generosity and kindness and revered as a man of unparalleled principle and integrity. You remain deeply loved and admired. Ti amo. Gladys Weber GLADYS WEBER MAR 11, 1915 - OCT 8, 2010 After a long struggle with cancer Gladys was taken to the Lord to be with her beloved Daughter on 10/08/2010. She was preceded in death by her Parents Carl & Iola Cain from Vermont, husband John (Jack) Weber, Daughter Frances Ward of Modesto, Ca. She is survived by her Grandson Doug Ward, Great Grandson Shawn Ward of Oakdale, and Stepdaughter Elmira Melcom of Florida, The family would like to send special blessings and prayers to her caregivers and their families, Lunts, Archibeques, Dias, Stohler, DePonte. Gladys was a member of the Southwestern Malacological Society, San Diego Shell Club, Phoenix Valley Shell Club. She moved to Modesto 15 years ago to be be close to her daughter Frances Ward. She enjoyed many things that we sometimes take for granted, she loved to see the Fall leaves, ocean, blue skies, classical music. Her favorite pass time was reading novels, watching ballet, and sewing. Her gentle and loving hugs and kisses will be missed. There will a celebration of her life On October 23, 2010 at 1pm. In lieu of flowers, please send a memorial donation to: The Salvation Army, 1500 Yosemite Blvd, Mod, CA 95354 Glen Alan Rosander Aug. 1, 1950- Oct. 12, 2010 Glen Rosander, beloved husband and father passed away on October 12, after a long and valiant battle with Multiple Sclerosis., Glen was a "Renaissance Man" blessed with many talents. He grew up in Denver, Colorado raised by his loving parents Lois and Judge. He was on his high school gymnastics' team, sang in school musicals, and was a talented artist often creating hand drawn family portraits for local families. He also apprenticed under renowned sculptor Edgar Britton, and worked on some of his pieces at the University of Colorado. At 19 he received a commission to do a sculpture of Mount Rushmore for a life insurance building in South Dakota. After completing the sculpture Glen took off for Southern California where he became a professional diver and took up skydiving. Glen returned to Colorado where he worked his way through the University of Colorado earning degrees in both Business and Environmental Design., He met his wife Judy while at college and was married in Chicago on the "Magnificent Mile." He serenaded both Judy and her parents at the wedding with such beautiful songs as "More" and "Sunrise Sunset." After a whirlwind honeymoon traveling to national parks, Lake Tahoe, and San Francisco, Glen and Judy moved out to Southern California where Glen began working as an architectural consultant., His two wonderful children Sonya and Bernard were born. MS began to take its toll and Glen became increasingly paralyzed. Undaunted by his situation, he continued to be active trying to help other people. He was instrumental in the founding of Summer Fun Day Camp for handicapped children in Ventura County, promoted the MS read-a-thon program by going into classrooms to talk to students about the importance of reading, and worked at Peach Hill School as a volunteer in his son's classroom., Glen continued to be a joyous person centered on the love of his family and his love of learning. He was a "happy warrior" who was admired for an against all odds positive attitude. His homemade Christmas cards brought joy and laughter while symbolizing the courage of a man who was defined by his character and not his circumstances. He will be sorely missed, but we all take comfort that he is whole again with God., The family would like to say a special thanks to Kenzie Griffin for his amazing friendship. Your calls and visits meant everything to Glen. Glen's wife Judy would also like to thank Bruce Zander for his friendship and visits to Glen and especially for introducing her to Glen back in beautiful Boulder. Dr. Li, Dr. Shanta, and many other dedicated doctors worked over the years to give Glen more time and are greatly appreciated., Glen's funeral will be Saturday, October 23, at Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills in Burbank at 11 a.m. The service is graveside at the Lincoln Terrace. Grace Marion Lema GRACE MARION LEMA JUL 9, 1929 - OCT 15, 2010 Grace Lema was born to Henry and Virginia Atkins on July 9, 1929. She passed away peacefully in her home on Oct.15, 2010 surrounded by her loving family and friends. She was 81 years old. Grace was preceded in death by her husband Eddie in 2006, three sisters Florence, Ruby and Margaret, and brother Thomas. She is survived by: daughters, Kathy Wilson of Pendleton, OR and Vickie Robinson of Winton; grandchildren: Jason Wilson, Janis Edwards, Jake Wilson and Jill Robinson-Wolgamott: great-grandchildren: Taylor, Brooke, Jacey, Ayden, Piper, Heath, Kelvyn and Tyler. She is also survived by sisters: Della Dunkak & Janet Krebbs. Visitation for family and friends will be held Thursday, October 21, 2010 from 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. at the Wilson Family Funeral Chapel of Atwater. Funeral Services will begin at 11:00 a.m. with Pastor Gary Martin officiating. Burial will at follow at Winton Cemetery. Arrangements are entrusted to Wilson Family Funeral Chapel of Atwater. Guadalupe Rubio Guadalupe "Lupe" Rubio, 53, a resident of Indio, Calif. passed away in Palm Springs, Calif. on October 11, 2010. Born in Indio on May 2, 1957 to Manuel Hernandez and Maria D. Romero. He was a Energy Tech for the Gas Company for 29 years. Mr. Rubio is survived by his wife, Sylvia Rubio of Indio; son, Anthony Santino Rubio; and daughter, Marisa (Alex) Sifuentes, both of Indio; grandchildren, Marea and Devin, both of Indio; five brothers, Ramiro of Idaho, Juan of La Quinta, Calif., Eduardo of Indio, Daniel of Indio and Jose of Colorado; and five sisters, Rosemary Avery of Morongo Valley, Calif., Juana McKeen of Madera, Esther Montez of Arizona, Helen Brunell of Indio and Vicky Hass of Utah. Friends may call for visitation at the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Indio on Thursday, October 14, 2010 between the hours of 4:00 PM and 7:00 PM. Services will be held at the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Indio on Friday, October 15, 2010 at the hour of 8:30 AM with burial to follow at the Coachella Valley Cemetery. FitzHenry-Wiefels, Indio Directors. Gwendolyn BUCKNER BUCKNER, Gwendolyn was born May 8, 1915 in Springfield, Ohio. She was the fourth of six children born to Julius and Ora Ann Schell. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois in 1926, where she met and married Clynell Jackson. The marriage produced a son, Clynell Jackson, Jr., but ended in divorce in 1935. Gwendolyn and James Buckner were married from December 19, 1939 until his death in 1962. James "Skully" Buckner was All-City center on the Wendell Phillips H.S. city champion basketball team of 1929-30. Gwen worked in women's retail for the M.J. Petrie Co. and retired when Petrie relocated from Chicago's Loop to New Jersey. Gwen moved to Los Angeles, California in 1978; residing in the Angelus Plaza seniors complex from 1980 - 2005. In 2005 she moved to the St. John of God Retirement and Care Center, and it was there Gwendolyn passed away April 30, 2008. Gwen was also preceded in death by her parents; brothers, James H. Schell and Wm Douglas Schell, Sr.; sisters, Ida Watson (nee Schell), Helen Tolson (nee Schell), and Georgia Brockman (nee Schell - Hunt). At the time of her death Gwendolyn was survived by her son Clynell Jackson, Jr. (Grace); grandchildren, Clynell III (Bailey), Gregory (Lenora), Vivien, Wendell, Geoffrey, Elliott (Sophie), and Tarina Murray (Charles); seven great-grandchildren; nieces, Gail Delahousie (nee Hunt), Sandria Robinson (nee Schell), Cynthia Richmond (nee Hunt); nephews, Wm Douglas Schell, Jr., Swain Hunt, Jr. (Mildred), and many cousins and devoted friends. Memorial service in Los Angeles, at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery Chapel, 1831 W. Washington Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, Friday October 22, 2010, at 10:00 A.M. STRATTON, HAROLD (Steve) 01/24/1951 to 10/16/2010 Service Westview Bible Church In Imperial Beach Oct.19 1PM Funeraria Del Angel Humphrey (619)425-9111 HENRY JOSEPH FAVIER 1919 - 2010 Henry Joseph Favier, better known as Jim, passed away on Friday October 15, 2010 near his family in his home in Merced. Jim was born August 10, 1919 on the family ranch in Merced County to French immigrants, Frank and Felicie Favier. He was born the sixth of ten children, five boys and five girls, and was a lifelong Merced resident. Following his graduation from Merced High School in 1936, Jim served four and one half years in the Army Medical Corps during WWII in the South Pacific. When he returned home he farmed and raised cattle with his four brothers. Jim and his brothers were also partners in Noble Meat Company and Custom Made Feeding Company. Jim's interests were always associated with family and the livestock industry. He was a member of the Elks Club of Merced and the California Cattlemen's Assn. for over 50 years. He served for many years as a Board of Director for the Lower San Joaquin Levee District and as a member of the Junior Livestock Auction Committee for over 30 years. He was honored by the Merced-Mariposa Cattlemen's Assn. as Cattleman of the year, and later by the Merced County Fair Rodeo as their Grand Marshall. Jim was very proud of his French Heritage. He enjoyed traveling to France with his wife and children to visit his French relatives. Jim loved his family and was an avid hunter. He enjoyed the large family gatherings at Easter and Thanksgiving. He especially loved the gatherings at the ranch bunk house after hunting with friends and family. He was always a welcome addition to every gathering and will be sadly missed. Jim is survived by his wife of 54 years, Alice, his children, James Douglas Favier, Joanne Marchini, Henry Favier, Jr., Amy Sloan, six grandchildren, four great grandchildren and step grandchildren. Services will be held at Stratford Evans Merced Funeral Chapel on Friday October 22, 2010 at 12:00 O'clock Noon. In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to charity of your choice. Hansen, Edward M. Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM In Memoriam Edward M. Hansen Aug. 12, 1926 Oct. 20, 2009 Resident of Oakland Eddie was born in Oakland, California, and lived his entire ..... Harjit Singh 37, of Yuba City, passed away on October 15, 2010. Prayer services will start at 11am Wednesday, October 20, 2010 at Ullrey Memorial Chapel in YC. Final prayers and cremation will follow at Ullrey Chapel Crematory. Harry Hansen Harry Hansen 78, of Marysville, passed away October 9, 2010. Born in Newaygo, Michigan. A resident of the Yuba-Sutter area for 30 years. He was retired from Cal-Trans. Harry served in the military for 4 years in the, . He worked with the Stars Program for a few years. Harry was a loving father and grandfather, he always put everyone before himself. He might not be on this earth, but he will be in our hearts and thoughts forever. We love and miss you, Dad. Survivors include: daughter Darla Hansen, daughter Margaret Hansen, son Brian Hansen, daughter Elizabeth Zinn; 10 grandchildren and 12 great grandchildren. Memorial service will be held at 2:00pm Saturday, October 23, 2010, at First Assembly of God Church in Marysville, corner of Covillaud and East 19th St. Send Condolences at Haruko Kumagai Haruko Kumagai Passed away peacefully on September 27, 2010. She was 95 years old and a long time resident of San Francisco. Predeceased by her husband James Yoshitaka and her daughter Hisako, she is survived by four children Tetsuo (Doreen), Tadao (Stella), Carol and Susan; four grandchildren (Joel, Jayme, Melissa and Justin); four great-grandchildren (Kalani, Natalie, Ava and Camila); and her sister Hiroko Kakiuchi. She will be greatly missed by family and friends, but her spirit will live on in all of those whose lives she touched. A private service was held on October 2, 2010. The Reverend Joanne Tolosa of Konko Church of San Francisco officiated. Helen Elizabeth Sarama Helen Elizabeth Sarama, age 88 of Rockwall, Texas, and previously of Palm Springs, Calif. for 20 years, passed away October 11, 2010. She was born August 9, 1922 in Ellwood City, Pa., to Michael and Nancy (Tuminello) O'Tousa. Helen proudly served her country in the United States Army as a nurse during Helen Marie Gannon Thiel Helen Marie Gannon Thiel, a lifelong resident of the Bay Area and pioneering woman in real estate business, died peacefully in her sleep on Sunday, Oct. 10, in Vacaville, five years to the day after her husband died. She was 88., Mrs. Thiel was born in San Francisco on March 11, 1922, the only child of an Irish immigrant father and native San Franciscan mother. She graduated from St. Joseph's Notre Dame High School in Alameda in 1940. She worked for many years as a switchboard operator in San Francisco in the 1940s before embarking on a career in real estate when few women were in the then-male-dominated industry., Mrs. Thiel loved to gamble and she was frequently flown up to Harrah's as a guest of the casino., She played bingo on Thursdays in Vacaville for many years, often playing upward of 12 sheets., Mrs. Thiel is survived by her grandsons, Todd C. Thiel of Pleasanton and Timothy R. Thiel of San Diego; her son, Richard Thiel of Oakley; daughter-in-law, Bonnie Owens of Tracy; as well as her wonderful neighbors and friends on Fruitvale Road in Vacaville., Howard Frederick Thiel, her husband and best friend of 60 years, who died on Oct. 10, 2005 at the age of 88, predeceased Mrs. Thiel., At Mrs. Thiel's request, there will be no formal services. Donations may be made to the Alzheimer's Association , National Office, 225 N. Michigan Ave., FL 17, Chicago, IL 60601., All arrangements entrusted to the care of Nadeau Family Funeral Home, 455-7700., Hendrickson, Charles 'Howard' Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM Charles "Howard" Hendrickson, 66, of Herald, died Oct. 15. He was born March 25, 1944. Mr. Hendrickson was a welder and mechanic for Pacific Modern ..... Henry Lawrence (Larry) Wilkalis Henry Lawrence (Larry) Wilkalis, born November 30, 1920 ~ a loving son, loving brother, loving uncle, loving Grandfather, loving friend, and especially loving and devoted husband to Sophie Martha (Kroll) Amorosa-Wilkalis ~ died October 16 at Bridgeport Hospital Burn Center. Larry lived his entire life in Danbury. In his youth, he worked at various local Danbury Hat Shops, and prior to his retirement Larry worked many years at BD Bard-Parker. Larry served proudly in the U.S. Army in France during World War II, giving to country, and remained closely associated with the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. After the death of his wife Sophie in 2005, Larry selflessly volunteered his time seven days a week at his 2nd "home(s)," Filosa/Hancock Hall until his death. Larry cared for others his entire life and most recently at Filosa/Hancock Hall he formed close and even loving friendships with both patients and staff. Larry is survived by his stepchildren; nieces and nephews; and his beloved great grand children who gave him the greatest joy. Larry will be missed by all who knew and loved him. A Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated on Wednesday, October 20th at 11:30 a.m. in the Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Danbury. Burial will follow in St. Peter's Cemetery. The family will receive friends in the Jowdy-Kane Funeral Home, 9-11 Granville Ave., Danbury on Wednesday from 9:15 to 10:45 a.m. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to Sacred Heart Church of Jesus, 46 Stone Street, Danbury, CT 06810, the Bridgeport Hospital Foundation, 267 Grant Street, Bridgeport, CT 06610 (designated for Burn Center patients), or Filosa/Hancock Hall, 31 Staples Street, Danbury, CT 06810. Homer Thomas HOMER MANGIS THOMAS Homer Thomas passed away peacefully at his home in Riverside on October 15, 2010. He was 89. Homer was born September 3, 1921, the second son of Homer and Della Thomas in the small hardscrabble town of Madras, Oregon. He was a four sport letterman, including quarterback of the Madras High White Buffaloes. He followed his older brother, Edward, to the University of Oregon where he took up, for the first time, the sport of pole vaulting. He became Northwest champion with a vault of 13 feet 6 inches on a bamboo pole. Later at the age of 60 he took first place at a Master\'s track meet with a vault of 10 feet using a fiberglass pole. He always wished fiberglass poles were available in his youth. A natural leader, Homer was voted Captain of the Oregon Track Team, President of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and was admitted to the prestigious Sigma Delta Psi and Theta Nu Epsilon Societies. He was also a member of "Order of the O", the athletic fraternity for varsity lettermen. He graduated with a B.S. in Business Administration. The best thing to happen to Homer at the U of O was meeting an attractive and vivacious Gamma Phi co-ed named Mary Wright who became his wife of 66 years. Romeo and Juliet knew no finer love affair. Mary and Homer were married June 30, 1944 at Fort Benning, Georgia where Homer was going through Officer Candidate School. Homer became a First Lieutenant in the Army paratroops and was sent to action in the Philippines with the 503rd Regimental Combat Team but shortly after his arrival the dropping of the A-bombs caused the Japanese surrender. Unfortunately, his brother, Edward, a fighter pilot, was killed during the war. Homer was attached to the Inspector General\'s office and stationed in Japan as part of the U.S. military occupation after the surrender. General Swing awarded him a commendation medal for his service to the 11th Airborne. He was called back to service during the JOHN E. "JACK" BENTLEY* BENTLEY, JOHN "JACK" E. Nov. 6, 1931 to Oct. 13, 2010 Born in Oak Park, IL. Jack graduated from Miami University (Ohio) in 1954 and married his college sweetheart, Rosemary Heuser, that summer. That same year they moved to San Diego where Jack was stationed in the Navy. After serving his country, Jack worked first for, and then retired from Coldwell Banker Commercial. Jack was also an active member of the San Diego Fly Fishers. Jack is survived by Rosemary, his wife of 56 years, sons, Jeff and Scott, daughter Jennifer, sister Judy Rule, brother Phil Bentley and five wonderful grandchildren: Ryan, Shayna, Jordan, Sean and Cole. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to the Foothills United Methodist Church or the of San Diego. Memorial services to be held on Saturday, October 30th, 11:00 a.m. at the Foothills United Methodist Church, 4031 Avocado Blvd., La Mesa, CA 91941. Jack Alexander Jack R. Alexander Passed away peacefully on October 14, 2010 in Roseville, CA at the age of 83, surrounded by his loving family. A man of great integrity & strength, he was a member of the Catholic Church and enjoyed golfing, card games, and spending time with family & friends. He always loved to entertain and tell a good story. He will be missed greatly by his loving family and everyone who knew him. Jack is survived by his loving wife of 27 years, Helen and his children, Kristine Orton (Collins), Kathleen Tsikounas (Kostas), John Alexander (Melba), Jeff Alexander (Rosa), Karen Alexander (Enrique), and Jacquelyn Alexander (Douglas), his sister, Rosemary Costello (Harold), his seven grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. A funeral mass will be held at 10:00am on Friday, October 22, 2010 at St. Peter & Paul Catholic Church, 4450 Granite Dr., Rocklin, CA. The rosary will be on Thursday, October 21, 2010, starting at 6pm, at Cochrane's Chapel of Roses, 103 Lincoln Street, Roseville, CA. Jackson, Bruce Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM Bruce Jackson, 71 03/20/1939 ~ 10/11/2010 OCEANSIDE -- The "King" has passed, Bruce Jackson. He was born in Seattle, Wash., on March 20, 1939 ..... James Grady Goad James Grady Goad November 16, 1922 - October 13, 2010 James Grady Goad was born in Sallisaw, Oklahoma in 1922 and came to California in 1945. Grady served in the United States Army during, where he travelled throughout France, Europe and Germany. Grady made his career in the oilfield industry where he retired from Sun Oil in 1987. Grady enjoyed playing golf with his friends and spending time with his family. Grady, or "Pop" as he was so lovingly referred to by his family, is survived by wife Peggy of 62 years; siblings, Andy and Mildred; sons, Steven and Michael; grandchildren, Jason, Joshua, Lensi and Jenna; great grandchildren, Justin, Melo, Jacob, Cameryn, Ian, Kenzie and Colby. Grady loved his family dearly and was loved by his family equally. "Pop" will be missed by all of those he leaves behind. Funeral services will be held at Hillcrest Memorial Park, at 9101 Kern Canyon Rd., on Tuesday, Oct. 19th, at 3:00 p.m. Visitation will be on Tuesday, Oct. 19, from 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. James H. Miranda Miranda, James H. December 9, 1942 - October 14, 2010 James Miranda passed away unexpectedly on October 14, 2010, in Panorama City CA. He was born in Nuttelsburg, West Virginia on December 9, 1942. Jim will be dearly missed by all that knew him. He is survived and remembered by his Daughter, Tina Miranda, His Sisters Linda, Millie, Donna, Rita, Joyce, and Barbie, His Brother Russ, Nieces, Lori and Sandy His Nephew, Jimmy and many other Family members. He also will be remembered fondly by many Friends and Colleagues who had the pleasure of knowing him during his life. Visitation: 5-7pm, Wednesday, October 20, 2010 at: Crawford Mortuary, 8717 Tampa Ave., Northridge, CA 91324. 818/349-9701. Reception to immediately follow at Michael's Pub, 11506 Oxnard St., No. Hollywood, CA 91606, 818/980-9762. James SALIBA SALIBA, James Born Jan. 16, 1942, passed away Oct. 9, 2010 in his home in Santa Ana, CA. He is survived by three brothers, Kamel, Elli, Ghssan. Services are at 2:00 p.m. October 23, 2010 at Christian Life Fellowship, 1090 N. Batavia, Orange, CA 92867, (714) 771-9850. Janet Marie Driver King Janet Marie Driver King June 12, 1952 â€" October 13, 2010 Janet passed away unexpectedly on Wednesday evening at her home in Yuba City. Janet was born in Stockton, to Denver and Anna Driver. She moved to Sacramento in 1970 where she graduated from Sacramento State University. Janet met her husband, Ronald Allan King, in Sacramento and was married December 23, 1971. Over the next fourteen years they lived in Sacramento, Tucson, Germany and Oklahoma before coming to the Yuba City area 25 years ago. Janet worked for 24 years as a Medicare Representative. She was able to spend this last year as a full time homemaker, mother and grandmother. Janet loved to help with events at her church, Hope Point Nazarene. Every year at Christmas she was the perfect Mrs. Claus to Ron's Santa. Music was a love of hers whether it was playing the piano or singing in the choir. Janet's life was dedicated to her family and friends. Janet loved the people in her life. She enjoyed gatherings of family and friends. She will be greatly missed and remembered by her loving husband Ron, her four children; Rona Sieberg, Dania King, Tricia Testroete and Allan King, step daughter Gina Palmer; son in-law Jerrod Sieberg, daughter in-law Chelsea King her grandsons, Jaden and Jacob; her sister, Linda, her niece, Anne and her father Denver. A Celebration of Life service lead by Pastor Todd Keough will be held, Tuesday October 19, 2010 at 11:00 A.M. at Hope Point Nazarene Church, 600 North George Washington Blvd., Yuba City. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to the Hope Point Nazarene building fund in Janet's memory. Send Condolences to Jean Ann Garrett Jean Ann Garrett passed away on October 2, 2010 at home in Palm Desert, surrounded by her loving family. She always loved the view of the mountains from her condo and was able to remain at home to enjoy it until the very end. Jean was born to Donald Donovan and Donna Lane Donovan on January 1, 1933 in Independence, Iowa. She graduated from Roosevelt High School in Des Moines in 1951. In 1953, Jean married John Timmins with whom she had four daughters. They divorced in 1959. After completing nursing school, Jean worked at Mercy Hospital in Des Moines. Jean and the girls later moved to California, where she met and married Bill Garrett and with him had a son. Jean worked at Desert Hospital as a pediatric nurse until 1977, when she began her 26 year career working for pediatrician, Dr. Alan Coit. It seemed that, over the years, wherever she went, including camping at Folsom Lake and on her retirement trip to Hawaii, she would run into families of patients that knew and loved her. She is survived by her loving companion of 20 years, Akbar Firouzabadi; her five children: Lani Krause (Bob), Theresa Timmins, Linda Yazzolino (David), Lori Gagnon (Del) and Peter Garrett (Mari); twelve grandchildren: Alex and Richie Krause, Nicole Babkow (Adam), Joey, Jessica, Tony and Dominic Yazzolino, Milan, Adam and Annabelle Gagnon, Gina Marotta (Alex), Jennifer Wong (Barry); and four great-grand-children: Amniel Babkow, baby Ember Babkow (due November 15th), Emily and Justin Wong. She is also survived by her brothers, Pat Donovan (Peg) and Jerry Donovan (Darlene); six nephews and nieces and a wonderful extended family in Iowa. Jean was preceded in death by her parents, Donald Donovan and Donna Wardell; step-father Harry Wardell and her sister, Mary-Lou Donovan. Our family would like to express our deepest appreciation to Jean's niece, Cris Fettig for all of the love, comfort and nursing assistance that she provided during Jean's final days. Additionally we would like to thank Family Hospice of the Desert for their care, compassion and support. An online photo gallery of Jeans life will be available at: inloving memoryofjeangarrett.com In lieu of flowers, memorial donations in Jean's name can be made to Coachella Valley Rescue Mission, Desert Jean Pierre Irissarry Jean Pierre Irissarry passed away in his home in Dixon, Calif. on Wednesday, Oct. 6. Jean Pierre was born in Bidarray, France Dec. 3, 1924. He left his homeland in the year 1950 and came to Los Banos, Calif., Jean Pierre is survived by his loving daughter Christie, her mother Laurie Lord, and his nieces, cousins, nephews and their children that are living in France. Jean Pierre enjoyed fishing with his family and friends, and he loved playing a good game of Mus. He was a member of several clubs including the San Francisco, Gardnerville, Los Banos, Marin Sonoma, and Rocklin Basque Clubs. He was also a member of the Moose Lodge in Dixon. You could find him there on Wednesdays playing Mus with his friends. Jean Pierre will be known for his kindness and willingness to help others. He will be greatly missed by those who knew him., A visitation will be held on Monday, Oct. 18, from 4 to 7 p.m., at Milton Carpenter Funeral Home. A Mass of Christian Burial will be Tuesday, Oct. 19, at 10 a.m., at St Peters Catholic Church. Donations may be made to your favorite charity or the . Arrangements are under the direction of Milton Carpenter Funeral Home, 569 N. First St., Dixon, 678-2189, www.miltoncarpenter.com., Jeanette Dodds Jeanette S. Dodds, Resident of Saratoga, Jeanette passed away peacefully on at the age of 96. She was a home economics teacher for over 25 years., Jeanette is survived by her four sons, John, Robert, Douglas and Glen, 8 grandchildren and 7 great grandchildren. She is preceded in death by her husband of 48 years John G. Dodds., A Funeral Service will be held Thursday, October 21, 2010 at 11:00 a.m. at Campbell United Methodist Church, where she was an active member for the past 54 years. Interment to follow at Los Gatos Memorial Park. Local arrangements by DARLING FISCHER. JESSIE HALEY, 99 of Grover Beach passed away Tuesday,October 5th 2010. Arrangements are under the directions of Marshall~Spoo Sunset Funeral Chapel, Grover Beach, Ca. Jesus Monares Jesus "Chuy" Monares (May 27, 1928 to Oct. 14, 2010) left us to be with our heavenly father after losing a sudden battle to lymphoma., Chuy was born in the town of Esmeralda in Coahuila, Mexico, on May 27, 1928 to Jesus and Domitila Monares. When he was 18 years old Chuy moved to El Paso, Texas. There he met his beloved wife, Refugio "Cuca" Monares. They moved to Oxnard in 1964 where he spent the remainder of his life. He simultaneously worked for Bud Angle and Del Monte Corporation, retiring from both after 40 years of dedicated service., Chuy was a very kind, hardworking, compassionate, humble and yet generous man. He loved his family immensely and the simple things in life, including music and dance, and the occasional pancake breakfast at Denny's. He had a green thumb and enjoyed tending to his many fruit trees and plants in his backyard. Chuy was a friend of the Catholic Church Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe. He took pride in being an usher there and enjoyed helping with fundraisers., Chuy was preceded in death by his parents; brother, Federico; and his son, Agustin., He is survived by his loving wife, Cuca; sisters, Maria Sanchez and Carolina Mora; sons, Mario, Arturo, Jessie, and Jesus Javier; daughters, Hilda, Carmen, Isabel, Christina, and Titi; and numerous nieces, nephews, grandchildren, great-grand children and dear friends. Campen- we will miss you., The Monares family wishes to thank Vitas Hospice for their compassionate care., Visitation will be held from 4 to 8 p.m., Tuesday, Oct. 19 , with the Vigil service starting at 6:30 p.m., at Santa Clara Mortuary, 2370 North H Street, Oxnard, 485-5757. Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated at 10 a.m., Wednesday, Oct. 20, at Our Lady of Guadalupe Church located at 530 N. Juanita Avenue. Interment will follow at Santa Clara Cemetery., Memories and condolences may be sent to the Monares family at www.santaclaramortuary.com., Hoy que ya part, djenme ir no se aferren a la vida como yo no lo hice. Den gracias a Dios por nuestros maravillosos momentos. A mis hijos y mi esposa les di mi Amor si no lo supe hacer mejor, perdnenme. A mis hermanos, les pido perdn, a mis parientes y amigos tambin. Y les agradezco lo que cada uno me dio de felicidad. Algunas veces viajamos juntos, hoy tengo que viajar solo, estn tranquilos pero con fe y sera por un rato que nos separemos yo los bendecir desde donde este y cuando tengas que venir por este rumbo solo t recibir con una sonrisa y t dir, "bienvenido a casa." Joan Annette Biegel Joan Annette Biegel, 65, of La Quinta, Calif. died October 12, 2010 in La Quinta. She was born December 6, 1944 to William Biegel and Bernice (MacCrindle) Biegel in Ft. Monmouth, N.J. She was the Director of Recreation & Community Services for the City of Lakewood prior to retiring in December 2006. She was with the City of Lakewood for 19 years, City of Cerritos for six and a half years, City of Pomona for six years and LA County for nine and a half years. Joan was a member of California Park & Recreation Society for 44 years, acting as President for the 1990-1991 term, The Women and Leisure Services, Soroptimist International in both La Quinta-Coachella Valley and Lakewood/Long Beach serving as President in both, La Quinta Park & Recreation Commission, Garden Club of the Desert, Woman Leaders Forum, Served as President of Greater Lakewood Heart Association and the Lakewood Meals on Wheels. She served as a board member for the Boys and Girls Clubs of the Coachella Valley, Community Family Guidance Center, the Long Beach Council of Campfire and Su Casa Family Crisis Support Center and countless other organizations. She enjoyed travel, cooking, golf, wine tasting, entertaining, shopping, public service and volunteerism. She is survived by her partner, James Burchit of La Quinta; her god-daughter, Joyann Reed and her husband, Phillip Canipe and daughter, Katherine Canipe of Upland, Calif.; her lifelong friend, Kathy Joy of Edmonds, Wash.; her best friends, Sandra and Gene Davis of La Quinta; and the entire Molino family and many, many other friends. A Funeral Service will be held at 1:00 PM on October 15, 2010 at St. Margaret's Episcopal Church, 47-535 Highway 74, Palm Desert, CA. Burial will be at 11:30 AM on October 16, 2010 at Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park, 10621 Victory Boulevard, North Hollywood, CA with FitzHenry-Wiefels Palm Desert CA in charge of arrangements. The family suggests that donations be made to The Boys and Girls Club of Coachella Valley, 42-600 Cook Street, Suite 120, Palm Desert, CA 92211. Phone: 760-836-1160. Joe F. Storment Sr. Joe F. Storment, Sr., 81, passed away at home in Ventura on Thursday, Oct. 14, 2010 after a brief illness., He was born in Poteau, Okla., on June 9, 1929 to Ben and May Storment. He had been a resident of Ventura for 10 years coming from Fresno. Joe was a retired locomotive engineer for Southern Pacific Railroad. He was a graduate of Fresno State with a BA in liberal arts., He enjoyed collecting and restoring Model A Fords. He was lifetime member and Past Master of the Fresno Masonic Lodge No. 245 and a member and Past Master of the Ventura Masonic Lodge No. 214., He was preceded in death by his parents and six brothers and sisters. Joe is survived by his wife of 62 years, Helen; children, Patricia Madrigal and Joe Storment, Jr. and wife Kathy; grandchildren, David Madrigal and wife Michelle, Jennifer Brown and husband Michael, and Joe Storment III and wife Dsara and grandchildren, Cody and Samantha Brown, William Storment and Jordan and David Madrigal., The funeral service will be at 10:30 a.m. Wednesday, Oct. 20 at Charles Carroll Funeral Home, 15 Teloma Dr., Ventura, 642-8134. Interment will follow at Ivy Lawn Memorial Park. Donations may be made in memory of Joe F. Storment, Sr. to the First Christian Church, 38 Teloma Dr., Ventura, CA 93003. John Courtley Woudstra JOHN COURTLEY WOUDSTRA MAR 10, 1938 - OCT 15, 2010 John Woudstra was the second of three children born to John and Margery Woudstra. He attended Ripon Schools and married his high school sweetheart, Hattie Doornewaard. He was a fabricator who built and designed almond harvesting equipment. He was in this line of work for many years and eventually started his own business, Mid-State Manufacturing in Ripon. In the late 1970's he married Norma Honodel and they took over Stockton Marine. He loved being on or near the water and was particularly fond of the California Coast. He enjoyed fishing, tending his vegetable garden and building and repairing things. He was preceded in death by his parents, sister Janet Lindsay and wives Hattie and Norma. He is survived by daughters Pam Woudstra of Ripon, Kim Witherow of Manteca, granddaughter Jessica Witherow of Manteca, sister Bernadine McClellan of Spokane, WA and companion Trannie Stoetz of Manteca. He is also survived by step-daughters Debbie Witt of Angeles Camp, Denielle Barnes of Ripon and her sons Matt Harper of Ripon and Willie Harper of San Francisco. A memorial service will be held on Wednesday, October 20, 2010 at 11:00 AM at St. Paul's United Methodist Church, 910 E. North Street in Manteca. John M. Koopmans John M. Koopmans, D.C. was a loving husband and father, caring doctor, sports enthusiast and a friend to all. After a brave five month battle with pancreatic cancer, John went to be with the Lord on October 13, 2010 at the age of 60. Born in Portland, Oregon on January 1, 1950, John was five years old when his family moved to California. He met his future wife, Karen, in college and they were married September 1, 1973. John attended Los Angeles College of Chiropractic where he graduated January 1976. He began serving Humboldt County with his gift of chiropractic that following August. Having never met a stranger, he saw his patients as friends first and patients second. He loved his many animal patients as well, which included cats, dogs and horses. They, in turn, loved him as well for making them feel so much better. John was a firm believer in giving back to the community. He loved sponsoring local youth athletes and sports teams, of which there have been countless over the years. John was a long-time member of the South West John Richard GRAYSMARK GRAYSMARK, John Richard Film Production Designer/Art Director Born London England 26 March 1935 Died Santa Monica, CA 10 October 2010 Career began at MGM Studios England in 1956 on Anatole Litvak's ANASTASIA. His 47 year career on over 70 international films included LAWRENECE OF ARABIA; THE GUNS OF NAVARONE; 2001, A SPACE ODYSSEY; INN OF THE SIXTH HAPPINESS and FLASH GORDON. He recieved Academy Award nominations for RAGTIME and YOUNG WINSTON. Other design credits included ROBIN HOOD, PRINCE OF THEIVES; THE BOUNTY; GORILLAS IN THE MIST; WHITE HUNTER, BLACK HEART; COURAGE UNDER FIRE; BLOWN AWAY and DUET FOR ONE. He is survived by wife, Joyce; daughters Julie Pitt and Joanna Graysmark Moles; son Jed; grandchildren, Phil and Dan Pitt, Edie and Flynn Moles; sisters Jill Kember, Carole Simpson Wendy Wilson and brother, Tony Graysmark. Gates, Kingsley & Gates Moeller Murphy Santa Monica, (310) 395-9988 John Zimmerer John Walder Zimmerer, Resident of San Jose, July 25, 1914-Oct. 14, 2010, John Walder Zimmerer slipped peacefully into the arms of his Savior on October 14, 2010. Born July 25, 1914 in Altoona, PA, where he grew up with five siblings Ruth, Carl, Frank, Robert and Willis. A, Veteran and resident of California since 1960., John faithfully cared for his beloved wife, Mary C. Zimmerer, until her death in 1996 due to Alzheimer's. He is survived by his loving children, Mary Wheeler of Cupertino, CA, John G. Zimmerer of Paradise Valley, AZ, and Barbara Liu of Santa Clara, CA, eight grandchildren, his brother Frank Zimmerer of San Jose, CA, and 14 nieces and nephews., Visitation on Thursday, Oct. 21, 5-9 pm at Cusimano Family Colonial Mortuary, 96 W. El Camino Real, Mtn. View. Memorial Service on Friday, Oct. 22, 11:00 a.m. at Immanuel Lutheran Church, 1715 Grant Rd., Los Altos. Donations in John's memory can be made to the, Please sign the guestbook, at Jose Gardea Jose Luis "Joe" Gardea, Resident of Santa Clara, Oct. 21, 1963 - Oct.13, 2010, Joe went home to be with the Lord Wednesday morning. A life long resident of Santa Clara California., He touched the lives of many with his gentle spirit and positive outlook on life., Joe was born to Salvador and Mercedes Gardea in Mountain View, California. Loving brother of Leticia Hernandez and Brother in-law to Frank Hernandez, Salvador Gardea Jr, Richard Gardea, Sergio Gardea and George Gardea. Loving Uncle to many nieces and nephews. Services will be held at Lima Family Santa Clara, 466 N. Winchester Blvd., Santa Clara California 95050 on Wednesday October 20, 2010 at 2:00 P.M. Joseph A. Frade III Joseph A. Frade III of New Milford, beloved husband of Cathleen (Stillson) Frade, passed away peacefully at home, with family by his side, on Sunday, October 17, 2010 at the age of 63, after a courageous 18 month battle with cholangiocarcinoma. Joseph, the oldest son of the late Joseph A. and Winifred (Hayes) Frade, was born in Danbury on July 11, 1947. He attended Danbury schools. Joe was a Viet Nam era veteran, serving aboard the USS Lexington. Before his disability in 1991, Joe worked at several area companies. He enjoyed cooking, woodworking, reading, and camping. A final wish was fulfilled on July 10, 2010, when Joe and Cathleen renewed their wedding vows. In addition to his wife of 18 years, Joseph is survived by his children, Joseph (Lisa) Frade of Palmer, Mass., Jeffrey (Tracey Pecor) Frade of New Milford, Casey (Peder) Aakjar of South Kent, and David Frade of New Milford. He is also survived by two sisters, Bernadette (Michael) Kallas of Danbury, and Rita (David) Ericsson of Southbury; two brothers, Duane (Lorna) Frade of Bethel, and John (Barbara) Frade of Loveland, Colorado. He is also survived by 13 grandchildren, Bradley, Joey, Danny, and Madison Frade, Trisha Stevenson, Elizabeth Shumway, Rebekah Nieman, Cody, Krissy, Alex, and Nicholas Aakjar, and Brittney and Brian Waldron; and one great-granddaughter, Rhiannon Aakjar. In addition; Joe is also survived by his mother-in-law, Cathleen (Betts) Stillson; sisters-in-law, Joan Stillson Stoeckle, Salley Stillson Profeta, and Gail Stillson; brothers-in-law, Linford (Carlene) Stillson, Peter (Kathleen) Stillson and Harold (Ellen) Stillson; and many nieces and nephews. A funeral service to celebrate Joe's life and military honors will take place on Saturday, October 23, 2010 at 12 Noon at the Lillis Funeral Home, 58 Bridge Street, New Milford. Cremation will take place at the convenience of the family. Friends may call at the Lillis Funeral Home on Saturday, October 23, from 10:30 s.m. until the time of the service. The family would like to express their profound gratitude to the New Milford VNA, especially Kathy, Sherry, Amanda, Joann, Marie, Pastor Chris, Roby, Jean, Sandy, the VNA office staff, and hospice volunteers, Tom, Anne, and Jim, for all of their help and unwavering compassion shown during Joe's illness. In lieu of flowers, contributions in Joe's memory may be made to the New Milford VNA Hospice Program, 68 Park Lane Road, New Milford, CT. 06776 or Christian Life Fellowship Church, Dorwin Hill, New Milford, CT. 06776. Joyner, Herbert L. Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM Herbert L. Joyner 8/1/31 10/18/09 Dad, one year has past since you left us, we never thought it would be so hard to lose ..... Juli Entwistle Juli Entwistle, 41, was found dead at her home on Sunday., Police said they got a call about a domestic violence incident at 4:08 a.m. and arrived to find the woman lying on the floor of her Morrissey Boulevard studio apartment with a laceration to her neck. JUNE HANSEN, 85, of Santa Maria, passed away October 16, 2010. Arrangements are in the care of Magner-Maloney Funeral Home and Crematory. June Mary LONG LONG, June Mary Oct. 5, 1921 - Oct. 14, 2010 June Long was welcomed into the arms of our Lord on the morning of October 14, 2010. She was preceded in death by her husband William P. Long, M.D. Our devoted mother June is survived by her ten children: Mary, Teresa, Patricia, Catherine, Deborah, William, Susanna, Daniel, Timothy, and Thomas. A service will be held on Saturday, October 23rd at 9:30 a.m. at Assumption of the B.V.M. Church in Pasadena. In lieu of flowers, please send donations to: The Passionists of Holy Cross Province, 5700 N. Harlem Ave., Chicago, IL 60631. Cabot & Sons, Pasadena Directors KENNETH DALE HILL* HILL, KENNETH DALE Kenneth Dale Hill, 88, of San Diego, CA, passed away on October 13, 2010. Ken was born in Durham, NC, on April 6, 1922, to Shepherd McKenzie Hill and Catherine Ruth Hill. Ken was preceded in death by his wife of 35 years, Virginia June Hill, brother Donald Wesley Hill, and sister Milo Ruth Morris. Ken is survived by brother Sterling Max Hill, of San Diego, sister Shirley May Hancock of Durham NC, daughters Kathleen Sue Fitzgerald and Ruth Ann Geron, nieces Sherry Hill, Terry Moran, and Kathy Bernal, and grandsons Lieutenant JG Taylor Geron and Phillip Geron. Ken enlisted in the US Naval Reserve on December 5, 1942, and his first tour of duty was as medical officer in the USS LSM-316 throughout the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during, . He remained on active duty retiring in 1975 as a Master Chief Hospital Corpsman in San Diego. A Master Mason, member of both Scottish and York rite, Ken was active in the Al Bahr Shrine. He was also a member of the Elks, Fleet Reserve, American Legion, and, . Viewing will take place Tuesday evening October 19, 2010 from 5:00 to 9:00 p.m. at Glen Abbey, Chapel of Roses. Services will be held Wednesday morning 10:00 a.m. at Glen Abbey, Chapel of Roses. Kadow, James W. Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM James W. Kadow Resident of Fremont Entered into rest Saturday, October 16th, 2010. He was born on December 19th, 1945 in Chicago, Illinois. Upon ..... Kathryn Combs Kathryn Sedlock Combs, Resident of Sunnyvale, Aug. 24, 1922-Oct. 14, 2010, After a challenging last year, Mom joined the big family/friend poker game up above, a seat opening for her on October 14, 2010. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey. Grew up in New York City. Served in WW II as a WAVE, stationed at Treasure Island. Back home, married Ray and came to California soon after, living in Candlestick Cove, Daly City and for over 55 years, in Sunnyvale. Resided at Sunnyside Gardens the last 2½years., Predeceased by husbands Raymond Sedlock and Don Combs, daughter Julia Mae, brother Michael, sister Florence. Survived by daughter Kathy (Larry), son Raymond (Mary), much loved granddaughters Doreen, Lisa and Monica, as well as long-time family and friends from California to the East Coast., Worked in the Post Office for many years. Was active throughout her life in various organizations: PTA, Girl Scouts, BPW to name a few. Enjoyed her woman-only poker group's monthly games, Tahoe trips for some slot action and loved to talk with family and friends, anytime, anyplace., Special thanks to the Hospice of the Valley for allowing her transition to her next adventure with some peace. Very special thanks to Sunnyside Gardens and their staff who patiently and lovingly cared for Mom from her first day she arrived in 2008 to her last. She was challenging, opinionated and feisty and the consideration and respect shown "Sunshine" was seen and appreciated., Calling hours will be held from 12:30 until 4:00 PM, Wednesday, October 20th at the Sunnyvale Chapel of Spangler Mortuaries, 174 N. Sunnyvale Avenue in Sunnyvale. Graveside services will be private. She will be residing with Ray in the Veteran's section at Gate of Heaven Cemetery., In lieu of flowers, please consider Hospice of the Valley, the, or a charity of your choice. Remember her with affection. See you later Mom. Love you. Marine Cpl. Kevin Cueto, 23, died in Afghanistan on June 22, 2010. He grew up in San Jose and Campbell, Calif.. Kikuko Chiba "Kiko" BROWN BROWN, Kikuko Chiba ("Kiko") Passed away from brain cancer on October 18, 2010. She was born on October 27, 1931 in Sendai, Japan, one out of five children of Morigi Chiba and Enayo Yamashita. Kiko worked on a military base in Japan, where she met and married US soldier Willie Brown. Son, Kenji was born in Japan. She immigrated to the US on May 11, 1957 (Mother's Day). The family first lived on an Army base in Tacoma, Washington, where daughter Ramona ("Mona") and son Josetsu ("Joe") were born. Once her husband was discharged from the Army, they permanently relocated to Los Angeles, CA. In 1995 Kiko moved to Woodbridge, VA, to be near her son Kenji and his family. She resided in the Lake Ridge Fellowship House until she became ill in 2008. There she made many friends and was known for her helpful nature, sense of humor, and her Origami skill. Kiko is survived by her three children, five grandchildren (Deonca, Kevin, Keith, and Kyle Brown and Daniel Berrier) and three great-grandchildren (twins, Gabriel and Kaydence Brown, and Lily Amaya Brown) and many friends and relatives who loved her. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to the Fellowship Square Foundation, 250 Exchange Place, Suite G, Herndon, VA 20170. Kirby Hanson Fr. Kirby Hanson Kirby was born June 21, 1934 in Hilo, Hawai'i, the son of Carl E. and Ann Kirby Hanson, and twin brother of Faye Hanson [Schlichte]. In 1948, he moved with his family to Honolulu, and four years later, graduated from Punahou School. After attending Washington State University in Pullman and graduating from the, in Seattle, he served on active duty with the U.S., at Fort Ord in Monterey from 1955 to 1957. In 1957, Kirby joined the Bank of California, where he worked until entering Saint Patrick's Seminary in 1964. On May 15, 1970, Father Kirby was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop William J. McDonald, Auxiliary Bishop of San Francisco, at Saint Matthew Church in San Mateo. Father Hanson initially served as Associate Pastor for six years at Saint Mary's Cathedral; and in 1976, was named Assistant Chancellor of the Archdiocese with responsibilities as Chair of the Building Committee and Executive Secretary of the Archdiocesan Pastoral Council. On September 15, 1981, Archbishop Quinn appointed Father Hanson Chancellor of the Archdiocese. In 1984, Father Hanson was assigned as Pastor of Saint Isabella Parish in San Rafael; and in 1989, as Pastor of Saint Brigid Church in San Francisco. Father Hanson ministered as Pastor of Saint Thomas the Apostle Church in San Francisco from 1994 until his retirement in 2001. He had lived independently in San Francisco since retiring. He died peacefully during the night of October 14/15, 2010 at his home. Although quiet and unassuming, Father Hanson had a wonderful sense of humor and loved to laugh. His laugh will be missed by all who knew him. Although he dearly loved San Francisco, his adopted city, he looked forward to going home to Hawai'i each summer. He is survived by his nephew, Fr. Carl F. Schlichte, OP of Salt Lake City, Utah. Visitation will be begin Thursday 6pm with a Vigil Service 7pm at Saint Thomas the Apostle Church 3835 Balboa St., San Francisco, CA. A Funeral Mass will be celebrated Friday 10am, October 22, 2010 at St. Mary's Cathedral, 1111 Gough Street, San Francisco CA. Committal will be at Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma. Leon T. Corones Leon T. Corones, a 45-year resident of Oxnard died peacefully on Aug. 28, 2009 in San Diego after suffering a fall in May., Born in Long Beach July 7, 1925, Leon spent his formative years in Indio and Blythe graduating from Palo Verde High School in Blythe in 1943. He was a 4-year letterman in football and high point man his senior year along with playing a mean trumpet in the school band. He served in the US Navy from November 1943 to March 1946 stationed in San Diego and Norman, Okla., While in the Navy he married Emily Louise Miller from Ripley, Calif., whom he had met in High School. After Navy Life Leon graduated from Riverside College and also obtained his pilot's license using the GI Bill. Returning to Blythe he joined the Riverside County Sheriff's Office as a Deputy. Still dreaming of flying for a living he was hired as a "Crop Duster" by one of the local companies, obtained five years of crop dusting experience and then opened and operated his own business, Custom Aerial Applicators, until moving to Oxnard in 1964. For the next 45 years he was involved in a series of lifelong learning experiences working throughout California, Arizona and Hawaii as a "Crop Duster" and private pilot flying 25 different types of agriculture airplanes and over 30 types of "Private Aircraft" including helicopters. Costal Ag Chemicals, Tom Shannon, Atwood, Shasta Helicopters, Custom Farm Services, Tom Singleton and Murray Air were companies he was employed by in three states. He also was employed by Delta Horticulture Services and Cal Alaska Helicopters later in life but not as a pilot. His last paid flying assignment in 1995 was his "Dream Job" in Hawaii on Oahu and Kauai flying helicopters for the sugar cane and pineapple growers., He was 70 years old and assumed that he was "too old" to get the job. When asked by a friend to come over to Hawaii and see what the job involved and how things worked he discovered that he would be the youngest pilot on the crew and immediately accepted the job. He then spent the next 18 months in "Heaven," flying helicopters and actually getting paid to do it! Over the years he had survived a couple of plane crashes and one helicopter crash and walked away to fly another day., He purchased a 1958 172 Cessna and, with his friend Barry Dalwig's help, rebuilt/restored the plane and named it "Maggie D." This was his pride and joy and he spent the last 10 years flying around the country visiting friends and relatives., His last solo flight in "Maggie D" was in November of 2007 to Blythe for a high school reunion. During his days in Blythe it was not uncommon for him to land his plane out in the middle of the desert on a short, narrow, fairly flat "Hog Back" as they were called to drop off his wife and father-in-law so they could prospect for a few hours., He was also blessed with exceptional eyesight which allowed him to locate downed airplanes, lost vehicles and hikers in the desert areas when performing Civil Air Patrol duties. He was an "Excellent and Skilled Pilot.", In addition to flying, Leon enjoyed deer hunting in Utah and Colorado, 4-Wheel drive expeditions, hiking and camping with his children and friends. He also participated in many Elderhostel trips with high school friends to places like Copper Canyon, Mexico, Canyon lands, Utah, Hawaii and a Mississippi River barge trip. A Military Service was held at Ft. Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego in October 2009 in which a portion of his ashes were entombed there. The remaining ashes were spread over the Big Maria mountains just north of Blythe in April 2010., His sense of humor and good nature were traits well known around the Oxnard Airport for the last 45 years and will surely be missed by all . He was preceded in death by his younger son, John Clayton Corones, in 2001., His former wife, Emily Corones, has passed since Leon died. He is survived by Jim Corones, brother, of El Segundo; Marian Robinson, sister, of San Diego; Joe Corones and Felly Parel, son and daughter-in-law of San Diego; Cathy and Howard Markle, daughter and son-in-law, of Blythe. He also leaves nieces, Laraine Daniels and Denise Casinelli; grandchildren, Sara Grim, Amy Roark and Andi Watt; and great-grandchildren, Candice Denwiler, Jessie Grim, Rose Grim, Dylan Kaminski and Tommy Roark., A "Celebration of Life" gathering to honor the memory of Leon T. Corones will be held at 2 p.m. on Saturday, Oct. 23, 2010 in Oxnard at "The Courtyard by Marriott" located at 600 East Esplanade Dr., Oxnard, CA 93036. Please stop by and say hello and join us for refreshments. Contact Joe Corones at 858-603-5545 for information. Loren Lewandowski Loren Lewandowski, Resident of Santa Cruz, 51, passed away at home on Oct. 13th. He was a beloved brother and father and an avid fisherman. Loren will be missed by the many students he taught during his 20 years as a teacher in Morgan Hill. He brought to these students his passion for drama, his love of reading, and his love of life. Loren is preceded into death by his parents and is survived by his two daughters, Laura and Francezka and their mother, Sandi. He is also survived by his siblings: Lynn, Frank, Tony, Tersa, Marya, and Tanya and their spouses., A celebration of Loren's life will be held Saturday October 23rd from 10:00am to 12:00pm at the Morgan Hill Community Theater on Monterey Road. Louis John Nazzaro Louis "Louie" John Nazzaro, beloved husband for 64 years of Serena (Bonsignore) Nazzaro, died October 17th at his home surrounded by his loving family. Son of the late Vincenza (DiBenigno) Nazzaro and Carmine Nazzaro of Corvara, Abruzzi, Italy, he was born in Ridgefield on Oct 23, 1916, and lived most of his life in Georgetown. Mr. Nazzaro attended Ridgefield schools, and served three years in the Connecticut National Guard. He went on to serve five years in the U.S. Army 963rd Field Artillery Battalion, Battery C with a tour of duty as a staff sergeant on the European front during, . He landed on Normandy Beach and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. Founder of Nazzaro Brothers, general contractors, he worked in partnership with his brother Anthony, until his retirement. He was also an active participant in numerous local organizations. He was a past president of the Georgetown Volunteer Fire Company and a past president of the Redding Boys Club. In addition, he was one of the original charter members when the Georgetown Lions Club was created in 1950 and served as two-term president; he was given the Melvin Jones Fellowship Award, the highest honor given by the Lions Club International Foundation. For many years Mr. Nazzaro was a member of the Ridgefield Italian-American Mutual Aid Society, the Redding Democratic Town Committee, and served on the board of the Fresh Air Fund of Branchville. Mr. Nazzaro was the founder and first president of the Redding Country Club, serving as the first president of the club's holding corporation. An original member of the Police Advisory Board of Redding, Mr. Nazzaro held the position of third selectman of Redding for many years and also served on the building committee of the Redding Elementary School, as well as vice-chairman of the building committee for John Read Middle School, Redding. He was an incorporator of the Village Bank of Ridgefield, now Webster Bank, and was lifelong parishioner of Sacred Heart Church, Georgetown. Besides his wife, Mr. Nazzaro is survived by three children, Joseph Nazzaro and his wife, Erin, of Georgetown, Cynthia Nazzaro of Wilbraham, Massachusetts, and Gene Nazzaro and his wife, Sadelle, of Georgetown; three grandchildren, Ross and Kaelen Nazzaro and Martine Noble. He was predeceased by a sister, Dominica, and four brothers, Guerino (William), Augustino (Gus) Anthony, and Jerry. Calling hours will be held at the Bouton Funeral Home, 31 West Church Street, Georgetown, on Wednesday, Oct. 20 from 5 to 9 pm. A funeral mass will be held on Thursday, October 21 at 10 a.m. at Sacred Heart Church in Georgetown followed by internment at St. Mary's Cemetery, Copps Hill Road, Ridgefield. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to Vitas Innovative Hospice Care, 99 Hawley Lane, Stratford, CT 06614 or The Georgetown Lions Club, PO Box 594, Georgetown, CT 06829. Luanne Gilbert Luanne E. Gilbert June 12, 1934 - Sept. 5, 2010 Surrounded by her family, Luanne died peacefully at home on a sunny afternoon after a long battle with progressive MS. Born and raised in Colorado Springs, Luanne excelled academically, graduating first in her high school class. She was awarded a four year scholarship to Mills College, where as a prize-winning poet, she received both her BA and MA (English Literature) in 1958. In late December of 1955, she married Jerry Sidman, a brilliant young chemist at Berkeley. After a year together in Cambridge, England, they returned to America where Luanne completed her degree at Mills, while Jerry remained on the East Coast to establish his academic career. Upon her return to the East Coast with their infant daughter, she learned that he had been killed in a car accident, enroute to meet her. Subsequently, Luanne returned to the Bay Area, which she had come to love. She eventually re-married, had two more children, and received her library degree from U.C. Berkeley. She began her career at Richmond Public Library as head of audio-visual services, before moving to Alameda County Library in the same capacity. In 1978, she was promoted to Deputy County Librarian for Public Services, and served two stints as Acting County Librarian. Luanne was highly respected and loved by staff there for her steady support, availability to them, and staunch defense of intellectual freedom. She was dedicated to providing literacy tutoring and equity of service to all. She was known as well for her dry wit and ability to quote adeptly from literature, children's classics and classy mysteries. After retiring, she enjoyed traveling up and down California, to the South of France, to Baja California, and the South West --anywhere that wildflowers grow. She became an expert on the flowers, culture and cuisine of these areas and filled her garden in Berkeley with many Mediterranean and California native plants. Music was another life-long love and she was an early and ardent supporter of Chanticleer, Philharmonia Baroque, the American Bach Soloists, and other groups. Throughout these years she maintained a strong interest in environmental and social causes and gave support to FINCA, the Sonoma Land Trust, California Rural Legal Assistance, NARAL, Heifer, and many others. Contributions in her name can be made to any of these. She is survived by her children Jennifer Gilbert, Jill Gonzalez, and Geoffry Gilbert, four grandchildren, one great grandchild, three nephews and two nieces, and her long time companion Eleanor Crary. Family and friends will gather at her home to celebrate her life and remember her on the afternoon of October 23. Lujean Cowan Aiken LUJEAN COWAN AIKEN APR 29, 1935 - OCT 13, 2010 LuJean Cowan Aiken passed away on October 13th, 2010 at Memorial Medical Center. She was born to parents Eugene Cowan and Luella Meldrum Cowan on April 29th 1935 in Las Vegas, NV. She attended Boulder City High School and graduated as Valedictorian in 1953. She attended BYU in Provo, UT where she majored in Education and obtained a degree in 1957. There she met Raymond Elwin Aiken who she would later marry for time and all eternity on August 17th, 1959 in the Salt Lake Temple. The couple moved to Fairbanks, AK and Las Cruces, NM before settling in Modesto, CA in 1966. LuJean taught 3rd grade at Sylvan Elementary for 12 years before retiring to stay home with her 3rd child. She later taught reading to adults through the Stan Read program, which brought her many years of enjoyment. She was very active in the LDS church and enjoyed serving others with a smile. She loved attending Daughters of the Utah Pioneers, playing the piano, cooking, sewing, reading avidly, travelling with her family and visiting with friends. She had a musical laugh and a radiant smile and will be abundantly missed by her family and friends. She is survived by her husband Ray of 51 years; 2 daughters Debra Romero of Highland, CA and Leslie (Drew) Blanchard of Clovis, CA; 2 grandchildren Philip Ray Romero and Paige Elizabeth Romero; a sister Jacqueline Peacock of Georgia. She is predeceased by her parents and her son, Steven Ray Aiken. Services will be held Oct 21, 2010 10 a.m. at the LDS Chapel on Dale Rd. MARGARET E. MCDONALD April 22, 1923 - October 13, 2010 Margaret E. McDonald was born to John and Lillian Jolliemore in Massachusetts on April 22, 1923 and passed away peacefully in Merced, California on October 13, 2010 at the age of 87 years. Margaret was previously a resident of South Weymouth, Massachusetts for 22 years. During that time she was active in the League of Women Voters, elected to the Public Works Department, served on the School Committee, and was active in St. Francis Church. Margaret was a resident of Merced for 20 years. She was very active in the community. She was involved in the building of the Merced Open Air Theater at Applegate Park, she spearheaded the building of the skate park, and saved the Rose Garden which was renamed for her in April of 2003. She was a volunteer at the library and schools with reading and writing and volunteered at St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store. She also belonged to the Poets Club. She is survived by her sons, Daniel McDonald, Ralph McDonald, Robert McDonald, David McDonald and Michael McDonald; daughter, Elizabeth McDonald; sister, Rose Jolliemore; and daughters-in-law, Helen, Deborah, Daphne, Nancy and Cindy. She is also survived by 11 grandchildren and 5 great grandchildren. A Memorial service will be held on Thursday, October 21, 2010 at 3:00 p.m. at Stratford Evans Merced Funeral Home in Merced, California. In lieu of flowers, remembrances may be made to the Merced County Library, 2100 O Street, Merced, California 95340. Arrangements are under the direction of Stratford Evans Merced Funeral Home. MARINETTE MELANIE LABORDE ESTOURNES Marinette Estournes Marinette Melanie Laborde Estournes passed away on October 12, 2010. Born on April 24, 1935 in Gan, France. She lived in Gan with her parents and her siblings (two brothers and one sister) until 1953 when she moved to San Francisco to live with her aunt and uncle M/M Leon Sabatou. Soon after her arrival in San Francisco she met and married her husband Jacque Estournes (who preceded her in death in 1974) and settled in San Rafael. She enjoyed a 44 year long career as a cosmetologist and worked in some of the most successful hair salons in Marin until she opened her own salon "The Parisienne" in San Rafael. In her spare time she became an accomplished salsa and ballroom dancer. She was also very involved in the French community enjoying French Club picnics and activities. She loved music and the outdoors where she took advantage of the great hiking in Marin County. She had a great love of life and enjoyed traveling with good friends throughout the US and abroad. She retired to Sonoma and lived there for 13 years enjoying swimming, hiking and cooking for her friends. She leaves behind many friends and family who loved her dearly - Julliette Saboutou; Jean-Marie Laborder; Annick Davantes; Charles Davantes; Brigitte Moran, Roland Davantes and Marc Davantes; Suzie and Dan Etcheverry and their children Elise and Cristina; Aline, Peter and Mike Estournes; Daniel and Donna Mouliot. We all love you and you will be greatly missed! A Rosary and Funeral Mass will be held on Thursday, October 21, 2010. The Rosary will start at 10:45 AM followed by Mass at 11:00 AM - both at St. Anselm's Catholic Church, 97 Shady Lane, Ross, CA 94957. In lieu of flowers, donations are gratefully accepted to the National Parkinson Foundation, Gift Processing Center, PO Box 5018, Hagerstown, MD 21741-5018. Mabel G. Crossman Mabel G. Crossman, 90, of Torrance, CA, died Sunday, October 3, 2010 of respiratory failure. She was a special woman with a strong commitment to personal responsibility, a leader to her family and her community. Mabel took volunteerism and civic duty to new levels throughout her life, including roles and awards in organizations such as Job's Daughters, YWCA, Girl Scouts, Little Company of Mary Hospital and the PTA. She lived by the credo, always do the right thing, and instilled these values in her three children, Kasey, Craig and Candi, as well as her eight grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren. Mabel was born on February 7, 1920 in Glendale, NY. She and her husband of 67 years, Paul Crossman, lived a steady and stable life in the same house they purchased in Torrance, CA in 1947. She attended Queen's College in New York and graduated from El Camino College with an AA in History. Mabel is survived by her husband, Paul; her three children and their families. A celebration of Mabel's life will be held at the First Christian Church of Torrance on October 23, 2010 at 7:00 p.m. In lieu of flowers, please send donations to Guide Dogs for the Blind. Maria A. Pastion Maria A. Pastion, 55, of Bermuda Dunes, Calif. passed away October 14, 2010 in Indio, Calif. of respiratory failure. She was born September 19, 1955, to Ventura and Maria Luisa Acosta in Sinaloa, Mexico. She married Perry Pastion on June 18, 1978 in Anaheim, Calif. She was the co-owner of Get Alarmed Security along with her husband, Perry. She is survived by her husband, Perry Pastion of Bermuda Dunes, Calif.; her daughter, Mindy Diaz of Indio, Calif.; her sons, Jason Pastion of Bermuda Dunes, Calif. and Jonathan Pastion of Palm Desert, Calif.; her mother, Maria Luisa Acosta Lopez; sisters, Alma Valdez, Maggie Calderon, Melinda Gonzalez, Blanca Acosta and Becky Acosta, all of Anaheim, Calif.; her brother, Luis Acosta of Wildomar, Calif.; and four grandchildren. Visitation will be from 3-5:30 p.m., Wednesday, October 20, 2010 with a Rosary at 5:30 p.m. at St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church, La Quinta, Calif. Funeral Mass will be held at the same location at 10:00 a.m., Thursday, October 21, 2010. Burial will follow at Coachella Valley Cemetery. "We will miss you, Mom." Marian Mae Lakin Marian Mae Lakin of Yucca Valley, CA, passed away peacefully on Sunday, October 3, 2010 in Harbor City, CA. She was born on February 13, 1937 in Santa Barbara, CA. Marian is survived by her loving husband of 56 years, Donald Lakin; four daughters, Theresa Tabor (Bill) of Joshua Tree, CA, Ruth Ann Machado of Harbor City, CA, Elizabeth Doran (Richard) of Yucca Valley, CA, and Donna Lakin of Hawthorne, CA; nine grandchildren, Jeffrey Tabor, Jonathan Tabor (Tiana), Marian Tabor, Desiree Machado, Brandon Doran, Daniel Doran, Robert Doran, Brett Duennerman and Charles Stark; and one great-grandchild Michiah Lakin Tabor. She was preceded in death by her parents, Robert and Nellie Enedy, and her brother, Sergeant Robert Enedy, who served and died in the Vietnam War. Marian was a loving wife, mother, and grandmother. She loved the adventures of the great outdoors. Marian was dedicated to her family, friends, and her country. Family and friends will miss her deeply and her enthusiasm for life will continue on through them. A memorial service will be held at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, October 30, 2010 at 59826 Sun Mesa Drive, Yucca Valley, CA 92286. Please sign the guestbook at Marie F. Gentile Marie F. Gentile, 81, of Vacaville passed away from Alzheimer's on Wednesday, Oct. 6, at Kaiser Hospital in Vacaville. She was born on July 29, 1929 in Manhattan, N.Y., Marie worked for more than 20 years with various New York telephone companies until retiring in 1987. She enjoyed needle work, playing golf at Green Tree golf course, and sewing for family and golf clubs. She was a member of Women's Club and Ceramic Group and was also very active in church with being a Ecclesiastic Minister., Marie is survived by her husband of 60 years, Philip; sons and daughters-in-law, John (Donna) Gentile, Joseph (Nancy) Gentile, Robert (Susan) Gentile; sister and brother-in-law, Rita and John McHale; and 6 grandchildren, Michael, Jeffrey, Donald, Melissa, Lauren, and Sara., A Mass will be held on Friday, Oct. 22, at 10 a.m. at St Joseph's Church in Vacaville. Father Jacobo A Caceres will be officiating., Arrangements are under the direction of McCune Garden Chapel, 448-6546, mccunechapel.com., Marilyn Berry MARILYN JEAN BERRY Passed away October 11, 2010 of pancreatic cancer; she was a resident of Mira Loma for over 45 years. Marilyn was born November 3, 1936 in Audubon, Iowa. She was a homemaker most of her life, she spent many years caring for foster children. Later in her life she became a team leader for Hallmark Greeting Cards for 16 years. She attended Harvest Christian Fellowship, where she enjoyed helping in the nursery. She is survived by her 3 children Dale Berry Jr. of Keller, Texas, Pamela Forsythe of Temecula, CA, Rhonda Thomale of Riverside, CA, 8 Grandchildren and 4 Great Grandchildren. She is also survived by three siblings Gayle Havel of Iowa, Janette Burton of Santa Clara and David Franz of Oak Glen. She was preceded in death by her parents Rev Leonard and Eloise Franz, a brother Meredith Franz, and a Sister Phyllis Harrison. A memorial in her honor will be held at Harvest Christian Fellowship 6115 Arlington Ave. Riverside, CA Oct 23 at 10am. In lieu of flowers, the family suggests memorial contributions to the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network. Marinette Estournes Marinette Melanie Laborde Estournes passed away on October 12, 2010. Born on April 24, 1935 in Gan, France. She lived in Gan with her parents and her siblings (two brothers and one sister) until 1953 when she moved to San Francisco to live with her aunt and uncle M/M Leon Sabatou. Soon after her arrival in San Francisco she met and married her husband Jacque Estournes (who preceded her in death in 1974) and settled in San Rafael. She enjoyed a 44 year long career as a cosmetologist and worked in some of the most successful hair salons in Marin until she opened her own salon "The Parisienne" in San Rafael. In her spare time she became an accomplished salsa and ballroom dancer. She was also very involved in the French community enjoying French Club picnics and activities. She loved music and the outdoors where she took advantage of the great hiking in Marin County. She had a great love of life and enjoyed traveling with good friends throughout the US and abroad. She retired to Sonoma and lived there for 13 years enjoying swimming, hiking and cooking for her friends. She leaves behind many friends and family who loved her dearly, Julliette Saboutou; Jean-Marie Laborder; Annick Davantes; Charles Davantes; Brigitte Moran, Roland Davantes and Marc Davantes; Suzie and Dan Etcheverry and their children Elise and Cristina; Aline, Peter and Mike Estournes; Daniel and Donna Mouliot. We all love you and you will be greatly missed! A Rosary and Funeral Mass will be held on Thursday, October 21, 2010. The Rosary will start at 10:45 a.m. followed by Mass at 11:00 a.m., both at St. Anselm's Catholic Church, 97 Shady Lane, Ross, CA 94957. In lieu of flowers, donations are gratefully accepted to the National Parkinson Foundation, Gift Processing Center, PO Box 5018, Hagerstown, MD 21741-5018. MARJORIE MALLIN, 59, of Tumwater, WA, died Oct. 16, 2010. Arrangements are under the direction of Lady Family Mortuary and Crematory of Arroyo Grande. Marjorie Ruth (Williams) Hartzell Passed away peacefully at her home in Sebastopol. Marge was raised in Cordova, IL. She served in the Navy during, , and moved to Sebastopol with her husband Walter G. Hartzell in 1949. She was active in many community organizations, including P.E.O. Chapter MH and IMPACT. A grateful thank you to her grandson, John W. Roberts, and the Heartland Hospice staff who cared for her in her final months. A memorial service is planned for 3:00 p.m., October 19th, 2010, at the Community Church of Sebastopol, 1000 Gravenstein Hwy. N. Marshall Sargent Marshall Edward Sargent, 6-25-31 - 10-19-90, It's been twenty long-long years since you left us. Our memories of you bring tears of our loss and laughter at your many antics. You touched so many lives. You will never be forgotten., Wanda, Mike, Mark and the rest of our Sargent family. Martins, Maria Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM Maria Martins Resident of San Lorenzo June 30, 1927 - Oct. 15, 2010 Maria Martins passed away peacefully on Friday. She touched many lives ..... Mary Edna Wood McLain McLain, Mary Edna Wood November 8, 1928 - October 7, 2010 Mary is survived by her husband of nearly 60 years, Donald, her children Robert and Virginia, and five grandchildren. Funeral services were in Henderson, Kentucky where Mary was buried with her parents and siblings that preceded her in death. A memorial service will be held Wednesday October 20th at 10:30 A.M. at Cabot and Sons. Mary Ellen Kirby Kirby, Mary Ellen, of Huntington Beach, CA, and formerly of Harwich Port, MA, passed away on Monday, October 11th at the Hoag Memorial Hospital in Newport Beach, CA after a long illness. She was 68 years old. Mrs. Kirby was the widow of Clarence W. Kirby. Mr. Kirby was a Navy veteran who served in the Gulf of Tonkin during the early years of the Vietnam War. He died in 1990. Mr. and Mrs. Kirby settled in Huntington Beach, CA in 1962 where they raised five sons, all of whom survive. Mrs. Kirby was born in Milford, MA on January 1, 1942, the second of the five children of the late John and Dorothy O'Donnell. With her family, she moved to Harwich Port, MA in 1947. Mr. O'Donnell was for many years Postmaster in Harwich Port and Mrs. O'Donnell was active in state and national politics, and was a long-time associate of former Massachusetts Gov. Michael Dukakis. Mrs. Kirby attended the Harwich public schools and was a 1960 graduate of the Harwich High School, where she played on the girls' varsity basketball team. She worked for many years as a proofreader at Pacific Design Services in Anaheim, CA. She was active in school and community organizations in Huntington Beach, and in veterans' affairs in Orange County. Accompanied by her Mother, the then-Democratic National Committeewoman from Massachusetts, she attended the 1980 Democratic National Convention in New York City, and was seated with the California delegation. After her retirement in 1996 she traveled extensively across the United States and also made several trips to Melbourne, Australia to visit her sister, Therese Connell. She is survived by five sons, Michael J. Kirby of Eugene, OR, Christopher W Kirby, Paul M. Kirby, Todd R. Kirby and Mark P. Kirby, all of Huntington Beach, CA; by her sister, Therese M. O'D. Connell of Melbourne, Australia; and by three brothers: Richard J. O'Donnell of Minneapolis, MN, John J. O'Donnell, Jr. of Orleans, MA and William G. O'Donnell of Chicago, IL. She is survived also by 10 grandchildren and four nieces and nephews. A Funeral Mass of Resurrection will be celebrated at St. Bonaventure Catholic Church, 16410 Springdale Street, Huntington Beach, CA at 11:00 A.M. Wednesday, October 20th. A celebration of her life will be held immediately following at the home of Mark Kirby, Westminster CA 92683. Internment will take place on November 12th at the Riverside National Cemetery, Riverside, CA. Flowers may be sent to St. Bonaventure's; Mary Jane Coelho Saiz Mary Jane Coelho Saiz (nee Higgins) was born in Cushing, Neb., on Jan. 27, 1927. She came to California at the age of 16 and attended Castlemont High School in Oakland. Soon after high school Mary Jane met Frank Coelho and in 1945 they were married. Together they ran a limousine service and diner in the Oakland area, at a difficult time when trading ration stamps was a necessity to maintain a successful business. They moved to Fairfield in the mid 1940's and started the Yellow Cab and Travis Cab Companies. For many years they also ran Frank's Smoke Shop on Jefferson Street and Mary's Douglas Gas Station on the corner of Travis and Texas Streets. Mary Jane's husband passed away in 1957., For many years Mary Jane worked at Inter Community Hospital in Fairfield, which later became the North Bay Medical Center. In 1992 Mary Jane retired from VacaValley Medical Center and was soon after diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. This week Mary Jane was to be recognized at the NorthBay Healthcare 20-35 year honoree award banquet. Mary Jane battled Parkinson's for almost two decades and on Friday, Oct. 15, at the age of 83, her body succumbed to the disease. She is now with her beloved husband in a place of peace, free of the pains and debilitations of health., Mary Jane was a long time resident of Fairfield. She leaves behind five children: daughters, Christine (Gerald) Raycraft, Catherine (Charles) Johnson, Carole Coelho Anspach, and Rebecca (Joe) Reagle, and son, Frank Coelho; as well as six grandchildren and five great-grandchildren. In lieu of flowers, please make a donation in Mary Jane's name to the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research at Church Street Station, P.O. Box 780, New York, N.Y., 10008-0780, or by phone at (800) 708-7644., Visitation will be held on Wednesday, Oct. 20, from 5 to 9 p.m. at Bryan-Braker Funeral Home in Fairfield and funeral services in honor of Mary Jane's life will take place on Thursday, Oct. 21, at 11 a.m. Arrangements are under the care of Bryan-Braker, 425-4697, 1850 W. Texas Street, Fairfield, Calif., 94533. You may sign the guestbook at www.bryanbraker.com., Mary Klarin Mary went home to be with the Lord on October 17, 2010. Born on April 20, 1915 on the Island of Rava, Croatia, she emigrated to San Pedro where she resided for over 60 years. Mary surrounded herself with family and friends. She loved to work outside in the garden and to cook and bake for her friends and family. She was a long time member of the Anderson Memorial Senior Center where she enjoyed playing bingo and exchanging stories with close friends. She will be remembered always for the stories she told, the advice she gave and the love she shared. She was preceded in death by her husband, Miro S. Klarin. She is survived by her sons, John (Jayne), and Dinko (Marti) Klarin; daughter, JoAnn (Rick) Gaydos; brother, Mauricio (Ivka) Bobic; sister, Angelka Grzunov; sister-in-law, Anka Ambrosino; grandchildren, John (Joyce) Klarin, Joelle (Scott) Allman, Jennefer (Mike) Murrin, Julie (Brian) Cochran, Diana (Dave) Lindsay, Danette (Steve) Bothwell, Cabel (Elizabeth) Parker, and Jace Parker; great-grandchildren, Jessica, Erik, Evan, Ella, Gil, Nicolette, Noah, Connor, and Blake; niece, Vjera Brunac and numerous other nieces and nephews. A Funeral Mass will be offered on Friday, October 22, 2010, 10:30am at Mary Star of the Sea Church. Entombment will follow at Green Hills Memorial Park. Visitation will be on Thursday, 3:00-8:00pm at McNerney's Mortuary. You are welcomed to leave the family a message or share memories at Mary Siebenmorgen Mary Katherine Siebenmorgen, Resident of San Jose, 06/02/1926 - 10/14/2010, Mary K. will be reunited in Heaven with her parents, Genevieve and Daniel Sullivan; brothers, Dan and John-Leo; and sisters, Elizabeth and Eileen., She is survived by her loving husband of 54 years, Clem; daughters: Rita Little, Elaine Moreno (Frank), Jane and Carol; son: Jerry (Mike); grandchildren: Jamie and LCpl Megan Little, Frank and Bryanna Moreno; sister: Dorothy Kester; brother: Leo Sullivan (Judy); and her many loving nieces and nephews., Mary K. (Mom, Oma, Aunt Mary, Sis) will be remembered for her strong Irish spirit, unwavering faith, kind and loving heart, her great love for her family, and her beautiful smile., We are blessed to have had our lives touched by such a beautiful, amazing soul. She will be dearly missed by all., Visitation: Wed. 10/20, 6-9pm w/ Rosary at 7pm - Santa Teresa Catholic Church, 794 Calero Ave., San Jose. Funeral Mass: Thurs. 10/21, 10am - Santa Teresa Catholic Church. Interment: Friday, 10/22, 11am at Gate of Heaven Cemetery, Los Altos., Arrangements by Darling-Fischer Mortuary., Donations may be made to Santa Teresa Catholic Church, The or breast cancer research., At Mary's request, in celebration of her life, please wear cheerful colors. Lears, Maryon Patricia October 8, 1919 - October 12, 2010 www.ForestLawn.com Mavis Lucille Williams Mavis, passed away peacefully at home in the loving arms of her husband John. Mavis was born in Elk River, Idaho. She later met the love of her life, John in Spokane, Wash. in 1945. They wed the same year and later had five children. She is survived by daughter, Karen Beathem; sons, John Williams and Mike Williams; daughter, Cheri Somme and son, Craig Williams. She is also is survived by 8 grandchildren, 9 great-grandchildren, and 1 great-great-grandchild. Mavis was a special woman who touched many people in her life. She was a devoted and loving wife. She loved her children and their children. She also had many special friends in her life, but no one more special to her than the man that called her "Doll.", A service will be held to celebrate her life on Sunday, Oct. 17, 11:15 a.m. at Bethany Lutheran Church, 621 S Orchard Ave. in Vacaville. Arrangements are entrusted to the care of Fairfield Funeral Home, 1750 Pennsylvania Ave., 425-1041, www.fairfieldfuneral-home.com., , Share your loved one's story with a Legacy.com Memorial Website. McGRATH, Lee Carroll McGRATH, Lee Carroll 01/08/1921 - 10/17/2010 We have lost another member of the greatest generation. Born to T. Russell and Helen Carroll of Oxnard in 1921. Lee attended Oxnard Union High School and went to work at Douglas Aircraft Company during WWII. In 1945, she married the love of her life Frank McGrath Jr. They had three children, Tom, Bridgit and Sean. Lee was actively involved in the family farming operation, Michael Gilbert MCKEAN MCKEAN, Michael Gilbert Feb. 3, 1947 - Oct. 13, 2010 Michael McKean died on Wednesday, Oct. 13th, at his Pasadena home surrounded by loving friends and relatives. Son of John and Dorothy McKean, who preceded him in death, he was born February 3, 1947 in Los Angeles. He is survived by his older brother John, his son, Sean, and his younger brother Grover, and his children Benjamin and Jacob as well as his cousin Sandy Ivins and her daughter Patty Specht. Michael served the children of Los Angeles for 39 years as a special education teacher for the LA Unified School District. A memorial mass will be held at 10:00 a.m. on Saturday, October 23 at Our Mother of Good Council Catholic Church, 2060 N. Vermont Ave., Los Angeles, 90027. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made in Michael's name to City of Hope, c/o Gift Administration, Colon Cancer Research, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, 91010. Michael James Langston After a gallant, ten year stand against lymphoma, Michael James Langston passed away at home, surrounded by his family, Wednesday, October 6th, 2010 at age 72. Many will remember Michael as the man who always had a book with him. He loved his home, his family, SCUBA diving, and The Law. Born in San Francisco in 1937 and raised in the Sunset District, his family moved to Burlingame, California when he was nine. He graduated from Burlingame High School, San Francisco State University, and Golden Gate School of Law. To support himself through law school, he became a professional singer. Blessed with a powerful baritone voice, no one who ever heard him sing can forget his rousing rendition of the National Anthem. Serving in the US Army, Mr. Langston was Artillery Liaison officer to the 49th Infantry Division. After passing the bar, he was named Managing Attorney at the Hartford Insurance Company in 1971. He went into private practice and had offices in San Francisco, Oakland, and Santa Rosa. He was a Judge Pro Tem in Sonoma County, co-founder of the Redwood Empire Trial Layers' Association, and conceptualized and effected a touch screen computerized law library for prisons. Elected Chairman of the North Sonoma County Republican Club two years running; member of Sonoma County Central Committee; campaign chair for Congressman Frank Riggs; delegate to Presidential Nominating Committee, Houston Texas, 1993. He is survived by his beloved wife, Jain Fairfax; a dear brother, John Belden of Folsom, CA; two step-daughters, Melissa Bindon (Mrs. Mark Bindon) of Los Altos and Jenna DeAngeles (Mrs. Joseph Abouzeid) of Los Angeles; grandchildren: Jamie, Nicholas, and Olivia; and several close-as-sibling cousins, nieces and nephews all of whom extend gratitude for the loving help the members of the community gave to Mr. Langston's family during his illness. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to Rose Valley Chapter of the Eastern Star, C/O 7349 Castille Ct, Rohnert Park, CA 94928 payable to Rose Valley Chapter, for their generous support of his cancer treatments, or to Sutter Hospice VNA & Hospice Foundation, 1110 North Dutton Ave. Santa Rosa, CA 95401-4606. Michele COLABELLA COLABELLA, Michele Sept. 29, 1928-Oct. 13, 2010 Born in Bonefro, C. Basso, Italy. He is survived by his wife of 53 years, Angelina; three sons, Domenic (Lisa), John, Mike (Pat); seven grandchildren, Shelby, Katie, Angie, Christian, Alex, Caden and Andrea; his brother, nieces and nephews in Italy. A Memorial Service will be held on Oct. 21, 2010 at 11:00 a.m. at Mission Hills Catholic Mortuary Church, 11160 Stranwood Ave., Mission Hills. Miguel C. Pena Sr. Miguel C. Pena Sr., 78, went home to be with the Lord on Oct. 11, 2010. He was born September 29, 1932 in Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua, Mexico to Jose Pena Castro and Evarista Chavez. Miguel is survived by his wife, Helen Pena; sons, Joe Pena and Miguel Pena Jr., both of Coachella, Calif.; daughters, Irene Pena of Los Angeles, Frances Pena Garcia, Mary Pena Orantes, Valerie Pena, and Christina Pena Cannon, all of Indio. He is also survived by 14 grandchildren and two great grandchildren. A resident of Coachella for 54 years, he retired as an auto body repair technician from Simon Motors after 25 years. Visitation services will be Monday, October 18, 2010 from 5-9:00 PM, with a memorial service Tuesday, October 19, 2010 at 8:00 AM. All services will be held at Forest Lawn in Coachella. Monica M. Fisher d., October 6, 2010 A memorial mass for Monica Mary Fisher will be celebrated at La Purisma Catholic Church on Friday, October 22 at 10 a.m. Interment will follow at Lompoc Evergreen Cemetery. Nancy Glover Nancy S. Glover, Resident of San Jose, Born in Bradford, Pennsylvania on June 5, 1938, entered into rest San Jose, California on October 14, 2010, surrounded by her family. Daughter of the late Robert and Irene McCracken. Married to William J. Glover on April 27, 1956 at St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church in Bradford, Pennsylvania by Monsignor Carlton G. Ritchie., She is survived by her loving husband William Glover, children Kathy Hoffman (Peter), Patrick Glover (Melanie), Mary Webb, Michael Glover (Dena), Debbie King (Greg), James Glover, and the late William D. Glover and her son-in-law the late David Webb. Cherished grandmother of Robert Glover, Justin Hoffman, Megan Fetzer, Jenel Glover, Tiffany Webb, Jennifer Webb, Odessa Frey, Michael Glover Jr., Holly King and Joel King. Dear sister of Dale McCracken, Sally DeMellier, Judy Marshall, and the late Jim McCracken., She loved baseball, was a longtime fan of 'the tribe', and later became a huge fan of the San Francisco Giants. She was first lady of the 4th Degree of the Knights of Columbus, supporting her husband, following William to many conventions, installations and dinners., Nancy was a very kind and caring Lady, loved by many and will be missed by all!, Vigil Services will be held 7:00 p.m. Tuesday, October 19, 2010 at Lima Family Erickson Funeral Home, 710 Willow Street, San Jose, CA 95125 and Funeral Mass 9:30 a.m. Wednesday, October 20, 2010 at St. Julie Billiart Catholic Church, 366 St. Julie Drive, San Jose, CA 95119. Communal will follow at Gate of Heaven Catholic Cemetery in Los Altos, CA, followed by a reception at St. Julies at 1:00 p.m. Donations can be made to St. Julies Building Fund or Sacred Heart Community Services in her memory. Nancy Kay Parks Nancy Kay Parks, 8/19/1952 - 10/13/2010 PHOTO, She was loved by all who knew her. She will be missed beyond words. Survived by her husband, Pat, of 30 years. Beloved mother, grandmother, daughter, sister, niece, aunt, and friend. Memorial Service to be held Wednesday, October 20th at 11:00 a.m. at Lutheran Church of the Resurrection, 6365 Douglas Blvd., Granite Bay, CA 95746. Nancy Parks Nancy Kay (Shurter) Parks, Resident of Roseville, Aug. 19, 1952-Oct.13, 2010, She was loved by all who knew her. She will be missed beyond words. Survived by her husband, Pat, of 30 years. Beloved mother, grandmother, daughter, sister, niece, aunt, and friend. Memorial Service to be held Wednesday, October 20th at 11:00 a.m. at Lutheran Church of the Resurrection, 6365 Douglas Blvd., Granite Bay, CA 95746. Narlee Trubschenck Narlee W. Trubschenck Narlee passed away October 12, 2010 in Santa Rosa, CA at the age of 87. Narlee was a long time resident of Lompoc, where she retired with her husband Lorin in 1986. She loved the area and its surrounding hills, enjoyed golf, reading, entertaining her many special friends and family, and rescuing animals. She often said if she had it to do over she would choose a career involving animals. Every Christmas she sent a big gift package to Best Friends in Utah. She also was a volunteer for years at the Lompoc Hospital Auxiliary gift shop, donating knitted items and crafts she delighted in making. When not enjoying Lompoc, she and Lorin were fortunate to travel, sightsee, and golf in places such as Scotland, England, Denmark, New Zealand, Australia, Tahiti, Alaska and Hawaii. Narlee will be greatly missed by all who loved her. She is survived by her son John Hermanson and wife Marilynn; three stepchildren and their spouses: Eric Trubschenck MD (Diane), Caroline Covault (Rayne), and Otto Trubschenck (Mary); and numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren. She was preceded in death by her husband of 27 years Lorin N. Trubschenck on August 21, 2010; first husband John H. Hermanson; son Jim Hermanson; daughter Claudia Barsamian and stepdaughter Lori Andrews. Memorial Services and burial will be at Chapel of the Chimes Memorial Park in Hayward, CA on October 23, 2010 at 1:00 p.m. Donations in her memory may be sent to Best Friends Animal Society, 5001 Angel Canyon Road, Kanab, Utah 84741. Nathan Noble Lewis Beloved Husband, Father, Grandfather, Brother, Friend and Marine. February 1st, 1928- October 13th, 2010 A living legend and hero to all he knew, Nathan lived a full life, surrounded by his family and friends. Born in Oklahoma, Nathan's family moved him to California after the infamous Dust Bowl. In his youth Nathan established a reputation for being a hard worker, trustworthy friend and dedicated Marine. As his family grew, Nathan was a providing father and devoted grandfather, enjoying school sports and spoiling his great-grandchildren. There was never a stranger to him. Whether you knew him or not, Nate was your friend. His heart was genuine and his door was always open. Nathan is preceded in death by his son, Raymond Eugene Lewis and great-grandbaby. He is survived by his loving wife, Norma Lewis, his sons; Roland, Nathan Jr. & Norman, his daughters; Linda, Susan, Sibyl, Diane, and Joyce, along with his 25 grandchildren, 45 great-grandchildren and 5 great-great-grandchildren. The family will hold a viewing at Golble's Fortuna Mortuary on Friday, October 22nd from 9am to 11am, with a graveside service at the Garberville Cemetery at 2pm. His pallbearers will be his son, Norman Lewis, godson, John Earley and his grandsons; Troy Lute, Josh, Bruce and Joe Mendes, Leonard Ward Jr. and Robbie Kemp with Nathan Lewis Jr., Kenny Bigger Jr. and Rodney Lewis as honorary pallbearers. Following his service will be his memorial at the Garberville Nick Zlatunich Nick Zlatunich Dec. 1, 1916 - Oct. 14, 2010 Nick was a San Francisco Native for almost 94 years. Nick lived independently up to the very end, when he lost a brief battle to cancer. We will all miss him terribly. Nick is survived by his daughter Mary Della Maggiora, by the sons of his late wife Nadine Zlatunich, Michael, and Patrick Chase, "Jeanette Jacobi", his brothers Tom and Bill Zlatunich, and his sister Anne Brown, as well as multiple nieces, nephews, grandchildren, great grand children, and close friends. Nick grew up in Bernal Heights. He had eight Brothers and sisters. He graduated from Balboa High School. During World War II he managed the Warehouse at the Hunter's Point Ship yard. In 1947 he opened Lakeside Hardware and Lumber on 44th Avenue and Taraval Street with his brother Tom. After 50 years he retired and traveled extensively with his late wife Nadine. He was a master craftsman and enjoyed wood working projects such as equestrian jumps, tack truncks, and Adirondack chairs. He also loved to vacation and work at the Family's Lake County cabin. He was a lifelong 49ner fan. Nick was always happy and kind to all. We loved him dearly. There was only one rich Uncle Nick! The family would like to thank Kaiser Doctor Carl L. Thomas and special thanks to Nick's personal Doctor for the past 6 years Alexander O. Levy. Visitation will be held Friday October 22nd at 4pm with a Rosary at 7pm at Duggan's Serra Mortuary, 500 Westlake Ave. Daly City. A Funeral Mass will be celebrated on Saturday, October 23, at 11am at St. Gabriel Church, 2559 40th Avenue, San Francisco. Committal Private, Holy Cross Cemetery, Colma. Memorial gifts in memory of Nick can be made to: Balboa Alumni Association, PO Box 31866, San Francisco, Ca. 94131. Mr. Oliver Bruner Oliver "Ollie" Bruner, 76, passed away on October 10, 2010 at the UCSF Hospital in San Francisco, California. He was a native of Eureka, CA, and a resident of Arcata, CA. Ollie served in the United States Orisco Chaisson "Mother Dear" Funeral services for Orisco Chaisson will be held at St. Theresa Catholic Church in Palm Springs, Wednesday, October 20th, at 10:00 am, and internment will be at Forest Lawn directly following. Visitation will be from 5:00 pm to 8:00 pm Tuesday, October 19th, at Wiefels and Son Chapel in Palm Springs. She was born September 13, 1919 in Ames, Texas to Anatalie and Leo Sterling and lived in Beaumont, Texas until 1951, where she gave birth to six of her children, then moved to Palm Springs and gave birth to three more children. She was the fifth of six siblings who have all preceded her in death. She was very proud of supporting her family working as a housekeeper for the homes of Ed McCoubrey, Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh, Dean Martin and many more. She became a parishioner of St. Theresa upon her arrival to Palm Springs and remained faithfully so until her death on Sunday, October 10th. She is preceded in death by her daughter Latisha, son Joe and husband Freddie. She was not only a Mother Dear to her own, but many knew that if you needed support she was your Mother Dear also. She is survived by her four daughters Verla Monroe, Cindy Chaisson of Palm Springs, Sherry Smith of Riverside, Celeste Johnson of L.A. and her three sons Lloyd Chaisson of Sky Valley, Donald Chaisson of Los Angeles., and Randal Chaisson of Redwood City. She is also survived by 24 grand children, 44 great grand-children, 16 great great grandchildren and a multitude of honorary children, extended family, nephews, nieces, cousins and many friends. We will miss our "Mother Dear". Pamela Wilkinson Lee, Mar 4, 1961-June 17, 2010 Survived by son Brandon and daughter Samantha. Remembrance July 10, 2010. 408-239-0216. Pantelis Basil Lambros Lambros, Pantelis Basil August 12, 1924 - October 13, 2010 P. Basil Lambros, born on August 12, 1924, in Chicago, Illinois, passed away following a prolonged illness on October 13, 2010. An acclaimed International Beverly Hills attorney and longtime southland resident, he remained dedicated to his family, his community and his church. He is survived by Alana H. Lambros, their son, Ponti (Sabine), daughters, Alana (Andre) and Alexana (Christian); three grandchildren, Alandra, Alexander and Lee Lu; and his sisters, Evanthia Conteas (Nick) and Jeanne Lambros (Ted) along with many nieces and nephews. He was preceded in death by his parents Stella and George Lambros and his brother George Lambros. Trisigion will be Tuesday, October 19, 7:00 pm and Funeral Service on Wednesday, October 20, 11:00 am both at Saint Sophia Greek Orthodox Cathedral, Los Angeles. / Mortuary: Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills, 800-204-3131. Patricia Ann Walker (1950-2010) Patricia (Pat) Walker, 60, a loving mother, passed away peacefully in her sleep on Friday, Aug. 27, 2010 from congestive heart failure., She was born Aug. 12, 1950 in California to Glenn and Dorothy Walker. She was an R.N. and spent her entire career caring for children. She worked in the maternity ward of Holy Cross Hospital in Mission Hills, as a School Nurse for the County of Ventura, caring for the youngest children at Casa Pacifica in Camarillo, and finishing her career as a nurse at Vista Del Mar in Ventura., She believed laughter was the best medicine. She was always a constant prankster and enjoyed anything that received a good laugh., Pat is survived by her children, Dena and Kelly Walker; her sister, Linda Vesey; and her brother, Steve Walker., The family would like to thank Roze Room Hospice and Shoreline Care Center in Oxnard for their excellent care and support the last days of her life. Donations may be made in Pat's name to: Roze Room Hospice of Ventura, 5700 Ralston St., suite 204, Ventura, CA 93003. Patsy Ann Bogges Age 70, passed away on the morning of October 15, 2010 after a brief fight with pancreatic cancer. She was born to Walter William Nichols and Anna Arko Nichols on March 17th 1940 in the small mining town of Chloride Arizona. They later settled in Richmond California where she spent her childhood being raised the only daughter of three children in a single parent home. Pat always gave immense credit to her beloved mother Anna Nichols who was an example of the great love, dedication, and hard work it took to overcome any obstacles. In her early twenties she met Albert L. Bogges and they were married on October 10th 1964. They moved to Sebastopol California in 1970 where she dedicated her life to raising her three children. Pat volunteered her time at the schools and played an active role in all her children's activities. Besides being a loving mother she was a devoted friend, wife, sister, daughter and grandmother. She was an excellent baker and cake decorator even winning grand prize for a wedding cake at the Sonoma County fair. Pat was a member of The Autumn Leaves and played bunko where she had witty humor and many friends. But what she loved most of all is being with her family. She is survived by her husband of 46 years Albert L. Bogges; children: Michael Alan Bogges and wife Diane, Brian Jeffery Bogges and wife Elizabeth and daughter Ann Marie Bogges, all from Sonoma County. Her three brothers William Nichols and sister in law Lorraine of Pinole California, Olen Nichols and late brother in law Steven Vincent of Grass Valley and late brother Carmond Nichols of Okalahoma; and her two nephews John and Bill. She will be missed. Her Rosary will be recited Thursday October 21st at 7:00 p.m. and her Memorial with Reception to follow will be the following day Friday October 22nd at 10:30 a.m. Both services are to take place at St. Sebastian's Church 7983 Covert Ln. Sebastopol, CA 95472 The reception is located within walking distance in the St. Sebastian's' Hall. Pat wishes that in lieu of flowers, monetary donations be made to either Memorial Hospice of Santa Rosa or the ICF Scholarship Fund Branch 209. Peter Sarnicola Peter Sarnicola, age 76, of Bethel, died Sunday, October 17, 2010 at his home. He was born in Bronx, NY, June 2, 1934 son of the late Joseph and Mary Sarnicola. He has been a resident of Bethel for 15 years. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to the , CT Chapter, 306 Industrial Park Rd., Middletown, CT 06457. A Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated at St. Mary's Church, Bethel, Thursday morning at 10:00. Burial in St. Charles Cemetery, Farmingdale, NY will be at the convenience of the family. The family will receive friends at the Bethel Funeral Home, 215 Greenwood Ave., Bethel, Wednesday evening from 5 to 8 p.m. Information and on line condolences at Philip Alper Philip R. Alper, M.D., A 47 year resident of Burlingame, Passed away on October 14, 2010. He was 76. He was the loving husband of Jeanne B. Alper of Burlingame and father of Glenn Alper, M.D. (Lynn) of Orinda, Marc Alper (Robin) of Novato and Nicole Alper of Philadelphia, PA; grandfather of Teddy, Evelyn, Elliot and Lauren; brother of Richard Alper of Los Angeles. He practiced internal medicine, specializing in endocrinology, in Burlingame since 1963., At his request, there will be no services. Private interment will be at Sacramento Valley National Cemetery in Dixon. The family suggests memorial contributions be made to the ., CHAPEL OF THE HIGHLANDS, Millbrae (650) 588-5116.www.chapelofthehighlands.com. RAYMOND L. deKOZAN* deKOZAN, RAYMOND L. Raymond L. deKozan of San Diego, California, died Friday at his home, surrounded by his family, after a brief illness. Born in Richmond, Virginia, February 21, 1936, to Levon and Ruth deKozan, Mr. deKozan will be most remembered as a voracious reader and student of history, with tremendous recall and an ability to put history's lessons to work both in business and in his approach to life. These gifts contributed to his monumental successes in establishing and growing the successful Cubic Transportation Systems, Inc., one of the three major businesses of Cubic Corporation, one of San Diego's top companies, founded by Walter J. Zable in 1951. Mr. deKozan met Ann Cracovaner while obtaining his degree in Electrical Engineering at the University of Virginia, and they married on August 9, 1957. First employed by Glen L. Martin in Baltimore later in the year, his work on the space program had him moved to Cape Canaveral in 1958. Within the year he was recruited by Ryan Aeronautical and moved his wife and newborn Suzanne, his first of three children, to San Diego. He worked for Ryan until joining Cubic in 1960. With a keen intellect and a natural instinct for assessing and interacting with people, he became an extremely effective leader and tactician. Mr. deKozan was a highly respected member of the international transit community and was often referred to as the father of modern automatic fare collection. His charismatic leadership of Cubic Transportation Systems spanned four decades and under his watchful eye, the company grew from one small contract for Illinois Central Gulf Railroad to a worldwide leader in the industry with annual sales of $400 million, clients on four continents, and showcase reference projects including New York's MetroCard system and the Oyster smart card system operating on London's Underground and Bus networks. Along the way, Mr. deKozan moved office and home to whatever project needed his personal attention. These included two tours in London, England, as well as New York City and Hong Kong. In 1991, following a well publicized contract pursuit for the New York program, he was named Headliner of the Year by the San Diego Press Club. After his last stint in London, Mr. deKozan returned to San Diego and was appointed a corporate senior group vice president, with oversight responsibility for the transportation company. He also oversaw the company's research and development for the defense and transportation security markets. Upon retirement in January of this year, Mr. deKozan remained a consultant to the company and advised on long-term strategy and potential acquisitions. Fittingly, on his last business trip for Cubic in June of this year, he visited his father's homeland in Armenia to review a company that Cubic had recently purchased. Up until his death he was a vocal supporter for Armenian rights and was an advocate for water rights for the San Joaquin Valley, where a number of Armenians, including members of his extended family, long ago settled to farm. He remained on the Cubic board of directors until his death on October 15th. He is mourned by his family and friends all over the world, as well as the 1,500 employees of Cubic Transportation Systems whom he led much of his adult life. But by his family, he will be forever remembered as an extremely dedicated husband and father, who was affectionately referred to as Yogi for he was smarter than the average bear. He was ferociously loyal to his employees who remember him as much for his disarming wit and charm, as well as his keen mind for details and an encyclopedic recall of facts and figures. In particular, he will be remembered for his love of baseball, for which he could recite from memory obscure baseball statistics from years ago. He followed the New York Yankees religiously and his mood could be determined on how well the Yankees performed the night before. The irony of a self-proclaimed Southern Democrat from Dixie who loved the Yankees was not lost on his many colleagues and friends. As a tribute for their love and affection for Mr. deKozan, the Cubic Transportation Systems world headquarters on Kearny Mesa Road in San Diego will be dedicated in his honor. He is survived by his wife, Ann, and their three children, Suzanne, 52; David, 48; and Lisa 44, along with his four grand-daughters Natalie, 14; Marielle, 11; Nicole, 8, and Mia, 7, his brother Paul and sister in law Ronnie of Atlanta, Georgia, his cousin Clara of San Antonio, Texas, his aunt Alice, and her two daughters Paulette and Sonya of Selma, CA. Memorial services will be held at 11:00 AM on Friday, October 22nd, at the Rolando Methodist Church, 4799 Seminole Drive (cross street El Cajon Blvd.). In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to San Diego Hospice or the Scripps Research Institute. RUTH M. SEXTON RUTH M. SEXTON Age 100, of Fontana, CA, died October 17, 2010, surrounded by family. She was born December 25, 1909, in Charles City, Iowa, to the late Jesse and Daisy Brownell. She was preceded in death by her husband, Frank R. Sexton. She graduated from Superior State Teacher College, teaching at both the elementary and high school level. She was one of the first teachers to teach Special Education in the state of California. She was an avid musician, playing piano and organ, gardener and painter. She is survived by her children, Frances Sexton of San Bernardino, CA, Richard Sexton of Colorado Springs, CO, Lorraine Dahlgren of Rialto, CA, Jim Sexton of Fontana, CA, and Joseph Sexton of Lancaster, PA; seven grandchildren; and fifteen great-grandchildren. Services will be held at Montecito Memorial Park and Mortuary, Valley View Chapel located at 3520 E. Washington Street, Colton, CA 92324 (909) 825-3024 on Thursday, October 21. Visitation will be from 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 A.M. with a Chapel Service at 10:00 A.M. and Burial to follow. The family requests that in lieu of flowers, those wishing to do so may make memorial donations to: Susan B. Ralph A. AMADO AMADO, Ralph A. Honorable Ralph A. Amado, Commissioner of the Los Angeles Superior Court, died on Sunday, October 17, 2010. He was appointed to the court in 1989, after working as a deputy City Attorney and as a criminal defense attorney, his appointment reflecting the respect he had earned from the judges of the court. Ralph was a member of the Board of Directors of Sephardic Temple Tifereth Israel for over forty years, and served as its President, following in the footsteps of his father (Milton) and grandfather (Raphael). He was an advocate of Jewish camping, having been one of the first campers and counselors at Camp Hess Kramer, and he delighted in supporting the growth of URJ Camp Newman. He loved the Jewish community and was committed to the State of Israel, which led him to support such diverse programs as the Israel-rabbinic intern at Temple Isaiah (Los Angeles), where his family are also members, Jewish National Fund, American Jewish Committee, and Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem. He was visionary in his support of creating the newly endowed Maurice Amado Professorship of Applied Jewish Ethics at California State University, Northridge. He is survived by his loving family, including wife, Honey Kessler Amado; children, Jessica, Micah, and Gabrielle; siblings, Theodore Amado, Ellen Amado, Rabbi Stephen and Robin (Kessler) Einstein, and Gary and Gayle Kessler; father-in-law, Bernard Kessler, and many nieces, nephews, and cousins. The funeral will take place on Tuesday, Oct. 19, at 11:00 a.m. at Home of Peace, 4334 Whittier Boulevard, Los Angeles. In lieu of flowers, please make a donation to one of the many causes that were important to Ralph. The family will be sitting shiva until next Sunday night (Oct. 24) at the family home. The world was blessed by his life and is diminished by his loss. Malinow and Silverman Mortuary, 800-710-7100 Ralph Amado Amado, Ralph October 17, 2010 The world-wide family of Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem mourns the loss of our dear and cherished friend and Founder, Ralph Amado. A warm, kind, gentle and noble man, he was respected, admired and loved by all. Using his strength of character, he made a difference for countless charities through his philanthropic activities. Ralph and his loving wife Honey have been true partners in all of their enumerable charitable endeavors and have set a very high standard for us all to follow. We extend our heartfelt condolences to Honey, the children and the entire Amado family. May they be blessed by his memory and be comforted among the mourners of Zion and Jerusalem. Prof. Jonathan Halevy, MD, Director-General, SZMC Menno Ratzker, Chair, Bd. of Governors, SZMC Phil Friedman, President, ACSZ Paul Glasser, Exec VP, ACSZ Paul Jeser, W.C. Regional Director, ACSZ Ramona D. Hough RAMONA D. HOUGH DEC 9, 1917 - OCT 15, 2010 Ramona Hough went to be with her Lord and Savior on Thursday, October 15, 2010 after a short illness. She had resided at Vintage Faire Nursing Care for the past 3 years. Ramona was born in Oakland, CA and at the age of 3 she came to live in Modesto, where she spent the next 90 years. Ramona married M.J. Hough on 6-29-36 in Stockton, CA and they were married 45 years before he preceded her in death. Ramona worked at John Ingalls for 30+ years and retired at age 62. She belonged to Lighthouse Temple in Modesto, where she served faithfully for many years. Ramona is survived by 6 children: Evelyn (Bob) Beam of Blue Mountain, AR, Elaine Wright of Tucson, AZ, Grace (Frank) Inabnett of Perry, OK, Jerry (Janice) Hough of Modesto, CA, Geneva (Albert) Cruz of Modesto, CA and Richard Hough of Stockton, CA; 15 grandchildren; 30 great-grandchildren; and 14 great-great-grandchildren. Ramona is also survived by sister, Elizabeth Cotter of Modesto, CA and brother, Richard Cotter of Riverbank, CA. She was preceded in death by 12 brothers and sisters. A graveside service will be held on Wednesday, October 20th at 11:00 a.m. at Acacia Memorial Park, Modesto, CA. Franklin and Downs in Modesto will handle the arrangements. Randy Ray Harden In loving Memory, Randy Ray Harden, 12/27/1953 - 10/12/2010, Randy Ray Harden, beloved son of Marilyn and Jerry Harden, passed away suddenly on October 12, 2010 at his home in Auburn. Born December 27, 1953 at Oakknoll Naval Hospital in Oakland, Calif. He and his family moved to Roseville in 1965 from South San Francisco., Randy was the devoted brother to Jeff Harden (Hawaii), sister Kim (Mike) Hagans (Roseville), and sister Shannon Harden. Nieces Jerra and Jalee Hagans. Extended family in Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Colorado and Arizona. Dear friend to Diane Frey (Colorado) and Jack Kenny, his friend and sponsor., Randy was a diehard Giants fan, loved to detail cars and found great joy in nature, animals, bird watching and Indian artifacts and history. He loved music of all genres (especially the Beatles), western movies, was an avid reader and a proud American. Most of all, he loved his family so., Randy's contagious smile, bear hugs and caring ways will be missed. He was a friend to all, and was especially close to his AA family. He was preceded in death by his father, Jerry, in 1984., Private burial graveside services were held at the Roseville Cemetery through Cochrane's Chapel of the Roses., "God, grant me the strength of eagle's wings, the faith and courage to fly to new heights, and the wisdom to rely on his spirit to carry me there. (Indian Serenity Prayer) Rashe, Rebecca Marie Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM Rebecca Marie Rashe` Aug. 21, 1967 - Oct. 15, 2010 Resident of Walnut Creek Rebecca Marie Rashe` born August 21, 1967 in Walnut Creek, ..... Raul Carlos Raul Carlos Raul Carlos of Lompoc died Thursday, October 14, 2010, at the age of 79. Raul was born December 26, 1930, to Saturnino and Angela Carlos in Los Angeles. He was raised and educated near Chubbuck, California. A veteran of the United States Army, he was employed in the mining industry in Chubbuck and later worked for Southern Pacific Railroad. Formerly of Baldwin Park he has been a resident of Lompoc since 1969. Raul attended La Purisima Catholic Church. He enjoyed playing the guitar and astronomy. Raul is survived by his daughter Kristina and her husband Oscar Salmeron of Wahiawa, Hawaii; son John and his wife Lorena Carlos of Lompoc; son Arthur Carlos of Lompoc; son Raul and his wife Shannon Carlos of Redding; nine grandchildren; brother Ruben Carlos of La Mirada; sisters Helen Landacre of Hawthorne, Angie Sanders of Hawthorne, Jessie Bueno of Cerritos, Teresa Winger of Carson, Ramona Anderson of Riverside and Vera Jackson of Palmdale; and brother Paul Carlos of Surprise, Arizona. He is also survived by numerous nieces and nephews. His daughter Kerensa Lee Carlos preceded him in death in 1975. The visitation will be on Tuesday, October 19, from 4-7 pm and the evening vigil at 5:00 pm in the chapel of Starbuck-Lind Mortuary. Monsignor John Fitzgerald will celebrate the mass of Christian burial on Wednesday, October 20, at 10 am at Queen of Angels Catholic Church. Interment will follow in the Lompoc Evergreen Cemetery. Ray Lockwood Ray Lockwood, 85, passed away peacefully on October 9, 2010. He was preceded in death by his loving wife of 65 years, Fran Lockwood, who passed away three months prior; and great grandson, Devin Young. He is survived by his children: daughter, Sandie Lockwood Ethridge of Claremont, Calif.; two sons, Dean Lockwood of Palm Springs, and Kevin Lockwood of Morongo Valley, Calif. He left two grandchildren, Leslie Nieder of New Orleans, La. and Brian Ethridge of Claremont; and two great-grandchildren, Damien Nieder and Ruby Nieder, both of New Orleans. Lockwood served in the Raymond Laurent Lapointe Raymond Laurent Lapointe passed away peacefully, surrounded by family, on Monday, Oct. 11, in Oakland, Calif. Ray was 85 years of age. Ray was born on July 24, 1925, in Rhode Island, the only child of Arthur and Donalda Lapointe. Ray served his country for over 23 years, wearing the uniform of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marines. He was a Navy Corpsman attached to the U.S. Marine Corps and received the Purple Heart for wounds sustained during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. After the war, Ray worked at the Red Cross Hospital in Tokyo, where he met Dr. Kiyoko Yoneda, a tuberculosis specialist and surgeon. They were married in Tokyo, and lived in Rhode Island, Washington, D.C., Massachusetts, Japan and Illinois before moving to their home in Vacaville, Calif. After retiring from the U.S. Air Force, Ray worked as a medical technician at the Vacaville Medical Facility for 20 years. Ray was a devoted husband and father, member of the Knights of Columbus and Veterans of Foreign Wars, and an avid dog lover. After losing his wife and suffering a stroke in 2007, Ray became a resident of Piedmont Gardens in Oakland., Ray Lapointe was the oldest living member of the Lapointe family in the United States and Canada. He is survived by his three sons, Arthur of Powder Springs, Ga., Raymond Jr. of San Francisco and Jerome of Oakland; goddaughter, Setsuko Nakamura of Tokyo; six grandchildren, Phillip Lapointe of Stockton, Andrea Smith of Elk Grove, Brittany Strong of Stockton, Nicole and Matthew Lapointe of Oakland, and Jack Lapointe of Powder Springs; and two great-grandchildren, Logan and Riley Smith of Elk Grove. Ray was predeceased by his wife, Kiyoko, on Feb. 2, 2007., A wake and visitation will be held at the Chapel of the Chimes, 4499 Piedmont Ave., Oakland, on Monday, Oct. 18, from 5 to 9 p.m. A funeral mass will be celebrated at Saint Leo's Catholic Church, 176 Ridgeway Ave. (at Piedmont Avenue), Oakland, on Tuesday, Oct. 19, at 10 a.m., followed by burial at Mountain View Cemetery, 5000 Piedmont Ave., Oakland. Ray will be interred with full military honors., Reception to be held in the Julia Morgan Reception Hall at Chapel of the Chimes following interment. More information available at www.lifemarkgroup.com. Donations can be made to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital or to the ASCPA., Raymond Lee Hardesty 42, passed away from a motorcycle accident on October 9, 2010. He went through life with a positive attitude and was adored by many of his family and friends. He was survived by four children; Craig, Courtney, Caitlin and Holley. He also leaves behind his parents Jeanie and Bob Tavares and his sister Shelley. Raymond "Ray Ray," was a motorcyclist and a tow truck driver. He loved riding his motorcycle in his spare time; he was also a well known bouncer at Friar Tucks. A service will be held at 2:00 p.m. Saturday, October 23 at the Windsor & Healdsburg Mortuary 9660 Old Redwood Hwy, Windsor, CA. Following the service there will be a celebration of life at Friar Tucks in Cotati, Ca at 4:30 p.m. Rivie DRAPKIN DRAPKIN, Rivie Sept. 9, 1913-Oct. 17, 2010 Rivie Drapkin passed away peacefully in her sleep on October 17 at age 97. She was married 57 years to Jack Drapkin, who passed away in 1990. Rivie is survived by her daughter, Susan Drapkin and son Steve (Maxine) Drapkin. Rivie was a loving mother, grandmother to Rick (Chris), Ken (Charla), Andy (Evelyn), and Jessalyn Fuentes and great grandmother to Kendra, Sydney Rose, Sarah, Olivia, Sadie and Benjamin. She was a "fiesty" woman of valor", a true "matriarch" of the family with many nieces, nephews, great nieces, great nephews and friends who loved her. She will be greatly missed and forever in our hearts. Services will be held at 2 p.m. on Wednesday, October 20 at Mount Sinai Memorial Parks and Mortuaries - Hollywood Hills, 800-600-0076. Roger Douglas Rice Roger Rice, 89, died peacefully following a short illness on October 15, 2010. A resident of Rancho Mirage since 1988, Roger, along with Molly, his beloved wife of 64 years, was an active member of the Thunderbird Country Club, where he served on the board. He was also President of the Committee of 25, a member of the founding board of The Palm Springs Air Museum, the board of the Palm Springs Film Festival, President of the Thunderbird Terrace Association, and on the board of the Kaha Lani Association in Kauai, Hawaii. A lifelong artist by avocation, after retirement Roger became a prolific creator of three-dimensional abstract art. He was an avid golfer and exercise enthusiast, and was active in both to the very last. He was once described in a magazine article as "energy-charged, impatient with restraints, imaginative, filled with ideas, and future-oriented." Roger was born in Spokane, WA, on February 20, 1921 to Leland Leroy Rice and Bernice Metcalf Rice. He received a degree in art and advertising from the Ronald DECKER M.D. DECKER, M.D., Ronald We are heartbroken to announce that Ronald Decker, M.D. passed away on Saturday, October 16, 2010. He is deeply missed by his wife Lynn, his children Mark (Carley) Decker, Deidre (Noah) Wilson, his brother Frank Decker, his sister Rhoda Orenstein, and his brother Sandy (Karen) Decker. Ron will also be missed by Lynn's children Stacy (Robert) Cohen and Gary Barancik, his children's mother Debra, as well as by his many nieces, nephews, cousins, colleagues, friends, employees, and golf buddies. Ron was born in Detroit, Michigan on February 27, 1933 and moved to Southern California with his brother, Frank in 1952. He earned his medical degree from the University of California at Irvine School of Medicine. Dr. Decker was a knowledgeable, skillful, humorous, caring, and compassionate Family Practitioner in Pico Rivera/Downey, California for several decades. He was deeply loved and respected by his staff and patients. Ron thoroughly enjoyed his retirement. He especially loved spending time with his granddaughters - Sophie, Tatum, Emma, Rebecca, and Danielle. He loved to cook for and entertain his extended family and friends and celebrate joyous and meaningful occasions with them. Ron enjoyed playing golf and playing the piano, and in his retirement learned how to play the harmonica, saxophone as well as developing a passion for flying model airplanes and fly fishing. We miss his warmth, compassion, and humor. He will forever be in our hearts. As Ron would have said, "Life is Good," and having known Ron made each of our lives even better. A memorial service will be held on Tuesday, October 19 at 1:00 p.m. at Mount Sinai, Hollywood Hills. Reception to follow in Studio City, location and directions will be provided at the service. In lieu of flowers, the family asks that donations be made to The National Parkinson Foundation Memorial Gift Fund in honor of Dr. Ronald Decker at www.parkinson.org Mount Sinai Memorial Parks and Mortuaries - Hollywood Hills, (800) 600-0076 Ronald Lee Frank 1970-2010 Ronald Lee Frank passed away at home in Cottonwood on October 13, 2010 at the age of 39. He was born on December 13, 1970 in Mt Shasta, CA. Ron served his country with pride in the Navy for 20 years with duty stations all over the world. He was passionate about racing, camping, many other outdoor activities. He is survived by his wife Cinda Frank, daughter Charlee Frank, parents Richard and Ana Frank, grandmother Nancy Culbertson, brother James and Crystal Culbertson, Jim and Yolanda Tikkanen and Brenda and Keith Brown loving in-laws, nephew Jeremy, niece Angela and numerous aunts, uncles and cousins. Rose Devlin Rose Anita Devlin, Restaurateur of Sunnyvale, Nov. 20, 1923-Oct. 9, 2010, Passes into eternity on October 9th., Rose was born in the Hartford hospital and grew up in Essex, CT. She was the only child, of Italian parents, and went to a private school for her education. Rose had a wonderful zest for life and a good head for business. Her most notable acclaim was her grand family restaurant "Wylin's" on South Murphy, Sunnyvale for 24 years until her retirement in 1987., Many Sunnyvale families, business owners and public safety officers were her faithful clients - sometimes for all three meals. She served a fabulous reasonably priced menu and loved her clientele., At age 23 yrs Rose married Charles Devlin a top model in New York on New Years Eve 1947. Rose and Charles had no children; they lived in Florida, Nevada and moved to California in 1961 where Rose partnered at a San Jose restaurant for eight years before buying Wylin's. Charles died in 1975 of cancer after 28 yrs of marriage., Rose loved kids and animals, especially dogs. She was enamored with all sports, however, tennis was her game. She loved to play tennis and golf when young and continued to be an avid fan. Rose was dearly loved and we shall miss her ever so much. She will be remembered for her natural wit, quick retorts, good sense of humor and her real love of people., Rose enjoined herself with the Whiteman-Rosch family and became an endeared Auntie to all. Rose loved the Lord and prepared to be with Him in Heaven. She suffered with COPD from which she finally succumbed., A Memorial Service will be held at Spangler Mortuary, 174 N. Sunnyvale Ave, Sunnyvale, CA October 20th 10:00 a.m. Following the service there will be a private interment at Cedar Lawn Cemetery. Family and friends are invited to attend a "Celebration of Life" gathering at Mariani's in Santa Clara at 1:00 p.m. Please join us to honor her memory., In lieu of flowers, please send a donation to Breathe California of the Bay Area, 1469 Park Ave, San Jose, CA 95126. Rozalija Uginciene Rozalija Uginciene, 85, of Fairfield, died on Monday, Oct. 11., Rozalija was born on Oct. 29, 1924., A visitation will be held today from 4 to 8 p.m. at Fairfield Funeral Home. A Funeral Mass will follow on Thursday, Oct. 14, at 10:30 a.m. at Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church, 2700 Dover Ave., Fairfield., Arrangements are by Fairfield Funeral Home, 1750 Pennsylvania Ave., Fairfield, 425-1041, fairfieldfuneral-home.com. Ruth COLTON COLTON, Ruth (1925-2010) Ruth Colton passed away Saturday, October 16, 2010 at her home. She spent the day surrounded by family and friends. Beloved and devoted mother to her daughters, Dolly (Larry) Bretter, Anita (Chris) Anderson and Beverly Gruber. The most cherished and generous "Grandma" to Marc (Simone) Bretter, Amanda (Matt) Waterman and Erica Gruber. Adoring great-grandmother to Jonah Waterman. She was preceded in death by her loving husband of 57 years, Louis Colton. She leaves behind dearest friends, Rina Raike and Dr. Leon and Annette Benveniste. Her greatest pleasure was to be with her family. Our family would like to thank her caregivers, Vivian, Cristana, Afsoon and Maria. She will be dearly missed by all who knew her. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made in her honor to Beit T'Shuvah, 8831 Venice Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90034 or to a charity of your choice. Private services will be held. Ruth Susoff Ruth Elizabeth Selleck La Fontaine Susoff, Resident of Palo Alto, Our beloved mom and grandma left this earth on October 14th after a brave battle with cancer. Being realistic to the very end, she felt that God's will be done. Ruth was quite proud to have reached age 92 ½! She was born to the late Lillian F. Cannon and Fred B. Selleck in Lewistown, Montana and was preceded in death by her loving brother, Daniel J. Selleck. Through our "Uncle" Susie she met our late dad, Michael W. Susoff, and they promptly married 11 weeks later. Mom loved being involved, from her time at age 19 as a union representative, through her involvement as Girl Scout leader, church choir member, founding member of Masterworks Chorale and bookkeeper for a women's shelter. She served as President, Vice President, Treasurer and produce market volunteer of Lytton Gardens where she lived the past 11 years. Mom thrived there and made lots of dear friends. She traveled to Europe and China with Masterworks which satisfied her curious nature. She always made room for one more kid or pet and had several "surrogate" children and grandchildren. Mom loved camping at R-Ranch at the Lake for over 50 years with her family. She is survived by her five loving daughters, Catherine Boicelli (Daniel) of The Sea Ranch, Elaine Finn-Mogan (Matthew) of San Mateo, Carol Flanigan-Hidalgo (Rafael), of Redwood City, Mary Luke (Rylan) of Cupertino and Nancy Pon (Cameron) of Daly City, and 12 adored grandchildren, four cherished great-grandchildren, her dear niece, Nancy Donally (Phillip) of Superior, MT and two great-nephews and several great-great nieces and nephews. A service will be held at St. Peter's Episcopal Church, 178 Clinton St, Redwood City on Tuesday, October 19, 2010 at 11:00 am with interment immediately following at Skylawn Memorial Park. Friends may visit on Monday, October 18th after 5:00 pm at Sneider Sullivan & O'Connell, 977 S. El Camino Real, San Mateo. Memorial donations may be made to Lytton Gardens Senior Communities, Palo Alto., SNEIDER & SULLIVAN & O'CONNELL'S FUNERAL HOME, (650) 343-1804 Sally Patton Sally Ann Logan Patton, Resident of Hillsborough, May 11, 1926 - Oct. 3, 2010, Beloved wife of Richard Patton, caring sister of Vivian Fletcher, devoted mother of Bruce and Don Patton, loving grandmother of Sarah, Michael, Tyler and Laura Patton., Sally was born in San Francisco, California and was a lifelong California resident, with deep roots and an extensive family in the Union City-Fremont area. She attended College of the Pacific, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in physical education. There she met her husband, and they were married in 1948. Sally taught at Shasta County schools and Lodi High School for seven years before retiring to raise her two sons., After returning to the Bay Area in 1959, Sally was active in the First Presbyterian Church of Burlingame, the Burlingame school system PTA and in many other venues, where her kind ways and gentle spirit provided boundless comfort and support. Wherever there was a need, Sally showed up in her work clothes, ready to work, from coordinating the Lenten Dinner series at the Presbyterian Church, to volunteering at Laguna Honda Hospital and McKinley School, to providing handmade sweaters, slippers and quilts to her many relations and friends. The kind word and the gracious touch flowed abundantly from her generous heart, and she brightened many lives with her hospitality, her grace and her loving manner., Sally loved to travel, especially to Hawaii, Santa Cruz and Lake Tahoe, and had a wide circle of interests and friends. She enjoyed many activities, including needlework, knitting, bonsai and swimming. Her gardens provided a tranquil setting for her to work her magic with the soil, cultivating fruits, vegetables and beautiful flowers wherever she lived. Over the years, she developed a deep love and great skill at quilting, and many special occasions, from births to weddings, were marked with the gift of a specially designed and lovingly crafted quilt. She made the world a more beautiful place with her gardens, her quilts and her smile., Loving and well loved, Sally brought out the best in everyone, and friends and family will treasure her memory forever., A memorial service celebrating Sally's life will be held on Tuesday, October 19, 2010 at 2 p.m. at First Presbyterian Church of Burlingame, 1500 Easton Drive, Burlingame, CA., In lieu of flowers, the family requests donations to the Mills-Peninsula Hospital Foundation, 1501 Trousdale Drive, Burlingame, CA 94010 or the James Logan Family Scholarship, 38147 Kimbro Street, Fremont, CA 94536. SPANIER, Seymour Hillside Mortuary 800-576-1994 Sharon "Kay" Van Sant Sharon "Kay" Van Sant 1940 - 2010 Sharon "Kay" Van Sant, 70, of Bakersfield passed away Friday, October 15, at the, Medical Center after a courageous battle with cancer. Our most giving and loving mother, sister, aunt and friend slipped from our arms to enter peace forever. Our dearly-loved, "Mimi" was born in Hiawatha, Kansas on March 7, 1940, daughter of Charles William Hillary Noyes and Mary Gertrude (Brooke) Noyes. She was the 7th child born on the 7th day and her family and friends all knew that the number "7" played an integral part of her daily life. If you were to tell her your birth date, address or phone number, she always had a way to somehow, make those numbers add up to her lucky number "7"; thus, making it lucky for you! Her loving heart and energy were focused on her 3 children, 5 grandchildren and great grandson, whom she loved dearly and they all returned that love. She married her beloved Garry Van Sant in 1974 and they remained life partners and best friends to the very end. She attended East High School and loved dancing the night away with her "swing" at their reunions throughout the years. She owned and operated her tax business, Brass Tax, for almost 40 years. Many of her clients became like family to her. Her favorite pastimes were sitting with her coffee and ciggy and "yaking" on the phone for hours to sisters Emma and Betty and many others. She loved gardening, and playing the "ponies" at the fairgrounds with all her bettin buddies. Her favorite charity was St. Jude's to which she gladly gave generously and often. She is survived by husband, Garry Van Sant; daughters, Robin Black, Sheryl Zolnowski and husband Paul; son, Brandon Pitts and wife Denise; brothers, Bob Noyes and wife Adrienne, Paul Noyes and wife Shiela; grandkids, Chris Black and wife Jenny, Casey Black, Jacob Cowen, Brooke Pitts, Nicole Zolnowski; great-grandson, Nolan Langley; and many cousins, nieces and nephews. Kay was preceded in death by her beloved parents, Mary Glass and Charles Noyes; sister and brother-in-law, Betty and Grady Fulce; brother and sister-in-law, Fran and Joyce Noyes; sister and brother-in-law, Emma and Doug Hudson; sister-in-law, Betty Joy Noyes; and Aunt Helen and Rupert Guy. Viewing will be Wednesday, Oct. 20, from 4-8 p.m., with a Chapel service on Thursday, Oct. 21, at 10:00 a.m. at Greenlawn Mortuary Chapel, 3700 River Blvd. Interment will follow. Shelli Kaye Shimmel Beloved wife, mother, daughter and sister died suddenly at the age of 43. She is survived by her husband John Shimmel; her four children: Sebastian Hollingworth, Sherilyn Hollingworth, Shayne Hollingworth and Haillie Shimmel; her parents William and Jacqueline Hawkins; and sisters Jaime Hawkins and Kimberley Cook. Shelli worked for many years at Whole Foods Market and was loved by her staff and coworkers. She was a bright, creative, and warm-hearted friend. Her humor and joyful approach to life will be missed by all who knew her. Friends and family are invited to attend a Memorial Service on Sunday, Oct. 24, 2010 at 11:30 a.m. at the Odd Fellow's Lodge, 545 Pacific Ave., Santa Rosa. A trust fund in Shelli's memory to benefit her children is at Redwood Credit Union. Private interment at Santa Rosa Memorial Park. SANTA ROSA MORTUARY EGGEN & LANCE CHAPEL, 545-3747 Sillineri, Wayne A. Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM Wayne A. Sillineri Aug. 1, 1955 - Oct. 11, 2010 Resident of Columbia, CA Born in Berkeley California, Wayne passed away peacefully on October ..... Silvina S. (Sanchez) Salas Silvina S. Salas entered into rest at the age of 77 years old, on Wednesday, October 13th , 2010 surrounded by her family. She was born on February 10, 1933 in Guerrero, Mexico to Leon and Elpidia Sanchez. She will be remembered for her love for her family, friends, her rose garden, pets and finally her giving heart and beautiful spirit., Silvina is survived by her husband Robert Salas. Sons; Joe and wife Jenny Martinez, Robert Jr and wife Carrie Salas and Bobbie Rinehart her grandson, who she raised as her own son. Daughters; Rosie Salas, Sylvia Cervantez, Marylou Kibby and Pat Salas and her daughter in-law Lydia Alarcon. 16 grandchildren and 8 great-grandchildren., A viewing will be on Tuesday, October, 19 from 9:00 to 11:00 with rosary at 11:00 a.m. at Whitehurst-McNamara Funeral Service and mass to follow at 1:00 p.m. at Immaculate Heart of Mary Catholic Church., Arrangements are under the direction of Whitehurst-McNamara Funeral Services Chapel in Hanford. Stafanson, Diane Mary (Spangler) Tuesday, October 19, 2010 2:00 AM Diane Mary Stafanson (Spangler) Jan. 23, 1933 - Oct. 13, 2010 Resident of Oakland, CA Diane grew up in Mountain View, and was an ..... Stanley Garcia STANLEY GARCIA JAN 1956 ~ OCT 2010 Stanley died in the Sequoia Park area he loved so dearly. He is survived by his wife Michelle, sons Russell, Richard and daughter Darleen plus three beautiful granddaughters all of the Hanford area. His siblings Steve Garcia, Stephanie Garcia of Modesto, Frank Garcia of Danville and his parents Bob and Joan Garcia of Escalon. Stanley graduated from Escalon High and has lived in the Hanford area for many years. Services will be private. Donations may be made to The Children's Crises Center, PO BOX 1062, Modesto, Ca 95353. Steven Lawrence King Steven Lawrence King 43, of Live Oak passed away October 14, 2010 in Yuba City. He was born May 1, 1967 in Mountain View, CA. He was a longtime Yuba-Sutter resident. He worked for Kings Market in Live Oak for 8 years. Steve loved music & enjoyed playing his guitar. He loved spending time with his family especially his two boys. Survivors include his wife, Melissa King of Live Oak; sons, Steven King Jr. & Mathew King both of Live Oak; mother, Judy Petry & husband, Bill of Forestville, CA; father, Mervin King of Cloverdale; brothers, Randy King of Lebanon, Ohio & Scott King of Santa Rosa. Visitation will be Friday, October 22, 2010 from 10:00am to 12:00pm at Ullrey Memorial Chapel, 817 Almond Street, Yuba City. Graveside services will also be on Friday Oct. 22, 2010 at 1:00pm at Live Oak Cemetery in Live Oak. Send Condolences at THERESIA JOSEPHINE (WIGGINS) SHEPPARD 1916 - 2010 Theresia Josephine (Wiggins) Sheppard was born on June 19, 1916 in Vera, Texas. She passed away October 12, 2010 at her home. Josephine was the oldest of six children, four girls and two boys born to Claude Alvin Wiggins and Susan Maggie (Galloway) Wiggins. She married Raymond Richard Sheppard on December 29, 1935. Raymond then worked in the West Texas and southeastern New Mexico oil fields, but eventually they moved to California and purchased a farm in Chowchilla in 1943. They raised four boys, Leland, the oldest currently resides in Carson city, Nevada. David lives in Healdsburg, California, and both Claude and Richard live in Chowchilla, California. Raymond passed away on May 12, 1999. Josephine was a homemaker and a member of the local PTA while her children were in school. Josephine is also survived by her brother Claude Wiggins, fifteen grandchildren and twenty-two great grandchildren. Graveside service will be held at 10am on October 21, 2010 at the Chowchilla Cemetery. Pastor Douglas Morgan will officiate. TILTON, George Robert TILTON, George Robert George Robert Tilton, devoted family man and Professor Emeritus of Geology at UCSB, passed away peacefully in his sleep at the home of his daughter in Eugene, Oregon on October 12, 2010. He is survived by his wife of 62 years, Elizabeth Tilton of Santa Barbara; daughters Linda (Bruce) Sisson of Eugene, OR and Helene O'Connell of Eureka, CA; sons David (Coral) Tilton of Trout Lake, WA and John Tilton of Carpinteria; grandchildren Jane (Tim) Kovash, Ted Alan Holt TED ALAN HOLT MAR 4, 1961 - OCT 16, 2010 Memorial Services for Seminole resident Ted Alan Holt are scheduled for 11 AM Saturday October 23, 2010 at Emmanuel Fellowship Church Seminole, with Pastor Tim Tate officiating. Mr. Holt passed away Saturday, October 16, 2010 in Midwest City, OK at the age of 49 years. Born March 4, 1961 in Modesto, CA, to Jess Leonard and Linda Ruth (Jordan) Holt. He moved to Seminole Okla- homa in December of 2009. Ted graduated from Riverbank High School in Riverbank, California. Ted married Traci Lea Kilgore July 11, 1981 in Modesto, CA. and to this marriage, three sons were born. Ted was a Builder and Welder by trade. Ted loved to hunt, fish, and enjoyed cooking and loved good food. His number one passion was his family, he loved spending time with them. Ted was also very proud of his membership and leadership role in Alcoholics Anonymous Fellowship group. He is preceded in death by his father Jess Holt and brother Jesse Leonard Holt. Ted is survived by his mother Linda Holt; wife Traci Lea Holt of the home; sons, Ted Alan Holt Jr. and wife Brittanie of Modesto, California, Trevor Jacob Holt and wife Amber of Seminole, Oklahoma, Tyler Lee Holt and wife Kristyn of Shawnee Oklahoma; brother Randy Holt and wife Rhonda of Seminole, Oklahoma; grand- children, Landon John Holt, and Makenzi Lynn Holt; nieces and nephews, Justin, Lindsey, Taylor, Jesse, Jarrod, Austin, Thor, Brittanie, Jeff and Joey, and Jennifer. Teresa Gonzalez Teresa Gonzalez, our beloved sister and aunt, died after a short illness in Oxnard on Oct. 14, 2010., She lived in Oxnard for all of her 88 years and we take comfort in knowing that she will be reunited with her departed family, friends and her Creator. She was born in Oxnard on Feb. 26, 1922. She had a lifelong love of music and nurtured this in all her nieces and nephews. She played piano and organ for the local churches. Teresa was very active in her Catholic faith and was a member of the Catholic Daughters of America., She earned her AA degree from Ventura College and worked for the Oxnard School District in the Migrant Education Program for 16 years. After her retirement she was able to fulfill some of her dreams by traveling to Mexico, Europe and the Holy Land. She was the family historian, gathering many photos, documents and other mementos. She was instrumental in starting the family reunions that were held for several years and where many generations of family got to know each other., While she slowed down in the last few years, she never said "no" to going out for coffee, a meal, or visiting family. She also enjoyed watching her "telenovelas.", She was preceded in death by her parents, Agustin and Anastasia Gonzalez; by her siblings, Manuel, Miguel, Guadalupe (Arellano) of Tracy, Concepcion (Ortega), and Ruth (Ruiz). She is survived by her three brothers, Vicente of Camarillo, Alfredo and sister-in-law Elena of Oxnard, Alfonso and sister-in-law Emma of Newbury Park. Teresa had many loving nieces and nephews, extended family and friends, some already departed and many still surviving her., The family would like to thank the caring and considerate staff at St. John's Regional Medical Center in Oxnard that eased her passage from this life. Visitation will be from 5 to 9 p.m. on Monday, Oct. 18 at Reardon Funeral Home, 511 North A Street in Oxnard, with a rosary to be recited at 7 p.m. A Funeral Mass will be celebrated at 9:30 a.m. on Tuesday, Oct. 19 at Our Lady of Guadalupe Church in Oxnard. Following the Mass there will be a burial ceremony at Santa Clara Cemetery on North H Street. Following the burial, a reception will be held at the Knights of Columbus Hall, 600 South D Street in Oxnard. In lieu of flowers, it is requested that you consider a donation to your favorite charity. Teresa has been entrusted to the care of the family owned Reardon Funeral Home, 511 North A St., Oxnard; 487-1720. THERESA RENE GEEHORN OCT 19, 1960 - FEB 17, 2009 Our beloved Terri on your 50th Birthday we celebrate the joy of loving you, but we feel the ache of losing you. Our Love Forever Mom, Kevin, Cindy, Kim Thomas Arthur Beasley Thomas Arthur Beasley 69, of Browns Valley, CA, passed away October 13, 2010. Born October 31, 1940 in Memphis, TN. A resident of the Yuba-Sutter area for 30 years. Thomas retired from the Military after serving 20 years in the, . And was a Veteran of Vietnam. He was a former member of the Foothill Lions Club in Loma Rica, CA. Survivors include: son, Scott H. (Rachael) Beasley of Browns Valley, CA; brother, Jay Beasley of Omaha, NE; sister, Martha Beasley- Dannis of Hearst, TX. Preceded in death by his wife, Janet Beasley. Memorial services will be held on Thursday, October 21, 2010 at 11:00AM at his residence, "The Beasley Creek Ranch" on Peoria Road in Browns Valley. Memorial contributions can be made to the Disabled American Veterans, 4404 Fruitridge Road, Sacramento, CA 95814. Funeral services are under the direction of Lipp & Sullivan Funeral Directors. Send Condolences at Thomas Dellomo Thomas A. Dellomo, Resident of San Jose, 3/4/1929-10/16/2010, Beloved husband to Gladys Dellomo for 59 years. He was a devoted catholic. He will be missed by many families and friends. Chapel service, Thursday 10/21/10 at 11 AM at Santa Clara Mission Cemetery, 490 Lincoln St. in Santa Clara. Condolences at Thomas Vernon Hill Thomas Vernon Hill, 1927 - 2010, Thomas "Tom" Hill, a resident of Cool, California passed away peacefully on October 12, 2010 at Mercy Hospital in Folsom, California of complications from COPD., Tom was born in Bowie, Colorado to Tom and Amy Hill and grew up on the Western Slope of the Rockies and in Denver, Colorado. He joined the Navy in 1945 and was discharged in 1947, at which time he made his residence in California and met his wife Mary, marrying her on June 3, 1956 in Bakersfield, California., Moving to the Los Angeles area in 1956, Tom earned his Bachelor's Degree and Master's Degree in Psychology from Cal. State LA and went on to become a champion of youth by becoming an LA County Juvenile Probation Officer until retirement. Together, Tom and Mary raised three children in Claremont, California and moved to the Sacramento area in 1983., Tom loved life, his family, his pets, his friends, traveling to new places and the Denver Broncos. He was a very good man who faced many challenges in his life and transformed them into life lessons., Tom is survived by his loving wife of 54 years, Mary; his children and their spouses: Michelle and David Cohn of Flemington, NJ and Tim and Lori Hill of Napa, Calif.; and five grandchildren Thomas, Stephanie, Shaina, Grant and Cydney (Cohn), who will miss him very much. His son, Rex Hill, predeceased him., A Memorial Service will be held on Saturday, October 23, 2010 at 4 p.m. at her Sierra Foothills Unitarian Church in Auburn, Calif. Memorial contributions can be made to the Shriner's Hospital for Children in Sacramento, The Fire Fighters Burn Institute in Sacramento, or the COPD Foundation. Tony Lopez Tony Lopez 1950 - 2010 A Celebration of Life will be held Tuesday, October 19th, 9:30 a.m., at Vineyard Christian Fellowship, 17th and O Streets. After a brief fight against a rare cancer, Tony went home to be with the Lord on October 14th. Boy what a fight it was, Tony never lost faith in God, he never once complained. Every day I would say, today is a good day for a miracle, and he would say absolutely! We made it through this journey with the love, physical and prayerful (and I mean prayerful) support of our family and church family. Tony loved ministering to the poor and needy. He was a gentle giant when it came to embracing the less fortunate. He is survived by his wife, Sue; son, Eric and wife Cheryl; grandchildren, Emilea, Gabie, Isaiah, Nate; daughter, Sarah; grandson, Troy; father, Roberto; brother, Robert and wife Nellie; nieces, Tina, Angela, Marcella; sister-in-law, Peggy Crawford and husband Luke; brother-in-law, Jimmy Carter; nephews, Jimmy (wife Krystal), Robert (wife Jessica); nieces, Jackie and Kerry; brother-in-law, Charles Carter; mother- in-law, Gwyn Carter; sister-in-the-Lord, Martha Evans; adopted son in Christ, Mark Welch. We want to thank everyone for your help and support. The prayer teams, the cooks, the gardeners and house cleaners we know who you are most importantly God knows who you are. Special thanks to Roy Pierucci for coming everyday, encouraging and praying with him, and Jimmy for coming every night and tending to him so I could sleep. Bobby, he waited for your daily visit and when we were not fast enough meeting his needs he would say call Bobby, thank you. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made for the continued ministry of the Bakersfield Healing Rooms, make donations payable to VCF Healing Rooms, and mail to 928 17th Street, Bakersfield CA 93301. Pops how's the golf course? What hole are you and Dave on? Bye Pops we love you, see you again someday! Love, Sue, Sarah, and Eric Veljko "Bill" Bozanich Passed away October 15, 2010 in San Pedro. He was born August 10, 1922 in Komiza, Otok Vis, Croatia and was a 64 year resident of San Pedro. Bill was a longshoreman for many years. He served in the US Army for 3 years and had spent much of his time in the Pacific and on Okinawa. He was a 33 year member of the San Pedro Velma Melissa Gee-Sherwood Velma Melissa Gee-Sherwood July 21, 1914 - October 13, 2010 Granny was born in Fort Cobb, OK where she was one of seven siblings. She was married at age 19 in Anadarko, OK to Kensel Sherwood. She moved to California and resided in Buttonwillow until the time of her death. While raising her children she worked picking cotton, checking groceries, and driving the school bus. She was also a Volunteer at the Porterville State Hospital. She touched many lives throughout the years. Preceded in death by her husband Kensel Sherwood; son, Larry Sherwood; daughters, Connie Sherwood and Beth Bennett; grandsons, James and Brian Kephart. Survived by her brother, Ronald Gee and wife Elizabeth; sister, Wanda Daniels; daughter, Claudine and James Kephart; daughter, Donice and Raymond Freeborn; son-in-law, Al Bennett; daughter, Patricia Sherwood and husband Ronald Richey; son, Robin Sherwood; daughter, LaDonna Sherwood and her daughter, Ashley Cockrell; 22 grandchildren, numerous great and great great grandchildren. Come celebrate Granny's life with us. Services will be held Tuesday, Oct. 19, at 1:00 p.m., at Hillcrest Memorial Park, 9101 Kern Canyon Road. MR. VIRGILIO SILVINO GARCIA, age 57, resident of Santa Maria, passed away October 17, 2010. Funeral arrangements are under the direction of Moreno Mortuary. Walter T. Loster Walter T. Loster, Walter T. Loster, Sr., known to family and friends as "Wally", left this world on Tuesday, October 12, 2010 at age 88. One of eight children, he was born in Chicago, IL to William and Elizabeth Loster. He proudly served in the Texas Division of the U.S. Army on the European front during, and was awarded the, . After the war, he returned to Chicago, where he worked at the U.S. Post Office, until he and his wife Marilyn followed their dream of living in California. In 1962 they settled in Santa Maria, where Wally worked at the Santa Maria Post Office until his retirement in 1972. He enjoyed traveling with Marilyn and watching football and baseball, especially the Cubs, on TV., Wally was preceded in death by his devoted wife Marilyn S. Loster and grandchildren, Melby, Donald, and Luke. He is survived by his children Janice, Donald and wife Maureen (Melby), Walter Jr. and wife Barbara (Guelff), and Deborah and husband John (Ortega); grandchildren Robin, Tracy, Kate and husband Tim (McGrath), Beth, Matt, Ann and husband Pat (Kimbell), Walter III, John and wife Audrey (Halsell), and David; great grandchildren Emily, Zach, Ella, Laura, and Ayrton; and many nieces and nephews., Private services were held on Sunday, October 17, 2010., Funeral arrangements are under the direction of Dudley Hoffman Mortuary, Crematory and Memory Gardens. William "Bill" Schnelle With his family by his side, Bill passed away in Santa Rosa on October 7, 2010 after a valiant battle with lung cancer. Dearly beloved husband of Paula (Kelly) Schnelle; loving father of Melissa (Reuben) Romandy and Tracy (Ryan) Pelleriti; adored grandfather of Natalie and Jameson Romandy; brother of Lani (Stan) Beneveds; uncle of Valerie Patchett and Jennifer Mohs. With his passing, Bill joins his mother (Shirley), father (Bert), and brother (Jim). Bill was born and raised in Santa Rosa. Bill was a graduate of Mark West Elementary, Santa Rosa Junior and Senior High Schools and attended Santa Rosa Junior College. After 17 years apart, Bill married his first love, Paula, and had a wonderful 29 years together. Bill won the "World's Greatest Dad" award for 29 consecutive years! He had a wonderful and quirky sense of humor which is carried on by his two beautiful daughters whom he was so very proud of. He enjoyed concerts, classic car shows, garage sales, and cruising the back roads of Sonoma County in his corvette (a dream fulfilled). His most treasured time was with his family and especially with his two grandkids. He is greatly missed and forever loved by his family and by his shadow, Busta (his dog). Friends are invited to a Celebration of Bill's Life on Saturday, October 23rd at 1:00 p.m. For specific information, email: [email protected]. If desired, donations in his memory may be made to the , 1451 Guerneville Rd #220, Santa Rosa, CA 95403. DANIELS CHAPEL OF THE ROSES FUNERAL AND CREMATION, 525-3730 William Anthony Williamson III Bill Williamson, beloved husband, loving father and grandfather passed away on Tuesday, October 12, 2010 after a very courageous battle with brain cancer., He fought a tough fight and never, never gave up! Bill was born in Huntington, West Virginia in 1941 to Bill and Loretta Williamson and moved with his family to South Bend, Indiana when he was twelve. He graduated from John Adams High School and attended Purdue University where he graduated in 1963 with a degree in Electrical Engineering. He served in the Army for two years where he was stationed at the Pentagon., In 1965 Bill moved to California where he worked at Hughes Aircraft for six years. During this time he attended University of Southern California and received a degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering. Bill was an extremely hard worker and throughout the years was involved in many small engineering companies. He always liked the freedom that a small company offered and was an amazing creative person both at work and in his personal life. He loved designing and building... spending many weekends and nights working in the garage. At one time he even designed and did the majority of the construction of a complete second story addition to his first home., His creativity also was apparent when he worked many hours in his yard and gardens. He passed on many of these skills to his children! Bill loved spending time with his family. He loved the outdoors, and there were many family ski trips, sailing trips, hiking trips, fishing trips, and camping trips. In the most recent years he spent time every summer with his children and grandchildren at Lake Tahoe. We all have fond memories of these wonderful times together., Bill is survived by his best friend, "partner" and wife, Suzanne and his blended family of five children, Peter (Bien), Tom (Kathleen), Nicole (Rodney), Bill (Kate) and Christine (Craig). In addition he will always be remembered as Grandpa Bill by Jordan, Taylor, Bailey, Max, Keely, Calvin, Savannah, Grace, Remi, Jack, Audrey and TJ. He is also survived by his sister Barbara Forsythe of South Bend, Indiana., A memorial service is planned for Monday, October 18 at Emmanuel Presbyterian Church in Thousand Oaks. William Essary WILLIAM B. ESSARY OCT. 20, 1930~ SEPT. 27, 2010 Bill passed away at home in Hemet, California on Monday, Sept. 27, 2010. He is survived by his wife and children, William Jr., Kellie, Tracy, Christopher, Ronald, Vonda, Brinda, 8 grandchildren and 4 great-grandchildren. Bill retired from 21 years of military service, achieving the rank of Chief Warrant Officer-2. He then continued his career in the armed security industry, retiring in 1991. Bill loved his family and will be missed. Military services will be at a later date. Memorial donations may be made to Ramona VNA and Hospice in Hemet, CA. William F. Allewelt WILLIAM F. ALLEWELT MAY 29, 1926 - OCT 15, 2010 William F. (Bill) Allewelt died October 15, 2010 in Davis, where he had made his home since 1994. He was born in Sacramento May 29, 1926, to William Sr. and the former Alta Jane Clapp. He entered the, Air Corps following graduation from C.K. McClatchy High School. WW II ended before he could complete aviation cadet training, and the GI Bill brought him to UC Davis. At Davis he served in student government for six of his seven semesters on campus, first as editor of the Cal Aggie newspaper and then as student body president. In 1949, he married his deeply loved life companion, Jean Mitchell of San Francisco. The couple made their first home in Berkeley where he completed his degree in agricultural economics at UC Berkeley. Their following five years were in southern California where he served with federal marketing orders for Oranges and Walnuts. In 1955, he joined Turlock Cooperative Growers, a canning cooperative in Modesto, and became its General Manager just weeks after arriving. In 1963, TCG merged with a companion cooperative to form Tri Valley Growers, headquartered in San Francisco. He served first as its General Manager and later as chief executive officer from 1966 until retiring in 1985. During his tenure TVG grew to become the state's largest canning firm with operations exclusively in California. The San Francisco Business Times named him as one of the 100 most influential business people of the Bay Area's 20th Century. Shortly after retiring, he was engaged as interim CEO by Sun-Diamond Growers of California to lead that cooperative's recovery from a near disastrous setback caused by faulted accounting. Sun-Diamond managed the businesses of Diamond Walnut Growers, Hazelnut Growers of Oregon, Sun-Maid Growers, Sunsweet Growers and Valley Fig Growers. After reestablishing Sun-Diamond's financial integrity, he presided over a reorganization that returned its cooperatives to operating independence. Thereafter he served as a board member at Diamond Walnut Growers until it became a publicly owned company in 2006. In 1988, he was elected a founding board member of CoBank, headquartered in Denver and formed by merger of former regional banks for cooperatives of the Farm Credit System. He retired in 1996 as its vice chair. Numerous involvements in community and industry affairs commenced with election in 1960 as the youngest chair ever to serve the Canners League of California, now the League of California Food Processors. The following year he was named Foreman of the Stanislaus County Grand Jury. After relocating to San Francisco he served on the board of that city's Boys and Girls Club until 1985. Upon moving to Davis, he soon joined the board of Yolo Hospice, retiring as its vice president in 2003. His compelling attachments to UC Davis were expressed during career years advocating the canning industry's financial support of vital research in its Food Sciences Department. Later he served full tenures on the board of the Cal Aggie Alumni Association and as a trustee of the UC Davis Foundation. He also chaired the major gifts committee funding the UC Davis Alumni and Visitors Center. In 1985, he was appointed a charter member of the advisory board to the UC Agricultural Issues Center where he served as its chair until electing to step down in 2000 to serve as its vice chair until fully retiring in 2007. In 1991 Allewelt was named by the chief executives of the University of California and California State University systems to chair a commission of academicians and industry representatives charged to recommend means to preserve the quality and effectiveness of their respective agricultural programs despite greatly reduced state funding. The commission's report was published two years later, pointedly urging top officers ofthe two systems to proactively facilitate cooperation and collaboration between the two programs to enhance their effectiveness. The Allewelts are charter members of the UC Davis Chancellor's Club and are benefactors of the UC Davis Alumni and Visitors Center, the UC Agricultural Issues Center, the Mondavi Performing Arts Center, the UC Berkeley Library and Botanical Garden, and scholarships with the UC Davis Graduate School of Management and UC Davis Medical School. The latter is a memorial to their son, Thomas Kurt Allewelt, who predeceased him at age 43 in 2005. Bill loved all sports and the outdoors and was passionately attached to fishing. He took great pleasure from having introduced his son, sons-in-law and grandsons to the sport, imbuing them with shared passions for time spent on western trout streams or salmon fishing in Alaskan waters. He is survived by his wife of 61 years, Jean, and their beloved daughters: Susan Allewelt Rosenberg of Sacramento, her husband Chuck, grandsons Eric and Nathan and great- grandsons Austin and Colin; Melanie Allewelt Hoff of Ann Arbor, her husband Curtis and grandchildren Tyler and Emily; and Elizabeth Allewelt Smith of Davis, her husband Clifford and grandsons Brian, Cameron and Andrew. Memorial services will be private. For remembrances, the family suggests donations to The Yolo Compassionate Friends, Yolo Hospice, or in support of any of the Allewelts' UC endowment interests. Willie Rodrigues Willie "Bill" Rodrigues, Resident of Santa Clara, 9/20/1924 - 10/13/2010, Bill's strong-will and faith enabled him to courageously conquer cancer at age 85. Shortly after celebrating his 86th birthday, Bill succumbed to health complications., Bill is survived by his wife Efigenia "Effie," eldest brother Anthony Rodrigues, sister Mary Jane Souza, and numerous nieces & nephews. He was loved as a father by his nieces Carol Pluff, Terri Szczotka & Gail Quinn and known as Grandpa to their children. Bill was predeceased by his parents Antonio & Ephegenia Rodrigues and brother Victor Rodrigues., In 1915, Bill's parents immigrated to the United States from Madeira, Portugal. Bill was born on September 20, 1924 in San Jose, California. The Rodrigues Family settled in the Santa Clara Valley and became one of the early farming families growing pears until the late 1960's., As a young man Bill loved to dance and became a familiar face at Portuguese festivals throughout Northern California. Ever proud of his Portuguese heritage Bill was a supporting member of the SES Corporation and the Club Sport Maritimo., During, , Bill served in the U.S. Army in the Pacific Theater. Most recently he was a member of the American Legion Santa Clara Post 419., In 1953 Bill visited Madeira, Portugal, where he met his beloved Effie with whom he celebrated 57 years of marriage. As the Valley of the Hearts Delight transitioned to Silicon Valley, Bill owned a trucking business and later worked for Peninsula Crane and Rigging until he retired in 1983., Bill was happiest at family gatherings or sitting with his dogs watching his favorite sporting events on TV. He had a warm, wonderful sense of humor and like an era now past, he will be missed by many., In lieu of flowers, donations may be made in memory of Bill Rodrigues to the Carmelite Monastery, 1000 Lincoln Street, Santa Clara, CA 95050., Visitation Thursday 10/21 at 6PM and Rosary at 7PM at Lima Family Santa Clara, 466 N. Winchester Blvd. Funeral Service Friday 10/22 at 11AM at St. Clare Church, 941 Lexington St., Santa Clara. Interment to follow at Santa Clara Mission. Condolences may be offered at Winifred Ardis Wilson Winifred Ardis Wilson 1919 - 2010 Winifred went home to be with her Lord Jesus on October 15, 2010. She was born November 29, 1919 in Lyltecreek, CA to Winfield and Alice Wilson. She had two brothers, Donald (Dorothy) Wilson, Tom (Winona) Lovelady and one sister, Lois (Owen) Swarts. She married Gerald W. Johnson in 1939 having one son, Gerald R. Johnson (Linda). In 1946 she married Lee S. Hagelstein, having two more sons, Michael L. Hagelstein (Barbara) and Scott Hagelstein (Dottie). She is preceded in death by her mother and father; her sister and brother-in-law, Lois and Owen Swarts; and one grandson, Daniel Hagelstein. She is survived by her 3 sons and daughters- in-law; 12 grandchildren and 18 great grandchildren and numerous nieces and nephews. She loved dancing at the senior centers, sewing, crocheting and her home and yard. Visitation will be Wednesday, Oct. 20th, from 1-4 p.m., at Doughty- Calhoun-O'Meara, and Graveside services will be Thursday, Oct. 21st, at 12:00 p.m., at Hillcrest Memorial Park. Doughty-Calhoun-O'Meara Yoshiko (Lillian) NIISATO NIISATO, Yoshiko (Lillian) Of Alhambra, California. Born April 22, 1920. Entered Eternal Life October 12, 2010. Preceded by her husband, Yutaka, and her son, Gary. Beloved mother of Margaret Machida, Barbara (James) Inano, and Geraldine (Warren) Wong; cherished grandmother of David (Christina) Niisato, Jennifer Inano Keegan, and Lauren (Jonathan) Shibuya; adored great-grandmother of Brittany, Shaylin, and Tyler Keegan, Ashley and Allison Shibuya. Private services were held Monday, October 18, 2010 at Rose Hills Memorial Park. Family requests no koden and no flowers please.	i don't know
How many different husbands has Elizabeth Taylor had?	Elizabeth Taylor - Biography - IMDb Elizabeth Taylor Biography Showing all 204 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (8) \| Trade Mark (4) \| Trivia (116) \| Personal Quotes (45) \| Salary (25) Overview (5) 5' 2" (1.57 m) Mini Bio (1) Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was considered one of the last, if not the last, major star to have come out of the old Hollywood studio system. She was known internationally for her beauty, especially for her violet eyes, with which she captured audiences early on in her youth and kept the world hooked on with since. Taylor was born on February 27, 1932 in London, England. Although she was born an English subject, her parents, Sara Sothern (née Sara Viola Warmbrodt) and Francis Lenn Taylor, were Americans, art dealers from St. Louis, Missouri (her father had gone to London to set up a gallery). Her mother had been an actress on the stage, but gave up that vocation when she married. Elizabeth lived in London until the age of seven, when the family left for the US when the clouds of war began brewing in Europe in 1939. They sailed without her father, who stayed behind to wrap up the loose ends of the art business. The family relocated to Los Angeles, where Mrs. Taylor's own family had moved. Mr. Taylor followed not long afterward. A family friend noticed the strikingly beautiful little Elizabeth and suggested that she be taken for a screen test. Her test impressed executives at Universal Pictures enough to sign her to a contract. Her first foray onto the screen was in There's One Born Every Minute (1942), released when she was ten. Universal dropped her contract after that one film, but Elizabeth was soon picked up by MGM. The first production she made with that studio was Lassie Come Home (1943), and on the strength of that one film, MGM signed her for a full year. She had minuscule parts in her next two films, The White Cliffs of Dover (1944) and Jane Eyre (1943) (the former made while she was on loan to 20th Century-Fox). Then came the picture that made Elizabeth a star: MGM's National Velvet (1944). She played Velvet Brown opposite Mickey Rooney . The film was a smash hit, grossing over $4 million. Elizabeth now had a long-term contract with MGM and was its top child star. She made no films in 1945, but returned in 1946 in Courage of Lassie (1946), another success. In 1947, when she was 15, she starred in Life with Father (1947) with such heavyweights as William Powell , Irene Dunne and Zasu Pitts , which was one of the biggest box office hits of the year. She also co-starred in the ensemble film Little Women (1949), which was also a box office huge success. Throughout the 1950s, Elizabeth appeared in film after film with mostly good results, starting with her role in the George Stevens film A Place in the Sun (1951), co-starring her good friend Montgomery Clift . The following year, she co-starred in Ivanhoe (1952), one of the biggest box office hits of the year. Her busiest year was 1954. She had a supporting role in the box office flop Beau Brummell (1954), but later that year starred in the hits The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954) and Elephant Walk (1954). She was 22 now, and even at that young age was considered one of the world's great beauties. In 1955 she appeared in the hit Giant (1956) with James Dean . Sadly, Dean never saw the release of the film, as he died in a car accident in 1955. The next year saw Elizabeth co-star with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County (1957), an overblown epic made, partially, in Kentucky. Critics called it dry as dust. In addition, Clift was seriously injured during the film, with Taylor helping save his life. Despite the film's shortcomings and off-camera tragedy, Elizabeth was nominated for an Academy Award for her portrayal of Southern belle Susanna Drake. However, on Oscar night the honor went to Joanne Woodward for The Three Faces of Eve (1957). In 1958 Elizabeth starred as Maggie Pollitt in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958). The film received rave reviews from the critics and Elizabeth was nominated again for an Academy Award for best actress, but this time she lost to Susan Hayward in I Want to Live! (1958). She was still a hot commodity in the film world, though. In 1959 she appeared in another mega-hit and received yet another Oscar nomination for Suddenly, Last Summer (1959). Once again, however, she lost out, this time to Simone Signoret for Room at the Top (1959). Her Oscar drought ended in 1960 when she brought home the coveted statue for her performance in BUtterfield 8 (1960) as Gloria Wandrous, a call girl who is involved with a married man. Some critics blasted the movie but they couldn't ignore her performance. There were no more films for Elizabeth for three years. She left MGM after her contract ran out, but would do projects for the studio later down the road. In 1963 she starred in Cleopatra (1963), which was one of the most expensive productions up to that time--as was her salary, a whopping $1,000,000. The film took years to complete, due in part to a serious illness during which she nearly died. This was the film where she met her future and fifth husband, Richard Burton (the previous four were Conrad Hilton, Michael Wilding , Michael Todd --who died in a plane crash--and Eddie Fisher ). Her next films, The V.I.P.s (1963) and The Sandpiper (1965), were lackluster at best. Elizabeth was to return to fine form, however, with the role of Martha in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966). Her performance as the loudmouthed, shrewish, unkempt, yet still alluring Martha was easily her finest to date. For this she would win her second Oscar and one that was more than well-deserved. The following year, she and Burton co-starred in The Taming of the Shrew (1967), again giving winning performances. However, her films afterward were box office failures, including Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967), The Comedians (1967) Boom! (1968) (again co-starring with Burton), Secret Ceremony (1968), The Only Game in Town (1970), X, Y and Zee (1972), Hammersmith Is Out (1972) (with Burton again), Ash Wednesday (1973), Night Watch (1973), The Driver's Seat (1974), The Blue Bird (1976) (considered by many to be her worst), A Little Night Music (1977), and Winter Kills (1979) (a controversial film which was never given a full release and in which she only had a small role). Since then, she has appeared in some movies, both theatrical and made-for-television, and a number of television programs. In February 1997, Elizabeth entered the hospital for the removal of a brain tumor. The operation was successful. As for her private life, she divorced Burton in 1974, only to remarry him in 1975 and divorce him, permanently, in 1976. She had two more husbands, U.S. Senator John Warner and construction worker Larry Fortensky , whom she met in rehab. In 1959, Taylor converted to Judaism, and continued to identify herself as Jewish throughout her life, being active in Jewish causes. Upon the death of her friend, actor Rock Hudson , in 1985, she began her crusade on the behalf of AIDS sufferers. In the 1990s, she also developed a successful series of scents. In her later years, her acting career was relegated to the occasional TV-movie or TV guest appearance. Elizabeth Taylor died on March 23, 2011 in Los Angeles, from congestive heart failure. Her final resting place is Forest Lawn Memorial Park, in Glendale, California. Dark hair, violet eyes and suntanned skin Her multiple marriages and divorces, with only one marriage ending in widowhood. Her love affair with beautiful jewelry Trivia (116) She was bridesmaid for Jane Powell for her first marriage. Powell was bridesmaid for Taylor at her first marriage. Ranked #72 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Discharged from hospital, but later rushed back in after a suffering a brain seizure. Said to be comfortable. [February 1997] Underwent successful surgery to remove the benign brain tumor. [February 1997] Has four children and nine grandchildren. Mother of Christopher Edward Wilding and Michael Wilding Jr. Her daughter, Liza Todd , with Michael Todd , is a sculptor, who has two sons, Quinn and Rhys, with her husband artist Hap Tivey. Has appeared solo on the cover of PEOPLE magazine 14 times, second only to Princess Diana (as of 1996). Liz and Richard Burton appeared together on stage in a 1983 revival of "Private Lives." Her episode of Biography (1987) was the highest-rated episode of that series on Arts & Entertainment (thru the end of 1995). American Film Institute Life Achievement Award. [1993] Liz was a close friend of Montgomery Clift until his death in 1966. They met for the first time when Paramount decided that she had to accompany him to the premiere of The Heiress (1949) because they were both to star in the upcoming A Place in the Sun (1951). They liked each other right away. Clift used to call her "Bessie Mae". When he had a car accident a few years later that disfigured him, he had just left a party at Liz's house. It was she who found him first, got into the wreck and removed some teeth from his throat that threatened to choke him. Her perfumes have been Passion (1987), White Diamonds (1991), Diamonds and Rubies, Diamonds and Emeralds, Diamonds and Sapphires and Black Pearls (1995). At one point during her life-threatening illness while filming BUtterfield 8 (1960), she was actually pronounced dead. First actress to earn $1,000,000 for a movie role (in Cleopatra (1963)). Along with Julie Andrews , she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II on New Year's Eve, 1999. Chosen by Empire magazine as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (#16). [1995] Mother-in-law of Brooke Palance . Lives in BelAir house once owned by Frank Sinatra when he was married to first wife, Nancy. Born at 2:15 AM GMT Has owned some of the world's most magnificent jewelry, including the 33-carat "Krupp Diamond", the Duchess of Windsor diamond brooch, the Grand Duchess of Russia emeralds, the "LaPeregina Pearl" (which was a Valentine present to her from Richard Burton ), and the famous pear-shaped 69-carat "Burton-Cartier Diamond" Burton gave her in 1969 (subsequently renamed the "Burton-Taylor Diamond."). Considered Michael Jackson among her closest friends. In the early 1970s, she planned to star in the movie version of the hit 1971 Broadway play "Twigs" by George Furth , in which she would have played four characters -- three sisters and their aged, cranky Bronx-Irish mother -- but the project never materialized. Stepmother of the late Michael Todd Jr. , who was actually her senior by three years. She was a recipient of the 2002 John F. Kennedy Center Honors. Admitted in an interview with Barbara Walters in the late 1990s that she would still like to act but, because of her medical problems, no movie company will insure her. In addition to many other medical problems, including a benign brain tumor she had removed, she has broken her back four times. This causes her severe pain when walking or standing for long amounts of time. She is mentioned in the lyrics of several songs, including some versions of the Frank Sinatra standard "Nancy (with the Laughing Face)", the Allan Sherman song "Oh Boy" (wherein Sherman giggled "oh boy" in reference to "her men"), "My Baby Just Cares for Me" (written by Gus Kahn and Walter Donaldson , performed by the likes of Eddie Cantor and Nina Simone ) and "Lady Nina" by the rock band Marillion . The stories of her Oscar win for BUtterfield 8 (1960) have grown legendary. It is generally accepted as truth that she won Oscar voters by a vote of sympathy, because of the recent death of her husband, Michael Todd , and her near-fatal illness and emergency tracheotomy to save her life (her scar was very visible on Oscar night). Wisecracker and Rat Pack member Shirley MacLaine , who was favored to win for her role in The Apartment (1960), said afterwards that "I lost out to a tracheotomy." The premiere of her film Father of the Bride (1950) took place two days after her real-life marriage to Conrad Hilton Jr. . The publicity surrounding the event is credited with helping to make the film so successful. The marriage lasted as long as the 3 month European honeymoon. Irreconcilable differences were cited in the divorce court. She was voted the 11th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Has four children. Two sons with Michael Wilding : Michael Howard (born January 6, 1953) and Christopher Edward (born February 27, 1955). Her daughter with Michael Todd , Elizabeth Frances Todd, called "Liza", was born August 6, 1957. Her daughter, Maria Burton, (adopted 1962 with Eddie Fisher ; re-adopted 1964 with Richard Burton ) was born August 1, 1961. Ranked #7 in the American Film Insitutes list of the 50 'Greatest American Screen Legends', the top 25 male and top 25 female. Although born in England, her parents were actually Americans, who were just working in England. Her ancestry included English (with many colonial American roots going back to the 1600s), as well as Swiss-German (from an immigrant maternal great-grandfather), Northern Irish (Scots-Irish), French, and more distant Dutch, Welsh, and Danish. Premiere Magazine ranked her as #40 on a list of the Greatest Movie Stars of All Time in their Stars in Our Constellation feature (2005). Announced in November 2004 she has been diagnosed with congestive heart failure, but vowed to continue raising funds for AIDS charities and to build a Richard Burton Memorial Theatre in Cardiff, Wales. Is portrayed by Sherilyn Fenn in Liz: The Elizabeth Taylor Story (1995). Was unable to give evidence at Michael Jackson 's trial due to illness. She was (along with Marisa Berenson ) co-matron of honor at Liza Minnelli 's and David Gest 's wedding. Along with Mark Hamill and Joe Mantegna , she was one of only three actors to play both themselves and a fictional character in The Simpsons (1989). She supplied the voice of Maggie Simpson in the Season Four episode "Lisa's First Word" and portrayed herself in the Season Four episode "Krusty Gets Kancelled". She and Richard Burton starred together in 11 movies: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), The V.I.P.s (1963), Under Milk Wood (1972), The Taming of the Shrew (1967), The Sandpiper (1965), Hammersmith Is Out (1972), Doctor Faustus (1967), Divorce His - Divorce Hers (1973), The Comedians (1967), Cleopatra (1963) and Boom! (1968). She had an uncredited cameo in Burton's film Anne of the Thousand Days (1969). In 1969, Richard Burton bought her one of the world's largest and most beautiful diamonds from the jeweler Cartier after losing an auction for the 69-carat, pear-shaped stone to the jeweler, who won with a $1-million bid. The rough diamond that would yield the prized stone weighed 244 carats and was found in 1966 at South Africa's Premier mine. Harry Winston cut and polished the diamond, which was put up for auction in 1969. Burton purchased the diamond from Cartier the next day for $1,069,000 to give to Taylor. The small premium was the result of the publicity Cartier garnered from selling the stone, then called the "Burton-Cartier Diamond," to the then "world's most famous couple." Ten years later, the twice-divorced-from-Burton Taylor herself auctioned off the "Burton-Taylor Diamond" to fund a hospital in Botswana. The last recorded sale of the Taylor-Burton was in 1979 for nearly $3,000,000 to an anonymous buyer in Saudi Arabia. The ring was the center of the classic Here's Lucy (1968) episode "Lucy Meets the Burtons," in which Lucy Carter, played by Lucille Ball , gets the famous ring stuck on her finger. The actual ring was used and the episode was the highest rated episode of the very popular series. Auctioned off her diamond-and-emerald engagement ring from Richard Burton to raise money for an AIDS charity. Her third husband Michael Todd gave her a 29-carat diamond ring during their marriage, a feat topped by fifth husband Richard Burton when he gave her the 69-carat "Burton-Cartier" (later renamed "Burton-Taylor") diamond. Fourth-husband Eddie Fisher said that a $50,000 diamond could keep Taylor happy for approximately four days. She was awarded Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II at the 2000 New Year's Honours List for her services to drama. Writer Charles Bukowski , in his newspaper column (and later book) "Notes of a Dirty Old Man", revealed that he loathed Taylor as an absurd icon of the celebrity-mad, media-besotted American culture that he despised. 1976: Won the title of "Most Memorable Eyebrows" in a magazine poll. The first runner up was Lassie . Was unable to attend the civil partnership ceremony of her friend Sir Elton John in England due to her illness. (December 2005) Became friends with Marlon Brando while shooting Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967). Brando agreed to pick up her Best Actress Award for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) from the New York Film Critics Circle. When Brando made his appearance at the NYFCC Award ceremony at Sardi's on January 29, 1967, he berated the critics, querying them as to why they hadn't recognized Liz before. He then flew to Dahomey, Africa, where she was shooting The Comedians (1967) with Richard Burton to personally deliver the award, a development Burton thought odd. Several years later Brando socialized with the Burtons, visiting them on their famous yacht the Kalizma, while they plied the Mediterreanean. Brando's ex-wife Anna Kashfi , in her book "Brando for Breakfast" (1979), claimed that Brando and Burton got into a fist fight aboard the yacht, probably over Liz, but nothing of the incident appears in Burton's voluminous diaries. In his diaries, Burton found Brando to be quite intelligent but believed he suffered, like Liz did, from becoming too famous too early in his life and believed their affinity for one another was based on this (both Liz and Marlon would later befriend Michael Jackson , another superstar-cum-legend who had become too famous too soon). Burton recognized Brando as a great actor, but felt he would have been more suited to silent films due to the deficiency in his voice (the famous "mumble"). As a silent film star, Burton believed Brando would have been the greatest motion picture actor ever. In 2006, she introduced a line of diamond and precious stone jewelry called "House of Taylor". The designs are said to be inspired by certain favorite pieces in her own collection. She actually wrote a book on jewelry and is considered to be an authority on the subject. Cancelled her appearance at the Cannes Film Festival, prompting renewed fears about her health. The acting legend usually attends an annual charity dinner organized by the American Foundation For AIDS Research (AMFAR), which always coincides with the South of France festival. However, Taylor - who also pulled out in 2004 due to health problems - was replaced by Sharon Stone and Liza Minnelli at the gala. (May 2005) Underwent radiation therapy in 2002 for basal cell carcinoma, a form of skin cancer. After her son Michael had renounced his American citizenship for possession of marijuana, the U.S. Congress passed a bill to block his deportation (1988). Her beloved dog, a Maltese named Sugar, died in 2005. Some months later, she purchased Daisy, one of Sugar's descendants. Her older brother Howard Taylor was born in 1929. Was a frequent guest at the infamous "Studio 54" Appeared on Larry King Live (1985) to refute claims that she had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and was close to death. (30 May 2006) Former stepmother of Carrie Fisher , Todd Fisher , Kate Burton , Jessica Burton, Virginia Warner, John Warner Jr., Mary Warner and Julie Fortensky Henderson. Godmother of Prince Michael . Announced her retirement from acting in 2003. In Italy, she was exclusively dubbed until the mid-1950s by Germana Calderini . As she matured, she was dubbed by Fiorella Betti . For two of her most celebrated roles--Leslie Lynnton Benedict in Giant (1956) and Catherine Holly in Suddenly, Last Summer (1959)--Taylor was dubbed respectively by Micaela Giustiniani and Lidia Simoneschi , the only time either actress lent their voice to her. Organized "A Commitment to Life", a celebrity event to benefit AIDS research after her Giant (1956) co-star Rock Hudson became ill in 1985. The event featured former First Lady Betty Ford , Burt Lancaster , Shirley MacLaine , Sammy Davis Jr. , and Burt Reynolds . More than $1.3 million was raised. Her AIDS organization AMFAR raised $83 million in the twelve years following its creation in 1985. Did not attend The 75th Annual Academy Awards (2003) due to her opposition to the Iraq war. In 1963, while the highest paid American business executive earned $650,000 and President John F. Kennedy 's salary was $150,000, she received at least $2.4 million. In a 2007 interview with Entertainment Tonight (1981)'s Mary Hart , Taylor said she had recently telephoned ex-husband Eddie Fisher and spoke to him for the first time in nearly 40 years. Has had three hip replacements. Received $500,000 divorce settlement from Conrad Hilton Jr. , 1951. Mentioned in Walter Kirn 's novel "Thumbsucker". Inducted into the California Hall of Fame in Sacramento (5 December 2007). The 1963 Andy Warhol portrait of hers was sold for $ 23,7 million to an anonymous bidder at a Christie's auction in New York (14 November 2007). After the death of husband Mike Todd , she and Todd's son sued the company Ayer Lease Plan, Inc. for $5,000,000 charging negligence. They were awarded only $40,000, of which $13,000 went to attorney's fees. The remaining $27,000 went to their daughter, Frances. In 2006, she donated $500,000 to the New Orleans AIDS Task Force to purchase mobile medical unit for AIDS sufferers in New Orleans. Taylor and Shirley Jones are the only actresses to win Oscars for playing prostitutes in the same year: Taylor for BUtterfield 8 (1960) (Best Actress) and Jones for Elmer Gantry (1960) (Best Supporting Actress). She was made a Fellow of the British Film Institute in recognition of her outstanding contribution to film culture. Her first Oscar nomination for Raintree County (1957) marks her first of 4 consecutive nominations, a feat she shares with Jennifer Jones (1943-1946), Thelma Ritter (1950-1953), Marlon Brando (1951-1954) and Al Pacino (1972-1975). Hospitalized with congestive heart failure and pneumonia in July 2008 and was briefly on a life support machine. Actively sought the role of Eliza Dolittle in My Fair Lady (1964), but Audrey Hepburn was cast instead. Has a street named after her in Iowa City, Iowa. Nominated for the 1981 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for "The Little Foxes" as well as winning a Special Theatre World Award for the same. Underwent heart surgery in October 2009 to repair a leaky valve. Was a heavy smoker from ages 18 to 58. She finally quit at her doctor's recommendation following a severe bout with pneumonia in 1990. Returned to work seven months after giving birth to her daughter Liza Todd in order to begin filming Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958). First husband Conrad Hilton Jr. was physically abusive, which was partly caused by a drug problem. Fourth husband Eddie Fisher was a close friend of her late husband Michael Todd . Fisher left his wife Debbie Reynolds to be with Taylor. Ex-husband Larry Fortensky underwent five hours of brain surgery and was in a coma for six weeks after falling off a balcony on January 28, 1999. Taylor immediately notified the hospital she would personally guarantee all Fortensky's medical expenses. Was at one point going to star in The Public Eye (1972) with Richard Burton . See the trivia page for the film for more information. On Monday evening, November 8, 2010, Andy Warhol 's "Men in Her Life", a 1962 painting based on an image of Elizabeth Taylor between husbands, was auctioned at Phillips de Pury & Company's new salesroom on Park Avenue in New York City. An unidentified bidder bought it for $63.3 million. Although Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist, in 1959, at the age of 27, she converted to Judaism. She denied that her conversion was motivated by her marriages to Mike Todd or Eddie Fisher (both of whom were Jewish), saying that she had always been drawn to Judaism. Her conversion took place at Temple Israel of Hollywood, where she had studied Torah and Jewish history and traditions under Rabbi Max Nussbaum. It is traditional for converts to receive a Hebrew equivalent to their names upon conversion (since they wouldn't have received one shortly after birth, as those born into Judaism would have); Taylor's was Elisheba Rachel, Elisheba being the Hebrew for "Elizabeth," and Rachel being the name of Jacob's second wife in the Torah. Her obituary published in The New York Times was written by theater critic and cultural reporter Mel Gussow, who had died in 2005. The newspaper's obituary editor said the piece was "too good to throw away". Had a tubal ligation at age 25 and a hysterectomy when she was 36. Delivered all three of her biological children via Caesarean section. Her biological grandchildren are Leila (b. 1971), Naomi (b. 1975) and Tarquin (b. 1989), via her son Michael Wilding Jr. , Andrew (b. 1984) and Lowell (b. 1992), via her son Christopher Edward Wilding , and Quinn (b. 1986) and Rhys (b. 1991), via her daughter Liza Todd . Her adoptive grandchildren are Eliza (b. 1982) and Richard (b. 2001), via her adoptive daughter Maria Burton, and Caleb (b. 1983) via Christopher. Launched 12 perfumes and colognes - Passion 1988, Passion for Men 1989, White Diamonds 1991, Diamonds and Emeralds 1993, Diamonds and Rubies 1993, Diamonds and Sapphires 1993, Black Pearls 1996, Sparkling White Diamonds 1999, Brilliant White Diamonds 2001, Forever Elizabeth 2002, Gardenia 2003 and Violet Eyes 2010. On March 1, 2013, her fifth (and sixth) husband, Richard Burton , received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It was placed next to Elizabeth's star at 6336 Hollywood Boulevard. A casting agent said of her as a 19 year old: "The kid has nothing. Her eyes are too old.". Despite playing their mother on Giant (1956), Taylor was just 2 years older than Fran Bennett , 4 years older than Dennis Hopper and 9 months younger than Carroll Baker . Is one of 14 Best Actress Oscar winners to have not accepted their Academy Award in person, Taylor's being for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966). The others are Katharine Hepburn , Claudette Colbert , Joan Crawford , Judy Holliday , Vivien Leigh , Anna Magnani , Ingrid Bergman , Sophia Loren , Anne Bancroft , Patricia Neal , Maggie Smith , Glenda Jackson and Ellen Burstyn . Was the 53rd actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for BUtterfield 8 (1960) at The 33rd Annual Academy Awards (1961) on April 17, 1961. Credited Montgomery Clift with making her take acting seriously. Taylor was so impressed by Clift's incredible preparation and concentration to play a role that she actively began to seek better parts and give more dynamic performances. She was the visual inspiration for the original illustrations of Carol Ferris (created in 1959). Ferris was created as Green Lantern/Hal Jordan's love interest, and eventually she turned into super-heroine Star Sapphire. Taylor was 27 years old at the point of her creation. Disliked it when people referred to her by the nickname "Liz". Former neighbor of Julie London . Taylor and her husband, Michael Todd , had planned for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) to be her final film, as she intended to retire from the screen. Todd had made a verbal agreement about this with MGM, but after his death, MGM forced Taylor to make BUtterfield 8 (1960) in order to fulfill the terms of her studio contract. As a result, Taylor refused to speak to the director for the entire production, and hated the film. Michael Jackson 's music video "Leave Me Alone" (from his 1987 album Bad) was created as tribute for Elizabeth Taylor, taking several footage of Taylor from her most famous movies, mixing it using the CGI technology that existed in that time. She had a great and loyal friendship with 1950s actor James Dean , who co-starred with her in Giant (1956). Dean suddenly died in a car accident in Cholame, California in the early fall of 1955, just before the filming of Giant was wrapping up production. It was reported that Taylor felt so distressed and devastated upon hearing the news of her good friend's tragic death that she had to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital for a few days. Taylor was a major supporter of the state of Israel. Has appeared in over 1,000 magazine covers around the world. Appeared on the cover of Life magazine a record 14 times (more than any other movie star), starting when she was just 15 years old. Daughter Elizabeth "Liza" Frances was born six weeks early in 1957 she weighed 4 lbs 14 oz at birth. She had over 35 sibling-in-laws, since several of her husbands came from very large families. Very close friend of Carole Bayer Sager . Became a great-grandmother in 1998. Taylor underwent more than 40 major operations during her lifetime and was hospitalized at least 100 times. She reportedly told doctors in 2010 that she didn't want any more life-saving surgeries despite being in daily pain. Elizabeth's ex-husband Larry Fortensky passed away in July 2016 at age 64, having been in a coma since May. The news was confirmed on Facebook and Twitter by relatives, but there has been no media coverage or even an obituary in the local newspaper. Was considered for the role of Alexis on Dynasty (1981). Personal Quotes (45) [on turning 53 years old] I think I'm finally growing up - and about time. I had a hollow leg. I could drink everyone under the table and not get drunk. My capacity was terrifying. My mother says I didn't open my eyes for eight days after I was born, but when I did, the first thing I saw was an engagement ring. I was hooked. I don't pretend to be an ordinary housewife. [Cannes, May 2001] If not to make the world better, what is money for? [on her weight fluctuations] When you're fat, the world is divided into two groups - people who bug you and people who leave you alone. The funny thing is, supporters and saboteurs exist in either camp. Success is a great deodorant. It takes away all your past smells. Some of my best leading men have been dogs and horses. I don't remember much about Cleopatra (1963). There were a lot of other things going on. One problem with people who have no vices is that they're pretty sure to have some annoying virtues. [About Montgomery Clift ] The most gorgeous thing in the world and easily one of the best actors. You find out who your real friends are when you're involved in a scandal. [on Eddie Fisher ] I'm not taking anything away from Debbie [ Debbie Reynolds ] because she never really had it. [2005] Acting is, to me now, artificial. Seeing people suffer is real. It couldn't be more real. Some people don't like to look at it in the face because it's painful. But if nobody does, then nothing gets done. [2005] There's still so much more to do. I can't sit back and be complacent, and none of us should be. I get around now in a wheelchair, but I get around. [on Michael Jackson ] What is a genius? What is a living legend? What is a mega star? Michael Jackson - that's all. And when you think you know him, he gives you more . . . I think he is one of the finest people to hit this planet, and, in my estimation, he is the true King of Pop, Rock and Soul. [on John Wayne ] His image had as much impact in the world as many of our presidents have had, but Duke was a great actor, a great humanitarian, but always himself. To be a friend was a lifetime thing. If someone's dumb enough to offer me a million dollars to make a picture, I'm certainly not dumb enough to turn it down. I believe in mind over matter and doing anything you set your mind on. I, along with the critics, have never taken myself very seriously. [on Michael Jackson ] He is part of my heart. We would do anything for each other. [on Michael Wilding ] I'm afraid in those last few years I gave him a rather rough time. Sort of henpecked him and probably wasn't mature enough for him. It wasn't that we had anything to fight over. We just weren't happy. [on John Wayne ] He is as tough as an old nut and as soft as a yellow ribbon. [on Clark Gable ] He was the epitome of the movie star -- so romantic, such bearing, such friendliness. [on Montgomery Clift ] Monty was the most emotional actor I have ever worked with. And it is contagious. [on Marilyn Monroe ] She seemed to have a kind of unconscious glow about her physical self that was innocent, like a child. When she posed nude, it was 'Gee, I am kind of, you know, sort of dishy,' like she enjoyed it without being egotistical. I will love Michael Jackson forever. (On Michael Jackson 's death) [on the death of Michael Jackson ] I just don't believe that Michael would want me to share my grief with millions of others. How I feel is between us. Not a public event. Richard came on the set and sort of sidled over to me and said: "Has anybody ever told you that you're a very pretty girl?" 'I thought, Oy gevalt, the great lover, the great wit, the great Welsh intellectual, and he comes out with a corny line like that! But then I noticed his hands were shaking as if he had Saturday night palsy. He had the worst hangover I'd ever seen. And he was obviously terrified of me. I just took pity on him. I realized he really was human. That was the beginning of our affair. [on her conversion to Judaism] It had absolutely nothing to do with my past marriage to Mike [Todd] or my upcoming marriage to Eddie Fisher , both of whom were Jewish. It was something I had wanted to do for a long time. I don't entirely approve of some of the things I have done, or am, or have been. But I'm me. God knows, I'm me. I have the emotions of a child in the body of a woman. I was rushed into womanhood for the movies. It caused me long moments of unhappiness and doubt. The ups and downs, the problems and stress, along with all the happiness, have given me optimism and hope because I am living proof of survival. I've come through things that would have felled an ox. That fills me with optimism, not just for myself but for our particular species. [on Michael Jackson ] He is one of the most normal people I know. I hate being called "Liz", because it can sound like such a hiss. [on Cleopatra (1963)] They had cut out the heart, the essence, the motivations, the very core, and tacked on all those battle scenes. It should have been about three large people, but it lacked reality and passion. I found it vulgar. [on BUtterfield 8 (1960)] A piece of shit. Straight sex, gay sex, bisexual sex, use a condom whoever you are. If someone's dumb enough to offer me a million dollars to make a picture, I'm certainly not dumb enough to turn it down. [before her final wedding in 1991] I've been single for eleven years, and I have thought long and hard about ever marrying again. I mean, this is it, forever. I've only slept with men I've been married to. How many women can make that claim? [after divorcing Richard Burton for the second time] I love Richard Burton with every fiber of my soul, but we can't be together. We're too mutually self-destructive. [on Larry Fortensky ] Larry sees through the world of bullshit I live in. He's very protective. The problem with people who have no vices is that generally you can be pretty sure they're going to have some pretty annoying virtues. Salary (25)	7
What was the name of the paranoid android in The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy?	Elizabeth Taylor's Many Marriages - ABC News ABC News WATCH Elizabeth Taylor Dead at 79 0 Shares Email Elizabeth Taylor was a woman of abundance. She was endowed with outsized beauty, outsized fame and outsized appetites. "I feel very adventurous," she was once quoted as saying. "There are so many doors to be opened, and I'm not afraid to look behind them." Though a brilliant actress , her remarkable talent was frequently outshone by her offscreen antics. "My troubles all started because I have a woman's body and a child's emotions," she once said. Over the years, she would become as famous (if not more) for her love life as for her acting. She was married a staggering eight times to seven men -- she wed Richard Burton, the love of her life, twice. Throughout her life, she noted, people would remark that she was blessed with everything. "I've got one answer," she said. "I haven't had tomorrow." Sadly, there are no more tomorrows for Taylor, who died March 23, 2011 at Cedars-Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, where she checked in six weeks earlier suffering from congestive heart failure. And perhaps just as sadly, no more lovers. Here's a look back at her many marriages: 1. Conrad "Nicky" Hilton: May 1950 - Feb. 1951 The first of her many marriages was at just 18 to the heir to the Hilton hotel empire. Conrad Hilton (the great-uncle of Paris Hilton) was a socialite, playboy, gambler and businessman -- he would go on to head TWA. The union was brief and tumultuous: Hilton, an alcoholic, was physically and emotionally abusive to Taylor. 2. Michael Wilding: February 1952 - January 1957 Lasting a full five years, marriage number two -- to a British actor -- was substantially more successful than Taylor's first. The marriage was also Wilding's second. He was twice Taylor's age and gave her stability in the wreckage of her marriage to Hilton. The couple had two sons together -- Michael Jr. and Christopher -- but ultimately the relationship soured as Taylor's stardom increasingly outshone that of her husband. 3. Michael Todd: February 1957 - March 1958 Taylor was already pregnant with Todd's daughter, Liza, when they married. The flamboyant producer had wooed Taylor with lavish gifts and grand gestures. The relationship would be tempestuous, but apparently happy. Although Richard Burton has long been perceived as the love of Taylor's life, she said in one of her last interviews that "I was happiest with Mike Todd." Taylor was supposed to have been on the plane that crashed, killing Todd in 1958, but stayed home with a cold after her pleas to come along were overruled. 4. Eddie Fisher: May 1959 - March 1964 One of the world's most famous and successful singers in the 1950s -- selling millions of records and a host of his own TV show -- Fisher scandalously divorced his first wife, Debbie Reynolds, to marry Taylor. Fisher, who was a comfort to Taylor at Todd's funeral, had been Todd's best friend (and best man at their wedding). Unfavorable publicity surrounding the affair and divorce led NBC to cancel Fisher's television series in March 1959. When Taylor and Fisher wed, Taylor ostentatiously declared "Our honeymoon will last 40 years." Their marriage lasted only five. Burton: The Tempestuous Love of Her Life 5. Richard Burton: March 1964 - June 1974 and 6. Richard Burton: Oct 1975 - Aug 1976 Their relationship is the stuff of legend. One of the most famous and turbulent duos in Hollywood history, Taylor and Burton met on the set of Cleopatra in 1962 -- both were married at the time -- and launched into a passionate affair. On their first meeting on the set, Burton said "Has anyone ever told you that you're a very pretty girl?" Taylor later recalled, "I said to myself, Oy gevalt, here's the great lover, the great wit, the great intellectual of Wales, and he comes out with a line like that." So scandalous was their union that the Vatican denounced their relationship as an affront to morality. An undaunted Taylor said of their tempestuous relationship, "If Richard and I divorce, I swear I will never marry anyone again. I love him insanely." Their first marriage would be Taylor's longest, lasting a full decade. In the interim between her marriages to Burton, Taylor was the companion to the Iranian ambassador to Washington, Ardeshir Zahedi. The relationship began while she was still with Burton -- both divorced their partners during the relationship -- and Taylor traveled with him to Tehran for a time. Ultimately, Shah Reza Pahlavi convinced Zahedi to end his affair with Taylor, and Taylor returned to Burton. They would remarry 16 months after their divorce, in the Chobe National Park, Botswana. In 1964, the couple adopted a 3-year-old German girl they named Maria. The two starred in a number of films together, most notably in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" which was likened in the popular imagination to the couple's real-life marriage. The tumult of their stormy relationship, however, was exacerbated by Burton's drinking and within a year the couple would be divorced again. Burton would marry twice more before his death in 1984. 7. John Warner: December 1976 - November 1982 A World War II veteran, Republican politician and five-term Senator, Warner met Taylor on the Washington diplomatic circuit when he was serving as Nixon's secretary of the Navy. Despite being a lifelong Democrat, Taylor bucked her party to assiduously campaign for Warner in his first successful bid for senator of Virginia. He would hold the seat much longer than he would Taylor -- the couple divorced in 1982. 8. Larry Fortensky: Oct. 1991 - Oct. 1996 Taylor's last marriage was also her unlikeliest. She met the mullet-topped Fortensky -- a construction worker 20 years her junior -- when they were both doing a stint at the Betty Ford Clinic. The two were married at Michael Jackson's Neverland Ranch. "This is it, forever," she said at the time. Five years later she would file for divorce. 0 Shares	i don't know
What is the name of the British comedian behind the characters Bruno and Borat?	Sacha Baron Cohen - IMDb IMDb Official Photos » British actor and comedian Sacha Baron Cohen was born in Hammersmith, London. He is the son of Daniella (Weiser), a movement instructor, and Gerald Baron Cohen, a clothing store owner. His father, born in England and raised in Wales, was of Eastern European Jewish descent, while his mother was born in Israel, to German Jewish parents. He was ... See full bio » Born: Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 47 people created 24 May 2011 a list of 32 people created 19 Feb 2013 a list of 46 people created 30 Nov 2013 a list of 29 people created 15 Jan 2016 a list of 40 people created 2 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Sacha Baron Cohen's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 24 wins & 36 nominations. See more awards » Known For 2013 Eastbound & Down (TV Series) Ronnie Thelman 2005 Curb Your Enthusiasm (TV Series) Larry's Guide #2 1998 Comedy Nation (TV Series) Various 2012 The Dictator (written by) 2009 Brüno (character) / (screenplay) / (story) Da Ali G Show (TV Series) (created by - 12 episodes, 2003 - 2004) (writer - 12 episodes, 2003 - 2004) - Realness (2004) ... (creator) / (writer) 1998 The 11 O'Clock Show (TV Series) (writer) 1998 Comedy Nation (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 2015 Highston (TV Series) (executive producer - 1 episode) - Pilot (2015) ... (executive producer) 2003-2004 Da Ali G Show (TV Series) (executive producer - 7 episodes) - Respek (2004) ... (executive producer) 2002 Ali G Indahouse (executive producer) Hide 2013 The 85th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special) (performer: "One Day More") 2012 Les Misérables (performer: "Beggars At The Feast", "Master of the House", "The Robbery/Javert's Intervention", "Attack on the Rue Plumet", "One Day More!", "The Thénardier Waltz Of Treachery", "The Wedding") 2012 Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (performer: "Afro Circus / I Like to Move It") 2012 The Dictator (performer: "The Next Episode" - as Admiral General Aladeen) / (writer: "Money's on the Dresser") 2009 Brüno (performer: "Dove Of Peace (Middle East Version)", "Schlaf Kinder Schlaf", "Dove of Peace") / (writer: "Dove Of Peace (Middle East Version)", "Dove of Peace")	Sacha Baron Cohen
What word, when said loud enough always makes you sound precocious, is defined as “what you say when you don’t know what to say”?	Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (2006) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan ( 2006 ) R \| Watch Now From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video Kazakh TV talking head Borat is dispatched to the United States to report on the greatest country in the world. With a documentary crew in tow, Borat becomes more interested in locating and marrying Pamela Anderson . Director: a list of 36 titles created 07 Oct 2012 a list of 48 titles created 11 May 2014 a list of 30 titles created 11 Jan 2015 a list of 30 titles created 04 Feb 2015 a list of 30 titles created 7 months ago Title: Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (2006) 7.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 20 wins & 31 nominations. See more awards » Videos The heroic story of a dictator who risked his life to ensure that democracy would never come to the country he so lovingly oppressed. Director: Larry Charles Flamboyant and gay Austrian Brüno looks for new fame in America. Director: Larry Charles Ali G unwittingly becomes a pawn in the evil Chancellor's plot to overthrow the Prime Minister of Great Britain. However, instead of bringing the Prime Minister down, Ali is embraced by the... See full summary » Director: Mark Mylod The cross-country adventures of two good-hearted but incredibly stupid friends. Directors: Peter Farrelly, Bobby Farrelly Stars: Jim Carrey, Jeff Daniels, Lauren Holly Three buddies wake up from a bachelor party in Las Vegas, with no memory of the previous night and the bachelor missing. They make their way around the city in order to find their friend before his wedding. Director: Todd Phillips After Homer accidentally pollutes the town's water supply, Springfield is encased in a gigantic dome by the EPA and the Simpson family are declared fugitives. Director: David Silverman Goaded by his buddies, a nerdy guy who's never "done the deed" only finds the pressure mounting when he meets a single mother. Director: Judd Apatow A new assignment forces a top spy to team up with his football hooligan brother. Director: Louis Leterrier An ignorant, wannabe-Jamaican British b-boy; an anti-Semitic, misogynistic but friendly Kazakhstani television reporter; and a homosexual Austrian fashonista--all played by Sacha Baron ... See full summary » Stars: Sacha Baron Cohen, Buzz Aldrin, Arthur Danto Ron Burgundy is San Diego's top-rated newsman in the male-dominated broadcasting of the 1970s, but that's all about to change for Ron and his cronies when an ambitious woman is hired as a new anchor. Director: Adam McKay A 1960s hipster secret agent is brought out of cryofreeze to oppose his greatest enemy in the 1990s, where his social attitudes are glaringly out of place. Director: Jay Roach Upon learning that his father has been kidnapped, Austin Powers must travel to 1975 and defeat the aptly named villain Goldmember - who is working with Dr. Evil. Director: Jay Roach Edit Storyline Borat Sagdiyev is a TV reporter of a popular show in Kazakhstan as Kazakhstan's sixth most famous man and a leading journalist. He is sent from his home to America by his government to make a documentary about American society and culture. Borat takes a course in New York City to understand American humor. While watching Baywatch on TV, Borat discovers how beautiful their women are in the form of C. J. Parker, who was played by actress Pamela Anderson who hails from Malibu, California. He decides to go on a cross-country road trip to California in a quest to make her his wife and take her back to his country. On his journey Borat and his producer encounter a country full of strange and wonderful Americans, real people in real chaotic situations with hysterical consequences. Written by Anthony Pereyra {[email protected]} Come to Kazakhstan, It's Nice! Genres: Motion Picture Rating ( MPAA ) Rated R for pervasive strong crude and sexual content including graphic nudity, and language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 3 November 2006 (USA) See more » Also Known As: £6,242,344 (UK) (3 November 2006) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Borat is based on a Russian doctor Sacha Baron Cohen once met. He said the doctor was completely hilarious, but it was unintentional. See more » Goofs Borat visits a TV station in Jackson, Mississippi. However, the map still has him located somewhere in Virginia. See more » Quotes Borat : Jak sie masz? My name-a Borat. I like you. I like sex. Is nice! ["How are you?" in Polish] See more » Crazy Credits Opening credits, closing credits, and identifier subtitles in the story are in the Cyrillic alphabet. The subtitles are obliterated by superimposed English translations. In the end credits, the Cyrillic words are in the background, with the English translations in front. See more » Connections Written and Performed by Goran Bregovic Courtesy of Mercury Records France, a Division of Universal Music S.A. Under license from Universal Music Enterprises A Hilarious (and Much Needed) Assault on Decency 13 November 2006 \| by evanston_dad (United States) – See all my reviews Sacha Baron Cohen comes to America in the guise of Borat Sagdiyev and wreaks his own brand of Kazakhi havoc in this very very funny film. In our age of uber-political correctness, "Borat" comes sweeping through like a brisk and refreshing wind, completely bounding over every cultural taboo we've erected around ourselves. Thus, no one is safe: Borat takes on Jews, blacks, gays, feminists, middle-Americans, religious fanatics, frat boys. The only weapon against the bumbling Borat is a sense of humour, which this movie shows most Americans painfully lack. Indeed, if there is any message to be had from "Borat" (and I'm not sure there is much of one, beyond its fascinating cultural experiments), it's that everyone needs to lighten up and not take themselves so seriously. The image of Americans projected in this film varies from the heartwarming to the downright frightening. New Yorkers threaten Borat with physical violence when he approaches them on a subway. Feminists walk out on him when they find his views on women too much to tolerate. Folks out in the heartland commiserate with him over his hatred of gays and Jews; a gun shop owner even helps him pick out the best weapon for shooting Jewish people. A sweet Jewish couple give him a place to sleep, and bring him a homey meal (that is, before they turn into invading cockroaches). A group of manic Pentecosts help him find Jesus. An RV full of frat boys make complete asses of themselves by espousing their hopelessly ill-informed views on minorities in our country and the need to revert to slavery. The majority of people treat Borat in the condescending way of those who want to think of themselves as being culturally aware without really knowing anything at all about other cultures. These people become rude the second Borat offends their sense of propriety. On the other hand, the disenfranchised of America greet Borat with open arms, and we see a group of gays and a group of blacks interacting with him as if no cultural boundaries existed at all. The film's sweetest (and most unexpectedly so) moments come from Borat's befriending of a black prostitute. Of course, this is a carefully crafted work of fiction, and Cohen only lets his audience see what he wants them to see. I would probably react much the same as many of the people in this film if this crazy-looking and sounding man appeared out of nowhere and began to antagonize me. But the movie does make Americans look like a bunch of awfully self-important, uptight stiffs, and I've been to enough places in this country and met enough people to realize that the way events play out in this film (even if they are manipulated or staged) probably come very close to the real thing. Thank God for movies like "Borat." If nothing else, they remind us that our cultural boundaries only matter as much as we let them, and that all of the fears that govern political correctness are mostly ungrounded. After all, virtually every person in this film was offended at one point or another, and as far as I can tell, all of them lived to tell about it. Grade: A 355 of 480 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
"Where do you want to go today?" was the advertising slogan for what company in the 1990s?	MICROSOFT DROPS AD CAMPAIGN [ Previous Article ] [ Next Article] [ Home ] Microsoft to Drop Its "Where Do you Want to Go Today?" Campaign GATESVILLE, WA / DenounceNewswire / -- December 13, 1996 -- Microsoft Corporation announced today that it was dropping its "Where Do You Want To Go Today?" ad campaign, calling it "wildly successful," but perhaps a little "too successful." Months ago, Microsoft's Corporate offices began receiving over 770,000 letters, postcards, faxes, and email that contained brief messages, sometimes only one word in length. Puzzled, a Microsoft office manager turned the documents over to a private investigator to find out what was going on. "The messages were basically place names, like 'Chicago', 'the corner of Fourth and Elm,' 'Egypt', 'Tahiti', 'Anywhere but Redmond,' 'Ulaan Baator', and so on," said the puzzled office manager. The discovery came recently as the mystery spilled over to Microsoft's 800-number phone lines, with people calling in at any hour of the day or night with a brief statement and then hanging up. Operators, with the assistance of local law enforcement, managed to trace some of the calls and reach the mystery callers. "I was just answering their own question," said one caller, who asked to be identified, begged to be identified, even offered to pay to be identified. "Microsoft asked me where I wanted to go today, so I told them." Apparently, so did hundreds of thousands of others as well. "We meant it as a rhetorical device," said Bill Gates, Chairman of Microsoft. "But, evidently people took us literally. That's nothing new, really. They've been believing our claims and hype for years." Asked what Microsoft will do now, after it drops its popular slogan, Gates replied, "Well, you can bet we won't be doing 'Who Do You Want To Be Today?' any time soon." Copyright © 1996-2003 Birdrock Ventures. Denounce is a satire website specializing in false press releases that are meant to neither inform nor educate. All Rights Reserved. No redistribution or copying without written permission from Denounce.com . DENOUNCE is a trademark of Birdrock Ventures.	Microsoft
John Diaz serves what role in His Asshat Greg Nickles government?	Famous Corporate Mottos You are at: Home » Management »Famous Corporate Mottos Famous Corporate Mottos By Steve Mueller Last edit: October 9th, 2015 Management In this article you will find a collection of various corporate mottos. You might have heard some of the more popular ones but I’m sure you haven’t heard all of them; especially the really great ones – or the pointless ones! Let’s find it out! Many enterprises and corporations do not call their slogans corporate mottos any longer and the term of a corporate motto has changed within time; others include their slogans nowadays into their advertising campaigns, e.g. Nike’s “Just do it”, L’Oreal “Because I’m worth it!” or even in their product names, e.g. IBM’s “Thinkpad” and “Thinkcentre”. Famous corporate mottos: Ford – “Quality is job one” IBM – “Think” Google – “Don’t be evil” Great Corporate Mottos: Carnegie-Mellon University – “My Heart Is In The Work” NSA – “Anything is possible, the impossible just takes longer” Everton Football Club – “Only the best is good enough” Adidas – “Impossible is nothing” Honda – “The Power of Dreams” Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg – “Truth shall set you free” U.K. Special Air Service (SAS) Regiment – “Who dares wins” . Corporate Mottos and Slogans from Huge Companies: In the following you can find corporate mottos of really huge and commonly known corporations and companies; some of these slogans are great, others might be missleading or are missing the point completely: Dell – “Yours is here” Fujitsu – “The possibilities are infinite” Google – “Don’t be evil” formerly – “Search, Ads and Apps” Intel – “Leap Ahead” and “Sponsors of Tomorrow” KFC – “Finger Lickin’ Good” L’Oreal – “Because I’m worth it” – [original: “Parce que je le vaut bien”] MGM – “Arts for Art’s Sake” [original: “Ars Gratia Artis”] Microsoft – “Where do you want to go today?” McDonald´s – “I’m lovin’ it” Nokia – “Connecting People” Panasonic – “Ideas for life” Macy´s – “Be everywhere, do everything, and never fail to astonish the customer.” Above is a collection of some really great and inspiring corporate mottos as well as the slogans from some really huge and famous companies. Some of the mottos really miss the point, as they are not clear, focused or in any kind related to the company. The result of this is that the slogan is not effective and does not do much for inspiration (of employees and customers!). An effective corporate motto has not to be sweet, cute or super short. What important is that the slogan is related to the vision, objectives or aim of the company and creates sympathy with the customers of the company, which allows them to remember the slogan! Slogans that are very famous Microsoft´s old slogan “Where do you want to go today?” could have been the slogan of an airline or bus company, but it simply did not make sense for a regular customer * that had to sit at home on his PC to use Microsoft´s Software. (*we are speaking here of a regular person that hears or reads this slogan for the first time without digging into the meaning of it; we are not speaking of a marketing expert that has several hours to analyze the whole meaning of the slogan!). Dell’s slogan “Yours is here”, which was part of an ad campaign, does neither evoke the customer’s emotions nor does it motivate Dell’s employees. I personally associate “Yours is here” with a bored guy of a parcel service that can’t wait to get my signature to deliver his next packages: “Yours is here, Mister! Can I get ya signature now?” The article Famous Corporate Mottos was brought to you by Success Blog .	i don't know
Irene Adler, known simply as "the woman", is the only woman ever to have bested who, in a battle of wits?	The Irene Adler Series--the only woman to outwit Sherlock Holmes \| Carole Nelson Douglas Official Author Site (Note: books 2-4 were renamed when they were reissued in the early 2000s) Goodnight, Mr. Holmes–Book 1 “Setting herself the task of creating a heroine worthy of Sherlock Holmes, Douglas…succeeds smashingly. In providing an inventive, believable past for Irene Adler, the one woman (and an American at that) who ever duped Holmes, Douglas writes in a voice that resonates of Dr. Watson’s (or Conan Doyle’s) when appropriate, and links Adler’s adventures with information offered about her in Doyle’s “A Scandal in Bohemia.” Narrated with credible Victorian style and sensibility by Penelope “Nell” Huxleigh, a parson’s daughter, this lively caper establishes Adler’s sleuthing skills as she solves cases that involve Oscar Wilde and Bram Stoker . . . The novel has more going for it than the usual Holmesian pastiche, presenting a truly original perspective of the one whom the great detective himself dubbed “the woman.” She’s a superior woman at that; readers will doff their deerstalkers.”—Publishers Weekly Miss Irene Adler, the beautiful American opera singer who once outwitted Sherlock Homes (“to Holmes, she was always the woman”), is here given an unexpected talent: she is a superb detective. Whether intervening on behalf of Oscar Wilde in a delicate mission of the heart, or maneuvering at Bram Stoker’s tea party, Irene’s brilliant reasoning powers rarely fail. Only her search for Marie Antoinette’s long-lost Zone of Diamonds seems stymied; her investigation of a royal murder in the Kingdom of Bohemia ends with the apprehension of the villain. From her early career struggles to her magnificent debut on the Italian stage wearing jewels lent to her by Mr. Tiffany, and her meeting with the smitten composer Anton Dvorak, the diva-detective climbs from anonymity to well-deserved fame. The Crown Prince of Bohemia, tall, blond, handsome, wealthy, and royal, seems everything Irene could hope for–until a callow betrayal. Her heart aching–though her head is unbowed–Irene is in no mood for romance when she again encounters dashing English barrister Godfrey Norton, with whom she had clashed years before. But Godfrey’s past holds a surprising secret, and Irene soon discovers that she is not immune to love, even as she is forced into a duel of wits with the great Sherlock Holmes himself. Note: The blue cover shown on online bookselling sites is obsolete. The cover above is correct. Buy it Now or write a review. Barnes & Noble Borders Books-A-Million Tor/Forge The Adventuress–Book 2 (formerly Good Morning, Irene) The deaths of beautiful Irene Adler and her bridegroom, handsome barrister Godfrey Norton, have been widely reported in the English and European press. But the American opera singer who once outwitted Holmes, disappearing with her photograph of the King of Bohemia, is alive and well in Paris, and lapping up her obituaries with unconcealed glee. Nevertheless, although her “death” has ended the royal Bohemian’s unwelcome attentions, it is a serious inconvenience; she cannot perform on the operatic stage. Irene Adler is not a woman for whom idleness holds the slightest appeal. Thus the appearance of Sarah Bernhardt as a new friend is extremely welcome; but the unexpected emergence of a drowned sailor’s body from teh Seine is even more so. On the sailor’s chest is a tattoo–a tattoo reminiscent of one Irene saw years ago in London, on another sailor’s chest, while the corpse lay upon Bram Stoker’s dining room table . . . She had been unable to decipher the mysterious circumstances of the London death. Now, with a second corpse to consider, she seems to see a pattern. Then a young woman is abducted, and–against her will–tattooed! The inimitable detecting skills of Irene Adler will be sorely tested by the Machiavellian complexities at hand. Godfrey Norton’s unexpected gifts of disguise will be needed, as will the dogged intelligence of Miss Penelope Huxleigh, Irene’s faithful chronicler. A large and varied cast-among them the divine Sarah, a green serpent, the first beautiful, blond American Princess of Monaco, a young American journalist, an all-too-attentive Viscount, and Sherlock Holmes himself–will play their roles before Irene unravels the dreadful mystery that confronts her. Buy it now or write a review. Barnes & Noble Borders Books-A-Million Tor/Forge A Soul of Steel–Book 3 (formerly Irene at Large) Alive and well despite the widely published accounts of her death, the irresistible Irene Adler and her husband, dashing barrister Godfrey Norton, are taking coffee with their friend Nell Huxleigh in a Parisian sidewalk cafe when a stranger dressed in Oriental garb falls at their feet. Surprisingly, it is not Irene’s beauty that has felled him, but a does of poison–and even more surprisingly, the friends learn as he recovers that he is an Englishman! After nine years in Afghanistan, following the disastrous battle of Maiwand, Quentin is on his way to London to find a Dr. Watson who tended his battle wounds, a Dr. Watson whose life may well be in danger. Nell’s heart is quickly lost to Quentin, but after a shot through a window, Quentin vanishes. Irene vows to find him, for Nell should not be loved and left. Their search takes them first to a Parisian garret, inhabited only by a dead Lascar and . . . an indecently large cobra! Although Irene dispatches the scaly miscreant handily with her revolver, the game is indeed aslither. The sinuous chase leads through a command performance for the Empress of All the Russias and two visits to Sarah Bernhardt, into a channel steamer and under the desk of Dr. John H. Watson, loops into 221 B Baker Street, and uncoils deadly secrets both past and present. Buy it now or write a review. Barnes & Noble Borders Books-A-Million IndieBound Tor/Forge Another Scandal in Bohemia–Book 4 (formerly Irene’s Last Waltz) The ever irresistible Irene Adler, her dashing barrister husband Godfrey Norton and the indomitable Miss Nell Huxleigh have arrived at last at their French cottage–having survived (but just barely) the dastardly plots, Russian spies, pistol-wielding criminals . . . and the occasional cobra. Our happy trio seek nothing but rest and peace. But Irene has always chafed under idle conditions, and Paris, she says, “is pretty and urbane, but hardly a center of excitement.” So when Charles Frederick Worth, the Parisian King of Couture invites Irene to become his “mannequin de ville,” to wear the fabulous Worth creations to stimulate his trade, Irene leaps at the chance. But what was a joyous lark soon turns into a journey that can lead to disgrace, dishonor. . . and death. For Irene, Nell and Godfrey are drawn into a series of events that will compel Irene to the one place that she daren’t go–and to the one man she must not confront. To Prague and the King of Bohemia. Buy it now or write a review. Barnes & Noble Borders Books-A-Million IndieBound Tor/Forge Chapel Noir–Book 5 Before Caleb Carr and Laurie R. King, Carole Nelson Douglas gave readers a compelling look into Victoriana with a bold new detective character: Irene Adler, the only woman ever to have “outwitted” Sherlock Holmes. An operatic diva and intellectual equal (and some would say superior) to most of the men she encounters, Irene is as much at home with disguises and a revolver as with high society and haute couture. Chapel Noir thrusts readers into one of the darkest periods of criminal fact and fiction when two courtesans are found brutally slaughtered in the lavish boudoir of a Paris house that dare not speak its name. No woman should ever see such horrors, authorities declare, but a powerful sponsor has insisted that Irene investigate the case, along with her faithful companion, sheltered parson’s daughter Penelope Huxleigh. Yet does anyone really seek the truth, or do they wish only to bury it with the dead women? For there is a worse horror that will draw Irene and her arch rival, Sherlock Holmes, into a duel of wits with a fiendish opponent: These Paris killings mimic a series of gruesome murders that terrorized London only months before. In a dangerous and disreputable part of town known as Whitechapel . . . Buy it now or write a review. Barnes & Noble Borders Books-A-Million IndieBound Tor/Forge Castle Rouge–Book 6 Carole Nelson Douglas gives readers a delightful look into Victoriana with Irene Adler, the only woman ever to have outwitted Sherlock Holmes, in “A Scandal in Bohemia.” A charismatic performer and the intellectual equal to the men she encounters, Irene Adler is as much at home with a spyglass and revolver as with haute couture and gala balls. She has thwarted plots against nations, spurned a monarch, and lived to reap a sweet revenge. Now Irene is on the hunt for one of the true monsters of all time–Jack the Ripper. It was she who led the search, with a most unlikely group of allies, through the catacombs of 1889 Paris, to capture the suspect at a horrific secret-cult ceremony held beneath the city. But disaster has scattered those allies and the Ripper has again escaped. Sherlock Holmes has returned to London, and Watson, to reinvestigate the Whitechapel murders of the previous fall from an entirely new angle. Irene fears the Ripper will strike again and is eager to hunt this monster down. But terror has struck a little too close to home, for her own nearest and dearest are mysteriously missing–her companion/biographer, Nell Huxleigh, abducted in Paris, and her barrister husband, Godfrey Norton, vanished in the wilds of Bohemia. Where should Irene search first? Though Irene has many highly placed friends, the Baron de Rothschild, Sarah Bernhardt, and the Prince of Wales can offer only money and goodwill. Irene must rely on an unreliable cohort: the American prostitute named Pink, who has proven to be someone with her own agenda, and Bram Stoker, the theatrical manager who will later pen Dracula. The trail will lead back to Bohemia, and on to new and bloodier atrocities, before pursuers and prey reunite at a remote castle in Transylvania, where the Ripper is cornered and fully unveiled, at last to answer the question the world is asking: Who is Jack the Ripper? Buy it now or write a review. Barnes & Noble Borders Books-A-Million IndieBound Tor/Forge Femme Fatale–Book 7 Irene Adler is the only woman ever to have outwitted Sherlock Holmes. . . and the one who has come closest to stealing his heart. She has competed (and sometimes cooperated) with the famous fictional detective over six popular and acclaimed novels, featuring her daring investigations across the Continent. All along, the beautiful and brilliant American diva-turned-detective has managed to conceal her background and history, even from her dashing barrister husband, Godfrey Norton, and her devoted companion and biographer, English spinster Nell Huxleigh. The allies that Irene has made during her investigations include such luminaries as the Baron de Rothschild, Sarah Bernhardt, and Bram Stoker, as well as the soon-to-be-infamous Nellie Bly, a daring American journalist who helped Irene hunt Jack the Ripper. Now Nellie has wired Irene some astounding news, news that will shake her world: Irene’s mother is the target of an assassin. Irene’s past is shrouded in secrecy, and at first she is unwilling to divulge anything that would link her to America. But a series of bizarre killings in New York City draws her reluctantly back to her native country, where she must race with a murderer to find her mother, a woman of mystery who may turn out to be the most notorious woman of the nineteenth century. As Irene forges a trail into her own hidden past, Nellie Bly draws another ace investigator across the Atlantic to join the hunt for a serial killer, the last man on earth Irene Adler wants to discover anything about her shocking past . . . Sherlock Holmes. Buy it now or write a review. Barnes & Noble Borders Books-A-Million IndieBound Tor/Forge Spider Dance–Book 8 Irene Adler is the beautiful opera singer who bested the best detective in the world, the only woman to ever outwit Sherlock Holmes. She has spent years in self-imposed exile in Europe, in an attempt to reinvent herself and create a new life, because she cannot remember the old one. But now circumstances have forced this diva-turned-detective to investigate a past she doesn’t remember–on her home ground. Daredevil reporter Nellie Bly has lured Irene, her faithful chronicler and British Parson’s daughter Nell Huxleigh, and Holmes himself to America, offering information regarding Irene’s parentage. New York City in 1889 proves to be both fascinating and perilous for Irene, and Nellie Bly’s information turns out to be more harmful than helpful. Because now Irene and her allies–and enemies–must race to follow a deadly trail of hidden personal and political history back in time to the days of the California gold rush, forty years earlier. They are pursuing the complex and contradictory life story of one of the most notorious women of the nineteenth century, and before the intrigue-ridden quest is over, Irene and Nell will uncover murderous international political conspiracies, lost treasure, and finally . . . the full, shocking secret of Irene’s birth.	Sherlock Holmes
What animal is also known as the ship of the desert?	10 Common Misconceptions about Sherlock Holmes - Listverse 10 Common Misconceptions about Sherlock Holmes Gregory Myers February 11, 2013 NOTE: This list contains a competition—see the bonus item. We have all heard of Sherlock Holmes, and in the eyes of most of the world he is the greatest fictional detective of all time. His popularity is so great that there is an entire society devoted to Sherlock Holmes fan fiction and sometimes to pretending he is real, called the Baker Street Irregulars. It is inevitable that with such popularity there will be many mistaken notions about the character. Its mythology becomes distorted and things that are not at all true become commonly repeated as fact. Below are ten things most people think about Sherlock Holmes, that are completely wrong. 10 Innocent People Misconception: He wouldn’t treat an innocent person badly just to solve a case. Many people see Sherlock Holmes as a white knight of the detective world: he solves cases using only the power of his mind and innocent people never get hurt in the process. He is universally beloved as the greatest fictional detective in the world, but he had more of a dark side than just his drug use and other eccentric habits. Sherlock Holmes was not at all averse to doing whatever it took to win a case, and he often played the game for the games own sake. In one story The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton , he becomes engaged to a housemaid to get closer to a villain he is trying to expose. After he solves the case, he simply leaves the woman, presumably upsetting her greatly. He never makes any effort to explain the situation to her and we never hear about it again. He also employed a small group of street urchins to do his dirty work, which he affectionately called “The Baker Street Irregulars.” We see them in The Sign of the Four , The Adventure of the Crooked Man. 9 Misconception: Sherlock Holmes was a socially-forward thinker In The Adventure of the Three Gables Sherlock Holmes engages in some very cruel and racist conversations with black people. He basically calls a black boxer stupid based on his skin color and then goes so far as to make fun of the size of his lips. An excerpt from Holmes encounter with Steve Dixie, a black boxer: “‘That’s my name, Masser Holmes, and you’ll get put through it for sure if you give me any lip.’ ‘It is certainly the last thing you need,’ said Holmes, staring at our visitor’s hideous mouth.” After The boxer left Sherlock Holmes comments: “I am glad you were not forced to break his woolly head, Watson. I observed your maneuvers with the poker. But he is really rather a harmless fellow, a great muscular, foolish, blustering baby, and easily cowed, as you have seen.” There are other times where more commonplace comments are made about people from Africa in general, that are somewhat disparaging. There are a couple of important things to note, however. When the stories were written, these attitudes were fairly commonplace, it doesn’t excuse them, but it doesn’t make the character much different from anyone else in England at the time. It is also interesting to note that many scholars believe The Adventure of the Three Gables , which had the most obvious racism, was actually a forgery and not written by Arthur Conan Doyle at all. This would not be particularly surprising as Sherlock Holmes fan fiction has been popular for a long time. 8 Withholding Information Misconception: Sherlock Holmes withholds information from the police. In the recent Sherlock Holmes movies, he is pictured taking evidence from crime scenes and hiding it from the police on multiple occasions. This allows him to stay several steps ahead at all times and ensures he solves the case before they do. The only problem here is that this is totally the opposite of how he behaved in the books. Sherlock Holmes would always leave enough evidence for the police to figure out the same things he did if they were so inclined as we see in Sherlock Holmes stayed ahead of the police because he was simply better at deduction than they were; it does a disservice to his character to suggest that he would ever misappropriate evidence. 7 Best Friend Misconception: Holmes trusts his best friend Dr. Watson. Sherlock Holmes’s best friend is Dr. John Watson, and he relies on him as his biographer and companion, especially on very dangerous missions. The pair are incredibly close and remain good friends throughout most of their lives. Holmes even comments that he would be “lost without his Boswell,” in reference to the famous 18th century biographer of Samuel Johnson. However, while Holmes may have trusted his best friend to defend him in a scrape, and trusted his medical knowledge, he does not truly trust Dr. Watson. In The Hound of the Baskervilles , Holmes sends Dr. Watson to keep an eye on the situation at Baskerville hall, and then sneaks out to the moor to keep an eye on the situation himself rather than trusting his friends account. And to make matters worse he does not even tell Dr. Watson of his arrival. Also, in The Adventure of the Dying Detective , he tricks his best friend into thinking he is dying of a deadly disease because he does not believe that Dr. Watson would be able to keep the secret that he was faking it if he told him. While he claims respect for Dr. Watson’s medical skills, it’s a poor show that he doesn’t think his friend could go along with his game. 6 Eccentric Manners Misconception: Holmes dresses in an eccentric manner and is often dirty or unkempt. Not all movies are guilty of this particular offense, but the horrible monstrosity that was the recent two part movie series with Robert Downey Jr is a huge offender. Robert Downey Jr portrays Holmes as dressing in an extremely eccentric manner, including ill fitting clothes, strange ensembles that don’t make sense and as having a general air of bad hygiene. However, Sherlock Holmes is actually described in The Hound of the Baskervilles as having a cat like approach to cleanliness . He dressed in very traditional, conservative clothes for his time and was always impeccably neat. In fact, in Sherlock Holmes is out on the moor investigating a case in secret, living in an old shack, and still arranges to have fresh linen and other luxuries brought to him so that he can remain neat and clean. 5 Cap and Pipe Misconception: Holmes is always seen with a deerstalker cap and calabash pipe. The popular conception of Holmes with his deerstalker cap and calabash pipe has become so common that it is considered an iconic part of Sherlock’s Holmes persona. However, it is also a complete fabrication. The deerstalker cap and calabash pipe combo was made up for theater and has never been a part of Sherlock’s normal outfit . The calabash pipe was originally used by the actor in one of the original Sherlock Holmes plays because it was easy to rest on his chest while he was talking . But in fictional reality, Holmes used a much different pipe. This might sound like nitpicking, but the calabash pipe and deerstalker cap combo have become synonymous with Sherlock Holmes, or detectives in general though it is entirely inaccurate. 4 Middle-Aged Misconception: Dr. Watson and Sherlock Holmes are middle-aged gentlemen. In popular culture many people view Sherlock Holmes and his friend Dr. Watson as somewhere around middle age, getting older and quite experienced. It’s fairly easy to make this mistake, because Dr. Watson had already served in the war and was a skilled doctor, and Holmes had created quite a reputation for himself. However, Holmes and Watson were actually both quite young, in their early twenties for most of their adventures. Holmes and Dr. Watson were close in age, and Holmes was said to be born in 1854 and Dr. Watson met him in 1881 . Most of their adventures spanned the first few years they became friends, which would place them in their late twenties and still quite young. The explanation for how they could accomplish so much at a young age is very simple; they were both brilliant young men. While Dr. Watson is easily overshadowed by his friend, he was quite an intelligent man, very skilled at practicing medicine and conducted himself very well during the war. 3 Short Cases Misconception: He never spent more than a couple months on a case and retired relatively young. There is some truth to this; Holmes solved most cases with extraordinary speed. And he had intended to retire young. Holmes had retired to a quiet life of studying bees and even published what he called “ the magnum opus of his latter years ,” which was a book about his observations learned from beekeeping. However, the government had a problem; they were losing information to the other side and losing agents and could not figure out who was behind it. After several high up government officials intervened, Holmes finally agreed to take the case in the story His Last Bow . In the end Holmes catches up with the German secret agent who was causing all the trouble, and teams up with Dr. Watson for the final act. He reveals to Dr. Watson that his plan to defeat the German agent was so convoluted it involved him joining an Irish secret society in America for two full years, just to get at one agent. We can safely say that Holmes was nothing if not thorough. 2 Irene Adler Misconception: Irene Adler was Sherlock’s love interest. Many movies and TV specials felt that to increase viewer eyeballs, they needed to give Sherlock Holmes a love interest. We can see a dramatized example of this in the recent films where Robert Downey Jr plays a bisexual, eccentric playboy who is in love with both Irene Adler and his friend Dr. Watson. Holmes had an ongoing love affair with Irene Adler, so it was perfect, right? Except that is completely untrue. Irene Adler is only mentioned in one story, A Scandal in Bohemia , and the only thing she says to him is “Good-night, Mister Sherlock Holmes,” while disguised as a passerby. Sherlock later describes her as “the woman,” but only because she was the only woman to ever best him at anything. He respected her intellect, but had no romantic inclinations toward her and we never hear of her again. If you need any more evidence, Arthur Conan Doyle described Sherlock Holmes as “inhuman as a Babbage’s calculating machine,” and felt his famous detective was not at all interested in romance. 1 Professor Moriarty Misconception: Professor James Moriarty was his arch-enemy. Contrary to the popular notion that has been ingrained in us by so many television series and movies on the subject, Professor Moriarty was hardly Sherlock Holmes arch-nemesis. Moriarty actually only appears in one story, The Final Problem , he is also mentioned briefly in The Valley of Fear but only in the vein of giving paid consultation to other criminals. As far as him facing off against Holmes there is really no such evidence of it ever happening, apart from their famous battle at the Reichenbach falls. In fact, Arthur Conan Doyle had tired of the character of Holmes and wanted to move on to other projects, so he mainly just made up the conflict between Moriarty and Holmes so he could kill his most famous character , but the fans raised such an outcry that he reluctantly brought the detective back from the dead. Hardly has there ever been a character with so much popularity that people wore black armbands in the streets to mourn his death . + complete collection . This collection includes all four novels and fifty-six short stories. To enter the competition you simply have to comment on this list. Your comment should be related to this list and should not be an obvious attempt to win—in other words, don’t comment just for the sake of commenting. When tomorrow’s lists are published, the five comments with the highest upvotes will be chosen from this list to win the prize—so you get to pick the winners with your votes! We will notify the winners by email (if registered) or via a reply here. We will also name the winners on the Listverse Facebook Page . There is no limit to the number of comments per person. Remember—the more upvotes your comment gets, the better your chances of winning so email your friends and tell them to vote! You can follow Gregory Myers on twitter . More Great Lists	i don't know
Second only to Zeus, who is the Greek god of light and the sun; truth and prophecy; archery; medicine and healing; music, poetry, and the arts; and more?	1000+ images about Apollo on Pinterest \| The sun, Greek mythology and Music songs Forward Apollo was the great Olympian god of prophecy and oracles, healing, plague and disease, music, song and poetry, archery, and the protection of the young. He was depicted as a handsome, beardless youth with long hair and various attributes including: a wreath and branch of laurel; bow and quiver; raven; and lyre. See More	Apollo
What is the longest exposed mountain range in the world?	Apollo: Greek God of Light And The Lawgiver and the God of Prophecy. the Far-Shooter, the Greek god also called Phoebus ("bright, shining") by the Romans. Apollo, Greek God of Light Apollo, Greek god of the Sun, was the original overachiever. No wonder he became his father's favorite son! At the tender age of 4 days, showing an incredible talent for archery, Apollo killed the gigantic serpent named Python (in some myths she was a dragon) who had been harassing his mother. The Greek god Apollo and his twin sister Artemis were born to Leto (a Titan goddess who was impregnated by Zeus during one of his numerous affairs. The birth of the twins was not an easy one, for their poor mother Leto had been pursued throughout her pregnancy by a gigantic serpent named Python and had never been allowed a moments rest. Going into labor, she finally found a safe, secluded spot where she could deliver. But after the birth of the first twin, Artemis, was born, Leto was too exhausted to continue. Artemis, born just minutes earlier, had to take control of the situation and become Letos midwife, helping her mother safely deliver the infant Apollo. Zeus welcomed the twins by giving them both silver bows and arrows, promising Artemis she would never have to marry unless she wanted to, and giving Apollo a magnificent golden chariot that was pulled by swans. Apollo was destined to make his father proud of him. Following his dramatic debut with the Python, he went on to become, not only an unerring archer, but the best musician (playing a lyre given to him by his half-brother Hermes), poet, philosopher, law maker and creator of legal institutions, a masterful physician, the god of prophecy, and a great scholar who always spoke the truth. Apollos skill and determination were evident at a very early age. When he was only 4 days old, he took his bow and arrow and went out in search of the snake that had tormented his mother during her pregnancy. Finding the snake named Python, who was said to measure several acres in length, he wounded her with his first shot. The serpent crawled back to her cave in the city of Delphi, but the infant Apollo followed her and this time succeeded in killing the snake with his second shot. The citizens of Delphi were glad to be rid of her and were grateful to Apollo - later Delphi was established as the center of Apollos worship. As it happened this was not just a regular snake that Apollo had killed - it turns out that it happened to be the famed Oracle of Delphi, the greatest prophet of all time. The Python lived in the cave and could answer any question since she could see anything in the present or the future. When she answered a question, her hiss would be interpreted by the Pythian priestess and the answer relayed to the questioner. The killing of the Python was no small matter. Though very proud of his sons courage and prowess, Zeus was not pleased that Apollo had killed the serpent. Where could he go now when he needed advice based on her remarkable foresight? Not a problem, Apollo assured him, and returned to Delphi where he took over the Temple and persuaded the priestess to teach him the art of prophecy. Zeus, even though he favored this child, felt Apollo should still be punished for killing the Python, just to teach him a lesson. So he exiled him to live and work on earth as a mortal for one year. His assignment was to assist King Admetus, a kind and pious man who treated Apollo well. At the end of his year of servitude, to repay the kings kindness, he looked into the future and told the king his fate, warning him that he could reverse it if he could find someone willing to die in his place. Only his wife was willing, and the king regretted allowing her to sacrifice her life for him. Later the hero Heracles (Hercules) was able, however, to restore her life. It was said that Apollo could only speak the truth, telling the future with an accuracy that was as unerring as his marksmanship with his arrows. Arrows featured largely in the story of Apollos first love. He caught the somewhat bratty young Eros (Cupid) playing with his silver bow and arrows. He chastised Eros, telling him to put them down that they were not toys. Offended, Eros cheerfully responded OK, you can have some of mine then - theyre not toys either! and shot Apollo with one of his golden arrows that had been dipped in an aphrodisiac that made the victim fall madly in love with the first person they saw. At that very moment, Daphne, the lovely daughter of a river god, came walking by. Apollo was instantly smitten. With a wicked smile on his lips, the mischievous Eros drew a second arrow from his quiver. This one was made of lead and tipped with a potion that would make love seem repulsive. He took aim and shot Daphne with it. Daphne ran home and begged her father to swear an oath that she would never have to marry, so repugnant was the very idea of love. Apollo, his heart inflamed with love, pursued Daphne, calling out his pledges of undying love - but she continued to run from him. Horrified when he finally caught up with her, Daphne cried for Mother Earth to strike her dead or change her form so that she would not be appealing and would not have to endure his love. Instantly she turned into laurel tree. Apollo, heartbroken, tore off a branch of leaves and wove them in his hair, promising Daphne that she would be forever remembered, living on in the wreaths of laurel leaves that would be used to crown kings and victors from that day forward. And so it would be. Like several of the Greek gods of his generation, Apollo never married, but seduced many young goddesses and mortal women. In the hopes of winning her love, Apollo gave Cassandra the gift of prophecy. She proved an able student and, like him, learned to see the future and always told the truth. Shocked when he suddenly turned amorous, ready to be repaid for his favor, Cassandra rejected him. Angered by this, Apollo gave her another gift - this one a curse that even though she always told the truth no one would ever believe her. Among his many lovers, several were males; the most famous, perhaps, being Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally killed in a game of discus. To express his sorrow, Apollo immortalized the dying youth by turning him in the beautiful flower, the hyacinth that greets us each spring. For all his bright and shining qualities, Apollo could also be quite vindictive. Always close to his twin sister, both were known for their skill as archers, their energetic pursuit of their goals, and their swift and merciless punishment of those whose behavior they found insulting or offensive. When Niobe boasted that she was a better mother than Leto since she had produced six sons and six daughters instead of just a measly set of twins, Apollo and Artemis took offense. Taking their bows and arrows with them, they found Niobes children and Apollo killed the sons while Artemis dispatched the daughters. Niobes grief was so great that her tears caused the rivers to overflow their banks. Apollo also had a jealous streak. When Artemis fell in love with the hunter Orion, Apollo missed her company and affection. Aware that Orion was swimming in the ocean, Apollo ran to find Artemis and gathering up their bows and arrows, rushed down to the beach with her. Pointing to Orions head, barely visible on the horizon, Apollo said, See that shiny thing bobbing in the waves? Bet you cant hit that! Artemis, a fierce competitor and exceptional archer accepted the wager. With her unerring aim, she unknowingly killed the man she loved. She never loved again. For the most part Apollo was rather calm and dispassionate, but there seemed to be three things that could set him off. One, as we have seen already, was any offense or insult to his beloved mother. Another was any violation of the boundaries between the gods and mortal men. Alone among the Olympian deities, Apollo never sponsored or helped any of the Greek heroes because he felt that they should know their place and stay out of the gods affairs. And Apollo did not take kindly to any challenges to his position as the very best at everything he did. He was, by the way, the champion in many fields - music, science, and prophecy. According to mythology, he was even able to defeat Ares and boxing and Hermes in racing to win those events at the first Olympic games! It is a good thing that Apollo usually won, for he was far from being a good loser. His opponents were often punished for winning. He literally took the skin off a satyr named Marsyus who had the audacity to beat him in a music competition. But usually his punishments were moderate, and sometimes they even revealed a sense of humor. When King Midas voted for his competitor in a musical competition, Apollo gave him the ears of a jackass. The embarrassed king had to wear a cap over his ears for the rest of his life! Apollo is usually depicted as a handsome, beardless youth wearing a wreath of laurel leaves and holding his bow, or a lyre, his favorite musical instrument. You can read the intriguing story of how Apollo came to play the lyre in the stories of Hermes. Although most of the myths of Apollo feature him in action, he was actually known more for his achievements than his acts and was seldom embroiled in the continuous quarrels and unfolding dramas that constituted life on Mount Olympus. Somewhat detached from the others, Apollo was often away when things were happening, of simply uninvolved. Perhaps he did learn his lesson as Zeus had hoped, although it took a second exile before he got the message. After he returned from his first exile, Apollo took part in a plot by the Olympians, led by Poseidon, to overthrow Zeus reign as their ruler. All the gods and goddesses agreed that something had to change, that Zeus was proving to be too arrogant and heavy-handed. The attempted coup failed, but Zeus did try to do better from then on and was quite lenient in punishing all of them. Poseidon and Apollo were both sentenced to one year of manual labor, to be served on earth helping build the walls around Troy while disguised as ordinary mortals. They served their sentences without complaint, but when the King of Troy refused to honor his contract and pay them for their work, the angry Poseidon sent a horrible sea monster and Apollo caused a plague to rain down on the city of Troy. Soon the bodies of the dead and dying were stacked as high as the great wall around the city. The king relented and paid his debt. Just as he could summon a plague, Apollo was also called upon to prevent and cure all manner of illness for he was a healer of great knowledge and skill. The favorite son of Zeus, Apollo had a favorite son himself. He was once in love with Coronis. She was pregnant with his child, but Apollo was fearful that she might take another lover during one of his frequent absences. So Apollo dispatched a white raven to spy on her for him. When the raven reported that she had betrayed his trust, he was displeased and turned the ravens feathers black. Then he killed Coronis, but suddenly regretting it, he saved the unborn child. Naming him Asclepius, he reared the child himself and trained him in the healing arts. Asclepius became a famous physician and is generally considered to be the Father of Modern Medicine. Indeed, his skill was so great that, after he restored life to one of his patients who had died, Zeus had to kill him since only the Fates were allowed to determine whether someone lived or died. Apollo was a god who had a clear idea of what was right and what was wrong. He believed strongly in law and order. He interpreted the law for mortals and gave the cities their legal institutions, including civic courts so that disputes could be settled without bloodshed. Uncomfortable as Apollo was with chaos and tumult, or even passionate intensity, he was an idealist with a vision of a society that could live peacefully under the rule of fairness and of law. It is from the Greek god Apollo that we get the sayings "Know thyself" and the call to moderation in all things, the Golden Mean, reminding us to do "nothing in excess". Driving his golden chariot to pull the sun across the sky each day, Apollos most important role was that of Helios, Greek god of the sun, his golden light brightening the lives of all it touched. Apollo was a favorite of the people of Rhodes. The Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is an immense statue of the Greek god Apollo (as Helios Apollo). In ancient times, the citizens of Rhodes would cast a chariot and four horses into the sea each year as a tribute or gift to him, presumably to allow him to replace last year's model and continue to make his grand journey across the sky each day in style. The Symbols of the Greek God Apollo Silver bow and arrow	i don't know
Johnny Cash sang, “I hear the train a comin’. It’s rolling round the bend. And I ain’t seen the sunshine since I don’t know when.” What was he singing about?	JOHNNY CASH LYRICS - Folsom Prison Blues JOHNNY CASH LYRICS I hear the train a comin' It's rolling round the bend And I ain't seen the sunshine since I don't know when, I'm stuck in Folsom prison, and time keeps draggin' on But that train keeps a rollin' on down to San Antone.. When I was just a baby my mama told me. Son, Always be a good boy, don't ever play with guns. But I shot a man in Reno just to watch him die When I hear that whistle blowing, I hang my head and cry.. I bet there's rich folks eating in a fancy dining car They're probably drinkin' coffee and smoking big cigars. Well I know I had it coming, I know I can't be free But those people keep a movin' And that's what tortures me... Well if they freed me from this prison, If that railroad train was mine I bet I'd move it on a little farther down the line Far from Folsom prison, that's where I want to stay And I'd let that lonesome whistle blow my blues away..... Visit www.azlyrics.com for these lyrics. Thanks to thepheonixrevelation, flamingogirl17 for correcting these lyrics. Writer(s): Johnny Cash	Folsom State Prison
Because they can donate to anyone, people with what blood type are known as universal donors?	Print Page - Johnny Cash fans in here When I breeze into that city, people gonna stoop and bow. (Hah!) All them women gonna make me, teach 'em what they don't know how, I'm goin' to Jackson, you turn-a loose-a my coat. 'Cos I'm goin' to Jackson. "Goodbye," that's all she wrote. But they'll laugh at you in Jackson, and I'll be dancin' on a Pony Keg. They'll lead you 'round town like a scalded hound, With your tail tucked between your legs, Yeah, go to Jackson, you big-talkin' man. And I'll be waitin' in Jackson, behind my Jaypan Fan, Well now, we got married in a fever, hotter than a pepper Sprout, We've been talkin' 'bout Jackson, ever since the fire went. I'm goin' to Jackson, and that's a fact. Yeah, we're goin' to Jackson, ain't never comin' back. Well, we got married in a fever, hotter than a pepper sprout' And we've been talkin' 'bout Jackson, ever since the fire went... Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 01, 2009, 10:00:26 AM I keep a close watch on this heart of mine I keep my eyes wide open all the time I keep the ends out for the tie that binds Because you're mine, I walk the line I find it very, very easy to be true I find myself alone when each day is through Yes, I'll admit that I'm a fool for you Because you're mine, I walk the line As sure as night is dark and day is light I keep you on my mind both day and night And happiness I've known proves that it's right Because you're mine, I walk the line You've got a way to keep me on your side You give me cause for love that I can't hide For you I know I'd even try to turn the tide Because you're mine, I walk the line I keep a close watch on this heart of mine I keep my eyes wide open all the time I keep the ends out for the tie that binds Because you're mine, I walk the line Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 01, 2009, 10:03:02 AM Love is a burning thing and it makes a firery ring bound by wild desire The taste of love is sweet when hearts like our's meet I fell for you like a child oh, but the fire went wild.. Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 01, 2009, 10:13:47 AM I hear the train a cominï¿½ itï¿½s rolling round the bend and I ainï¿½t seen the sunshine since I donï¿½t know when, Iï¿½m stuck in Folsom prison, and time keeps dragginï¿½ on but that train keeps a rollinï¿½ on down to San Anton.. When I was just a baby my mama told me. Son, always be a good boy, donï¿½t ever play with guns. But I shot a man in Reno just to watch him die When I hear that whistle blowing, I hang my head and cry.. I bet thereï¿½s rich folks eating in a fancy dining car theyï¿½re probably drinkinï¿½ coffee and smoking big cigars. Well I know I had it coming, I know I canï¿½t be free but those people keep a movinï¿½ and thatï¿½s what tortures me... Well if theyï¿½d free me from this prison, if that railroad train was mine I bet Iï¿½d moved it all a little further down the line far from Folsom prison, that's where I want to stay and Iï¿½d let that lonesome whistle blow my blues away..... I bet Iï¿½d move just a little further down the line far from Folsom prison, that's where I want to stay and Iï¿½d let that lonesome whistle blow my blues away... Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 01, 2009, 10:19:11 AM and my favourite Well, I woke up Sunday morning With no way to hold my head that didn't hurt. And the beer I had for breakfast wasn't bad, So I had one more for dessert. Then I fumbled in my closet through my clothes And found my cleanest dirty shirt. Then I washed my face and combed my hair And stumbled down the stairs to meet the day. I'd smoked my mind the night before With cigarettes and songs I'd been picking. But I lit my first and watched a small kid Playing with a can that he was kicking. Then I walked across the street And caught the Sunday smell of someone frying chicken. And Lord, it took me back to something that I'd lost Somewhere, somehow along the way. On a Sunday morning sidewalk, I'm wishing, Lord, that I was stoned. 'Cause there's something in a Sunday That makes a body feel alone. And there's nothing short a' dying That's half as lonesome as the sound Of the sleeping city sidewalk And Sunday morning coming down. In the park I saw a daddy With a laughing little girl that he was swinging. And I stopped beside a Sunday school And listened to the songs they were singing. Then I headed down the street, And somewhere far away a lonely bell was ringing, And it echoed through the canyon Like the disappearing dreams of yesterday. On a Sunday morning sidewalk, I'm wishing, Lord, that I was stoned. 'Cause there's something in a Sunday That makes a body feel alone. And there's nothing short a' dying That's half as lonesome as the sound Of the sleeping city sidewalk And Sunday morning coming down. Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 01, 2009, 10:28:46 AM I was a highwayman. Along the coach roads I did ride With sword and pistol by my side Many a young maid lost her baubles to my trade Many a soldier shed his lifeblood on my blade The bastards hung me in the spring of twenty-five But I am still alive. I was a sailor. I was born upon the tide And with the sea I did abide. I sailed a schooner round the Horn to Mexico I went aloft and furled the mainsail in a blow And when the yards broke off they said that I got killed But I am living still. I was a dam builder across the river deep and wide Where steel and water did collide A place called Boulder on the wild Colorado I slipped and fell into the wet concrete below They buried me in that great tomb that knows no sound But I am still around..I'll always be around..and around and around and around and around And I'll be back again, and again and again and again and again.. Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 01, 2009, 10:36:07 AM Well, you wonder why I always dress in black, Why you never see bright colors on my back, And why does my appearance seem to have a somber tone. Well, there's a reason for the things that I have on. I wear the black for the poor and the beaten down, Livin' in the hopeless, hungry side of town, I wear it for the prisoner who has long paid for his crime, But is there because he's a victim of the times. I wear the black for those who never read, Or listened to the words that Jesus said, About the road to happiness through love and charity, Why, you'd think He's talking straight to you and me. Well, we're doin' mighty fine, I do suppose, In our streak of lightnin' cars and fancy clothes, But just so we're reminded of the ones who are held back, Up front there ought 'a be a Man In Black. I wear it for the sick and lonely old, For the reckless ones whose bad trip left them cold, I wear the black in mournin' for the lives that could have been, Each week we lose a hundred fine young men. And, I wear it for the thousands who have died, Believen' that the Lord was on their side, I wear it for another hundred thousand who have died, Believen' that we all were on their side. Well, there's things that never will be right I know, And things need changin' everywhere you go, But 'til we start to make a move to make a few things right, You'll never see me wear a suit of white. Ah, I'd love to wear a rainbow every day, And tell the world that everything's OK, But I'll try to carry off a little darkness on my back, 'Till things are brighter, I'm the Man In Black. Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 04, 2009, 04:44:28 AM Look at me in here singing away alone like a Nigel No Friends ::MonkeyHaHa:: I meant to post this in music. Can a mod move it for me, or delete it so i dont look like I've got no friends ::MonkeyHaHa:: ::MonkeyHaHa:: Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: MuffyBee on February 04, 2009, 09:41:42 PM Quote from: Lucinda on February 04, 2009, 04:44:28 AM Look at me in here singing away alone like a Nigel No Friends ::MonkeyHaHa:: I meant to post this in music. Can a mod move it for me, or delete it so i dont look like I've got no friends ::MonkeyHaHa:: ::MonkeyHaHa:: Okay Lucinda, you and Johnny are in the music area now. ::MonkeyHaHa:: I've come and visited your thread previously, but hadn't posted. I agree with you. More monks will see your Johnny Cash thread here. ::MonkeyCool:: Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 05, 2009, 09:35:25 PM Quote from: Lucinda on February 04, 2009, 04:44:28 AM Look at me in here singing away alone like a Nigel No Friends ::MonkeyHaHa:: I meant to post this in music. Can a mod move it for me, or delete it so i dont look like I've got no friends ::MonkeyHaHa:: ::MonkeyHaHa:: Okay Lucinda, you and Johnny are in the music area now. ::MonkeyHaHa:: I've come and visited your thread previously, but hadn't posted. I agree with you. More monks will see your Johnny Cash thread here. ::MonkeyCool:: Thanks Muffy, your'e the best. Now I might get some more Johnny fans to talk with me, if not, me and Johnny will just party away in here by ourselves ::MonkeyHaHa:: Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: bleachedblack on February 06, 2009, 08:53:11 PM Thanks for the reminder Lucinda http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5Ts4M3irWM I hear the train a cominï¿½ itï¿½s rolling round the bend and I ainï¿½t seen the sunshine since I donï¿½t know when, Iï¿½m stuck in Folsom prison, and time keeps dragginï¿½ on but that train keeps a rollinï¿½ on down to San Anton.. When I was just a baby my mama told me. Son, always be a good boy, donï¿½t ever play with guns. But I shot a man in Reno just to watch him die When I hear that whistle blowing, I hang my head and cry.. I bet thereï¿½s rich folks eating in a fancy dining car theyï¿½re probably drinkinï¿½ coffee and smoking big cigars. Well I know I had it coming, I know I canï¿½t be free but those people keep a movinï¿½ and thatï¿½s what tortures me... Well if theyï¿½d free me from this prison, if that railroad train was mine I bet Iï¿½d moved it all a little further down the line far from Folsom prison, that's where I want to stay and Iï¿½d let that lonesome whistle blow my blues away..... I bet Iï¿½d move just a little further down the line far from Folsom prison, that's where I want to stay and Iï¿½d let that lonesome whistle blow my blues away... Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 13, 2009, 07:10:15 AM I hear the train a cominï¿½ itï¿½s rolling round the bend and I ainï¿½t seen the sunshine since I donï¿½t know when, Iï¿½m stuck in Folsom prison, and time keeps dragginï¿½ on but that train keeps a rollinï¿½ on down to San Anton.. When I was just a baby my mama told me. Son, always be a good boy, donï¿½t ever play with guns. But I shot a man in Reno just to watch him die When I hear that whistle blowing, I hang my head and cry.. I bet thereï¿½s rich folks eating in a fancy dining car theyï¿½re probably drinkinï¿½ coffee and smoking big cigars. Well I know I had it coming, I know I canï¿½t be free but those people keep a movinï¿½ and thatï¿½s what tortures me... Well if theyï¿½d free me from this prison, if that railroad train was mine I bet Iï¿½d moved it all a little further down the line far from Folsom prison, that's where I want to stay and Iï¿½d let that lonesome whistle blow my blues away..... I bet Iï¿½d move just a little further down the line far from Folsom prison, that's where I want to stay and Iï¿½d let that lonesome whistle blow my blues away... Hi bleachedblack, I have a friend who likes Johnny too ::MonkeyDance:: sorry I missed your post. I will go to the library to see the you tube link, cant on my dialup. What is it? I love johnny Cash and june carter cash. I even sing in the mirror at myself with a hairbrush pretending Im June singing with johnny ::MonkeyHaHa:: Now thats a real fan exposing all that info ::MonkeyHaHa:: Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 17, 2009, 10:46:31 AM HURT I would find a way Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 17, 2009, 11:04:38 AM San Quentin, you've been livin' hell to me You've busted me since nineteen sixty three I've seen 'em come and go and I've seen 'em die And long ago I stopped askin' why San Quentin, I hate every inch of you. You've cut me and you've scarred me thru an' thru. And I'll walk out a wiser, weaker man; Mister Congressman, you can't understand. San Quentin, what good do you think you do? Do you think I'll be different when you're through? You bend my heart and mind and you warp my soul, your stone walls turn my blood a little cold. San Quentin, may you rot and burn in hell. May your walls fall and may I live to tell. May all the world forget you ever stood. And may all the world regret you did no good. San Quentin, I hate every inch of you. Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: Lucinda on February 17, 2009, 11:17:43 AM "One" Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: MuffyBee on August 15, 2014, 02:45:14 PM What an odd article title. JMHO http://www.wfaa.com/news/entertainment/271402061.html Depression colony cashing in on Johnny Cash's fame August 15, 2015 ::snipping3:: The country music icon grew up at a government collective in northeastern Arkansas, an hour north of Memphis, Tennessee. During the Depression, the government gathered 487 families and sold them cheap land in return for their contributions to the community. Cash's parents were among those accepted for the social experiment. Also opening Saturday is the old Dyess Colony Administration Building, which now is a museum and the Dyess City Hall. Former residents donated artifacts related to the town and to Cash, who died in 2003. Title: Re: Johnny Cash fans in here Post by: MuffyBee on March 01, 2015, 02:31:52 PM http://theboot.com/johnny-cash-june-carter-wedding/	i don't know
What lake was formed by the construction of Hoover Dam?	NCHGC: Sites and Stories: Adjacent Lands: Lake Mead sites \| south rim \| north rim \| rim viewpoints \| rim to river & trails \| colorado river corridor \| beyond park boundaries Though Grand Canyon National Park contains one of the seven wonders of the natural world, crafted over millions of years of erosion and other natural forces, it is capped on either end by huge artificial landscapes that took humans less than two decades to create. Here Black Canyon is shown in 1922 before construction of Hoover Dam; compare this with the picture below. Photo: Bureau of Reclamation (Click on photos to enlarge) At the southwestern edge of Grand Canyon National Park, on the Arizona-Nevada line, the Colorado River flows into Lake Mead, one of the largest manmade lakes in North America. It began filling upon the completion of Hoover Dam (previously known as Boulder Dam) in 1935. The largest hydroelectric dam in the world at the time of its construction, Hoover Dam was completed in less than five years. It stretches across the Colorado River at Black Canyon, about 30 miles east of Las Vegas. Today Hoover Dam is a National Historic Landmark, and remains the highest concrete arch dam in the United States. The lake that formed behind it is named for Elwood Mead, the head of the Bureau of Reclamation from 1924-1936, who left a major imprint on the water policy and landscape of the West. Before the dam was constructed, outsiders rarely visited this area because of its extreme temperatures, harsh landscapes, and lack of roads. Still, it was a landscape with significant natural and cultural resources. The first inhabitants of the area lived between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, when the environment was wetter and cooler. Over the centuries many different Native American cultures made their homes in the area, some hunting and gathering, others farming. In the 19th century, Euro-American explorers such as Jedediah Smith, Joseph Christmas Ives, and John Wesley Powell traveled through the area. Once Hoover Dam was completed and the lake filled, however, thousands of tourists suddenly flocked to enjoy the refreshing waters and bask in the steady sun. The Bureau of Reclamation, which built the dam, knew that the lake it created could be turned into a major recreation site, but its focus was on developing water storage projects. Therefore, the Bureau joined forces with the National Park Service, which had experience in recreation management, to develop the area. Hoover Dam (center left) was built across Black Canyon, backing up the Colorado River 25 miles to the southwestern end of Grand Canyon National Park. The resulting Lake Mead offers water recreation activities to visitors at Lake Mead National Recreation Area. Photo: National Park Service Steep rock slopes, formerly the walls of canyons, today contain the deep blue waters of Lake Mead, which led to the creation of the first national recreation area in the United States. Photo: NPS In 1936, these two agencies cooperatively created the Boulder Dam Recreation Area, the first national recreation area established in the United States. It included the Hoover Dam itself as well as 25 miles of the Colorado River. Eleven years later, the agencies changed the name to Lake Mead National Recreation Area. In 1950 Davis Dam was completed near Bullhead City, Arizona. This dam and the lake it created, Lake Mohave, were incorporated into Lake Mead National Recreation Area as well. In 1963 President John F. Kennedy initiated the policy that Congress must establish all future National Recreation Areas (NRAs), and the next year Lake Mead National Recreation Area became the first such area established by Congressional statute. Today, out of 43 NRAs, the Park Service administers 20, most of which are centered on large reservoirs that emphasize water-based recreation. Other agencies, including the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management, administer the 23 other NRAs. Lake Mead NRA contains 1.5 million acres, making it twice the size of Rhode Island. It has about 550 miles of shoreline, though the area covered by water comprises less than 13 percent of the total area of the NRA. It also includes nine designated wilderness areas, as shown in the NPS diagram at right. Part of the NRA overlaps with portions of Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, created in 2001, on the Arizona Strip . Although most of the eight million visitors it attracts every year see it purely as a recreation spot, the lake is actually a giant reservoir, storing water that is delivered to farms, homes, and businesses in Nevada, Arizona, California, and Mexico. The Mojave, Great Basin, and Sonoran Deserts, three of the four American desert ecosystems, all intersect at Lake Mead Recreation Area. Elevations within Lake Mead NRA range from about 500 feet to nearly 7000 feet above sea level. Temperatures in the summer can easily reach over 110 degrees, though winters are mild. Even though the land is arid and hot, it is home to a surprising array of birds, mammals, fish, and reptiles. These include bighorn sheep, kit fox, ringtail cats, desert tortoise, chuckwalla lizards, Gila monsters, and several kinds of rattlesnakes. Though the cacti and creosote that dot the landscape may make it seem barren, in the springtime it comes alive as rain showers spur the growth of colorful wildflowers. The history of Lake Mead NRA intersects with that of Grand Canyon National Park just as its ecosystem does. For instance, in 1953 Lake Mead NRA was the site of the first concessionaire-operated trailer park within the National Park System. The NPS in the 1950s was looking for a way to serve the growing number of tourists coming to visit sites within the national park system, and kept an eye on this site to see whether a similar system could be implemented in other parks. The experiment was successful, and in 1961 Grand Canyon National Park became the first park to open this type of facility. Lake Mead NRA is	Lake Mead
According to the traditional naval system, what time does the middle watch start?	Lake Mead National Recreation Area and the Hoover Dam, Arizona/Nevada Map of Lake Mead National Recreation Area Hotels The nearest towns with hotels close to Lake Mead are Boulder City , Henderson , Las Vegas and North Las Vegas , while Bullhead City is near to Lake Mohave. Follow the links for hotel information and reservations. Scenery Lake Mead flooded a large area of desert, covering many canyons, several small towns and many relics of ancient settlements. It is not necessarily a compensation, but this inundation has created a major Southwest attraction which now brings many thousands of visitors each year. They come for boating, fishing, jetskiing, camping, swimming and to a lesser extent hiking - outdoor activities are possible year round as the weather is usually sunny and hot, up to 110 °F in midsummer when the water temperature reaches the mid 80's. The scenery is impressive enough - clear blue water beneath gaunt rocky cliffs, but much can only be appreciated using a boat as the majority of the innumerable sheltered coves and flooded canyons, often with clean, empty beaches for camping, are quite inaccessible by road. In general though most of the surrounding land is rather nondescript desert - dry washes, desert plains and low, rugged hills, so the area is not as scenic as Lake Powell, and as there are very few official trails, Lake Mead NRA is not a major destination for hiking and exploring, but rather just for the water-based activities, which are concentrated along the 20 miles of the southwest shore, close to Las Vegas. In recent years the amount of water in the lake has decreased steadily, due to drought; the reservoir is less than 40% full, the surface level has fallen by over 100 feet, and the upper margins of the lake, along the Virgin and Colorado rivers, are several miles closer to the dam. Access - West There are rather more access points to the shoreline of Lake Mead compared with Lake Powell, especially the section northwest of Hoover Dam in Nevada which has various beaches, camping areas and marinas. Highway 167 (Northshore Road) runs fairly close to the water for 40 miles passing through colorful, empty, desert surroundings with around a dozen side roads of varying quality leading towards the water of which one is to a developed marina, at Callville Bay. Two other marinas have ceased operations due to the decreasing water levels - Echo Bay in 2013 and Overton Beach in 2010. The road to this latter location is closed, though there is another route just to the north, which leads to the site of St Thomas. This small town was abandoned in the 1930s when Lake Mead was formed, and was for many decades flooded to depths of up to 60 feet, but now the various foundations and ruins sit once again on a dry, flat, bushy plain, half a mile from the Muddy River. A trail runs around the old townsite, and a detailed visitor guide is available. Red Rocks The nearby desert on the Nevada side of the lake is characterized by gaunt mountain ranges with occasional bright red or orange sandstone outcrops - Valley of Fire is the most spectacular, but also worth exploring, though harder to reach, is the Bowl of Fire , a few miles north of the road near the Callville Bay turn-off. Another scenic red rock location is Whitney Pockets north of the lake, near the Virgin River. But the most visited section of Lake Mead is that closest to Las Vegas - here are two large marinas at Boulder Beach and Las Vegas Bay, plus campgrounds, beaches, picnic areas and the main NRA visitor center. The proximity to the city and ease of access means that the beaches and overlooks hereabouts tend to have a lot of litter.	i don't know
Which Rocky Top state was the first Southern state to be readmitted to the Union following the end of the civil war?	Kids History: Civil War Reconstruction Civil War Reconstruction History >> Civil War Much of the Southern United States was destroyed during the Civil war. Farms and plantations were burned down and their crops destroyed. Also, many people had Confederate money which was now worthless and the local governments were in disarray. The South needed to be rebuilt. The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War is called the Reconstruction. The Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877. The purpose of the Reconstruction was to help the South become a part of the Union again. Federal troops occupied much of the South during the Reconstruction to insure that laws were followed and that another uprising did not occur. Broad Street Charleston, South Carolina by Unknown To Punish the South or Not Many people wanted the South to be punished for trying to leave the Union. Other people, however, wanted to forgive the South and let the healing of the nation begin. Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction Abraham Lincoln wanted to be lenient to the South and make it easy for southern states to rejoin the Union. He said that any southerner who took an oath to the Union would be given a pardon. He also said that if 10% of the voters in a state supported the Union, then a state could be readmitted. Under Lincoln's plan, any state that was readmitted must make slavery illegal as part of their constitution. President Johnson President Lincoln was assassinated at the end of the Civil War, however, and never had the chance to implement his Reconstruction plan. When Andrew Johnson became president, he was from the South and wanted to be even more lenient to the Confederate States than Lincoln. Congress, however, disagreed and began to pass harsher laws for the Southern states. Black Codes In an effort to get around laws passed by Congress, many southern states began to pass Black Codes. These were laws that prevented black people from voting, going to school, owning land, and even getting jobs. These laws caused a lot of conflict between the North and the South as they tried to reunite after the Civil War. New Amendments to the Constitution To help with the Reconstruction and to protect the rights of all people, three amendments were added to the US Constitution: 13th Amendment - Outlawed slavery 14th Amendment - Said that black people were citizens of the United States and that all people were protected equally by the law. 15th Amendment - Gave all people the right to vote regardless of race. Rejoining the Union New governments were formed in the South starting in 1865. The first state to be readmitted to the Union was Tennessee in 1866. The last state was Georgia in 1870. As part of being readmitted to the Union, states had to ratify the new amendments to the Constitution. Help from the Union The Union did a lot to help the South during the Reconstruction. They rebuilt roads, got farms running again, and built schools for poor and black children. Eventually the economy in the South began to recover. Carpetbaggers Some northerners moved to the South during the Reconstruction to try and make money off of the rebuilding. They were often called carpetbaggers because they sometimes carried their belongings in luggage called carpetbags. The Southerners didn't like that the Northerners were moving in and trying to get rich off of their troubles. The End of the Reconstruction The Reconstruction officially ended under the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877. He removed the federal troops from the South and the state governments took over. Unfortunately, many of the changes to equal rights were immediately reversed. Interesting Facts about the Reconstruction White Southerners who joined the Republican Party and helped with the Reconstruction were called scalawags. The Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the South into five military districts ran by the army. President Andrew Johnson granted pardons to many Confederate leaders. He also vetoed a number of Reconstruction laws passed by Congress. He vetoed so many laws his nickname became the "Veto President". In order to fight against the Black Codes, the federal government set up Freedman's Bureaus to help black people and to set up schools that black children could attend. Activities	Tennessee
Benjamin Bunny, Mr. Jeremy Fisher, Jemima Puddle-Duck and Squirrel Nutkin were all characters created by what famed children's writer, born July 28, 1866?	Tennessee in the American Civil War - Herve Leger Dress Sale with Low Price and Fast Shipping! Herve Leger Dress Sale with Low Price and Fast Shipping! Jul 302016 To a large extent, the American Civil War was fought in cities and farms of Tennessee, as only Virginia saw more battles. Tennessee was the last of the Southern states to declare secession from the Union as a substantial portion of the population were against secession, but saw more than its share of the devastation resulting from years of warring armies criss-crossing the state. Its rivers were key arteries to the Deep South, and, from the early days of the war, Union efforts focused on securing control of those transportation routes, as well as major roads and mountain passes such as the Cumberland Gap. A large number of important battles occurred in Tennessee, including the vicious fighting at the Battle of Shiloh, which at the time was the deadliest battle in American history (it was later surpassed by a number of other engagements). Other large battles in Tennessee included Stones River, Chattanooga, Nashville, and Franklin. Although the state became a part of the Confederacy, East Tennessee was strongly pro-Union before secession, and strongly pro-Union Tennesseans remained there and existed in pockets throughout the state during the war. The Vice President of the United States, Andrew Johnson, was a Tennessee Union loyalist, as were a number of congressmen and state politicians. On the Confederate side, significant leaders included noted cavalryman Nathan B. Forrest and corps commanders Leonidas Polk and Benjamin F. Cheatham, as well as Governor Isham Harris. Initially, most Tennesseans showed little enthusiasm for breaking away from a nation whose struggles it had shared for so long. In 1860, they had voted by a slim margin for the Constitutional Unionist John Bell, a native son and moderate who continued to search for a way out of the crisis. A vocal minority of Tennesseans spoke critically of the Northern states and the Lincoln presidency. “The people of the South are preparing for their next highest duty– resistance to coercion or invasion,” wrote the Nashville Daily Gazette on January 5 Moncler Lionel Down Jacket Navy $1,110.00 $225.00 , 1861. The newspaper expressed the view that Florida, Georgia, and Alabama were exercising the highest right of all by taking control of all forts and other military establishments within the area– the right to self-defense. A pro-secessionist proposal was made in the Memphis Appeal to build a fort at Randolph, Tennessee, on the Mississippi River. Governor Isham G. Harris convened an emergency session of the Tennessee General Assembly in January 1861. During his speech before the legislative body on January 7, he described the secession of the Southern states as a crisis caused by “long continued agitation of the slavery question” and “actual and threatened aggressions of the Northern States … upon the well-defined constitutions rights of the Southern citizen.” He also expressed alarm at the growth of the “purely sectional” Republican Party, which he stated was bound together by the “uncompromising hostility to the rights and institutions of the fifteen Southern states.” He identified numerous grievances with the Republican Party, blaming them for inducing slaves to run off by means of the Underground Railroad, John Brown’s raids, and high taxes on slave labor. Harris agreed with the idea of popular sovereignty, that only the people within a state can determine whether or not slavery could exist within the boundaries of that state. Furthermore, he regarded laws passed by Congress that made U.S. territories non-slave states as taking territories away from the American people and making them solely for the North, territories from which “Southern men unable to live under a government which may by law recognize the free negro as his equal” were excluded. Governor Harris proposed holding a State Convention. A series of resolutions were presented in the Tennessee House of Representatives by William H. Wisener against the proposal. He declared passing any law reorganizing and arming the state militia to be inexpedient. The centrality of the question of slavery to the secession movement was not doubted by people at the time of the Civil War, nor was it ignored by the contemporary press. Especially in the case of the pro-slavery papers, this question of the possibility of the eventual granting of equal rights for people of color was not couched in diplomatic phraseology: “The election, be it remembered, takes place on the 9th, and the Delegates meet in Convention on the 25th instant. If you desire to wait until you are tied hand and foot then vote for the men who advocate the ‘watch and wait’ policy. If you think you have rights and are the superiors of the black man then vote for the men who will not sell you out, body and soul to the Yankee Republicans- for men who would rather see Tennessee independent out of the Union, then in the Union subjugated.”[emphasis in original] On February 3, 1861, the Knoxville “Whig” (a pro-Union newspaper) published a “Secret Circular” that had mistakenly been sent by its authors to a pro-Union Tennessee U.S. Postmaster. In it was revealed a comprehensive plan by pro-slavery Tennesseeans and others to launch a propaganda and terror campaign to convince Tennesseans that the strength of the pro-secessionist movement was overwhelming: “Dear Sir— Our earnest solicitude for the success of the Great Southern Rights movement to secure an immediate release from the overwhelming dangers that imperil our political and social safety, will we trust, be a sufficient apology for the results which we beg to impose on you. The sentiment of the Southern heart is overwhelming in favor of the movement. Light only is wanted that men many see their way clearly and the prayer of every true patriot will eventually be realized. Tennessee will be a unit. Although the time be so very short, this object may yet be accomplished, if a few men only, (the more the better, however) in each county, will devote their entire energies to it during the canvass for Delegates. We earnestly beg your attention, therefore, to the following suggestions: “[…] We can, we must, carry our State. Our hearts would link within us, at the bare thought of the degradations and infamy of abandoning our more Southern brethren united to us by all the views so sympathy and interest, and of being chained to the car of Black Republican States, who would themselves despise us for our submission; and worse than all, by moral influences alone, if not by force of legal enactment destroy our entire social fabric, and all real independence of thought and action. Your own good judgment will suggest many things we can not now allude to. [emphasis added] Very Respectfully, [Signed]Wm. Williams, Chm’n./S. C. Goethall [?], Sec’y,/Andrew Cheatham/J. R. Baus [?]/R. H. Williamson/G. W. Cunningham/H Wellensteyn Men Feuerland Roll Collar Hooded Padded Jacket Dark Coffee $349.00 . M. Cheatham, W. S. Peppin “States Central Southern Rights Anti-Coercion Committee” In Memphis, Unionists held two torchlight processions to honor their cause. The secessionists replied with their own demonstrations and a celebratory ball. That week, on February 9, the state of Tennessee was to vote on whether or not to send delegates to a State Convention that would decide on secession. The General Assembly convened by Governor Isham Harris did not believe it had the authority to call a State Convention without a vote of the people. In February 1861, 54 percent of the state’s voters voted against sending delegates to a secession convention, defeating the proposal for a State Convention by a vote of 69,675 to 57,798. If a State Convention had been held, it would have been very heavily pro-Union. 88,803 votes were cast for Unionist candidates and 22,749 votes were cast for Secession candidates. That day the American flag was displayed in “every section of the city,” with zeal equal to that which existed during the late 1860 presidential campaign, wrote the Nashville Daily Gazette. The proponents of the slavocracy were embarrassed, demoralized and politically disoriented but not willing to admit defeat: “Whatever may be the result of the difficulties which at present agitate our country – whether we are to be united in our common destiny or whether two Republics shall take the place of that which has stood for nearly a century, the admired of all nations we will still bow with reverence to the sight of the stars and stripes, and recognize it as the standard around which the sons of liberty can rally […]. And if the remonstrances of the people of the South-pleading and begging for redress for years-does not in this critical moment, arouse her brethren of the North to a sense of justice and right, and honor demands a separation, we would still have the same claims upon the ‘colors of Washington, great son of the South, and of Virginia, mother of the States.’ Let us not abandon the stars and stripes under which Southern men have so often been led to victory.” “On the corner across from the newspaper office, a crowd had gathered around a bagpipe player playing Yankee Doodle, after which ex-mayor John Hugh Smith gave a speech that was received with loud cheers. In a letter to Democratic senator Andrew Johnson, the publisher of the Clarksville (TN) Jeffersonian, C.O. Faxon, surmised that the margin by which the “No Convention” vote won would have been even greater, had Union men not been afraid that if a State Convention were not called then, then Isham Harris would have again called for a State Convention when more state legislators were “infected with the secession epidemic” […] ” Gov Harris is Check mated [sic]. The Union maj[ority] in the State will almost defy computation [.] So far as heard from the disunionist have carried by a single precinct. The Union and American [Nashville, TN pro-secessionist paper] Stands rebuked and damned before the people of the State” On March 7, the Memphis Daily Appeal wrote that the abolitionists were attempting to deprive the South of territories won during the U.S.-Mexican War. It pointed out that the slave states had furnished twice as many volunteers as the free states and territories, though it did not note that slave states were the ones who most supported the war. On March 19, the editors of the Clarksville Chronicle endorsed a pro-Union candidate for state senator in Robertson, Montgomery, and Stewart counties. On April 2, the Memphis Daily Appeal ran a satirical obituary for Uncle Sam, proclaiming him to have died of “irrepressible conflict disease,” after having met Abraham Lincoln. One Robertson County slave owner complained that she could not rent her slaves out for “half [of what] they were worth” because “the negros think when Lincoln takes his last, they will all be free.” With the attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, followed by President Abraham Lincoln’s April 15 call for 75,000 volunteers to put the seceded states back into line, public sentiment turned dramatically against the Union. Historian Daniel Crofts thus reports: Governor Isham Harris began military mobilization, submitted an ordinance of secession to the General Assembly, and made direct overtures to the Confederate government. In June 8, 1861 referendum Peuterey Men Outwear Jacket Khaki Beige $689.00 $159.00 , East Tennessee held firm against separation, while West Tennessee returned an equally heavy majority in favor. The deciding vote came in Middle Tennessee, which went from 51 percent against secession in February to 88 percent in favor in June. Having ratified by popular vote its connection with the fledgling Confederacy, Tennessee became the last state to formally declare its withdrawal from the Union. According to the Memphis Appeal newspaper, Tennessee’s secession was motivated by the state’s desire to continue the institution of slavery: For it and its perpetuation we commenced and have kept at war. East Tennessee was a stronghold of Unionism; most slaves were house servants—luxuries—rather than the base of plantation operations. The dominant mood strongly opposed secession. Tennesseans representing twenty-six East Tennessee counties met twice in Greeneville and Knoxville and agreed to secede from Tennessee (see East Tennessee Convention of 1861.) They petitioned the state legislature in Nashville, which denied their request to secede and sent Confederate troops under Felix Zollicoffer to occupy East Tennessee and prevent secession. East Tennessee thus came under Confederate control from 1861 to 1863. Nevertheless East Tennessee supplied significant numbers of troops to the Federal army. (See also Nickajack). Many East Tennesseans engaged in guerrilla warfare against state authorities by burning bridges, cutting telegraph wires, and spying for the North. East Tennessee became an early base for the Republican Party in the South. Strong support for the Union challenged the Confederate commanders who controlled East Tennessee for most of the war. Generals Felix K. Zollicoffer, Edmund Kirby Smith, and Sam Jones oscillated between harsh measures and conciliatory gestures to gain support, but had little success whether they arrested hundreds of Unionist leaders or allowed men to escape the Confederate draft. Union forces finally captured the region in 1863. General William Sherman’s famous March to the Sea saw him personally escorted by the 1st Alabama Cavalry regiment, which consisted entirely of Unionist southerners. Despite its name, the regiment consisted largely of men from Tennessee. Many battles were fought in the state, most of them victories by the larger Union forces. Control of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers was important in gaining control of Tennessee during the age of steamboats. Tennessee relied on northbound riverboats to receive staple commodities from the Cumberland and Tennessee valleys. The idea of using the rivers to breach the Confederate defense line in the West was well known by the end of 1861; Union gunboats had been scanning Confederate fort-building on the twin rivers for months before the campaign. Ulysses S. Grant and the United States Navy captured control of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers in February 1862 and held off the Confederate counterattack at Shiloh in April of the same year. Capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the Union control of the Western and Middle sections. Control was confirmed at the battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863. After Nashville was captured (the first Confederate state capital to fall) Andrew Johnson, an East Tennessean from Greeneville, was appointed military governor of the state by Lincoln. During this time, the military government abolished slavery (but with questionable legality). The Confederates continued to hold East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiment there, with the exception of strongly pro-Confederate Sullivan and Rhea Counties. After winning a decisive victory at Chickamauga in September 1863, the Confederates besieged Chattanooga but were finally driven off by Grant in November. Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to the poor leadership of General Braxton Bragg, who led the Army of Tennessee from Shiloh to the Confederate defeat at Chattanooga. Historian Thomas Connelly concludes that although Bragg was an able planner and a skillful organizer, he failed repeatedly in operations, in part because he was unable to collaborate effectively with his subordinates. The last major battles came when the General John Bell Hood led the Confederates north in November 1864. He was checked at Franklin, and his army was virtually destroyed by George Thomas’s greatly superior forces at Nashville in December. Refugees poured into Nashville during the war, because jobs were plentiful in the depots, warehouses and hospitals serving the war effort, and furthermore the city was much safer place than the countryside. Unionists and Confederate sympathizers both flooded in, as did free blacks and escaped slaves, and businessmen from the North. There was little heavy industry in the South but the Western Iron District in Middle Tennessee was the largest iron producer in the Confederacy in 1861. One of the largest operations was the Cumberland Iron Works, which the Confederate War Department tried and failed to protect. Memphis and Nashville, with very large transient populations, had flourishing red light districts. Union wartime regulations forced prostitutes to purchase licenses and pass medical exams, primarily to protect soldiers from venereal disease. Their trade was deregulated once military control ended. Fear of subversion was widespread throughout the state. In West and Middle Tennessee it was fear of pro-Union activism, which was countered proactively by numerous local Committees of Safety and Vigilance from 1860 to 1862. They emerged as early as the 1860 Presidential election, and when the war began activists developed an aggressive program to detect and suppress Unionists. The committees set up a spy system, intercepted mail, inspected luggage, forced the enlistment of men into the Confederate Army, confiscated private property, and whenever it seemed necessary lynched enemies of the Confederacy Top Selling Bottega Veneta Intrecciato Ayers Nappa Zip Around Two-Tone Wallet Orange	i don't know
The movies Magnum Force, The Enforcer, Sudden Impact, and The Dead Pool, (plus an eponymous film), feature the exploits of what San Francisco police detective, played by none other than Clint Eastwood?	James's DVDs - Release Date - 1970 - 1982 Directed by Mike Nichols. Starring Alan Arkin, Martin Balsam, Richard Benjamin, Art Garfunkel. 1970: COMEDY R 121 min. loc: W - Not Viewed Director Mike Nichols and writer-actor Buck Henry followed their enormous hit The Graduate (1967) with this timely adaptation of Joseph Heller's satiric antiwar novel. Haunted by the death of a young gunner, all-too-sane Capt. Yossarian (Alan Arkin) wants out of the rest of his WW II bombing missions, but publicity-obsessed commander Colonel Cathcart (Martin Balsam) and his yes man, Colonel Korn (Henry), keep raising the number of missions that Yossarian and his comrades are required to fly. After Doc Daneeka (Jack Gilford) tells Yossarian that he cannot declare him insane if Yossarian knows that it's insane to keep flying, Yossarian tries to play crazy by, among other things, showing up nude in front of despotic General Dreedle (Orson Welles). As all of Yossarian's initially even-keeled friends, such as Nately (Art Garfunkel) and Dobbs (Martin Sheen), genuinely lose their heads, and the troop's supplies are bartered away for profit by the ultra-entrepreneurial Milo Minderbinder (Jon Voight), Yossarian realizes that the whole system has lost it, and he can either play along or jump ship. Though not about Vietnam, Catch-22's ludicrous military machinations directly evoked its contemporary context in the Vietnam era. Cathcart and Dreedle care more about the appearance of power than about victory, and Milo cares for money above all, as the complex narrative structure of Yossarian's flashbacks renders the escalating events appropriately surreal. Confident that the combination of a hot director and a popular, culturally relevant novel would spell blockbuster, Paramount spent a great deal of money on Catch-22, but it wound up getting trumped by another 1970 antiwar farce: Robert Altman's MASH. With audiences opting for Altman's casual Korean War iconoclasm over Nichols' more polished symbolism, the highly anticipated Catch-22 flopped, although the New York Film Critics Circle did acknowledge Arkin and Nichols. Despite this reception, Catch-22's ensemble cast and pungent sensibility effectively underline the insanity of war, Vietnam and otherwise. Gimme Shelter Directed by David Masles, Albert Maysles. Starring The Rolling Stones, Jefferson Airplane, Ike & Tina Turner, Melvin Belli. 1970: MUS/DOC NR 91 min. loc: W - Not Viewed This musical documentary concerns the Rolling Stones and their tragic free concert at Altamont Speedway near San Francisco in early December 1969. The event was all but destroyed by violence that marked the end of the peace and love euphoria of the 1960s. The night began smoothly, with the supercharged Flying Burrito Brothers opening up for the Rolling Stones and performing the truck-driving classic "Six Days on the Road" and Tina Turner giving a sensually charged performance. But on this particular evening, the Stones made the fateful (and disastrous) decision to hire the Oakland chapter of the Hell's Angels motorcycle gang as bodyguards and bouncers. It was a foolhardy, careless choice that turned the night into an unmitigated disaster; halfway through the Stones' act, the Angels killed one black spectator, and injured several others who were present (including Jefferson Airplane's lead singer Marty Balin). In the film, we watch Mick Jagger -- ere an ebullient, charismatic performer of bisexual charm -- reduced to standing on stage like a frightened child with his finger in his mouth in wake of the violence. Unsurprisingly, the Grateful Dead refused to perform after the violence erupted; the picture ends on a despairing note, with the Stones repeatedly watching a film of the murder. Celebrated documentarians Albert and David Maysles directed and Haskell Wexler shot the film, with heightened instinct and control; as a result, this film is considered one of the greatest rock documentaries ever made. Stones songs performed include "Brown Sugar," "Under My Thumb," and "Sympathy for the Devil." Patton Directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. Starring George C. Scott, Karl Malden, Karl Michael Vogler, Tim Considine, Michael Bates. 1970: WAR PG 171 min. loc: C 2.688 - Not Viewed In 1943 North Africa, George Patton (George C. Scott) assumes command of (and instills some much-needed discipline in) the American forces. Engaged in battle against Germany's Field Marshal Rommel (Karl Michael Vogler), Patton drives back "The Desert Fox" by using the German's own tactics. Promoted to Lieutenant General, Patton is sent to Sicily, where he engages in a personal war of egos with British Field Marshal Montgomery (Michael Bates). Performing brilliantly in Italy, Patton seriously jeopardizes his future with a single slap. While touring an Army hospital, the General comes across a GI (Tim Considine) suffering from nervous fatigue. Incensed by what he considers a slacker, Patton smacks the poor soldier and orders him to get well in a hurry. This incident results in his losing his command-and, by extension, missing out on D-Day. In his final campaign, Patton leads the US 3rd Army through Europe. Unabashedly flamboyant, Patton remains a valuable resource, but ultimately proves too much of a "loose cannon" in comparison to the more level-headed tactics of his old friend Omar Bradley (Karl Malden). Patton won 7 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor for Scott, an award that he refused. Rolling Stones, The: Gimme Shelter Directed by Albert Maysles, David Maysles. Starring The Rolling Stones, Jefferson Airplane, Ike & Tina Turner, Melvin Belli. 1970 Dec: MUS/DOC R 91 min. loc: W - Not Viewed ★★★★ This musical documentary concerns the Rolling Stones and their tragic free concert at Altamont Speedway near San Francisco in early December 1969. The event was all but destroyed by violence that marked the end of the peace and love euphoria of the 1960s. The night began smoothly, with the supercharged Flying Burrito Brothers opening up for the Rolling Stones and performing the truck-driving classic "Six Days on the Road" and Tina Turner giving a sensually charged performance. But on this particular evening, the Stones made the fateful (and disastrous) decision to hire the Oakland chapter of the Hell's Angels motorcycle gang as bodyguards and bouncers. It was a foolhardy, careless choice that turned the night into an unmitigated disaster; halfway through the Stones' act, the Angels killed one black spectator, and injured several others who were present (including Jefferson Airplane's lead singer Marty Balin). In the film, we watch Mick Jagger -- ere an ebullient, charismatic performer of bisexual charm -- reduced to standing on stage like a frightened child with his finger in his mouth in wake of the violence. Unsurprisingly, the Grateful Dead refused to perform after the violence erupted; the picture ends on a despairing note, with the Stones repeatedly watching a film of the murder. Celebrated documentarians Albert and David Maysles directed and Haskell Wexler shot the film, with heightened instinct and control; as a result, this film is considered one of the greatest rock documentaries ever made. Stones songs performed include "Brown Sugar," "Under My Thumb," and "Sympathy for the Devil." Woodstock - Director's Cut Directed by Michael Wadleigh. Starring Joan Baez, Joe Cocker, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, Richie Havens, Crosby, Stills & Nash. 1970 Mar: MUS/DOC R 225 min. loc: W - Not Viewed ★★★★ This musical documentary covers the three-day 1969 music festival on the property of Max Yasger's farm that symbolized the late 1960s in terms of musical, social and political ideology of the era. American audiences are introduced to Ten Years After, featuring guitar great Alvin Lee. Jimi Hendix, The Who and Joe Cocker give riveting performances. As naked flower children romp, the New York freeway is closed because of traffic congestion. Music lovers leave their cars and travel on foot only survive torrential downpours of rain, food shortages and non-stop music. Jefferson Airplane gives the wake up call with their song "Volunteers Of America." Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young give an uneven live performance, their second ever. John Sebastian gives an impromptu set with a borrowed guitar from Tim Hardin. Santana, Sly and The Family Stone, Sha-Na-Na, Arlo Guthrie, Richie Havens and Joan Baez also appear. The movie did big box office business and a successful three record set sold millions of copies. The Grateful Dead, The Everly Brothers, Credence Clearwater Revival and Janis Joplin performed but were not shown in the film. The Dead's Jerry Garcia recalled that it was the worse live show the band ever did, ironic for a band known for their spirited live performances. 1971 Carnal Knowledge Directed by Alan J. Pakula. Starring Jane Fonda, Donald Sutherland, Charles Cioffi, Roy Scheider. 1971: THRILLER R 114 min. loc: C 3.188 - Not Viewed ★★★☆ The first part of his "paranoia trilogy," Alan J. Pakula's 1971 thriller details the troubled life of a Manhattan prostitute stalked by one of her tricks. Investigating the disappearance of his friend Tom Gruneman (Robert Milli), rural Pennsylvania private eye John Klute (Donald Sutherland) follows a lead provided by Gruneman's associate Peter Cable (Charles Cioffi) to seek out a call girl who Gruneman knew in New York City. The call girl is Bree Daniels (Jane Fonda), an aspiring actress who turns tricks for the cash and to be free of emotional bondage. Klute follows Bree's every move, observing the city's decadence and her isolation, eventually contacting her about Gruneman. Bree claims not to know Gruneman, but she does reveal that she has received threats from a john. As Bree becomes involved in Klute's search and realizes that she is in danger, she reluctantly falls in love with Klute, despite her wish to remain unattached to any man. When she finally comes face to face with the killer, however, she is forced to reconsider her detached urban life. Panic in Needle Park, The Directed by Jerry Schatzberg. Starring Al Pacino, Kitty Winn, Raul Julia, Kiel Martin, Joe Santos, Marcia Jean Kurtz. 1971 Jun: AA R 109 min. loc: C 2.549 - Not Viewed ★★★☆ A couple loves heroin as much as they love each other in Jerry Schatzberg's grim drug drama. After an illegal abortion at the behest of her faithless lover (Raul Julia), lost innocent Helen (Kitty Winn) finds solace with small-time crook Bobby (Al Pacino), a regular in Manhattan's "Needle Park." As Bobby shows her around his Upper West Side world, the two become inseparable. When Helen realizes that Bobby is a full-blown junkie, she joins him in addiction, and their downward spiral begins in earnest. Weathering overdoses, prostitution, betrayals, and a "panic" after a major bust, the pair manages to stick together, the habit sealing their fate. 1972 Getaway, The Directed by Sam Peckinpah. Starring Steve McQueen, Ali McGraw, Ben Johnson, Sally Struthers, Al Lettieri, Bo Hopkins, Slim Pickens. 1972: ACTION PG 123 min. loc: C 2.614 - Not Viewed In Sam Peckinpah's version of Walter Hill's script, from Jim Thompson's novel, an ex-con and his wife go on the lam after a Texas bank heist. Denied parole after four well-behaved years, Doc McCoy (Steve McQueen) sends his wife Carol (Ali MacGraw) to dirty politician Jack Benyon (Ben Johnson) to get him out of prison. Carol secures Doc's freedom, on the condition that he does one more bank job for Benyon. Doc and his accomplices Rudy (Al Lettieri) and Jackson (Bo Hopkins) get the cash, but Doc soon discovers how Rudy intends to keep it all for himself and how Carol convinced Benyon to get him sprung. While Rudy hijacks a veterinarian and his wife (Sally Struthers) to take him to get Doc in El Paso, Doc and Carol make their own embattled way south with the money, threatening to desert each other before reaching a trash dump rapprochement after a harrowing garbage truck episode. All sides converge in El Paso for a shootout, but trust a happily married old-timer (Slim Pickens) to help Doc and Carol have a future. With violence shot in his trademark balletic style, Peckinpah does not hide the damage that Doc can do, whether to a cop car or an enemy. Still, as in such other morally relative outlaw movies as Bonnie and Clyde (1967) and Peckinpah's western The Wild Bunch (1969), Doc may be a criminal and killer when necessary, but his and Carol's loyalty to each other elevates them above their crooked milieu. With its non-traditional traditional couple played by the then hot (and notoriously adulterous) stars McQueen and MacGraw, The Getaway was a substantial hit. It was lackadaisically remade with Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger in 1994. 1973 Dirty Harry 2 - Magnum Force Directed by Ted Post. Starring Clint Eastwood, Hal Holbrook, Mitchell Ryan, Felton Perry, David Soul, Tim Matheson, Robert Urich. 1973 Dec: ACTION/THRILLER R 124 min. loc: C 2.294 - Not Viewed ★★★☆ The second Dirty Harry movie, Magnum Force concerns itself with a vigilante group that has targeted notorious scofflaws for extermination. When a prominent gang boss or drug-runner is set free by the airheaded liberal courts, a covert group of "avengers" is soon on hand to blow the miscreant to bits. While detective Dirty Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) is no great friend of civil liberties, he is dead set against wholesale murder as a solution to legal loopholes. Discovering that all the killings have been committed by the same weapon, Callahan reaches the conclusion that his on-the-edge partner, Charlie McCoy (Mitchell Ryan), is responsible. But the answer is less transparent than that, as Harry learns almost at the cost of his own life. Co-scripted by John Milius and Michael Cimino, Magnum Force was followed by three additional Dirty Harry installments: The Enforcer (1976), Sudden Impact (1983) and The Dead Pool (1988). Exorcist, The: The Version You've Never Seen Directed by William Friedkin, Jason Miller. Starring Linda Blair, Ellen Burstyn, Max von Sydow, Jason Miller. 1973: HORROR R 132 min. loc: C 2.525 - Not Viewed Novelist William Peter Blatty based his best-seller on the last known Catholic-sanctioned exorcism in the United States. Blatty transformed the little boy in the 1949 incident into a little girl named Regan, played by 14-year-old Linda Blair. Suddenly prone to fits and bizarre behavior, Regan proves quite a handful for her actress-mother, Chris MacNeil (played by Ellen Burstyn, although Blatty reportedly based the character on his next-door neighbor Shirley MacLaine). When Regan gets completely out of hand, Chris calls in young priest Father Karras (Jason Miller), who becomes convinced that the girl is possessed by the Devil and that they must call in an exorcist: namely, Father Merrin (Max von Sydow). His foe proves to be no run-of-the-mill demon, and both the priest and the girl suffer numerous horrors during their struggles. The Exorcist received a theatrical rerelease in 2000, in a special edition that added 11 minutes of footage trimmed from the film's original release and digitally enhanced Chris Newman's Oscar-winning sound work. James Bond #08 - 1973: Live and Let Die Directed by Guy Hamilton. Starring Roger Moore, Yaphet Kotto, Jane Seymour, Clifton James, Geoffrey Holder, Bernard Lee, Lois Maxwell. 1973: ACTION PG 121 min. loc: C 2.398 - Not Viewed Roger Moore makes his first appearance as "Bond...James Bond" in 1973's Live and Let Die. Bond is dispatched to the States to stem the activities of Mr. Big (Yaphet Kotto), who plans to take over the Western Hemisphere by converting everyone into heroin addicts. The woman in the case is Solitaire (Jane Seymour in her movie debut), an enigmatic interpreter of tarot cards. The obligatory destructive-chase sequence occurs at the film's midpoint, with Bond being chased in a motorboat by Mr. Big's henchmen, slashing his way through the marshlands and smashing up a wedding party. Clifton James makes the first of several Bond appearances as redneck sheriff Pepper, while Geoffrey Holder is an enthusiastic secondary villain. The title song, written by Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney, provides the frosting on this 007 confection. Mean Streets Directed by Martin Scorsese. Starring Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel, Richard Romanus, Amy Robinson, David Proval. 1973: DRAMA R 112 min. loc: W - Not Viewed "You don't make up for your sins in church; you do it in the streets; you do it at home. The rest is bulls--t, and you know it." Returning to the autobiographical milieu of his 1968 debut Who's That Knocking at My Door? for his third feature, Martin Scorsese examined the daily struggles of a wannabe hood to keep his morals straight on the streets of Little Italy. Driven equally by his wish to become a respectable gangster like his uncle (Cesare Danova) and his desire to live his life like St. Francis, Charlie (Harvey Keitel) takes on his energetically unhinged friend Johnny Boy (Robert De Niro) as his own personal penance, intervening to get Johnny Boy to pay off a debt to the local loan shark Michael (Richard Romanus). Despite his promises to his epileptic girlfriend Teresa (Amy Robinson) that they will move out of Little Italy once he strengthens his position in his uncle's world, Charlie's involvement with Johnny Boy further ensnares him in the neighborhood. When Johnny Boy decides to mouth off to Michael rather than pay him, Charlie, Johnny Boy, and Teresa try to flee Michael's murderous anger (and an assassin played by Scorsese), forcing Charlie to realize that the rules of the streets do not mesh with absolution. Whereas fellow "film school generation" director Francis Ford Coppola transformed the Hollywood gangster movie into metaphorical epics about the Mafia and capitalism in The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather Part II (1974), Scorsese revised the genre in the opposite direction, focusing on the gritty minutiae of daily life and drawing from personal memory. Combining documentary-style realism (even though most of the film was shot in L.A.); kinetic editing and camera movement; and expressionistic lighting, angles, and film speed, Scorsese presents an intimate picture of the trivial incidents and latent violence of Charlie's and Johnny Boy's world, naturalistically unfolding their experiences rather than simply explaining what motivates them. They lead a claustrophobic, petty existence that Scorsese and screenwriter Mardik Martin witnessed growing up in Little Italy, complete with a soundtrack of hit songs like "Be My Baby" and "Jumping Jack Flash" that had poured out of neighborhood radios. Mean Streets opened at the New York Film Festival to excellent notices and played strongly in New York but failed to duplicate that level of business elsewhere. Even so, Mean Streets established Scorsese and De Niro as formidable young talents and marked the beginning of a long-running and fertile collaboration that continued in such films as Taxi Driver (1976), Raging Bull (1980), The King of Comedy (1983), and Goodfellas (1990). Scorsese's exceptional grasp of the texture of day-to-day life, the rhythm and cadences of street talk, and cinema's visual and aural possibilities makes Mean Streets one of the pivotal films of the 1970s, as well as of Scorsese's career, and an influence on such future filmmakers as Spike Lee and Quentin Tarantino, among many others. Way We Were, The Directed by Sydney Pollack. Starring Barbara Streisand, Robert Redford, Bradford Dillman, Patrick O'Neal, Lois Chiles, Herb Edelman, Sally Kirkland. 1973 Oct: ROMANCE PG 118 min. loc: C 2.704 - Not Viewed ★★★☆ "Gorgeous goyish guy" meets Jewish radical girl in Sydney Pollack's glossy romance. In 1937, frizzy-haired Red co-ed Katie Morosky (Barbra Streisand) briefly captures the attention of preppy jock Hubbell Gardiner (Robert Redford) with her passionate pacifism, while the writing talent beneath his privileged exterior entrances her. Almost eight years later, the two are reunited in New York, when well-coiffed leftist radio worker Katie spies military officer Hubbell snoozing in a nightclub. Through her force of will, and in spite of his smug rich friends, the two opposites fall in love, sparring over Katie's activist zeal and Hubbell's writerly ambivalence after a failed first novel. They head to Hollywood so that Hubbell can write a screenplay for his buddy-turned-producer J.J. (Bradford Dillman). But the House Committee on Un-American Activities' Communist witch hunt in 1947 tears the pair apart, as a pregnant Katie refuses to keep silent about the jailing of the Hollywood Ten, while a faithless Hubbell decides to save his career. When the two meet again at the dawn of the '60s, TV hack Hubbell and A-bomb protestor Katie feel the old pull, but they have to decide if it's worth the grief. Although blacklisted writers had returned to Hollywood -- and won Oscars -- by the early 1970s, the HUAC sections of Arthur Laurents's screenplay were still considered dicey, resulting in substantial cuts; Laurents reportedly blamed star Redford for not fighting them hard enough. Regardless of the edits, and critics' complaints about the film's schlockiness, 1973 audiences went for the well-executed and still politically tinged weepie, turning The Way We Were into one of the most popular films of 1973 and Redford into a major heartthrob. Streisand won an Oscar nomination for Best Actress and the Streisand-sung title tune won for Best Song. Despite the eviscerated politics, The Way We Were poignantly captures the insoluble dilemma of reconciling private desires with public awareness. 1974 Directed by Joe Camp. Starring Patsy Garrett, Allen Fiuzat, Cynthia Smith, Peter Breck, Edgar Buchanan. 1974 Oct: ADVENTURE G 85 min. loc: W - Not Viewed ★★★ An instant family classic, Benji is shot mostly from the a dog's-eye view , adding even more characterization to a title character well-played by canine veteran Higgins. Benji is an intelligent homeless mutt adopted by a loving family; when the kids are kidnapped, it's the little dog to the rescue in the best tradition of bigger doggie heroes like Rin Tin Tin and Lassie. Believe it or not, Higgins really acts; his captivating performance and the simple, straightforward telling of the story makes for all-around family fun. A sequel didn't fare as well, but the original Benji is still a furry favorite. Harry and Tonto Directed by Paul Mazursky. Starring Art Carney, Ellen Burstyn, Chief Dan George, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Larry Hagman, Melanie Mayron. 1974: DRAMA R 115 min. loc: C 2.327 - Not Viewed In Paul Mazursky's rueful character drama, 57-year-old Art Carney plays Harry, a 70-plus Manhattan widower who loses his tiny apartment to the wrecking ball. Accompanied by his pet, an aged cat named Tonto, Harry sets out on an odyssey to Los Angeles. During his journey, he finds a kindred spirit in a youthful hitchhiker (Melanie Mayron), who eventually finds happiness with Harry's grandson (Joshua Mostel). Harry makes stops at the homes of his grown children (Philip Bruns, Ellen Burstyn, and Larry Hagman), but each visit is more disappointing than the last; he also touches base with an old flame (Geraldine Fitzgerald), who has slipped into senility. By the time he arrives in L.A., Harry has become dispirited by his desultory visits with friends and family, but he eventually realizes that each new day can be a beginning rather than an end. James Bond #09 - 1974: The Man with the Golden Gun Directed by Guy Hamilton. Starring Roger Moore, Christopher Lee, Britt Ekland, Maud Adams, Herve Villechaize, Bernard Lee, Lois Maxwell, Desmond Llewelyn. 1974: ACTION PG 125 min. loc: C 2.399 - Not Viewed The Man With the Golden Gun, Roger Moore's second outing as James Bond (Live and Let Die was the first), whisks our hero off to Hong Kong, Macau, Thailand, and then the South China Sea in search of a solar energy weapon. His opponent is Scaramanga (Christopher Lee), who rules the roost on a well-fortified island. Scaramanga's aide-de-camp is Nick Nack, played by future Fantasy Island co-star Herve Villechaize. Britt Ekland plays the bikinied Mary Goodnight, whose clumsy efforts to help Bond thwart Scaramanga are almost as destructive as the elusive solar device. The Man With the Golden Gun was adapted by Richard Maibaum and Tom Mankiewicz from Ian Fleming's last James Bond novel, which had to be published posthumously in "rough draft" form. Towering Inferno, The Directed by Irwin Allen, John Guillermin. Starring Steve McQueen, Paul Newman, William Holden, Faye Dunaway, Fred Astaire. 1974: DISASTER PG 164 min. loc: C 2.596 - Not Viewed A skyscraper and an all-star cast go up in flames in Irwin Allen's classic disaster movie. To celebrate the construction of the Glass Tower, the world's tallest building, architect Doug Roberts (Paul Newman) and builder James Duncan (William Holden) hold a gala bash on the highest floors. Trouble is, Duncan's son-in-law and electrical subcontractor Roger Simmons (Richard Chamberlain) installed faulty wiring throughout the 138-story behemoth to save money. While the guests -- including Doug's lady friend (Faye Dunaway), a rich widow (Jennifer Jones), a con man (Fred Astaire), and a politico (Robert Vaughn) -- enjoy the party, and a security guard (O.J. Simpson) wonders why his equipment is on the fritz, a burnt-out circuit breaker ignites some garbage on the 85th floor, swiftly turning the high-rise into, well, a towering inferno. With the guests trapped on the 135th floor, it's up to Roberts and Fire Chief O'Hallorhan (Steve McQueen) to find a way to stop the blaze. Though not the first all-star '70s disaster movie (1970's Airport and 1972's The Poseidon Adventure preceded it), The Towering Inferno was the most popular and the most spectacular. In a move that would become more common in late-'90s blockbuster Hollywood, The Towering Inferno's mammoth production was mounted by two studios; screenwriter Stirling Silliphant combined the two novels owned by the studios into one saga. 1970s "shake 'n bake" maestro Allen, with co-director John Guillermin (Allen did the action sequences), tapped into deep fears about the fragility of modern life in the face of extreme natural phenomena, as well as into the envies and insecurities of middle-aged professional men. The Towering Inferno packed theaters and earned eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture; it won for Cinematography, Editing, and Song. While its heroic, no-nonsense men provided some traditional comfort, The Towering Inferno still might provoke second thoughts about going into a skyscraper. 1975 Dog Day Afternoon Directed by Sidney Lumet. Starring Al Pacino, John Cazale, Charles Durning, Chris Sarandon, Penelope Allen, Carol Kane, James Broderick. 1975 Sep: CRIME/DRAMA R 124 min. loc: W - Not Viewed ★★★★ Based on a true 1972 story, Sidney Lumet's 1975 drama chronicles a unique bank robbery on a hot summer afternoon in New York City. Shortly before closing time, scheming loser Sonny (Al Pacino) and his slow-witted buddy, Sal (John Cazale), burst into a Brooklyn bank for what should be a run-of-the-mill robbery, but everything goes wrong, beginning with the fact that there is almost no money in the bank. The situation swiftly escalates, as Sonny and Sal take hostages; enough cops to police the tristate area surround the bank; a large Sonny-sympathetic crowd gathers to watch; the media arrive to complete the circus; and police captain Moretti (Charles Durning) tries to negotiate with Sonny while keeping the volatile spectacle under control. When Sonny's lover, Leon (Chris Sarandon), tries to talk Sonny out of the bank, we learn the robbery's motive: to finance Leon's sex-change operation. Sonny demands a plane to escape, but the end is near once menacingly cool FBI agent Sheldon (James Broderick) arrives to take over the negotiations. Pink Panther II, The: Return of the Pink Panther Directed by Blake Edwards. Starring Peter Sellers, Christopher Plummer, Herbert Lom, Catherine Schell. 1975: ACT/COM G 119 min. loc: W - Not Viewed (SP) After several years at loggerheads with one another, director Blake Edwards and star Peter Sellers reteamed for the slapstick fiesta The Return of the Pink Panther. It looks as though wizard cat-burglar Sir Charles Litton, played by David Niven in the original 1964 Pink Panther but here essayed by Christopher Plummer, is back in business. Dispatched to the Swiss resort town of Gstaad by his long-suffering superior Inspector Dreyfuss (Herbert Lom), Clouseau adopts a series of easily penetrable (and hilarious) disguises to get the goods on Sir Charles and his wife Claudine (Catherine Schell). If you remember A Shot in the Dark, you'll recall that Clouseau's ineptitude turned Inspector Dreyfuss into a twitching homicidal maniac. The same thing happens here, paving the way for the sequel, The Pink Panther Strikes Again. And, as with all the "Panther" movies, we are treated to the insinuating theme music by Henry Mancini, and the animated opening and closing titles. Return of the Pink Panther earned $17 million on its initial release. Rocky Horror Picture Show, The Directed by Jim Sharman. Starring Tim Curry, Susan Sarandon, Barry Bostwick, Richard O'Brien, Nell Campbell, Jonathan Adams. 1975: SCI-FI R 100 min. loc: C 2.417 - Not Viewed This low-budget freak show/cult classic/cultural institution concerns the misadventures of Brad Majors (Barry Bostwick) and Janet Weiss (Susan Sarandon) inside a strange mansion that they come across on a rainy night. After the wholesome pair profess their love through an opening song, their car breaks down in the woods, and they seek refuge in a towering castle nearby. Greeting them at the door is a ghoulish butler named Riff Raff (Richard O'Brien), who introduces them to a bacchanalian collection of partygoers dressed in outfits from some sort of interplanetary thrift shop. The host of this gathering is a transvestite clad in lingerie, Dr. Frank N. Furter (Tim Curry), a mad scientist who claims to be from another planet. With assistants Columbia (Nell Campbell) and Magenta (Patricia Quinn) looking on, Frank unveils his latest creation -- a figure wrapped in gauze and submerged in a tank full of liquid. With the addition of colored dyes and some assistance from the weather, Frank brings to life a blonde young beefcake wearing nothing but skimpy shorts, who launches into song in his first minute of life. Just when Brad and Janet think things couldn't get any stranger, a biker (Meat Loaf) bursts onto the scene to reclaim Columbia, his ex-girlfriend. When Frank kills the biker, it's clear that Brad and Janet will be guests for the night, and that they may be next on Frank's list -- whether for murder or carnal delights is uncertain. And just what is that mystery meat they're eating for dinner, anyway? In addition to playing Riff Raff, O'Brien wrote the catchy songs, with John Barry and Richard Hartley composing the score. 1976 Dirty Harry 3 - The Enforcer Directed by James Fargo. Starring Clint Eastwood, Harry Guardino, Tyne Daly, Bradford Dillman, John Mitchum. 1976 Dec: ACTION R 97 min. loc: C 2.295 - Not Viewed ★★★☆ Number three in the Dirty Harry series, The Enforcer equips macho cop Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) with a female assistant, Kate Moore (Tyne Daly). Their quarry is a terrorist organization which has kidnapped the mayor of San Francisco (John Crawford). Harry goes undercover, attempting to root out the terrorists by beating up anybody who looks at him cross-eyed. When Harry and Kate discover that the mayor is being held at Alcatraz Island, it is only a matter of time before the climactic bloodbath. The Enforcer cleared enough at the box office to warrant yet another Dirty Harry opus, Sudden Impact. Pink Panther III, The: Pink Panther Strikes Again Directed by Blake Edwards. Starring Peter Sellers, Herbert Lom, Leslie Anne Down. 1976: ACT/COM PG 103 min. loc: C 3.132 - Not Viewed Most Inspector Clouseau fans regard The Pink Panther Strikes Again as the best of the clumsy Parisian detective's "comeback" films of the 1970s. Driven insane by the stupidities of Clouseau (Peter Sellers), ex-inspector Dreyfuss (Herbert Lom) transforms into a master criminal. Kidnapping the inventor of a death ray, Dreyfuss threatens to use the demon device indiscriminately unless Clouseau is offered as a "sacrifice." A hunted man, Clouseau is forced to adopt one transparent (but hilarious) disguise after another. He is rescued from being incinerated by Dreyfuss when Soviet spy Olga (Leslie Ann Down) falls in love with him and strives to protect him. Shootist, The Directed by Don Siegel. Starring John Wayne, Lauren Bacall, Ron Howard, James Stewart, Hugh O'Brian, Harry Morgan. 1976: WESTERN PG 98 min. loc: C 3.164 - Not Viewed ★★★★ About ten minutes into The Shootist, Doctor Hostetler (James Stewart) tells aging Western gunfighter John Bernard Books (John Wayne), "You have a cancer." Knowing that his death will be painful and lingering, Books is determined to be shot in the line of "duty." In his remaining two months, Books settles scores with old enemies, including gambler Pulford (Hugh O'Brian) and Marshall Thibido (Harry Morgan) and reaches out to new friends, including a feisty widow (Lauren Bacall) and her hero-worshipping son (Ron Howard). Throughout the film, Books' imminent demise is compared with the decline of the West, as represented by the automobiles and streetcars that have begun to blight the main street of Books' hometown. 1977 Boogie Nights Directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, Joanne Sellar. Starring Mark Wahlberg, Burt Reynolds, Julianne Moore, John C. Reilly, Don Cheadle, Phillip Seymour Hoffman, William H. Macy. 1977 Oct: COM/DRAMA R 155 min. loc: C 2.496 - Not Viewed ★★★★ While set within the milieu of the Los Angeles adult film industry, Boogie Nights is less a film about pornography than the serio-comic story of a group of misfits, losers, and lost souls who are embraced by Jack Horner (Burt Reynolds), a director who makes "adult films, exotic motion pictures." In 1977, while hanging out at a disco, Jack spots Eddie (Mark Wahlberg), the new busboy at the club, and tells him he's convinced "there's something wonderful inside those jeans waiting to get out." Jack knows his business well and his expert eye has not betrayed him; Eddie is a pornographer's dream -- good looking, remarkably endowed, and willing and able to do as many takes as might be needed. The product of a woefully dysfunctional upbringing, Eddie is not terribly bright but is very ambitious and eager to prove he has a "special something" to share with the world. Eddie changes his name to Dirk Diggler and quickly becomes the biggest star in hardcore. Working alongside "Dirk" in Jack's films are Amber Waves (Julianne Moore), a porn actress who applies her misplaced maternal instincts to anyone who needs nurturing; Rollergirl (Heather Graham), a cheerful but blank-faced high school drop-out who never removes her roller skates; Reed Rothchild (John C. Reilly), a none-too-bright actor, aspiring magician, and failing songwriter; Buck (Don Cheadle), a black actor fascinated with cowboy iconography who wants to open a stereo shop; Scotty J (Philip Seymour Hoffman), a stocky and awkward soundman infatuated with Dirk; Little Bill (William H. Macy), Jack's assistant director, who has trouble dealing with his wife's brazen infidelity; and Colonel James (Robert Ridgely), Jack's backer, who has a weakness for young girls. In the brief, late-'70s moment when porn was chic and sex films seemed poised to break into the mainstream, Dirk becomes a star and Jack a respected name. But a few years later, drugs and pride have taken their toll on Dirk and many of his friends, while the advent of the VCR radically changes the adult movie business; Jack goes from being a "filmmaker" to manufacturing and wholesaling videocassettes, a wealthy but emotionally broken man. In his second film, wunderkind director Paul Thomas Anderson juggled a broad range of characters in a manner reminiscent of Robert Altman's ensemble films, making Boogie Nights a sad but funny story of a makeshift family of damaged people and what happens before and after their brief moment in the sun. Good Will Hunting Directed by Gus Van Sant. Starring Matt Damon, Robin Williams, Ben Affleck, Minnie Driver, Stellan Skarsgard, Casey Affleck. 1977: DRAMA R 126 min. loc: C 2.547 - Not Viewed Matt Damon and Ben Affleck co-scripted and star in this drama, set in Boston and Cambridge, about rebellious 20-year-old MIT janitor Will Hunting (Damon), gifted with a photographic memory, who hangs out with his South Boston bar buddies, his best friend Chuckie (Affleck), and his affluent British girlfriend Skylar (Minnie Driver). After MIT professor Lambeau (Stellan Skarsgard) stumps students with a challenging math formula on a hallway blackboard, Will anonymously leaves the correct solution, prompting Lambeau to track the elusive young genius. As Will's problems with the police escalate, Lambeau offers an out, but with two conditions -- visits to a therapist and weekly math sessions. Will agrees to the latter but refuses to cooperate with a succession of therapists. Lambeau then contacts his former classmate, therapist Sean McGuire (Robin Williams), an instructor at Bunker Hill Community College. Both are equally stubborn, but Will is finally forced to deal with both his past and his future. I Spit on Your Grave - 1977 Directed by Meir Zarchi. Starring Camille Keaton, Eron Tabor, Richard Pace, Anthony Nicholls. 1977: HORROR R 101 min. loc: C 2.156 - Not Viewed Camille Keaton, grand-niece of Buster and star of the thriller Cosa Avete Fatto a Solange?, appears here as Jenny, an aspiring novelist who rents a cabin in the Connecticut woods. Three rednecks at a local gas station and a retarded delivery boy seem quite friendly at first, and many viewers wonder just where director Meir Zarchi is going with the story. Then he drops them 200,000 feet right into the center of Hell for the longest, nastiest, and most brutal gang-rape in motion-picture history. Zarchi takes his time with this scene, not for the sake of titillation, but to make the audience feel the absolute horror of Jenny's plight. She is humiliated, sodomized over a rock, and brutally beaten in the middle of the woods. Then she crawls home, naked and bruised, only to get a repeat performance with her new novel shredded, her stomach kicked, and a bottle rammed violently inside her. The experience leaves Jenny shell-shocked, a cipher completely detached from reality. She hangs the delivery boy from a tree, gorily castrates the ringleader in a bathtub, and dispatches the other two rapists with an axe and an outboard motor. Eron Tabor, Richard Pace, Anthony Nicholls, and Gunter Kleeman co-star. James Bond #10 - 1977: The Spy Who Loved Me Directed by Lewis Gilbert. Starring Roger Moore, Barbara Bach, Curt Jurgens, Richard Kiel, Desmond Llewelyn, Bernard Lee, Lois Maxwell. 1977: ACTION PG 125 min. loc: C 2.422 - Not Viewed Though not Ian Fleming's most famous James Bond novel, 1962's The Spy Who Loved Me was distinguished by the unique device of telling the story from the heroine's point of view; in fact, Bond doesn't make an appearance until the book is two-thirds over. This would hardly work in the film world's Bond franchise, so the original austere plotline of the novel was eschewed altogether in favor of a labyrinthine story involving outer-space extortion. The leading lady, a "hard-luck kid" in the original, is now sexy Russian secret agent Barbara Bach, who joins forces with Bond (Roger Moore, making his third appearance as 007) to foil yet another megalomaniac villain (Curt Jurgens), who plans to threaten New York City with nuclear weaponry. Beyond the eye-popping opening ski-jump sequence, the film's best scenes involve seven-foot-two Richard Kiel as steel-toothed henchman Jaws. Fifteen scriptwriters worked on The Spy Who Loved Me; only two were credited, including Bond-film veteran Richard Maibaum. Playing God Directed by Andy Wilson. Starring David Duchovny, Timothy Hutton, Angelina Jolie. 1977: THRILLER R 94 min. loc: C 2.118 - Not Viewed After losing his license to work as a surgeon, synthetic-heroin addict Eugene Sands (David Duchovny) is on a downward spiral into the Los Angeles drug scene. One night, someone is shot in a bar, and Sands performs a life-saving medical maneuver on the spot. Word travels fast. A few days later, a limo drops him off at the Malibu den of counterfeiter-smuggler Raymond Blossom (Timothy Hutton) and his cupid-lipped moll Claire (Angelina Jolie). The bleach-haired Blossom needs someone to stitch up his hemorrhaging henchmen so they won't wind up answering questions at a hospital. He sees Sands as the ideal man to stop the flow of information and blood. It's a deal with the devil, but Sands accepts. Meanwhile, Claire has her eye on Sands, and FBI agent Gage (Michael Massee) has plans to bring down Blossom. 1978 Coming Home Directed by Hal Ashby. Starring Jane Fonda, Jon Voight, Bruce Dern, Penelope Milford, Robert Ginty, Robert Carradine. 1978: DRAMA R 127 min. loc: C 2.242 - Not Viewed Hal Ashby's 1978 melodrama examines the impact of the Vietnam War on the "war at home" among the men who fought it and the women in their lives. Left alone in Los Angeles when her gung-ho Marine husband Bob (Bruce Dern) heads to Vietnam in 1968, proper wife Sally Hyde (Jane Fonda) decides to volunteer at the V.A. hospital where her new friend Vi (Penelope Milford) works. There she meets Luke Martin (Jon Voight), a former high-school classmate and Marine who has returned from 'Nam a bitter paraplegic. As their relationship grows, Sally sees the effect of the war on the soldiers after they come back, inspiring her to rethink her priorities; Luke's spirits begin to lift, and a hospital tragedy helps focus his anger toward meaningful protest. After a Hong Kong visit with her increasingly withdrawn husband, Sally finds a love and companionship with Luke that she had never known with her husband. Once Bob comes home with his own injury, however, the three must find a way to deal with a changing world and with a system that betrayed the men fighting for it. Jaws 2 Directed by Jeannot Szwarc. Starring Roy Scheider, Lorraine Gary, Murray Hamilton, Mark Gruner, Marc Gilpin. 1978: ACTION PG 117 min. loc: C 2.373 - Not Viewed Despite being a less well-regarded virtual remake of the original film, Jaws 2 earned a tidy sum at the box office by combining its predecessor's winning formula with the popular teen horror craze, helping to spawn the era of blockbuster sequels. Roy Scheider returns as Sheriff Martin Brody, whose small resort town of Amity is poised to bounce back from the economic hardship it encountered after becoming widely known as the site of vicious shark attacks. But at the same time that Mayor Vaughn (Murray Hamilton) is welcoming a real estate developer to Amity, two divers disappear and a party of waterskiers is consumed by a shark. The incidents are explained away as accidents, but Brody knows better, tipping his bullets with cyanide and forbidding his sons Mike (Mark Gruner) and Sean (Marc Gilpin) to participate in a teen sailing regatta. Everyone foolishly chalks up Brody's fears to trauma-induced paranoia, and the regatta goes forward, with a hungry great white trailing the youthful contestants and hungrily picking them off one by one. Director Jeannot Szwarc would later helm another sequel, Supergirl (1984). National Lampoon's: Animal House Directed by John Landis. Starring John Belushi, Tim Matheson, Tom Hulce, Stephen Furst, John Vernon, Verna Bloom. 1978: COMEDY R 109 min. loc: C 2.666 - Not Viewed Director John Landis put himself on the map with this low-budget, fabulously successful comedy, which made a then-astounding 62 million dollars and started a slew of careers for its cast in the process. National Lampoon's Animal House is set in 1962 on the campus of Faber College in Faber, PA. The first glimpse we get of the campus is the statue of its founder Emil Faber, on the base of which is inscribed the motto, "Knowledge Is Good." Incoming freshmen Larry "Pinto" Kroger (Tom Hulce) and Kent "Flounder" Dorfman (Stephen Furst) find themselves rejected by the pretentious Omega fraternity, and instead pledge to Delta House. The Deltas are a motley fraternity of rejects and maladjusted undergraduates (some approaching their late twenties) whose main goal -- seemingly accomplished in part by their mere presence on campus -- is disrupting the staid, peaceful, rigidly orthodox, and totally hypocritical social order of the school, as represented by the Omegas and the college's dean, Vernon Wormer (John Vernon). Dean Wormer decides that this is the year he's going to get the Deltas expelled and their chapter decertified; he places the fraternity on "double secret probation" and, with help from Omega president Greg Marmalard (James Daughton) and hard-nosed member Doug Neidermeyer (Mark Metcalf), starts looking for any pretext on which to bring the members of the Delta fraternity up on charges. The Deltas, oblivious to the danger they're in, are having a great time, steeped in irreverence, mild debauchery, and occasional drunkenness, led by seniors Otter (Tim Matheson), Hoover (James Widdoes), D-Day (Bruce McGill), Boon (Peter Riegert), and pledge master John "Bluto" Blutarsky (John Belushi). They're given enough rope to hang themselves, but even then manage to get into comical misadventures on a road trip (where they arrange an assignation with a group of young ladies from Emily Dickinson University). Finally, they are thrown out of school, and, as a result, stripped of their student deferments (and, thus, eligible for the draft). They decide to commit one last, utterly senseless (and screamingly funny) slapstick act of rebellion, making a shambles of the university's annual homecoming parade, and, in the process, getting revenge on the dean, the Omegas, and everyone else who has ever gone against them. Pink Panther IV, The: Revenge of the Pink Panther Directed by Blake Edwards. Starring Peter Sellers, Herbert Lom, Dyan Cannon, Robert Webber. 1978: ACT/COM PG 99 min. loc: C 3.133 - Not Viewed In Revenge of the Pink Panther, for the final time, the bumbling but impeturbable Inspector Clouseau (Peter Sellers) maddens his long-suffering boss Dreyfus (Herbert Lom), sharpens his wits and martial skills with his manservant Cato (Burt Kwouk) and foils the bad guys without ever having a clue about what he is doing. In the story, Clouseau allows a gang of drug racketeers to believe that he has been assassinated and dons a series of disguises as he travels all over the world in order to apprehend the culprits. He is assisted by Simone Legree (Dyan Cannon), the former girlfriend of the drug-lord Douvier (Robert Webber). Though it received a very mixed reception from critics, this, the sixth of the Pink Panther series, did very well at the box-office. Sadly, it was actor Peter Sellers' final Pink Panther performance before his death in 1980 (the later film, The Trail of Pink Panther was composed of outtakes from previous Pink Panther films). 1979 Great Santini, The Directed by Lewis John Carlino. Starring Robert Duvall, Blythe Danner, Michael O'Keefe, Lisa Jane Persky, Julie Anne Haddock. 1979: DRAMA PG 116 min. loc: C 2.532 - Not Viewed Bull Meechum (Robert Duvall) loves fighting almost as much as he loves the Marine Corps. Profane, cocky, and arrogant, he's a great fighter pilot -- and he knows it. His boss hates his guts, but knows that if he's going to straighten out his lagging squadron, Meechum is the man to do it. The story and irony of The Great Santini is in Meechum's total intolerance of family life and fatherhood. Meechum has a lovely, supportive wife, Lillian (Blythe Danner), an earnest, likeable son, Ben (Michael O'Keefe), three smaller children, and a good home, but Meechum finds the pastoral nature of peacetime totally incompatible with his gung-ho nature. So he begins to drink. He drills his family unmercifully, like recruits. He hammers his son relentlessly until, in a basketball game, his son fights back, and the family cheers Ben's efforts. Tension builds in the household until, during one drunken night, Meechum breaks down. Based on a best-selling novel by Pat Conroy, The Great Santini earned critical raves but fared poorly at the box office. Duvall's performance as Meechum is generally regarded as one of his greatest. James Bond #11 - 1979: Moonraker Directed by Lewis Gilbert. Starring Roger Moore, Lois Chiles, Michael Lonsdale, Richard Kiel, Bernard Lee, Lois Maxwell, Desmond Llewelyn. 1979: ACTION PG 126 min. loc: C 2.305 - Not Viewed In this adaptation of Ian Fleming's 1955 novel, James Bond (Roger Moore) must thwart Sir Hugo Drax (Michel Lonsdale), who plans to wipe out all of humankind and replace it with a super race that he has cultivated in a massive space station. The girl in the case is American secret agent Holly Goodhead, intelligently played by Lois Chiles. "Jaws," the steel-mouthed henchman played by Richard Kiel in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977), makes a return appearance in Moonraker, turning good guy (complete with a girlfriend of his own) in the process. Bernard Lee makes his last appearance as "M" in this most costly of James Bond's 1970s escapades. Kramer vs. Kramer Directed by Robert Benton. Starring Dustin Hoffman, Meryl Streep, Justin Henry, Jane Alexander, Howard Duff, JoBeth Williams. 1979: DRAMA PG 105 min. loc: C 2.459 - Not Viewed Robert Benton's Oscar-winning adaptation of Avery Corman's bestseller takes on contemporary problems of divorce and shifting gender roles, as a jilted husband learns how to be a nurturing father. Manhattan housewife Joanna Kramer (Meryl Streep) walks out on her workaholic ad man husband Ted (Dustin Hoffman), leaving their young son Billy (Justin Henry) in Ted's less than capable hands. Through trial and error, Ted learns how to take care of Billy, devoting more energy to his family than to his work, and finally losing his high-powered job because of his new priorities. When Joanna returns with her own lucrative job and the intent to take custody of Billy, Ted finds employment that won't interfere with his paternal duties. Even though he proves that he can do it all, Joanna still wins in court. Joanna, however, rethinks her desires when she finally grasps how close father and son have become. Addressing the male side of the self-actualization question, previously explored from the female perspective in such 1970s movies as An Unmarried Woman (1978), Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), and The Turning Point (1977), Kramer focuses on Ted's evolution from absent parent to ideal father, as he learns to balance domestic and professional lives in the shifting late-1970s social landscape. Joanna's attempt to achieve the same, however, gets buried; only Streep's sensitive performance prevents Joanna from seeming an unsympathetic harridan. Critics praised the film's realistic depiction of Ted's travails, as well as the three lead actors' work; and audiences, perhaps facing the same questions of divorce and self-realization, turned it into a box-office smash. It went on to win five Oscars, including Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Supporting Actress. Mad Max Directed by Sylvester Stallone. Starring Sylvester Stallone, Talia Shire, Burt Young, Carl Weathers, Burgess Meredith. 1979: ACTION PG 119 min. loc: C 2.262 - Not Viewed By concentrating on character development with this first of several sequels to his Oscar-winning smash Rocky (1976), writer/director Sylvester Stallone earned critical praise that would desert him with the boxing saga's shallower subsequent chapters. Stallone returns as Rocky Balboa, a Philadelphia prize fighter enjoying his brief fame after nearly defeating world heavyweight champion Apollo Creed (Carl Weathers). When Rocky is offered lucrative product endorsement opportunities, his limited education and lack of sophistication quickly become an impediment to his future success, causing him embarrassment and his pregnant wife, Adrian (Talia Shire), a great deal of financial concern. Meanwhile, Creed is brooding over his near loss to a fighter he considers an amateur far beneath him and decides to goad a reluctant Rocky into a high-profile rematch. With the family resources dwindling and his pride wounded, Rocky decides that fighting is all he knows and makes the fateful decision to climb back into the ring once more with Creed to vie for the championship belt, despite assurances from all concerned that he will blind himself irreparably. 1980 Directed by William Wiard. Starring Steve McQueen, Richard Farnsworth, Linda Evans, Slim Pickens, Billy Green Bush. 1980: WESTERN R 97 min. loc: C 3.114 - Not Viewed Steve McQueen's penultimate film deals with a fascinating western legend, founded on an insightful script by Thomas McGuane and Bud Shrake. Unfortunately, the film was done in by the five directors --Don Siegel, Elliot Silverstein, James Guercio, William Wiard, and McQueen himself-- that were, at one point or another, attached to the project. The film deals with the infamous Texas gunslinger Tom Horn. Horn gained fame for a variety of exploits; he served with Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders and was the Pinkerton detective who captured the notorious outlaw Peg Leg Watson. But as Tom Horn begins, something in Horn (Steve McQueen) has snapped. Tom quits the Pinkertons and hires himself out to rancher John Coble (Richard Farnsworth) to assist him in putting an end to his problems with the local homesteaders and rustlers. But Horn performers his job with a chilling intensity, killing so many people with such bloodthirsty rage that it is even too much for Coble and the ranchers to take. When Horn's violence cannot be stopped, Coble has to take the law into his own hands to put a halt to Horn's bloodbath. 1981 Escape from New York Directed by David Greene. Starring Kim Basinger, Jan-Michael Vincent, Tanya Tucker, Daryl Hannah, Michael Parks. 1981 Apr: ROM/WESTERN PG 102 min. loc: C 3.247 - Not Viewed ★★★ Jan-Michael Vincent stars as Kyle Richardson, who works at a dead-end job in a Texas chain-link fence factory. In the tradition of such earlier films as Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, Richardson enjoys himself only on weekends when he whoops it up with his buddies at the local saloon. His carousing exacts a toll on his relationship with Jodie Lynn Palmer (Kim Basinger, in her film debut). Finally, Jodie delivers an ultimatum: either settle down and get married, or she'll skeedaddle to California, there to try her luck as a country-western singer. Real-life C&W star Tanya Tucker co-stars as Jodie's best friend and role model. James Bond #12 - 1981: For Your Eyes Only Directed by John Glen. Starring Roger Moore, Carole Bouquet, Lynn-Holly Johnson, Desmond Llewelyn, Lois Maxwell, Topol. 1981: ACTION PG 128 min. loc: C 2.420 - Not Viewed For Your Eyes Only eschews the gimmickry and campiness of earlier James Bond films, concentrating instead on telling the story and maintaining suspense. Roger Moore is back as Secret Agent 007, this time on the trail of Soviet spies while he romances the beautiful Melina, played by Carole Bouquet. Richard Maibaum's screenplay has very little to do with the collection of short stories that made up Ian Fleming's For Your Eyes Only, save for the plotline involving Melina's seeking vengeance for the death of her father. The direction is by John Glen, who'd previously done second unit work on other Bond films. 1982 Airplane II: The Sequel Directed by Ken Finkleman. Starring Robert Hays, Julie Hagerty, Lloyd Bridges, Peter Graves, William Shatner, Chad Everett, Chuck Connors, Raymond Burr, Rip Torn. 1982 Dec: COMEDY PG 84 min. loc: C 2.254 - Not Viewed ★★★ With the Jerry Zucker-Jim Abrahams-David Zucker team absent, this sequel to the cash-cow 1980 spoof Airplane once again finds garrulous man-with-a-past Ted Striker (Robert Hays) compelled to take over the controls of crippled aircraft, all the while trying to patch up his relationship with stewardess Elaine (Julie Hagerty). This time, the first passenger space shuttle is launched into orbit -- and takes off for the moon - but the on-board computer malfunctions and sends the craft hurtling toward the sun, threatening the lives of everyone on board. Lloyd Bridges and Peter Graves return from the first Airplane, while William Shatner, Chad Everett, Sonny Bono, Raymond Burr and Chuck Conners join the cast, as they too lampoon their established images. Fast Times at Ridgemont High Directed by Amy Heckerling. Starring Sean Penn, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Phoebe Cates, Judge Reinhold, Brian Backer, Robert Romanus, Ray Watson. 1982: COMEDY R 90 min. loc: C 3.1 - Not Viewed Amy Heckerling's adaptation of Cameron Crowe's Fast Times at Ridgemont High is often considered one of the finest films of a disreputable genre (the teen sex comedy), and kick-started the careers of many future stars. The center of this ensemble film is Jennifer Jason Leigh as Stacy Hamilton. She is a young, innocent high-school student who, as the film opens, is asking for advice from her friend, the sexually outspoken Linda Barrett (Phoebe Cates). Stacy takes a liking to nebbish Mark Ratner (Brian Backer), but he is too afraid to make a move even after Stacy all but throws herself at him. She eventually hooks up with Mark's more confident best friend, Mike Damone (Robert Romanus). When not concerning itself with these four characters, the film spends time with stoned surfer dude Jeff Spicoli (Sean Penn) and his ongoing feud with history teacher Mr. Hand (Ray Walston). The film includes brief appearances by such future stars as Nicolas Cage, Eric Stoltz, and Forest Whitaker. Gandhi	Harry Callahan (character)
What does a mahout keep or ride?	Feature Films - Criminal Justice Resources - LibGuides at Michigan State University Libraries Selected Feature Films, A All movies are in the MSU Digital Multimedia Center, 4 West, unless otherwise noted. 10 to Midnight / the Cannon Group, Inc. presents ; a Golan-Globus production, for City Films Limited ; a J. Lee Thompson film ; written by William Roberts ; produced by Pancho Kohner, Lance Hool ; directed by J. Lee Thompson. Kinjite (forbidden subjects) / Cannon Entertainment presents a Golan-Globus production ; a J. Lee Thompson film ; produced by Pancho Kohner ; written by Harold Nebenzal ; directed by J. Lee Thompson. [Cherry Hill, NJ] : TGG Direct, c2012. 1 DVD videodisc (201 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. ROVI Movie Collection AR2 D0152289 VideoDVD : Charles Bronson plays a tough L.A. cop whose daughter is stalked by a cunning sex-killer. Kinjite (forbidden subjects): ...Charles Bronson is a vice squad veteran forced to battle his own racial prejudices when he's assigned to track down a young, Japanese girl enslaved by a vicious child prostitution ring. 12 Angry Men (1957) / United Artists ; story and screenplay by Reginald Rose ; produced by Henry Fonda and Reginald Rose ; directed by Sidney Lumet. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment Inc., c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 96 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.T75 T84 2001 VideoDisc. Also available in on DVD in MSU Law Library Reserve Video T : Depicts a jury of men who must decide the fate of a teenage boy who has murdered his abusive father. The jurors are from all walks of life, and bring with them their own opinions, prejudices, fears, and personal demons. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . 12 rounds [videorecording] / Fox Atomic presents, in association with WWE Studios ; a Mark Gordon Company production ; a Renny Harlin film ; produced by Mark Gordon, Josh McLaughlin, Michael Lake ; written by Daniel Kunka ; directed by Renny Harlin. Beverly Hills, Calif. : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, c2009. 1 Blu-ray videodisc (108 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. ROVI Movie Collection CT1 D0111079 Blu-ray Video or CU9 D0111902 VideoDVD : When New Orleans police detective Danny Fisher stops a brilliant thief from getting away with a multimillion-dollar heist, the thief's girlfriend is accidentally killed. After escaping from prison, the criminal matermind enacts his revenge, taunting Danny with 12 rounds of near-impossible puzzles and tasks that he must somehow complete to save the life of the woman he loves. The 39 Steps (1935) / Gaumont-British Picture Corporation. South Plainfield, N.J. : Congress Video Group, c1985. 1 VHS videocassette (80 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in. PN1997 .T347 1985 Videocassette : A young Canadian makes the acquaintance of an international spy. When he finds her murdered in his flat, he takes over her mission and is pursued across Scotland by both the police and a dangerous spy ring. A detective and mystery film. 48 hrs (1982) / Paramount Pictures presents a Lawrence Gordon production ; a Walter Hill film ; written by Roger Spottiswoode ... [et al.] ; produced by Lawrence Gordon and Joel Silver ; directed by Walter Hill. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Home Video, 1983. 1 VHS videocassette (97 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1997 .A1545 1983 Videocassette : Nolte is a rough-edged cop after two vicious cop-killers. He can't do it without the help of smooth and dapper Murphy, who is serving time for a half-million dollar robbery. Both pursue their separate goals--Nolte wants the villains and Murphy wants his money and some much-needed female companionship. Features Eddie Murphy. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . Absolute power / Castle Rock Entertainment presents a Malpaso production. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1997. 2 laserdiscs (121 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PN1995.9.S87 A27 1997 Video (12 inch) disc : He was where he shouldn't have been and saw what he shouldn't have seen. Now, who will believe the word of a career thief and ex-con? Who will trust Luther Whitney when he says he saw a woman killed and that the man responsible for her death is the President of the United States? Cast : Clint Eastwood, Gene Hackman, Ed Harris. The Accused / Paramount Pictures Corporation. 1 VHS videocassette (110 min., color) Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount, c1989. MSU Law Library Reserve VIDEO A : A fiercely independent woman is gang raped, then battles the legal system twice, going after both her attackers and the onlookers whose cheering fueled and encouraged the assault. Action Jackson (1988) / written by Robert Reneau ; directed by Craig R. Baxley ; Silver Pictures. Irvine, Calif. : Lorimar, 1988. 1 12-inch videodisc (LaserVision CLV) (96 min.) : sd., col. PN1995.9.D4 A38 1988 Video (12 inch) disc : Carl Weathers is Detroit police sergeant Jericho Action Jackson. He's pitted against the brutal thugs of ruthless auto tycoon Peter Dellaplane, who's out to murder his way to political power. Jackson's also involved with Dellaplane's beautiful wife Patrice -- and his exotic mistress Sydney. Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) / Universal ; a Paramount release. Universal City, CA : Universal, c1999. 1 DVD videodisc (109 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997.P79 H5 1999 VideoDVD : Horror melodrama in which a woman disappears after spending the night in an isolated motel which adjoins an eerie Victorian mansion, inhabited by a disturbed young man and his mother. Cast : Anthony Perkins, Vera Miles, John Gavin, Martin Balsam, John McIntire, Janet Leigh. Alfred Hitchcock's Shadow of a Doubt (1942) / Universal Picture Company and Skirball production ; produced by Jack H. Skirball ; directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Universal City, CA : Universal Pictures, [2006] 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 108 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.D4 S4733 2006 VideoDVD : Joseph Cotten stars as Uncle Charlie, a calculating and charming killer who hides out in his relatives' small hometown. There, he befriends his favorite niece and namesake, Young Charlie. But she begins to suspect he may be the famed Merry Widow murderer. A deadly game of cat and mouse ensues as the psychopathic killer plots the death of his young niece to protect his secret. Cast : Teresa Wright, Joseph Cotten, Macdonald Carey, Patricia Collinge, Henry Travers, Wallace Ford, Hume Cronyn. Alfred Hitchcock's To Catch a Thief (1955) / a Paramount Pictures ; directed by Alfred Hitchcock ; screenplay by John Michael Hayes. Los Angeles, Calif. : Paramount, c2000. 1 VHS videocassette (103 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.S87 T6 2000 Videocassette : A retired American jewel thief living on the French Riviera seeks to prove his innocence by exposing the burglar who has been imitating his technique. Cast : Cary Grant, Grace Kelly, Jessie Royce Landis, John Williams. Ambushed / Absentee Productions inc. ; directed by Giorgio Serafini. Beverly Hills, CA : Anchor Bay Entertainment, [2013?] 1 DVD videodisc (97 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. ROVI Movie Collection AR9 D0158530 VideoDVD : In the frenetic underbelly of Los Angeles, Agent Maxwell closes in on an international cocaine smuggling operation run by criminal mastermind Vincent Camastra. When Agent Beverly Royce goes undercover with the drug dealers and finds herself deeper then she can handle. The case becomes personal for Maxwell who has to combat ruthless killers and dirty cops, in an all-out action-filled finale to bring the criminals to justice. American Gangster / Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment present in association with Relativity Media ; a Brian Grazer production ; produced by Brian Grazer, Ridley Scott ; written by Steven Zaillian ; directed by Ridley Scott. Universal City, CA : Universal Studios Home Entertainment, 2007. 1 Blue Ray DVD videodisc (2 hr., 38 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 A44 2008 Blu-ray VideoDVD : Frank Lucas is a crime boss armed with ruthless, streetwise tactics and a strict sense of honor. Through ingenuity and a strict business ethic, Lucas comes to rule the inner-city drug trade. Cast : Denzel Washington, Russell Crowe, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Cuba Gooding Jr., Josh Brolin, Ted Levine, Armand Assante, John Oritz, John Hawkes, Rza. American History X / New Line Cinema presents a Turman-Morrissey Company production ; a Tony Kaye film. S.l.] : New Line Home Entertainment, 2001. Schaeffer Law Library Reserve VIDEO A : Derek Vinyard, the charismatic leader of a group of young white supremacists, lands in prison for a brutal, hate-driven murder. Upon his release, ashamed of his past and pledging to reform, Derek realizes he must save his younger brother, Danny, from a similar fate. A groundbreaking controversial drama about the tragic consequences of racism in a family. American Hustle / Columbia Pictures and Annapurna Pictures present an Atlas Entertainment production ; produced by Megan Ellison, Jonathan Gordon, Charles Roven, Richard Suckle ; written by Eric Warren Singer, David O. Russell ; directed by David O. Russell. Culver City, CA : Columbia Pictures : Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2013. 1 videodisc (approximately 138 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.M23 A447 2014 Video-DVD : A fictional film set in the alluring world of one of the most stunning scandals to rock our nation. American Hustle tells the story of brilliant con man Irving Rosenfeld, who along with his equally cunning and seductive British partner Sydney Prosser, is forced to work for wild FBI agent Richie DiMaso. DiMaso pushes them into a world of Jersey powerbrokers and mafia that's as dangerous as it is enchanting. Carmine Polito is the passionate, volatile, New Jersey political operator caught between the cons and Feds. Irving's unpredictable wife Rosalyn could be the one to pull the thread that brings the entire world crashing down. Loosely based on the ABSCAM bribery scandal, 1980. American Me / Universal Pictures. Universal City, Calif. : MCA Universal Home Video, c1992. 1 VHS videocassette (125 min.) PS627.G3 A5 1992 Videocassette : Actor-turned-director Edward James Olmos set out to spread the word against the destructiveness of gang violence with this 1992 gritty drama. Set in the barrios of East Los Angeles, he attempts to cover 30 years in the life of a family with strong gang ties. This brutally realistic story may not intentionally glorify violence, but it offers no answers. (Olmos actually shot the prison scenes in Folsom, which explains their harsh reality.) Great performances though, especially by Olmos and William Forsythe. Olmos plays a gang leader released from prison who is finally in touch with himself, only to realize it is too late. The one major problem with this well-intentioned flick is that it is rated R for violence, nudity, and profanity. Therefore, the kids who most need its message are not, in theory, the ones who will see it. [Gangs -- Drama] Anatomy of a Murder / screenplay by Wendell Mayes ; produced and directed by Otto Preminger ; Carlyle Productions, Inc. Burbank, Calif. : Columbia TriStar Home Video, [1986] 1 VHS videocassette (ca. 161 min.) : b&w PS3533.O32 A5 1986 Videocassette : A courtoom drama of premeditated murder as a jealous army lieutenant pleads innocent to murdering the rapist of his beautiful wife. And Justice For All (1979) / Columbia Pictures ; Valerie Curtin, Bary Levinson, writers ; Norman Jewison, Patrick J. Palmer, producers ; Norman Jewison, director. Burbank, CA : Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1993. 1 VHS videocassette (ca. 120 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.L39 A53 1993 Videocassette : A young lawyer battles not only one-on-one injustice in the courts, but the whole system as well. Cast : Al Pacino, Jack Warden, John Forsythe, Lee Strasberg. Angels With Dirty Faces (1938) / a Warner Bros.-First National Picture. Santa Monica, CA : Turner Entertainment Co. [and] Warner Home Video, 2000. 1 VHS videocassette (97 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.G3 A54 2000 Videocassette : Two childhood friends grow up and go their separate ways--one a criminal and the other a parish priest. Rocky Sullivan returns to his old neighborhood to find his lawless life style idolized by the young hoodlums there. Jerry Connelly, the parish priest sees his hard work turn unavailing because of Rocky's corruptive influence. Cast : James Cagney, Pat O'Brien, Humphrey Bogart, Ann Sheridan, George Bancroft, the "Dead End" Kids. Anthony Mann's Film Noir Masterpieces : T-Men (1947) ; Raw Deal (1948). Thomasville, GA : Roan Group, 1997. 2 videodiscs (ca. 171 min.) : sd., b&w ; 12 in. PN1995.5.F54 T25 1997 Video (12 inch) disc : (1) T-Men: Two U.S. Treasury agents go undercover to infiltrate the ranks of a notorious counterfeiting ring known as the Vantucci Gang. (2) Raw deal: The tale of a framed gangster's quest for vengeance after he busts out of prison with help from his girlfriend. The Apostle (1997)/ October Films presents a Butchers Run Films production ; written and directed by Robert Duvall ; produced by Rob Carliner. New York : USA Home Entertainment, c1999. 1 DVD videodisc (134 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.R4 A6 1999 VideoDVD : A gifted, charismatic Southern preacher, loved by his community, is secretly plagued by the darker side of human desire and rage. When he commits a crime of passion, he is forced to run from the law and set out on a new mission: to find the road to redemption. The Apostle / October Films presents a Butcher's Run Films production ; produced by Rob Carliner ; written and directed by Robert Duvall. Universal City, CA : Universal Home Video, c1998. 1 VHS videocassette (134 min.) : sd., col ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.R4 A6 1998 Videocassette Also available on VHS in the MSU College of Law Library : A gifted, charismatic Southern preacher, loved by his community, is secretly plagued by the darker side of human desire and rage. When he commits a crime of passion, he is forced to run from the law and set out on a new mission: to find the road to redemption. The asphalt jungle / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ; produced by Arthur Hornblow, Jr. ; screenplay by Ben Maddow, John Huston ; directed by John Huston. [United States] : Turner Entertainment Co. : Warner Home Video, [2004] 1DVD videodisc (112 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.F54 A87 2004 VideoDVD : An aging criminal is released from prison and decides to assemble the old gang to go on one last heist. Based on the book by W.R. Burnett. The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007) / a Warner Bros. Pictures presentation in association with Virtual Studios ; a Scott Free/ Plan B production ; Alberta Film Entertainment ; produced by Jules Daly, Dede Gardner, Brad Pitt, Ridley Scott, David Valdes ; screenplay by Andrew Dominik ; directed by Andrew Dominik. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c2008. 1 DVD videodisc (159 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.W4 A873 2008 VideoDVD : Everyone in 1880s America knows Jesse James. He's the nation's most notorious criminal and is being hunted by the law in 10 states. He's also the land's greatest hero, lauded as a Robin Hood by the public. No one knows of Robert Ford, at least not yet. But the ambitious 19-year-old aims to change that. He befriends Jesse and rides with his gang. And if that doesn't bring Ford fame, he will have to find a deadlier way. Friendship becomes rivalry and the quest for fame becomes obsession. Selected Feature Films, B Bad Boys (1995) / Columbia Pictures ; story by George Gallo ; screenplay by Michael Barrie & Jim Mulholland and Doug Richardson ; produced by Don Simpson & Jerry Bruckheimer ; directed by Michael Bay. Culver City, CA : Columbia TriStar Home Video, c2000. 1 DVD videodisc (119 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9 .A3 B33 2000 VideoDVD : A cheerfully over-the-top action film, Bad Boys is notable chiefly for the rapport between its two stars, Will Smith and Martin Lawrence, as two Miami cops on the trail of a drug kingpin as they try to protect a witness (Tea Leoni). Smith is the swinging bachelor and Lawrence the family man, and both must juggle their personal lives as they baby-sit the one chance they have to recover a stolen drug shipment, save their jobs, and take down the drug dealer. While the film is almost always implausible and its story is something seen many times before, director Michael Bay (The Rock) keeps things moving stylishly and at a feverish pace, as Smith and Lawrence prove themselves a terrific comic pairing. Their odd couple banter flies at a faster clip than the bullets and explosions, and becomes the best reason to see this hyperbolic but entertaining action flick. Bad Lieutenant / LT Productions, Inc. [Van Nuys, Calif.] : LIVE Home Video, 1993. 1 VHS videocassette (ca. 96 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.P57 B33 1993 Videocassette : He's a gambler, a thief, a junkie, a killer, and a cop. Now he's investigating the most shocking case of his life, and as he moves closer to the truth, his self-destructive past is closing in. Cast : Harvey Keitel, Victor Argo, Paul Calderone, Leonard Thomas, Robin Burrows, Frankie Thorn, Victoria Bastel, Paul Hipp. Bad Santa (2003) / Dimension Films presents a Triptych Pictures production, a Terry Zwigoff film ; produced by John Cameron, Sarah Aubrey, Bob Weinstein ; written by Glenn Gicarra & John Regua ; directed by Terry Zwigoff. [United States] : Dimension Home Video ; Burbank, Calif. : Distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, [2004], c2003. 1 DVD videodisc (91 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.C55 B337 2004 VideoDVD : Instantly qualifying as a perennial cult favorite, Bad Santa is as nasty as it wants to be, and there's something to be said for comedy without compromise. The Coen brothers conceived the basic idea and served as executive producers, but it's director Terry Zwigoff who brings his unique affinity for losers and outcasts to the twisted tale of Willie T. Stokes (Billy Bob Thornton), a hard-drinking, chain-smoking, foul-mouthed sexaholic safe-cracker who targets a different department store every holiday season, playing Santa while he cases the joint with his dwarf elf-partner Marcus (Tony Cox). With comedic support from Bernie Mac, Lauren Graham, Cloris Leachman, and John Ritter in his final film, Thornton milks the lowbrow laughs with a slovenly lack of sentiment, warming Bad Santa's pickled heart just enough to please a chubby misfit (Brett Kelly, hilariously deadpan) who may or may not be mentally challenged. As dry as an arid martini and blacker than morning-after coffee, Bad Santa is an instant cure for yuletide schmaltz, and if you think this appropriately R-rated comedy is suitable for kids, your parenting skills are no better than Willie's. Included because of glimpses of Mall security management. The Badlanders / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer presents an Arcola production ; screenplay by Richard Collins ; produced by Aaron Rosenberg ; directed by Delmer Daves. Turner Entertainment ; Santa Monica, Calif. : distributed by MGM Home Entertainment, c1999, 1958. 1 VHS videocassette (83 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.W4 B335 1999 Videocassette : Two ex-convicts and a happy-go-lucky dynamite expert set out to steal $200,000 in gold ore from underneath the noses of their enemies. Batman and Robin / [presented by] Warner Bros. ; written by Akiva Goldsman ; produced by Peter MacGregor-Scott ; directed by Joel Schumacher. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1997. 1 VHS videocassette (125 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Special Collections Comic Art Collection (noncirculating) PN1997.B275 B3 1997 Videocassette : Following Val Kilmer's portrayal of the caped crusader in Batman Forever, the fourth Batman feature stars George Clooney under the pointy-eared cowl, with Chris O'Donnell returning as Robin the Boy Wonder. This time the dynamic duo is up against the nefarious Mr. Freeze (Arnold Schwarzenegger), who is bent on turning the world into an iceberg, and the slyly seductive but highly toxic Poison Ivy (Uma Thurman), who wants to eliminate all animal life and turn the Earth into a gigantic greenhouse. Alicia Silverstone lends a hand as Batgirl, and Elle McPherson plays the thankless role of Batman/Bruce Wayne's fiancée. A sensory assault of dazzling colors, senseless action, and lavish sets run amok, this Batman & Robin offers an overdose of eye candy, but it is strictly for devoted Bat-o-philes. Cast : Arnold Schwarzenegger, George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell, Uma Thurman, Alicia Silverstone, Michael Gough, Pat Hingle, Elle MacPherson. Batman Begins (2008) / Warner Bros. Pictures presents in association with Legendary Pictures a Syncopy production, a film by Christopher Nolan ; produced by Emma Thomas, Charles Roven, Larry Franco ; story by David S. Goyer ; screenplay by Christopher Nolan and David S. Goyer ; directed by Christopher Nolan. Burbank, CA : Distributed by Warner Home Video, [2008] 1 Blu-ray videodisc (140 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.B298 B376 2008 Blu-ray VideoDVD : Batman Begins discards the previous four films in the series and recasts the Caped Crusader as a fearsome avenging angel. That's good news, because the series, which had gotten off to a rousing start under Tim Burton, had gradually dissolved into self-parody by 1997's Batman & Robin. As the title implies, Batman Begins tells the story anew, when Bruce Wayne (Christian Bale) flees Western civilization following the murder of his parents. He is taken in by a mysterious instructor named Ducard (Liam Neeson in another mentor role) and urged to become a ninja in the League of Shadows, but he instead returns to his native Gotham City resolved to end the mob rule that is strangling it. But are there forces even more sinister at hand? ...Co-written by the team of David S. Goyer (a veteran comic book writer) and director Christopher Nolan (Memento), Batman Begins is a welcome return to the grim and gritty version of the Dark Knight, owing a great debt to the graphic novels that preceded it. It doesn't have the razzle dazzle, or the mass appeal, of Spider-Man 2 (though the Batmobile is cool), and retelling the origin means it starts slowly, like most "first" superhero movies. But it's certainly the best Bat-film since Burton's original, and one of the best superhero movies of its time. Bale cuts a good figure as Batman, intense and dangerous but with some of the lightheartedness Michael Keaton brought to the character. Michael Caine provides much of the film's humor as the family butler, Alfred, and as the love interest, Katie Holmes (Dawson's Creek) is surprisingly believable in her first adult role. Also featuring Gary Oldman as the young police officer Jim Gordon, Morgan Freeman as a Q-like gadgets expert, and Cillian Murphy as the vile Jonathan Crane. Batman Forever (1995) / Warner Bros. presents a Tim Burton production ; a Joel Schumacher film ; story by Lee Batchler & Janet Scott Batchler ; screenplay by Lee Batchler & Janet Scott Batchler and Akiva Goldsman ; produced by Tim Burton and Peter MacGregor-Scott ; directed by Joel Schumacher. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, 1995. 1 VHS videocassette (122 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.B298 B373 1995 Videocassette : DA Harvey Dent is hideously scarred down one side, by an acid attack. The result is 2 personalities and 2 faces. Ideal qualifications for a politician you might think, but Two-face's only policy is vengeance on Batman. He teams up with Edward Nygma, a technical wizard who invents a brain-sucking TV and adopts the alto-ego of The Riddler. MEANWHILE ... in the circus, Dick Grayson witnesses his acrobat family plummet earthwards and get a taste for sawdust. Two-face is to blame but Dick trades his anger for a rubber suit and becomes Robin. Two bad guys, two good guys and 8 personas.... When Tim Burton and Michael Keaton announced that they'd had enough of the Batman franchise, director Joel Schumacher stepped in (with Burton as coproducer) to make this action-packed extravaganza starring Val Kilmer as the caped crusader. Batman is up against two of Gotham City's most colorful criminals, the Riddler (a role tailor-made for funnyman Jim Carrey) and the diabolical Two-Face (Tommy Lee Jones), who join forces to conquer Gotham's population with a brain-draining device. Nicole Kidman plays the seductive psychologist who wants to know what makes Batman tick. Boasting a redesigned Batmobile and plenty of new Bat hardware, Batman Forever also introduces Robin the Boy Wonder (Chris O'Donnell) whose close alliance with Batman led more than a few critics to ponder the series' homoerotic subtext. No matter how you interpret it, Schumacher's take on the Batman legacy is simultaneously amusing, lavishly epic, and prone to chronic sensory overload. Cast : Val Kilmer, Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey, Nicole Kidman, Chris O'Donnell, Michael Gough, Pat Hingle. Batman : The Movie (1966) / Twentieth Century Fox ; a William Dozier production. Beverly Hills, Calif. : Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 105 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.B298 B374 2001 VideoDVD A non-circulating copy is available in Special Collections : Holy camp site, Batman! After a fabulously successful season on TV, the campy comic book adventure hit the big screen, complete with painful puns, outrageous supervillains, and fights punctuated with word balloons sporting such onomatopoeic syllables as "Pow!," "Thud!," and "Blammo!" Adam West's wooden Batman is the cowled vigilante alter ego of straight-arrow millionaire Bruce Wayne and Bruce Ward's Robin (a.k.a. Dick Grayson, Bruce's young collegiate protégé) his overeager sidekick in hot pants. Together they battle an unholy alliance of Gotham City's greatest criminals: the Joker (Cesar Romero, whooping up a storm), the Riddler (giggling Frank Gorshin), the Penguin (cackling Burgess Meredith), and the purr-fectly sexy Catwoman (Lee Meriwether slinking in a skin-tight black bodysuit). The criminals are, naturally, out to conquer the world, but with a little help from their unending supply of utility belt devices (bat shark repellent, anyone?), our dynamic duo thwarts their nefarious plans at every turn. Since the TV show ran under 30 minutes an episode (with commercials), the 105-minute film runs a little thin--a little camp goes a long way--but fans of the small-screen show will enjoy the spoofing tone throughout. Cast : Adam West, Burt Ward, Lee Meriwether, Cesar Romero, Burgess Meredith, Frank Gorshin. A better life / produced by Jami Gertz ... [et al.] ; screenplay by Eric Eason ; directed by Chris Weitz. Santa Monica, CA : Summit Entertainment, 2011. 1 DVD videodisc (97 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.F35 B488 2011 VideoDVD : Carlos Galindo, an illegal immigrant and single father, works hard to reconnect with his teenage son and keep him out of a local gang. Better Luck Tomorrow / Hudson River Entertainment, Cherry Sky Films, Day O Productions, a Trailing Johnson production, a film by Justin Lin ; MTV Films ; producers, Julie Asato, Ernesto M. Foronda, Justin Lin ; writers, Ernesto M. Foronda, Justin Lin, Fabian Marquez ; director, Justin Lin. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount, c2003. 1 DVD videodisc (100 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.H45 B48 2003 VideoDVD : A group of seemingly "perfect" high-school buddies lead double lives. They fly high in a world of petty crime and material excess - a free-wheeling lifestyle that soon takes a downward spiral, leading to an unexpected, violent end. Cast : Parry Shen, Jason Tobin, Sung Kang, Roger Fan, John Cho, Karin Anna Cheung, Jerry Mathers. The Big Bounce / directed by Alex March. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, 2004. 1 DVD videodisc (102 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3562.E55 B652 2004 VideoDVD : Together with a tough young drifter named Jack Ryan, hedonistic Nancy Hayes plans her private revenge on a former lover by stealing a fifty-thousand-dollar payroll. Cast : Ryan O'Neal, Leigh Taylor-Young, James Daly. The Big Easy (1986) / Kings Road Entertainment Inc. [United States] : Trimark Home Video , [1998?] 1 VHS videocassette (100 min.) : sd., col.; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.S87 B54 1998 Videocassette : A criminal's murder triggers a bloody gangland drug war. A saucy blend of New Orleans nightlife, romance and suspense. The Big Heat (1953) / Columbia Pictures Corporation ; director, Fritz Lang ; producer, Robert Arthur ; screenplay, Sydney Boehm. Culver City, CA : Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (89 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PS3525.A236 B54 2001 VideoDVD : An honest police sergeant risks his life and his job when his investigations lead to the exposure of the crime syndicate that controls the city administration. The Big Sleep (1946) / Warner Bros. ; a Howard Hawks production. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c2000. 1 DVD videodisc (230 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PS3505.H3224 B52 2000 VideoDVD : L.A. private eye Philip Marlowe takes on a blackmail case and follows a trail peopled with murderers, pornographers, nightclub rogues and the spoiled rich. Cast : Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Martha Vickers, Dorothy Malone. Detective and mystery film. Birthday Girl / Miramax Films and FilmFour in association with Mirage Enterprises ; producers, Steve Butterworth, Diana Phillips ; writers, Tom Butterworth, Jez Butterworth ; director, Jez Butterworth. Burbank, Calif. : Miramax Home Entertainment : Distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, [2002], c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (90 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S87 B57 2002 VideoDVD : Internet love connections and mail-order brides rarely ever work out, and John should have known. Having never been lucky in love and tired of waiting for the perfect woman to come along, John decides to take his chances and orders a mail-order bride from Russia. At first, things seem perfect even though Nadia doesn't speak much English. But when Nadia's 'cousins' unexpectedly arrive to celebrate her birthday, John is drawn into their web of corruption and crime. Black Caesar (1973). Los Angeles, CA : Orion Home Video, 1998. 1 VHS videocassette (96 min.) PN1995.9.N4 B55333 1998 Videocassette : Fred Williamson is "imposing, tough and unflappable" as a street kid who muscles his way into the big time mob racket. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . Blood in Blood Out : Bound by Honor / produced by Taylor Hackford & Jerry Gershwin ; screenplay, Jimmy Santiago Baca, Jeremy Iacone, Floyd Mutrux ; directed by Taylor Hackford. Burbank, CA : Hollywood Pictures Home Video, 2000. 1 DVD videodisc (190 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.M49 B55 2000 VideoDVD : Taylor Hackford (An Officer and a Gentleman) directed this 1993 epic about Chicano gang wars in the California prison system and the differing and tragic paths of three boyhood friends. Half-brothers Paco and Cruz grow up with their cousin Miklo in Chicano Los Angeles, and each in turn is influenced by their violent environment and the prevalence of drugs on their streets. Cruz becomes an artist but winds up tragically addicted to heroin, while Miklo serves time for murder and Paco becomes a cop, setting the stage for a confrontation between the two when Miklo is released from prison. The film strives for an epic feel but takes too long to set up its interweaving stories. It is notable, however, for some fine acting on the part of Benjamin Bratt and Damian Chiapa, as well as smaller roles by Billy Bob Thornton, Ving Rhames and Delroy Lindo. Its depictions of life in the California prison system are harrowing and powerful, and serve as the centerpiece of this urban drama. Blood Simple (1985) / Universal ; Ted and Jim Pedas and Ben Barenholtz present a River Road production ; directed by Joel Coen ; produced by Ethan Coen ; written by Joel Coen and Ethan Coen. Universal City, CA : Universal, c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (96 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997 .B673 2001 VideoDVD : A jealous husband hires a detective to murder his wife and her lover. Cast : John Getz, Frances McDormand, Dan Hedaya, Samm-Art Williams, M. Emmet Walsh. Blow / New Line Cinema presents a Spanky Pictures/Apostle production, a Ted Demme film ; producers, Ted Demme, Joel Stillerman, Denis Leary ; writers, David McKenna, Nick Cassavetes ; director, Ted Demme. [United States] : New Line Home Entertainment : Warner Home Video, c2001 (2008 released) 1 Blue Ray DVD videodisc (123 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997.2 .B56 2008 Blu-ray Video DVD : Based on the true story of George Jung. This is an uncompromising look at the rise and fall of the man who became the largest importer of Colombia cocaine to the United States in the 1970's. Cast : Johnny Depp, Penelope Cruz, Franka Potente, Rachel Griffiths, Paul Reubens, Jordi Molla, Cliff Curtis, Max Perlich, Miguel Sandoval, Ray Liotta. Blue Steel [United States] : First Independent, 1988. 1 VHS videocassette (VHS) (97 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.P57 B55 1988 Videocassette : A rookie cop is unaware the man she falls in love with is also the serial killer who is stalking her. Cast : Jamie Lee Curtis, Ron Silver, Clancy Brown, Elizabeth Peña, Louise Fletcher. Blue Velvet (1986) / De Laurentiis Entertainment Group ; screenplay by David Lynch ; produced by Fred Caruso ; directed by David Lynch. Santa Monica, Calif. : MGM Home Entertainment, c2002. 1 DVD videodisc (121 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997 .B676 2002 VideoDVD : David Lynch peeks behind the picket fences of small-town America to reveal a corrupt shadow world of malevolence, sadism, and madness. From the opening shots Lynch turns the Technicolor picture postcard images of middle class homes and tree-lined lanes into a dreamy vision on the edge of nightmare. After his father collapses in a preternaturally eerie sequence, college boy Kyle MacLachlan returns home and stumbles across a severed human ear in a vacant lot. With the help of sweetly innocent high school girl (Laura Dern), he turns junior detective and uncovers a frightening yet darkly compelling world of voyeurism and sex. Drawn deeper into the brutal world of drug dealer and blackmailer Frank, played with raving mania by an obscenity-shouting Dennis Hopper in a career-reviving performance, he loses his innocence and his moral bearings when confronted with pure, unexplainable evil. Isabella Rossellini is terrifyingly desperate as Hopper's sexual slave who becomes MacLachlan's illicit lover, and Dean Stockwell purrs through his role as Hopper's oh-so-suave buddy. Lynch strips his surreally mundane sets to a ghostly austerity, which composer Angelo Badalamenti encourages with the smooth, spooky strains of a lush score. Blue Velvet is a disturbing film that delves into the darkest reaches of psycho-sexual brutality and simply isn't for everyone. But for a viewer who wants to see the cinematic world rocked off its foundations, David Lynch delivers a nightmarish masterpiece. Cast : Kyle MacLachlan, Isabella Rossellini, Dennis Hopper, Laura Dern, Hope Lange, Dean Stockwell. Boardwalk Empire. The Complete First Season (Blu-ray). [United States] : Home Box Office, [2012] 5 Blu-ray videodiscs (733 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1992.77 .B65 2012 Blu-ray VideoDVD Season 1 discs 1-5 : In fine (and bloody) style, HBO's Boardwalk Empire returns to 1920 when the ban on booze led to a syndicate of bootleggers and smugglers. Created by Sopranos scribe Terence Winter and coproduced by director Martin Scorsese, the story centers on Atlantic City treasurer Enoch "Nucky" Thompson (Steve Buscemi), who schemes in private while preaching temperance in public (Mark Wahlberg and Tim Van Patten also serve as producers). Jimmy (Michael Pitt, Buscemi's Delirious costar), a war veteran, acts as his right-hand man, while zealous Agent Van Alden (Michael Shannon) and refined mobster Arnold Rothstein (A Serious Man's Michael Stuhlbarg) represent significant threats to his enterprise....Nucky's other associates include his sheriff brother Eli (Shea Whigham), sexpot girlfriend Lucy (Paz de la Huerta), and distributor Chalky (The Wire's Michael K. Williams). If Nucky has little regard for law and order, his soft side emerges in his dealings with Irish immigrant Margaret (Kelly Macdonald, excellent), who segues from abused wife to kept woman. As Nucky puts it, "I try to be good. I really do." After he sends Jimmy away a spell, his sidekick joins forces with Al Capone (Stephen Graham, Public Enemies) and disfigured vet Richard Harrow (Jack Huston), abandoning his son, common-law wife Angela (Aleksa Palladino), and mother Gillian (Gretchen Mol), who has a fling with Lucky Luciano (Vincent Piazza)....Inspired by Nelson Johnson's book, Boardwalk Empire takes a Deadwood-like approach to history by combining characters both factual and fictional with blue language and ladies without brassieres. Winter, who won an Emmy for The Sopranos episode Pine Barrens, takes liberties with the historical record, but the series never claims to represent the truth and nothing but--which is only fitting when everyone's hiding secrets. If the entire ensemble deserves praise, Buscemi rules the show as thoroughly as Nucky rules the city. Boardwalk Empire, The Complete Second Season (Blu-ray) [United States] : HBO Home Entertainment ; Burbank, CA : Distributed by Warner Home Video, 2012. 5 discs. 733 minutes. PN1992.77.B657 2012 Blu-ray VideoDVD Season 2 discs 1-5 : Atlantic City, 1921. In a city whose fortunes have soared in the wake of Prohibition, Nucky Thompson is paying a steep price for wielding ultimate power in “the world’s playground.” Though the 1920 election is over, Nucky finds himself the target of a federal investigation for vote tampering – and an insurrection by those he counted among his closest allies. Steve Buscemi stars in the hit drama series that charts the continued rise of organized crime at the dawn of the Prohibition. Boardwalk Empire, The Complete Third Season . (Blu-ray). [United States] : Home Box Office, [2012] Rovi Film Collection AD1 D0159691 Blu-ray Video discs 1-5 : One of HBO’s signature shows, this one-hour drama chronicles the life and times of Enoch “Nucky” Thompson (Golden Globe winner Steve Buscemi), Atlantic City’s undisputed czar at a time when Prohibition proved to be a major catalyst in the rise of organized crime in America. Picking up 16 months after Season 2 ended, Season 3 begins on New Year’s Eve 1922-23. The Roaring ‘20s are about to start; though the economy is booming, alcohol has become scarce, competition is fierce, and gangster violence is heating up. Amidst this backdrop, Nucky, whose marriage to Margaret (Kelly Macdonald) has become a sham after she signed away his highway windfall to the church, faces new competition in the person of Gyp Rosetti (new cast member Bobby Cannavale), who builds a new strategic bulkhead between New York and Atlantic City in an effort to siphon off Nucky’s alcohol business. The conflict brings out the best and worst in Nucky, who proves his brutal mettle in a series of violent encounters – including a climatic facedown with Gyp in the Season 3 finale. New and familiar faces also undergo compelling metamorphoses as the 12 new episodes of Boardwalk Empire unfold. Bonnie and Clyde / Warner Bros. Pictures ; a Tatira-Hiller production ; written by David Newman & Robert Benton ; produced by Warren Beatty ; directed by Arthur Penn. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, [1997] 1 DVD videodisc (112 min.) : sd., col., double sided ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 B66 1997 VideoDVD : Serial bank robbers, sometime lovers and folkloric heroes Bonnie Parker (Faye Dunaway) and Clyde Barrow (Warren Beatty) barrel across Depression-ravaged America on a shooting spree that ends in a deadly rain of bullets and tragedy. Directed by Arthur Penn, this stylish and sexy film shattered the mold when it came to crime pics, layering comedy onto mayhem and youthful criminality. Gene Wilder makes his first film appearance here. Cast : Warren Beatty, Faye Dunaway, Michael J. Pollard, Gene Hackman, Estelle Parsons. The Border (1982) / a Universal-RKO Picture ; an Efer Production ; a Tony Richardson film ; produced by Edgar Bronfman, Jr. ; written by Deric Washburn and Walon Green ; directed by Tony Richardson. Universal City, CA : Universal Studios Home Video, [2004] 1 DVD videodisc (107 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997.2 .B672 2004 VideoDVD : Jack Nicholson is a member of the U.S. Border Patrol who moves with his materialistic wife (Valerie Perrine) to a small Texas town. There, his new colleagues try to pull him into the web of corruption that runs through the local department and he's tempted, because the illicit cash will help pay the bills that his charge-happy wife is running up. But his conscience gets the better of him when he gets involved in a case of a young Mexican woman whose baby is stolen to be sold for adoption. Nicholson simmers, stews, and eventually explodes. The superior cast includes Perrine, Harvey Keitel, and Warren Oates. Borderline Farmington Hills, Mich. : CBS/Fox Video, c1983. 1 Beta videocassette (88 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1997 .B64 1983 Videocassette : A contemporary human action drama depicts the plight of illegal Mexican aliens and the problems of the U. S. Border Patrol in protecting them from exploiters. Bordertown (2006) / ThinkFilm and Capitol Films ; produced by Simon Fields, Jennifer Lopez, Gregory Nava ; written and directed by Gregory Nava. [New York, N.Y.] : ThinkFilm, 2008. 1 DVD videodisc (114 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997.2.B673 B673 2008 VideoDVD : Based on actual events, a Chicago reporter travels to Juárez, Mexico to investigate a series of rapes and murders of women who work at American-owned factories. Cast : Jennifer Lopez, Antonio Banderas, Martin Sheen, Sonia Braga, Maya Zapata. Bottle Rocket / Columbia Pictures presents a Gracie Film production. Culver City, CA : Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1998, c1996. 1 DVD videodisc (91 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.C55 B677 1998 VideoDVD : "Three best friends try to escape their suburban boredom through a life of crime. But these bickering, bumbling thieves are no match for the local 'godfather,' who leads them into the biggest heist of their careers" Boulevard Nights (1979) / Warner Bros. Pictures ; a Tony Bill/Bill Benenson production ; directed by Michael Pressman ; produced by Bill Benenson ; written by Desmond Nakano. Burbank, CA : Turner Entertainment : Warner Bros. Entertainment : Distributed by Warner Home Video, c2009. 1 DVD-R videodisc (102 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.M49 B68 2009 VideoDVD : From executive producer Tony Bill (The Sting, Taxi Driver) comes a gritty and groundbreaking look at Los Angeles gang life in the city's Mexican-American barrios, a powerful forerunner to such later movies as Colors and Menace II Society. Raymond Avila (Richard Yn?iguez) is an ex-gang member trying to build a future. Kid brother Chuco (Danny De La Paz) is a sullen low-rider still caught up in the life. Despite their differences, their family bond is strong. But that bond is violently tested when rivals challenge Chuco's gang - and ignite a neighborhood war. Experience a movie judged "honest, authentic, dramatic and effective" by the Los Angeles Times' Charles Champlin. Boyz 'n the Hood (1991) / Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. ; written and directed by John Singleton ; produced by Steve Nicolaides. Burbank, CA : Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1998, c1991. 1 DVD videodisc (112 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.N4 B699 1998 VideoDVD A 12-inch disc version is also available : John Singleton, at the age of 23, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his debut film, Boyz N the Hood. The film stars Laurence Fishburne, Angela Basset, Ice Cube, and Academy Award-winning actor Cuba Gooding Jr. in his first starring role in a feature film. Gooding plays Tre Styles, a teenager growing up in South Central Los Angeles. His father, Furious (Fishburne), is divorced and living away from Tre and his mother (Basset), but he's still involved in Tre's upbringing, teaching him the values of right and wrong and responsibility. Meanwhile, Tre's childhood buddies Ricky (Morris Chestnut) and Doughboy (Ice Cube) are living their lives in terms of the epidemic of violence and poverty that has plagued their neighborhood. Ricky, a talented football player, strives to get a full athletic scholarship to college. If only his SAT scores were higher. Doughboy lives a life full of crime but still remains true to his friends. The obstacles that these three young men come across result in dire consequences, devastatingly avoidable and inevitable at the same time. Boyz N the Hood is a landmark film beyond its commercial success, presenting a portrait of South Central in the late '80s and early '90s as painted by Singleton (who grew up in that neighborhood), achieving accuracy and dramatic resonance in this story of at-risk youth. Cast : Larry Fishburne, Ice Cube, Cuba Gooding, Jr., Morris Chestnut. Brubaker / Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. Beverly Hills, Calif. : Fox Video, [1995], c1980. 1 VHS videocassette (131 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.P68 B78 1995 Videocassette : Based on the true story of a reform warden who risks his life to replace brutality and corruption with humanity and integrity in a state prison farm. [Prisons -- United States -- Drama] [Prisons -- Officials and employees -- Drama] [Prison films] Bugsy / TriStar Pictures Inc. A Mulholland Productions/Baltimore Pictures Production. Burbank, CA : ColumbiaTriStar Home Video, [1992], c1991 1 VHS videocassette (135 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.G3 B84 1992 Videocassette : Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel was a ruthless mobster who had it all, and then met a woman who wanted more. Their love affair was passionate, tempestuous and ultimately tragic. Cast : Warren Beatty, Annette Bening, Harvey Keitel, Ben Kingsley, Joe Mantegna. Bullitt (1968) / Warner Bros./Seven Arts ; a Solar production ; screenplay by Harry Kleiner & Alan R. Trustman ; directed by Peter Yates. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video ; Hong Kong : Era Home Entertainment, [1997?] 1 DVD videodisc (114 min.) : digital ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.D4 B855 1997 VideoDVD : Bullitt (McQueen) is to keep the star witness, Johnny Ross out of sight and out of danger for 48 hours. But before the night is out, the witness is dying of gunshot wounds in a San Francisco hospital. Cast : Steve McQueen, Robert Vaughn, Jacqueline Bisset, Robert Duvall, Don Gordon, Simon Oakland, Norman Fell. The Burning Bed / produced by Carol Schreder ; teleplay by Rose Leiman Goldemberg ; directed by Robert Greenwald. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment, c2004. 1 DVD (ca. 95 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.W6 B83 2004 VideoDVD : Tells the true story of Francine Hughes, a battered housewife who was prosecuted in 1977 for dousing her abusive husband with gasoline and setting him on fire as he slept. Selected Feature Films, C Caged Heat / [presented by] New World Pictures ; producers, Roger Corman, Evelyn Purcell ; written and directed by Jonathan Demme. [S.l.] : Concorde-New Horizons Corp., c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (79 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.P68 C34 2001 VideoDVD : Petty criminal Wilson is thrown into the penal hell of Connorville. Here she must fight against ruthless inmates and even more cruel, corrupt and depraved officials to survive. Eventually she forms an uneasy friendship with two hardened inmates who are seeking escape, money and revenge. Casino (Blu-ray) / 1 Blu-ray videodisc (2 hr., 59 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in PN1995.9.M23 C37 2008 Blu-ray VideoDVD : Director Martin Scorsese reunites with members of his GoodFellas gang (writer Nicholas Pileggi; actors Robert De Niro, Joe Pesci, and Frank Vincent) for a three-hour epic about the rise and fall of mobster Sam "Ace" Rothstein (De Niro), a character based on real-life gangster Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal. (It's modeled after on Wiseguy and GoodFellas and Pileggi's true crime book Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas.) Through Rothstein, the picture tells the story of how the Mafia seized, and finally lost control of, Las Vegas gambling. The first hour plays like a fascinating documentary, intricately detailing the inner workings of Vegas casinos. Sharon Stone is the stand out among the actors; she nabbed an Oscar nomination for her role as the voracious Ginger, the glitzy call girl who becomes Rothstein's wife. The film is not as fast paced or gripping as Scorsese's earlier gangster pictures (Mean Streets and GoodFellas), but it's still absorbing. And, hey--it's Scorsese! The Chamber / Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment ; directed by James Foley ; produced by John Davis, Brian Grazer, Ron Howard ; screenplay by William Goldman, Chris Reese. Universal City, Calif.] : MCA Universal Home Video, c1997. 1 VHS videocassette (113 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PS3557.R5355 C472 1997 Videocassette : Idealistic young attorney Adam Hall (O'Donnell) takes on the death row clemency case of his one-time Klansman grandfather, Sam Cayhall (Hackman). With just 28 days before the execution, Adam sets out to retrace the events leading to the crime for which Sam was convicted. As the impending death sentence looms closer, Adam works quickly to uncover the family's history for any hidden clues. In a white-knuckle series of twists and turns, Adam discovers deceptions and dark secrets that ultimately lead him to the startling truth. Changeling [ (Blu-ray) (2008)] / Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment present in association with Relativity Media, a Malpaso production ; produced by Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Robert Lorenz ; written by J. Michael Straczynski ; produced and directed by Clint Eastwood. Universal City, CA : Universal Studios Home Entertainment, [2009] 1 DVD videodisc (142 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.D4 C436 2009 Blu-ray VideoDVD : Clint Eastwood’s mastery as a director, established over the past decade and a half with Unforgiven, Million Dollar Baby, Letters from Iwo Jima, and others, continues with Changeling, a 2008 offering based on a shocking but all-too-true story about child abduction and police corruption in 1920s Los Angeles. Single mother Christine Collins (Angelina Jolie, excellent in a role with somewhat limited parameters) finds her 9-year-old son, Walter, missing when she returns home from work one day. She files a report with the Los Angeles Police Department, an outfit that was wildly unpopular at the time (in his regular radio broadcast, a crusading pastor played by John Malkovich decries the force as "violent and corrupt," adding that "our protectors are our brutalizers"). When a child roughly matching Walter’s description turns up in Illinois five months later, the LAPD, intent on salvaging its tattered reputation, is only too eager to claim that he is Collins’ missing child. Little matters that he’s three inches shorter, is circumcised (Walter wasn’t), and fails to pass muster with Walter’s dentist, schoolteacher, and others; the cops, in particular the odious Captain J.J. Jones (Jeffrey Donovan), insist that the mistake is Christine’s, not theirs. What follows is almost too nightmarish to believe--except that it actually happened. Exasperated by Collins’ continued claim that "Walter" is a fraud, they trot out a doctor to reinforce the bogus ID, declare her unfit as a mother, and finally have her committed to a local psychopathic ward. Through it all, Collins, bolstered by the pastor and thousands of outraged Angelenos, refuses to sign a document that would exonerate the police for their egregious error. As for Walter, it’s only when the LAPD’s seemingly only honest detective (Michael Kelly) takes matters into his own hands that the grisly mystery of the child’s fate begins to be solved. That would have been a good place for the film to conclude, too. Unfortunately, it goes on for more than another half hour, with innumerable false endings that add nothing to the story and could just as easily have been summarized with a few sentences before the final credits. That flaw aside (and it’s a major one), Changeling is a powerful film, with a realistic period feel, a wonderfully muted vibe and color palette, and an understated score by Eastwood himself. Charlie Chan in London (1934) / presented by Twentieth Century Fox ; produced by John Stone ; directed by Eugene Forde. Beverly Hills, Calif. : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, c2006, p1934. 1 DVD videodisc (79 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.C37 L66 2006 VideoDVD : "Just as Chan (Warner Oland) is packing to go home after solving a case in London, a lovely young woman, Pamela Gray (Drue Leyton), begs him to solve another case: her brother Paul is on death row for a crime, Pamela says, he didn't commit. Moreover, Paul's defense lawyer (Raymond Milland), who happens to be Pamela's fiancé, doesn't even believe Paul is innocent. With only three days to uncover the truth, CHAN spends the weekend at an English country manor with all the suspects -- while they hunt a fox, he hunts for the real killer" Charlie Chan in Paris / Fox Film presents ; produced by John Stone ; directed by Lewis Seiler ; screen play, Edward T. Lowe and Stuart Anthony. Beverly Hills, Calif. : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, [2006] 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 71 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.C37 P37 2006 VideoDVD : Ostensibly on vacation in Paris, Charlie Chan investigates multiple murders and counterfeiters involved with a prominent bank. The prime suspect, a scruffy war veteran, appears to have been in three places at once, but he has an alibi for each crime. Chinatown / a Long Road Productions ; a Paramount Pictures presentation. [United States : Pioneer Video, c1991] 2 Laserdisc videodiscs (131 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PN1995.9.D4 C47 1991 Video (12 inch) disc 1-2 : With a suspicious, porcelain-skinned femme fatale (Faye Dunaway) bankrolling his snooping, private eye J.J. Gittes (Jack Nicholson) uncovers intricate dirty dealings in the Los Angeles waterworks and gets his nose slashed for his trouble. Meanwhile, his financier harbors a nasty family secret. Director Roman Polanski reimagines 1930s Los Angeles with an onionlike story that reveals itself one complex layer at a time in this classic neonoir. Cast : Jack Nicholson, Faye Dunaway, John Hillerman, Perry Lopez, Burt Young, John Huston. Also available on DVD and VHS . Collateral (2004) / a Parkes/MacDonald production, a Darabont/Fried/Russell production, a Michael Mann film, a Dreamworks Pictures and Paramount Pictures presentation ; produced by Michael Mann, Julie Richardson ; written by Stuart Beattie ; directed by Michael Mann. [United States] : DreamWorks Home Entertainment ; Universal City, CA : Distributed by Universal Studios Home Video, c2004. 2 DVD videodiscs (119 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997.2 .C65 2004 VideoDVD : Vincent is a cool, calculating contract killer at the top of his game. Max is a cabbie with big dreams looking for his next fare. This fateful night, Max becomes Vincent's collateral, and will transport him on his next mission - one night, five stops, five hits and then a perfect getaway. Together, Vincent and Max find themselves in a non-stop race against time. With the LAPD and the FBI after them, they each become dependent on the other to survive. Cast : Tom Cruise, Jamie Foxx, Jada Pinkett Smith, Mark Ruffalo, Peter Berg, Bruce McGill, Irma P. Hall, Barry Shabaka Henley. The Collector (1965) / Columbia Pictures ; produced by Jud Kinberg and John Kohn ; directed by William Wyler. Burbank, CA : Columbia TriStar Home Video, 2002. 1 DVD videodisc (119 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.H6 C655 2002 VideoDVD : A mild-mannered butterfly collector takes a turn to the sinister when he "collects" a new specimen -- a beautiful woman. Cool Hand Luke / Warner Bros. Pictures ; a Jalem production ; screenplay by Donn Pearce and Frank R. Pierson ; produced by Gordon Carroll ; directed by Stuart Rosenberg. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, [1997]. 1 DVD videodisc (127 min., color) PS3566.E18 C66 1997 VideoDVD : Set in the southern United States, Luke is caught cutting off parking meters and is sentenced to the "chain gang." [Prisoners -- United States -- Drama] [Feature film] Con Air (1987) / Touchstone Pictures presents a Jerry Bruckheimer production ; produced by Jerry Bruckheimer ; written by Scott Rosenberg ; directed by Simon West. Burbank, CA : Buena Vista Home Entertainment, 2008. 1 Blu-ray videodisc (ca. 115 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.P68 C66 2008 Blu-ray VideoDVD : Nicolas Cage, sporting a disconcerting mane of hair, is a wrongly convicted prisoner on a transport plane with a bunch of infamously psychopathic criminals, including head creep Cyrus the Virus (John Malkovich), black militant Diamond Dog (Ving Rhames), and serial killer Garland Greene (Steve Buscemi, making the most of his pallid, rodent-like qualities). Naturally, the convicts take over the plane; meanwhile, on the ground, a US marshal (John Cusack) and a DEA agent (Colm Meaney) try to figure out what to do. As is the postmodern way, the movie displays a self-consciously ironic awareness that its story and characters are really just excuses for a high-tech cinematic thrill ride. Best idea: the filmmakers persuaded the owners of the legendary Sands Hotel in Las Vegas to let them help out with the structure's demolition by crashing their plane into it. Crime of the Century / HBO Pictures in association with Astoria Productions. New York, NY : HBO Home Video, [1996] 1 videodisc (116 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.T75 C74 1996 VideoDVD; also available on VHS : PN1995.9.T75 C74 1996 Videocassette : The kidnapping and murder of the Lindbergh baby caused a public outpouring of rage and grief. It so angered a nation that in the desperate hunt for justice, an equally shocking crime may have been committed. Was Bruno Richard Hauptmann, the man who was tried, convicted and executed for the kidnapping, innocent as he claimed? The Crow (1994) / Miramax/Dimension Films in association with Entertainment Media Investment Corp. [U.S.] : Miramax ; Burbank, Calif. : Distributed by Buena Vista Home Video, [2001] 2 DVD videodiscs (101 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.A3 C769 2001 VideoDVD 1-2 : Catch the explosive, action-packed hit that thrilled moviegoers and dazzled critics everywhere! Brandon Lee (RAPID FIRE) plays Eric Draven, a young rock guitarist who, along with his fiancee, is brutally killed by a ruthless gang of criminals. Exactly one year after his death, Eric returns -- watched over by a hypnotic crow -- to seek revenge, battling the evil crime lord and his band of urban thugs, who must answer for their crimes. Loaded with intense, nonstop action and a hot #1 hit soundtrack, THE CROW delivers exhilarating, fast-paced entertainment! The Crow set the standard for dark and violent comic-book movies, but it will forever be remembered as the film during which star Brandon Lee (son of martial arts legend Bruce Lee) was accidentally killed on the set by a loaded gun. Selected Feature Films, D Dark Knight (2008) / Legendary Pictures ; DC Comics ; Syncopy ; Warner Bros. ; director, Christopher Nolan. [United States] : Warner Home Video, [2008] 2 Blu-ray videodiscs (153 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.B298 D37 2008 Blu-ray VideoDVD 1-2 : The Dark Knight arrives with tremendous hype (best superhero movie ever? posthumous Oscar for Heath Ledger?), and incredibly, it lives up to all of it. But calling it the best superhero movie ever seems like faint praise, since part of what makes the movie great--in addition to pitch-perfect casting, outstanding writing, and a compelling vision--is that it bypasses the normal fantasy element of the superhero genre and makes it all terrifyingly real. Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart) is Gotham City's new district attorney, charged with cleaning up the crime rings that have paralyzed the city. He enters an uneasy alliance with the young police lieutenant, Jim Gordon (Gary Oldman), and Batman (Christian Bale), the caped vigilante who seems to trust only Gordon--and whom only Gordon seems to trust. They make progress until a psychotic and deadly new player enters the game: the Joker (Heath Ledger), who offers the crime bosses a solution--kill the Batman. Further complicating matters is that Dent is now dating Rachel Dawes (Maggie Gyllenhaal, after Katie Holmes turned down the chance to reprise her role), the longtime love of Batman's alter ego, Bruce Wayne. ...In his last completed role before his tragic death, Ledger is fantastic as the Joker, a volcanic, truly frightening force of evil. And he sets the tone of the movie: the world is a dark, dangerous place where there are no easy choices. Eckhart and Oldman also shine, but as good as Bale is, his character turns out rather bland in comparison (not uncommon for heroes facing more colorful villains). Director-cowriter Christopher Nolan (Memento) follows his critically acclaimed Batman Begins with an even better sequel that sets itself apart from notable superhero movies like Spider-Man 2 and Iron Man because of its sheer emotional impact and striking sense of realism--there are no suspension-of-disbelief superpowers here. At 152 minutes, it's a shade too long, and it's much too intense for kids. But for most movie fans--and not just superhero fans--The Dark Knight is a film for the ages. Dark Passage / First National Pictures, Inc., Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. ; producer, Jerry Wald ; screenplay, Delmer Daves ; director, Delmer Daves. [Culver City, Calif.] : Warner Home Video, c2003. 1 DVD videodisc (106 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.M27 D36 2003 VideoDVD : Vincent Parry, a man unjustly accused of murdering his wife, escapes from San Quentin and sets out to clear his name; but, he needs the help of someone he can trust. He finds both help and love in Irene, a San Francisco artist who is convinced he's innocent. Cast : Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Bruce Bennett, Agnes Moorehead, Tom D'Andrea, Cliff Young, Douglas Kennedy, Rory Mallinson, Housley Stevenson. [Fugitives from justice -- Drama] Dead Man Walking 1995) / Polygram Filmed Entertainment presents a Working Title/Havoc production ; produced by Jon Kilik, Tim Robbins and Rudd Simmons ; written and directed by Tim Robbins. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment, c2005. 1 DVD videodisc (122 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. HV8699.U5 P742 2005 VideoDVD : Matthew Poncelet is the convicted killer of two teenage lovers, preparing to end his life on death row. In response to a letter, Sister Helen Prejean visits Matthew and finds herself face-to-face with a killer who still pleads his innocence. When the date is set for his execution death by lethal injection, Poncelet asks Sister Helen to be his spiritual advisor and she agrees, little knowing the outrage that will follow her decision. Cast : Susan Sarandon, Sean Penn, Robert Prosky, Raymond J. Barry, R. Lee Ermey, Lois Smith. [Capital punishment -- Religious aspects -- Drama] The Dead Pool / Warner Bros., Inc. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, c1989. 1 videodisc (LaserVision) (91 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PN1995.9.D555 D43 1989 Video (12 inch) disc : San Francisco detective Harry Callahan has become famous and finds his name lumped in with other celebrities who have become victims of an underground betting pool. Cast : Clint Eastwood, Patricia Clarkson, Liam Neeson, Evan Kim. Dear white people / Lionsgate Roadside Attractions and Code Red present ; in association with Homegrown Pictures ; produced by Angel Lopez, Ann Le, Lena Waithe ; producer, Julia Lebedev, Effie T. Brown ; written, produced, and directed by Justin Simien. Santa Monica, California : Lionsgate, 2015. 1 DVD videodisc (approximately 109 minutes) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.C55 D417 2015 VideoDVD : A sharp and funny comedy about a group of African-American students as they navigate campus life and racial boundaries at a predominately white college. A sly, provocative satire about being a black face in a white place. Death Wish / Dino De Laurentiis presents a Paramount release ; screenplay by Wendell Mayes ; produced by Hal Landers and Bobby Roberts ; director and co-producer, Michael Winner. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Home Entertainment, c2006. 1 DVD videodisc (93 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3557.A715 D432 2006 VideoDVD : In this explosive story of revenge and urban violence, Charles Bronson plays Paul Kersey, a bleeding-heart liberal who has a change of opinion after his wide and daughter are violently attacked by a gang of thugs in their apartment. His daughter is raped, and his wife is raped and murdered. Bronson then turns vigilante as he stalks the mean streets of New York on the prowl for muggers, hoodlums and the like. Death Wish is a violent, controversial film that is frank and original in its treatment of urban crime and the average citizen's helplessness in dealing with it. Herbie Hancock wrote the musical score. And watch for a young Jeff Goldblum in his film debut as one of the thugs. The Defiant Ones (1958) / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ; produced and directed by Stanley Kramer ; written by Nathan E. Douglas and Harold Jacob Smith. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment, c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (96 min.) : sd., b&w. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.P68 D44 2001 : This 1958 variation on Huck Finn's adventures with Jim finds a white convict (Tony Curtis) chained to a black convict (Sidney Poitier) as they both escape their captors. With each man literally stuck with the other, racial conflicts take a back seat to survival. Directed by Stanley Kramer (Guess Who's Coming to Dinner), the film's obvious consciousness-raising is mitigated by a pair of raw performances from the stars, memorable appearances by Lon Chaney Jr. and Cara Williams, and Kramer's strong storytelling abilities. The award-winning script was cowritten by blacklisted writer-actor Nedrick Young. Best Picture, 1958. Déjà Vu / Touchstone Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films present a Scott Free Productions ; a film by Tony Scott ; produced by Jerry Bruckheimer ; written by Bill Marsilii & Terry Rossio ; driected by Tony Scott. Burbank, CA : Touchstone Home Entertainment : Distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, 2007. 1 DVD videodisc (126 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S87 D45 2007 VideoDVD : A ferry filled with crewmen from the USS Nimitz and their families is blown up in New Orleans during Mardi Gras. BATF Doug Carlin is brought in to assist in the recovery of evidence from the massive investigation, and gets attached to an experimental FBI surveillance unit. The unit uses technology to directly look back in time a little over four days into the past. While tracking down the bomber, Carlin gets an idea in his head: would it be possible to use the device to actually travel back in time and not only prevent the bombing but also the murder of a local woman whose truck was used in the bombing? The Departed (2006 / Warner Bros. Pictures presents a Plan B/Initial Entertainment Group/Vertigo Entertainment production in association with Media Asia Films ; produced by Brad Pitt, Brad Grey, and Graham King ; screenplay by William Monahan ; directed by Martin Scorsese. Burbank, CA : Distributed by Warner Home Video, [2007] 1 Blu-ray videodisc (151 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S87 D4737 2007 Blu-ray VideoDVD : Rookie cop Billy Costigan (Leonardo DiCaprio) grew up in crime. That makes him the perfect mole, the man on the inside of the mob run by boss Frank Costello (Jack Nicholson). It's his job to win Costello's trust and help his detective handlers (Mark Wahlberg and Martin Sheen) bring Costello down. Meanwhile, SIU officer Colin Sullivan (Matt Damon) has everyone's trust. No one suspects he's Costello's mole. How these covert lives cross, double-cross and collide is at the ferocious core of the widely acclaimed The Departed. Martin Scorsese directs, guiding a cast for the ages in a visceral tale of crime and consequences. This is searing, can't-look-away filmmaking: like staring into the eyes of a con - or a cop - with a gun. Dick Tracy / Touchstone Pictures presents in association with Silver Screen Partners IV ; written by Jim Cash & Jack Epps, Jr. ; produced and directed by Warren Beatty. Burbank, Calif. : Touchstone Home Video, [1990] 1 VHS videocassette (105 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1997.5 .D45 1990 Videocassette : G-man Dick Tracy battles top crime figure The Lame One in San Francisco. Cast : Warren Beatty, Madonna, Al Pacino, Glenne Headly, Mandy Patinkin, Charles Durning, Paul Sorvino, William Forsythe, Dustin Hoffman, Dick Van Dyke, Michael J. Pollard, Estelle Parsons, James Tolkan, Kathy Bates. Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome (1947) / starring Boris Karloff ; Ralph Byrd. [Dunellen, N.J.] : Digiview Productions, 2004, 1947. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 66 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997.5 .D455 2004 VideoDVD : A gang of criminals, which includes a piano player and an imposing former convict known as 'Gruesome', has found out about a scientist's secret formula for a gas that temporarily paralyzes anyone who breathes it. When Gruesome accidentally inhales some of the gas and passes out, the police think he is dead and take him to the morgue, where he later revives and escapes. This puzzling incident attracts the interest of Dick Tracy, and when the criminals later use the gas to rob a bank, Tracy realizes that he must devote his entire attention to stopping them. Cast : Boris Karloff, Ralph Byrd, Anne Gwynne. Dillinger (1973) / Samuel Z. Arkoff presents ; an American International Picture ; produced by Buzz Feitshans ; written and directed by John Milius. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment, c2009. 1 DVD videodisc (109 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. HV6248.D5 D555 2009 VideoDVD : From the writer of Apocalypse Now comes an electrifying crime saga about one of the most notorious gangsters of the 1930s. Starring Warren Oates, Ben Johnson, Cloris Leachman and Richard Dreyfuss, Dillinger sets the screen ablaze with explosive shootouts, daring escapes and magnificent performances. Bank robber John Dillinger (Oates) has become a folk hero to the people ofDepression-era America, capturing their imaginations with the exploits of his outlaw "super-gang." But time may be running out for Dillinger's violent band of fugitives; the FBI's finest agent (Johnson) is on the case, and his pursuit won't end until every member of the gang is behind bars...or dead! Charged with heartstopping action and riveting drama, Dillinger is an unforgettable experience hailed as nothing less than "brilliant" Dirty Harry / Malpaso Co. and Warner Bros. New York : Warner Home Video, c1971. 1 videodisc (LaserVision) (103 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PN1995.9.D555 D56 1971 Video (12 inch) disc : A violently inclined San Francisco police inspector is the only cop who is able to arrest a rooftop sniper. When the man is released through lack of evidence, he takes private revenge. Cast : Clint Eastwood, Harry Guardino, Reni Santori, John Vernon, Andy Robinson, John Larch, John Mitchum. Dog Day Afternoon / Artists Entertainment Complex ; produced by Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand ; screenplay by Frank Pierson ; directed by Sidney Lumet. [United States] : Warner Bros, c1975. 1 VHS videocassette (120 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.C68 D65 1975 Videocassette : To get money for his gay lover's sex-change operation, Sonny (Al Pacino) -- who's married with kids -- teams up with Sal (John Cazale) to rob a New York bank on a scorching-hot summer day. The stickup goes awry when the press gets wind of the circus sideshow-esque story. Chris Sarandon, Charles Durning and James Broderick co-star in this classic Sidney Lumet-directed film based on an actual event from the 1970s. Based on a magazine article by P.F. Kluge and Thomas Moore. Down for life / Slate of Eight presents ; in association with 1211 Entertainment [and others] ; directed by Alan Jacobs ; written by Alan Jacobs & Trina Calderón ; produced by Scott William Alvarez. [Hawthorne, Calif.] : Xenon Studios, [2012] 1 DVD videodisc (94 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G29 D69 2012 VideoDVD : Based on an award-winning New York Times article, "Down for Life" depicts a single, fateful day in the life of a 15-year-old Latina gang leader in Watts, as she struggles to survive.... Encouraged by her English teacher to apply for a writing program in Iowa, Rascal hopes to use the material from her life to write her way out of Watts". Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde / Adolph Zukor presents ; scenario by Clara S. Berlanger ; Famous Players-Lasky Corporation ; a Paramount Artcraft picture ; directed by John S. Robertson. New York : Kino Video, c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (79 min.) : si., col. tinted ; 4 3/4 in. PR5485 .A12 2001 VideoDVD : Dr. Jekyll, an idealistic London doctor, has a weakness for experiments which take him to the boundaries of human consciousness and experience. When Sir George Carew, father of the girl Jekyll loves, accuses him of being afraid of temptation, he finds a drug which allows him to separate the evil side of his personality from the good; as Edward Hyde, he embarks upon a career of crime. Dredd / director, Pete Travis ; writer, Alex Garland ; producers, Andrew Macdonald, Allon Reich. [United States] : Lionsgate, [2013] 1 videodisc (ca. 96 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in PN1995.9.A3 D74 2013 VideoDVD : Though few moviegoers queued up to see it, Pete Travis's Dredd is, like its titular hero, a tough, effective piece of action machinery with a single purpose: to fill the screen with as much eye-popping visual mayhem as possible. Based on the iconic British comic series Judge Dredd, which was previously adapted as the 1995 Sylvester Stallone vehicle of the same name, Dredd hews closer to its source material in its depiction of a postapocalyptic world reduced to anarchy and the police force known as the Judges, who try, convict, and execute criminals in one fell swoop. Karl Urban (Star Trek, The Lord of the Rings) is terrifically effective as Dredd, a monosyllabic force of nature dispatched to halt the manufacture of an addictive and disorienting narcotic called "Slo-Mo" by the vicious drug lord Ma-Ma (Lena Headey). With judge-in-training Anderson (Olivia Thirlby) in tow, Dredd works his way up Ma-Ma's 200-story tower stronghold, facing off against her minions as well as corrupt Judges in a barrage of elaborately violent action set pieces. Much of what sets Dredd apart from other comic book and science fiction-action features--the obsessive, brutal focus of its protagonist and the relentlessly bleak environment of the film's setting, Mega City-One--may also be off-putting for viewers who appreciate some grey areas or levity in their entertainment (though that's not to say that Dredd doesn't have its own flinty sense of humor). But Travis's approach should appeal to both fans of the original comic as well as those who favor a vision of the future on the darkly dystopian side, à la Paul Verhoeven's RoboCop and John Carpenter's Escape from New York. Karl Urban acquits himself well to Dredd's steely single-mindedness, expressing an unyielding sense of righteousness in a helmet that obscures nearly all of his features; Thirlby and Headey are also fine as strong, forthright female characters on either side of Dredd's moral compass. The single-disc Blu-ray includes both the standard and 3-D versions of the film, with the latter option avoiding some of the vertigo-inducing effects of digital 3-D while also offering the best showcase for the extraordinary "Slo Mo" sequences. Extras include a solid, introductory featurette on the history of the Dredd character via interviews with, among others, its creators John Wagner and Carlos Ezquerra, and an overview of the picture's visual effects and 3-D process with cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle. A brief motion comic outlines the back story for Ma-Ma, while the remainder of the supplements are devoted to electronic press kit coverage of the set design and Dredd's array of equipment, among others. A digital copy and UltraViolet stream/download round out the disc.. Selected Feature Films, E-F The Element of Crime / Janus Films ; Per Holst Filmproduction. [Irvington, N.Y.?] : Criterion Collection, c2000. 1 DVD videodisc (104 min., color) PN1995.9.D4 E55 2000 VideoDVD : Originally released as a motion picture in 1984. Stig Björkman's 52 minute docutmentary, Tranceformer: a portrait of Lars von Trier (1997) with optional English subtitles ; theatrical trailer. The story of an exiled ex-cop who returns to his old beat to catch a serial killer preying on young girls. Set in Germany, the film is shot in sepia tones with brilliant blue flashes. Enemy of the State (1998) / Touchstone Pictures ; Jerry Bruckheimer Films ; a Don Simpson/Jerry Bruckheimer production in association with Scott Free Productions ; a film by Tony Scott ; produced by Jerry Bruckheimer ; written by David Marconi ; directed by Tony Scott. Burbank, Calif. : Touchstone Home Video : Distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, 2006. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 132 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.A3 E54 2006 Blu-ray VideoDVD : Robert Clayton Dean (Will Smith) is a lawyer with a wife and family whose happily normal life is turned upside down after a chance meeting with a college buddy (Jason Lee) at a lingerie shop. Unbeknownst to the lawyer, he's just been burdened with a videotape of a congressman's assassination. Hot on the tail of this tape is a ruthless group of National Security Agents commanded by a belligerently ambitious fed named Reynolds (Jon Voight). Using surveillance from satellites, bugs, and other sophisticated snooping devices, the NSA infiltrates every facet of Dean's existence, tracing each physical and digital footprint he leaves. Driven by acute paranoia, Dean enlists the help of a clandestine former NSA operative named Brill (Gene Hackman), and Enemy of the State kicks into high-intensity hyperdrive. The Enforcer (1976) / produced by Robert Daley ; directed by James Fargo. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, c1987. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, c1987. PN1995.9.D555 E55 1987 Video (12 inch) disc : San Francisco detective Harry Callahan and his female partner track down psychopathic hoodlums terrorizing the city. Cast : Clint Eastwood, Harry Guardino, Bradford Dillman, Tyne Daly. The Execution of Raymond Graham . [S.l.] : Hearst Entertainment ; New York, NY : GoodTimes Home Video, c1995. 1 VHS videocassette (96 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.J8 E93 1995 Videocassette : Based on a true story, this film is a gripping account of the desperate attempt of a family and lawyers to keep a convicted killer from being executed. The Family (1973) / story by Dino Maiuri, Massimo de Rita ; directed by Sergio Sollima ; produced by Harry Colombo, George Papi. New York, NY : Keepers Home Video, c1993. 1 VHS videocassettes (84 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1997 .A87 1993 Videocassette : As a New Orleans hit man who resists joining the mob, Bronson initiates an all out war on the syndicate and its boss. Fargo / PolyGram Filmed Entertainment in association with Working Title Films ; produced by Ethan Coen ; written by Joel Coen and Ethan Coen ; directed by Joel Coen. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment, 2000. 1 DVD videodisc (98 min., color) PN1997 .F347 2000 VideoDVD : A midwestern policewoman investigates a series of brutal and interconnected crimes. Steadily, she tightens the net on the killers and their accomplices in a kidnapping scheme gone wildly wrong. A Few Good Men (1992) / Columbia Pictures ; Castle Rock Entertainment ; screenplay, Aaron Sorkin ; producers, David Brown, Rob Reiner, Andrew Scheinman ; director, Rob Reiner. Culver City, CA : Columbia TriStar Home Video, c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 138 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997 .F483 1992 VideoDVD Also available in VHS : Cruise stars as a brash Navy lawyer who's teamed with a gung-ho litigator in a politically-explosive murder case. Charged with defending two Marines accused of killing a fellow soldier, they are confronted with complex issues of loyalty and honor - including its most sacred code and its most formidable warrior. Cast : Tom Cruise, Jack Nicholson, Demi Moore, Kevin Pollak, Kevin Bacon, James Marshall, J.T. Walsh, Kiefer Sutherland, Wolfgang Bodison, Michael DeLorenzo. Fight club / Fox 2000 Pictures and Regency Enterprises present a Linson Films production ; screenplay by Jim Ohls ; produced by Art Linson, Cean Chaffin, Ross Grayson Bell ; directed by David Fincher. Beverly Hills, Calif. : Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, [1999] 2 DVDs (139 min.) : col., sd. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3566.A4554 F54 1999 VideoDVD : When a ticking-time-bomb insomniac and a soap salesman channel their aggresion into therapeutic "fight clubs", an eccentric woman gets in the way and ignites an out-of-control spiral toward oblivion. Firelight / Hallmark Hall of Fame productions in association with AKW Passion Projects, Blackbird Fly Entertainment, MBK Entertainment ; produced by David A. Rosemont ; written by Ligiah Villalobos ; directed by Darnell Martin. [United States] : Hallmark Hall Of Fame, c2012. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 95 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1992.77 .F57 2012 VideoDVD : This movie opens with a couple of young people running to escape from the police after committing a robbery. When the escape doesn't go as planned the story follows the experiences of the 17-year-old girl involved as she is incarcerated. She enters the corrections facility very angry and withdrawn. She faces the choice of joining forces with one of two very contrasting women who reach out to her for very different reasons. She is torn between the gang leader who will smuggle letters for her to and from her boyfriend, but expect things in return, or the captain of "Crew 9"--a group of prisoners who have earned the right to go out of the facility and fight fires. The captain is an intelligent young woman who made a serious mistake 3 years before and is paying dearly for it. We observe these young women as they decide what they want out of life and how they must take responsibility for their actions. They are encouraged and gently guided by a caring counselor, who truly believes in them. This isn't a sugar-coated story. There is anger, bullying, hate, shame, disappointment, death, and tension. Somehow it is all portrayed without straying from family-appropriate language. Along with all of the things portrayed from the harder side of life, we also see courage, hope, loyalty, caring, forgiveness and renewal. You see the despair lift as these young women begin to believe in themselves and become accountable for what they make out of their own lives. Foxy Brown (1974) / [presented by] Samuel Z. Arkoff ; written and directed by Jack Hill ; produced by Buzz Feitshans. Los Angeles, Calif. : Filmways Home Video ; Los Angeles, Calif. : [Distributed by] Orion Home Video, 1988. 1 VHS videocassette (92 min.) PN1995.9.A3 F699 1988 Videocassette : Foxy Brown goes undercover to breakup a crime ring headed by Miss Katherine, who keeps a male harem of violent strong men, along with a stable of female prostitutes. Foxy is sexy, and angry, as she avenges the death of her boyfriend, betrayal by her brother, and her own rape and beating, in this urban vigilante drama about drugs, prostitition, political corruption, and family meltdown. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . Fracture / New Line Cinema presents a Castle Rock production ; a Charles Weinstock production ; a Gregory Hoblit film ; produced by Charles Weinstock ; screenplay by Daniel Pyne and Glenn Gers ; directed by Gregory Hoblit. United States] : New Line Productions ; Burbank, CA : Distributed by Warner Home Video, [2009] 1 Blu-ray videodisc (113 min.) : sd., color ; 4 3/4 in. ROVI Movie Collection CT2 D0109775 Blu-ray Video : Also http://catalog.lib.msu.edu/record=b11192688~ S39a available as DVD. D.A. Willy Beachum believes a conviction is a slam dunk. Ted Crawford brutally murdered his wife and calmly waited for the police to arrest him with the weapon and a signed confession. Beachum searches for the truth as the case completely unravels. The French Connection / 20th Century Fox ; a Philip D'Antoni production in association with Schine-Moore Productions ; screenplay by Ernest Tidyman ; produced by Philip D'Antoni ; directed by William Friedkin. Beverly Hills, Calif. : Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, c2001. 2 DVD videodiscs (ca. 104 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3563.O644 F7 2001 VideoDVD videodvd 1-2 : Two New York City narcotics detectives learn of a scheme to smuggle a large quantity of heroin inside an automobile being shipped from France. Cast : Gene Hackman, Fernando Rey, Roy Scheider, Tony Lo Bianco, Marcel Bozzuffi. The Friends of Eddie Coyle / Paramount Pictures Corporation presents a Paul Monash production, a Peter Yates film ; produced by Paul Monash ; screenplay by Paul Monash ; directed by Peter Yates. [Irvington, NY] : Criterion Collection, [2009] 1 DVD videodisc (102 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. + 1 booklet. PS3558.I356 F7 2009 VideoDVD : World-weary and living hand to mouth, small-time gunrunner Eddie 'Fingers' Coyle woks on the sidelines of the seedy Boston underworld. But when he finds himself facing a second stretch of hard time, he's forced to weigh loyalty to his criminal colleagues against snitching to stay free. From Dusk Till Dawn (1996) / Dimension Films presents A Band Apart in association with Los Hooligans productions ; produced by Gianni Nunnari, Meir Teper ; screenplay by Quentin Tarantino ; directed by Robert Rodriguez. [S.l.] : Dimension Home Video ; Burbank, Calif. : distributed by Buena Vista Home Video, [2000?] 2 DVD videodiscs (ca. 108 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.V3 F766 2000 VideoDVD DVD 1-2 : After kidnapping a father and his two kids, the Gecko brothers head south to a seedy Mexican bar to hide out in safety. But when they face the bar's truly notorious clientele, they are forced to team up with their hostages in order to make it out alive. Cast : Harvey Keitel, George Clooney, Quentin Tarantino, Juliette Lewis, Cheech Marin, Fred Williamson, Salma Hayek. From Hell / 20th Century Fox ; Underworld Pictures ; produced by Don Murphy and Jane Hamsher ; screenplay by Terry Hayes and Rafael Yglesias ; directed by the Hughes brothers. Beverly Hills, Calif. : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, [2002] 1 VHS videocassette (121 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Special Collections, Comic Art PN6737.M6 F73 2002 Videocassette : In 1888 London's Whitechapel slums, poor women like Mary Kelly and her friends walk the streets for a living. When the streetwalkers begin to be murdered one by one, it attracts the attention of Inspector Abberline, who takes a personal interest in the case, and Mary Kelly. Now he must use his psychic abilities to stop the most notorious serial killer in history--Jack the Ripper--before Mary is killed. Cast : Johnny Depp, Heather Graham, Ian Holm, Robbie Coltrane, Ian Richardson, Jason Flemyng, Lesley Sharp, Susan Lynch. The Fugitive / A Keith Barish/Arnold Kopelson Production; an Arnold David Film. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, 1993. 2 videodiscs (131 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PN1995.9.A265 F84 1993 Video (12 inch) disc 1-2 VHS version available in MSU Law Library Reserve : The Fugitive is on the run! Harrison Ford and Tommy Lee Jones race through the breathless manhunt movie based on the classic TV series. Ford is prison escapee Dr. Richard Kimble, a Chicago surgeon falsely convicted of killing his wife and determined to prove his innocence by leading his pursuers to the one-armed man who actually committed the crime. Jones (1993 Academy Award and Golden Globe winner as Best Supporting Actor) is Sam Gerard, an unrelenting bloodhound of a U.S. Marshal. They are hunted and hunter. And as directed by Andrew Davis (Under Siege), their nonstop chase has one exhilarating speed: all-out. So catch him if you can. And catch an 11-on-a-scale-of-10 train wreck (yes, the train is real), a plunge down a waterfall, a cat-and-mouse jaunt through a Chicago St. Patrick's Day parade and much more. Better hurry. Kimble doesn't stay in one place very long! Selected Feature Films, G Gang War / Million Dollar Productions, Inc. ; produced by Clifford Sanforth ; written by Walter Cooper and Lewis Sherman ; directed by Leo C. Popkin. Burbank, CA : Hollywood's Attic, 1996. 1 VHS videocassette (65 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.N4 G36 1996 Videocassette : Classic battle between 2 gangs for control of the juke box machines in Harlem. Gangs of New York (2002) / Miramax Films presents a Martin Scorsese picture an Alberto Grimaldi production ; producers, Alberto Grimaldi, Harvey Weinstein ; screenplay writers, Jay Cocks, Steven Zaillian, Kenneth Lonergan ; director, Martin Scorsese. Burbank, CA : Miramax Home Entertainment : Distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, 2002. 1 Blu-ray videodisc (ca. 166 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.I67 G36 2008 Blu-ray VideoDVD : In 1846, waves of Irish immigrants poured into the New York neighborhood of Five Points. "Billy the Butcher" bands his fellow "Native Americans" into a gang to take on the Irish gang "The Dead Rabbits," organized by Priest Vallon. After an bloody clash Vallon is dead and his son ends up in a brutal reform school. In 1862, that boy returns to seek vengeance against the man that killed his father. Cast : Leonardo Dicaprio, Daniel Day Lewis, Cameron Diaz, Jim Broadbent, John C. Reilly, Henry Thomas, Brendan Gleeson, Liam Neeson. Généalogies d'un Crime = Genealogies of a Crime / Strand Releasing presents a film by Raoul Ruiz ; a production of Gemini Films ; Canal+ and Centre National de la Cinematographie with the support of Procirep ; produced by Paulo Branco ; screenplay by Raúl Ruiz and Pascal Bonitzer ; directed by Raúl Ruiz. [Santa Monica, CA] : Strand Releasing Home Video, [2005]. 1 DVD videodisc (113 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.F67 G464 2005 VideoDVD : Based on the case of Hermine van Hug, a 1920s psychoanalyst who believed that criminal tendencies are formed at age five and who labeled her nephew a murderer before he reached adolescence. The nephew proved her right by strangling her. The General's Daughter (1999) / Paramount Pictures presents a Mace Neufeld and Robert Rehme production ; a Jonathan D. Krane production ; a Simon West film. Hollywood, CA : Paramount Pictures, c1999. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 116 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.M85 G464 1999 VideoDVD : A female officer is discovered strangled and tied to the ground; she's the title character, and because of the general's political ambitions, the mystery of who did it and why has to be wrapped up in 36 hours by Travolta and fellow CID officer Madeleine Stowe. Get Carter / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ; produced by Michael Klinger ; screenplay by Mike Hodges ; directed by Mike Hodges. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, 2000, c1971. 1DVD videodisc (111 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 G47 2000 VideoDVD : A small-time gangster journeys to Newcastle to investigate and avenge his brother's killing. Once there he finds himself drawn into the local underworld where he encounters the full spectrum of violence and corruption. Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai (1999) / JVC, Le Studio Canal+ and BAC Films present, in association with Pandora Film and Ard/Degeto Film, a Plywood Production, a film by Jim Jarmusch. Santa Monica, CA : Artisan Entertainment : Artisan Home Entertainment, c2000. 1 DVD videodisc (116 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S24 G47 2000 VideoDVD : Ghost Dog is a samurai disciple, and for ten years the devoted retainer to an aging mafia foot soldier named Louie. When one of Ghost Dog's contract murders goes wrong, the don's daughter is a witness, her father, decides that to save face, he must have the killer "neutralized." The rest of the film follows Ghost Dog's calculated efforts to survive, as he takes out the gang members while attempting to maintain his ceremonious, mutually respectful relationship with Louie. Cast : Forest Whitaker, John Tormey, Cliff Gorman, Henry Silva, Isaach De Bankol, Tricia Vessey, Vince Viverito, Camille Winbush.. Gideon's Trumpet / David Rintels. [S.l.] : Worldvision Enterprises, 1985 ; [S.l.] : Worldvision Home Video Inc. [distributor] 1 VHS videocassette (105 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. JC578 .L42 1985 Videocassette : Clarence Earl Gideon, a semi-literate drifter, is arrested for breaking into a pool room and for petty theft. When he asks the court to appoint a lawyer for his defense because he cannot afford one, his request is denied. Acting as his own lawyer, Gideon is convicted and sent to jail. While in prison, he begins a hand-written campaign directed to the U.S. Supreme Court, contending that every defendant is entitled to legal representation. The Court agrees to hear Gideon's case, and, in a landmark decision, rules in his favor. Gladiator Days - Anatomy of a Prison Murder Home Box Office, 2003. 1 DVD videodisc (60 min.) : sd., col; 4 3/4 in. HV9025 .G533 2003 VideoDVD : Across the United States, violent crime in prison is an everyday reality, with inmates routinely exposed to assault, riot, rape and murder. Gladiator Days: Anatomy of a Prison Murder examines the culture of institutional violence through the events that led to one brutal prison murder. Utah State Prison surveillance cameras capture this disturbing real-life account of the vicious stabbing of black inmate Lonnie Blackmon by convicted murderer, white supremacist Troy Kell and his accomplice Eric Daniels. The Godfather DVD Collection Paramount Pictures and The Coppola Company and Zoetrope Studios ; producers, Albert S. Ruddy (Godfather), Francis Ford Coppola (Godfather II, Godfather III) ; director, Francis Ford Coppola. Hollywood, CA : Paramount Pictures, [2001], c1972, c1974, c1990. 5 DVD videodiscs (ca. 730 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3566.U96 G64 2001 VideoDVD and PS3566.U96 G64 1990 Videodisc 1-2 : The Corleone Family nearly falls from power in America but rises to observe the passage of rites from father to son. There is a balance between family life and the ugly business of crime in which they are engaged. The saga of two generations of successive power within the Corleone family continues with the roots and rise of a young Don Vito and the ascension of Michael as the new Don. The Godfather : the Coppola Restoration (1972) / Paramount Pictures presents an Albert S. Ruddy production ; produced by Albert S. Ruddy ; screenplay by Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola ; directed by Francis Ford Coppola ; restored by Robert A. Harris. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Home Entertainment, [2008] 1 DVD videodisc (177 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3566.U96 G64 2008 VideoDVD : "Don" Vito Corleone is the head of a New York mafia 'family.' His beloved son Michael has just come home from the war, but does not intend to become part of his father's business. Not given a choice, the business of the family is just like the head of the family, kind and benevolent to those who give respect, but gives in to ruthless violence whenever anything stands against the good of the family. An up and coming rival of the Corleone family wants to start selling drugs in New York, and needs the Don's influence to further his plan. A clash of old world values and the new ways will exact a terrible price, especially from Michael. The Godfather : part II (1974) / [presented by] Paramount Pictures ; Francis Ford Coppola's Production ; co-producers, Gray Frederickson and Fred Roos ; produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Home Entertainment, c2008. 1 DVD videodisc (202 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3566.U96 G642 2008 VideoDVD : Portrays the maintenance of the Corleone family by the aging Michael and its founding by young Vito. Includes fully restored film and the original and provocative Director's commentary. The Godfather : part III (1990) / Zoetrope Studios ; Paramount Pictures presents ; written by Mario Puzo & Frances Ford Coppola ; produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Home Entertainment, c2008. 1 DVD videodisc (170 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3566.U96 G643 2008 VideoDVD : Don Corleone decides to buy his salvation by investing in the Catholic Church, which he finds to be a more corrupt brotherhood than his own. Gomorra / Domenico Procacci presenta une produzione Fandango in collaborazione con RAI Cinema ; un film di Matteo Garrone ; prodotto da Domenico Procacci ; sceneggiatura, Maurizio Braucci ... [et al.]. [Roma] : 01 Distribution ; c2008. 1 DVD videodisc (130 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. Note : not compatible with American DVD players. PN1995.9.F67 G666 2008 PAL VideoDVD : With five different storylines, dramatizes the workings of the Italian organized syndicate known as the Camorra. One story involves a waste-management scheme that illegally dumps industrial waste. Another revolves around a man who delivers cash to the families of Camorra members who are in prison or who have been killed. Also features the story of teenage boys who aspire to be "Scarface" and even younger boys who become drug-pushers. The last story is about a tailor threatened by the Camorra, who are involved in the distribution of supposedly high-end fashions that actually are fakes made in China. Goodfellas / Warner Bros. presents ; screenplay by Nicholas Pileggi & Martin Scorsese ; produced by Irwin Winkler ; directed by Martin Scorsese. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, [1999]. 1 DVD videodisc (146 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997.S35 G66 1999 VideoDVD : Revolving around low-level gangster Henry Hill, this film gives an inside look at the Mafia from 1955-80. Cast : Robert De Niro, Ray Liotta, Joe Pesci, Lorraine Bracco, Paul Sorivino. Gran Torino / Warner Bros. Pictures presents in association with Village Roadshow Pictures, a Double Nickel Entertainment, a Malpaso Production ; produced by Robert Lorenz, Bill Gerber ; story by David Johannson & Nick Schenk ; screenplay by Nick Schenk ; produced and directed by Clint Eastwood. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, [2009] 1 DVD videodisc (116 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997.2 .G73 2009 VideoDVD : Walt Kowalski is a widower who holds onto his prejudices despite the changes in his Michigan neighborhood and the world around him. Walt is a grumpy, tough-minded, unhappy old man, who can't get along with either his kids or his neighbors. He is a Korean War veteran whose prize possession is a 1972 Gran Torino he keeps in mint condition. When his neighbor, Thao, a young Hmong teenager, becomes pressured by his gang member cousin to steal Walt's Gran Torino, Kowalski sets out to reform the youth. Drawn against his will into the life of Thao's family, Walt is soon taking steps to protect them from the gangs that infest their neighborhood. Cast : Clint Eastwood, Bee Vang, Ahney Her, Christopher Carley, John Carroll Lynch ; Brian Haley, Brian Howe, William Hill. Also available via NetFlix. The Green Mile Warner Bros. Pictures ; [presented by] Castle Rock Entertainment ; a Darkwoods presentation ; written for the screen and directed by Frank Darabont ; produced by David Valdes, Frank Darabont. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, [2000] 2 VHS videocassettes (188 min.) MSU College of Law Library VIDEO G : Death Row guards at a penitentiary in the 1930's have a moral dilemma with their job when they discover one of their prisoners, a convicted murderer, has a special gift. Features Michael Clarke Duncan. The Green Mile / CR Films, LLC ; Castle Rock Entertainment presents a Darkwoods production ; produced by David Valdes and Frank Darabont ; written for the screen and directed by Frank Darabont. Burbank, CA : Distributed by Warner Home Video, [2007] 1 DVD videodisc (189 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in PN1997 .G6927 2009 Blu-ray VideoDVD : A death row inmate in a Southern prison possesses the unusual gift of healing. A guard discovers the inmate's miraculous power and begins to question the man's guilt. Cast : Tom Hanks, David Morse, Bonnie Hunt, Michael Clarke Duncan, James Cromwell, Michael Jeter, Graham Greene, Doug Hutchison, Sam Rockwell, Barry Pepper, Jeffrey DeMunn, Patricia Clarkson, Harry Dean Stanton. Gun Crazy Previously titled "Deadly is the Female". / United Artists presents ; a King Bros. production ; produced by Maurice King, Frank King ; screenplay by MacKinlay Kantor and Millard Kaufman ; directed by Joseph H. Lewis. Burbank, CA : Warner Bros. Entertainment : Distributed by Warner Home Video, [2004] 1 DVD videodisc (86 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in.; PN1995.9.F54 G86 2004 VideoDVD : Classic film noir based on a short story by MacKinlay Kantor. A greedy sideshow sharp-shooter marries an ex-army man, then leads him down the road to crime for easy money. Includes a bank robbery sequence, noted for being filmed in one shot. Selected Feature Films H-K Harsh Times / Baure Martinez Entertainment presents a Crave Films production ; produced by David Ayer, Andrea Sperling ; written and directed by David Ayer. New York] : Weinstein Company, 2007. 1 DVD videodisc (116 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in PN1995.9.V44 H377 2007 VideoDVD : Jim Davis is an ex-Army Ranger who finds himself slipping back into his old life of petty crime after a job offer from the LAPD evaporates. With an honorable discharge from the Army, Homeland Security wants to recruit him for some special operation in Central America, but first he has to pass a urine test. Heat (2009) / Warner Bros. presents in association with Regency Enterprises a Forward Pass production ; produced by Michael Mann, Art Linson ; written and directed by Michael Mann. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, 2009. 1 blu-ray videodisc (170 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.P57 H43 2009 Blu-ray VideoDVD : When Al Pacino and Robert De Niro squarer off, HEAT sizzles. A tale of a brilliant L.A. cop (Pacino) following the trail from a deadly armed robbery to a crew headed by an equally brilliant master thief (De Niro). Val Kilmer, Jon Voight, Tom Sizemore, Ashley Judd and Natalie Portman co-star. Also includes documentary True Crime: Recalling the Real-Life Chicago Cop and Criminal Whose Exploits Inspired the Movie. Heathers / New World Pictures in association with Cinemarque Entertainment (USA) Ltd. ; written by Daniel Waters ; produced by Denise Di Novi ; directed by Michael Lehmann. [Los Angeles] : New World Entertainment ; Troy, MI : Distributed by Anchor Bay Entertainment, Inc., c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (103 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.Y6 H43 2001 VideoDVD : Welcome to Westerburg High, where Veronica Sawyer (Winona Ryder) is beginning to tire of her membership in the powerful yet cruel clique of 'Heathers' When Veronica falls for the mysterious new kid Jason Dean (Christian Slater), their dislike for the Heathers quickly escalates into a savage cycle of murder, suicide and Slushies. Now that her teenage angst has a body count, are Veronica and JD headed for the prom...or hell? Cast : Winona Ryder, Christian Slater, Shannen Doherty, Lisanne Falk, Kim Walker, Penelope Milford. Heavens Fall (2006) / Allumination FilmWorks ; Strata Productions ; executive producers, Timothy Hutton, Norman Twain ; produced by Anna Marie Crovetti, Gloria Everett, Wade W. Danielson ; written and directed by Terry Green. Woodland Hills, Cal. : Allumination FilmWorks, 2007. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 105 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997.2 .H438 2007 VideoDVD : A tragic true story of nine black men who were pulled off an Alabama freight train and accused of raping two young white women, quickly tried, and sentenced to the electric chair. Forcing an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, a lone man defends them. Cast : Timothy Hutton, Anthony Mackie, Bill Sage, Azura Skye, James Tolkan, Bill Smitrovich, Maury Chaykin, Joseph Lyle Taylor, Leelee Sobieski, David Strathairn. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . High Crimes / Twentieth Century Fox and Regency Enterprises present a New Regency/Manifest Film Company/Monarch Pictures production, a Carl Franklin film in association with Epsilon Motion Pictures ; producers, Arnon Milchan, Janet Yang, Jesse B'Franklin ; screenplay writers, Yuri Zeltser, Cary Bickley ; director, Carl Franklin. Beverly Hills, CA : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, c2002. 1 DVD videodisc (115 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S87 H454 2002 VideoDVD : Claire Kubik, a smart and sexy attorney whose perfect world comes crashing down when the FBI charges her husband Tom with the murder of innocent civilians during a covert Army operation fifteen years earlier. Aided by a shrewd ex-military lawyer, Claire fights to clear Tom's name, but gets too close to exposing a government cover-up in the process. Now she must risk her career-- and even her life-- to find the truth. The Hit (1984) / Zenith Productions in association with The Recorded Picture Company presents ; written by Peter Prince ; produced by Jeremy Thomas ; directed by Stephen Frears. [Irvington, NY] : Criterion Collection, 2009. 1 DVD videodisc (98 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. + 1 booklet ([12] p. : col. ill. ; 19 cm.) PN1995.9.G3 H57 2009 VideoDVD 1 disc, 1 booklet. : In London in 1973, Willie Parker informed on his gangster colleagues. Afterward, he's packed off to the south of Spain to live out his days far from the reach of the criminals he has put away. Ten years go by in peace, until one day he returns home, is kidnapped, and given into the hands of Mr. Braddock and his assistant Myron. They are to deliver him to Paris, and the boss he put away. Trouble is, Willie totally accepting of his fate--a former criminal turned Zen master--which unnerves Braddock and Myron to no end. The beleaguered hit men are burdened with a female witness, the Spanish police are after them, and soon nothing is going according to plan. Cast : John Hurt, Tim Roth, Laura Del Sol, Terence Stamp, Bill Hunter, Fernando Rey. Hoffa (1992) / directed by Danny DeVito ; written by David Mamet ; produced by Edward R. Pressman, Danny DeVito, Caldecot Chubb ; a Twentieth Century Fox presentation in association with Jersey Films. Beverly Hills, Calif. : Fox Video, Inc., 1993. 1 VHS videocassette (ca. 140 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. HD6509.H6 H6 1993 Videocassette : Director/co-star Danny DeVito's unforgettable epic stars Jack Nicholson as Jimmy Hoffa, the legendary Teamster boss whose mysterious disappearance has never been explained. The film traces Hoffa's passionate struggle to shape the nation's most influential labor union, his relationship with the Mob, and his subsequent conviction and prison term at the hand of Robert Kennedy. Traces Jimmy Hoffa's turbulent career from 1935, when he first solicits truck drivers to join the fledgling International Brotherhood of Teamsters, to his disappearance in 1975. Cast : Jack Nicholson, Danny DeVito, Armand Assante, J.T. Walsh, Robert Prosky. Homicide (1991) / Triumph Releasing Corporation ; an Edward R. Pressman & Cinehaus Inc. production ; director of photography, Roger Deakins ; executive producer, Ron Rotholz ; produced by Michael Hausman and Edward R. Pressman ; written and directed by David Mamet. [United States] : The Criterion Collection, 2009. 1 videodisc (101 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. + 1 booklet ([16] p. : ill. ; 19 cm.) PN1995.9.J46 H665 2009 VideoDVD (Also availabale on VHS ) : An inner-city detective is investigating the murder of an elderly candy shop owner and finds odd clues along the way, while at the same time trying to find out who he has become. The Honeymoon Killers / Warren Steibel presents a Roxanne Company production from Cinerama Releasing Corporation ; Janus Films ; producer, Warren Steibel ; written & directed by Leonard Kastle. [United States] : Criterion Collection, [2003], c1969. 1 DVD videodisc (108 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. HV6248.B43 H66 2003 VideoDVD : Martha is sullen, overweight and heartbreakingly lonely. Through the Friendship Club, she strikes up a correspondence with Ray, a sauve charismatic smooth-talker who could be the man of her dreams. A stark portrayal of the desperate lengths to which a lonely heart will go in order to find true love. From brutally immoral killings to a passion that transcends all bounds. Special features: new video interview with writer/director Leonard Kastle; illustrated essay by Scott Christianson about the true crime story of "Lonely hearts" killers Ray Fernandez and Martha Beck; original theatrical trailer; cast and crew biographies by film historian Bruce Eder; new essay by critic Gary Giddins. House of Bamboo / Twentieth-Century Fox presents ; written by Harry Kleiner ; additional dialogue by Samuel Fuller ; produced by Buddy Adler ; directed by Samuel Fuller. [Beverly Hills, Calif.] : Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment LLC, c2005. 1 DVD (ca. 102 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.F54 H68 2005 VideoDVD : "Sandy Dawson has assembled a platoon of ex-Army thugs to run pachinko parlors while pulling off bloody heists and armed robbery. The murder of a friend brings Eddie Spanier into the group, along with his beautiful mistress. But Spanier's behavior grows treacherous, and his loyalties become questionable, leading to a breathless, murderous conclusion high above the ancient city of Tokyo." Cast : Robert Ryan, Robert Stack, Shirley Yamaguchi, Cameron Mitchell, Brad Dexter, Sessue Hayakawa. Human Trafficking (2005) Human Trafficking (2005) / Robert Halmi, Sr. presents a Muse Entertainment production ; produced by Irene Litinsky ; story by Carol Doyle ; teleplay by Carol Doyle and Agatha Dominik ; directed by Christian Duguay. La Crosse, WI : Echo Bridge Home Entertainment, [2006] 1 videodisc (ca. 180 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S87 H86 2006 VideoDVD : The Lifetime cable channel made TV history with this ambitious, acclaimed original miniseries on the horrifying phenomenon of human trafficking, or sexual slavery. It follows the fictional cases of young women around the world, lured or abducted, sometimes right off the street, into a world of unspeakable brutality--which the filmmakers show in almost overwhelming detail at times. Mira Sorvino and Donald Sutherland star as American government officials bent on exposing and stopping the phenomenon, and both are more than serviceable in their roles. But the revelation is Robert Carlyle, the Scottish star of The Full Monty and Trainspotting, who here is transformed into a ruthless criminal mastermind behind his own trafficking network. Even his Eastern European accent is spot-on and blood-chilling. The supporting cast of women and girls is strong, and in some cases, truly heartbreaking. And while sometimes almost unbearably harsh, the film serves as a reminder this terrible situation still exists and thrives; and told through the characters, is also a well-paced thriller. The Hurricane (1999) / Universal Pictures and Beacon Pictures present an Azoff Films/Rudy Langlais production ; produced by Armyan Bernstein, John Catcham, Norman Jewison ; screenplay by Armyan Bernstein and Dan Gordon ; directed by Norman Jewison. Universal, [2000] 1 VHS videocassette (146 min.) MSU College of Law Library Reserve Video H L Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, in the prime of his boxing career, finds himself wrongfully convicted of murder. Sentenced to life in prison, Carter's published memoir, The sixteenth round, inspires a teenager from Brooklyn and three Canadian activists who believe in the truth, to join forces with Carter to prove his innocence. Features Denzel Washington. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang / Turner Entertainment Co. ; directed by Mervyn LeRoy. Culver City, CA : Distributed by MGM/UA Home Video, c1992. 1 VHS videocassette (92 min.; black and white) HV6248.B79 A39 1992 Videocassette : One of Hollywood's earliest social protest films, it concerns the cruelty and misery suffered by an ex-soldier (Paul Muni) wrongly condemned to hard labor on a Georgia chain gang. The brutalities of the chain gang were so emphatically exposed that there was a public outcry when it was shown, resulting in drastic reforms of the system. [Criminals -- Georgia -- Drama] [Convict labor -- Georgia -- Drama] I Want to Live! / Figaro, Inc. ; United Artists Corp. Santa Monica, Ca : MGM/UA Home Video, c1997. 1 VHS videocassette (122 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.F54 I2 1997 Videocassette : A screen adaptation of the dramatic events in the life of a "B-Girl," Barbara Graham, which led to a sensational murder trial and afterwards, her execution. Based on a newspaper article by Edward Montgomery and the letters of Barbara Graham. In Cold Blood ) / RHI Entertainment, Inc., Pacific Motion Pictures ; produced by Tom Rowe ; directed by Jonathan Kaplan. [S.l.] : Cabin Fever, 1997, 1996. 1 VHS videocassette (ca. 180 min.); color MSU Law Library Reserve VIDEO I : Dramatized true story of the 1959 crime during which the Clutter family of Kansas was brutally murdered by two ex-convicts, Richard Hickock and Perry Smith. [Criminals -- United States -- Drama] In the Heat of the Night (1967) / Culver City, Calif. : MGM/UA, c1992. 1 VHS videocassette (110 min.) PS3552.A455 I58 1992 Videocassette : A small town Southern sheriff finds himself in an uneasy alliance with a big-city black homicide detective as they investigate a murder. Features Sidney Poitier. In the Heat of the Night (1967) / the Mirisch Corporation ; the Norman Jewison-Walter Mirisch production ; United Artists ; screenplay by Sterling Silliphant ; produced by Walter Mirisch ; directed by Norman Jewison. [United States] : Metro Goldwyn Mayer Home Entertainment : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, [2008]. 1 DVD videodisc (112 min.) PS3552.A455 I582 2008 VideoDVD : A black homicide expert is asked to help solve the murder of a wealthy businessman in a small town. Videodisc release of the 1967 motion picture. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . In the Line of Fire . [Burbank, Calif.] : Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1993. 2 12 inch videodiscs (ca. 2 hr., 7 min.) : sd., col. PN1995.9.S87 I6 1993 Video (12 inch) disc : Frank Horrigan, a veteran Secret Service agent haunted by his failure to protect JFK from assassination gets a chance to redeem himself when a brilliant psychopath threatens to kill the current president and take Horrigan with him. Insomnia / Criterion Collection ; a Janus Films release ; Norsk Film AS i samproduksjon med Nordic Screen Production AS presenterer ; manuskript Nikolaj Frobenius i samarbeid med Erik Skjoldbjærg ; produsenter Petter J. Borgli, Tomas Backström, Tom Remlov ; en film av Erik Skjoldbjærg. [Irvington, N.Y.] : Criterion Collection, c1999. 1 DVD videodisc (97 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.A3 I6762 1999 VideoDVD : Disgraced Swedish detective Jonas Engström travels to Northern Norway to solve a brutal murder. Unable to sleep through the night of the midnight sun, Engström quickly loses his grip on the case and his mind. The Italian job / Paramount Pictures presents ; a De Line Pictures production ; produced by Donald De Line ; screenplay by Donna Powers, Wayne Powers ; directed by F. Gary Gray. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount, [2003] 1 DVD videodisc (110 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.A3 I83 2003 VideoDVD : "In Venice, Italy, a team of expert thieves pulls a daring heist of $35 million dollars in bars of gold. One of the thieves betrays his companions and swipes the gold for himself. One year later, in Los Angeles, the surviving team members create a smart and devious plan to steal back the gold and get their revenge on the traitor". Note: F. Gary Gray is a noted Africam American director. John Carpenter's Escape from New York / Avco Embassy Pictures, International Film Investors, Goldcrest Films International present ; a Debra Hill production ; written by John Carpenter and Nick Castle ; produced by Larry Franco ; produced by Debra Hill ; directed by John Carpenter. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment, c2000. 1 DVD videodisc (99 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.A3 E7 2000 VideoDVD : In a world ravaged by crime, the entire island of Manhattan has been converted into a prison which houses the world's most brutal inmates. And when the President of the United States crash lands inside, only one man can bring him back: Snake Plissken, a notorious outlaw and former Special Forces war hero who, in exchange for a full pardon, descends into the decayed city and wages a blistering war against the captors. But time is short: in 24 hours, an explosive charge planted inside Snake's body will end the mission-- and his life-- unless he succeeds! Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys (1976) / Tomorrow Entertainment. 1 BETA videocassette (96 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1997 .J8 1980z Beta Videocassette : In 1933 the U.S. Supreme Court ordered a new trial for nine young Black men who had been falsely accused of rape and sentenced to death. Describes how Judge James E. Horton struggled to insure a fair trial in a lynch mob atmosphere. Cast : Arthur Hill, Lewis J. Stadlen, Ken Kercheval, Vera Mills, Ellen Barber, Suzanne Lederer. Kill or be Killed : 4 Movies [S.l.] : Brentwood Home Video, c2002. 2 DVD videodiscs (345 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.P57 K55 2002 VideoDVD Discs 1-2 : (1) STREET ANGELS: An undercover cop and his newly-recruited team of female martial artists try to stop the notorious, cop-killing Phantom and take back the streets from violent, roving gangs. (2) REVENGE QUEST: An L.A. detective assigned to protect a witness from an escaped serial killer finds himself caught in the killer's crosshairs. (3) FLIGHT TO DANGER: An all-woman martial arts team goes to Paris for a competition and find themselves in trouble with some of the toughest criminals in Europe. (4) DEATH RUN TO ISTANBUL: When "The Committee" kidnaps a former cop's sister, he calls on his old kickboxing buddy and they go deep into the underworld to rescue the fair damsel. Killer : A Journal of Murder / Oliver Stone and Spelling Films present an Ixtlan production in association with Breakheart Films. [Los Angeles] : Republic Pictures, 1996 1 VHS videocassette (VHS) (91 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. MSU Law Library Reserve VIDEO K : Based on the true story of two men--one sworn to uphold our system of justice, the other, a brutal by-product of that same system. Cast : James Woods, Robert Sean Leonard, Cara Buono, Ellen Greene, Robert John Burke, Steve Forrest. Kiss of Death / Twentieth Century Fox ; Henry Hathaway, director ; Ben Hecht and Charles Lederer, screenwriters ; Fred Kohlmar, producer. Beverly Hills, Calif. : Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, 1995, c1947. 1 VHS videocassette(s) (99 min.) : sd., b&w. ; 7 3/8 x 4 1/8 in., 1/2 in. tape. PN1995.9.G3 K577 1995 Videocassette : Victor Mature belies his rep as one of the Hollywood star system's bad jokes with his intense performance as Nick Bianco, a career criminal driven to turn squealer. Nick's motivation is family values: although he had gone to Sing Sing (yes, they filmed there, too) as a stand-up guy, "the boys" failed to take care of his wife and daughters as promised, with devastating results. Despite the best efforts of an assistant D.A. (Brian Donlevy), Nick is forced to lay everything on the line to rescue his family's future. The movie abounds in evocative texture, thanks to the no-frills excellence of Norbert Brodine's camerawork and an exemplary supporting cast including Millard Mitchell (as a sardonic police detective), Karl Malden (another D.A.), and Taylor Holmes (a flannel-mouthed Mob shyster). Selected Feature Films L-M L.A. Confidential / Regency Enterprises presents an Arnon Milchan/David L. Wolper production ; screenplay by Brian Helgeland & Curtis Hanson ; produced by Arnon Milchan, Curtis Hanson, Michael Nathanson ; directed by Curtis Hanson. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1998. 2 videodiscs (138 min, ) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PS3555.L6274 L18 1998 Video (12 inch) disc 1-2 Also available on VHS Videocasette : Three detectives in the corrupt and brutal L.A. police force of the 1950s use differing methods to uncover a conspiracy behind the shotgun slaying of the patrons at an all-night diner in this lush tribute to tough film noir crime films. The Ladykillers / Ealing Studios ; produced by Michael Balcon ; story and screenplay by William Rose ; directed by Alexander Mackendrick. Troy, MI : Distributed by Anchor Bay Entertainment, c2002. 1 DVD videodisc (91 min., color) PN1995.9.C55 L33 2002 VideoDVD : Professor Marcus and his gang of vicious bank robbers rent a room from an elderly widow. When she begins to meddle in their 'perfect crime', the crooks decide she must be killed...but can they? Fiction. The Last Castle (2001) / DreamWorks Pictures ; director, Rod Lurie ; producer, Robert Lawrence ; screenplay by David Scarpa and Graham Yost. Universal City, CA : DreamWorks Home Entertainment, c2002. 1 DVD videodisc (137 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.P68 L37 2002 VideoDVD : The Last Castle rides high on a wave of American patriotism, respectful of military service and protocol, and primed to ignite anyone's passion for justice against corrupted ideals. This intense prison drama begins when a court-martialed three-star general (Robert Redford) is sentenced to military prison for defying a presidential command. The prison's warden (James Gandolfini) is a jealous martinet who's never seen combat, and when the jailed general seizes command of the prison to protest the warden's abuse of power, The Last Castle erupts toward a classic showdown between integrity and cowardice. Former critic and West Point graduate Rod Lurie (The Contender) directs this intimate battle with manipulative skill, appealing more to emotions than intelligence, but his stellar cast keeps the action on track, and a potent script returns flag-waving to its rightful place of honor. Lethal Weapon / written by Shane Black ; produced and directed by Richard Donner ; Warner Bros. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, 1987. 1 videodisc (LaserVision CLV) (110 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PN1995.9.P57 L47 1987 Video (12 inch) disc : Two Vietnam-vets-turned cops have only one thing in common : they both hate to work with partners, but when a routine murder investigation turns into a no holds barred war with an international heroin ring their partnership becomes the key to survival. Directed by Richard Donner. Starring Mel Gibson & Danny Glover. 1989 NAACP Image Award winner. Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) / directed by Richard Donner ; screenplay by Jeffrey Boam ; story by Shane Black and Warren Murphy ; produced by Richard Donner and Joel Silver ; a Silver Pictures Production. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1991. 1 videodisc (114 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PN1995.9.P57 L47 1991 Video (12 inch) disc : Riggs and Murtaugh must guard a free-wheeling witness in a comedy/drama of car chases, gun battles, under-water escapes, and the destruction of a chic hillside house. Cast : Mel Gibson, Danny Glover, Joe Pesci, Joss Ackland. Living the Life (2003) / a Richard and Esther Shapiro Entertainment Inc. and RICH/ES production. [Los Angeles, Calif.] : First Look Home Entertainment, c2007. 1 DVD videodisc (86 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.G29 L53 2007 VideoDVD : Kata (Katrina Marie Gibson) has lived her first fifteen years beleving that, although she has an amazing ancestry, the only thing that lies in her future is a broken heart, the symbol of the Ninth Street Gang. She and her lifelong friend Ana (Melida Prado) are two of the toughest members of their gang, fearing nothing but the loss of each other. Car-jacking, fights, and running from the cops are a daily routine as the girls fight to protect their territory and their reputation. Performing as "Outrageous Chaos" in local dance contests provides their only relief, but each night they must return home to the sad reality of their lives. Locas 4 Life / A film by James Tucker & Joshua Nelson ; Coast to Coast Productions. [S.l. : El Matador], c2003. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 92 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997 .L65 2003 VideoDVD : Toro, a member of a Latina street gang in the Bronx, befriends a stranger and must decide where her loyalties lie. The Long Goodbye / United Artists ; Robert Altman, director. Culver City, CA : MGM/UA Home Video, c1991. 1 VHS videocassette (113 min., color) PS3505.H3224 L6 1991 Videocassette : Philip Marlowe is an unromanticized snoop for hire in an unromanticized LA. Working for fifty bucks a day plus expenses, he tries to solve a case the police dismiss as murder/suicide. Lord of War (2005) / Lions Gate Films ; Entertainment Manufacturing Company presents a VIP Medienfonds 3, Ascendant Pictures, Saturn Films production ; in association with Rising Star, Copag V and Endgame Entertainment ; producers, Nicolas Cage... [et. al] ; written and directed by Andrew Niccol. Santa Monica, California : Lions Gate Entertainment, 2005. 1 Blu-ray videodisc (121 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 L67 2005 Blu-ray VideoDVD : The lethal business of arms dealers provides an electrifying context for the black-as-coal humor of Andrew Niccol's Lord of War. Having proven his ingenuity as the writer of The Truman Show, and writer-director of Gattaca and the under-appreciated Simone, Niccol is clearly striving for Strangelovian relevance here as he chronicles the rise and inevitable fall of Yuri Orlov (Nicolas Cage), a Ukrainian immigrant to America who makes his fortune selling every kind of ordnance he can get his amoral hands on. With a trophy wife (Bridget Moynahan) who's initially clueless about his hidden career, and a younger brother (Jared Leto) whose drug-addled sense of decency makes him an ill-chosen accomplice, Yuri traffics in death the way other salesman might push vacuum cleaners (he likes to say that alcohol and tobacco are deadlier products than his), but even he can't deny the sheer ruthlessness of the Liberian dictator (a scene-stealing Eamonn Walker) who purchases Orlov's "products" to expand his oppressive regime. Niccol's themes are even bigger than Yuri's arms deals, and he drives them home with a blunt-force lack of subtlety, but Cage gives the film the kind of insanely dark humor it needs to have. To understand this monster named Yuri, we have to see at least a glimpse of his humanity, which Cage provides as only he can. Otherwise, this epic tale of gunrunnng would be as morally unbearable as the black market trade it illuminates. Los Olvidados = The Young and the Damned / Ultramar Films presenta ; dirigada por Luis Buñuel ; producción de Oscar Dancigers ; argumento original de Luis Buñuel y Luis Alcoriza. Coyoacan, México, D.F. : Alter Films ; Mexico, D.F. : Televisa, c 2004. 1 DVD videodisc (81 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.F67 O555 2004 VideoDVD : A study of street gangs set in the outskirts of Mexico City. The film is part social commentary, part surrealistic art. Magnum Force . Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1987. 2 videodiscs (LaserVision) (122 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PN1995.9.D555 M34 1987 Video (12 inch) disc videodisc 1-2 : A mysterious wave of assassinations is sweeping the San Francisco underworld. Detective "Dirty Harry" Callahan (Eastwood) discovers why: sharpshooting rookie policemen have turned vigilante. Cast : Clint Eastwood, Hal Holbrook, Mitchell Ryan, David Soul, Felton Perry, Robert Urich. Man on Fire (2004) / Fox 2000 Pictures and Regency Enterprises present a New Regency/Scott Free production, a Tony Scott film ; produced by Arnon Milchan, Tony Scott, Lucas Foster ; screenplay by Brian Helgeland ; directed by Tony Scott. Beverly Hills, Calif. : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, c2007. 1 DVD videodisc (146 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3567.U36 M3 2007 Blu-ray VideoDVD : A wave of kidnappings sweeps through Mexico City spreading panic among its wealthier citizens. John Creasy is a burned-out ex-CIA assassin who has given up on life. Creasy's friend Rayburn brings him to Mexico City to be a bodyguard to nine-year-old Pita Ramos. Pita is the daughter of industrialist Samuel Ramos and his wife Lisa. Creasy is not interested in being a bodyguard, especially to a young girl, but he accepts the assignment. Slowly, Pita chips away at Creasy's seemingly impenetrable exterior, his defenses drop, and he opens up to her. Then Pita is kidnapped and Creasy is seriously wounded. He vows to kill anyone involved in or profiting from the kidnapping. Features Denzel Washington. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . Maria Full of Grace / HBO Films presents in association with a Journeyman Pictures production in association with Tucán Producciones and Altercine ; producer, Paul Mezey ; written & directed by Joshua Marston. New York, NY : HBO Home Video, [2004] 1 DVD videodisc (101 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.F67 M375 2004 VideoDVD : Maria, a poor Columbian teenager, is desperate to leave a soul-crushing job. She accepts an offer to transport packets of heroin - which she swallows - to the United States. The ruthless world of drug trafficking proves to be more than she bargained for. Spanish dialogue with optional English or French subtitles. Mean Streets (1973) / Warner Bros. Pictures ; producer, Jonathan T. Taplin ; director, Martin Scorsese. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1998. 1 DVD videodisc (112 min) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 M43 1998 VideoDVD : Harvey Keitel plays Charlie, working his way up the ranks of a local mob. Amy Robinson is Teresa, the girlfriend his family deems unsuitable because of her epilepsy. And in the starmaking role that won Best Supporting Actor Awards from the New York and National Society of FIlm Critics, De Niro is Johnny Boy, a small-time gambler in big-time debt to loan sharks. This is a story Martin Scorsese lived, a semi-biographical tale of the first-generation sons and daughters of New York's Little Italy. Cast : Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel, David Proval, Amy Robinson, Richard Romanus, Cesare Denova, George Memmoli, David Carradine, Robert Carradine. Menace II Society (1993) / New Line Cinema presents a New Line production ; a Hughes Brothers film ; directed by the Hughes brothers ; story by Allen Hughes, Albert Hughes, Tyger Williams ; screenplay by Tyger Williams ; produced by Darin Scott. [New York, N.Y.] : New Line Home Video, c1997. 1 DVD videodisc (104 min.) : sd., col. with b&w sequence ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.N4 M46 1997 VideoDVD Also available as a 12-inch disc : Turner may not have broken out into stardom as was initially expected, but his work in Menace II Society is one of the more powerful cinematic debuts. The film, from the brother writer-director team of Allen and Albert Hughes, chronicles life in the Los Angeles 'hood. Similar territory was covered in the equally commanding Boyz N the Hood, but what makes this cautionary tale stand out is not only the Hughes brothers' forceful story, (written with their friend, Tyger Williams) and direction, but the naturalness of then-newcomer leads Turner as Caine, Larenz Tate as O-Dog, and Jada Pinkett as Ronnie. They are so credible--occasionally frighteningly so--that the repressive universe of violent ghetto life is captured effectively. Life as portrayed here--and no doubt accurately so--is both figuratively and literally narrow. As a very young boy, Caine witnesses his dad murdered over something inconsequential, and his mom OD. His is a world where respect comes from intimidation, power from violence. Despite his understanding of right and wrong (values passed on by a good friend, his kind grandparents, a caring teacher), his life and its entrapments are too much to overcome. Cast : Tyrin Turner, Jada Pinkett, Larenz Tate, Arnold Johnson, MC Eiht, Marilyn Coleman, Vonte Sweet, Clifton Powell, Glenn Plummer, Bill Duke, Charles S. Dutton, Samuel L. Jackson. Mi Vida Loca (My Crazy Life) (1994) / HBO Showcase in association with Film Four International presents a Cineville production. [New York, N.Y.] : HBO Home Video : Pioneer LDCA, [c1995] 1 12 inch videodisc (100 min.) : sd., col. PN1995.9.G29 M5 1995 Video (12 inch) disc : A rare and harsh gem of a film, Mi Vida Loca tells the story of young Hispanic women in Los Angeles and the struggles they have in a life of gangs, drugs, and personal betrayal. Mousie (Seidy Lopez) and Sad Girl (Angel Aviles) are best friends from childhood, growing up in gang-infested Echo Park and remaining loyal to each other. But when Sad Girl sleeps with Mousie's boyfriend (a drug dealer who is killed) and becomes pregnant, their friendship is ruptured. As the violence of their neighborhood erupts around them, they must try to stay together as friends despite their betrayals. This is an unforgiving look at a world where women seem to have no choice but to raise their children, deal drugs, and survive by whatever means necessary. Midnight in The Garden of Good and Evil / Warner Bros. presents a Malpaso production in association with Silver Pictures ; produced by Arnold Stieffel ; screenplay by John Lee Hancock ; produced and directed by Clint Eastwood. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, [1998] 1 VHS videocassette (ca. 155 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. F294.S2 B482 1994 Videocassette : When magazine writer John Kelso (John Cusack) travels to Savannah, Ga., to cover a chichi party thrown by urbane antiques dealer Jim Williams (Kevin Spacey), he is pulled into his subject's intriguing murder trial and introduced to a throng of colorful locals. Set against the beguiling backdrop of Southern high society, this retelling of John Berendt's novel by director Clint Eastwood also stars Jude Law as Williams's lover, Billy Hanson. Cast : John Cusack, Kevin Spacey, Alison Eastwood, Jack Thompson, Irma P. Hall, Jude Law, Paul Hipp, Lady Chablis, Anne Haney, Leon Rippy, Bob Gunton Minority Report / Dreamworks Pictures and Twentieth Century Fox present a Cruise/Wagner Blue Tulip Ronald Shusett/Greg Goldman production, a Steven Spielberg film ; producers, Gerald R. Molen, Bonnie Curtis, Walter F. Parkes, Jan DeBont ; screenplay writers, Scott Frank, Jon Cohen ; director, Steven Spielberg. [United States] : DreamWorks Home Entertainment : Distributed by Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., c2002. 2 DVD videodiscs (144 min.) ; color MSU Law Library Reserve VIDEO M : Washington, D.C. has been murder-free thanks to astounding technology which identifies killers before they commit their crimes. But when the chief of the Pre-crime unit is himself accused of a future murder, he has just 36 hours to discover who sets him up. Mississippi Burning (1988) / Orion Pictures Corporation. New York : Orion Home Video, c1989. 1 VHS videocassette (127 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.D4 M58 1989 Videocassette : Set in Mississippi in 1964, this is a fictionalized version of the case of the murder of three young civil rights workers, the FBI's attempts to find the missing boys and the clash between the authorities and the locals in a Klan-dominated town. Cast : Gene Hackman, Willem Dafoe. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . Monster / written and directed by Patty Jenkins. Culver City, Calif. : Columbia TriStar Home Video, 2004. 1 DVD videodisc (109 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.W65 M66 2004 VideoDVD : Based on the true story of Aileen Wuornos, a highway prostitute who became known as one of America's first female serial killers. Monster's Ball (2001) / Lions Gate Films presents a Lee Daniels Entertainment production ; produced by Lee Daniels ; written by Milo Addica & Will Rokos ; directed by Marc Forster. [United States] : Studio S : Trimark Home Video : Distributed by Lions Gate Home Entertainment, [2002], c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (112 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.M27 M667 2002 VideoDVD : Hank and Leticia inhabit stark, queasy realities of the contemporary South, he as a death row corrections officer and she as the soon-to-be widow of an inmate whose execution Hank helps conduct. In the aftermath of the execution, both lose their children to tragic deaths and they form an unlikely bond. Cast : Billy Bob Thornton, Heath Ledger, Halle Berry, Sean Combs, Mos Def, Will Rokos, Milo Addica, Coronji Calhoun, Peter Boyle. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . Mr. and Mrs. Loving (1996) / Showtimes presents in association with Hallmark Entertainment ; executive producers, Timothy Hutton, Susan Rose. La Crosse, WI : Platinum Disc, 2005, c1996. 1 DVD videodisc (105 min.) : sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.R23 M7 2005 VideoDVD : In Central Point, Virginia, Richard Loving, a poor white laborer, falls in love with Mildred "Bean" Jeter, a beautiful young black woman. Mixed-race relationships are accepted here, but marriage, in 1960, is illegal under a miscegenation law dating from slave times. Bean becomes pregnant, and despite their families' fears, Richard insists on marrying her. They are arrested and thrown in jail. Having to choose between a three year jail sentence or a 25-year banishment from the state of Virginia, the Lovings choose freedom and move to Washington, D.C. Inspired by the speeches of Martin Luther King, Bean writes a letter to then Attorney-General Robert Kennedy requesting that the law be changed so that she and Richard can go home. Her letter reaches young ACLU attorney Bernie Cohen, who sees a great opportunity for social justice in this landmark case. Seven years after their banishment, The Lovings' case is heard by the Supreme Court. In a landmark ruling, the Court declares the Virginia law unconstitutional. Cast : Timothy Hutton (Richard Loving), Lela Rochon (Mildred "Bean" Jeter), Ruby Dee (Sophia), Bill Nunn (Leonard), Corey Parker (Bernie Cohen), Isaiah Washington (Blue), Lawrence Dane (Sheriff), Charles Gray (Papa Jeter), Jackie Richardson (Mama Jeter), Michael Clarke (Gerald), Karen Robinson (Norma), Stephen Walsh (Father Loving), Linda Goranson (Mother Loving), Ardon Bess (Justice of the Peace), Scott Spidell (Harley), Larry Reynolds (Judge), Richard Fitzpatrick (defense attorney), Sharon Lewis (Leanne), Suzanne Coy (Marcella), Dianna Belshaw (landlady), Briar Boake (receptionist), Carol Anderson (nurse), Christopher Kalogerakos (Sidney, 2 yrs.). Murder in Harlem (1935) / North Hollywood, Calif. : Timeless Video, c1993. 1 VHS videocassette (102 min.) PN1995.9.N4 M86 1993 Videocassette : A black night watchman in a chemical factory finds the body of a young white woman in the basement. Blamed for the murder the man is tried but during the trial the real killer is unmasked. Videocassette release of the 1935 motion picture. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine . Murder in Mississippi (1989) / a David L. Wolper production in association with Bernard Sofronski ; producer Mark M. Wolper ; written by Stanley Weiser ; directed by Roger Young. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, [2008] 1 DVD videodisc (97 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.N4 M8736 2008 VideoDVD : This movie dramatizes the murder of three civil rights workers -- all of college age -- in Mississippi in 1964. This DVD illustrates the difficulties encountered by those who attempted to register blacks to vote in Mississippi during the racial strife that took place during the 1960s and eventually led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 through the efforts of President Lyndon Johnson. My Cousin Vinny (1992) / Twentieth Century Fox in association with Peter V. Miller Investment Corp. ; produced by Dale Launer and Paul Schiff ; directed by Jonathan Lynn ; written by Dale Launer. Los Angeles : Fox Video, 1992. 1 VHS videocassette (120 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.C55 M89 1992 Videocassette ( DVD edition available in Schaeffer Law Library) : A college student and his friend are accused of murder in the depths of the South, and law school graduate cousin Vinny comes to the rescue. The trouble is, Vinny passed the bar on his sixth try and has never appeared in court before. Selected Feature Films, N-O Naked (1993) / Fine Line Features ; Film Four International with the participation of British Screen presents a Thin Man production ; a film by Mike Leigh ; produced by Simon Channing-Williams ; written and directed by Mike Leigh. [United States] : Criterion Collection, c2005. 2 DVD videodiscs (131 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. + 1 booklet. PR6062.E4457 N35 2005 VideoDVD VideoDVD 1-2 : A charming, eloquent, and vicious drifter on the lam in London rejects those who would care for him and hurls himself into a nocturnal odyssey through the city, colliding with a succession of desperate and dispossessed people and scorching everyone in his path. Cast : David Thewlis, Lesley Sharp, Katrin Cartlidge. The Naked gun : [from the files of Police squad!] / Paramount Pictures Corporation ; a Zucker Abrahams Zucker production. Hollywood, CA : Paramount Pictures Corporation, c1989. 1 VHS videocassette (85 min.) : sd, col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.C55 N288 1989 Videocassette : An inept cop, played by Leslie Nielsen, stops a plot to assasinate Queen Elizabeth at a baseball game in the United States. The Naked gun 2 1/2 : the smell of fear / Paramount Pictures, Zucker/Abrahams/Zucker ; produced by Robert K. Weiss ; directed by David Zucker. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Home Video, 1991. 1 videocassette (85 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.C55 N2882 1991 Videocassette : In this comic spoof, a granite-jawed and rock-brained police detective uncovers a plot to destroy the environment. Naked gun 33 1/3 : the final insult / Paramount Pictures. [Hollywood, Calif.] : Paramount, 1994. 1 videodisc (83 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PN1995.9.C55 N28822 1994 Video (12 inch) disc : Lt. Frank Drebin crashes the Academy Award ceremony to stop a terrorist plot that could mean curtains for him -- or will a simple window shade be enough? Cast : Leslie Nielsen, Priscilla Presley, George Kennedy, O.J. Simpson, Fred Ward. New Jack City (1991) / Warner Bros. presents a Jackson/McHenry production ; screenplay by Thomas Lee Wright and Barry Michael Cooper ; produced by Doug McHenry and George Jackson ; directed by Mario Van Peebles. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, [2005] 2 DVD videodiscs (101 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in PN1995.9.D78 N49 2005 VideoDVD 1-2 : Some pundits called it a flawed, exploitative action film that glamorized drug dealing and the luxury of a lucrative criminal lifestyle, spawning a trend of films that attracted youth gangs and provoked violence in theaters. Others hailed it as a breakthrough movie that depicted drug dealers as ruthless, corrupt, and evil, leading dead-end lives that no rational youth would want to emulate. However you interpret it, New Jack City is still one of the first and best films of the 1990s to crack open the underworld of cocaine and peer inside with its eyes wide open. It's also the film that established Wesley Snipes as an actor to watch, with enough charisma to bring an insidious quality of seduction to his role as coke-lord Nino Brown, and enough intelligence to portray a character deluded by his own sense of indestructible power. Director Mario Van Peebles stretched his otherwise-limited talent to bring vivid authenticity and urgency to this crime story, and subplots involving a pair of tenacious cops (Ice-T, Judd Nelson) and a recovering coke addict (Chris Rock) provide additional dramatic tension. Although some critics may hesitate to admit it, New Jack City deserves mention in any serious discussion about African American filmmakers and influential films....Just as cool and topical today as when it first opened, New Jack City stars Wesley Snipes as the angel-of-death crack kingpin who holds a city in his grasp. Ice T, Judd Nelson and Mario Van Peebles (who also directs) play police officers who lay it all on the line. Chris Rock and Vanessa Williams co-star. A dynamic cutting-edge soundtrack includes tunes by Ice T, Queen Latifah, 2 Live Crew and more. No Country For Old Men / Miramax Films and Paramount Vantage present ; written for the screen and directed by Joel Coen & Ethan Coen ; produced by Scott Rudin, Ethan Coen, Joel Coen ; a Scott Rudin/Mike Zoss production. Burbank, Calif. : Miramax Home Entertainment : Distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, [2008] 1 DVD videodisc (122 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3563.C337 N62 2008 VideoDVD : Llewelyn Moss stumbles onto a drug deal gone monumentally wrong while hunting in the parched Texas scrubland near the Mexico border. A satchel filled with $2 million seems to be a ship finally arrived, and he dreams of moving his wife Carla Jean out of the trailer park and into the good life. It isn't long before he's being tracked Anton Chigurh, a psychopathic "debt collector." Sheriff Bell sets out to find Llewelyn, not so much for the propriety of recovering the money but to protect one of his citizens from Chigurh, an evil like nothing Bell has ever seen. The border is a hard land, yet Bell finds that the reflexive murders Chigurh inflicts upon others transforms the lonely vistas, somber deserts, and austere mountains into something horrendous--into no country for old men--or for young ones. Cast : Tommy Lee Jones (Ed Tom Bell), Javier Bardem (Anton Chigurh), Josh Brolin (Llewelyn Moss), Woody Harrelson (Carson Wells), Kelly Macdonald (Carla Jean Moss), Garret Dillahunt (Wendell), Tess Harper (Loretta Bell), Barry Corbin (Ellis), Stephen Root (Man who hires Wells), Rodger Boyce (El Paso Sheriff), Beth Grant (Carla Jean's mother), Ana Reeder (Poolside woman). Noise / Retro Active Films and Film Finance Corporation Australia presents ; in association with Film Victoria and SBS Independent ; written and directed by Matthew Saville ; produced by Trevor Blainey. [New York] : Film Movement, 2008. 1 DVD videodisc (109 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997.2 .N6574 2008 VideoDVD : Two heinous crimes have left a suburban town reeling. As the local community enfolds itself in a shroud of secrecy, borne from fear and an untrammeled mistrust of authority, the police remain desperate for witnesses. Graham McGahan, a young police constable suffering from a chronic hearing problem, is stationed at a police caravan near the crime scene. Living on the periphery of the investigation, McGahan crosses paths with the people affected by the tragedies and gradually unravels a nightmare of guilt and suspicion that will involve him more than he could ever have imagined. O brother, where art thou? / Touchstone Pictures and Universal Pictures ; Working Title production ; produced by Ethan Coen ; written by Ethan Coen and Joel Coen ; directed by Joel Coen. Burbank, CA : Touchstone Home Video ; Distributed by Buena Vista Home Video, [c2001], c2000. 1 DVD videodisc (103 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.C55 O25 2001 VideoDVD : Disenchanted with the daily drudge of crushing rocks on a prison farm in Mississippi, the dapper, silver-tongued Ulysses Everett McGill (George Clooney) busts loose. Except he's still shackled to his own chain-mates from the chain gang -- bad-tempered Pete (John Turturro), and sweet, dimwitted Delmar (Tim Blake Nelson). With nothing to lose and buried loot to regain -- before it's lost forever in a flood -- the three embark on the adventure of a lifetime in this hilarious offbeat road picture. Populated with strange characters, including a blind prophet, sexy sirens, a one-eyed Bible salesman (John Goodman), a blues guitarist who's sold his soul to the devil, a brace of crooked politicos on the stump, a manic-depressive bank robber, and--well, you get the idea. It's an odyssey filled with chases, close calls, near misses, and betrayal that will leave you laughing at every outrageous and surprising twist and turn. O Brother (the title's lifted from Preston Sturges's classic 1941 comedy Sullivan's Travels) is furthermore graced with glowing, burnished photography from Roger Deakins and a masterly soundtrack from T-Bone Burnett that pays loving homage to American '30s folk styles--blues, gospel, bluegrass, jazz, and more. And just to prove that the brothers haven't lost their knack for bad-taste humor, we get a Ku Klux Klan rally choreographed like a cross between a Nuremberg rally and a Busby Berkeley musical. A Coen brothers classic. Observe and Report (2009) / produced by Donald De Line ; written and directed by Jody Hill. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, 2009. 1 videodisc (87 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. DVD, 86 minutes. PN1995.9.C55 O274 2009 : With sublime awkwardness, Seth Rogen throws himself into the role of a deluded, socially inept shopping mall security guard. Ronnie Barnhardt (Rogen) protects his little kingdom with a mixture of grandiose passion and borderline incompetence; he can’t catch a flasher in the parking lot or a thief with inside connections because his prejudices and desires cloud his ability to see what’s right in front of him--all he can see is the trashy cosmetics salesgirl Brandi (Anna Faris) who thinks he’s nothing but a creep. Though he resents the intrusion of a police detective (Ray Liotta), Ronnie decides to pursue his true dream: Becoming a cop so he can carry a gun. The plot isn’t what matters in Observe and Report--this comedy is about letting talented actors create strange characters with enough roots in reality to make them very, very funny. Even the supporting actors shine with a mixture of weirdness and banality, including Michael Peña (Crash) as Ronnie’s sidekick who turns out to have a secret life, and Celia Weston (Junebug) as Ronnie’s boozing and wildly inappropriate mother. Writer/director Jody Hill has a gift for pushing an ordinary moment into comic exaggeration, though he doesn’t always find the right balance; every now and then Observe and Report veers into territory that’s funny, but undercuts the movie’s internal reality, and there are several moments of unexpectedly graphic violence that will make some viewers recoil. But when the movie hits the mark--and it does so more often than not--Hill and Rogen tap into a rich vein of humor that stands apart from the usual Hollywood formula gags. Ocean's eleven / Warner Bros. Pictures presents in association with Village Roadshow Pictures and NPV Entertainment a JW/Section Eight production ; produced by Jerry Weintraub ; screenplay, Ted Griffin ; directed by Steven Soderbergh. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c2007, c2001 1 DVD videodisc (1 hr., 57 min.) : digital, col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.A3 O24 2007 VideoDVD : Ocean's Eleven improves on 1960's Rat Pack original with supernova casting, a slickly updated plot, and Steven Soderbergh's graceful touch behind the camera. Soderbergh reportedly relished the opportunity "to make a movie that has no desire except to give pleasure from beginning to end," and he succeeds on those terms, blessed by the casting of George Clooney as Danny Ocean, the title role originated by Frank Sinatra. Fresh out of jail, Ocean masterminds a plot to steal $163 million from the seemingly impervious vault of Las Vegas's Bellagio casino, not just for the money but to win his ex-wife (Julia Roberts) back from the casino's ruthless owner (Andy Garcia). Soderbergh doesn't scrimp on the caper's comically intricate strategy, but he finds greater joy in assembling a stellar team (including Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, and Carl Reiner) and indulging their strengths as actors. The result is a film that's as smooth as a silk suit and just as stylish. On the downlow / Cinema Con Sabor ; Iconoclast Films presents a Beans & Rice production of a Tadeo Garcia film ; written by Roger B. Domian and Tadeo Garcia ; screenplay, Roger B. Domian ; produced, directed & edited by Tadeo Garcia. [United States] : Iconoclast Films, [2007]. 1 DVD videodisc (84 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 O5 2007 VideoDVD : Loyalty and allegiance clash with desire in this gritty, real, and provocative film, set in the violent world of warring Latino gangs on Chicago's Southside. When Angel defects from his gang to join his secret lover, Isaac, in his rival gang, tensions explode as Isaac is ordered to kill Angel. Also includes original short film "Broken Warning" on which the feature was based. On the Waterfront (1954) / Columbia Pictures Corporation. Culver City, Calif. : Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment, c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (108 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 O52 2001 VideoDVD : An ex-fighter gets a job working on the gang-ridden waterfront under a crooked gangster boss. Once Upon a Time in America / Warner Bros. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, c1985. VHS videocassettes (225 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.G3 O534 1985 Videocassette A-B : An epic tale of the lives of two New York gangsters from the period of the early 1900's through prohibition, and climaxing in their subsequent reunion in the 1960's. Friends from childhood, they entered a life of crime together that inevitably led to tragedy and death. The Outsiders / Pony Boy, Inc. ; produced by Fred Roos and Gray Frederickson ; screenplay by Kathleen Knutsen Rowell ; directed by Francis Coppola. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, c1983. 1 VHS videocassette (91 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PS3558.I575 O852 1983 Beta Videocassette : A story of teenage hopes and fears, bravery and violent rebellion on the streets of Tulsa in 1966. Selected Feature Films, P-R Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid (1973) / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer presents a Gordon Carroll-Sam Peckinpah production ; written by Rudolph Wurlitzer ; produced by Gordon Carroll ; directed by Sam Peckinpah. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, [2006] 2 DVD videodiscs (ca. 122 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.W4 P38 2006 VideoDVD : One of Billy The Kid's oldest friends is now a sheriff and has vowed to hunt him down. Cast : James Coburn, Kris Kristofferson, Bob Dylan, Jason Robards, Richard Jaeckel, Katy Jurado, Chill Wills, Barry Sullivan Paul Blart : Mall Cop (2009) / produced by Doug Belgrad ... [et al.] ; written by Kevin James, Nick Bakay ; directed by Steve Carr. Culver City, Calif. : Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2009. 1 DVD videodisc (91 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.C55 P38 2009 VideoDVD : In Columbia Pictures' comedy Paul Blart: Mall Cop, Kevin James stars as the title character, a single, suburban dad, trying to make ends meet as a security officer at a New Jersey mall. Though no one else takes his job seriously, Paul considers himself on the front lines of safety. When a heist shuts down the megaplex, Jersey's most formidable mall cop will have to become a real cop to save the day. Penitentiary / Writer/producer/director, Jamaa Fanaka ; co-producer, Alicia J. Dhanifu Al Shepard ; director of photography, Marty Ollstein. [Santa Monica, CA] : Xenon Home Video, [1993], 1979. 1 VHS videocassette (99 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.P68 P46 1993 Videocassette : A prisoner joins a boxing team hoping for early parole. Cast : Leon Isaac Kennedy, Thommy Pollard, Hazel Spear, Donovan Womack. Please Don't Bury Me Alive = Por Favor No Me Entieren Vivo / [Los Angeles, Calif.] : UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, 2007, c1976. 1 DVD videodisc (81 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. F395.M5 P63 1976 VideoDVD : This independent film, a slice-of-barrio life that was shot and shown in South Texas, was the first Chicano feature film ever produced, and inspired an independent film movement in Mexico. Set in the barrios of San Antonio, Texas, this drama portrays the life of a typical Mexican American family from the early 1970s. Point blank / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer presents ; screenplay by Alexander Jacobs and David Newhouse & Rafe Newhouse ; produced by Judd Bernard and Robert Chartoff ; directed by John Boorman. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Bros., c2005. 1 DVD videodisc (92 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.A3 P656 2005 VideoDVD : A double-crossed thug who has been cut out of the dollars from a major heist and left for dead somehow doesn't die. Now he returns with an unconscionable vengeance to claim his money and pay back Public Enemies (2009) / [United States] : Universal, 2009. 1 Blu-ray videodisc (ca. 140 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 P83 2009 Blu-ray VideoDVD : Since crime auteur Michael Mann, like his protagonists, plays by his own rules, Public Enemies eschews back story and motivation for a closely-observed, action-packed examination of men at work. FBI supremo J. Edgar Hoover (Billy Crudup) kick-starts a nationwide manhunt when he proclaims John Dillinger (Johnny Depp, in top form) Public Enemy #1. Hoover taps Agent Melvin Purvis (Christian Bale) to bring the Tommy Gun-toting bank robber in by any means necessary (the agency also targets Pretty Boy Floyd and Baby Face Nelson). If Dillinger had split the scene then and there, he might have enjoyed a happier fate, but he falls for beautiful coat-check girl Billie Frechette (Marion Cotillard, whose open-hearted performance makes her the most sympathetic character in the film). In the end, though, Dillinger is the captain of his own destiny: his loyalty to his girl and his gang overpowers his desire to live free. Though the director also set his first film, Thief, and third series, Crime Story, in his native Chicago, Public Enemies plays more like Heat in Depression-era garb. In that L.A. policier, Al Pacino's cop develops a grudging respect for Robert De Niro's criminal, but letting a lawbreaker go free isn't an option. In this case, however, the tight-lipped Purvis never develops the same sort of esteem for Dillinger--or Hoover--making him the more tragic figure. If Public Enemies is less overtly commercial than The Untouchables or Bugsy, it's still the best mainstream gangster epic in ages and ranks among Mann's finest works. Public enemy / Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. ; story by Kubec Glasmon and John Bright ; directed by William A. Wellman. [United States] : Turner Entertainment ; Culver City, Calif. : Distributed by MGM/UA Home Video, 2000, c1931. 1 VHS videocassette (ca. 83 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.G3 P8 2000 Videocassette : The film that forever ensures Cagney's reputation as the best of the screen gangsters, Public Enemy tells the story of a hoodlum and his climb from petty criminal to big time gangster. Pulp Fiction (1994) / Miramax Films presents a Band Apart and Jersey Films production ; stories by Quentin Tarantino & Roger Avary ; produced by Lawrence Bender ; written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. [S.l.] : Miramax Home Entertainment ; Burbank, Calif. : Distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, [1998?] Edition Widescreen. 1 DVD videodisc (154 min., color) PN1995.9.F54 P853 1998 VideoDVD : Clever, dark film that tells 4 separate stories that are gradually brought together. Involved are two low-rent hit men, their boss and his sexy wife, a prizefighter and a pair of desperate robbers. Raw Deal / Eagle-Lion Films Ltd. ; Reliance Pictures ; directed by Anthony Mann ; screenplay by Leopold Atlas & John C. Higgins ; produced by Edward Small. [United States] : VCI Entertainment, c2002. 1 DVD videodisc (79 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.F54 R38 2002 VideoDVD : Trapped within the walls of a state penitentiary, Joe Sullivan lives for the chance to avenge himself upon the man who helped put him there: Rick Coyle, a pyromaniac mob boss with a taste for party-girl flambé. Rick helps spring Joe from prison in hopes that the police will gun him down during the escape, but he grossly underestimates Joe's resourcefulness. With the assistance of a world-weary moll and an innocent girl, Joe dodges roadblocks, hitmen and dragnets and carves a bloody path back to his betrayer. Reservoir dogs / a Miramax Film release ; Artisan Entertainment presents a Lawrence Bender production in association with Monte Hellman and Richard N. Gladstein ; a film by Quentin Tarantino ; produced by Lawrence Bender ; written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. Santa Monica, Calif. : Artisan Home Entertainment, [2002] 2DVD videodiscs (200 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3570.A5856 R47 2002 VideoDVD : They were strangers, together to pull off the perfect jewel heist. Their simple robbery turns into a bloody ambush when they realize one of them is a police informant. Rising Sun / Twentieth Century Fox presents a Walrus & Associates, Ltd. production. Beverly Hills, Calif. : FoxVideo, Inc., 1993. 2 DVD videodiscs (ca. 242 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3553.R48 R57 2006 VideoDVD : A Los Angeles cop is called in to investigate the murder of a prostitute in the boardroom of a Japanese-owned company, only to discover a "shadow world" of futuristic technology, ancient ways and confusing loyalties. Cast : Sean Connery, Wesley Snipes, Harvey Keitel, Tia Carrere, Mako. The Ritz / Warner Bros. Pictures presents a Richard Lester film ; produced by Denis O'Dell ; screenplay by Terrence McNally ; directed by Richard Lester. Burbank, CA : Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. : Distributed by Warner Home Video, c2008. 1 DVD videodisc (91 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3563.A323 R52 2008 VideoDVD : "With The Ritz, Terrence McNally's hit Broadway play of the same name is cinematized by director Richard Lester. Jack Weston plays Gaetano Proclo, a minor mob flunky who's been targeted for elimination by his brother-in-law, Carmine Vespucci (Jerry Stiller). Gaetano takes refuge in what he thinks is a Turkish bath. Actually, it's The Pits. That's the name, "The Pits" - a gay bathhouse (this is the pre-AIDS era), where the exquisitely awful Googie Gomez (Rita Moreno) entertains the homosexual patrons with her ear-splitting renditions of such show tunes as "Everything's Coming Up Roses." Hoping to save his neck by pretending to be gay, Gaetano effusively praises Googie. Assuming that he is a big-time Broadway producer, she plays up to him. Everything would be hunky-dory, except that the bathhouse is owned by the very mob that has put a contract on Gaetano. What follows is an old-fashioned door-slamming farce, except that there are no doors to slam." Cast : Jack Weston, Rita Moreno, Jerry Stiller, Kaye Ballard, Treat Williams, F. Murray Abraham, George Coulouris, Dave King, Paul B. Price. Road to Perdition / Dreamworks Pictures and Twentieth Century Fox present a Zanuck Company production ; producers, Richard D. Zanuck, Dean Zanuck, Sam Mendes ; screenplay writer, David Self ; director, Sam Mendes. [United States] : DreamWorks Home Entertainment, [2003], c2002. 1 DVD videodisc (117 min.); color PN1997 .R59 2003 VideoDVD Another non-circulating copy is available in Special Collections Comic Art : Michael Sullivan works as an enforcer for his adopted father, Irish gangster John Rooney. When Sullivan's son, Mike Jr., witnesses one of his father's killings on Rooney's behalf, the gangster decides that his ward and his family are liabilities that must be removed. Sullivan tries to safeguard his son and get even with the man who betrayed him, while his son focuses on bonding with his emotionally distant father. The Roaring Twenties (1939) / Warner Bros. Pictures Inc. presents ; a Warner Bros. picture ; screenplay Jeffrey Wald, Richard Macaulay, Robert Rossen ; story by Mark Hellinger ; directed by Raoul Walsh. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, [2005] 1 DVD videodisc (106 min.) : sd., b&w. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 R63 2005 VideoDVD : Three buddies return home from World War I and begin a profitable bootlegging operation, until romance and rivalry get in the way of business. Robocop Trilogy / 20th Century Fox. Beverly Hills, CA : Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2010. 3 blu-ray discs (325 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in.. Robocop (Peter Weller, Nancy Allen. 1987/103 min.), Robocop 2 (Peter Weller, Nancy Allen. 1990/117 min.) and Robocop 3 (Robert John Burke, Nancy Allen. 1993/105 min.) PN1995.9.S26 R63 2010 Blu-ray VideoDVD discs 1-3 : The first Robocop was thrilling, hilarious, and totally original--none of which has as much to do with the film's spawning two sequels (plus two separate television shows) as its $50 million-plus take at the box office. Though the Law of Diminishing Returns inevitably applies to the theatrical trilogy, the central premise is so strong that each of the lesser sequels has at least a few moments worth catching. That's because the original (wherein Detroit cop Peter Weller, killed in the line of duty, gets transformed into a crime-fighting cyborg) set up an entire world. Director Paul Verhoeven spends as much time lampooning television news, commercial products, and big business as he does on the story; however violent or gory things get (and they get quite icky), the tone throughout is comic, even giddy. Robocop 2, helmed by Irvin Kershner of The Empire Strikes Back fame, sobers up considerably. The film is rather underrated; sure, there are fewer ads and newsbreaks this time around, but there are several inventive touches--Robocop is briefly reprogrammed into a homily-spouting Dudley Do-Right; drug dealers step in to bail out the financially strapped city--and the villains (including the most foul-mouthed, amoral 12-year-old in movie history) are less outrageous than in the first installment. Robocop 3, however, is profit-driven hash. Having Robocop (now acted by Robert John Burke) join a citizens' uprising is a nice idea, and even the ninja android could have been fun, but the movie tries too often to be heartwarming, an emotion thoroughly out of place in this wickedly satirical series. Runaway Train (1985) / Cannon Group, Inc. presents ; a Golan-Globus Production for Northbrook Films ; an Andrei Konchalovsky film ; screenplay by Djordje Milicevic, Paul Zindel, Edward Bunker ; produced by Menahem Golan, Yoram Globus ; directed by Andrei Konchalovsky. Santa Monica, Calif. : MGM Home Entertainment, [1998] 1 DVD videodisc (112 min.) : sd., col., stereo. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.A265 R86 1998 VideoDVD : Several convicts from a high-security prison escape the inhumane treatment of Chief Guard Ranken and break out into the icy Northeast wilderness. The cons flee onto a departing freight train only to find themselves prisoners on a speeding train that is hurtling toward certain derailment, its conductor dead of a sudden heart attack. Selected Feature Films, S Scarface / Caddo Company, Inc. [presented by] ; United Artists picture ; Howard Hughes ; producer, Howard Hughes ; writers, Seton I. Miller, John Lee Mahin, W.R. Burnett, Ben Hecht ; director, Howard Hawks. Universal City, CA : MCA Universal Home Video : MCA Home Video, [1991], c1932. 1 VHS videocassette (93 min.); B&w PN1995.9.G3 S25 1991 Videocassette : The story of a Chicago gangster during the prohibition in the 1920s and his fight to become number one gang boss. Scarface / A Martin Bregman production ; produced by Martin Bregman ; screenplay by Oliver Stone ; directed by Brian De Palma. Universal City, CA : Universal Studios Home Videos, [2003] : Pacino plays a ruthless Cuban gangster involved in a cocaine empire, in this violent crime epic inspired by the 1932 classic of the same title. 2 DVD videocassettes (170 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.G3 S33 2003 VideoDVD : Inspired by the 1932 classic of the same title, Scarface follows the violent career of a smalltime Cuban refugee hoodlum who guns his way to the top of Miami's cocaine empire. Cast : Al Pacino, Steven Bauer, Michelle Pfeiffer, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Robert Loggia, Miriam Colon, F. Murray Abraham, Paul Shenar, Harris Yulin. Sea of Love (1989) / a Martin Bregman production, a Harold Becker film ; producers, Martin Bregman, Louis A. Stroller ; writer, Richard Price ; director, Harold Becker. Universal City, Calif. : Universal, [2003], c1989. 1 DVD videodisc (113 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. DVD, 113 minutes. PN1995.9.D4 S436 2003 VideoDVD : Al Pacino plays a weary New York police detective who falls in love with the woman (Ellen Barkin) who is the prime suspect in the murder case he's investigating. Expertly written by Richard Price and directed by Harold Becker, the story is designed to keep its central characters (and the viewer) in a state of constant suspicion and arousal -- an emotional combination that sends dangerous sparks flying between Pacino and Barkin. Their chemistry is intense, and their love scenes are some of the hottest of any movie of its decade. But Sea of Love is not merely concerned with cheap titillation. It's a riveting whodunit with scenes of nail-biting suspense and memorable dialogue that make it as interesting to listen to as it is to watch. Barkin had made a similarly sexy impression in The Big Easy, and here she gives one of the best performances of her underrated career, matching Pacino's excellence scene for scene. The ending's a bit of a letdown because the murder solution comes somewhat out of the blue, but it's the acting and suspense that you'll remember most--qualities that make Sea of Love one of the best films of its kind. Separate But Equal (1991) / a New Liberty production in association with Republic Pictures ; executive producer, George Stevens, Jr. ; [written and directed by George Stevens, Jr.]. Los Angeles, CA : Republic Pictures Home Video, c1991. 2 VHS videocassettes (ca. 193 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. KF4757.Z9 S47 1991 Videocassette : Dramatization of the events leading to the landmark Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation, with a special introduction by Sidney Poitier. Cast : Sidney Poitier, Burt Lancaster, Richard Kiley. Serpico (1973). Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Home Video, c1989. 1 VHS videocassette (103 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. HV7911.S4 M3 1989 Videocassette : An honest New York policeman endures scorn and mistreatment from his fellow cops. Based on a true story. Set It Off (1996) / New Line Cinema presents a Peak production, a film by F. Gary Gray ; story by Takashi Bufford ; screenplay by Takashi Bufford and Kate Lanier ; produced by Dale Pollock and Oren Koulis ; directed by F. Gary Gray / New Line Home Video. [Burbank, Calif.] : New Line Productions, Inc. : Distributed by Warner Home Video, c2009 1 DVD videodisc (124 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 S48 2009 VideoDVD : Even when it misses a dramatic opportunity in favor of generic action, Set It Off benefits from a sharp understanding of its well-drawn central characters. They're a quartet of young African American women in Los Angeles (Jada Pinkett, Queen Latifah, Vivica A. Fox, Kimberly Elise), all struggling against a system that seems designed to prevent them from realizing their dreams. The movie establishes their plight with credible attention to emotional detail, making their decision to rob banks believable enough to give the ensuing plot its inevitably tragic momentum. Cowritten by the screenwriter of What's Love Got to Do With It?, the film conveys genuine compassion for its characters, and the ensemble cast is uniformly strong--especially Queen Latifah as a brash lesbian whose fate is as certain as her forceful attitude....Set It Off expresses a real sense that these women have been close friends for years, and that gives the film additional impact, even when their transition to crime and violence feels somewhat forced and superficial. A romantic subplot involving Pinkett and a social-climbing banker (Blair Underwood) is too contrived to be convincing, and director F. Gary Gray (Friday) tries too hard to combine hard-hitting action with social relevance (a weakness shared by Gray's following film, The Negotiator). Still, Set It Off effectively avoids passing judgment; its emotional complexity transcends simple notions of right and wrong, injecting vitality--and a kind of renegade integrity--into the traditions of a familiar plot. Se7en [i.e. Seven] / New Line Cinema presents an Arnold Kopelson production ; a film by David Fincher ; produced by Arnold Kopelson, Phyllis Carlyle ; directed by David Fincher ; written by Andrew Kevin Walker. [S.l.] : New Line Home Video, c1996. 1 VHS videocassette (127 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1997 .S369 1996 Videocassette : A psychological thriller about two detectives on the trail of a serial killer who chooses his victims according to the seven deadly sins. Shaft / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ; produced by Joel Freeman ; directed by Gordon Parks ; screenplay by Ernest Tidyman and John D. F. Black. Burbank, CA : Turner Entertainment Co. ; Warner Home Video, c2000. 1 VHS videocassette (100 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.D4 S47 2000 Videocassette : Shaft is hired by a Harlem mobster to find his kidnapped teenage daughter and finds himself up against some Mafia chieftains who want to take over a chunk of the Black Underworld's uptown territory. Cast : Richard Roundtree, Moses Gunn. The Shawshank Redemption / Castle Rock Entertainment presents a Frank Darabont film ; screenplay, Frank Darabont ; producer, Niki Marvin ; director, Frank Darabont. Culver City, Calif. : Columbia TriStar Home Video, [1995]. 1 VHS videocassete (142 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PS3561.I483 S43 1995b Videocassette : Two convicts, one white and one black, never give up the dream of freedom, and together they turn hope and friendship into an uplifting bond no prison can ever take away. Based on the short novel "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption" by Stephen King. [Prisons-drama] The Shawshank Redemption / Warner Bros. Pictures ; Castle Rock Entertainment presents ; screenplay by Frank Darabont ; produced by Niki Marvin ; directed by Frank Darabont. Burbank, CA : Warner Bros. Pictures ; Distributed by Warner Home Video, c2004. 2 DVD videodiscs (142 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3561.I483 S43 2004 VideoDVD 1-2 : City banker Andy Dufresne arrives at Shawshank Prison in 1947, convicted of two brutal murders, doing a double life sentence. Within the confines of the prison, Andy forms an unlikely friendship with the prison "fixer" Red. He also becomes popular with the Warden and the prison's guards, as Andy is able to use his banking experience to help the corrupt officials amass personal fortunes. But for an inmate, all that counts inside prison is its own society--who is strong, who is not--and the measured passage of time, during which Andy finds that survival comes down to a simple choice: get busy living or get busy dying. Cast : Tim Robbins (Andy Dufresne), Morgan Freeman (Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding), Bob Gunton (Warden Norton), William Sadler (Heywood), Clancy Brown (Captain Hadley), Gil Bellows (Tommy), Mark Rolston (Bogs Diamond), Jeffrey DeMunn (1946 D.A.), Larry Brandenburg (Skeet), Brian Libby (Floyd), Neil Giuntoli (Jigger), David Proval (Snooze), Joseph Ragno (Ernie), Paul McCrane (Guard Trout), Jude Ciccolella (Guard Mert), James Whitmore (Brooks Hatlen). Sherlock Holmes / a Warner Bros. Pictures presentation in association with Village Roadshow Pictures ; a Silver Pictures production ; a Wigram production ; directed by Guy Ritchie ; screenplay by Michael Robert Johnson and Anthony Peckham and Simon Kinberg ; screen story by Lionel Wigram and Michael Robert Johnson ; produced by Joel Silver, Lionel Wigram, Susan Downey, Dan Lin ; executive producers, Michael Tadross and Bruce Berman ; director of photography, Philippe Rousselot ; a Guy Ritchie film. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, [2010] 1 DVD videodisc (128 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S5 S5375 2010 : After finally catching serial killer and occult 'sorcerer' Lord Blackwood, legendary sleuth Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson can close yet another successful case. After his execution, Blackwood mysteriously returns from the grave and resumes his killing spree, Holmes must take up the hunt once again. Contending with Watson's new fiancée and the dimwitted head of Scotland Yard, the determined detective must unravel the clues that will lead him into a twisted web of murder, deceit, and black magic, not to mention the deadly embrace of temptress Irene Adler. Cast : Robert Downey, Jr., Jude Law, Rachel McAdams, Mark Strong, Eddie Marsan, Kelly Reilly, James Fox, Hans Matheson, Geraldine James. A Short Film About Killing (1987) / directed by Krzysztof Kieslowski ; screenplay by Krzysztof Kieslowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz. New York, N.Y. : Kino on Video, 2004. 1 DVD videodisc (81 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.F67 K54 K764 2004 VideoDVD : A man is sentenced to death for the murder of a cab driver. In Polish with English subtitles. Sin City (2005) / Dimension Films presents a Troublemaker Studios production ; produced by Elizabeth Avellán, Frank Miller, Robert Rodriguez ; directed by Frank Miller and Robet Rodriguez. Burbank, CA : Dimension Home Entertainment : Distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, [2009] 2 Blu-ray videodiscs (147 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in.. PN6727.M48 S512 2009 Blu-ray VideoDVD 1-2 : Brutal and breathtaking, Sin City is Robert Rodriguez's stunningly realized vision of Frank Miller's pulpy comic books. In the first of three separate but loosely related stories, Marv (Mickey Rourke in heavy makeup) tries to track down the killers of a woman who ended up dead in his bed. In the second story, Dwight's (Clive Owen) attempt to defend a woman from a brutal abuser goes horribly wrong, and threatens to destroy the uneasy truce among the police, the mob, and the women of Old Town. Finally, an aging cop on his last day on the job (Bruce Willis) rescues a young girl from a kidnapper, but is himself thrown in jail. Years later, he has a chance to save her again....Based on three of Miller's immensely popular and immensely gritty books (The Hard Goodbye, The Big Fat Kill, and That Yellow Bastard), Sin City is unquestionably the most faithful comic-book-based movie ever made. Each shot looks like a panel from its source material, and director Rodriguez (who refers to it as a "translation" rather than an adaptation) resigned from the Directors Guild so that Miller could share a directing credit. Like the books, it's almost entirely in stark black and white with some occasional bursts of color (a woman's red lips, a villain's yellow face). The backgrounds are entirely digitally generated, yet not self-consciously so, and perfectly capture Miller's gritty cityscape. And though most of Miller's copious nudity is absent, the violence is unrelentingly present. That may be the biggest obstacle to viewers who aren't already fans of the books and who may have been turned off by Kill Bill (whose director, Quentin Tarantino, helmed one scene of Sin City). In addition, it's a bleak, desperate world in which the heroes are killers, corruption rules, and the women are almost all prostitutes or strippers. But Miller's stories are riveting, and the huge cast--which also includes Jessica Alba, Jaime King, Brittany Murphy, Rosario Dawson, Benicio Del Toro, Elijah Wood, Nick Stahl, Michael Clarke Duncan, Devin Aoki, Carla Gugino, and Josh Hartnett--is just about perfect. (Only Bruce Willis and Michael Madsen, while very well-suited to their roles, seem hard to separate from their established screen personas.) In what Rodriguez hopes is the first of a series, Sin City is a spectacular achievement. Skinwalkers (2002) / an American Mystery! special, a production of Wildwood Enterprises and Granada Entertainment in association with WGBH Boston for the Public Broadcasting Service, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and Carlton International ; producer, Craig McNeil ; screenplay writer, James Redford ; director, Chris Eyre. [Alexandria, Va.] : PBS Home Video, c2004. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 97 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3558.I45 S5 2004 VideoDVD : After the disappointing Dark Wind, executive producer Robert Redford does Tony Hillerman justice with this authentic and ideally cast adaptation of the 1986 bestseller that first paired Lt. Joe Leaphorn (Wes Studi of Dances with Wolves and The Last of the Mohicans) and Officer Jim Chee (Adam Beach of Smoke Signals and Windtalkers) of the Navajo Tribal Police. Leaphorn, a veteran urban cop recently returned to the reservation, is Scully to Chee's Mulder as they investigate a series of murders seemingly committed by a "skinwalker," a shape-shifting evil spirit. Skinwalkers was the first presentation of the venerable PBS Mystery series to be set on United States soil. For Hillerman fans, and those new to his intimately observed world, this is good medicine. Sleepy Hollow (1999) / Paramount Pictures and Mandalay Pictures present a Scott Rudin/American Zoetrope Production ; a Tim Burton films ; producer, Scott Rudin, Adam Schroeder ; director, Tim Burton ; screen story by Kevin Yagher & Andrew Kevin Walker ; screenplay, Andrew Kevin Walker. Hollywood, California : Paramount Home Entertainment, 1999. 1 Blu-ray videodisc (ca. 105 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.M85 S5544 2006 Blu-ray VideoDVD : The films of Tim Burton shine through the muck like a jack-o-lantern on a foggy October night. After such successes as The Nightmare Before Christmas and Edward Scissorhands, it should come as no surprise that Sleepy Hollow is a dazzling film, a delicious reworking of Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Dark and moody, the film is a thrilling ride back to the turn of the 19th century. Johnny Depp stars as Ichabod Crane, a seemingly hapless constable from New York City who is sent to the small town of Sleepy Hollow to solve the mystery of the decapitations that are plaguing the town. Crane is a bumbling sort, with a tremendous faith in science over mysticism, and he comes up against town secrets, bewitching women, and a number of bodies missing heads. Christina Ricci, as beautiful as ever, is Katrina Van Tassel, the offbeat love interest who alternately charms and frightens Crane....The film, while occasionally gory (as one should expect from a movie about a headless horseman), is not terribly frightening, although it is suspenseful. Both Depp and Ricci are convincing, and the art direction and production values give the village its harsh feel. Toward the end, once the secrets are revealed, the film does slow down; however, this stylistic horror film provides many tricks and even more treats. The Specialist / Warner Bros. [Burbank, Calif.] : Warner Home Video, [1995] 1 VHS videocassette (VHS) (110 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.A3 S64 1995 Videocassette : Hired by May Munro to bomb the mobsters who murdered her parents, ex-CIA explosives expert Ray Quick faces an ominous question: is May falling for him, or is she setting him up, too? Cast : Sylvester Stallone, Sharon Stone, James Woods, Rod Steiger, Eric Roberts. Spider-Man / Columbia Pictures presents a Marvel Enterprises/Laura Ziskin production ; producers, Laura Ziskin, Ian Bryce ; screenplay writer, David Koepp ; director, Sam Raimi. Culver City, Calif. : Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, 2002. 2 DVD videodiscs (121 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S666 S65 2002 VideoDVD VideoDVD : After being bitten by a radioactive spider on a school field trip, Peter Parker finds himself gaining spider-like qualities. Adopting the name Spider-Man, Peter first uses his new skills to make money, but when the Green Goblin, another altered super-human, kills Peter's uncle, he swears to use his "spider-skills" to fight evil. Along the way he has to juggle a new job as a local reporter, and a budding romance with a beautiful former-classmate, MJ. Spider-Man 2 / presents a Marvel Enterprises/Laura Ziskin production ; produced by Laura Ziskin, Avi Arad ; screenplay by Alvin Sargent ; directed by Sam Raimi. Culver City, Calif. : Columbia Pictures, c2004. 2 DVD videodiscs (ca. 128 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S666 S652 2002 VideoDVD 1-2 : Peter Parker, a.k.a. Spider-Man, is desperately trying to balance his dual identities. He can't keep up at college, pay his rent, or seem to make amends with his estranged best friend Harry and his beloved Mary Jane is more skeptical than ever. Peter begins to notice that he's losing some of his powers and wonders if the cost of being a superhero isn't too high. Meanwhile Peter's idol, the renowned scientist Otto Octavius, has turned into a maniacal cyborg after a failed science experiment. Peter realizes he must decide between the ordinary life he so desires and the responsibilities of retaining his secret identity to stop "Doc Ock" and save New York City from destruction. The Split / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer presents a Spectrum production ; screenplay by Robert Sabaroff ; produced by Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff ; directed by Gordon Flemyng. Burbank, CA : Distributed by Warner Home Video, [2012] 1 DVD videodisc (90 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. ROVI Movie Collection CX5 D0138787 VideoDVD : The L.A. Coliseum is the target of a crew of thieves that stage a daring daylight robbery only to fall out when over a half million dollars goes missing and each one is accusing the other of having the money. State of Grace (1990) / an Orion Pictures release ; a Cinehaus production of a Phil Joanou film ; written by Dennis McIntyre ; produced by Ned Dowd, Randy Ostrow & Ron Rotholz ; directed by Phil Joanou. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment, [2002] 1 DVD videodisc (134 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G3 S73 2002 VideoDVD : New York City's Hell's Kitchen is a pressure cooker of pent-up anger and it's about to explode! Sean Penn, Ed Harris, Gary Oldman, Robin Wright, John Turturro and John C. Reilly deliver exceptional performances in this finely drawn tale of betrayal, redemption and guilt that'll put you on the edge of your seat! Terry Noonan (Penn) returns to his old neighborhood with a score to settle. He's now an undercover cop dead-set on taking down an Irish mob family headed by Frankie Flannery (Harris) and his hot-headed brother Jackie (Oldman). But when Noonan infiltrates the family, his old feelings for the Flannerys sister (Wright) further heighten the stakes as he enters a violent showdown with them during a crowded St. Patrick's Day Parade! The Sting (1973) / Universal Pictures. Universal City, Calif. : MCA DiscoVision, c1981. 1 videodisc (MCA DiscoVision) (129 min.) : sd., col., 1800 rpm ; 12 in. PN1995.7 .S75 1987 Video (12 inch) disc : After rookie grifter Johnny Hooker (Robert Redford) tracks down veteran flim-flam man Henry Gondorff (Paul Newman) in 1930s Chicago, the duo plans to fleece a homicidal racketeer (Robert Shaw) through a phony racetrack scam involving a string of double and triple crosses. The Sting picked up seven Academy Awards, including Oscars for Best Picture, Best Directing (George Roy Hill) and Best Original Screenplay (David S. Ward). Cast : Paul Newman, Robert Redford, Robert Shaw, Charles Durning, Ray Walston, Eileen Brennan, Harold Gould, John Heffernan, Dana Elcar, Jack Kehoe, Dimitra Arliss, Robert Earl Jones, James Sloyan, Charles Dierkop, John Quade. Stir Crazy / Columbia Pictures. Culver City, Calif. : Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1999, c1980. 1 DVD videodisc (107 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.C55 S75 1999 VideoDVD : Two zany drifters are mistakenly sent to prison for a robbery they didn't commit. They must rely on their wits in order to survive a sadistic warden, a hulking mass-murderer and worst of all, the inter-prison rodeo. Cast : Richard Pryor, Gene Wilder, George Stanford Brown, JoBeth Williams. Stranger Inside (2001) / HBO Films presents a C-Hundred Film Corp movie in association with Stranger Baby Productions, a film by Cheryl Dunye ; producers, Jim McKay, Michael Stipe, Effie T. Brown ; writers, Cheryl Dunye, Catherine Crouch ; director, Cheryl Dunye. New York, NY : HBO Home Video : Distributed by Warner Home Video, [2002], c2001. 1 DVD videodisc (90 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.P68 S77344 2002 VideoDVD : Treasure Lee just moved out of "juvenile" into the State Pen. Now she needs to learn how the system works, search out where the power lies, and find herself a new lover. She soon meets Brownie, a jail-toughened lifer, who works through her extended family of loyal girls. The closer Treasure gets to Brownie, the more enemies she makes. Cast : Yolanda Ross, Davenia McFadden, Rain Phoenix, Ella Joyce, Conchata Ferrell, Lee Garlington, LaTonya T. Hagans, Medusa. A Study in Scarlet / directed by Edwin L. Marin. Solana Beach, CA : Genius : Dollar-DVD, c2004. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 77 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S5 S78 2004 VideoDVD : This Sherlock Holmes adventure involves a secret society that collects the assets of its deceased members and redistributes the wealth amongst the surviving members. As one might guess, members are soon dropping like flies and Holmes and Watson are on the case! Sudden Impact / Warner Bros. Inc. ; produced and directed by Clint Eastwood. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1984. 1 videodisc (117 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in. PN1995.9.D555 S833 1984 Video (12 inch) disc : In the aftermath of a brutal rape, a beautiful woman has begun to hunt down her attackers. Harry has to find her and stop her before she kills again or the killers find her first. Cast : Clint Eastwood, Sondra Locke, Paul Drake, Audrie J. Neenan. Sugar Hill Beverly Hills, Calif. : Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2006. 2 DVD videodiscs (ca. 242 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3553.R48 R57 2006 VideoDVD : When the younger brother tries to break free from his world of crime and violence he is reluctantly lured back to help his brother keep the mob from taking over his territory. Cast : Wesley Snipes, Ernie Hudson, Abe Vigoda. Superfly (1972) / the Sig Shore Productions ; produced by Sig Shore ; written by Phillip Fenty ; directed by Gordon Parks, Jr. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c2004, c1972. 1 DVD videodisc (95 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.N4 S86 2004 VideoDVD : The pinnacle of blaxploitation movies, the 1972 Superfly stars Ron O'Neal as a drug dealer who wants out of the business but decides to take out some enemies in the process. With its criminal hero, one might almost think this could be an existential crime movie, but no...it's really just an effective piece of pulp with a strong performance by O'Neal, grim settings, cool direction by Gordon Parks Jr., and a famous soundtrack by Curtis Mayfield. S.W.A.T. The final season / a Spelling-Goldberg production ; Columbia Pictures Television. Los Angeles, CA : Shout! Factory, [2012]. 6 DVD videodiscs (approximately 1,080 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in Rovi Movie Collection CX5 D0139005 VideoDVD discs 1-6 : From producer Aaron Spelling comes one of the toughest, action-packed crime-fighting shows of them all: S.W.A.T. Spun off from The Rookies and fueled by its signature hit theme song, S.W.A.T. chronicled the covert missions of the LAPD's Special Weapons and Tactics unit, an elite five-man force tackling situations too dangerous for even the police to handle. Show titles: Disc 1 Deadly tide -- Kill S.W.A.T. -- Dealers in death Disc 2 Vendetta -- Criss cross -- Vigilante -- Courthouse Disc 3 Ordeal -- Strike force -- The swinger -- Terror ship Disc 4 Murder by fire -- Silent night, deadly night -- The running man Disc 5 Lessons in fear -- Deadly weapons -- The Chinese connection -- Dragons and owls Disc 6 Any second now -- Soldier on the hill -- Dangerous memories -- Officer Luca, you're dead. Sweeney Todd : the Demon Barber of Fleet Street / DreamWorks Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures present a Parkes/MacDonald production ; a Zanuck Company production ; produced by John Logan, Laurie MacDonald, Walter Parkes, Richard D. Zanuck ; screenplay by John Logan ; directed by Tim Burton. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Home Entertainment, [2008] 1 DVD videodisc (117 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.S554 S944 2008 : Reinventing himself as Sweeney Todd, a man unjustly sent to prison returns to exact revenge on those who ruined his life, especially the evil Judge Turpin who sent the man to prison. Not only does he seek revenge for the cruel punishment he suffered in prison, but also for what happened to his wife and daughter. When he returns to his home town, he reopens his barber shop, where Mr. Todd becomes the Demon of Fleet Street. Mrs. Lovett is Sweeney's amorous accomplice who creates diabolical meat pies out of the remains of Mr. Todd's victims. Cast : Johnny Depp, Helena Bonham Carter, Alan Rickman, Timothy Spall, Sacha Baron Cohen, Jayne Wisener, Jamie Campbell Bower, Laura Michelle Kelly, Ed Sanders, Anthony Head, Peter Bowles. Selected Feature Films, T-U Take the Money and Run (1969) / Palomar Pictures International presents ; a Jack Rollins and Charles H. Joffe production ; produced by Charles H. Joffe ; screenplay by Woody Allen and Mickey Rose ; directed by Woody Allen. Santa Monica, CA : Distributed by Metro Goldwyn Mayer Home Entertainment, [2004] 1 DVD videodisc (85 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3551.L44 T354 2004 VideoDVD : Psuedo-documentary that follows the activities of an unsuccessful bank robber. Taxi Driver (1976) / [presented by] Columbia Pictures ; written by Paul Schrader ; produced by Michael Phillips and Julia Phillips ; directed by Martin Scorsese. Culver City, Calif. : Columbia TriStar Home Video, [1999] 1 DVD videodisc (135 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997 .T384 1999 VideoDVD Also available as VHS videocasette : A New York cab driver is driven to obsession when he attempts to save a teenage prostitute and embarks on a violent rampage against a world of filth and corruption. Cast : Robert De Niro, Jodie Foster, Albert Brooks, Harvey Keitel, Leonard Harris, Peter Boyle, Cybill Shepherd. Thelma & Louise / Metro-Goldwyn Mayer ; Pathe Entertainment presents a Percy Main production ; a Ridley Scott film ; written by Callie Khouri ; produced by Ridley Scott and Mimi Polk ; directed by Ridley Scott ; in association with Star Partners III, Ltd. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment, c2003. 1 DVD videodisc (129 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.A3 T54 2003 VideoDVD : A waitress and a housewife try to get away from their boyfriend and husband for a weekend but instead end up on a crosscountry crime spree. A Thief of Time (2004) / a Wildwood Enterprises, Carlton, Granada production ; producer, Craig McNeil ; teleplay by Alice Arlen ; directed by Chris Eyre. [Alexandria, Va.] : PBS Home Video ; Hollywood, Calif. : Distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment, c2005. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 95 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3558.I45 T49 2005 VideoDVD : An anthropologist, Ellie Friedman-Bernal, is suspected of selling ancient Anasazi pottery on the black market. Lieutenant Joe Leaphorn and Officer Jim Chee are sent to investigate. Ellie's hyper-competitive colleagues, Maxie Davis and Randy Elliott, claim to be clueless about her whereabouts. Hailing from a hard-scrabble farm, Maxie is an improbable success at the academic game, while East-Coast patrician Randy is more at home as a scholar. Ellie's cryptic notes lead Leaphorn and Chee to preacher/fencer Slick Nakai, and his musician/accomplice Pete Etcitty, who later turns up dead--along with another pot poacher. Then there are the rich, unsavory collectors Richard DuMont and local rancher Harrison Houk, who was the last person to see Ellie alive. If the mystery is to be solved, some nettlesome questions need to be answered: Why did Ellie trade a saddle for a kayak just before she disappeared? Why does the crippled Houk himself own a kayak? And what's that hunched-over form in the shadows that looks strangely like Kokopelli, the flute-playing Navajo spirit? Also includes bonus film, Thieves of Time featuring Tony Hillerman, tracing the history of our fascination with Indian burial grounds The Thin Blue Line (1988) / an American Playhouse presentation ; an Errol Morris film ; produced by Mark Lipson ; directed by Errol Morris. Santa Monica, CA : Metro Goldwyn Mayer Home Entertainment, 2005. 1 DVD videodisc (102 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.D4 T55 2005 VideoDVD : This landmark award-winning documentary, which revolutionized the form and helped acquit an innocent man of murder, came about almost by accident. Errol Morris intended to travel to Texas to make a film about the criminal-psychiatry expert James Grigson, or "Dr. Death" as he came to be known for his frequent testimony against defendants, who were often then sent to death row. When Morris discovered that the doctor was involved in the trial of Randall Dale Adams, a man who, it seemed, had been falsely accused of the highway murder of a police officer, he decided that Adams's story was the real one to tell. Morris's innovative use of repeated dramatization, multiple points of view, talking-head and phone interviews, and symbolism--in concert with Philip Glass's haunting music--establishes that a combination of communitarian zeal and overly eager testimony persuaded the jury to find Adams, a "drifter" from the Midwest, guilty of the crime, instead of his underage (and, for the death penalty, ineligible) acquaintance, David Harris, who had a criminal record. The "thin blue line" of police officers separating the public from chaos--as the judge, quoting the D.A. in the case, has it--destabilizes in Morris's world and puts people at risk of injustice as often as it protects them. After serving time for a sentence commuted to life imprisonment, Adams was freed, making Errol Morris his most talented advocate. To Kill a Mockingbird / directed by Robert Mulligan ; produced by Alan Pakula ; screenplay by Horton Foote ; A Pakula-Mulligan, Brentwood Productions Picture. Universal City, CA : Universal Home Video, c1998. 1 VHS videocassette (130 min. + extra footage) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in. PS3523.E332 T6 1998 Videocassette : Two children in a small southern town are thrust into an adult world of racial bigotry and hatred when their lawyer father chooses to defend a black man unjustly accused of raping a white girl. Cast : Gregory Peck, Brock Peters, Robert Duvall, Mary Badham, Philip Alford, Collin Wilcox, John Megna, Ruth White, Paul Fix, Frank Overton, Rosemary Murphy. Traffic / directed by Steven Soderbergh ; screenplay by Stephen Gaghan ; produced by Edward Zwick, Marshall Herskovitz, Laura Bickford ; a Bedford Falls/Laura Bickford production ; a USA Films presentation in association with Initial Entertainment Group. [U.S.A.] : Criterion Collection, c2002. 2 DVD videodiscs (147 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.D78 T7 2002 VideoDVD : Presents a mix of interrelated stories: a Mexican policeman finds himself and his partner caught in an often deadly web of corruption; a pair of DEA agents work undercover in a sordid and dangerous part of San Diego; a wealthy drug baron living in upscale, suburban America is arrested and learns how quickly his unknowing and pampered wife takes over his business; and the U.S. President's new drug czar must deal with his increasingly drug-addicted teenage daughter. Cast : Don Cheadle, Benicio Del Toro, Michael Douglas, Luis Guzman, Dennis Quaid, Catherine Zeta-Jones. Training Day (2010) / Warner Bros. Pictures presents in association with Village Roadshow Pictures and NPV Entertainment an Outlaw Productions ; producers, Jeffrey Silver, Bobby Newmyer ; writer, David Ayer ; director, Antoine Fuqua. 1 Blu-ray videodisc (122 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.P57 T73 2006 Blu-ray VideoDVD : A powerhouse performance by Denzel Washington fuels this brutal urban police drama, in which a rookie narcotics cop learns the hard way that even good cops can go very, very bad. Washington plays veteran detective Alonzo Harris, a self-proclaimed "wolf among wolves," eager to teach his rookie partner Jake (Ethan Hawke) that normal rules don't apply on the mean streets of Los Angeles. Caught in a web of deception, Jake watches with escalating horror as Alonzo uses his badge (and the support of his superiors) to justify a self-righteous policy of corruption. In stark contrast to most of his previous work, Denzel unleashes his dark side with fearlessness and fury, and the result is excellence without compromise. Director Antoine Fuqua (The Replacement Killers) won't score any points for subtlety, but gritty details (including actual L.A. gang members as extras) and Hawke's finely tuned performance are perfectly matched to Washington's frightening volatility. Cast : Denzel Washington, Ethan Hawke. Trial by jury / Morgan Creek Productions, Inc. [Burbank, Calif.] : Warner Home Video, 1994. 1 VHS videocassette (VHS) (107 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Schaeffer Law Library Reserve VIDEO T : He's guilty of murder. But something goes wrong in the jury room. Eleven jurors vote guilty. One woman, her life and family threatened by the mob, votes to let the killer walk. To set things right, that woman will have to fight back with a vengeance. True Crime / Warner Bros. presents ; directed and produced by Clint Eastwood ; screenplay by Larry Gross and Paul Brickman and Stephen Schiff ; produced by Richard D. Zanuck & Lili Fini Zanuck ; based upon the novel by Andrew Klavan ; a Zanuck Company/Malpaso production. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1999. 1 videodisc (127 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in.; DVD MSU Law Library Reserve VIDEO T : A boozing, skirt-chasing and hard-living reporter realizes a death row prisoner scheduled to die at midnight is innocent. He races against time to save the man and perhaps lift his own life out of the trash heap. [Reporters and reporting -- United States -- Drama] The Underworld Story / Filmcraft Trading Corporation. New York : CBS/Fox Video, 1991, 1950. 1 VHS videocassette (90 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in. PN1995.9.G3 U53 1991 Videocassette : Powerful indictment of sensationalist journalism, Dan Duryea portrays an unscrupulous reporter who stumbles onto a cover-up that may get him killed. The Untouchables (2008) / Paramount Pictures presents an Art Linson production ; a Brian De Palma film ; written by David Mamet ; produced by Art Linson ; directed by Brian De Palma. Hollywood, CA : Paramount Pictures, p2008, c1987. 1 DVD videodisc (119 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. + 1 compact disc : digital, stereo ; 4 3/4 in HV7911.N45 U67 2007 Blu-ray VideoDVD Also available as 12-inch disk . : The critics and public agree. Brian De Palma's The Untouchables is a must-see masterpiece - glorious, fierce, larger-than-life depiction of the mob warlord who ruled Prohibition-era Chicago... and the law enforcer who vowed to bring him down. This classic confrontation between good and evil and stars Kevin Costner as federal agent Eliot Ness, Robert De Niro as gangland kingpin Al Capone and Sean Connery as Malone, the cop who teaches Ness how to beat the mob: shoot fast and shoot first. U.S. Marshals (1998) / Warner Bros. presents a Kopelson Entertainment/Keith Barish production ; written by John Pogue ; produced by Arnold Kopelson and Anne Kopelson ; directed by Stuart Baird. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1998. 1 DVD videodisc (131 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. DVD, 131 minutes. PN1995.9.S87 U558 1998 VideoDVD : Ladies and gentlemen, be alert. We are going to initiate a hard-target search for a fugitive in an ever-widening perimeter. We will wade through swamps, prowl Manhattan streets, search every house and doghouse. We'll eat on the run, sleep tomorrow, watch our backs. And since Marshal Sam Gerard leads the hunt, we will experience suspense, action and daring twists every breathless step of the way. Returning to his Oscar-winning role from The Fugitive, Tommy Lee Jones is Gerard, joining an A-team including Wesley Snipes, Robert Downey Jr. and director Stuart Baird. (Executive Decision) to deliver adrenaline-rush excitement. The suspect: armed, extremely dangerous, perhaps linked to a spy ring. The chase: highlighted by an out-of-control 727, a death match in a ship's cargo hold, a 12-story plunge onto a moving train and more heart-pounding sequences. The movie: U.S. Marshals. The Usual Suspects / PolyGram Filmed Entertainment and Spelling Films International present a Blue Parrot/Bad Hat production. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment, [2002] 1 DVD videodisc (106 min.); color PN1995.9.S87 U88 2002 VideoDVD : Police investigating an exploded boat on a San Pedro pier discover 27 bodies and $91 million worth of drug money. The only survivors are a severely burned Hungarian terrorist and Roger Kint, a crippled con-man. Reluctantly, Kint is pressured into explaining what happened on the boat. His story begins six weeks earlier with five criminals being dragged in by New York police desparate for suspects in a truck highjacking, and ends with the possible identification of a criminal mastermind. Selected Feature Films, V-Z Vandal / written by Gilles Taurand, Hélier Cisterne, Katell Quillévéré ; directed by Hélier Cisterne. New York : First Run Features, 2015. DVD. 84 minutes. In process for Kline Digital/Multimedia Center 4 West : The story of a wayward young man who comes of age in the world of grafitti art. Like the stolen car he is driving in circles, Cherif's life is going nowhere in a hurry. When he is arrested for the umpteenth time, Cherif's exasperated mother strikes a last chance deal with a judge to send the troubled teen to live quietly with his aunt and uncle and attend vocational school. Cherif's earnest attempt to go straight is ending him directly to the doldrums, until he discovers that his even straighter-laced cousin Thomas is actually part of a local gang of taggers, who roam the night bombing walls and overpasses in the shadow of a mysterious tagger whose death-defying works have made him a legend. Walk Proud (1979) / Universal ; a Turman-Foster Co. production. [Brisbane, Australia] : Magna Pacific, [200-?] 1 DVD-R videodisc (103 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.G29 W34 2000z VideoDVD : A young Chicano gang member in Los Angeles comes to realize that the gang life is not what he really wants but doesn't know how to get out. The "granddaddy" of all Latino gang films. The Warriors / Paramount Pictures presents a Lawrence Gordon production ; produced by Lawrence Gordon ; screenplay by David Shaber and Walter Hill ; directed by Walter Hill. Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Home Entertainment, [2005] 1 videodisc (94 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PS3575.U7 W32 2005 VideoDVD : Now known as a cult film with a significant following, The Warriors tells the story of a New York gang framed for the murder of the city’s most powerful criminal leader. Caught deep in enemy territory, they must try to reach the safety of Coney Island while dodging cops and rival gangs. Filled with colorful criminal bands such as Satan’s Mothers, the Baseball Furies, and the Savage Huns, the film also includes the familiar faces of Michael Beck, James Remar and David Patrick Kelly. We Own the Night / Columbia Pictures and 2929 Productions present a Nick Wechsler production, a James Gray film ; produced by Mark Wahlberg, Joaquin Phoenix ; produced by Nick Wechsler, Marc Butan ; written and directed by James Gray. Culver City, Calif. : Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2007. 1 Blu-Ray DVD videodisc (ca. 117 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1995.9.P57 W4 2007 Blu-ray VideoDVD : New York City, November 1988. Bobby Green is the manager of a Russian nightclub owned by Marat Buzhayev. The club is frequented by gangsters like Buzhayev's nephew Vadim. Despite Bobby's hedonistic and amoral lifestyle, he is committed to his girlfriend Amada. Bobby has a secret, however, which he guards closely. His brother is Police Captain Joseph Grusinsky and his father, Bert, is a legendary Deputy Chief. Bobby's strained relationship with his father and brother is tested when Bert warns his son that the police mean to clean up the drugs and Bobby will have to have to choose a side. After Joseph is badly wounded in an assassination attempt, Bobby finds that he can no longer remain neutral. When he discovers his father could be next, Bobby realizes they will only be safe when Nezhinski and his organization are destroyed, so Bobby and Joseph join forces for an all-out assault. Cast : Joaquin Phoenix, Mark Wahlberg, Eva Mendes, Robert Duvall. The Wild One / Columbia Pictures Corporation presents a Stanley Kramer Company production ; screenplay by John Paxton ; directed by Laslo Benedek. Culver City, Calif. : Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1998. 1 DVD videodisc (ca. 79 min.) : sd., b&w ; 4 3/4 in. PN1997 .W538 1998 VideoDVD : Johnny is the leader of a vicious biker gang which invades a small, sleepy California town. The leather-jacketed young biker seems hellbent for destruction until he falls for Kathie, a "good girl" whose father happens to be a cop. [Motorcycle gangs -- Drama] The Wire : the Complete First Season / HBO Original Programming ; producer, Nina Kostroff Noble ; story by David Simon & Edward Burns ; created by David Simon. [New York, N.Y.] : HBO Video, c2008. 5 DVD videodiscs (775 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1992.77.W53 W56 2008 VideoDVD Season 1 : After one episode of The Wire you'll be hooked. After three, you'll be astonished by the precision of its storytelling. After viewing all 13 episodes of the HBO series' remarkable first season, you'll be cheering a bona-fide American masterpiece. Series creator David Simon was a veteran crime reporter from The Baltimore Sun who cowrote the book that inspired TV's Homicide, and cowriter Ed Burns was a Baltimore cop, lending impeccable street-cred to an inner-city Baltimore saga (and companion piece to The Corner) that Simon aptly describes as "a visual novel" and "a treatise on institutions and individuals" as opposed to a conventional good-vs.-evil police procedural. Owing a creative debt to the novels of Richard Price (especially Clockers), the series opens as maverick Detective Jimmy McNulty (Dominic West, in a star-making role) is tapping into a vast network of drugs and death around southwest Baltimore's deteriorating housing projects. With a mandate to get results ASAP, a haphazard team is assembled to join McNulty's increasingly complex investigation, built upon countless hours of electronic surveillance....The show's split-perspective plotting is so richly layered, so breathtakingly authentic and based on finely drawn characters brought to life by a perfect ensemble cast, that it defies concise description. Simon, Burns, and their cowriters control every intricate aspect of the unfolding epic; directors are top-drawer (including Clark Johnson, helmer of The Shield's finest episodes), but they are servants to the story, resulting in a TV series like no other: unpredictable, complicated, and demanding the viewer's rapt attention, The Wire is "an angry show" (in Simon's words) that refuses to comfort with easy answers to deep-rooted societal problems. Moral gray zones proliferate in a universe where ruthless killers have a logical code, and where the cops are just as ambiguous as their targets. That ambiguity extends to the ending as well; season 1 leaves several issues unresolved, leaving you begging for the even more impressive developments that await in season 2. The Wire : the Complete Second Season . New York, NY : HBO Video, [2004] 5 DVD videodiscs (ca. 720 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1992.77.W53 W56 2004 VideoDVD Season 2 : It hardly seems possible, but The Wire's second season is even better than the first. The "visual novel" concept of this masterful HBO series is taken even further in a rich, labyrinthine plot revolving around the longshoremen of Baltimore's struggling cargo docks, where corruption, smuggling, and murder draw the attention of detective McNulty (Dominic West). What follows is a series of events which at first seem unrelated (including 13 bodies found in a cargo container), and then the ongoing effort to topple the drug empire of "Stringer" Bell (Idris Elba) and the imprisoned Avon Barksdale (Wood Harris), whose business is suffering from short supply, high demand, and disruption of distribution. The dutiful diligence of a Marine Police Patrol Officer and the moral outrage of the longshoremen's union leader are also factored into the suspicious goings-on at the loading docks, and what unfolds in these 12 episodes is an American crime epic easily on par with the Godfather saga. Yes, it's that good....Detailed synopsis is pointless; The Wire must be seen, heard, and absorbed to fully appreciate the way in which over 40 characters are flawlessly incorporated into a sprawling but tightly disciplined plot that deals, in the larger sense, with the deindustrialization of America and the struggle of longshoremen in a changing economical climate. Offering a privileged and occasionally frightening glimpse of the inner workings of shipping ports and cargo transports, The Wire is also a detailed exposé of organized crime and blue-collar corruption, and an authentic, well-informed study of political maneuvering among police and city officials. There's not a single false note to be found in the cast, direction, or writing of this phenomenal series, hailed by many critics as "the best show on television." With all due respect to HBO's other excellent series, The Wire tops them all. The Wire : the Complete Third Season / HBO Original Programming ; producers, Karen L. Thorson and Nina K. Noble ; created by David Simon ; directors, Joe Chappelle ... [et al.] ; writers, Richard Price ... [et al.]. [New York, N.Y.] : HBO Video, c2006. 5 DVD videodiscs (720 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1992.77.W53 W56 2006 VideoDVD Season 3 : With volatile issues of Baltimore city political reform as its narrative focus, the third season of The Wire superbly maintains the series' astonishingly consistent status as the greatest "novel for television" ever created. While the Baltimore police department's wire-tapping investigations continue to monitor the intricate and now legitimately fronted drug ring of Russell "Stringer" Bell (Idris Elba, smooth as ever), detective Jimmy McNulty (Dominic West) continues his loutish ways, navigating through a series of shallow sexual conquests while doing some of the best cop-work of his career. Stringer's ex-convict partner Avon Barksdale (Wood Harris) is back in the picture and bent on eliminating a drug-dealing competitor named Marlo (Jamie Hector), and Baltimore P.D. Major Howard "Bunny" Colvin (Robert Wisdom) tries his own defiantly independent brand of street justice by essentially legalizing drugs in "Hamsterdam," where isolated sections of the city are established as open drug-dealing zones, utterly without the knowledge or approval of Colvin's superiors. As city councilman Tommy Carcetti (Aiden Gillen) plots his own ruthlessly ambitious strategy for the mayor's seat, Baltimore officials, McNulty's wire unit, and the entire Baltimore P.D. stand poised for the inevitable fallout from street-level and executive-level manipulations of power....Of course, this is just the tip of a very large iceberg, as The Wire continues its labyrinthine yet tightly controlled chronicle of over 50 characters, major and minor, who are all flawlessly woven into the fabric of these 12 remarkable episodes. For season 3, series creator David Simon continued to recruit a top-drawer lineup of reputable writers (including novelists Richard Price, Dennis Lehane, and George Pelecanos) and directors (including Ernest Dickerson, Tim Van Patten, and Agnieszka Holland), and by the time a major character is killed in the season's penultimate episode (arguably the series' finest yet), it's clear that The Wire has earned its crown as the most ambitious and intelligent crime drama in the history of American television. DVD extras are excellent, as usual, including five illuminating episode commentaries (an absolute must for devoted fans of the series), a Q&A session with cast & crew moderated by renowned TV critic and author Ken Tucker, and a classroom conversation with Simon that delves deeper into the creative process of the series. Having deservedly earned its renewal for a fourth season (out of a projected five, according to Simon), The Wire delivers surprises aplenty (keep a close watch for startling revelations) while proving, yet again, that cable-TV is the place to be for anyone seeking respite from the relative mediocrity of mainstream network programming. The Wire : the Complete Fourth Season / Home Box Office, Inc. ; [presented by] HBO Original Programming ; created by David Simon. [New York] : HBO Video, [2007] 4 DVD videodiscs (ca. 800 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. PN1992.77.W53 W56 2007 VideoDVD Season 4 : Even if you missed the first three seasons (the character guides and thorough episode recaps on HBO's website are recommended), and with only one season left, it's not too late to get in under The Wire. In fact, season 4 is an accessible introduction for those who know The Wire only by its street cred as arguably the very best show on television. For them especially, this season will be, as befitting its theme, a real education. Without resorting to melodramatics that other ratings-challenged series employ to gain that frustratingly elusive audience, The Wire shakes things up this season in a way that is true to the series and its characters. A major character, Dominic West's McNulty, plays a minor role as a contented street cop and family man, while a former supporting player, Jim True-Frost's Roland Pryzbylewski, goes to the head of the class as a new eighth grade teacher at beleaguered Edward Tilghman Middle School. It may take a couple of episodes to orient yourself to the Baltimore backrooms, squad rooms, classrooms, and street corners where The Wire's intense dramas play out, and new viewers may miss something in character nuance, but they will easily grasp the big picture. A politically motivated shake-up sends Major Crimes detectives Freamon (Clarke Peters) and Greggs (Sonja Sohn) to Homicide. The gloves come off in the mayoral race between black incumbent Clarence Royce (Glynn Turman) and idealistic white challenger Tommy Carcetti (Aidan Gillen). Gang leader Marlo (Jamie Hector) quietly and deliberately becomes the city's new drug kingpin, managing to subvert all surveillance efforts. Meanwhile, while "Prez" tries to reach his students, four highly at-risk kids will be drawn into the drug trade....Mere synopsis does not do The Wire justice. The series deftly juggles its myriad storylines and characters, all of whom make an impression, from Marlo's cold-blooded enforcers, Snoop (Felicia Pearson) and Chris (Gbenga Akinnagbe), to boxing instructor "Cutty" (Chad L. Coleman), determined to keep his young charges off the corners. There is not a false note in the performances or the writing. Richard Price (Clockers) and Dennis Lehane (Mystic River) again contributed episodes. That this series has only been nominated for only one Emmy (for writing) is a travesty. As engrossing as the finest novels and in a class by itself, this isn't television; it's The Wire. The Wire : the Complete Fifth Season / [presented by] HBO Entertainment ; created by David Simon. [New York] : HBO Video, 2008. 4 DVD videodiscs (ca. 630 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in PN1992.77.W53 W56 2008 VideoDVD Season 5 : A barroom toast to Det. Jimmy McNuty (Dominic West), a one-man good cop/bad cop, offered in The Wire's final episode could very well serve as this series' epitaph: "When you were good, you were the best we had." Season five bears witness to this. The 10 riveting, wrenching episodes focus on yet another beleaguered Baltimore institution, The Baltimore Sun daily newspaper, whose staff, much like the police, is forced to do more with less. One editor (Clark Johnson) struggles to maintain the paper's journalistic standards in the face of declining ad revenues, employee buyouts and bureau closures. An ambitious reporter (Tom McCarthy) undermines him by taking a page out of the Stephen Glass/Jayson Blair playbook, manufacturing sensational quotes, and eventually, whole stories, while bean-counter management encourages its rising star and keeps its eye on the (Pulitzer) prize. Meanwhile, on the streets, the year-long investigation of rising drug lord Marlo Sansfield (Jamie Hector) and the 22 bodies found in "the vacants" has been discontinued and police morale is at an all-time low (the money promised to the department has been diverted to the schools). McNulty manufactures a serial killer case that will have far-reaching repercussions in the mayor's office, where Tommy Carcetti (Aidan Gillen) is mounting a run for governor a mere two years into his term. "I wonder what it would be like to work at a real police station," McNulty rages at one point. The Wire, as ever, is all about real. It's a gritty and unflinching look at life in one of roughest districts of a "broke-ass city." There is street justice for some characters, and street injustice for others. Some meet sad, sudden, or shocking ends that defy TV convention. Referring to Marlo, McNulty declares early on, "He does not get to win; we get to win." The hard-earned victories are mostly small, or come with a price. Not that The Wire does not offer glimmers of hope. Bubbles (Andre Royo) struggles to maintain his sobriety (Steve Earle portrays the leader of his 12-step program and also does the theme song honors this season), and the final episode features a cameo by Jim True-Frost as the once overwhelmed teacher, "Prez," who now seems to have the hang of the job. The ratings-strapped and criminally Emmy-snubbed The Wire has always been a critic's darling with a passionate fan base. To the show's credit, it did not make itself more accessible in its final season (consequently, its send-off did not receive near the fanfare of The Sopranos or Sex and the City). That should not dissuade newcomers to the show. It is heavy lifting, and if you're just joining The Wire, a visit to the show's official website for orientation is recommended. But buy it, watch it, and be patient. It's so worth it. From the masterful storytelling to the peerless ensemble, it just doesn't get any better than The Wire. But that's not exactly news. Zodiac (2007) / Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures present a Phoenix Pictures production ; produced by Mike Medavoy ... [et al.] ; screenplay by James Vanderbilt ; directed by David Fincher. Hollywood, CA : Paramount Home Entertainment, c2007. 1 DVD videodisc (158 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in PN1995.9.S87 Z63 2007 VideoDVD : Based on the actual case files of one of the most intriguing unsolved crimes in the nation’s history, "Zodiac" is a thriller from David Fincher, director of "Se7en" and "Panic Room." As a serial killer terrifies the San Francisco Bay Area and taunts police with his ciphers and letters, investigators in four jurisdictions search for the murderer. The case will become an obsession for four men as their lives and careers are built and destroyed by the endless trail of clues. Zoot Suit / a Luis Valdez film ; directed by Luis Valdez ; a Mark Taper Forum presentation ; a Universal Picture. Universal City, CA : MCA Universal Home Video, c1991. 1 VHS videocassette (1 hr., 44 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. PS3572.A387 Z66 1991 Videocassette : A group of Mexican-Americans are sent to San Quentin unjustly for the death of a man at Sleepy Lagoon. Based on the actual case and zoot suit riots of 1940's Los Angeles. Cast : Edward James Olmos, Charles Aidman, John Anderson, Tyne Daly, Daniel Valdez. Subject Guide Ask a Librarian Confused? Try the MSU Library Ask a Librarian Service available via chat , IM , email , phone, and in person at the reference desk . Film Criticism and Analysis Criminology goes to the movies : crime theory and popular culture / Nicole Rafter and Michelle Brown. New York : New York University, c2011. 227pp. Main Library HV6030 .R34 2011 : From a look at classics like Psycho and Double Indemnity to recent films like Traffic and Thelma & Louise, Nicole Rafter and Michelle Brown show that criminological theory is produced not only in the academy, through scholarly research, but also in popular culture, through film. Criminology Goes to the Movies connects with ways in which students are already thinking criminologically through engagements with popular culture, encouraging them to use the everyday world as a vehicle for theorizing and understanding both crime and perceptions of criminality. The first work to bring a systematic and sophisticated criminological perspective to bear on crime films, Rafter and Brown's book provides a fresh way of looking at cinema, using the concepts and analytical tools of criminology to uncover previously unnoticed meanings in film, ultimately making the study of criminological theory more engaging and effective for students while simultaneously demonstrating how theories of crime circulate in our mass-mediated worlds. The result is an illuminating new way of seeing movies and a delightful way of learning about criminology. Crime Wave Crime wave [electronic resource] : the filmgoers' guide to the great crime movies / Howard Hughes. London ; New York : I.B. Tauris ; New York : Distributed in the United States by Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 236pp. PN1995.9.G3 H84 2006 Online : One of Hollywood's most triumphant successes is the crime movie. Crime Wave offers an authoritative and entertaining guide to the crime movie genre from its beginnings to the present, charting its history, its sub-genres, and its developments. The book focuses on the most interesting and influential films, from Little Caesar,The Maltese Falcon, Point Blank, and The Godfather trilogy to L.A. Confidential, Ocean's Eleven, and many others....Crime Wave covers gangster and heist movies, blaxploitation, noir, murder mystery, and vigilante and buddy cop movies. Hughes explores each film's sources and influences, its impact on the crime genre and current fashion, including spin-offs, copies and sequels, themes, style, and box office fortunes. Detailed cast lists are provided for each of the main films, as are biographies and filmographies of the key personnel, along with background details of the films' production, locations, and sets.	i don't know
Who became the first Miss America to have to resign her crown on July 23, 1984, when nude photos of her were published in Penthouse?	Miss America resigns - Jul 23, 1984 - HISTORY.com Miss America resigns Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1984, 21-year-old Vanessa Williams gives up her Miss America title, the first resignation in the pageant’s history, after Penthouse magazine announces plans to publish nude photos of the beauty queen in its September issue. Williams originally made history on September 17, 1983, when she became the first black woman to win the Miss America crown. Miss New Jersey, Suzette Charles, the first runner-up and also an African American, assumed Williams’ tiara for the two months that remained of her reign. Vanessa Lynn Williams was born March 18, 1963, in Millwood, New York, to music teacher parents. She attended Syracuse University and studied musical theater. In 1982, while working a summer job as a receptionist at a modeling agency in Mt. Kisco, New York, photographer Thomas Chiapel took the nude pictures of Williams, telling her they’d be shot in silhouette and that she wouldn’t be recognizable. After Williams became Miss America, the photographer sold the pictures to Penthouse without her knowledge. Williams later dropped lawsuits against the magazine and photographer after it was learned that she had signed a model release form at the time the photos were taken. The Miss America pageant, which prides itself on projecting a wholesome, positive image of women, began in 1921 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, as a stunt developed by local businessmen to extend the summer tourist season. In 1945, the Miss America Organization handed out its first scholarship. Today, it provides over $45 million each year in cash and tuition assistance to contestants on the national, state and local levels. In 1954, the competition was broadcast live for the first time. Beginning in the 1980s, contestants were required to have a social platform, such as drunk-driving preventionor AIDS awareness, and Miss America winners now travel an estimated 20,000 miles a month for speaking engagements and public appearances. In 2006, following a decline in TV ratings, the pageant moved from Atlantic City for the first time in its history and took place in Las Vegas, where a new Miss America was crowned in January instead of September. Vanessa Williams rebounded from the Miss America scandal and went on to a successful entertainment career as an actress and recording artist, performing on Broadway as well as in movies and television and releasing a number of popular albums. Related Videos	Vanessa Williams
Name the 1978 movie from the plot summary: "At a 1962 College, Dean Vernon Wormer is determined to expel the entire Delta Tau Chi Fraternity, but those troublemakers have other plans for him."	Daily TWiP - Vanessa Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign today in 1984 - NashuaTelegraph.com Daily TWiP - Vanessa Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign today in 1984 Week in Preview Welcome to Daily TWiP, your daily dose of all the holidays, historical observances, etc., we couldn’t cram into The Week in Preview. These days, it seems like every young woman who receives a national pageant crown is soon at the center of controversy as drug problems or racy pictures come to light. Once upon a time, however, such incidents were relatively uncommon. Today (July 23) in 1984, Vanessa Williams became the first Miss America to resign over a scandal since the pageant’s inception in 1921. Williams was the first African-American woman to wear the Miss America crown, which unfortunately also earned her the distinction of being the first Miss America to receive hate mail and death threats. By all accounts, however, Williams conducted herself admirably, graciously fulfilling her pageant responsibilities and becoming a role model for countless people. Williams was well into her reign when she received an anonymous tip that nude photos from before her pageant days had been made public. The photos had been taken by photographer Tom Chiapel, for whom Williams had worked as an assistant and makeup artist in 1982. Although she had technically been posing as an artist’s model, the explicit photos created an uproar when they appeared in the September 1984 issue of Penthouse. Penthouse’s publisher, Bob Guccione, openly admitted that he had paid Chiapel for the photos and had not obtained Williams’ consent. That single issue raked in an estimated $24 million. Hugh Hefner, the publisher of Playboy, admitted in a rare display of moral fiber that his magazine had initially been offered the photos and had turned them down. His reasons for doing so, he claimed, were because Williams had not authorized the photos and that he was concerned that publishing them might damage her reputation, especially since she was the first African-American Miss America. For her part, Williams stated that she had believed the photographs were private (Chiapel had told her he wanted to test a new concept of silhouettes with two models) and that they had since been destroyed. Later on, however, Williams acknowledged that she had signed a model’s release. Nevertheless, in the face of the ensuing media frenzy, the outrage of pageant sponsors, and pressure from pageant officials, Williams chose to resign her position as Miss America, giving a press conference on July 23, 1984, to make her decision public. Runner-up Suzette Charles, also an African-American, was crowned in her stead. Shortly thereafter, Williams filed a lawsuit against both Chiapel and Guccione, which ultimately proved unsuccessful. She decided to drop the suit in favor of moving forward with her career and repairing the damage done to her reputation. Williams has since become a successful recording artist, scoring a number one hit with “Save the Best for Last” in 1992 and performing “Colors of the Wind” at the end of the 1995 Disney film “Pocahontas.” She is also a well known actress, most recently starring as Wilhelmina Slater in the comedy series “Ugly Betty.” In contrast, Chiapel (who died in 2000) is only known for having photographed Williams. As the saying goes, success is the best revenge. Daily TWiP appears Monday through Friday courtesy of The Week in Preview. Check out The Week in Preview online in our Columnists section at www.nashuatelegraph.com or read it in print on Mondays in our Nashua and Region section. Keep track of Daily TWiP, The Week in Preview, Tete-a-tete, and Teresa’s general ramblings at http://twitter.com/TeresaInPreview. - Teresa Santoski NOTICE: We use the Facebook commenting system. To submit a comment, you must have a facebook account. For more information, read our Comment Policy page and the Facebook privacy and security pages. Top Jobs	i don't know
Sheet, ribbon, forked, and ball are all types of what?	Lightning Types and Classifications Positive Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Cloud-to-Ground Lightning - Positive A lightning discharge between cloud and ground initiated by a downward-moving, positively-charged leader. Abbreviated "+CG". Positive CGs are less common than negative CGs, and usually are associated with supercell thunderstorms and trailing stratiform precipitation regions behind squall lines. Positive cloud-to-ground lightning strikes can be identified visually and in photographs by their distinctive lack of branching (positive CGs occasionally will have branching at higher altitudes, but rarely near the ground). Positive CGs usually consist of only one return stroke, which is typically very bright and intense relative to other lightning activity in a storm. It is common for photographs of positive CGs to be overexposed unless the photographer has stopped the lens down significantly. Thunder from a positive CG is typically very loud, and many times sounds like a series of deep, low-frequency sonic booms. Sprites (see below) are usually associated with the more intense positive CGs. Intracloud Lightning Intracloud Lightning The most common type of discharge - lightning inside a single storm cloud, jumping between different charge regions in the cloud. Intracloud lightning is sometimes called sheet lightning because it lights up the sky with a 'sheet' of light. All or parts of the actual channel may be obscured inside the cloud, and may or may not be visible to an observer on the ground. Not to be confused with cloud-to-cloud lightning. Anvil Crawler Anvil Crawlers Anvil Crawlers are horizontal, tree-like, in-cloud lightning discharges whos leader propagation is resolvable to the human eye. In other words, the anvil crawler's movement is slow enough (compared to most lightning discharges) that a human observer or normal-speed video camera can see its rapid motion across the sky. This type of lightning (sometimes referred to as 'crawlers' or 'rocket lightning') often cover very large distances, resulting in vast, spectacular sky-filling discharges. Anvil crawlers are often very high-altitude events, and as such typically result in soft, rolling thunder due to their great distance from the observer. The name 'anvil crawler' is derived from the visible 'crawling' motion and their tendency to appear along the underside of the anvil portions of a thunderstorm. Anvil crawlers can either occur independently completely within the cloud, or in connection with a cloud-to-ground discharge. Click the images below to enlarge Bolt from the Blue Bolt from the Blue A bolt from the blue (sometimes called 'anvil lightning' or 'anvil-to-ground' lightning) is a name given to a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge that strikes far away from its parent thunderstorm. A 'bolt from the blue' typically originates in the highest regions of a cumulonimbus cloud, traveling horizontally a good distance away from the thunderstorm before making a vertical descent to earth. Due to the final strike point being a significant distance from the storm (sometimes up to ten miles away), these lightning events can occur at locations with clear 'blue' skies overhead - hence the name. While many 'bolts from the blue' are positive flashes, some are not. Cloud-to-Air Lightning Cloud-to-Air Lightning Referring to a discharge (or a portion of a discharge) jumping from a cloud into clear air. Technically speaking, all cloud-to-ground lightning strikes contain 'cloud-to-air' components in the many branches that extend away from the main channel and terminate abruptly in mid-air. However, the most visually dramatic examples of cloud-to-air lightning occur when a long, bright lightning channel jumps out of the side of a cumulonimbus cloud and terminates in the clear air surrounding the storm. Bead Lightning Bead Lightning Bead Lightning is a name given to the decaying stage of a lightning channel in which the luminosity of the channel breaks up into segments. Nearly every lightning discharge will exhibit 'beading' as the channel cools immediately after a return stroke, sometimes referred to as the lightning's 'bead-out' stage. 'Bead lightning' is more properly a stage of a normal lightning discharge rather than a type of lightning in itself. Beading of a lightning channel is usually a small-scale feature, and therefore is often only apparent when the observer/camera is close to the lightning. Ribbon Lightning Ribbon Lightning Ribbon Lightning refers to the visual appearance of a photographed lightning flash's individual return strokes being separated by visible gaps on the final exposure. This is typically caused by wind blowing the lightning channel sideways during the exposure. The stronger the wind and closer the lightning strike, the more horizontal displacement will exist on the recorded image. Camera movement during the capture of a lightning photograph can also result in the same effect: PHOTO 1: Wind-blown lightning channel: View larger image PHOTO 2: Lightning captured with moving camera: View larger image Sheet Lightning Sheet Lightning Sheet Lightning is a term used to describe clouds illuminated by a lightning discharge where the actual lightning channel is either inside the clouds or below the horizon (not visible to the observer). Sheet lightning is, simply speaking, ordinary lightning (cloud-to-ground, intracloud, etc) that is hidden by clouds or terrain aside from the flash of light it produces.	Lightning
What part of an insect's body joins its head to its abdomen?	USATODAY.com 01/17/2006 - Updated 01:08 PM ET Details about the forms of lightning Lightning discharges from thunderstorm clouds in many forms: Forked lightning: Crooked or branched channels in a lightning stroke. Observers might see these ominous-looking bolts shoot from the cloud to the ground, from one cloud to another, or out of the top or sides of a storm. Cloud-to-cloud lightning is the most common, while only about 20 percent of all discharges are cloud-to-ground. Less common are bolts that shoot from cloud-to-air. Occasionally these strike up to 10 miles away from a thunderstorm. If the sky overhead is clear when the renegade lightning strikes, these "bolts from the blue" will seem to appear out of nowhere. Sheet lightning: Stroke appears within a cloud or is obscured by nearby clouds. Flashes of lightning can illuminate entire clouds, making them visible from miles away. With sheet lightning, the observer is near enough to hear the thunder. Those farther away might report "heat lightning." Heat lightning: Flashes too far away for observer to hear the thunder. Like sheet lightning, these flashes are created by lightning bolts, but are in thunderstorms more than 10 miles away. Trees, buildings and urban noise can cut this distance to less than five miles. It's called heat lightning because it is seen more frequently on hot summer nights when the sky overhead is clear. Often, air molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere refract the light coming from distant lightning, making the bolts or flashes appear orange. Ball lightning: Extremely rare, nearly phantom, luminous spheres. Less than three feet wide, these glowing balls have been seen coming from some of the more violent thunderstorms, which contain lots of lightning. In nearly all reported cases, the observers saw another form of lightning flash before seeing ball lightning. Lasting from several seconds to several minutes, the spheres can simply vanish after traveling slowly toward the ground. Usually no damage is left behind by ball lightning, but at times they have traveled through windows and screens, leaving behind burn marks. Reports of ball lightning have come from passengers on planes as well as from poeple in their homes or on ships. Still, some scientists don't believe ball lightning exists. St. Elmo's Fire: Luminous greenish or bluish glow above pointed objects on the ground. Named for the patron saint of sailors, St. Elmo's Fire is created by the soft glow of an electric field generated by a continuous flow of tiny sparks. The tiny sparks are postive charge reaching skyward in response to a growing area of negative charge in the clouds or air above. Instead of generating a lightning strike, the corona discharge, as it's called, flees objects such the masts of ships, power poles, antennas, and the wings of aircraft, causing the glow. If a thunderstorm is nearby, St. Elmo's Fire might precede a lightning strike close. High-altitude lightning: Recently-discovered colored flashes of light high above thunderstorms. Playful names such as "red sprites," "blue jets," and "green elves" have been given to these distincly different forms of lightning. They shoot up from the tops of thunderstorms about the same moment lightning discharges within the storm cloud. Occurring in the middle of the atmosphere, red sprites look like the stems of carrots, while blue jets are small streaks of light with flared ends like the horn of trumpet. Green elves are nearly-invisible, glowing, jellyfish-shaped amoebas that spread across the upper atmosphere.	i don't know
For a point each, name the 2 countries surrounding the Oriental Republic of Uruguay.	Ex. Rept. 109-17 - TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY CONCERNING THE ENCOURAGEMENT AND RECIPROCAL PROTECTION OF INVESTMENT (TREATY DOC. 109-9) \| Congress.gov \| Library of Congress PDF (PDF provides a complete and accurate display of this text.) Tip? 109th Congress Exec. Rept. SENATE 2d Session 109-17 ====================================================================== TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY CONCERNING THE ENCOURAGEMENT AND RECIPROCAL PROTECTION OF INVESTMENT (TREATY DOC. 109-9) _______ August 30, 2006.--Ordered to be printed Filed under authority of the order of the Senate of August 3, 2006. _______ Mr. Lugar, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted the following R E P O R T [To accompany Treaty Doc. 109-9] The Committee on Foreign Relations (``committee''), to which was referred the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Oriental Republic of Urguay Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment, with Annexes and Protocol, signed at Mar del Plata on November 4, 2005 (``Proposed BIT'') (Treaty Doc. 109-9), having considered the same, reports favorably thereon and recommends that the Senate give its advice and consent to ratification thereof, as set forth in this report and the accompanying resolution of advice and consent to ratification. CONTENTS Page I. Purpose..........................................................1 II. Background.......................................................2 III. Summary of Key Provisions........................................2 IV. Committee Action.................................................9 V. Committee Recommendation and Comments............................6 VI. Resolution of Advice and Consent to Ratification.................9 VII. Appendix: Hearing--U.S.-Uruguay Bilateral Investment Treaty.....11 I. Purpose The basic purposes of the bilateral investment treaty (``BIT'') program are to: protect investment abroad in countries where investors' rights are not already protected through existing agreements, such as free trade agreements; encourage the adoption of market oriented domestic policies which treat foreign investment in an open, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner; and support the development of international law standards consistent with these objectives. There are six primary benefits which flow to parties whose investments are covered by BITs. First, a BIT provides that investors and their ``covered investments'' are entitled to be treated as favorably as the host country treats its own or third country investments. Second, it provides a defined limit on the expropriation of investments and for prompt payment of adequate and effective compensation if and when expropriation may take place. Third, it provides for transferability of funds into and out of the host country without undue delay under a market rate of exchange and encompasses all transfers related to a covered investment, creating a predictable environment. Fourth, it limits circumstances in which performance requirements can be imposed. Fifth, it gives investors from each country the right to submit an investment dispute with the treaty partner's government to international arbitration, rather than domestic courts. Finally, a BIT gives investors the ability to utilize management personnel of their choice, regardless of nationality.\1\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ U.S. Bilateral Investment Treaty Program, Fact Sheet, Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, November 7, 2005; www.state.gov/e/eb/ rls/fs/22422.htm --------------------------------------------------------------------------- II. Background The United States and Uruguay announced their intent to negotiate a BIT on November 21, 2003, at the conclusion of the ministerial meeting of the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas in Miami, Florida. According to the negotiating parties, the decision to pursue BIT negotiations emerged from work conducted by the United States-Uruguay Joint Commission on Trade and Investment, which was created in 2002 to enhance trade and investment relations between the two countries. Negotiations began in the spring of 2004 and were concluded on September 7 of that year. The treaty was signed on November 4, 2005 and was approved by the Uruguayan legislature in December 2005. It was submitted to the United States Senate for advice and consent to ratification on April 4, 2006. The Proposed BIT is the 40th such treaty concluded by the United States, but the first negotiated since 1999. It is the first BIT negotiated on the basis of a new U.S. model BIT text, which was completed in 2004. The new model BIT is intended to encompass certain objectives from the Bipartisan Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002.\2\ The model also contains similar provisions to the investment chapters of recently negotiated free trade agreements. U.S. business interests have indicated their support for the Proposed BIT.\3\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \2\ See, e.g., Sec. 2102(b)(3) of P.L. 107-210 (19 U.S.C. Sec. 3802(b)(3)). \3\ Through communications with the committee, business groups such as the Emergency Committee for American Trade and The National Foreign Trade Council have recently indicated their support for approval of the proposed treaty. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- III. Summary of Key Provisions A detailed article-by-article discussion of the Proposed BIT is attached to the Letter of Transmittal from the Secretary of State to the President, which is reprinted in full in Treaty Document 109-9. A summary of the key provisions of the Proposed BIT is set forth below. ARTICLE 1 Definitions. The Proposed BIT defines the term ``investment'' broadly: the term means ``every asset that an investor owns or controls, directly or indirectly, that has the characteristics of an investment, including such characteristics as the commitment of capital or other resources, the expectation of gain or profit, or the assumption of risk.'' The definition contains a non-exclusive list of the forms that an investment may take, beginning with an ``enterprise,'' and including, inter alia, equity, bonds, futures, turnkey operations, intellectual property rights, licenses and authorizations conferred under domestic law, and other tangible or intangible, movable or immovable property and related property rights, such as leases and the like. An ``enterprise'' includes non-profit as well as commercial entities and both private and governmentally owned or controlled firms. An ``investor of a Party'' is ``a Party or state enterprise thereof, or a national or an enterprise of a Party, that attempts to make, is making or has made an investment in the territory of the other Party; provided, however, that a natural person who is a dual citizen shall be deemed to be exclusively a citizen of the State of his or her dominant and effective citizenship.'' A ``covered investment'' means, with respect to a Party ``an investment in its territory of an investor of the other Party in existence as of the date of entry into force of this Treaty or established, acquired, or expanded thereafter.'' ARTICLE 2 Scope and Coverage. The Proposed BIT applies to ``measures adopted or maintained by a Party relating to: (a) investors of the other Party; (b) covered investments; and (c) with respect to Articles 8, 12, and 13 (regarding transparency of investment laws and regulations, environment, and labor) all investment in the territory of the Party.'' The obligations in Articles 1-22 apply to state enterprises or other persons exercising any governmental authority delegated to it by the Party as well as to the political subdivisions of the Party. ARTICLE 3 National Treatment. This article requires each Party to accord national treatment to investors of the other Party and to covered investments with respect to the entire life cycle of an investment. National treatment is deemed to be ``treatment no less favorable than that it accords, in like circumstances'' to its own investors or to investments in its territory of its own investors, as the case may be. With regard to regional governments, it is defined as ``treatment no less favorable than the treatment accorded, in like circumstances'' by the regional government ``to natural persons resident in and enterprises constituted under the laws of other regional levels of government and to their respective investments.'' ARTICLE 4 Most Favored Nation Treatment. Under this article, Parties are required to grant to investors of the other Party and to covered investments the treatment no less favorable than that accorded ``in like circumstances'' to non-Party investors and to investments in its territory by non-Party investors, respectively, with respect to the activities listed in Article 3. ARTICLE 5 AND ANNEX A Minimum Standard of Treatment. This article establishes a minimum standard of treatment that each Party owes to covered investments. The minimum standard of treatment is defined as ``treatment in accordance with customary international law, including fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security.'' It also states that a breach of another provision of the Proposed BIT or of a separate international agreement would not necessarily constitute a breach of this article. Annex A Annex A contains the understanding of the Parties that ``customary international law,'' as referenced generally in the Proposed BIT, and as specifically mentioned in Article 5 ``results from a general and consistent practice of States that they follow from a sense of legal obligation.'' For purposes of Article 5, the ``customary international law minimum standard of treatment of aliens refers to all customary international law principles that protect the economic rights and interests of aliens.'' ARTICLE 6 AND ANNEX B Expropriation and Compensation. This article states that neither Party may expropriate or nationalize a covered investment, directly or indirectly, unless for a public purpose, in a non-discriminatory manner, with compensation, and in accord with due process and the treaty's minimum standard of treatment requirements. Compensation must be timely and equivalent to the value of the expropriated investment immediately before the expropriation. Annex B Annex B states the understanding of the parties that Article 6 reflects customary international law, and that expropriation results only when the state's interference is with a property right in an investment. Annex B further explains that Article 6 addresses two types of expropriation: direct expropriation, involving formal transfer of title or outright seizure, and indirect expropriation, involving a case- by-case inquiry that considers the economic impact of the government action, its interference with investment-backed expectations, and its character. Under paragraph 4(b) of Annex B, the Parties confirm their shared understanding that, except in rare circumstances, nondiscriminatory regulation ``to protect legitimate public welfare objectives, such as public health, safety, and the environment,'' do not constitute indirect expropriation. ARTICLE 7 Transfers. This article requires each Party to permit all transfers relating to a covered investment to be made freely and without delay into and out of its territory, thus ensuring that an investor may repatriate funds associated with investment activities. Such transfers are expressly deemed to include contributions to capital; profits, dividends, capital gains, and proceeds from the sale or liquidation (or any partial sale or liquidation) of the investment; interest, royalty payments, and various fees; contract payments; compensation from expropriations; restitution for losses resulting from war or armed conflict or civil strife; and payments arising out of a dispute. Transfers must be allowed to be made in a freely usable currency at the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of transfer. ARTICLE 8 Performance Requirements. This article prohibits the Parties from imposing requirements on the establishment, acquisition, expansion, management, conduct, operation, or sale or other disposition of an investment of an investor of a Party or of a non-Party in its territory that may impair the profitability and competitiveness of an investment. In addition, neither Party may condition the receipt, or continued receipt, of an advantage during the life-cycle of an investment of a Party or of a non-Party on compliance with certain specified requirements in this article. A Party may, however, condition the receipt or continued receipt of an advantage on compliance with a requirement to locate production, supply a service, train or employ workers, construct or expand particular facilities, or carry out research or development in its territory. The prohibition on technology transfer requirements does not apply with regard to certain measures consistent with the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights or when the requirement is designed to remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive under the Party's competition laws. ARTICLE 9 Senior Management and Boards of Directors. This article states that a Party may not place a nationality requirement on the individuals appointed to senior management of an enterprise of the Party that is a covered investment, but may require that a majority of the board of directors, or a committee of the board, be of a particular nationality, or resident in its territory, provided that the requirement does not ``materially impair'' the investor's ability to exercise control over its investment. ARTICLE 12 Investment and Environment. In this article the Parties recognize that it is ``inappropriate to encourage investment by weakening or reducing the protections afforded domestic environmental laws'' and are required to ``strive to ensure'' that they do not waive or offer to waive such laws in a way that ``weakens or reduces the protections afforded in those law as an encouragement for'' an investment in its territory. If one Party considers that the other has offered such an encouragement, it may request consultations and the Parties are to consult with the aim of ``avoiding any such encouragement.'' Nothing in the Proposed BIT may prevent a Party from taking any measure otherwise consistent with the Proposed BIT ``that it considers appropriate to ensure that investment activity in its territory is undertaken in a manner sensitive to environmental concerns.'' ARTICLE 13 Investment and Labor. In this article the Parties recognize that it is ``inappropriate to encourage investment by weakening or reducing the protections afforded in domestic labor laws'' and are required to ``strive to ensure'' that they do not waive or offer to waive such laws in order to encourage investment ``in a manner that weakens or reduces adherence to the internationally recognized labor rights'' listed in the article. It also provides that nothing in the Proposed BIT may be construed to prevent a Party from taking any measure otherwise consistent with the Proposed BIT ``that it considers appropriate to ensure that investment activity in its territory is undertaken in a manner sensitive to labor concerns.'' ARTICLE 14, AND ANNEXES I, II, III Non-Conforming Measures. This article provides that Articles 3, 4, 8, and 9 (regarding, respectively, national treatment, MFN treatment, performance requirements, engagement of senior management) do not apply to non-conforming central and regional government measures listed in a Party's Schedule to Annexes I or III, or to a local level of government. In addition, these articles will not apply to any measure that a Party adopts or maintains with respect to sectors, sub-sectors, or activities listed in its Schedule to Annex II. ARTICLE 17 Denial of Benefits. This article allows a Party to deny benefits to enterprises and investments if persons of a non- Party own or control the enterprise and the denying Party (1) does not maintain diplomatic relations with the non-Party or (2) adopts or maintains measures with regard to the non-Party that prohibit transactions with the enterprise or that would be circumvented if the treaty benefits were accorded to the enterprise. ARTICLE 18 Essential Security. This article contains an exception for measures related to a Party's essential security interests. ARTICLE 20 Financial Services. This article provides extensive provisions regarding financial services and special procedures for disputes in the area. A Party is not prevented from ``adopting or maintaining measures relating to financial services for prudential reasons . . . or to ensure the integrity or stability of the financial system.'' The term ``prudential reasons'' is understood to include ``the maintenance of the safety, soundness, integrity, or financial responsibility of individual financial institutions.'' This article also sets forth special procedures for State-to-State disputes involving financial services. ARTICLE 21 Taxation. This article specifies that the Proposed BIT does not apply to ``taxation measures'' except as provided in Article 21. It does not affect the rights and obligations of a Party under any tax convention, and to the extent that there is an inconsistency between a tax convention and the Proposed BIT, the tax convention prevails. Departing from the 2004 Model, it provides that national treatment and MFN obligations apply to all taxation measures other than tax measures relating to direct taxes (i.e., income and capital gains taxes, estate and gift taxes, and the like). In addition, the expropriation article applies to all taxation measures, except that if an investor-state claimant asserts that an expropriation is involved, the claimant may only submit the claim to arbitration if the claimant had first referred the issue in writing to the competent tax authorities of both Parties and the Parties failed to agree, within 180 days after the date of the claimant's referral, that the measure was not an expropriation. ARTICLES 23-34 Investor-State Dispute Settlement. Article 24 provides that if a disputing party considers that a dispute cannot be resolved through consultations and negotiations, the claimant may initiate arbitration. An investor may file a claim at least six months after the ``events giving rise to the claim'' and may do so under the ICSID Convention, the ICSID Additional Facility Rules, the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, or if the disputing parties agree, to any other arbitral mechanism. The arbitration rules invoked by the claimant will govern the arbitration except as modified by the Proposed BIT. Article 26 provides that claims cannot be submitted if more than three years have elapsed from the date on which the claimant acquired (or should have acquired) knowledge of the alleged breach and knowledge that loss or damage was incurred. The claimant must consent in writing to arbitration according to conditions set out in the Proposed BIT and the claim must be accompanied by a waiver of the right to initiate or continue before any administrative tribunal or court under the law of either Party, or under other dispute settlement procedures, any proceeding with respect to any measures alleged to constitute the breach. Article 27 addresses the selection of arbitrators. Tribunals are normally to be composed of three arbitrators, one appointed by each of the Parties and the third and presiding arbitrator, appointed by agreement of the Parties. Except as provided for financial services disputes, if a tribunal is not constituted within 75 days of the date the claim is submitted, the Chairman of the ICSID Administrative Council, on request of a disputing Party, is to appoint the remaining panelists. Article 28 governs the conduct of the arbitration, including the venue, the ability of the non-disputing party to make oral and written submissions to the tribunal, and the possibility of amicus briefs from a non-disputing person or entity. It also provides that the tribunal may award an interim award of protection to preserve a disputing party's rights. Article 29 provides for transparency in arbitral proceedings, requiring that documents be made public and that the tribunal conduct hearings open to the public, and Article 30 addresses the law that the arbitrators are to apply in the proceedings. Article 34 specifies that a tribunal may award only monetary damages and any applicable interest, and restitution of property, in which case the award is to provide that the respondent may pay monetary damages and any applicable interest in lieu of restitution. The tribunal may also award costs and attorney's fees in accordance with the Proposed BIT and the applicable arbitration rules; a tribunal may not award punitive damages. The award has no binding force except between the disputing parties and with regard to the particular case. Each Party must provide for the enforcement of an award within its territory and, where a Party fails to abide by or comply with an award, the non-disputing Party may seek State-to-State dispute settlement under Article 37. ARTICLE 37 State-to-State Dispute Settlement. This article sets forth dispute settlement procedures between states. Except for disputes arising under Articles 12 and 13 (environment and labor), any dispute between the Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Proposed BIT that is not resolved through consultations or other diplomatic means is to be submitted, at the request of a Party, to binding arbitration by a tribunal in accordance with international law. Where there is no agreement by the Parties, the UNCITRAL Arbitration rules are to apply, except as modified by the Parties or the Proposed BIT. Generally, tribunals are to consist of three arbitrators, one appointed by each Party and the presiding arbitrator appointed by agreement of the Parties. If a panel is not constituted within 75 days after a claim is submitted, the Chairman of the ICSID Administrative Council, on request of a disputing Party, is to appoint the remaining arbitrators. ANNEX C Submission of a Claim to Arbitration. Annex C departs from the 2004 Model in placing a special limitation on U.S. investors seeking local remedies in the territory of the other Party. Specifically, a U.S. investor may not submit to investor-State arbitration a claim that Uruguay has breached an obligation under Articles 3-10 if the investor has alleged that breach of the obligation in proceedings before a court or administrative tribunal of Uruguay. The limitation reflects the fact that treaty claims may be brought in Uruguayan local courts. ANNEX F Financial Services. Annex F, a departure from the 2004 Model BIT, expands on the obligations that the Parties undertake under Article 3 (national treatment) and Article 4 (MFN treatment) regarding a ``financial institution of the other Party'' (defined for the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2 as ``a financial institution, including a branch, located in the territory of a Party that is controlled by persons of the other Party''). It further provides in paragraph 4 that no claim that a measure relating to an investor of a Party, or a covered investment, in a ``financial institution'' (defined for the purposes of paragraph 4) located in the other Party breaches Article 3 or 4 may be submitted to investor-State arbitration. ANNEX G Sovereign Debt Restructuring. Annex G, which addresses investor-State claims involving sovereign debt restructuring by Uruguay, is another departure from the Model BIT. The Annex states that no claims that the ``restructuring of a debt instrument issued by Uruguay'' breaches an obligation in Articles 5 though 10 may be submitted for investor-State arbitration if the restructuring is a ``negotiated restructuring,'' as defined in the Annex, at the time the claim is submitted or becomes one after submission of the claim. A U.S. investor may not submit a claim for investor-State arbitration that a ``restructuring of debt issued by Uruguay'' breaches an obligation under Articles 5 through 10 unless 270 days have elapsed from the date of the events giving rise to the claim. IV. Committee Action The committee held a public hearing on the Proposed BIT on June 12, 2006. The hearing was chaired by Senator Lugar.\4\ The committee considered the proposed treaty on August 1, 2006, and ordered the proposed treaty favorably reported by voice vote, with a quorum present and without objection, with the recommendation that the Senate give advice and consent to its ratification, as set forth in this report and the accompanying resolution of advice and consent to ratification. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \4\ A transcript of the June 12, 2006 hearing is included as an appendix to this report. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- V. Committee Recommendation and Comments On balance, the committee believes that the Proposed BIT is in the interest of the United States and urges that the Senate act promptly to give advice and consent to ratification. The committee urges the executive branch to continue to work with interested parties, including those in the U.S. business community, to ensure the highest standards of protection for U.S. investors overseas. VI. Resolution of Advice and Consent to Ratification Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the Treaty between the United States of America and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment, with Annexes and Protocol, signed at Mar del Plata on November 4, 2005 (Treaty Doc. 109-9). VII. Appendix: Hearing--U.S.-Uruguay Bilateral Investment Treaty ---------- U.S.-URUGUAY BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY ---------- MONDAY, JUNE 12, 2006 U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Washington DC. The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 3:03 p.m. in Room SD-419 Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Richard G. Lugar, chairman of the committee, presiding. Present: Senator Lugar. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. RICHARD G. LUGAR, U.S. SENATOR FROM INDIANA The Chairman. This hearing of the Foreign Relations Committee is called to order. The committee meets today to review the Bilateral Investment Treaty with Uruguay, which was signed last fall. This agreement promotes investment and economic cooperation with a friend and partner in the Western Hemisphere. It would deliver important benefits to the United States, and it would reinforce the significant economic reforms that Uruguay has undertaken in the recent past. The agreement has already been approved overwhelmingly by both houses of the Uruguayan legislature. This support is a measure of President Vazquez's political leadership and his commitment to build a stronger political and economic relationship between Uruguay and the United States. More than 80 United States companies have operations in Uruguay. The United States became Uruguay's largest export market in 2004. In the absence of the Free Trade Agreements of the Americas that facilitates trade on a hemispheric scale, we should move forward where we can to create open markets on a bilateral basis. Consequently, the United States should consider whether the groundwork laid by this bilateral investment treaty could be expanded into a full Free Trade Agreement with Uruguay. I encourage the administration to continue its successful pursuit of bilateral investment treaties. These agreements open opportunities for our domestic companies and establish greater security for mutual investments. They promote open, transparent, and nondiscriminatory treatment of private investment, which is essential to ensuring that American companies can compete equitably in foreign markets. Cooperation on the commercial front also enhances our broader relationships with other nations. I welcome our distinguished witness, Mr. Daniel Sullivan, and congratulate him on his recent confirmation as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs. The committee looks forward to our discussion about the treaty. And in a moment, we look forward to the testimony of Secretary Sullivan. Would you please proceed and let me indicate at the offset that your full statement will be made a part of the record. You may deliver it in full or summarize, as you wish. STATEMENT OF HON. DANIEL S. SULLIVAN, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, D.C. Mr. Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I would like to just summarize the key points of my written testimony. And thank you for the opportunity to testify before your committee, today. The administration strongly recommends that the Senate give its advice and consent to the U.S./Uruguay Bilateral Investment Treaty. This treaty will protect the rights of U.S. investors in Uruguay; create opportunities for U.S. exports to Uruguay; and promote growth, economic reform and greater awareness of the benefits of open investment and trade regimes both in Uruguay and throughout the region. This is also the first such treaty negotiated on the basis of the new U.S. 2004 model BIT, which was developed in consultation with this committee, other members of Congress, the private sector, NGOs, and your staff. The new model BIT, like the older one, is a valuable tool to promote sound investment policies, and economic growth with our partners. The 2004 model draws on our experience with the NAFTA and is similar to the investment provisions in the FTAs that we've been negotiating. It enhances the core investment principles that have been the foundation of our BIT program for more than 20 years. The Uruguay BIT conforms closely to the new model. Although Uruguay is a small country, it is an important political and economic partner for the United States in the Americas. The United States is one of Uruguay's largest trading partners, and President Bush and President Vazquez agreed last month to broaden and deepen our economic and trading relationship. A BIT with Uruguay would be an important milestone in our growing economic partnership, will provide strong protections for U.S. investors, and will reinforce Uruguay's commitment to free and open trade in investment. I thank the committee for its consideration of this treaty and I will be glad to answer any questions that you may have. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. [The prepared statement of Mr. Sullivan follows:] Prepared Statement of Daniel S. Sullivan Chairman Lugar, ranking member Biden, members of the committee, and staff: Thank you for the opportunity to testify before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee as the administration seeks the advice and consent of the Senate to ratification of the U.S.-Uruguay Bilateral Investment Treaty. The administration strongly recommends that the Senate give its advice and consent to the U.S.-Uruguay Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT). This treaty, the first negotiated on the basis of the text of the new U.S. 2004 Model BIT, will protect the rights of U.S. investors in Uruguay. It will also serve to promote a more open investment and trade regime in the region and potentially more broadly in Latin America. The United States, with over $2 trillion invested abroad as of 2004, has a major stake in extending protections to our investors and improving their access to foreign markets. The U.S. BIT program, which has enjoyed bipartisan support throughout its existence, is a key tool in that effort. Over the past 24 years, the BIT program has had the same basic objectives: Protecting United States investment abroad; encouraging the adoption of market-oriented investment policies that treat private investment in an open, transparent, and non- discriminatory way; and supporting the development of international legal standards consistent with these policies. The BIT program was initiated to promote and protect U.S. investors in other countries by building on the principles contained in earlier Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (FCN). The program has helped to reinforce sound investment policy in a variety of developing nations and in economies that have undertaken the transition from central planning. By creating conditions more favorable to U.S. private investment, these treaties assist countries in their efforts to develop the private sector, thereby strengthening their economies. Furthermore, as more nations agree to conclude a BIT with the United States, the important investment principles they contain gain wide acceptance and contribute to the development of international law in directions consistent with U.S. interests. Since the inception of the Bilateral Investment Treaty program in 1982, the United States has concluded 46 BITs, 39 of which have entered into force. We have active discussions underway with Pakistan and are exploring potential BITs with several other countries. The Department of State and the United States Trade Representative co-lead negotiations with the support of Commerce, Treasury, and other agencies. BITs are negotiated on the basis of a model text that has been periodically updated. The most recent revision of the model BIT was completed in 2004, and, as noted earlier, is the model on which the U.S.-Uruguay Treaty is based. The 2004 model text embodies the same basic investment principles as its predecessors. It is similar to the investment provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and, in keeping with our policy of maintaining consistency across our agreements, is very similar to the investment chapters of our recently-concluded free trade agreements, including those with Chile, Singapore, five Central American countries and the Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR), Morocco, Australia, Oman, Peru, and Colombia. In addition to containing greater specificity than earlier model texts with respect to key provisions, our new model text contains several clarifications and procedural innovations designed to eliminate or deter frivolous claims and to make the investor arbitration process more efficient and transparent. Our BIT with Uruguay conforms very closely with the new model and embodies the following core protections: (1) national treatment and most-favored nation treatment both before and after the establishment of an investment, which creates a level playing field for U.S. investors; (2) a minimum standard of treatment based on customary international law; (3) international law principles governing expropriation; (4) limitations on performance requirements, such as local content requirements; (5) the right to hire senior managers of their choice; (6) improved transparency with respect to investment- related laws and regulations; (7) a guarantee of free transfers of investment-related funds; and (8) binding international arbitration of investment disputes that can be invoked either by investors or by the Parties to the agreement. Although Uruguay is a relatively small country, it has long been an important partner for the United States in the Americas. Our bilateral economic relationship has grown more important in recent years. In 1998, Uruguay sent over 55% of its exports to Mercosur countries. By 2004, the United States had overtaken Mercosur as Uruguay's number one trading partner. The United States is also Uruguay's largest single source of foreign investment, with an accumulated stock of investment of over $600 million. Uruguay's GDP in 2005 was approximately $16.8 billion; its GDP growth in 2005 is estimated to be an impressive 6.6%, with export and investment growth rates of 16% and 20%, respectively. Uruguay's economy is projected to grow by 4.8% in 2006. In 2004, the U.S.-Uruguay Joint Commission on Trade and Investment launched the negotiations that led to this BIT, and the Treaty was originally signed in Montevideo, just days before the election of the new Uruguayan President, Tabare Vazquez, on October 31, 2004. Following President Vazquez's inauguration in March 2005, his party began to examine the BIT and its options for proceeding. In September 2005, President Vazquez requested that the United States make several small changes to the text to accommodate Uruguayan concerns. The United States was able to agree to two of these proposed changes, and the text was altered and re-signed at the Summit of the Americas in Mar del Plata, Argentina, on November 5, 2005. The Uruguayan Parliament completed its domestic ratification procedures for the Treaty on December 27, 2005. President Bush transmitted the Treaty to the Senate on April 4, 2006. The U.S.-Uruguay BIT differs in minor respects from the 2004 model BIT text. None of these differences represent departures from core BIT principles. The most important changes derived from Uruguay's desire to maintain flexible oversight of its financial sector. For example, one change prohibits all investor-state claims, except fro discrimination, for negotiated sovereign debt restructurings carried out under collective action clauses and certain other processes. Another arbitration-related difference form the model bars U.S. investors from submitting claims to investor-state arbitration if the investor or enterprise had previously alleged the same breach of a BIT obligation before a Uruguayan court or tribunal. The Treaty text also includes a new clause to the Labor and Investment Article clarifying that a Party may adopt any non- discriminatory measure to ensure that investment is conducted in a manner sensitive to labor concerns provided the measure is otherwise consistent with the Treaty. This language is similar to the provision in the model text on environmental concerns. Other changes include relatively minor changes in defined terms, and other small, technical changes. A full description of each part of the Treaty text, including the departures from the model, has been included in the transmittal package, immediately following the end of the Treaty text. In conclusion, the U.S.-Uruguay BIT will help protect the rights of U.S. investors in Uruguay; create more opportunities for U.S. exports to Uruguay by stimulating our already strong bilateral economic ties; and promote growth, continued economic reform, and greater awareness of the benefits of open investment and trade regimes. In addition, the U.S.-Uruguay BIT is the first of what we expect will be a new series of BITs based on the 2004 model text--BITs that will have more robust protections for U.S. investors than we have had in the past. These BITs will preserve the legitimate regulatory prerogatives of the United States and its negotiating partners, protect U.S. investors, and promote open and fair investment policies around the world. I thank the committee for its consideration of this treaty and I will be glad to answer any questions. The Chairman. Let me just indicate, as you've pointed out, that the two Presidents met and discussed further deepening of our relationship, especially our trading ties, specifically now. I just raise the overall question, trying to outline how the administration is proceeding to accomplish these goals. And I touched upon this in the opening statement. After a successful conclusion of this investment treaty, isn't a Free Trade Agreement a natural step in the direction of deepening of these ties? Wouldn't a free trade agreement with Uruguay be in accordance with the U.S. Building Block Strategy in this region? Mr. Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. As you know and as you mentioned at the outset, the administration has been pursuing policies to increase trade and investment throughout Latin America through a number of different kinds of economic tools. I should note that I think, in a lot of ways, we've made significant progress in this regard. The statistic, I believe, that is most informative is--if you looked at the current FTAs that we either have, or that we are negotiating, or have completed--that the economies represented by those FTAs would account for over two-thirds of the GDP of the Western Hemisphere, without including the United States. So, there's been significant progress on that front. As you mentioned, and as I stated in my opening remarks, President Bush and President Vazquez met and committed to deepening that economic relationship. The BIT is primarily the way that we're looking at doing that right now. There are a number of economic issues that can be addressed by the BIT, but it will also, as you mentioned, help the economic reform program that the Uruguayan government is committed to. So, with regard to next steps in that relationship, the BIT is the primary focus. Specifically, with regard to an FTA, as you know, that is a process that requires significant consultation. Oftentimes, looking at potential FTA partners, there are a lot of issues that need to be addressed first, in terms of economic or investment issues. But as you know, prior to moving to an FTA, the consultation process on that decision, not only includes our potential partners, but the Congress, the private sector, and the interagency. And in terms of the specific question regarding an FTA with Peru, I think it might be a little bit premature to get into specifics, because I think that we're kind of at the beginning stages of that consultation process, Mr. Chairman. The Chairman. Well, without pressing the issue, is the Brazilian influence in the area a factor in consideration of a free trade agreement? Does that play into the situation at all? Mr. Sullivan. I think the answer to that is, we have said and I believe Ambassador Portman has said, with regard to trade in the Hemisphere, we welcome deepening our trading and investment relationship with all countries including those in Mercosur. The Chairman. In which Brazil is a major factor. Mr. Sullivan. That's right. That's correct. But, with regard to whether or not there's a prospect--well, let me back up here. With regard to the BIT, my understanding is that we haven't heard anything with regard to whether or not the Brazilian government has been supportive of this so we're assuming that is has. As I mentioned, it's an important building block. So again, I want to get back to the point. It's more an issue of going through the consultations that we need to do, both in terms of domestic audiences, the Hill, private sector, and our trading partners in the area to--where we would move forward on that issue. So, I do not believe that the specific issue of Brazil, with regard to that question, has been raised and I am not aware of it. The Chairman. For those listening to our dialogue and hearing the word BIT used, let me just indicate, as you have already, that this is the Bilateral Investment Treaty. And we have such treaties with 39 countries, according to our committee information. What factors are a criteria for considering which countries are going to be possibilities for negotiation of a Bilateral Investment Treaty? And what was the impetus for seeking this particular treaty with Uruguay at this time? Was it the meeting of the two Presidents, or were there other factors that entered into this? Mr. Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. With regard to the general question, it's an especially important question now, because, as I noted in my testimony, we have developed a new model BIT and there's an interagency process that's ongoing, again, with close consultation with this committee and congressional staffs on possible future BIT partners, who we would be considering. So, some of the factors that are important in that process--in that decision making process--include the depth of the economic relationship, the commitment to reform that the country that we would look at a possible BIT partner has, the way in which U.S. investors have been treated in the country, and key sectors in the country that we are considering, that may be of interest, and more broader foreign policy considerations. One point that I want to emphasize is this idea of our BIT not only as providing protection for U.S. investors, but also as a vehicle to help drive economic reform programs. I think that's very important. And so, the extent to which a partner country is interested in a BIT is obviously a very important issue that goes into the consideration of possible future BIT partners. With regard to your specific question, with regard to Uruguay, a lot of those considerations that I mentioned, came into play. As I mentioned earlier, a goal of the administration has been to increase trade and investment throughout the region and a Bilateral Investment Treaty is an important tool in that regard. And we saw Uruguay as a very good candidate for a number of the reasons again, that I have touched on. One of which is, they were very interested in 2004, approaching the administration with their interest in a Bilateral Investment Treaty. Also, there is--as you mentioned--a significant amount of economic reform being undertaken by the government, and we thought that a BIT would enable that process to gain some ground and to help in that regard. But also, more generally, in terms of our economic relationship, we understand right now, there are no investment disputes that we have involving any U.S. investors. They have been a success story in terms of IPR recently. They got off the 301 watchlist due to some of their activities. Even in terms of areas like corruption, where I think they ranked number two on the Transparency International List for its very pro-anticorruption policies. So, it's a number of these factors and given these factors, we thought it was an important move to make now. The Chairman. As you know, as countries have been evaluated for the Millennium Challenge Account program, the corruption factor is one that really is very large among many. But it is one that has been difficult for some countries to meet. And by the same token, the incentive to do so, has led to many countries being interested in the program. But, you have testified that this isn't the case for Uruguay. Uruguay ranks second in terms of transparency. In other words, quite apart from this new treaty, they have made a great deal of progress. And I think that's an important point to make. I would like to assess what kind of consultation process the administration undertook. I'm not certain what you're obligated to do under a bilateral investment treaty. You indicated that under the free trade agreement, apparently much more consultation with many parties, that you have enumerated, is required. Who, in the private sector, are really involved in the process of consultation? Does the 2004 model on which this agreement is based, reflect private sector input? Finally, is there private sector support for the treaty that you are presenting this afternoon? Mr. Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. To answer your last question first, there is private sector support for this treaty. With regard to the consultations on the model BIT, as I believe you know, it took a fair amount of time to actually develop and come to agreement on different elements of the final model, that was produced in 2004. That consultation process--it took some time, because it involved a number of different parties. It involved a very robust interagency process, where different agencies weighed in on their different concerns. It also involved a significant consultation with the Congress, and members, and staffs. We were also guided in part by the TPA legislation, which had a number of provisions that were guiding new trade agreements. Additionally, it included private sector involvement and civil society, the specific individual private sector entities. I do not have that at my fingertips, but I'd be glad to take that for a submission---- The Chairman. And share that for the record. Mr. Sullivan. Yes, sir. We'll make sure we get back to you both in terms of that and then, the other NGO group, but the consultations were, as I mentioned, quite robust across a broad section and I believe that there is a lot of different interests involved, but I believe that we have struck a balance that has primarily succeeded in gaining support from all these groups. The Chairman. Has there been some manifestation of that support of the individual firms? Have entities endorsed this treaty? Mr. Sullivan. Mr. Chairman, again, I'll take that for submission. I know that, in general, the private sector support for this treaty has been strong. As to specific firms, I will take that for submission and get back to you on that. [The additional information referred to above follows:] Additional Information Submitted in Response to Senator Lugar's Question Mr. Sullivan. The Uruguay bilateral investment treaty is the first negotiated on the basis of the 2004 U.S. model text. In developing the model, the administration undertook extensive consultations with a wide range of private sector groups, as well as the Congress. We received input from private sector advisory bodies including the State Department's Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy, and the Industry Trade Advisory Committees administered by the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and the Department of Commerce. Collectively, these groups encompass hundreds of representatives of interested constituencies, including business groups, trade unions, and other elements of civil society. In addition, several firms and organizations provided input in their individual capacities. To facilitate these consultations, we posted a draft of the model text on the State Department website in early 2004, while its development was underway. Business associations involved in these consultations included the American Council of Life Insurers, the Emergency Committee for American Trade, the National Association of Manufacturers, the National Foreign Trade Council, the U.S. Coalition of Services Industries, and the U.S. Council of International Business. These groups represent a wide spectrum of U.S. businesses ranging from consumer products, manufacturing, and financial services, to energy sectors. Labor, environmental, and other civil society groups involved in these consultations included AFL-CIO, the Center for International Environmental Law, Earthjustice, Friends of the Earth, Georgetown University Environmental Policy Project, Oxfam America, National Wildlife Federation, National Resources Defense Council, and the Sierra Club. All of these groups made important contributions that helped to inform our work on the new model investment treaty, which was concluded in late 2004. With respect to the Uruguay BIT in particular, we briefed private sector advisers through the Industry Trade Advisory Committee on the negotiations and consulted them on requests by Uruguay to depart from the model text. Specific groups that have expressed support for the Uruguay BIT include the Emergency Committee for American Trade, the National Association of Manufacturers, and the U.S. Council for International Business. The Chairman. For that matter, with trade groups and aggregates of firms, has someone spoken favorably about this? I presume then, that you have an affirmative answer to this question. Do private American investors feel secure in this treaty? Do they believe that this treaty offers them the protection that they would need in order to have--to use your terms--a robust relationship back and forth with Uruguay? Mr. Sullivan. I think the answer to that, Mr. Chairman, is yes. The provisions--and I layout the provisions in my written statement--the eight core principles that are in this treaty that offer protection to private sector individuals. Really the essence of the treaty is the protection of investor rights, the opportunity to settle disputes, either through the domestic courts in Uruguay or through binding international arbitration. And that is a key component of this treaty. I might add, that with regard to the support that we've seen, one of the reasons is because there have been improvements in this treaty versus the previous model BIT. Both this treaty and the previous model BITs have the eight core protections, core principles that I mentioned in my opening statement, and we can discuss those if you have any questions on the particulars. But, where we think there's been improvement, is in the areas that have been of concern to investors, such as transparency. There are a number of provisions that make the process more transparent. And also in terms of the arbitration process itself, it clarifies some of the rules. It offers the opportunity to get rid of frivolous claims. And so, the improvements that we think that build on this treaty from the previous model BIT, have engendered generally widespread support. So, we're confident that in a number of sectors, the support is very strong. The Chairman. Now sometimes, even though we may have the best of intentions, there are things that go awry. An arbitration process is set up in previous bilateral investment treaties, as well as in this one. What has been the experience as you've examined the bilateral investment treaties in the past? Has the arbitration mechanism worked in ways that were beneficial to the United States, and at a minimum, provided fairness to our interest? Mr. Sullivan. Yes. In general, the arbitration procedures have been followed and again--now sometimes, it's a lengthy process, which can be somewhat problematic--but in general, the arbitration procedures have been followed and they've also in general, been able to get investors the action and the justice really, that they have sought. And again, I want to go back and emphasize the importance of having that option to make a choice between the domestic court of the country in which that individual is investing, binding international arbitration. And so having that option, is something that's the essence of the treaty. But the history of the program and our relations and in terms of where we have had other BITs, the BITs actually have been quite successful. The Chairman. During your negotiation of this treaty, can you describe the kinds of investments in which the United States is involved? I mentioned in the opening statement that there are as many as 80 companies. But, what sort of industries are most prominent in this? What are the logical aspects of the flow of trade between the United States and Uruguay? What do they export to us and what do we export to them? In terms of pure financial arrangements, what kind of mechanisms are likely to be set up between the two countries that would be advantageous? Mr. Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Our exports in 2005 totaled about $260 million to Uruguay, that was primarily in a number of high-tech goods, TV equipment, medical equipment. It is important to note that--and again, this is another reason we think this is an important treaty, U.S. exports are up-- although from the small number, they're up by about 50--over 50 percent since 2002. So, we see that oftentimes what the case is, is that investment in a foreign country can be a platform for additional exports from the United States. And I think in this case, there's an opportunity to see that. So, we also have investments in the financial area within Uruguay. And, although I do not believe that we have any large scale investments in any kind of energy sector there, an area in which I know you are very focused, a lot of the BITs that we have the individual investor is using the BIT as you know in the energy sector. Now, what we do have, in terms of the energy sector with Uruguay, is that they have been a purchaser also of energy equipment. The Chairman. Yes. Mr. Sullivan. That's an area of U.S. exports that has the potential to grow. Finally, it's not just investments, but one important element of the revised model BIT, is that if there are large service contracts between a government--the Uruguayan government--and an investor. So, those kind of large--so, for example say some kind of energy related service contract, that kind of contract would actually fall under the provisions of the BIT. So, it's fairly robust in terms of the different areas in which U.S. companies would be engaged, or could be engaged. And again, I think that's another reason why we believe this is a strong treaty. The Chairman. This is a topical--almost current events question, as opposed to a broader problematic or philosophical one. In the past three weeks, many of the currencies in Latin America have been under stress. That has been true of currencies in other parts of the world. This may lead, during the latter part of the week, to central banks in six countries raising their interest rates very substantially. I'm curious whether Uruguay is undergoing such a predicament presently. That is, is it experiencing rapid declining currency or fears of either inflation or of liquidity being terminated? If so, what effect is this likely to have in terms of the debate on this treaty in either country? Mr. Sullivan. Mr. Chairman, with regard to the specific question, again, I'll--I'd like to take that for the record in terms of the specifics of the Uruguayan currency and what the situation is going--well, with regard to their financial markets. [The information referred to above follows:] Additional Information Submitted in Response to Senator Lugar's Question Mr. Sullivan. Many emerging-market currencies have depreciated over the past month. We have also seen volatility in emerging-market stocks and sovereign bonds in recent weeks. These developments are a reminder of the risks of investment. The government of Uruguay ratified the BIT before the most recent market turbulence; so it did not affect the debate in Uruguay. I would like to point out that while many emerging-market currencies depreciated in recent weeks, the Uruguayan peso has remained quite stable. The Uruguayan economy has made a strong recovery since the financial crisis of 1999-2002. Most analysts expect real GDP growth of close to 5% this year, and annual inflation is running at about 6%. While the economy still has some vulnerabilities, the government of Uruguay has taken many steps to improve the strength of the financial system. I should note that although we have been discussing BIT protections for foreign direct investment, portfolio investments, such as stocks and bonds, are also covered by the BIT. Together with the provision guaranteeing unrestricted transfers related to an investment, the BIT limits capital controls on covered portfolio investments. Such protections make it less likely governments will resort to controls, which can serve to exacerbate a crisis, and correspondingly can reassure investors, making it less likely they will act precipitously. The BIT also addresses sovereign debt restructurings that can result from financial crises. If those restructurings are carried out under collective action clauses and certain other processes, the Uruguay BIT prohibits investors from filing claims, except for cases of discrimination. We believe that by supporting collective action clauses we help ensure orderly debt restructurings, which benefit investors and debtor nations. Of course, while a BIT provides significant benefits to investors, it cannot create an investment environment that is entirely free of exchange-rate risk, default risk, or other risks. Mr. Sullivan. But, the broader point that's raised, is an important one and it does relate to a provision in the BIT. In one of those provisions, is--and I believe, it goes to both Uruguayan and U.S. support for the agreement, but one of the provisions in the BIT that's been negotiated, which again, does not affect the core eight principles, but it is an important departure, that's important to highlight. And I did highlight it in my written testimony, was with regard solving debt restructuring with the Uruguayan's and to the degree to which, if that is done per the terms of the instrument, that that-- those kind of activities would not fall within the provisions of the BIT, unless there was a claim by an investor that there was some kind of discriminatory practice. So, unless that claim can stand a broader solving debt restructuring, would not be subject to the scope of the BIT and I believe that this was a provision that Uruguayan's were interested in, because it relates to some of the issues that you're talking about, which is to have, in your minds, flexibility to address potential financial emergencies and other issues with regard to financial crisis and our negotiators accepted that as important--as an important point for them. The Chairman. So, translating this into less technical terms, it would mean, that United States investors still need to venture into the Uruguayan market, eyes wide open, with an idea of the debt structure of that government, and likewise its currency, because this treaty creates flexibility, in the event that Uruguay needs it to manage its situation. This could lead to a reduction in value of the currency or some type of restructuring of the debt, that could create some economic losses for an American investor or anybody else, including Uruguayan investors in this situation. So, what you're saying is that the treaty, with respect to the Uruguayans in particular, recognizes that this is a difficult world, that restructuring and changes sometimes occur, and it provides for that flexibility. And so, we understand that, eyes wide open, as we enter into this treaty? Mr. Sullivan. That's correct, Mr. Chairman. And that's an excellent point. The provisions of the BIT, as I mentioned, focus on the eight core principles, but there are some areas in which there are some exceptions and they're narrow and we tried to make them as narrow as possible in the treaty and it is important for investors to be aware of what these are, because it could affect their ability to bring actions under the BIT. And so, this one, the one that you have raised, particularly given this situation, and the condition of some of the other developing country economies is an important one to note. The Chairman. Correspondingly, I think from the standpoint of Uruguay, it ought to be pointed out that investors in our U.S. Treasury bonds, of which there are many coming from all over the world presently, accept the fact that the dollar may go up or down. That's the value of what they hold. But, that is taken for granted in the United States, in a very transparent set of markets everyday with futures markets and indicators of which way the winds may be blowing. Mr. Sullivan. Yes, sir. The Chairman. It is a world of risk when it comes to current financial transactions involving currency quite apart from investments in real material--real estate. Well, I thank you very much for your testimony and your forthcoming responses. Do you have any other comments that you want to make for the benefit of the record before we conclude our hearing? Mr. Sullivan. I would like to make one comment and again, Mr. Chairman, it goes to some of the current events that are occurring in the region. You see what is a slightly troubling-- not slightly--a troubling trend within the region with regard to expropriation and nationalization with certain countries. This kind of BIT, this kind of investment treaty is designed exactly to address these kinds of situations and therefore, although those kind of circumstances do not exist between the United States and Uruguay, it is important to recognize the broader intent of the Bilateral Investment Treaties and the importance both in terms of protecting investor rights, but also in terms of ensuring that when there are problems that we are seeing in other countries, that having a protection of this kind of treaty, is extremely valuable to both--primarily to the American investors, but also to the economies of the countries in which they're investing. So, I would just like to conclude on that point, sir. The Chairman. Well, it was an excellent point on which to conclude. I think we are all delighted to note the very fine visit by the distinguished President of Chile with our President last week and the reaffirmation of the strength of that relationship, which has been based upon the principles we have discussed today, and maybe even some beyond, and offers a source of influence in highlighting in South America at this point that the Uruguayan friendship certainly is another one in which we celebrate. We are hopeful we may be able to take action upon this treaty promptly. I would ask that the record be kept open for the rest of today for other questions or testimony by members who were unable to attend and likewise, that as rapidly as possible you submit for the record the responses to questions that we have raised today and that you indicated your willingness to respond to. Mr. Sullivan. Yes, sir. The Chairman. Having said that, we appreciate your coming and the hearing is adjourned. Mr. Sullivan. Thank you. [Whereupon at 3:37 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.] ---------- Responses to Additional Questions Submitted for the Record to Assistant Secretary Daniel Sullivan by Members of the Committee Responses to Questions Submitted by Chairman Lugar Question. Article 24.1 of the U.S.-Uruguay BIT, Investor-State arbitration, with respect to breaches of ``investment agreements'' with a national authority is available ``only if the subject matter of the claim and the claimed damages directly relate to the covered investment that was established or acquired, or sought to be established or acquired, in reliance on the relevant investment agreement.'' This provision diverges from the Model BIT. How will this affect the ability of investors to resolve disputes with national authorities? Answer. The quoted language from Article 24.1 is the same as that found in the model BIT, and therefore does not represent a departure. The same language can also be found in our recent free trade agreement texts. This provision clarifies that for claims for breach of an investment agreement, the claimant must allege that both the subject matter of the claim and the alleged damages ``directly relate'' to the covered investment made in reliance on the relevant investment agreement. In other words, a claim for breach of an investment agreement can be made if the subject matter and damages relate to a covered investment (for example, a claim that failure to perform affected, and caused damages to, a covered investment, which depended on such performance), but not if they relate to aspects of the investment agreement that do not have a significant connection to the covered investment (for example, a claim for contract damages stemming from simple failure to perform pursuant to a specific term that was not a significant basis for the establishment or acquisition of the covered investment). Question. There have been criticisms from the U.S. business community, who BITs are intended to protect, that the model and new direction of BIT negotiations are trending towards ``defensive concerns'' at the expense of the U.S. community investing overseas. Can you address this criticism, and if you find it to be inaccurate, please explain why. Answer. We believe that the model BIT and the Uruguay BIT reflect long-standing U.S. policy of concluding investment treaties that provide meaningful, high-standard protections to U.S. investors. The Uruguay BIT adheres closely to the text of the model BIT, which was developed in close consultation with Congress, the business community, and other stakeholders. The model BIT includes strong provisions on the free transferability of funds, standards for expropriation and compensation consistent with U.S. legal principles and practice, national treatment and most favored nation treatment, limits on trade- distorting performance requirements, investor-state arbitration and other core protections. The model also contains clarifications of key substantive provisions, such as expropriation and the minimum standard of treatment, and new procedures to eliminate frivolous claims and make the arbitration process more efficient and transparent. In developing the model, we took account of our experience in defending claims against the United States under the investment chapter of the North American Free Trade Agreement. In addition, we took into account the negotiating objectives on investment contained in the Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002, as our objective is to maintain consistency between our BITs and our free trade agreement investment chapters. Question. Can you explain the relationship between the investment chapters of free trade agreements and BITs generally? How about specifically in terms of dispute resolution procedures? Will investors be able to determine without difficulty which dispute settlement procedures are available to them at any given point in time of their investment? Answer. U.S. free trade agreements (FTAs) with investment chapters contain the same basic protections as U.S. bilateral investment treaties (BITs), and many of their core provisions use identical or nearly identical language. When we negotiate an FTA with a country with which we have a pre-existing BIT, we consider whether it is desirable to include an investment chapter to update our investment commitments to more closely reflect our present standards. We consider factors such as the level of investor protection afforded by the pre-existing BIT and the likelihood of successfully negotiating higher standards in a new FTA. We did not include an investment chapter in our FTA with Bahrain, with which we have a BIT, but we did include one in our FTA with Morocco, also a BIT partner, and in the Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement, where we have a BIT in force with Honduras. If there is a pre-existing BIT, and a new FTA that includes an investment chapter is negotiated, our practice has been to make the FTA effectively supersede the BIT. This is accomplished by the two Parties mutually agreeing to suspend dispute settlement under the BIT. A key exception to this suspension, however, is that BIT dispute settlement provisions continue to apply, for a period of 10 years, to covered investments and those BIT disputes that existed prior to the entry into force of the FTA. This exception ensures that investors who invested prior to the FTA continue to have access to dispute settlement under the BIT for 10 years after entry into force of the FTA. These investors have the choice of access to dispute settlement either under the BIT or the FTA during the 10-year period. Disputes arising after entry into force of the FTA involving investment made after the entry into force of the FTA may only be brought under the FTA. After the 10-year period, no dispute that arose before entry into force of the FTA may be taken to arbitration under the BIT or the FTA, and all disputes that arise after the 10-year period may only be brought under the FTA. These rules are described in the text of the Morocco FTA (Article 1.2(3)-(5)), and in an August 5, 2004 exchange of letters with Honduras, respectively. Both texts are available on the website of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. Question. Article 5 of the 2004 Model revises the provisions for minimum standard of treatment. One of the specific criticisms of this alteration is that there is not a clear definition in international law for minimum standard treatment of aliens. Can you explain the thought process behind the revision of this provision and include your understanding of minimum standard of treatment of aliens? Answer. In developing the 2004 model BIT, we sought to clarify that the obligation set forth in Article 5 prescribes the customary international law minimum standard of treatment of aliens as the minimum standard of treatment to be afforded to covered investments. In addition, Article 5 contains greater detail than prior models concerning ``fair and equitable treatment'' and ``full protection and security,'' and provides that these concepts do not expand the Parties' obligations beyond those required under the customary international law minimum standard of treatment of aliens. These clarifications in part reflect our experience with international arbitration under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). These clarifications also track the July 2001 interpretation of the NAFTA Free Trade Commission, which is comprised of the three government Parties to the NAFTA, regarding a similar Minimum Standard of Treatment article in the NAFTA. Customary international law, by definition, may evolve over time. Any attempt to provide more specificity on the customary international law minimum standard of treatment of aliens in the BIT text could risk denying investors the benefits of the protections provided by customary international law, as it may continue to evolve. Question. Does Article 30, Governing Law, in effect, give the respondent state the ability to turn an investor-State case into a State-State case? If not, please explain why not. Answer. Articles 30.1 and 30.2 specify the law a tribunal must apply to investor-State disputes. If the two government Parties seek to address an interpretive issue regarding a provision of the Treaty, they may do so in accordance with Article 30.3, which ensures that arbitral tribunals respect the intent of the two Parties that entered into the Treaty. It allows the Parties to issue a joint decision, binding on tribunals, expressing the Parties' interpretation of a provision of the BIT. By exercising this right, Parties to the BIT may, by their agreement, affect the way in which the treaty is interpreted by an investor-State tribunal. However, this does not change the nature of the dispute from one between an investor and a Party to the BIT. The fact that the Parties to the BIT do not issue a joint interpretation in a particular circumstance does not necessarily imply any disagreement with respect to the interpretation of the treaty that would suggest the possibility of a State-State dispute. It may simply reflect that the Parties see no need to clarify their interpretation of the text. __________ Responses to Questions Submitted by Ranking Member Biden Question. You stated in your testimony that ``by 2004, the United States had overtaken Mercosur as Uruguay's number one trading partner.'' According to the CIA publication ``The World Factbook'' (2005), in 2003 the United States was the third largest exporter to Uruguay, and the second largest market for products from Uruguay. What caused the significant expansion of trade between the United States and Uruguay in 2004? In what sectors, in particular, did this expansion occur? Answer. In 2004, the United States became Uruguay's largest export market, followed by Brazil and Argentina. In 2005, Uruguayan exports to the United States grew further and almost reached total sales to Mercosur (the Southern Cone Common Market, consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay, to which Venezuela has just been admitted as a full member). In 2005, Uruguay sold $760 million to the United States (22.4 percent of total exports), $781 million to Mercosur (22.9 percent) and $587 million to the EU (17 percent). The surge in sales in recent years was led by rising exports of beef--Uruguay's traditional export--and gasoline. Although Uruguay is a net importer of crude oil, it has excess refining capacity and is a net exporter of gasoline. U.S. imports of petroleum products from Uruguay increased from none in 2003 to $97.5 million in 2005. Beef sales rose significantly beginning in 2003, when the United States reopened its beef market after Uruguay contained an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. In 2005, beef sales accounted for 60 percent of total exports to the United States, and gasoline sales 17 percent. U.S. exports to Uruguay--which consist mainly of high-tech goods like computers, radio/ TV equipment, telecommunications equipment, and medical equipment-- dropped significantly in 1998-2002 following a steep economic crisis, and resumed growth in 2003. U.S. exports rose 60 percent in 2003-2005. Question. Are there any outstanding commercial disputes or expropriations claims involving the government of Uruguay (or an agency of that government) and U.S. firms? If so, please provide summary information about each dispute or claim, and the current status thereof. Answer. We are not aware of any outstanding commercial disputes or expropriation claims between U.S. persons and the government of Uruguay or its agencies. Question. Please provide a general summary of the investment climate in Uruguay for foreign direct investment, as well as a summary of the investment climate in Uruguay for U.S. firms. Answer. The Government of Uruguay acknowledges the important role that foreign investment plays in economic development and works to maintain an open investment regime. Uruguay's 1998 Investment Law (no. 16906) declares that the promotion and protection of national and foreign investment is in the national interest. The law provides for national treatment, supports the establishment of foreign investment in country, and provides for the repatriation of capital and profits from investments. The law provides for 100 percent foreign ownership of investments, except where restricted for national security purposes. Uruguay maintains few restrictions on foreign investment and generally does not require that firms receive specific authorizations to invest. Uruguay has a history of state monopolies in a number of areas, such as telecommunications and energy. However, in the past two decades the government has undertaken a privatization process to increase private sector participation in these areas. In the telecommunications sector, Uruguay maintains a monopoly on basic telephone services but has opened wireless services to private competition. The energy generation, petroleum, transportation, sanitation and financial services industries are all characterized by varying degrees of government involvement or monopolization, but are increasingly open to private investment. U.S. firms have generally encountered few major obstacles to investing in Uruguay, but have noted difficulties with bureaucratic procedures and tenders, and with numerous changes in tax codes and regulations since 2001. The World Bank's ``Doing Business'' report, which ranks countries according to the quality of their investment climates, ranks Uruguay 85th globally and 9th regionally of 155 countries surveyed. The annual report of the U.S. Embassy in Montevideo concerning Uruguay's investment climate is available on the website of the U.S. State Department (http://www.state.gov/e/eb/ifd/2006/ 62048.htm). Question. How does this treaty assist U.S. firms protect their intellectual property rights in Uruguay? Answer. BITs comprise one element of our efforts to protect U.S. intellectual property rights abroad. Consistent with long-standing U.S. BIT practice, the treaty's definition of ``investment'' lists ``intellectual property rights'' as one of the forms that an investment may take. Thus, where an investor owns or controls an intellectual property right that is, or is part of, a covered investment, it is subject to BIT protections. Question. The definition of ``covered investment'' in the 2004 model BIT, and in this treaty, provides that it applies to investments ``in existence as of the date of entry into force of this Treaty or established, acquired, or expanded thereafter.'' This language is not contained in the 1994 model BIT. Is there a material difference between the language contained in this definition from the 1994 model and the 2004 model BIT? Answer. The 1994 model BIT defines ``covered investment'' in Article I as ``an investment of a national or company of a Party in the territory of the other Party.'' Article XVI, paragraph one, of the 1994 model provides that the BIT ``shall apply to covered investments existing at the time of entry into force as well as to those established or acquired thereafter.'' The 2004 model BIT consolidates both concepts in the definition of ``covered investment,'' which in substance is not a change from the 1994 model. Question. Article 1 defines ``investment'' as an asset that ``has the characteristics of an investment.'' What does that phrase mean? Is that not a tautology? Please provide examples of an asset owned by an investor that would not satisfy this requirement. Answer. The forms that investment may take evolve over time, in response to changed economic and legal circumstances. For this reason, and consistent with long-standing U.S. BIT practice, the definition of ``investment'' is intentionally broad. The definition does, however, provide guidance on what constitutes an investment, notably by identifying certain ``characteristics'' of an investment, and setting out an illustrative list of forms that an investment may take. Additional elaboration is provided in several footnotes to the definition. Among other things, these footnotes set forth the types of debt that are less likely to have the characteristics of an investment; state that investments do not include claims to payment that are immediately due and result from the sale of goods or services, or orders or judgments entered in judicial or administrative actions; and provide that licenses, authorizations, permits, and similar instruments do not have the characteristics of an investment if they do not create any rights protected under domestic law. In general the definition provides more elaboration on the concept of ``investment'' than the prior 1994 model. At the same time, the definition is broad enough to encompass the evolving nature of investment throughout the life of the treaty. Question. Article 21 contains several departures from the model BIT. Please explain the rationale for these departures, and the benefits to the United States that result. Answer. Article 21 addresses the coverage of the BIT with respect to taxation measures. The principal departure from the U.S. model in this article is found in paragraph 2, and it is an area where the Uruguay treaty provides a higher level of investor protection than the model. This paragraph provides that the national treatment and most- favored-nation treatment obligations shall apply to all taxation measures, other than those relating to direct taxes (such as taxes on income, capital gains, and inheritances), and subject to other limitations. In other words, the Uruguay BIT provides protection against indirect taxation measures (such as excise or value-added taxes) that discriminate based upon nationality. We have included this provision in recent U.S. free trade agreements containing investment chapters and in the North American Free Trade Agreement, and we consider on a case-by-case basis whether to include it in individual BIT negotiations. In making the decision we consider factors such as U.S. investor interest in the protection and whether comparable provisions are contained in a tax convention between the United States and the other country. We do not presently have a tax convention with Uruguay. Paragraphs 5 and 6 of Article 21 clarify the application of dispute settlement provisions to taxation measures alleged to be a breach of treaty obligations or an investment authorization or investment agreement. This is not a substantive change from the model, as the same substantive effect is achieved through paragraph 1 of Article 21 in the model. Our model BIT was not completed until after the Uruguay text was tabled and these paragraphs are intended to be consistent with our approach to this issue in the model. Question. Annex F is a significant departure from the model BIT. Please explain the rationale for this departure, and the benefits to the United States that result. Answer. A leading priority of Uruguay in the BIT negotiation was to ensure the government's ability to regulate financial services and financial institutions in appropriate ways consistent with the treaty. This is reflected in Annex F, which contains additional provisions on financial services. The first two paragraphs of the annex clarify the shared understanding of the Parties concerning the relative standards of treatment to be compared in analyzing national treatment and most- favored-nation treatment with respect to financial institutions. Similar language is found in the financial services chapters of recent U.S. free trade agreements (FTAs) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This language is intended to help ensure proper application of these obligations in the financial services sector. The United States agreed to this language because Uruguay requested it and it was consistent with our interpretation of the provisions in the text that it is intended to clarify. Both the United States and Uruguay believed that State-State arbitration, rather than investor-State arbitration, should be the sole means of dispute settlement for claims relating to the treaty's national treatment or most-favored-nation treatment obligations for measures relating to financial institutions. This rule is reflected in paragraph 4 of the Annex. Language to the same effect is found in recent U.S. FTAs with investment and financial services chapters, as well as the NAFTA. This rule can help to prevent inappropriate claims of discrimination based on nationality in response to regulation in the financial sector, by vesting the decision of whether to submit a dispute in the hands of the investor's home country. The United States determines on a case-by-case basis whether such a provision should be tabled in individual BIT negotiations. In making this judgment we consider factors such as the U.S. investor interest, the nature of the other country's financial regulatory regime, the preference of our negotiating partner, the concerns of U.S. financial regulators, and whether investor-State arbitration is needed to protect the rights of U.S. investors in financial institutions of the other country. Even where the United States proposes this exclusion from investor-State arbitration for claims relating to U.S. measures in this sector, we allow for the possibility that our negotiating partner might choose to have investor-State arbitration apply to such claims for measures relating to its own financial institutions. Finally, paragraph 5 of the annex clarifies that the treaty does not prevent a Party from taking measures relating to financial institutions that are necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations that are not inconsistent with the Treaty, such as measures relating to the prevention of deceptive and fraudulent practices. This language, which was proposed by Uruguay, is also found in the financial services chapters of recent U.S. FTAs and is consistent with our interpretation of the relevant provisions in the text.	argentina brazil
What Latin phrase, which translates into English as “my fault”, is taken to mean “my fault”?	Uruguay Uruguay Uruguay The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Thomas E. Weil, Jan Knippers Black, Kenneth W. Martindale, David S. McMorris, Sally Engle Merry, and Frederick P. Munson, who wrote the 1971 first edition of Uruguay: A Country Study. The present volume incorporates portions of their work. The authors are grateful to individuals in various agencies of the United States government, private institutions, and Uruguayan diplomatic offices, particularly the Uruguayan Mission to the Organization of American States, who gave their time, research materials, and special knowledge to provide information and perspective. These individuals include Ralph K. Benesch, who oversees the Country Studies-Area Handbook Program for the Department of the Army. None of these individuals, however, is in any way responsible for the work of the authors. The authors also would like to thank those who contributed directly to the preparation of the manuscript. These include Lynne Shaner, who edited the chapters; Marilyn L. Majeska, who managed the editing; Andrea T. Merrill, who performed the final prepublication editorial review and managed production; Barbara Edgerton, Janie L. Gilchrist, and Izella Watson, who did the word processing; and Tim L. Merrill, who provided geographical assistance. In addition, Joan C. Cook compiled the index, and Malinda B. Neale and Linda Peterson of the Library of Congress Printing and Processing Section performed phototypesetting, under the supervision of Peggy Pixley. David P. Cabitto, assisted by Sandra K. Ferrell and Kimberly A. Lord, provided invaluable graphics support. Sandra K. Ferrell prepared the ranks and insignia charts; Kimberly A. Lord prepared the illustrations and all the maps except for the topography and drainage map, which was prepared by Harriett R. Blood. Finally, the authors acknowledge the generosity of the individuals and the public and private agencies who allowed their photographs to be used in this study. Preface Like its predecessor, this study is an attempt to examine objectively and concisely the dominant historical, social, economic, political, and military aspects of contemporary Uruguay. Sources of information included scholarly books, journals, monographs, official reports of governments and international organizations, and numerous periodicals. To the extent possible, place-names follow the system adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Measurements are given in the metric system. Although there are numerous variations, Spanish surnames generally are composed of both the father's and the mother's family names, in that order. In the instance of Jos� Batlle y Ord��ez, for example, Batlle is his patronymic, and Ord��ez is his mother's maiden name. In informal use, the matronymic is often dropped, a practice that has usually been followed in this book, except in cases where the individual could easily be confused with a relative. The body of the text reflects information available as of December 1990. Certain other portions of the text, however, have been updated. The Bibliography lists published sources thought to be particularly helpful to the reader. <"2.htm#PRE-COLUMBIAN">FROM PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES TO THE CONQUEST <"3.htm">THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE, 1811-30 Artigas's Revolution, 1811-20 <"4.htm">From Insurrection to State Organization, 1820-30 <"5.htm">BEGINNINGS OF INDEPENDENT LIFE, 1830-52 The First Presidents, 1830-38 <"6.htm">The Great War, 1843-52 <"7.htm">THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL, 1852-75 Intervention by Neighboring Countries <"8.htm">Evolution of the Economy and Society <"9.htm">Caudillos and Political Stability <"10.htm">MODERN URUGUAY, 1875-1903 <"11.htm">The Return of Civilians <"12.htm">THE NEW COUNTRY, 1903-33 Batlle y Ord��ez and the Modern State <"13.htm">The Consolidation of Political Democracy <"14.htm">THE CONSERVATIVE ADJUSTMENT, 1931-43 The Terra Era, 1931-38 <"15.htm">Baldomir and the End of Dictatorship <"16.htm">THERE'S NO PLACE LIKE URUGUAY, 1943-58 The Administration of Am�zaga, 1943-47 <"17.htm">Neo-Batllism, 1947-51 <"18.htm">Decline of the Economy and the Colorado Party, 1951-58 <"19.htm">ECONOMIC CRISIS AND DECLINE The Blanco Administrations, 1959-67 <"21.htm">The Emergence of Militarism, 1972-73 <"22.htm">THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT, 1973-85 The New Situation, 1973-80 <"23.htm">The Military's Economic Record <"24.htm">The Opposition and the Reemergence of Parties, 1980-84 <"25.htm">The Transition to Democracy, 1984-85 FROM PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES TO THE CONQUEST In contrast to most Latin American countries, no significant vestiges of civilizations existing prior to the arrival of European settlers were found in the territory of present-day Uruguay. Lithic remains dating back 10,000 years have been found in the north of the country. They belonged to the Catalan and Cuareim cultures, whose members were presumably hunters and gatherers. Other peoples arrived in the region 4,000 years ago. They belonged to two groups, the Charr�a and the Tup�-Guaran�, classified according to the linguistic family to which they belonged. Neither group evolved past the middle or upper Paleolithic level, which is characterized by an economy based on hunting, fishing, and gathering. Other, lesser indigenous groups in Uruguay included the Yaro, Chan�, and Bohane. Presumably, the Chan� reached lower Neolithic levels with agriculture and ceramics. In the early sixteenth century, Spanish seamen searched for the strait linking the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Juan D�az de Sol�s entered the R�o de la Plata by mistake in 1516 and thus discovered the region. Charr�a Indians allegedly attacked the ship as soon as it arrived and killed everyone in the party except for one boy (who was rescued a dozen years later by Sebastian Cabot, an Englishman in the service of Spain). Although historians currently believe that D�az de Sol�s was actually killed by the Guaran�, the "Charr�a legend" has survived, and Uruguay has found in it a mythical past of bravery and rebellion in the face of oppression. The fierce Charr�a would plague the Spanish settlers for the next 300 years. In 1520 the Portuguese captain Ferdinand Magellan cast anchor in a bay of the R�o de la Plata at the site that would become Montevideo. Other expeditions reconnoitered the territory and its rivers. It was not until 1603 that Hernando Arias de Saavedra, the first Spanish governor of the R�o de la Plata region, discovered the rich pastures and introduced the first cattle and horses. Early colonizers were disappointed to find no gold or silver, but well-irrigated pastures in the area contributed to the quick reproduction of cattle--a different kind of wealth. English and Portuguese inhabitants of the region, however, initiated an indiscriminate slaughter of cattle to obtain leather. During the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the Charr�as learned the art of horsemanship from the Spaniards in adjacent areas, strengthening their ability to resist subjugation. The Indians were eventually subdued by the large influx of Argentines and Brazilians pursuing the herds of cattle and horses. Never exceeding 10,000 in number in eighteenthcentury Uruguay, the Indians also lacked any economic significance to the Europeans because they usually did not produce for trade. As a result of genocide, imported disease, and even intermarriage, the number of Indians rapidly diminished, and by 1850 the pureblooded Indian had virtually ceased to exist. In 1680 the Portuguese, seeking to expand Brazil's frontier, founded Colonia del Sacramento on the R�o de la Plata, across from Buenos Aires. Forty years later, the Spanish monarch ordered the construction of Fuerte de San Jos�, a military fort at present-day Montevideo, to resist this expansion. With the founding of San Felipe de Montevideo at this site in 1726, Montevideo became the port and station of the Spanish fleet in the South Atlantic. The new settlement included families from Buenos Aires and the Canary Islands to whom the Spanish crown distributed plots and farms and subsequently large haciendas in the interior. Authorities were appointed, and a cabildo (town council) was formed. Montevideo was on a bay with a natural harbor suitable for large oceangoing vessels, and this geographic advantage over Buenos Aires was at the base of the future rivalry between the two cities. The establishment of the Viceroyalty of the R�o de la Plata in 1776, with Buenos Aires as its capital, aggravated this rivalry. Montevideo was authorized to trade directly with Spain instead of through Buenos Aires. Montevideo's role as a commercial center was bolstered when salted beef began to be used to feed ship crews and later slaves in Cuba. The city's commercial activity was expanded by the introduction of the slave trade to the southern part of the continent because Montevideo was a major port of entry for slaves. Thousands of slaves were brought into Uruguay between the mid-eighteenth and the early nineteenth century, but the number was relatively low because the major economic activity--livestock raising--was not labor intensive and because labor requirements were met by increasing immigration from Europe. Throughout the eighteenth century, new settlements were established to consolidate the occupation of the territory, which constituted a natural buffer region separating Spanish from Portuguese possessions. To combat smuggling, protect ranchers, and contain Indians, the Spanish formed a rural patrol force called the Blandengues Corps. In late 1806, Britain, at war with Spain, invaded the R�o de la Plata Estuary to avenge Spain's recapture of Buenos Aires from the British. The 10,000-member British force captured Montevideo in early 1807 and occupied it until that July, when it left and moved against Buenos Aires, where it was soundly defeated. In 1808 Spanish prestige was weakened when Napoleon invaded Spain and installed his brother Joseph on the throne. The cabildo of Montevideo, however, created an autonomous junta that remained nominally loyal to Ferdinand VII as the king of Spain. Montevideo's military commander, Javier El�o, eventually persuaded the Spanish central junta to accept his control at Montevideo as independent of Buenos Aires. In 1810 criollos (those born in America of Spanish parents) from Buenos Aires took the reins of government in that city and unseated the Spanish viceroy. The population of the Banda Oriental was politically divided. The countryside favored recognizing El�o's junta in Buenos Aires; the authorities in Montevideo wanted to retain a nominal allegiance to the Spanish king. Uruguay Artigas's Revolution, 1811-20 In February 1811, when El�o prepared to take the offensive against <"http://worldfacts.us/Argentina-Buenos-Aires.htm"> Buenos Aires, the interior of the Banda Oriental, led by Jos� Gervasio Artigas, captain of the Blandengues Corps, rose in opposition to El�o, and Artigas offered his services to Buenos Aires. Artigas, then forty-six years old, was the scion of a family that had settled in Montevideo in 1726. Influenced by federalism, Artigas had been dissatisfied with the administration of the former colonial government in Buenos Aires, particularly with its discrimination against Montevideo in commercial affairs. Artigas's army won its most important victory against the Spaniards in the Battle of Las Piedras on May 18, 1811. He then besieged Montevideo from May to October 1811. El�o saved Montevideo only by inviting in the Portuguese forces from Brazil, which poured into Uruguay and dominated most of the country by July 1811. That October El�o concluded a peace treaty with Buenos Aires that provided for the lifting of the siege of Montevideo and the withdrawal of all the troops of Artigas, Portugal, and Spain from Uruguay. Artigas, his 3,000 troops, and 13,000 civilians evacuated Salto, on the R�o Uruguay, and crossed the river to the Argentine town of Ayu�, where they camped for several months. This trek is considered the first step in the formation of the Uruguayan nation. The Portuguese and Spanish troops did not withdraw until 1812. At the beginning of 1813, after Artigas had returned to the Banda Oriental, having emerged as a champion of federalism against the unitary centralism of Buenos Aires, the new government in Buenos Aires convened a constituent assembly. The Banda Oriental's delegates to elect assembly representatives gathered and, under instructions issued by Artigas, proposed a series of political directives. Later known as the "Instructions of the Year Thirteen," these directives included the declaration of the colonies' independence and the formation of a confederation of the provinces (the United Provinces of the R�o de a Plata) from the former Viceroyalty of the R�o de la Plata (dissolved in 1810 when independence was declared). This formula, inspired by the Constitution of the United States, would have guaranteed political and economic autonomy for each area, particularly that of the Banda Oriental with respect to Buenos Aires. However, the assembly refused to seat the delegates from the Banda Oriental, and Buenos Aires pursued a system based on unitary centralism. Consequently, Artigas broke with Buenos Aires and again besieged Montevideo. Artigas lifted his siege of Montevideo at the beginning of 1814, but warfare continued among the Uruguayans, Spaniards, and Argentines. In June 1814, Montevideo surrendered to the troops of Buenos Aires. Artigas controlled the countryside, however, and his army retook the city in early 1815. Once the troops from Buenos Aires had withdrawn, the Banda Oriental appointed its first autonomous government. Artigas established the administrative center in the northwest of the country, where in 1815 he organized the Federal League under his protection. It consisted of six provinces--including four present-day Argentine provinces--demarcated by the R�o Paran�, R�o Uruguay, and R�o de la Plata--with Montevideo as the overseas port. The basis for political union was customs unification and free internal trade. To regulate external trade, the protectionist Customs Regulations Act (1815) was adopted. That same year, Artigas also attempted to implement agrarian reform in the Banda Oriental by distributing land confiscated from his enemies to supporters of the revolution, including Indians and mestizos (people of mixed Indian and European ancestry). In 1816 a force of 10,000 Portuguese troops invaded the Banda Oriental from Brazil and took Montevideo in January 1817. After nearly four more years of struggle, a defeated Artigas fled into exile in Paraguay in September 1820 and remained there until his death in 1850. After routing Artigas, Portuguese Brazil annexed the Banda Oriental as its southernmost Cisplatine Province. Uruguay Following its independence from Portugal in 1822, Brazil was confronted by unrest in the Banda Oriental. On April 19, 1825, a group of Uruguayan revolutionaries (the famous Thirty-Three Heroes) led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja, reinforced by Argentine troops, crossed the R�o de la Plata from Buenos Aires and organized an insurrection that succeeded in gaining control over the countryside. On August 25, 1825, in a town in the liberated area, representatives from the Banda Oriental declared the territory's independence from Brazil and its incorporation into the United Provinces of R�o de la Plata. Brazil declared war on them. The ensuing conflict lasted from December 1825 to August 1828. In 1828 Lord John Ponsonby, envoy of the British Foreign Office, proposed making the Banda Oriental an independent state. Britain was anxious to create a buffer state between Argentina and Brazil to ensure its trade interests in the region. With British mediation, Brazil and Argentina signed the Treaty of Montevideo at Rio de Janeiro on August 27, 1828, whereby Argentina and Brazil renounced their claims to the territories that would become integral parts of the newly independent state on October 3. However, Argentina and Brazil retained the right to intervene in the event of a civil war and to approve the constitution of the new nation. Argentine and Brazilian troops began their withdrawal, while a constituent assembly drew up the constitution of the new country, created its flag and coat of arms, and enacted legislation. The constitution was approved officially on July 18, 1830, after having been ratified by Argentina and Brazil. It established a representative unitary republic--the Rep�blica Oriental del Uruguay (Oriental Republic of Uruguay), the word oriental (eastern) representing the legacy of the original designation of the territory as the Banda Oriental. The constitution restricted voting, made Roman Catholicism the official religion, and divided the territory into nine administrative jurisdictions known as departments. Uruguay The First Presidents, 1830-38 At the time of independence, Uruguay had an estimated population of just under 75,000, of which less than 20 percent resided in Montevideo, the capital. Indeed, the new nation was born with most of its population scattered throughout the countryside. Political power centered on local leaders, or caudillos, who attracted followers because of their power, bravery, or wealth. There were three major caudillos at the time of independence: Rivera, Oribe, and Lavalleja. The first two were later elected presidents, Rivera from 1830 to 1835 and from 1838 to 1843 and Oribe from 1835 to 1838. Their rivalry, which turned violent in 1836, led to the formation of the first political groups, known as Colorados and Blancos because of the red and white hatbands, respectively, worn during armed clashes beginning in 1836. The groups would subsequently become the Colorado Party and the National Party (the Blancos). During this period, the economy came to depend increasingly on cattle, on the proliferation of saladeros (meat-salting establishments), and on the export of salted beef and leather. But political instability was the most significant feature of this period. Caudillos and their followers were mobilized because of disputes arising from deficient land demarcation between absentee landowners and squatters and between rightful owners and Artigas's followers who were granted land seized by Artigas. Rivera remained in the countryside for most of his presidency, during which Lavalleja organized three unsuccessful rebellions. Rivera was followed as president by Oribe, one of the ThirtyThree Heroes, but they began to quarrel after Oribe permitted Lavalleja and his followers to return from Brazil. In 1836 Rivera initiated a revolutionary movement against President Oribe, but Oribe, aided by Argentine troops, defeated Rivera's forces at the Battle of Carpinter�a on September 19, 1836. In June 1838, however, the Colorados, led by Rivera, defeated Oribe's Blanco forces; Oribe then went into exile in Buenos Aires. Internationally, the new territory was at the mercy of the influence of its neighbors. This resulted from its lack of clearly defined borders, as well as from Rivera's ties with Brazil and Oribe's with Argentina. Rivera again became the elected president in March 1838. In 1839 President Rivera, with the support of the French and of Argentine �migr�s, issued a declaration of war against Argentina's dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, and drove Rosas's forces from Uruguay. The French, however, reached an agreement with Rosas and withdrew their troops from the R�o de la Plata region in 1840, leaving Montevideo vulnerable to the forces of Oribe and his Argentina. For three years, the locus of the struggle was on Argentine territory. Oribe and the Blancos allied themselves with Argentina's federalists, while Rivera and the Colorados sided with Argentina's rival unitary forces, who favored the centralization of the Argentine state. In 1842 Oribe defeated Rivera and later, on February 16, 1843, laid siege to Montevideo, then governed by the Colorados. Uruguay Oribe's siege of Montevideo marked the beginning of the Great War (Guerra Grande, 1843-52). The Great War centered on the nineyear -long siege of Montevideo, described by Alexandre Dumas as a "new Troy," although the city itself suffered relatively little from the war. Britain had saved Montevideo at the outset by allowing the city to receive supplies. During the Great War, there were two governments in Uruguay: the Colorados at Montevideo (the so-called government of the "defense") and the Blancos at Cerrito (Little Hill), a promontory near Montevideo. The intervention first of France (1838-42) and then of Britain and France (1843-50) transformed the conflict into an international war. First, British and French naval forces temporarily blockaded the port of Buenos Aires in December 1845. Then, the British and French fleets protected Montevideo at sea. French and Italian legionnaires (the latter led by Giuseppe Garibaldi) participated, along with the Colorados, in the defense of the city. Historians believe that the reason for the French and British intervention in the conflict was to restore normalcy to commerce in the region and to ensure free navigation along the R�o Paran� and R�o Uruguay, thus guaranteeing access to provincial markets without Buenos Aires's interference. Their efforts were ineffective, however, and by 1849 the two European powers had tired of the war. In 1850 both withdrew after signing a treaty that represented a triumph for Rosas of Argentina. It appeared that Montevideo would finally fall. But an uprising against Rosas led by Justo Jos� de Urquiza, governor of Argentina's Entre R�os Province, with the assistance of a small Uruguayan force, changed the situation. They defeated Oribe in 1851, thereby ending the armed conflict in Uruguayan territory and leaving the Colorados in full control of the country. Brazil then intervened in Uruguay in May 1851 on behalf of the besieged Colorados, supporting them with money and naval forces. With Rosas's fall from power in Argentina in February 1852, the siege of Montevideo was lifted by Urquiza's pro-Colorado forces. Montevideo rewarded Brazil's vital financial and military support by signing five treaties in 1851 that provided for perpetual alliance between the two countries, confirming Brazil's right to intervene in Uruguay's internal affairs; extradition of runaway slaves and criminals from Uruguay (during the war, both the Blancos and the Colorados had abolished slavery in Uruguay in order to mobilize the former slaves to reinforce their respective military forces); joint navigation on the R�o Uruguay and its tributaries; tax exemption on cattle and salted meat exports (the cattle industry was devastated by the war); acknowledgment of debt to Brazil for aid against the Blancos; and Brazil's commitment for granting an additional loan. Borders were also recognized, whereby Uruguay renounced its territorial claims north of the R�o Cuareim (thereby reducing its boundaries to about 176,000 kilometers) and recognized Brazil's exclusive right of navigation in the Laguna Mer�n and the R�o Yaguar�n, the natural border between the countries. Uruguay Intervention by Neighboring Countries After Rosas went into exile in Britain in 1852, internal strife in Argentina continued until 1861, when the country was finally unified. Uruguay was affected because each Uruguayan faction expressed solidarity with various contenders in Argentina or was, in turn, supported by them. Brazil's intervention in Uruguay was intensified both because of Argentina's temporary weakness and because of Brazil's desire to expand its frontiers to the R�o de la Plata. Brazil intervened militarily in Uruguay as often as it deemed necessary, in accordance with the 1851 treaties. In 1865 the Triple Alliance-- formed by the emperor of Brazil, the president of Argentina, and General Venancio Flores (1854-55, 1865-66), the Uruguayan head of government whom they both had helped to gain power--declared war on Paraguay. Francisco Solano L�pez, Paraguay's megalomaniac dictator, had been verbally rattling his saber against Argentina and Brazil. The conflict lasted five years (1865-70) and ended with the invasion of Paraguay and its defeat by the armies of the three countries. Montevideo, which was used as a supply station by the Brazilian navy, experienced a period of prosperity and relative calm during the war. After the war with Paraguay, the balance of power was restored between Argentina and Brazil, the guarantors of Uruguayan independence. Thus, Uruguay was able to internalize its political struggles, an indispensable condition for consolidation of its independence. Uruguay After the Great War, immigration increased, primarily from Spain and Italy. Brazilians and Britons also flocked to Uruguay to snap up hundreds of estancias (ranches). The proportion of the immigrant population in Uruguay rose from 48 percent in 1860 to 68 percent in 1868. Many were Basques of Spanish or French nationality. In the 1870s, another 100,000 Europeans settled in Uruguay. By 1879 the total population of the country was over 438,000. Montevideo, where approximately one-fourth of the population lived, expanded and improved its services. Gas services were initiated in 1853, the first bank in 1857, sewage works in 1860, a telegraph in 1866, railroads to the interior in 1869, and running water in 1871. The creation in 1870 of the typographers' union, the first permanent workers' organization, was soon followed by the establishment of other unions. Montevideo remained mainly a commercial center. Thanks to its natural harbor, it was able to serve as a trade center for goods moving to and from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. The cities of Paysand� and Salto, on the R�o Uruguay, complemented this role. After the Great War, livestock raising recovered and prospered. Improvements in breeding techniques and fencing were introduced, and between 1860 and 1868 sheep breeding, stimulated by European demand, expanded from 3 million head to 17 million head. A group of modernizing hacendados (landowners), a large number of whom were foreigners, was responsible for this change. In 1871 they established the Rural Association (Asociaci�n Rural) to improve livestock-raising techniques. The association developed a reputation for defending rural traditions and exerting considerable influence on policy makers. Meat-salting enterprises were the main stimulus for the industrialization of livestock products. In 1865 the Liebig Meat Extract Company of London opened a meat-extract factory at Fray Bentos on the R�o Uruguay to supply the European armies, thus initiating diversification in the sector. This type of meat processing, however, was dependent on cheap cattle. As the price of cattle increased, the meat-extract industry declined, along with the saladeros, which prepared salted and sun-dried meat. Cuba and Brazil were the main purchasers of salted meat; Europe, of meat extract; and the United States and Europe, of leather and wool. Uruguay Until 1865 the prevailing political idea was fusion (fusi�n), meaning unity among Uruguayans, the putting aside of the colors and banners that divided them in the past. This idea inspired the administrations of Juan Francisco Gir� (1852-53), Gabriel Pereira (1856-60), and Bernardo Berro (1860-64). Hatred and rivalry flared up, however, preventing harmony. Gir� was forced to resign. Pereira suppressed almost six coup attempts, and Berro, the last Blanco president until 1958, confronted a revolution led by Colorado Venancio Flores, who took power with the support of Brazil and Buenos Aires. However, General Flores, who had been commanding the armed forces instead of governing the country since that March, was assassinated in Montevideo in 1868, on the same day that Berro was assassinated. During the period preceding the Great War, the long conflict between church and state also began. It involved Freemasons in government circles and resulted in the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1859 (they were allowed to return in 1865) and the secularization of cemeteries in 1861. Until then the church had almost exclusive control over the cemeteries. The constitutional government of General Lorenzo Batlle y Grau (1868-72) was forced to suppress an insurrection led by the National Party. After two years of struggle, a peace agreement was signed in 1872 that gave the Blancos a share in the emoluments and functions of government, through control of four of the country's departments. This establishment of the policy of coparticipation (coparticipaci�n) represented the search for a new formula of compromise, based on the coexistence of the party in power and the party in opposition. A permanent break in the cycle of near anarchy and repression was anticipated when Jos� Ellauri (1872-75) was elected president. His administration was characterized by the predominance of university men over caudillos. A number of them, known as the "Girondists of 73" were sent to the General Assembly. Unfortunately, however, the ensuing economic crisis and the weakness of civil power paved the way for a period of militarism. Uruguay Militarism, 1875-90 Between 1875 and 1886, political parties--as represented by the caudillo and the university sectors--were in decline, and the military became the center of power. A transition period (1886- 90) followed, during which politicians began recovering lost ground, and there was some civilian participation in government. Nevertheless, political parties during this period were not parties in the modern sense of the term. Nor, however, was the army a professional institution despite its successful foreign and domestic campaigns. Because of serious disturbances, Ellauri was forced to resign in 1875. His successor, Jos� Pedro Varela (1875-76), curtailed liberties, arrested opposition leaders and deported the most notable among them to Cuba, and successfully quelled an armed rebellion. At the beginning of 1876, Colonel Lorenzo Latorre (1876-80) assumed power; he was appointed constitutional president in 1879, but the following year he resigned, after declaring that Uruguayans were "ungovernable," and moved to Argentina. Colonel General M�ximo Santos (1882-86) was appointed president in 1882 by a General Assembly elected under his pressure, and his political entourage named him leader of the Colorado Party. In 1886 Santos suppressed an insurrection led by the opposition, but after an attempt against his life, he too resigned and went to live in Europe. During this authoritarian period (1875-86), the government took steps toward the organization of the country as a modern state and encouraged its economic and social transformation. Pressure groups, particularly businessmen, hacendados, and industrialists, were organized and had a strong influence on government, as demonstrated by their support of numerous measures taken by the state. In the international realm, the country improved its ties with Britain. Loans increased significantly after the 1870s, when the first one was granted. In 1876 British investors acquired the national railroad company, the North Tramway and Railway Company. They later dominated construction of railroads and continued their policy of ensuring control over, and concessions to, some essential services in Montevideo, such as gas (1872) and running water (1879). Uruguay's adoption of the gold standard facilitated commercial transactions between the two countries. Under Latorre's administration, order was restored in the countryside. His government vigorously repressed delinquency and unemployment (those without jobs were considered "vagrants") to protect farmers and ranchers. Fencing of the countryside stimulated modernization of the system. Barbed wired was such an indispensable element for livestock improvement and for the establishment of accurate property boundaries that an 1875 law exempted imports of barbed wire from customs duties. This measure was accompanied by the approval of the Rural Code (1875), drawn up with the participation of the Rural Association. The code ensured land and livestock ownership and thus social order. The government adopted a number of measures to promote national industrial development. Most important was a series of customs laws in 1875, 1886, and 1888 raising import duties on products that could be manufactured in the country, thus protecting indigenous industry. The Latorre government also improved the means of transportation and communications, giving tax and other concessions for the construction of railroads, whose network doubled in size in ten years. The state also reorganized and took over the postal service and connected all departmental capitals by telegraph. Education reform authored by Varela and implemented in 1877 under the Latorre administration established free compulsory primary education. Reform also reached the University of the Republic (also known as the University of Montevideo--established in 1849 and the country's only university until 1984), where the medical and the mathematics faculties were created in 1876 and 1877, respectively. The secularization process also continued during this period. Under the pretext of needing to deal with the chaos in parochial archives, Latorre created the Civil Register (1876), which transferred to the state the registration of births, deaths, and marriages. Under the Santos administration, the Law of Mandatory Civil Marriage (1885) established that only marriages performed in accordance with this law would be considered valid. Uruguay General M�ximo Tajes (1886-90), who was appointed president by the General Assembly, tried to restore the constitution and remove the military chiefs who had supported Santos. During the Tajes administration, civilian political activity resumed. At the end of the Tajes term, Julio Herrera y Obes was elected president (1890-94). Herrera y Obes belonged to the Colorado Party, had been an adviser to his predecessor, and was instrumental in the transition process that displaced the military from power. He selected his aides from among a small group of friends and was convinced that the executive had to play a leading role in elections and the makeup of the General Assembly. This policy, called the "directing influence," was resisted by a sector of the Colorado Party led by Jos� Batlle y Ord��ez, son of the former president, Lorenzo Batlle y Grau. In 1894, after much internal debate, the General Assembly appointed Juan Idiarte Borda (1894-97), a member of the inner circle of the departing administration, as the new president. But Herrera y Obes and Borda had succeeded in irritating the National Party, when the latter was granted control of only three of the four departments agreed on in the 1872 pact between the two rival parties. In 1897 discontent led an armed uprising by Blanco forces. The insurrection was led by Aparicio Saravia, a caudillo from a ranching family originally from the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul who was involved in military and political affairs on both sides of the border. The Saravia revolution raised the flag of electoral guarantees, the secret ballot, and proportional representation. Military action had not yet decided the situation when President Borda was assassinated. The president of the Senate (the upper house of the General Assembly), Juan Lindolfo Cuestas (1897-1903), served as provisional president until 1899, when he was elected constitutional president. Cuestas quickly signed a peace agreement with the National Party, giving it control over six of Uruguay's departments and promising all citizens their political rights. An anticlericalist, Cuestas placed restrictions on the exercise of Roman Catholicism and tried to prevent admission to the country of friars and priests. A majority of the members of the General Assembly, who had ties to the Herrera y Obes faction, submitted another presidential candidate in 1898 for the scheduled election. Cuestas, unwilling to give up power, led a coup d'�tat. He included members of the opposition in his government in a rudimentary attempt at proportional representation. Late that same year, the Cuestas regime promulgated the Permanent Civil Register Law, dealing with electoral matters, and the Elections Law, formally establishing the principle of minority representation. Through this legislation, the opposition gained access to one-third of the seats if it obtained one-fourth of the total votes. The political consensus achieved by Cuestas resulted in the unanimous support by the General Assembly for his candidacy and appointment as constitutional president in 1899. In fact, however, political peace was an illusion. There were, in effect, two countries, one Blanco and one Colorado. President Cuestas had to send an envoy to caudillo Saravia, near the border with Brazil, in order to coordinate government action. This precarious balance would break down in 1903 when Batlle y Ord��ez took power. In spite of political and economic fluctuations, the flow of immigrants continued. From the 1870s to the 1910s, Uruguay's population doubled to just over 1 million inhabitants, 30 percent of whom lived in Montevideo. Montevideo also continued to experience modernization, including the installation of a telephone system (1878) and public lighting (1886). At the same time, the euphoria and speculation of the 1870s and 1880s saw a proliferation of banks and corporations and a stimulation of land sales, as well as the construction of multifamily dwellings. The economic crisis of 1890 was a traumatic event for Uruguayan society. Bankruptcies followed one after another, and the banking system saw the collapse of a key banking institution, created by a Spanish financier, which had served the needs of the state and promoted production and construction. The ruling elite felt the impact, and some of its more progressive sectors directed their efforts to the creation of a development model for the country. They were aware of both the need to encourage agricultural and industrial development and the need to redefine the limits of the state. The growing importance of British investment had stimulated the rise of economic nationalism and had, by 1898, provoked more active state intervention. State intervention in the economy continued in 1896 when the electric utility company was transferred to the municipality of Montevideo and the Bank of Uruguay (Banco de la Rep�blica Oriental del Uruguay--BROU) was created as an autonomous entity ( autonomous agency or state enterprise). Moreover, under Cuestas's administration, the state undertook construction of the modern harbor of Montevideo, in reaction to the new facility in Buenos Aires, which had absorbed part of the river traffic with Paraguay and the Argentine littoral. Nevertheless, the nationalization of economic activities and the creation of state enterprises did not fully gather momentum until the administration of Batlle y Ord��ez. Uruguay Batlle y Ord��ez and the Modern State The election of Jos� Batlle y Ord��ez as the first Uruguayan president in the twentieth century (1903-07, 1911-15) marked the beginning of a period of extraordinary change in the country. The son of former President Lorenzo Batlle y Grau, Batlle y Ord��ez was a member of the Colorado Party, founder of the newspaper El D�a (in 1886), and an active opponent of militarism. The dominant political event during the first administration of Batlle y Ord��ez was another National Party insurrection in 1904, led by Saravia. After nine months of fierce fighting and Saravia's death, it ended with the Treaty of Acegu� (1904). The civil war triumph of Batlle y Ord��ez and the Colorados meant the end of the coparticipation politics that began in 1872, the political and administrative unification of the country, the consolidation of the state, and, most profoundly, the end of the cycle of civil wars that had persisted throughout the nineteenth century. The period's most significant economic change occurred in meat processing. In 1905 the first shipment of frozen beef, produced by a refrigeration plant (frigor�fico) established by local investors two years before, was exported to London in a refrigerated ship. Uruguay now entered the age of refrigeration, making possible the diversification of one of its main export items and giving the country access to new markets. With the inauguration of the modernized port of Montevideo in 1909, Uruguay could compete with Buenos Aires as a regional trade center. Claudio Williman (1907-11), the president's handpicked candidate, succeeded Batlle y Ord��ez, who sailed for Europe, where he spent the next four years studying governmental systems. In some respects, Williman's administration was considered more conservative than that of Batlle y Ord��ez, although Batllists maintained their political influence. Williman tried to ensure political peace by enacting electoral laws in 1907 and 1910 that increased political representation of minority opposition parties. Williman also ensured peace with Uruguay's northern neighbor by signing a border treaty with Brazil, thereby putting an end to pending litigation and disputes dating back half a century. The National Party, disappointed with Williman's electoral laws and with the announcement that Batlle y Ord��ez would once again run for president, did not participate in the elections held in 1910. This helped foster the emergence of two new political parties: the Catholic-oriented Civic Union of Uruguay (Uni�n C�vica del Uruguay--UCU) and the Marxist-inspired Socialist Party of Uruguay (Partido Socialista del Uruguay--PSU). Church and state relations also underwent changes. The government passed a divorce law in 1907, and in 1909 it eliminated religious education in public schools. In 1911 Batlle y Ord��ez was reelected to the presidency. A non-Marxist social democrat, he set about modernizing the country, taking into account the aspirations of emerging social groups, including industrialists, workers, and the middle class. Writing and promoting progressive social legislation, Batlle y Ord��ez fought for the eight-hour workday (enacted in 1915 under the administration of his successor), unemployment compensation (1914), and numerous pieces of social legislation. Some of these would be approved years later, such as retirement pensions (1919) and occupational safety (1920). Batlle y Ord��ez firmly believed that the principal public services had to be in the hands of the state to avoid foreign remittances that weakened the balance of payments and to facilitate domestic capital accumulation. In a relatively short period of time, his administration established a significant number of autonomous entities. In 1911 it nationalized BROU, a savings and loan institution that monopolized the printing of money. In 1912 the government created the State Electric Power Company, monopolizing electric power generation and distribution in the country; it nationalized the Mortgage Bank of Uruguay; and it founded three industrial institutes for geology and drilling (coal and hydrocarbon explorations), industrial chemistry, and fisheries. In 1914 it purchased the North Tramway and Railway Company, later to become the State Railways Administration. Attempts to change the agrarian productive structure were not as successful. Influenced by United States economist Henry George, Batlle y Ord��ez thought that he could combat extensive landholdings by applying a progressive tax on land use and a surcharge on inheritance taxes. The agrarian reform plan also contemplated promoting colonization and farming. Very little was accomplished in this regard, however, partly because of the opposition of large landowners who created a pressure group, the Rural Federation (Federaci�n Rural), to fight Batlle y Ord��ez's policies. The government did make one important accomplishment with regard to agriculture, namely, the creation of a series of government institutes dedicated to technological research and development in the fields of livestock raising, dairying, horticulture, forestation, seeds, and fodder. The government adopted a protectionist policy for industry, imposing tariffs on foreign products, favoring machinery and raw materials imports, and granting exclusive licensing privileges to those who started a new industry. Indigenous companies sprang up, but foreign capital--especially from the United States and Britain--also took advantage of the legislation and came to control the meat industry. The growth of the frigor�fico meat-processing industry also stimulated the interbreeding of livestock, Uruguay's main source of wealth. Education policy was designed to take into account the continuous inflow of European migrants. Although it fluctuated, immigration was significant until 1930. Furthermore, education was a key to mobility for the middle classes. The state actively sought to expand education to the greatest number of people by approving free high school education in 1916 and creating departmental high schools throughout the country in 1912. A "feminine section" was created to foster mass attendance of women at the University of the Republic, where the number of departments continued to expand. The secularization process, initiated during the second half of the nineteenth century, was accelerated by Batlle y Ord��ez's anticlericalism. Uruguay banned crucifixes in state hospitals by 1906 and eliminated references to God and the Gospel in public oaths in 1907. Divorce laws caused a confrontation between church and state. In addition to the 1907 and 1910 laws (divorce with cause and by mutual agreement), a law was passed in 1912 allowing women to file for divorce without a specific cause, simply because they wanted to. Batlle y Ord��ez also proposed the institutional reorganization of government in 1913. Essentially, he wanted to replace the presidency with a nine-member collegial executive (colegiado) inspired by the Swiss model. This proposal caused an immediate split in the Colorado Party. One sector opposed the political reform and also feared some of Batlle y Ord��ez's economic and social changes. Subsequently, these dissidents, led by Carlos Manini R�os, founded a faction known as the Colorado Party-General Rivera (Riverism). The National Party, under Luis Alberto de Herrera, the leading opposition figure from 1920 to his death in 1959, did not back Batlle y Ord��ez's proposal either. Feliciano Viera (1915-19), a Colorado who was more conservative than Batlle y Ord��ez, became president at the time of the debate between "collegialists" and "anticollegialists." During his mandate, elections were held for a constituent assembly (July 30, 1916). The rules for this election enabled the National Party to ensure incorporation of many of the principles it advocated, such as the secret ballot, partial proportional representation, and universal male suffrage. Batlle y Ord��ez and his political faction of the Colorados lost these first popular elections, but the Colorados continued to be the majority party, and the 1917 constitution, the country's second, reflected many of the changes that had taken place under Batlle y Ord��ez. It separated church and state, expanded citizens' rights, established the secret ballot and proportional representation, and banned the death penalty. It also created autonomous state enterprises in the areas of industry, education, and health. But in a bitter compromise for Batlle y Ord��ez, the executive was divided between the president, who appointed the ministers of foreign affairs, war, and interior, and the nine-member colegiado, the National Council of Administration (Consejo Nacional de Administraci�n). The latter, which included representatives from the party that received the second highest number of votes, the Blancos, was placed in charge of the ministries dealing with economic, educational, and social policy. President Viera, like many of Batlle y Ord��ez's followers, interpreted the 1916 electoral defeat as a direct consequence of previous policy. He thus announced a halt to economic and social reforms. Some of the old projects as well as some new proposals were approved, however, such as restrictions on night work in 1918 and the creation in 1916 of a new autonomous entity, the Montevideo Port Authority, as known as the National Administration of Ports (Administraci�n Nacional de Puertos-- ANP). Workers' strikes, however, were repressed severely. Finally, in 1919 Viera, in disagreement with Batlle y Ord��ez, founded a dissident Colorado Party faction known as Vierism. Uruguay The 1920s witnessed electoral struggles in which the various parties sought to consolidate the political peace achieved in 1904. The National Party participated actively in political life, and although the Colorado Party was dominant, its electoral advantage was slight. Relative electoral parity and the still recent memory of the last armed uprising compelled participants to preserve electoral purity and to improve the corresponding legislation. In 1924 the Electoral Court was created to prepare and control national elections. The 1917 constitution eliminated restrictions on male suffrage and required elections almost every year to renew the various governmental bodies. Each political party was internally divided because of ideological, economic, and social differences. To the existing Colorado factions--Riverism and Vierism--were added the Colorado Party for Tradition (also known as Sosism), founded by Julio Mar�a Sosa in 1925, and the Advance Grouping (Agrupaci�n Avanzar), founded by Julio C�sar Grauert in 1929. Splinter groups of the National Party included the Radical Blanco Party, founded by Lorenzo Carnelli in 1924, and Social Democracy, founded by Carlos Quijano in 1928. The small PSU also split in 1920, and one of its factions formed the Communist Party of Uruguay (Partido Comunista del Uruguay--PCU). The parties were divided into "traditional" (Colorado Party and National Party) and "minor," or "ideological," parties (UCU, PSU, and PCU). The former, by means of a 1910 law that allowed a double simultaneous vote for a party and a faction of the party (sub-lema), became "federations" of parties with different agendas and were thus able to attract followers from all sectors of society. These contradictions forced Batlle y Ord��ez to make electoral arrangements with his opponents within the Colorado Party to prevent the victory of the National Party. The resultant "politics of compromise" diluted his reformist agenda. Baltasar Brum (1919-23), one of Batlle y Ord��ez's followers and a former foreign minister, was succeeded as president by a "neutral" Colorado, Jos� Serrato (1923-27), who turned over the office to a Riverist, Juan Campisteguy (1927-31). It was difficult for adherents of Batllism to implement their agenda despite having the occasional support of other political sectors. Nevertheless, additional social reforms were enacted. In 1920 compensation for accidents in the workplace and a six-day work week were made law. In 1923 a minimum rural wage was passed, although it was never enforced. A social security system was created in 1919 for public sector employees, and the program was extended to the private sector in 1928. Despite the reforms, a union movement, weak in numbers, was organized in several umbrella organizations: the Uruguayan Syndicalist Union, encompassing anarcho-syndicalists and communists, in 1923; and the communist General Confederation of Uruguayan Workers, in 1929. The only state enterprise created during these years reflected the difficulties in expanding state control over industry because of opposition from the conservatives. Ranchers complained that foreign refrigeration plants, which had established quotas for shipments and for access of meat to the London market, did not pay a fair price for cattle. In 1928 the government created National Refrigerating (Frigor�fico Nacional-- Frigonal) as a ranchers' cooperative supported by the state and governed by a board made up of representatives from the government, the Rural Association, and the Rural Federation. Although the country had suffered the immediate consequences of the post-World War I crisis, a period of recovery had quickly followed. It was characterized by growing prosperity sustained mainly by United States loans. A continued increase in population accompanied economic prosperity. The 1920s saw the arrival of the last great wave of immigrants, consisting mainly of Syrians, Lebanese, and eastern Europeans. Between 1908 and 1930, Montevideo's population doubled. In 1930 Uruguay celebrated the centennial of the promulgation of its first constitution and won its first World Cup in soccer. Elections were held that year, the results of which were to presage difficulties, however. Batlle y Ord��ez died in 1929, leaving no successor for his political group. The Blanco leader, Herrera, was defeated by a wide margin of votes for the first time. The electoral balance between the parties had been broken. By a few votes, the conservative Colorado Manini, a Riverist leader and newspaper publisher, failed to become president. Uruguay The Terra Era, 1931-38 Gabriel Terra (1931-38), a "heterodox" Batllist who had differed with Batlle y Ord��ez and who would soon distance himself from the latter's sons and followers, became president in March 1931. For the first time, the Batllist wing of the Colorados had a strong representation in the colegiado. Terra's inauguration coincided with the effects of the Great Depression and a worsening of Uruguay's economic and social situation. Prices of agricultural products plunged. In 1932 Britain, traditionally the major purchaser of Uruguayan exports, began restricting purchases of meat. Uruguay's currency was devalued, and unemployment grew rapidly. Batllists tried to implement their program from the colegiado. In 1931 BROU was authorized to control purchases and sales of foreign exchange and to set exchange rates, a measure that initially jeopardized cattle ranchers, exporters, and private banks. In the face of foreign exchange scarcity, foreign companies were forced to suspend remittances abroad. Limits on imports were imposed to try to reduce the balance of payments deficit and to stimulate industrialization. Furthermore, attempts were made to reduce the fiscal deficit. At the same time, a political agreement known as the Pork Barrel Pact (Pacto del Chinchul�n) between the Batllists and an emerging sector of the National Party opposing Herrera made possible the expansion of state control over industry. The pact resulted in the creation of the National Administration of Fuels, Alcohol, and Portland Cement (Administraci�n Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol, y Portland--ANCAP), a state enterprise with a monopoly over oil refining and alcohol production, and the power to begin producing portland cement. Unfortunately, it quickly became a source of patronage for the party faithful. The State Electric Power Company was granted a monopoly over the telephone system, becoming the State Electric Power and Telephone Company (Usinas El�ctricas y Tel�fonos del Estado--UTE). Social reform measures, such as the adoption of the forty- four-hour work week, and the growing economic crisis alarmed the most conservative sectors and affected the interests of large cattle ranchers, import merchants, foreign capital, and the population at large. The social climate became tense as a result of the lack of jobs. There were confrontations in which police and leftists died. Terra distanced himself from his followers and began a campaign to reform the constitution and eliminate the colegiado, which was responsible for making economic and social policy and which Terra accused of inefficiency and lack of vision to overcome the crisis. He was supported by the National Economic Inspection Committee, which was created in 1929 and encompassed most business organizations. This committee proposed restricting statism, ending implementation of social legislation, and suspending the application of new taxes. During the first months of 1933, when it became evident that Uruguay would have serious difficulties in paying the interest on its foreign debt, Terra obtained the support of Herrera and of Manini to organize a coup d'�tat. On March 31, 1933, Terra dissolved the General Assembly and the colegiado and governed by decree. Former President Brum (a Batllist) committed suicide one day after the fall of the liberal democratic regime. Another Batllist leader, Grauert, was assassinated. The Terra regime deported numerous opposition leaders and imposed press censorship. In June 1933, elections were held for a constituent assembly that would be responsible for reforming the constitution. In 1934 the new constitution was submitted to a plebiscite, and although reelection of the president was unconstitutional, Terra was elected to a new term. More than half of the electorate participated in these elections, distributing their preferences between parties supporting the coup and those opposing it. The constitution promulgated in 1934 formally eliminated the colegiado and transferred its powers to the president. The new constitution restricted the creation of autonomous entities by requiring approval by a two-thirds majority in each chamber of the General Assembly. It banned usury, recognized certain social rights (e.g., housing and the right to work), and established women's suffrage. The cabinet ministers and heads of autonomous enterprises were to be distributed between the two parties obtaining the most votes, in a two-thirds to one-third ratio. The Senate was to be divided in half between the two parties winning the most votes, thus ensuring control by the coup factions. The Chamber of Representatives was to be elected by proportional representation. In the mid-1930s, the opposition tried, unsuccessfully, to organize itself and resist the regime in the face of persecution. Military and armed civil uprisings were suppressed. In 1935 a political opponent unsuccessfully tried to assassinate Terra. An attempt to form a "popular front," including the left and dissident Colorados and Blancos, was also unsuccessful. To prevent this coalition, as well as a coalition of sectors from the traditional parties, from opposing the regime's social and economic policies, a series of electoral laws was promulgated beginning in 1934. The new Political Parties Law granted control of the Colorado and Blanco slogans, or party titles, to those who had participated in the elections and therefore supported the dictatorship. Support from ranchers, one of the sectors most affected by the crisis, seemed to indicate a return to the traditional agro- exporting model. However, neither the "machete dictatorship" (an ironic name given to the regime by the socialist leader and writer Emilio Frugoni, referring to Terra's use of the police during the coup) nor the "March Revolution" (as it was solemnly called by its organizers) stressed an agrarian alternative because unemployment seemed to call for a diversification of the job market. Moreover, Uruguay was already an urban country with budding industrialization. Terra's economic policies supported both livestock raising and industry, if unevenly. Livestock had stagnated--the 1930 livestock census showed fewer animals than the 1908 census. The problem of increasing livestock productivity remained unsolved, despite advances in breeding. Cattle ranchers were granted premiums in order to improve the quality of herds. Other benefits accorded them included tax rebates, debt-servicing alternatives, preferential exchange privileges, and the effects of the 1935 devaluation. At the same time, import limitations adopted in 1931 continued in effect, and in 1935 an industrial franchise law was passed. Industrial activities were further protected by currency depreciation and the fall in salaries caused by an abundance of labor. The Terra government also attempted to regulate foreign trade. BROU maintained control over the price and sale of foreign currency. In 1934 the government created the Honorary Commission for Imports and Exchange to control the allotment of import quotas and foreign exchange. The government used pesos to pay the reduced interest rates on the foreign debt. It also carried out, in 1937, satisfactory negotiations for a new payment schedule with the United States and, in 1939, with Britain. In general, the Terra government weakened or neutralized economic nationalism and social reform, the most controversial facets of the Batllist model. British public-service industries (railroads, water, gas, and tramways) and United States industries (oil, cement, refrigeration plants, and automobiles) that were established in the early 1900s received additional concessions. The government did not privatize existing state enterprises, as would have been expected from the antistatism espoused by Herrerists and Riverists. State enterprises were, however, affected in 1936 by a law that eliminated provisions granting some autonomous state enterprises the power to establish monopolies. ANCAP began constructing an oil refinery, and in 1938 it guaranteed private oil companies participation in Uruguay's market. Nevertheless, although the government abolished certain redistributive policies fostered by social legislation, it reinforced the public assistance role of the state. It created "emergency jobs" for the unemployed through the National Affordable Housing Institute (1937) and the Institute for the Scientific Nutrition of the People (1937). In 1934 legislation was passed that regulated child labor for minors over twelve years of age, allowed maternity leave, and extended pensions to all commercial and industrial sectors, including employers. The government also revamped the education system. The University of the Republic, whose structure had been transformed by the creation of new faculties (for example, engineering and architecture in 1915, chemistry and dentistry in 1929, and economics in 1932), no longer administered secondary education, which in 1935 was handed over to an autonomous agency. The foreign policy of the regime resulted in a substantial improvement of relations with the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt visited Uruguay in 1936) and with Britain. Under a 1935 pact with Britain, Uruguay agreed to pay its foreign debt, to purchase British coal, and to treat British companies generously in exchange for ensuring placement of Uruguayan products. In 1935 Uruguay severed relations with the Soviet Union and in the next year, with Republican Spain. At the same time, however, it established closer relations with Benito Mussolini's Italy and Adolf Hitler's Germany. Construction of a hydroelectric dam at Paso de los Toros on the R�o Negro was begun in 1937 with German capital, creating the Embalse del R�o Negro, the largest artificial lake in South America. In 1938 general elections were held--the first in which women were allowed to vote. Terra divided his support between his son-in-law's father, Eduardo Blanco Acevedo, and his brother-in-law, General Alfredo Baldomir. These candidacies reflected a split in Terra's political faction within the Colorado Party. The PSU and PCU joined forces to vote for a common candidate, but the Colorado Party won. Baldomir (1938-43) was elected president. Once again, Batllists, Independent Nationalists, and Radical Blancos abstained from voting. Uruguay After his inauguration, and after suppressing a coup attempt, Baldomir announced his intention to reform the 1934 constitution but then procrastinated on carrying out the project. Several months later, the opposition led one of the most important political demonstrations in the history of the country, demanding a new constitution and a return to democracy. Under pressure from organized labor and the National Party, Baldomir advocated free elections, freedom of the press, and a new constitution. Baldomir's administration could not avoid the consequences of World War II or the pressures and interests of the Allied forces. Although he declared Uruguay's neutrality in 1939, that December the Battle of the R�o de la Plata took place. The badly damaged German battleship Graf Spee, cornered by a British naval force and required by the Uruguayan government to leave its refuge in the port of Montevideo, was blown up and scuttled by its own crew just outside the harbor. After this, Uruguay assumed a pro-Allied stance. In 1940 it began an investigation of Nazi sympathizers and finally, in 1942, broke relations with the Axis. The Blancos persistently attempted to obstruct legislation introduced by Baldomir and criticized the Colorados' policy of cooperation with the United States in hemispheric defense. Baldomir's Blanco ally, Herrera, fought for neutrality, and in 1940 Herrera opposed the installation of United States bases in Uruguay. In 1941 Baldomir forced his three Herrerist ministers to resign; they had been appointed to his cabinet in accordance with provisions of the 1934 constitution. Baldomir subsequently appointed a board, without the participation of Herrerists, to study a constitutional reform. Finally, in February 1942 Baldomir dissolved the General Assembly and replaced it with the Council of State (Consejo de Estado), composed of Batllists and other Colorados. This quasi-coup was carried out without arrests, deportations, or the closing of newspapers. It was an in-house agreement to overcome the institutional crisis initiated on March 31, 1933, and to avoid enforcement of the existing constitution. Batllists and Communists welcomed the new situation, but the Socialists argued that Baldomir had been one of the protagonists of the 1933 coup. Independent Nationalists remained on the sidelines. Herrerism, freely accused of being pro-Nazi, proFranco , and pro-Argentine, was the big loser. In November 1942, national elections were held. Although an electoral law had been passed in 1939 to avoid the formation of coalitions that would endanger the two-party system (Blancos and Colorados), Independent Nationalists were allowed to participate as a new political party, separate from Herrerism. Thus, the National Party divided into two splinter parties and continued as such until 1958. Socialists and Communists were also split, a situation that continued until 1971, when the Broad Front Coalition was created. Batllists supported the Colorado candidate, Juan Jos� Am�zaga (1943-47), who won the election. At the same time, a new constitution was submitted to plebiscite and was approved by 77 percent of the electorate. As amended on November 19, 1942, the constitution retained the presidency, restored the General Assembly, implemented strict proportional representation in the Senate, and abolished the mandatory coparticipation imposed by the 1934 constitution for ministries and boards of autonomous entities. Uruguay The Administration of Am�zaga, 1943-47 After Am�gaza reinstitutionalized and restored civil liberties, Uruguay entered a new historical era, characterized by the increasing importance of industrialization and significant gains for virtually all sectors of society. No other phrase expresses as eloquently perceptions about this period by the average citizen as the slogan proclaimed by a politician: "Como el Uruguay no hay" (There's no place like Uruguay). During the Am�zaga administration, the state reorganized its interventionist and welfare role and strongly pushed social legislation. In 1943 the government implemented a system of wage councils (including representatives from the state, workers, and employers) to set salaries, and it established a family assistance program. In 1945 the General Assembly passed legislation requiring paid leave for all work activities, as well as other legislation that addressed the needs of rural workers, one of Uruguay's poorest sectors. In 1943 the rural workers were incorporated into the pension system, and in 1946 the Rural Worker Statute set forth their rights and also put women's civil rights on a par with men's. Uruguay From the beginning of the 1940s, and especially after creation of the wage councils, real wages increased, which meant an improvement in the living standards of the working class and dynamism in the internal market. The period of increased industrial development lasted from 1945 to 1955; total production practically doubled during this time. Agriculture also experienced a boom. Social legislation was improved, the pension system was expanded, and the state bureaucracy grew. Resorts near Montevideo were developed through the sale of lots on the installment plan, and Punta del Este became an international tourist attraction. Gold reserves in BROU reached their highest level ever. In 1950, when Uruguay again won the World Cup in soccer, it was already known as the "Switzerland of South America." Batllism returned to power with the victory of the presidential ticket of Tom�s Berreta (1947) and Luis Batlle Berres (1947-51) in the 1946 elections. Berreta's administration was brief--he died six months after taking office and was succeeded by his vice president, Batlle Berres. Batlle Berres, a nephew of Jos� Batlle y Ord��ez, represented the most popular faction of Batllism, later to be known as Unity and Reform (Unidad y Reforma), or List 15 because of the list number under which it would participate in successive elections. He gradually became estranged from his cousins--Lorenzo and C�sar, Batlle y Ord��ez's sons--who promoted a more conservative vision from their newspaper, El D�a, and who would later form a new Colorado Party faction--List 14. Batlle Berres founded his own newspaper (Acci�n) in 1948, bought a radio station, and surrounded himself with young politicians. His ideological-political agenda, adapted to the changes in his country and the world, became known as neo-Batllism. He rejected the communist and populist-authoritarian experiences of other Latin American countries, especially that of Juan Domingo Per�n in Argentina. Batlle Berres formed a multiclass movement that promoted compromise and conciliation. He believed the state's role was to safeguard social peace and to correct, through adequate measures, the "unfair differences" created by the socioeconomic structure. In contrast with Peronism, neo-Batllism respected the political autonomy of the workers' movement, accepted social cooperation, and rejected the kind of corporative structure that characterized Mexico's governing party. Batlle Berres was an enthusiastic supporter of economic development based on import-substitution industrialization and agricultural expansion. He applied interventionist and statist economic measures to promote such development and did not abide by the IMF's austerity recommendations. He supported agriculture and industry through credits and subsidies, as well as control over the nation's currency, a fact that brought him into conflict with ranchers. BROU, which controlled sales of foreign currency, paid less for foreign currency earned from livestock raising to favor industrial requirements for raw materials and machinery. This differential exchange rate policy stimulated the development of light industry, more than 90 percent of which was directed toward the internal market. Nevertheless, the state guaranteed profitable prices for agriculture and stimulated imports of agricultural machinery. New crops were developed to supply industry with raw materials, and surpluses were exported. By contrast, livestock raising continued to stagnate. An earlier agreement with Britain obliged the government to acquire some British enterprises to cancel its outstanding debt to Britain. The state's economic role was thus increased through the creation of new public service enterprises, including Montevideo's tramways, railroads, and water system. Another potentially significant event in the socioeconomic realm was the creation of the National Land Settlement Institute in 1948. It was designed to stimulate land subdivision and agricultural and livestock settlements and was authorized to purchase and expropriate land. But action was limited because of a lack of funds, and significant agrarian reform never took place. However, in order to favor lower-income groups, subsidies were set for various basic food items, and in 1947 the National Subsistence Council was created to control the price of basic items. The traditional parties maintained their differences, which were reflected in the significant variations in their platforms. The Political Parties Law, which allowed party factions to accumulate votes, guaranteed the predominance of the Colorado Party. Together, the Colorados and Blancos continued to capture almost 90 percent of the votes. But because of the splits in his own party, Batlle Berres was forced to seek political support from other factions. Paradoxically, he sought a "patriotic coincidence" with Herrera and gave cabinet posts to some leading figures of Terrism, past enemies within his own party. Conservative sectors, particularly landowners, opposed or distrusted the growing bureaucracy, the expansion of social legislation, and the policy of income redistribution that favored the industrial sector to the detriment of the rural sector. In 1950 Benito Nardone--an anticommunist radio personality supported by Juan Domingo R. Bordaberry, one of the directors of the Rural Federation (and father of Juan Mar�a Bordaberry Arocena; president, 1972-76)--created the Federal League for Rural Action (Liga Federal de Acci�n Rural--LFAR). The Ruralist faction thus created attempted to unite the disenchanted rural middle-class constituencies, especially wool producers, from both traditional parties. He proposed a free-market economic model in contrast to Luis Batlle Berres's statist model. Unity and Reform won the 1950 elections. Its presidential candidate was a Batllist, Andr�s Mart�nez Trueba (1951-55), who quickly put forward a new constitutional amendment, this time to make good on Batlle y Ord��ez's dream of a purely plural executive, the colegiado. He was supported by Herrera, who was seeking to enhance both his personal power and Blanco political power and to recover the ground lost in the 1942 coup. He was also supported by conservative Colorado factions who feared Batlle Berres's becoming president again. The new constitution was approved by plebiscite in 1951 and went into effect in 1952. It reestablished the colegiado as the National Council of Government (Consejo Nacional de Gobierno). The council had nine members, six from the dominant faction of the majority party and three from the party receiving the second highest number of votes--two from its leading faction and one from it second-ranking faction. The presidency was to rotate each year among the six members of the majority party. The constitution mandated coparticipation in directing autonomous entities and ministries, using a three-and-two system (three members appointed by the majority party on the council and two by the minority party). Uruguay enjoyed unprecedented prosperity at this time, and the establishment of a purely collegial, Swissstyle executive reinforced the country's title as the "Switzerland of South America." Uruguay The Mart�nez administration in the first half of the 1950s, however, was one of economic decline. At the end of the Korean War (1950-53), during which Uruguay had exported wool for coldweather uniforms, Uruguay experienced a reduction in exports, a drop in the price of agricultural and livestock products, labor unrest, and unemployment. Livestock production, which had basically stagnated since the 1920s, was not capable of providing the foreign exchange needed to further implement the import-substitution industrialization model. Starting in 1955, the industrial sector stagnated and inflation rose. At the same time, Uruguay had difficulties with the United States regarding wool exports and suffered the negative effects of both restrictive United States trade policies and competition from the foreign sales of United States agricultural surpluses. In 1951 a faction opposing the more radical leadership of the General Union of Workers (Uni�n General de Trabajadores--UGT; established in 1942) founded the General Confederation of Labor. Nevertheless, strikes and stoppages continued. In 1952, in the face of labor unrest, the National Council of Government invoked the emergency provision of the constitution known as the medidas prontas de seguridad (prompt security measures). From 1956 to 1972, the gross national product ( GNP) fell 12 percent, and in the decade from 1957 to 1967 real wages for public employees fell 40 percent. In 1958 the General Assembly approved strike insurance and maternity leave. In addition, worker and student mobilization pressured the General Assembly into approving the Organic University Law, whereby the government recognized the autonomy of the University of the Republic and the right of professors, alumni, and students to govern it. Nevertheless, labor unrest increased. At first, dramatic political events masked the economic crisis. In the 1958 elections, the Independent Nationalists, who had joined the Democratic Blanco Union (Uni�n Blanca Democr�tica- -UBD), agreed to include their votes under the traditional National Party of the Herrerists. Thus, for the first time in decades, the National Party voted as one party. In addition, Herrera joined forces with Nardone and his LFAR, transforming it from a union into a political movement. Aided by the LFAR and a weakening economy, the National Party won, and the Colorado Party lost control of the executive for the first time in ninety-four years. Uruguay The Blanco Administrations, 1959-67 From March 1959 to February 1967, eight National Party governments ruled Uruguay. The death of Herrera (1959) aggravated divisions in the National Party and demonstrated the fragility of the electoral accords that had led to its victory. The economic crisis and social unrest that had beset Uruguay from the mid1950s continued, and the 1960s opened with gloom and sadness for the country. At the time of the 1962 elections, inflation was running at a historically high 35 percent. The Colorado Party was defeated once again, although by a much smaller margin of votes (24,000 as compared with 120,000 in 1958). The National Party split. The UBD joined a splinter faction of Herrerism, the Orthodox faction, led by Eduardo V�ctor Haedo. Another faction of Herrerism, led by Mart�n R. Echegoyen (1959-60), kept its alliance with Nardone's Ruralists. At the same time, divisions between the List 14 faction and Unity and Reform were intensified in the Colorado Party. Important changes also took place in the minor parties. Catholics formed the Christian Democratic Party (Partido Dem�crata Cristiano--PDC). Communists formed a coalition with other minor parties, the Leftist Liberty Front (Frente Izquierda de Liberdad--Fidel). The PSU joined with intellectuals and dissidents from traditional parties and formed the Popular Union (Uni�n Popular). The thin majority of the governing party, as well as its internal divisions, hindered the administration of the National Council of Government during the 1963-67 period. In 1964 the political scene was further affected by the death of two important leaders: Batlle Berres and Nardone. That same year, the workers movement formed a single centralized union, the National Convention of Workers (Convenci�n Nacional de Trabajadores--CNT). In addition, a new political protagonist appeared. In 1962 Ra�l Antonaccio Sendic, head of the sugarcane workers from the north of the country, formed, together with other leftist leaders, the National Liberation Movement-Tupamaros (Movimiento de Liberaci�n Nacional-Tupamaros--MLN-T), a clandestine urban guerrilla movement. Economically, the 1958 Blanco victory brought ranching and agricultural forces to power. This led to the implementation of liberal (free-market) economic policies aimed at eliminating the protectionist-interventionist model that had fostered industrial development. In 1960 Uruguay agreed to sign its first letter of intent with the IMF. The Blanco government devalued the currency and established a single, free monetary exchange market (while maintaining the interventionist role of BROU), as well as the free import and export of goods and services. The reorientation of economic policy tended to favor the agro-exporting sector. However, the model could not be applied fully, nor in an orthodox manner. Inflation increased to more than 50 percent per year between 1963 and 1967, and in 1965 an overstretched financial system and massive speculation produced a banking crisis. Labor and social conflict increased as well, and a state of siege was imposed in 1965. To try to solve the problem of economic stagnation, the government complied with one of the principal recommendations of the Alliance for Progress (a United States program to help develop and modernize Latin American states) by preparing a tenyear development plan. However, virtually none of the plan's recommendations were ever put into practice. During the Blanco era, sectors from both traditional parties had begun blaming the country's difficulties on the collegial constitutional arrangement of executive power. In the 1966 elections, three constitutional amendments were submitted. The approved changes, supported by Blancos and Colorados, were incorporated in the 1967 constitution, which put an end to the collegial executive, thereby returning the country to a presidential regime; granted increased powers to the executive; and extended the presidential term to five years. They also eliminated the three-and-two (coparticipation) system for appointing heads of autonomous entities and ministries and created new state agencies to modernize government: the Office of Planning and Budget; the Social Welfare Bank; and the Central Bank of Uruguay. High school education became compulsory. Uruguay Given the growing economic and social crisis, it was not surprising that the Colorado Party won the November 1966 elections. In March 1967, General Oscar Gestido (1967), a retired army general who had earned a reputation as an able and honest administrator when he ran the State Railways Administration, became president. He was supported by the Colorado and Batllist Union (Uni�n Colorada y Batllista--UCB), comprising List 14 and other conservative Colorados. Between June and November of 1967, the government, with the influence of some Batllists, attempted to reverse economic and social policies implemented since 1959 and to return to the old developmentalist model. But in November, C�sar Charlone, responsible for economic policies under Terra, became head of the Ministry of Economy and Finance. He agreed to the IMF's suggestions, again establishing a unified exchange market and drastically devaluing the currency. Inflation exceeded 100 percent in 1967, the highest in the country's history. In December President Gestido died and was succeeded by his vice president, Jorge Pacheco Areco (1967-72). A little-known politician and former director of the newspaper El D�a, Pacheco would leave an indelible mark on Uruguay. Within one week of taking office, Pacheco issued a decree banning the PSU and other leftist groups and their press, which he accused of subverting the constitutional order and advocating armed struggle. To implement the new monetarist policy adopted in 1968, Pacheco appointed Alejandro V�gh Villegas as director of the Office of Planning and Budget. In a sharp policy change, Pacheco decreed a wage and price freeze in June 1968 to try to control inflation. He also created the Productivity, Prices, and Income Commission (Comisi�n de Productividad, Precios, e Ingresos-- Coprin) to control the price of basic food items. In 1968 real wages were the lowest in the decade, and inflation reached a maximum annual rate of 183 percent that June. The newly created umbrella labor organization, the CNT, resisted these economic policies, and student and other social conflict intensified. The government responded by repressing strikes, work stoppages, and student demonstrations. The death of a student, L�ber Arce, during a protest paralyzed Montevideo, and relations between the University of the Republic and the government further deteriorated. The prompt security measures, a limited form of a state of siege, which had been included in the constitution to deal with extraordinary disturbances of domestic order and applied in 1952 and 1965, were enforced during almost all of Pacheco's time in office. He justified his actions, which included drafting striking bank and government employees to active military service, on the basis of the growing urban guerrilla threat from the Tupamaros. During this period, the Tupamaros had grown in strength, and their actions--robberies, denunciations, kidnappings, and, eventually, killings--shook the country and became known worldwide. The General Assembly acquiesced twice in the suspension of all civil liberties, once for twenty days following the assassination in August 1970 of Dan A. Mitrione, a United States security official, and then for forty days following the kidnapping of British ambassador Geoffrey Jackson in January 1971--both by the Tupamaros. On September 9, 1971, after the escape from prison of more than 100 Tupamaros, Pacheco put the army in charge of all counterguerrilla activity. The November 1971 national elections were held in a relatively quiet atmosphere because of a truce declared by the Tupamaros. Uruguayan society had become polarized. Political sectors supporting Pacheco promoted his reelection to a new presidential term, as well as the corresponding constitutional amendment to legitimize it. The left was able to unite and draw supporters from traditional parties, such as the Colorado Party's List 99. The new coalition was named the Broad Front (Frente Amplio). In the National Party, a faction of Herrerists chose General Mario Aguerrondo, considered a hard-liner, as its presidential candidate. Liberal Blancos supported the reformist program of a new movement, For the Fatherland (Por la Patria-- PLP), led by Senator Wilson Ferreira Aldunate. The constitutional amendment did not succeed, but Pacheco's handpicked successor, Juan Mar�a Bordaberry Arocena of the Colorado Party, won the controversial elections by some 10,000 votes, after a mysterious halt in the vote count. It was noteworthy, however, that Ferreira obtained a large number of votes (he was actually the candidate receiving the most votes--26 percent of the total to Bordaberry's 24 percent), and the left increased its following, receiving about 18 percent of the votes. Bipartisan politics had come to an end, replaced by a multiparty system bitterly divided by political, social, economic, and ideological differences. In economic terms, the stabilization measures taken between 1969 and 1971 by the Pacheco administration to increase wages and reduce inflation had been moderately successful. But by 1972, the situation was out of control again. Another free market, monetarist experiment would have to await the imposition of an authoritarian regime. Uruguay In March 1972, Bordaberry was sworn in as president (1972-76). He ran as a Colorado, but he had been active in Nardone's Ruralist movement and had been elected to the Senate as a representative of the National Party. Bordaberry's narrow victory forced him to seek the support of other political parties. He found it in Mario Aguerrondo's Herrerist faction of the National Party and in the Colorado Party's Unity and Reform, led by Jorge Batlle Ib��ez, a son of Luis Batlle Berres, who had founded the faction. Bordaberry appointed Julio Mar�a Sanguinetti Cairolo, who headed a faction of Unity and Reform, as minister of education and culture. Sanguinetti promoted education reform that brought together primary, secondary, and vocational education under the National Council for Education (Consejo Nacional de Educaci�n-- Conae) and established secret and mandatory voting for the election of university authorities. Unity and Reform also took charge of economic policy by implementing a five-year development plan inspired by neoliberal (free market) and monetarist principles, which would slowly open the economy to greater influence from financial and commercial groups, as well as to foreign investment. The Bordaberry administration, however, continued its predecessor's policies, giving greater budgetary priority to the military than to education and other social areas. Bordaberry also proposed legislation to eliminate university autonomy and enhance the powers of the army and police. When the Tupamaros finally renewed their armed activities following their six-month electoral truce from October 1971 to April 1972, they faced a firmly entrenched administration backed by an increasingly well-equipped and adequately prepared military, which had a blank check to defeat them. In April 1972, after a bloody shoot-out with the Tupamaros, Bordaberry declared a state of "internal war." All civil liberties were suspended, initially for thirty days but later extended by the General Assembly until 1973. On July 10, 1972, the government enacted the draconian State Security Law. By the end of the year, the army had decisively defeated the Tupamaros, whose surviving members either were imprisoned or fled into exile. Despite their victory over the Tupamaros, the military had grown impatient with civilian rule. It was now time for the armed forces' final assault on the Uruguayan polity. Uruguay The New Situation, 1973-80 In February 1973, a deep conflict emerged among the president, the General Assembly, and the armed forces. The army and air force rebelled against Bordaberry's selection of a civilian as minister of national defense. On February 9 and 10, the army issued two communiqu�s proposing a series of political, social, and economic measures. Initially, the navy maintained its loyalty to the president but subsequently joined the other military services. Bordaberry made an agreement with the military, known as the Boisso Lanza Pact, that guaranteed their advisory role and their participation in political decision making. In effect, the pact constituted a quasi-coup. The National Security Council (Consejo de Seguridad Nacional--Cosena) was created as an advisory body to the executive. Its members included the commanders of the army, navy, and air force, plus an additional senior military officer, and the ministers of national defense, interior, and foreign affairs. The military then pushed for the final approval and implementation of the State Security Law. However, differences with the General Assembly, which was investigating charges of torture committed by the military and felt that the military had exceeded its powers, continued until June 27, 1973. On that date, with the backing of the armed forces, Bordaberry dissolved the General Assembly and replaced it with the Council of State, and he empowered the armed forces and police to take whatever measures were necessary to ensure normal public services. In essence, a de facto dictatorship had been announced. The new situation was supported by some Colorados (the Pachequist faction) and some Blancos (Aguerrondo's Herrerists). But the CNT called for the occupation of factories and a general strike that lasted almost two weeks. When the civil-military dictatorship was consolidated, it banned the CNT, the PCU, and other existing and alleged Marxist-Leninist organizations, and it intervened in the university to quell dissident activities by the students. The military's "Doctrine of National Security" was a pseudoscientific analysis of society grounded in geopolitics. It posited that sovereignty no longer resided in the people but derived instead from the requirements of state survival. This was basically the same ideology made famous by the Brazilian generals after their takeover in 1964. The core of the doctrine was articulated by Brazil's General Artur Golbery do Couto e Silva in his book Geopol�tica do Brasil. Essentially, the book described a world divided into two opposing blocs--the capitalist and Christian West and the communist and "atheistic" East--each with its own values that were considered irreconcilable. The Brazilian and Uruguayan generals saw themselves as part of the Western bloc and were therefore engaged in an unrelenting global struggle with the opposition. This struggle called for a war in which there was no room for hesitation or uncertainty against a cunning and ruthless enemy. Thus, it was necessary to sacrifice some secular freedoms in order to protect and preserve the state. "Preventive" repression by the Uruguayan military regime was intense. To the dead and disappeared were added thousands of persons who went to jail because they were accused of politically motivated crimes. Many were tortured. Others were fired from their government jobs for political reasons. The regime restricted freedom of the press and association, as well as party political activity. Amnesty International calculated that in 1976 Uruguay had more political prisoners per capita than any other nation on earth. During these years, approximately 10 percent of Uruguay's population emigrated for political or economic reasons. In June 1976, Bordaberry was forced to resign after submitting a proposal to the military calling for the elimination of political parties and the creation of a permanent dictatorship with himself as president. National elections were to be held that year, although politicians could hardly be sanguine after the assassinations in Argentina of Uruguayan political leaders H�ctor Guti�rrez Ruiz (National Party) and Zelmar Michelini (Broad Front). Bordaberry was replaced by Alberto Demichelli Lizaso, president of the Council of State, who, through Institutional Act No. 1, decreed the suspension of elections. Three months later, Demichelli was succeeded by Aparicio M�ndez (1976-81), who essentially decreed the political prohibition of all individuals who had participated in the 1966 and 1971 elections. Political life thus came to a halt. In 1977 the military government made public its political plans. Over the next few years, the National Party and the Colorado Party would be purged, a new constitution would be submitted to a plebiscite, and national elections would be held with a single candidate agreed on by both parties. A charter that gave the military virtual veto power over all government policy was drawn up. In 1980 the armed forces decided to legitimize themselves by submitting this constitution to a plebiscite. Opposing the constitutional project were Batlle Ib��ez, Ferreira, Carlos Julio Pereyra, a Herrerist faction led by Luis Alberto Lacalle de Herrera, Pachequist dissidents, and the Broad Front, who considered it authoritarian and in conflict with Uruguay's democratic tradition. When Uruguay's citizens went to the polls, they dealt the military regime a tremendous blow and rejected the proposed new constitution by 57 to 43 percent. Uruguay When the military took power in 1973, they did so in the face of a decade and a half of economic stagnation, high inflation, and increased social unrest. Massive repression brought the social unrest under control and eliminated the urban guerrilla threat. Economic policy and performance soon became the regime's ultimate claim to legitimacy and justification for its harsh rule. The military and their civilian technocrats hoped to reverse Uruguay's economic stagnation, which had led to an absence of capital accumulation and investment, as well as to capital flight. The dissolution of the General Assembly and the banning of union organizations eliminated any possibilities for action by the opposition and thus made possible a new economic model. The long-term model sought by the military involved a profound change in the traditional roles of the public and private sectors and the response of the public sector to the influence of the external market. The military's economic program sought to transform Uruguay into an international financial center by lifting restrictions on the exchange rate; ensuring the free convertibility of the peso and foreign remittances, thus further "dollarizing" the economy; facilitating the opening of branches of foreign banks; and enacting a law to promote foreign investment. More attention was paid to the international market. The reduction of import duties, promotion of nontraditional exports, integration of trade with Argentina and Brazil, and liberalization of the agricultural and livestock markets were key goals. Although proposals were made to reduce state interventionism, the state participated actively in the preparation of the new program. The principal architect of the program was Harvard-trained Alejandro V�gh Villegas, who had served as minister of economy and finance from 1974 to 1976. V�gh hoped to dismantle the protectionist structure of the economy; free the banking and financial communities from the restraints under which they operated; cut the budget, especially social spending; reduce state employment; and sell off most of the state enterprises. However, some of the nationalist and populist military leaders opposed his plan for mass reductions in government employment and divestiture of such state enterprises as ANCAP. V�gh succeeded somewhat in his budgetary and monetary objectives and managed to reduce some tariffs. Between 1975 and 1980, his strict monetary policy reduced inflation from 100 percent in 1972 to 40 to 67 percent in 1980, and by 1982 it was only 20 percent. He managed this by strict control of the social service side of the budget and by a policy of depressed real wages, which fell by 50 percent during the 1970s. Between 1974 and 1980, the gross domestic product ( GDP) grew, although unevenly. Beginning in 1980, however, the situation changed as the military's economic program began to unravel. High interest rates and recession in the United States did not help matters. Between 1981 and 1983, GDP fell some 20 percent, and unemployment rose to 17 percent. The foreign debt burden, exacerbated by the quadrupling of oil prices in 1974, grew exponentially and stood at about US$3 billion by 1984. Industry and agriculture, whose accumulation of debt in dollars had been encouraged by official policies, were adversely affected by the government's elimination in November 1982 of its "crawling peg" system (a minidevaluation monetary policy) in effect since 1978. The progressively overvalued currency had limited the ability of domestic producers to raise prices to compete with cheaper imports. The resulting collapse of the Uruguayan new peso bankrupted thousands of individuals and businesses. Industry was in better shape, although it had unused capacity and no substantial diversification had taken place. The financial sector, which was largely foreign owned, was consolidated and expanded at the same time. As the situation deteriorated, the state, in order to save the banking system, purchased noncollectible debt portfolios of ranchers, industrialists, and importers, which were held by private banks. This adversely affected the fiscal deficit and increased the foreign debt, which grew sevenfold between 1973 and 1984. The failure of the regime's economic model, combined with its stifling of political opposition, prompted thousands of Uruguay's best professionals to go into exile. By late 1983, V�gh returned from an ambassadorship in the United States to once again become minister of economy and finance. As the most important technocrat to serve the military regime, he had returned to help smooth out the expected transition to civilian rule. He failed, however, to turn over a revived economy to a democratic government. The lack of success of the military's economic policies and their failure to achieve legitimacy or consensus led to a watering down of their own plan to reinstitute a civilian government under military tutelage. Uruguay After the electoral defeat of the military's constitution, retired Lieutenant General Gregorio Alvarez Armelino (1981-85), one of the leaders of the coup, became president, and political dialogue was slowly restored. The 1982 Political Parties Law was enacted to regulate the election of political leaders, the functioning of political conventions, and the preparation of political platforms. Its aim was the controlled regeneration and democratization of the political system, but it excluded the left to avoid a return to the situation prior to 1973. In 1982 the officials of the National Party, the Colorado Party, and the Civic Union (Uni�n C�vica--UC; created in 1971), a small conservative Catholic party, were elected. Once again, election results were a blow to the military. Sectors opposing the dictatorship won overwhelmingly in both traditional parties. A divided left, although officially banned, also participated: some cast blank ballots, while others believed it would be more useful to back the democratic sectors of traditional parties. The dialogue between politicians and the military gathered momentum but was marked by advances and setbacks and accompanied by increasing civil resistance. Uruguay was now experiencing its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. In 1983 the Interunion Workers' Assembly (or Plenum) (Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores--PIT) reclaimed the banner of the CNT and was authorized to hold a public demonstration on May 1; it later assumed the name PIT-CNT to show its link with the earlier organization. Students--united under the Students' Social and Cultural Association for Public Education (Asociaci�n Social y Cultural de Estudiantes de la Ense�anza P�blica--ASCEEP), heir to the banned student organizations--were allowed to march through the streets of Montevideo. In November all opposition parties including the left staged a massive political rally, demanding elections with full restoration of democratic norms and without political proscriptions. Uruguay In March 1984, the PIT-CNT organized a civil strike and freed General L�ber Seregni Mosquera, leader of the Broad Front, whom the military had imprisoned since January 11, 1976. By mid-1984 yet another civil strike took place, this time organized by political parties and social groups. Blanco Senator Ferreira returned from exile. His subsequent imprisonment essentially deprived the National Party of the opportunity to participate in the meetings between politicians and the military that ended with the Naval Club Pact. Signed by the armed forces and representatives from the Colorado Party, UC, and Broad Front, this pact called for national elections to be held that same year on the traditional last Sunday in November. The discussions at the Naval Club saw the military give up its long-sought goal of a Cosena dominated by the military and with virtual veto power over all civilian government decisions. The military now settled for an advisory board that would be controlled by the president and the cabinet. Some transitional features were agreed to by the civilian leadership, mostly relating to the ability of the armed forces to maintain its seniority system in the naming of the commanders of the various military services. The military also agreed to review the cases of all political prisoners who had served at least half of their sentences. Moreover, the military acquiesced to the relegalization of the left, although the PCU remained officially banned (until March 1985). The Communists were nonetheless able to run stand-in candidates under their own list within the leftist coalition. Nothing was said about the question of human rights violations by the dictatorship. The election results were no great surprise. With Ferreira prohibited from heading the Blanco ticket and a similar fate for Seregni of the Broad Front, and with effective use of young newcomers and a savvy media campaign, the Colorado Party won. The Colorados received 41 percent of the vote; the Blancos, 34 percent; and the Broad Front, 21 percent. The UC received 2.5 percent of the vote. Within the Broad Front's leftist coalition, social democratic Senator Hugo Batalla, who headed List 99, a faction started by Zelmar Michelini in 1971, was the big winner, garnering over 40 percent of the alliance's vote. For the victorious Colorados, former President Pacheco brought the party 25 percent of its vote. However, the Colorado presidential ticket receiving the most votes (in a system that allowed multiple candidacies for president in each party) was headed by Sanguinetti. After being sworn in as president on March 1, 1985, Sanguinetti led the transition to democracy. He did so with dignity and fairness, although the legacy of human rights violations under the dictatorship proved a troublesome problem. Uruguay Uruguay is located in the Southern Hemisphere on the Atlantic seaboard of South America between 53 and 58 west longitude and 30 and 35 south latitude. It is bounded on the west by Argentina, on the north and northeast by Brazil, and on the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean. To the south, it fronts the R�o de la Plata, a broad estuary that opens out into the South Atlantic. Montevideo, the capital and major port, sits on the banks of the R�o de la Plata and is on approximately the same latitude as Capetown and <"http://worldfacts.us/Australia-Sydney.htm">Sydney. Uruguay is the smallest Spanishspeaking nation in South America with a land area of 176,220 square kilometers, slightly smaller than North Dakota. Topography and Hydrography Most of Uruguay is a gently rolling plain that represents a transition from the almost featureless Argentine pampas to the hilly uplands of southern Brazil. The country itself has flat plains on its eastern, southern, and western edges. The narrow Atlantic coastal plain is sandy and marshy, occasionally broken by shallow lagoons. The littorals of the R�o de la Plata and the R�o Uruguay are somewhat broader and merge more gradually into the hilly interior. The remaining three-quarters of the country is a rolling plateau marked by ranges of low hills that become more prominent in the north as they merge into the highlands of southern Brazil. Even these hilly areas are remarkably featureless, however, and elevations seldom exceed 200 meters. Uruguay is a water-rich land. Prominent bodies of water mark its limits on the east, south, and west, and even most of the boundary with Brazil follows small rivers. Lakes and lagoons are numerous, and a high water table makes digging wells easy. Three systems of rivers drain the land: rivers flow westward to the R�o Uruguay, eastward to the Atlantic or tidal lagoons bordering the ocean, and south to the R�o de la Plata. The R�o Uruguay, which forms the border with Argentina, is flanked by low banks, and disastrous floods sometimes inundate large areas. The longest and most important of the rivers draining westward is the R�o Negro, which crosses the entire country from northeast to west before emptying into the R�o Uruguay. A dam on the R�o Negro at Paso de los Toros has created a reservoir--the Embalse del R�o Negro--that is the largest artificial lake in South America. The R�o Negro's principal tributary and the country's second most important river is the R�o Y�. The rivers flowing east to the Atlantic are generally shallower and have more variable flow than the other rivers. Many empty into lagoons in the coastal plain. The largest coastal lagoon, Laguna Mer�n, forms part of the border with Brazil. A half-dozen smaller lagoons, some freshwater and some brackish, line the coast farther south. <"27.htm">Climate Uruguay Located entirely within the temperate zone, Uruguay has a climate that is fairly uniform nationwide. Seasonal variations are pronounced, but extremes in temperature are rare. As would be expected by its abundance of water, high humidity and fog are common. The absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, makes all locations vulnerable to high winds and rapid changes in weather as fronts or storms sweep across the country. Seasons are fairly well defined, and in most of Uruguay spring is usually damp, cool, and windy; summers are warm; autumns are mild; and winters are chilly and uncomfortably damp. Northwestern Uruguay, however, is farther from large bodies of water and therefore has warmer summers and milder and drier winters than the rest of the country. Average highs and lows in summer (January) in Montevideo are 28� C and 17� C, respectively, with an absolute maximum of 43� C; comparable numbers for Artigas in the northwest are 33� C and 18� C, with the highest temperature ever recorded (42� C). Winter (July) average highs and lows in Montevideo are 14� C and 6� C, respectively, although the high humidity makes the temperatures feel colder; the lowest temperature registered in Montevideo is -4� C. Averages in July of a high of 18� C and a low of 7� C in Artigas confirm the milder winters in northwestern Uruguay, but even here temperatures have dropped to a subfreezing -4� C. Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, and annual amounts increase from southeast to northwest. Montevideo averages 950 millimeters annually, and Artigas receives 1,235 millimeters in an average year. As in most temperate climates, rainfall results from the passage of cold fronts in winter, falling in overcast drizzly spells, and summer thunderstorms are frequent. High winds are a disagreeable characteristic of the weather, particularly during the winter and spring, and wind shifts are sudden and pronounced. A winter warm spell can be abruptly broken by a strong pampero, a chilly and occasionally violent wind blowing north from the Argentine pampas. Summer winds off the ocean, however, have the salutary effect of tempering warm daytime temperatures. Uruguay may be divided into four regions, based on social, economic, and geographical factors. The regions include the interior, the littoral, Greater Montevideo, and the coast. The Interior This largest region includes the departments of Artigas, Cerro Largo, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Rivera, Salto, Tacuaremb�, and Treinta y Tres and the eastern halves of Paysand�, R�o Negro, and Soriano. The topsoil is thin and unsuited to intensive agriculture, but it nourishes abundant natural pasture. Only 2 to 3 percent of Uruguay's land is forested. An estimated 3 to 4 million hectares (17 to 23 percent of the total land) are arable, but only one-third of this (about 7 percent of the total productive land) was cultivated in 1990. Almost all of the interior consisted of cattle and sheep ranches; pasture accounted for 89 percent of the country's productive land. Sheep rearing was typically undertaken on medium-sized farms concentrated in the west and south. It began to boom as an export industry in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, particularly following the invention of barbed wire, which allowed the easy enclosure of properties. Uruguayan wool is of moderate quality, not quite up to Australian standards. Cattle ranches, or estancias, for beef and hides were typically quite large (over 1,000 hectares) and were concentrated in the north and east. (Dairying was concentrated in the department of Colonia.) Because ranching required little labor, merely a few gauchos, the interior lacked a peasantry and large towns. Despite being sparsely populated, however, the interior was relatively urbanized in that the capital of each department usually contained about half the inhabitants. Social and economic development indicators were lowest for the departments along the Brazilian border to the northeast. Government attempts to encourage agricultural colonization by means of land reform in the interior had largely failed in economic terms, as had the promotion of wheat production. One exception, rice, most of which was produced in the east, had become a major nontraditional export in recent years. The Littoral Stretching west along the R�o de la Plata from Montevideo are the agricultural and dairying departments of San Jos� and Colonia. To the north along the R�o Uruguay lie the departments of Soriano, R�o Negro, and Paysand�. Their western halves form part of the littoral, a region that is somewhat more developed than the interior. Here soils are alluvial and more fertile, favoring crop production and farms of more modest size than in the interior. Citrus cultivation for export has increased in the departments along the R�o Uruguay. The department of Colonia, some of which was settled by the Swiss, was famous for the production of milk, butter, cheese, and dulce de leche (a dessert made from concentrated milk and sugar). Most wheat (in which Uruguay was self-sufficient) also was produced in this region. Construction with Argentina of the Salto Grande Dam across the R�o Uruguay north of Salto was a major boost to the development of the northern littoral in the 1970s. By contrast, the closure of the famous meat-packing plant at Fray Bentos in the department of R�o Negro transformed it into a virtual ghost town. Farther south, the littoral economy had benefited from completion of the General Artigas Bridge across the R�o Uruguay from Paysand� to the Argentine province of Entre R�os. However, the advent of a convenient (if circuitous) land route from Montevideo to Buenos Aires via the new bridge reduced freight and passenger traffic through the small port of Colonia on the R�o de la Plata just opposite the Argentine capital. To compensate, the Uruguayan government encouraged the architectural restoration of Colonia, which was originally built by the Portuguese in colonial times. In 1990 Colonia had became one of Uruguay's most historic tourist attractions, and many of its houses had been bought by vacationers from Buenos Aires. Greater Montevideo According to the 1985 census, the population of the department of Montevideo was 1,311,976, and that of the neighboring department of Canelones was 364,248, out of a total population of 2,955,241. Thus, these departments and the eastern portion of San Jos�, which together constituted the Greater Montevideo region, held over one-half of Uruguay's population. This monocephalic pattern of settlement was more pronounced in Uruguay than in any other nation of the world, barring citystates . The 1985 census indicated a population density of about 2,475 inhabitants per square kilometer in the department of Montevideo and about 80 inhabitants per square kilometer in the department of Canelones. Densities elsewhere in the country were dramatically lower. Montevideo was originally founded on a promontory beside a large bay that forms a perfect natural harbor. In the nineteenth century, the British promoted it as a rival port to Buenos Aires. The city has expanded to such an extent that by 1990 it covered most of the department. The original area of settlement, known as the Old City, lies adjacent to the port, but the central business district and the middle-class residential areas have moved eastward. The only exception to this pattern of eastward expansion is that banking and finance continued to cluster in the Old City around the Stock Exchange, the Bank of Uruguay (Banco de la Rep�blica Oriental del Uruguay--BROU), and the Central Bank of Uruguay. Since the 1950s, Montevideo's prosperous middle classes have tended to abandon the formerly fashionable downtown areas for the more modern high-rise apartment buildings of Pocitos, a beachfront neighborhood east of the center. Still farther east lies the expensive area of Carrasco, a zone of modern luxury villas that has come to replace the old neighborhood of El Prado in the north of the city as home to the country's wealthy elite. Its beaches were less polluted than those closer to the center. Montevideo's Carrasco International Airport is located there. The capital's principal artery, 18th of July Avenue, was long the principal shopping street of Montevideo, but it has been hurt since the mid-1980s by the construction of a modern shopping mall strategically located between Pocitos and Carrasco. Montevideo's poorer neighborhoods tended to be located in the north of the city and around the bay in the areas of industrial activity. However, the degree of spatial separation of social classes was moderate by the standards of other cities in South America. Starting in the 1970s, the city began to acquire a belt of shantytowns around its outskirts, but in 1990 these remained small compared with Rio de Janeiro or Guayaquil, for example. About 60,000 families lived in such shantytowns, known in Uruguay as cantegriles. An intensive program of public housing construction was undertaken in the 1970s and 1980s, but it had not solved the problem by 1990. In 1990 Greater Montevideo was by far the most developed region of Uruguay and dominated the nation economically and culturally. It was home to the country's two universities, its principal hospitals, and most of its communications media (television stations, radio stations, newspapers, and magazines). Attempts by the military governments from 1973 to 1985 to promote the development of the north of the country (partly for strategic reasons) failed to change this pattern of extreme centralization. In one way, however, they achieved a major success: the introduction of direct dialing revolutionized the country's longdistance telephone system. By contrast, the local telephone network in Montevideo remained so hopelessly antiquated and unreliable that many firms relied on courier services to get messages to other downtown businesses. Until the construction boom of the late 1970s, relatively few modern buildings had been constructed. In many parts of the center, elegant nineteenth-century houses built around a central patio were still to be seen in 1990. In some cases, the patio was open to the air, but in most cases it was covered by a skylight, some of which were made of elaborate stained glass. Few of these houses were used for single-family occupancy, however, and many had been converted into low-cost apartments. The middle classes preferred to live in more modern apartments near the city center or the University of the Republic. Alternatively, they might purchase a single-family villa with a small yard at the back. Many of these were close to the beaches running east from the downtown along the avenue known as the Rambla. In Pocitos, however, high-rise apartments had replaced the single-family homes on those streets closest to the beach. The Coast Stretching east from Montevideo along the R�o de la Plata are the departments of Canelones, Maldonado, and Rocha. The inland portion of Canelones is an area of small farms and truck gardens, which produce vegetables for the capital. It was relatively poor in 1990. Many inhabitants of the department's small towns also commuted to jobs in Montevideo by express bus. Along the coast lie a string of small seaside towns (balnearios), from which more prosperous employees had also begun to commute. Farther east in the highly developed department of Maldonado lies the major resort of Punta del Este. This has been developed as a fashionable playground more for Argentines than for average Uruguayans, who found it too expensive. With its hotels, restaurants, casino, and nightclubs, Punta del Este was a major export earner, and it dominated Uruguay's tourism industry. Vacationing Uruguayans of more modest means were concentrated in smaller resorts such as Piri�polis and Atl�ntida, which are closer to Montevideo. Beyond Punta del Este in the still mostly undeveloped department of Rocha, a number of communities had sprouted along the unspoiled Atlantic coast with its miles of sandy beaches and huge breakers. These small vacation communities--such as Aguas Dulces and Cabo Polonio, both in Rocha Department--were entirely unplanned and lacked essential services. In many cases, simple holiday chalets had been built on public property adjoining the seashore without any legal title to the land. In 1990 the authorities in Rocha Department announced plans to regulate and improve this development in hopes of encouraging visits by higher-spending tourists. Regional Development Uruguay's regions differed markedly not only in population size and density but also in their indexes of social and economic development, including education, health care, communications, energy consumption, and industrialization. Least developed were the northern ranching departments along the Brazilian border-- Artigas, Rivera, and Cerro Largo--and also Tacuaremb�. Somewhat more developed was a band of six departments stretching across the center of the country, from west to east: R�o Negro, Flores, Florida, Durazno, Treinta y Tres, and Rocha. More industrialized and urbanized, but still quite poor, were the departments of Soriano and Salto, which, as noted previously, benefited from the construction of a bridge and a dam, respectively, across the R�o Uruguay in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The two remaining western departments--Colonia and Paysand�--were the most developed of the littoral. Three departments close to Montevideo--San Jos�, Canelones, and Lavalleja--presented a contradictory picture of relatively advanced economic development combined with low indexes of social modernization. Finally, Montevideo and the department of Maldonado (which is strongly affected by the tourism industry in Punta del Este) had the highest indexes of social and economic development in the country. Uruguay URUGUAY WAS ONCE KNOWN as the "Switzerland of South America" as a result of its relative governmental stability, advanced level of economic development, and social peace. Indeed, in the creation of a welfare state, it was far ahead of Switzerland during the first half of the twentieth century. Starting in the 1950s, however, Uruguay's economy began to stagnate, and the oncevaunted welfare state became increasingly poor. Commentators talked of the "Latin Americanization" of Uruguay as it descended from the ranks of the developed nations to the level of the Third World. Political and social unrest eventually culminated in the military coup of 1973; by then the case for seeing Uruguay as very different from the rest of Latin America was largely undermined. During the sixty-year period from 1870 to 1930, foreign immigrants flooded into Uruguay, mainly from Spain and Italy, to improve their standard of living. A historical study of social and economic development ranked Uruguay fourth among all independent nations in the world in the 1880s. In 1990 Uruguay's levels of education and nutrition were still among the highest in Latin America, as well as its per capita ownership of radios, televisions, and telephones and its newspaper readership. However, four decades of economic stagnation had seriously eroded Uruguay's lead in terms of per capita gross domestic product ( GDP). Historically, only Argentina rivaled it in Latin America in terms of this crucial economic indicator. By the middle of the twentieth century, Uruguay had been overtaken by Venezuela in terms of per capita GDP, and in 1970 Chile had almost caught up. By 1980 so had Brazil, Costa Rica, Panama, and Mexico. A study published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990 attempted to rank 130 countries of the world by their level of social (rather than purely economic) development. Switzerland was the richest nation as measured by per capita GDP, adjusted for purchasing power parities. Using the same indicator, Uruguay was ranked forty-fifth, underlining how far it had fallen economically. Nevertheless, Uruguay ranked far higher on a composite indicator of social progress dubbed by the UNDP the "Human Development Index." The index took into account life expectancy and level of literacy, as well as adjusted per capita GDP. By this measure, Uruguay ranked twenty-ninth, immediately above Hungary. Only two Latin American countries scored higher on this index: Costa Rica (ranking twenty-eighth) and Chile (ranking twenty-fourth). In comparison, the United States ranked nineteenth. Japan had the highest Human Development Index of all. In sum, Uruguayan society in 1990 presented a contradictory picture of advanced social indicators and declining economic status. In many ways, it remained unlike other Latin American and Third World countries. <"30.htm">POPULATION Uruguay In 1988 Uruguay's population was estimated at 3,081,000, up somewhat from the 2,955,241 inhabitants recorded in the 1985 census. From 1981 to 1988, the population growth rate averaged about 0.7 percent per year. In South America, only Guyana and Suriname had a lower growth rate. According to projections, the growth rate would continue in the 0.6 to 0.7 range through the year 2020, resulting in an estimated total population of 3,152,000 in 1995, 3,264,000 in 2000, and 3,679,000 in 2020. A major factor in Uruguay's low population growth rate was its relatively low birth rate. The average birth rate for 1990 was the lowest in Latin America at just 17 per 1,000 inhabitants. Significant levels of emigration also inhibited the growth of the population. At the same time, the average life expectancy of Uruguayans (seventy years for men and seventy-six years for women in 1990) was relatively high. Together, the comparatively low birth rate, net emigration, and long life expectancy gave Uruguay an aging population with a pyramidal structure more typical of a developed country than of a Third World country. In addition to its remarkably low population growth rate, low birth rate, high life expectancy, and aging population, Uruguay also was notable for its extremely high level of urbanization. According to the 1985 census, 87 percent of Uruguay's population could be classified as urban. Moreover, this trend was expected to continue because the urban population was continuing to grow at a faster rate than the population as a whole, while the rural population growth rate was well under that for the total population. In the 1981-88 period, Uruguay's urban population grew at a rate of 0.9 percent, while its rural population grew at a rate of only 0.3 percent (as compared with a total population growth rate of 0.7 percent). Ethnically, Uruguay enjoyed a high level of homogeneity. Its population was estimated to be nearly 90 percent white, having descended from the original Spanish colonists as well as from the many European immigrants, chiefly from Spain and Italy, who flocked to Uruguay in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (The remainder were primarily black and mestizo, or people of mixed Indian and European ancestry.) Historical Patterns of Settlement First administered from Buenos Aires, Uruguay came into being as an independent nation in 1828 when the British intervened to create a buffer (and client) state between Argentina and Brazil. The fact that Uruguay was scarcely settled beyond a thin coastal strip during the colonial period meant that unlike many other areas of Latin America, little of its colonial heritage survived. The British dominated the country's economic and commercial development until World War I. In marked distinction to Chile's or Peru's minerals, however, Uruguay's prime productive asset (land) remained in the hands of Uruguayans, or at least settlers who wanted to become Uruguayans. Shortly after independence, civil war broke out between the two political factions that came to form Uruguay's traditional parties, the Colorado Party (Partido Colorado) and the National Party (Partido Nacional, usually referred to as the Blancos). Military conflicts between caudillos on both sides were to recur frequently until 1904. The main cause of conflict was the rivalry between center and periphery: in Montevideo the Colorados predominated, but in the interior the Blancos wished to preserve their control. A dictatorship by a Colorado caudillo, Lorenzo Latorre (1876-80), imposed strict order in the countryside. Concurrently, Uruguay's exports of beef products and wool to Europe began to boom. After 1911 massive growth of frozen meat exports revived the profitability of the large cattle ranches that had been somewhat eclipsed after the 1860s by medium-sized sheep farms. By World War I, two-fifths of the nation's farmland was in the hands of large landowners (the 3 to 4 percent of proprietors who had over 2,000 hectares). However, historians have argued that Uruguay's rural society was "pluralist" in character. Thus, along with the big landowners (latifundistas) and smallholders (minifundistas), a middle sector had arisen, constituting 40 percent of the proprietors and accounting for 55 percent of the land. Contemporary Ethnic Composition In 1990 about 88 percent of Uruguay's population was white and descended from Europeans, and the nation has always looked to Europe for its cultural cues. Eight percent of the population was mestizo, and 4 percent was black. Although in 1990 Uruguay had an aging population, it was once a young nation of immigrants. According to the 1908 census, over two-fifths of the population was foreign born. While the descendants of the original Spanish colonists (known as criollos) predominated in the interior, the origins of the population were varied in the densely populated areas of Montevideo and the coast. In these areas, citizens of Italian descent were particularly numerous, constituting as much as one-third of the population. In 1990 estimates of the number of Uruguayans of African descent ranged from as low as 40,000 to as high as 130,000 (about 4 percent). In Montevideo, many of them traditionally made a living as musicians or entertainers. Few had been allowed to achieve high social status. As many as three-quarters of black women aged eighteen to forty were employed in domestic service. In the interior, citizens of African or mixed descent were concentrated along the Brazilian border. Early in the twentieth century, the traditional folkways of Afro-Uruguayans were captured in the impressionist paintings of Pedro Figari. Although vestiges of African culture survived in the annual carnival celebrations known as the Llamadas, Uruguay's black population was relatively assimilated in 1990. Uruguay's Indian population had virtually disappeared and was no longer in evidence in 1990. Even the mestizo, or mixed-race, population was small--8 percent--by Latin American standards. In 1990 signs of intermarriage between whites and Indians were common only in the interior. The slightly derogatory term chino was still applied by the inhabitants of Montevideo to the somewhat darker-skinned migrants from the interior. Montevideo also had a highly assimilated Jewish population of some importance. Estimated at 40,000 in 1970, the Jewish community had fallen to about 25,000 by the late 1980s as a result of emigration, particularly to Israel. Anti-Semitism was not uncommon, but it was less virulent than, for example, in Argentina. Fertility, Mortality, and Population Growth Uruguay's population has grown slowly throughout its history, reaching the 1 million mark early in the twentieth century. In the twentieth century, the rate of population growth declined steadily, however, despite significant amounts of immigration and virtually halted in the 1950s. Registered at over 2 percent in 1916, the annual growth rate had dropped to 1.4 percent by 1937. It continued in the 1.2 to 1.5 percent range until 1960, but in the 1960s population growth averaged only 1 percent annually. In the 1970s, the average annual growth rate was even lower, at 0.4 percent. In the 1981-88 period, annual population growth was 0.7 percent, but in 1990 it was 0.6 percent. A major contributor to the slow population growth rate was Uruguay's low, and declining, crude birth rate. It fell steadily throughout the first half of the twentieth century, from 38.9 per 1,000 population in the 1900-04 period to 21.1 per 1,000 in the 1945-49 period, where it more or less stabilized through the mid1960s . In the 1980-85 period, the birth rate was 19.5 per 1,000. In 1987 it was estimated at 17.5, and in 1990 it was estimated at 17 per 1,000. (In comparison, the birth rates for Argentina, Brazil, and the United States in 1990 were 20 per 1,000, 26 per 1,000, and 15 per 1,000, respectively.) This relatively low birth rate was usually ascribed to Uruguay's prosperity and the widespread availability of contraception. Given the secularization of Uruguayan society at the beginning of the twentieth century, the influence of the Roman Catholic Church was minor. The total fertility rate in 1990 was 2.4 children born per woman. The crude death rate, which had averaged 14 to 15 per 1,000 since the 1895-99 period, began to decline significantly starting in the 1920s. In the 1940s, it reached 10 per 1,000, and it has stayed at approximately this level every since. In 1987 the crude death rate was estimated at 9.5 per 1,000 and in 1990 at 10 per 1,000. Advances in medicine resulted in longer life expectancy. Uruguay's General Directorate of Statistics and Census noted that overall life expectancy in the 1984-86 period was 71.6 years (68.4 years for men and 74.9 years for women). Estimates in 1990 placed life expectancy for males at seventy years and that for females at seventy-six years. Because Uruguayans were living longer, the population began to age. By the census year of 1963, demographers already were beginning to worry that the rising proportion of the population in retirement might overstrain the country's social security system. The 1975 and 1985 censuses confirmed the acceleration of this aging trend. The trend was aggravated as net immigration, which had characterized Uruguay in the early twentieth century, gave way to net emigration and the exodus in particular of young, well-educated Uruguayans. Urbanization In the nineteenth century, Uruguay was already highly urbanized. But in the twentieth century, it has been one of the world's most urbanized states. According to the 1985 census, 87 percent of Uruguayans lived in urban areas, the highest percentage in Latin America. The department of Montevideo alone accounted for 44 percent of the country's population; the department of Canelones accounted for another 12 percent. Furthermore, the interior of Uruguay, although sparsely populated, was also quite urban. Census figures from 1985 indicate that even outside Montevideo over 80 percent of the country's inhabitants could be classified as "urban" (i.e., living in towns of 2,000 inhabitants or more). Most of these townspeople lived in the departmental capitals. Uruguay's level of urbanization seemed likely to continue to rise, based on estimates of the growth rate of the urban population vis-�-vis that of the population as a whole and that of the rural population. During the 1960s, the urban population grew at an annual rate of 1.7 percent, while the overall population growth rate was only 1.0 percent. In the 1970s, the growth rates were 0.6 and 0.4 percent, respectively. For the 1981-88 period, the overall population growth rate was 0.7 percent, while the urban population grew by 0.9 percent and the rural population by only 0.3 percent. Migration Rural depopulation has been a striking trend in Uruguay during the twentieth century. According to the 1975 census, onefifth of those citizens born in the eighteen interior, littoral, and coastal departments lived in Montevideo. The departments that produced the highest flow of outward migration between the 1963 and 1975 censuses were in the interior of the country. In the littoral and coastal departments (except the department of Rocha), the greater net retention of population correlated with the growth of the local urban population. This showed that people tended to stay in the department where they were born if there were local towns to which they could move. Otherwise, they moved farther afield. Migration in Uruguay thus appeared to follow the classic pattern by which those born in isolated rural areas moved to the nearest towns, whereas those born in interior towns headed for Montevideo. Montevideans, in turn, sought to migrate to large cities in Latin America, notably Buenos Aires, where their accents and customs blended successfully and where wages were much higher on average. Emigration Since the 1950s, Uruguay's traditional pattern of net immigration has given way to a severe pattern of emigration, which has been of concern to the authorities. This was particularly worrisome because those most likely to leave were the youngest and best-educated citizens. The emigration of youth and the country's aging population had created a very high dependency ratio and serious difficulties for Uruguay's social security system. A famous piece of black-humored graffiti in the port of Montevideo in the early 1970s read: "Last one to leave, please turn off the lights!" Estimates of emigration as high as one-third of the population have, however, been wildly exaggerated. Economics motivated emigration in the 1960s, but political repression became a major factor during the 1973-85 military regime. Official figures suggest that 180,000 people left Uruguay from 1963 to 1975. In 1973 about 30,000 left, in 1974 nearly 60,000, and in 1975 nearly 40,000. According to the General Directorate of Statistics and Census, 150,000 Uruguayans left the country between 1975 and 1985. By 1989 only 16,500 of them had returned. If the 180,000 who left between 1963 and 1975 are added, the proportion of the population that emigrated from 1963 to 1985 can be estimated at about one-tenth. Along with the low birth rate, this is the major explanation for the country's low population growth rate. Most of the emigrants were young. Of those who emigrated between 1963 and 1975, 17.7 percent were aged fourteen or younger, 68 percent were between the ages of fifteen and thirtynine , and only 14.3 percent were forty years or older. Those leaving were on average also better educated than the total population. Only 1.5 percent were uneducated, 52.1 percent had completed primary school, 33.6 percent had attended secondary school or teachers' training colleges, and 12.8 percent had attended university or technical college. In the late 1980s, the lack of jobs for young people was again a fundamental factor contributing to emigration. Those people leaving Uruguay were not only younger and better educated than the population as a whole but also tended to have more job skills. Among those aged fourteen and older who emigrated from 1963 to 1975 and who were economically active, the relative proportions of different occupations were as follows: professionals, technicians, managers, and administrators made up 12.8 percent, 2.9 percentage points higher than in the economically active population (EAP) as a whole in 1975; office employees constituted 16 percent of those emigrating, 4.3 points above their share of the EAP; salespeople made up 12.4 percent of emigrants, 2 points above the EAP; and drivers, skilled and unskilled workers, and day laborers constituted 34.2 percent of the EAP in 1975, but 47.6 percent of those emigrating. On the one hand, the proportion of emigrants who had worked as domestic servants was 10.4 percent, close to their share of the EAP. On the other hand, whereas 18.2 percent of the EAP was classified as farmers and fishermen in 1975, these made up only 0.8 percent of those leaving the country in the previous twelve years. By far the most popular destination for Uruguayan emigrants was Argentina, which in the first half of the 1970s took over one-half of the emigrants. Also important were the United States and Australia, followed by Spain, Brazil, and Venezuela. Small numbers of artists, intellectuals, and politicians experiencing persecution emigrated to Western Europe, notably to the Netherlands and Spain. Many of these political exiles, however, chose to return to Uruguay after 1984. The Uruguayan community in Argentina was officially given as 58,000 in 1970 but was actually much larger. Many Uruguayans in Argentina returned to Montevideo at election time to vote. Political exiles were allowed to return to Uruguay after 1984, but many of them found it difficult to make a living. This was even true in those cases where they had the right to return to former government posts, for example in education. Often they expressed shock at the decay of public services and the dilapidated state of buildings compared with their memories of Montevideo. Uruguay By Latin American standards, Uruguay is a relatively egalitarian society with a large middle class. One factor that historically helped the country avoid social polarization was the broad provision of free public education by the state starting in the 1870s. Economic stagnation since the 1950s has reduced the opportunities for upward social mobility, but the incidence of extreme wealth and poverty still approximated the pattern of developed countries rather than that of the Third World. Uruguay's upper classes consisted of ranchers, businessmen, and politicians. The middle classes include professionals, whitecollar workers, small businessmen, and medium-sized farmers. The lower classes consisted of blue-collar workers, domestic workers, a small number of peasants, and those forced to survive precariously in the informal sector of the economy. Estimates of the proportion of different sectors of the population in each class are by definition arbitrary. The upper classes are conventionally held to constitute 5 percent of the citizenry, but the relative sizes of the middle and lower classes have been much debated. In the 1950s, mainstream sociologists estimated that the middle classes constituted as much as twothirds of the population. More radical writers in the 1960s suggested a figure as low as one-third. A reasonable figure, however, would be 45 percent, a proportion broadly consistent with the occupational structure revealed by census data. This left half the population in the lower-class category, although it must be stressed that class differences in Uruguay were far less pronounced than in much of Latin America. <"32.htm">The Ranching Elite Uruguay Compared with their counterparts on the Argentine pampas, Uruguay's latifundistas (large landholders) never achieved the same level of social and political preeminence. Constituting a tiny fraction of the population, they nevertheless controlled the bulk of the nation's land, which they typically used for cattle and sheep ranching. Intermarriage with newer urban commercial elites was common, but many of the ranchers descended from colonial Spanish settlers. Those who could afford it ran their ranches as absentee landlords, spending as much of the year as possible in Montevideo. Their children were traditionally educated in private schools, which were either Roman Catholic or English-speaking schools. Originally founded for the children of expatriates, the latter institutions continued to model themselves on Britain's elite private schools. For the ranchers, the social event of the year was the annual agricultural show at the Prado, a park in Montevideo, where prizes were awarded for the best breeds of cattle and sheep and where the latest farm machinery was displayed. Politically, the ranchers were organized in the Rural Federation (Federaci�n Rural), which acted as a pressure group for their interests. Because the incomes of the ranchers varied with the profitability of beef and wool exports, they were constantly lobbying the government for favorable tax and exchange-rate policies. Under military rule from 1973 to 1985, they were deprived of much of their influence, and thus many of them turned against the government. Historically, the majority of ranchers voted for the National Party rather than the Colorado Party. However, the distinction has tended to break down. One factor in this breakdown was the emergence in the 1950s of a nonparty Ruralist movement called the Federal League for Rural Action (Liga Federal de Acci�n Rural--LFAR), which allied with different parties in successive elections. Uruguay's rural society remained much more rigidly hierarchical than its urban society, and status differences were pronounced. This was also true of towns outside the Montevideo region, where the majority of the interior population lived. Uruguay Uruguay's commercial, financial, and industrial elites were more cosmopolitan than the big ranchers. However, the high number of basic industries and utilities run by the state meant that large private entrepreneurs were less numerous than would otherwise be the case. The urban-rural divide was no longer very pronounced: traditional landowning families had diversified into food processing and other businesses, while the sons and daughters of businessmen were ensured a private education. Until 1984 there was only one university in the country, the University of the Republic (also known as the University of Montevideo); it served as a major force for miscegenation among elites and even among the middle classes. Foreign multinational corporations were less active in Uruguay than in many other Latin American countries because of the small size of its domestic market. One exception to this, however, was the banking system, which was heavily taken over by European and North American conglomerates in the 1970s and 1980s. A pattern of close cooperation between domestic and foreign business interests had emerged on the basis of joint ventures and licensing agreements. Urban business interests were organized in two rival associations: the Chamber of Industry, which was dominated by industrial manufacturers, and the Chamber of Commerce, which was more oriented toward services and retail trades. The Chamber of Commerce was enthusiastic about the liberalization of imports and the maintenance of a strong currency from 1977 to 1982. By contrast, foreign competition hit industry hard, accustomed as it was to the high rates of protection given by the previous model of import-substitution industrialization. Uruguay Uruguay's party leaders were sometimes viewed as forming a "political class." Many of the surnames of those active in politics in the 1980s would have been familiar to Uruguayans a century earlier. Blanco leaders were more likely than Colorados to have attended private secondary schools and to describe themselves as practicing Catholics, although this distinction was breaking down. With the exception of an apparent increase in the late 1960s, these politicians only rarely had business careers, apart from ranchers in the National Party. Rather, most made their living as lawyers and as public servants. The leaders of Uruguay's leftist parties were drawn from a somewhat wider spectrum of backgrounds than the Colorados and Blancos. Among the leaders of the former were many white-collar workers, especially educators, and a few labor union leaders. The power of traditional political bosses, or caudillos, has resided in their ability to mobilize voters by means of patronage machines. This system of doling out favors, such as public-sector jobs and pensions, through local political clubs had, nevertheless, declined by 1990. Young voters were more motivated by ideology than their parents, which is one reason that the membership of Uruguay's leftist parties was growing, whereas that of the traditional National and Colorado parties was declining. Uruguay Uruguay has often been described as the most middle-class nation in Latin America. In this social category were to be found civil servants, teachers, white-collar workers, small businessmen, officers in the military, and medium-sized farmers. Economic crises since the 1960s have, nevertheless, squeezed this sector of the population hard. One reason for the rise of women in the labor force was the struggle of middle-class families to maintain their standard of living. Moreover, it was very common for middle-class Uruguayans to have two (or even more) jobs. For much of the twentieth century, Uruguay's middle classes benefited from the provision of excellent public education at no cost up through university. Public schools began to decline in quality in the 1970s, however, and few members of the middle class could afford the requisite fees to have their children educated privately. A similar pattern of deterioration in public health care and the value of state pensions occurred, adding to the difficulties of the middle classes. Public-sector wages were severely squeezed under military rule (from 1973 to 1985), as were private-sector wages, but to a slightly lesser degree. A major factor was the virtual suspension of wage bargaining under a climate of systematic repression of labor unions. Previously, white-collar unionization had been high. The middle classes were typically employed as civil servants or white-collar workers. Many worked in small businesses, but some of these businesses were hurt by the market-oriented economic reforms of the 1970s, which led to the liberalization of manufactured imports. From 1978 until 1982, the middle classes benefited from a boom in imported durable consumer goods, such as automobiles, appliances, and electronics. The subsequent economic slump left many families heavily in debt and unable to meet their obligations. Particularly hard hit were individuals who had taken out mortgages denominated in dollars. When the Uruguayan new peso collapsed in 1982, many of them found their house and apartment payments had tripled overnight. A similar debt crunch hit many medium-sized firms that had expanded by borrowing. The Uruguayan middle classes were avid joiners of interest groups and professional associations. Among these were the professional associations of lawyers, civil servants, notaries, accountants, bankers, and physicians. Some white-collar labor unions, although less prestigious than the professional associations, were home to the middle classes. For instance, workers in health care had the Federation of Uruguayan Sanitation Workers, with 13,400 members. High school teachers (profesores) were organized in the National Federation of Secondary Teachers, which had nearly 2,400 members. Grade school teachers (maestros) had the Uruguayan Federation of Elementary Teachers, with nearly 7,100 members. University professors (docentes) belonged to the Association of Professors of the University of the Republic, which had 2,000 affiliates. The Uruguayan Association of Bank Employees (Asociaci�n de Empleados Bancarios del Uruguay--AEBU) was much larger, with 15,344 members, as was the Confederation of State Civil Service Organizations, with 25,508 members. Many of these associations ran cooperative stores and social clubs. For example, the AEBU had a large modern headquarters in downtown Montevideo containing meeting rooms and a theater. The importance of education to the middle classes was underlined by the widespread use of professional titles. Lawyers were formally addressed as doctor, accountants as contador, engineers as ingeniero, and so forth. However, the rapid expansion of higher education began to lead to graduate unemployment and underemployment in the 1960s, a further source of strain on the middle classes. Uruguay Although they accounted for only about 5 percent of Uruguay's total land, small farms were common in the littoral and the south. Owners of medium-sized farms were able to approximate the living standards of the urban middle class, but for tenant farmers and proprietors of smaller areas, life was a constant struggle. Particularly poor were the small producers of Canelones Department who grew vegetables for the capital. Because the rural economy was not at all labor intensive, Uruguay had very few rural workers. One exception was the department of Artigas, where large sugarcane plantations had grown up. The very low wages of the cane cutters caused them to form a union in the 1960s and to bring their protests to the streets of the capital. Apart from this, however, Uruguay's few rural workers and small farmers had not managed to form organizations to defend their economic interests. In particular, the Ruralist movement of the 1950s and 1960s, which began as a protest by the small farmers against government taxes, soon fell under the leadership of large landowners. In the late 1980s, a rural workers' union claimed a membership of only 4,000. Uruguay Uruguay lacked a large industrial labor force by the standards of the developed world. Indeed, urban employment was dominated by the service industries. Only 23 percent of the total labor force was employed in industry in 1988. Skilled manual workers nevertheless had tended to form unions quite successfully and hence maintained a relatively comfortable standard of living, at least until the military takeover in 1973. Since 1985 they have fought to restore the former level of their wages in real terms, but statistics suggest that in 1990 these were still lower than in 1980. Many workers made only the official minimum wage, which fluctuated according to inflation, the exchange rate, and government policy. In the 1980s, it was under the equivalent of US$100 per month. As of June 1990, it stood at US$76, although it must be remembered that the cost of living in Uruguay was on the whole much lower than in the United States. Overall, the economic position of urban blue-collar workers was far superior to, and much more stable than, that of workers in the informal sector, which was variously defined to include domestic service, street vending (particularly of contraband goods from Brazil), homebased piecework, sewing, laundering, recycling, begging, and even prostitution and crime. In 1964 Uruguay's labor unions came together to form a single federation known as the National Convention of Workers (Convenci�n Nacional de Trabajadores--CNT). In 1973 the military declared the CNT illegal; labor union activity virtually ceased during the following decade. In 1983, however, a new labor federation, known as the Interunion Workers' Assembly (or Plenum) (Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores--PIT), was formed. The PIT later changed its name to PIT-CNT to emphasize its historical links to the pre-1973 labor movement. About 15 percent of the economically active population was employed as domestic servants, most of them women. In terms of status and income, their class position was between that of bluecollar workers and the poor. Uruguay The urban poor were concentrated among the unemployed, those working in the informal sector of the economy, unskilled laborers, and retired persons. Official unemployment figures for Montevideo fluctuated from around 8 percent to 15 percent in the 1980s. Estimates of the proportion of the labor force in the informal sector were, by definition, hard to find. But the proportion has certainly been rising since the 1960s. At the height of the building boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s, about 6 percent of the labor force was employed in construction, a highly cyclical (and thus unstable) source of jobs. In addition, the real value of state pensions was severely eroded in the 1960s and 1970s, leading to widespread misery among the elderly. Since 1985 the level of unemployment has remained below 10 percent in Montevideo, and the government has made modest efforts to restore some of the erosion in the real value of pensions. However, the informal sector of the economy has continued to grow. Uruguay Uruguay's pattern of income distribution remained the most egalitarian in Latin America, although it apparently worsened under military rule from 1973 to 1985. In 1976 the poorest fifth of Uruguayan households received 4.8 percent of total household income, the top 10 percent of households took in 30.1 percent of total household income, and the top 20 percent of households took in 46.4 percent of income. Although unequal, this pattern was closer to that of the developed world than to the rest of Latin America. Despite erosion of the minimum wage, the net impact of the recovery of real wages and pensions in the first year after the return to democracy in March 1985 appears to have slightly improved the distribution of incomes. Both in Montevideo and elsewhere in Uruguay, the highest 10 percent of households were reported to take in just under 30 percent of household income in 1986, while the lowest 20 percent of households garnered just under 6 percent of income. During the first half of the twentieth century, living standards in Uruguay approximated those of the developed world. Since the 1950s, however, economic stagnation and even decline have meant severe falls in real wages. This process became particularly marked starting in 1968, the year in which the government imposed a wage and price freeze and abolished the so-called wage councils, in which government representatives, employers, and unions negotiated salaries. (The councils were revived in 1985.) Real wages grew particularly fast from 1985 to 1987. However, this was less true in the public sector, where in 1989 they remained below their 1980 level. The Colorado government also allowed the real value of the legal minimum wage to continue to fall. Although the Colorado government made only cautious attempts to redistribute income to the most needy, the revival of economic growth helped to produce some improvement in various indicators of income distribution. The wage share of national income grew from 30.3 percent to 31.4 percent between 1985 and 1987, while the income share of the self-employed grew from 10 percent to 12.7 percent. According to the household survey of the General Directorate of Statistics and Census, the proportion of families below the poverty line in Montevideo fell from 27 percent in 1984 to 16 percent in 1987. Reliable data on rural wages were hard to collect. Clearly, they were much lower than in interior towns or Montevideo, but official statistics suggested that they did not fall as far or as fast as wages in the rest of the economy in the 1970s. Uruguay By the beginning of the twentieth century, the traditional pattern of patriarchy was breaking down in Uruguay. The relative emancipation of women put Uruguay far ahead of the rest of Latin America in terms of legal rights and social custom. Civil marriage became legally required in 1885, and the influence of the church declined. Divorce on the grounds of cruelty by the husband was legalized in 1907, and in 1912 women were given the right to file for divorce without a specific cause. Married women were allowed to maintain separate bank accounts as early as 1919. Women also were provided with equal access to educational opportunities at all levels early in the twentieth century, and they began to enter the professions in increasing numbers. In 1938 women voted for the first time in national elections. Nevertheless, there was a paternalistic flavor to many of the reforms, which were often seen as protecting women rather than guaranteeing their inalienable rights. One factor that made it easier for middle-class women to go out of the home to work was the widespread availability of domestic servants willing to undertake cooking, cleaning, and taking care of children for comparatively low wages. By the 1960s, one-quarter of all adult women worked. This proportion continued to rise steadily, reaching over 45 percent in Montevideo by 1985. In 1975 one-fifth of all households were headed by women. Nuclear families made up 61.2 percent of all households, while there were almost as many single-person households (14.6 percent) as traditional extended families (17.6 percent). The average number of persons in each household was 3.4. The small size of Uruguayan families by Latin American standards was related to the widespread practice of birth control and the middle-class aspiration to provide the best possible education for children. Families tended to be larger in rural areas, where the birth rate was much higher. In rural areas, however, there was an imbalance in the sex ratio because women had a much higher propensity to migrate to the towns in search of work, particularly as domestic servants. Poor families in rural areas were often unstable; common-law marriage and illegitimacy were widespread. Although abortion was illegal, there was no legal distinction between children born in and out of wedlock. In rural areas, the maintenance of symbolic kinship ties remained common. When babies were baptized, they often were given a godfather (compadre) chosen from among the members of the local elite. This practice, known as compadrazgo, was intended to provide the children with useful connections in later life. It formed an important link in the pattern of interaction between rural elites and subordinate classes. Reciprocal obligations ranged from help from the godparent in finding employment to the requirement of loyalty in voting on the part of the godchild. Relations between husbands and wives in Uruguay were relatively equal by Latin American standards. The divorce rate had grown steadily from 1 per 10,000 population in 1915 to 14 per 1,000 in 1985. In 1927 the compulsory civil marriage ceremony was amended so that the bride no longer promised obedience, but both man and woman vowed to treat each other with respect. It was not uncommon for women to keep their surnames after marriage. Often, they simply added the husband's name to theirs. Children had their father's surname followed by their mother's. Uruguayan children, and especially girls, had a relatively high degree of freedom compared with their counterparts in many other Latin American countries. Chaperonage was rare. It was expected that women would have careers, and by 1970 almost half the total school population was female. During the 1960s, the phenomenon known as the "generation gap" began to be acutely felt in Uruguay. Young people rebelled against their parents and adopted permissive life-styles. In many cases, they were drawn into radical politics; in fact, in 1990 youth was still one of the strongest predictors of left-voting in Uruguay. Family ties remained strong in Uruguay despite the rebelliousness of youth. Children frequently lived in the parental home well into their thirties, in some cases even after marriage. The usual reason for staying at home was economic necessity; many couples found affordable housing hard to come by. Despite the relative freedom of women, attitudes toward gender roles and sexuality remained traditionally stereotypical. The pattern of machismo was less pronounced than in much of Latin America, but males were expected to show "masculine" traits; "feminine" characteristics were seen as inferior. At social gatherings, women tended to congregate with other women, and men with men. Upper-middle-class Uruguayans usually tried to escape Montevideo for the beach resorts on weekends and during the long December to January summer holidays. Family gatherings typically centered on outdoor barbecues (asados), in which large quantities of meat were consumed. Another typical custom, symbolic of family and friendship ties, was the sharing of yerba mat�, a form of green tea. A hollowed-out gourd (the mat�) or sometimes a china cup is packed almost full with the green tea. A metal straw is then inserted into the tea, and boiling water is poured on top. The mat� is then passed around in a circle, each person adding a little more hot water. This custom was particularly significant under the military regime of 1973 to 1985, when citizens were often afraid to congregate in public squares for fear their gossip might be seen as political. An innocent mat� ceremony could hardly arouse suspicions. As in other countries, the advent of television has reduced movie and theater attendance precipitously, causing more leisure hours to be spent in the home. Uruguayans remained enthusiastic in their participation in competitive sports, however. Amateur soccer continued to thrive among the middle and lower classes, whereas the upper-middle classes preferred tennis, golf, and sailing. For the elite, membership in a country club was an important focus of leisure activity and a symbol of social status. Uruguay Uruguay has been described as South America's "first welfare state" as a result of its pioneering efforts in the fields of public education, health care, and social security. The steady rise in public employment, often by the creation of jobs that fulfilled no particular function, served to keep the unemployment level down, particularly in election years. However, the stagnation of the economy starting in the 1950s put increasing strains on this system. In particular, declining tax revenues and increased spending produced large government deficits and accelerating rates of inflation. Foreign advisers began to recommend severe budget cuts as the only solution to the chronic fiscal crisis. During the first half of the twentieth century, Uruguay, along with Argentina, led Latin America in its advanced standards of medical care. Even in 1990, the University of the Republic's medical school had a high international reputation and continued to attract students from other countries in South America. Starting with the progressive reforms of the early part of the twentieth century, the state has taken a leading role in the provision of health care, particularly for the lower classes. Private medicine remained the preferred option of the middle and upper classes, however. Under military rule from 1973 to 1985, standards of care in public hospitals and clinics were adversely affected by budget restrictions. By the 1970s, Uruguay's welfare state had declined sharply in the standards of protection that it afforded to the mass of the population. The government bureaucracy, however, continued to swell. Total health care spending in 1984 represented 8.1 percent of GDP, a proportion similar to that of the developed world. In the same year, about 7.5 percent of household spending went to health care, but 400,000 Uruguayans were without state or private health care coverage. Under the civilian administration inaugurated in 1985, progress was made in redirecting the budget away from spending on the military and toward social welfare. Defense spending fell from 13.0 percent of government outlays in 1984 to 11.8 percent in 1986. Over the same period, social security decreased from 31.5 percent to 27.6 percent, but education grew from 7.4 percent to 10.1 percent and sanitation from 4.3 percent to 6.7 percent of public expenditure. In 1987 Montevideo had over sixty public health facilities, including seven major public hospitals. About half the interior departments had their own hospital; the rest had only a centro auxiliar (auxiliary center). Altogether, Uruguay's public health system had about 9,505 hospital rooms available. In 1985 the number of inhabitants per physician was 466, about the same rate as in the developed world. However, the distribution of health care services was highly skewed. Outside Montevideo the ratio was a much less favorable 1,234 citizens per physician; by contrast, there were only 262 inhabitants of Montevideo for every doctor. Infant Mortality and Life Expectancy The infant mortality rate was 48.6 per 1,000 live births in 1975. In the first half of the 1980s, it fell to 37.6 per 1,000-- low by Latin American standards but still almost twice the rate of Chile and Costa Rica. In the second half of the decade, however, infant mortality began to decline to levels close to those of the latter two countries: in 1986 it was 27.7; in 1987, 23.8; in 1988, 20.3; and in 1990, 22. The increasing share of government spending devoted to infant health care and nutrition programs appeared to have been one reason for this sharp improvement. The average life expectancy at birth in 1990 was seventy years for men and seventy-six years for women, only slightly behind Chile, Costa Rica, and Argentina. The mortality rate remained just below 10 per 1,000 population in the 1980s. The leading causes of death in 1985 included circulatory disease (40.2 percent), tumors (22.6 percent), trauma (4.1 percent), respiratory disorders and infections (3.8 percent), perinatal complications (2.4 percent), infectious diseases and parasites (2.4 percent), suicide (1.0 percent), and cirrhosis of the liver (0.9 percent). In the late 1980s, Uruguay did not remain exempt from the worldwide epidemics of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and drug addiction among youth. Although homosexuals have been able to lead a relatively safe existence in Montevideo without fear of official persecution since the return of democracy in 1985, AIDS has become a greater concern. According to the Ministry of Public Health, by the end of June 1990 there had been 129 cases of AIDS in Uruguay since 1983, when it was first detected. Of those cases, 100 were from Montevideo and 29 from the rest of the country. Fifty-nine of the cases were contracted inside Uruguay, whereas seventy of the victims caught the virus outside the country. One hundred and seventeen of the cases were men; twelve were women. An additional 627 individuals were found to be carrying the virus, without having yet shown symptoms of the disease. In the 1983-89 period, sixty-five people were known to have died of complications resulting from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 1989 Uruguay still enjoyed the image of a "clean" country insofar as drugs were concerned. In response to some significant negative signs, however, the government formed the National Board for the Control of Drug Trafficking and Narcotics Abuse in January 1988. The board included representatives from the office of the president and the ministries of public health, education and culture, and interior. It found that drug addiction grew continuously in Uruguay in 1988. The number of adult drug addicts had more than doubled from 321 in 1983 to 697 in 1987; the number of children addicted to drugs had quintupled from 62 in 1983 to 292 in 1987. According to the Ministry of Public Health, the drug consumer was predominantly single, with good family relations, and the majority had attended secondary school; half of the total were employed. The most commonly abused drug was marijuana, followed by amphetamines and industrial-use inhalants; cocaine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were also included on the list, but to a lesser extent. State and Private Health Care In 1971 about 82 percent of hospital beds were provided in establishments run by the Ministry of Public Health. The same public hospitals accounted for 69.5 percent of hospitalizations. About 61 percent of visits to general practitioners were covered by private health plans known as mutuales (mutuals). In the same year, 58.9 percent of the inhabitants of Montevideo were covered by these private associations. About 11.8 percent had the official health card of the Ministry of Public Health, entitling them to free health care. A further 6.8 percent had other health plans, usually through their place of work. This left 5.8 percent with multiple forms of coverage and 16.6 percent with no coverage at all. In 1980 there were 9,089 public hospital beds, about threefifths in the capital and the remainder in the rest of the country. During the period of military rule from 1973 to 1985, the government had shifted health care spending toward military hospitals, which were, however, open only to relatives of the members of the armed forces. After 1985 the government made a sustained effort to increase health care coverage. From 1985 to 1988, public health cardholders increased from 566,000 to 692,000 in the interior but decreased slightly from 323,000 to 310,000 in Montevideo. At the end of 1984, there were 918,000 members of private health plans in Montevideo and 325,000 in the rest of the country. By 1988 the numbers had risen to 963,000 and 488,000, respectively. Overall, this represented a 17 percent increase in the membership of the mutuales from 1984 to 1988. As with the state health provision, the greatest increase in coverage occurred in the interior, where it was most needed. A concurrent effort was made to increase the proportion of infants receiving inoculations. In 1985 there were 503 cases of whooping cough, and in 1986 there were 1,117; but in the first nine months of 1988, there were only 21. Over the same period, the number of cases of measles first rose from 160 in 1985 to 1,190 in 1987 but then fell sharply to just 73 in the first nine months of 1988. The proportion of infants immunized before age one rose from 61 to 79 percent in 1985 to 80 to 88 percent in 1987, depending on the particular vaccination. Government investment in health care equipment rose dramatically after the return to democracy, climbing from US$564,000 in 1985 to US$2.2 million in 1987. Over the same period, expenditures on construction of health care facilities rose from US$772,000 to US$2.7 million. Total spending by the Ministry of Public Health rose 34 percent in real terms, while spending on medications doubled. Grandiose plans for new hospitals to be financed by foreign development loans were announced in 1989, but their realization remained a distant prospect. Social Security Pensions Uruguay pioneered social security pension programs, starting as early as 1896 with a fund for teachers. The plans were subsequently extended piecemeal to different sectors of the labor force and soon grew extremely complex and bureaucratic. A system of family allowances (based on the number of dependent children) was introduced in 1943 and consolidated in 1950. Unfortunately, the provision of welfare benefits became politicized as politicians from rival parties would intercede on behalf of voters to speed up the endless delays. Ultimately, the system of benefits began to be abused by politicians in order to "buy" votes. The most notorious example was the case of the seamstresses: far more pensions were handed out to alleged garment workers than there were garment workers. Criticism of the various programs became vociferous by the 1960s, and the programs were reorganized in the single Social Welfare Bank under the 1967 constitution. During the military regime of 1973-85, further efforts at rationalization were undertaken, including the consolidation of most funds under the General Directorate of Social Security (Direcci�n General de Seguridad Social--DGSS). The number of claimants continued to rise rapidly, however, reaching 629,077 in July 1984. Social security transfers were not all paid out in the form of pensions, although in 1983 these accounted for 78.3 percent of total outlays. Other categories included family allowances for households with young children (6.4 percent in 1983) and benefits for sickness (4.8 percent) and for unemployment (3.0 percent). However, these had suffered similar declines. In 1983 the total outlays of the DGSS were financed as follows: employers' contributions, 28.1 percent; workers' contributions, 28.1 percent; and state contributions, 43.8 percent. Uruguay's population has continued to age since 1963, as the censuses of 1963, 1975, and 1985 show. In 1985 the average age of the population was 30.3 years. The percentage of the population over age sixty rose from 11.6 in 1963, to 14.3 in 1975, and to 15.7 in 1985. Those over age sixty-five accounted for 7.6 percent, 9.8 percent, and 11.1 percent, respectively, in the same years. This long-term aging trend, similar to that of developed countries, worried social planners because of the projected strain on social security programs. It was compounded by the high life expectancy of Uruguayans after retirement: sixteen years for men and twenty years for women. The population's aging trend also made the impact of the decline in the real value of pensions even more serious because it affected an increasingly large share of the population. However, with the return to democracy in 1985, efforts were made by the Colorado administration of Julio Mar�a Sanguinetti Cairolo (1985-90) to restore some of their real value. Although the opposition parties severely criticized the Colorados for not increasing social security payments faster, these at least grew 20 percent from 1984 to 1987 in real terms. The greatest increases were awarded to those receiving the smallest pensions. Uruguay Uruguay had the highest literacy rate in Latin America, at 96 percent in 1985. There was no appreciable difference in literacy rates between males and females, but there were discrepancies between urban and rural rates (rural rates being demonstrably lower). Uruguay's system of universal, free, and secular education required a total of nine years of compulsory school attendance, from ages six to fourteen. The proportion of children of primary school age enrolled in school had long been virtually 100 percent. Furthermore, from 1965 to 1985 the proportion of children of secondary school age enrolled in some form of secondary school grew from 44 to 70 percent, also the highest rate in Latin America. The postsecondary education enrollment rate was about 20 percent. Coeducation was the norm, and females and males attended school in near-equal numbers at all levels. As is typical of any country, however, rates of schooling were higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The quality of education in Uruguay was rated as high. Teaching was a socially respected profession and one that paid relatively well. Most teachers, trained in teachers' training colleges, were deemed well qualified. The main problem confronting the education system was the inadequacy of facilities, instructional materials, and teachers' aides. Rural areas often suffered from woefully insufficient facilities and supplies. Urban schools often were seriously overcrowded and were forced to resort to holding classes in multiple shifts. In addition, dropout and repetition rates, although moderate by Latin American standards, were still considered high. The Education System Primary education in Uruguay was free and compulsory; it encompassed six years of instruction. The number of primary schools in 1987 was 2,382, including 240 private schools. There were 16,568 primary school teachers and 354,177 primary school students. This resulted in a pupil-teacher ratio of approximately twenty-one to one in 1987, compared with about thirty to one in 1970. Boys and girls were enrolled in almost equal numbers. General education in secondary schools encompassed six years of instruction divided into two three-year cycles. The first, or basic, cycle was compulsory; the second cycle was geared to university preparation. In addition to the academic track, public technical education schools provided secondary school education that was technical and vocational in nature. The two systems were parallel in structure, and there was little provision for transfer between the two. All sectors of society traditionally tended to prefer the academic course of study, which was regarded as more prestigious. As a result, academic secondary education had expanded more rapidly than technical education in the second half of the twentieth century. In 1987 there were 276 general secondary schools in Uruguay, including 118 private schools. However, the public high schools were much larger, so that in 1987 they actually contained 145,083 of the country's 175,710 secondary school students enrolled in both day classes and night classes. In addition, ninety-four technical education schools had a total enrollment of 52,766 students in 1987. Male and female enrollment at the secondary level was roughly equal, but females slightly outnumbered males overall (constituting, for example, 53 percent of the secondary school student body in 1982). It appeared that females were in the majority in the basic cycle but were very slightly outnumbered by males in the university preparatory cycle. Uruguay had only one public university, the University of the Republic (also known as the University of Montevideo), founded in 1849, and only one private university, the Catholic University of Uruguay, established in 1984 and also in Montevideo. Education at the University of the Republic was free and, in general, open to all those possessing a bachillerato, or certificate awarded for completion of both cycles of general secondary education. Despite the free tuition, however, access to a university education tended to be limited to children of middleand upper-income families because the need to supplement the family income by working, coupled with the expense of books and other fees, placed a university education out of the reach of many. Moreover, the fact that the only public university was in Montevideo severely limited the ability of those in the interior to attend university unless their families were relatively well off financially. In 1988 about 69 percent of university students were from Montevideo. The number of university students continued to grow rapidly, from nearly 22,000 in 1970 to over 61,000 in 1988. Of that total, women accounted for about 58 percent. Most courses of study were intended to last from four to six years, but the average time spent at university by a successful student was usually considerably longer. As in the rest of Latin America, maintaining the status of student had various advantages, such as reduced fares on buses and subsidized canteens. This was one reason that the student population was so large yet the number of graduates relatively low. In 1986 only 3,654 students (2,188 women and 1,455 men) graduated from university, whereas 16,878 entered that year. Uruguayans exhibited a strong preference for the disciplines and professions they deemed prestigious, such as law, social science, engineering, medicine, economics, and administration. Observers continued to note the discrepancy between university training and job opportunities, particularly in the prestigious fields. This gap contributed to the substantial level of emigration of the best-educated young Uruguayan professionals. Historical Origins and Evolution of Education Uruguay pioneered universal, free, and compulsory primary education in the Americas under the influence of Jos� Pedro Varela (president, 1875-76), whose writings convinced the government to pass the 1877 Law of Common Education. The model adopted for public schools was taken from the French system, and a centralized, nationwide system was established. A rigid separation into three branches of education grew up--primary, secondary, and university. Teacher training for grade school teachers was connected to the primary school system. The National Institute of Technical Education (Instituto Nacional de Educaci�n T�cnica--INET) grew up as an extension of the secondary school system. By the late 1950s, all three branches of the education system had established administrative autonomy, including complete control over their budgets. The Organic University Law of 1958 provided that the governing bodies of the University of the Republic would be elected by the members of the faculty, alumni, and students. By the late 1960s, Uruguayan secondary schools and the various faculties of the University of the Republic had become extremely politicized. Student sit-ins, demonstrations, and even riots were commonplace. Classes and examinations were frequently disrupted. After 1973 the authorities vowed to put an end to this situation, and political purges in the education system became widespread. Some teachers were able to find work in private schools, but others either left the profession or emigrated. Entire branches of the university, such as the Institute of Social Sciences, were closed for a time. Academic standards suffered across the board as some of the best teachers and professors were fired and replaced by people with only mediocre qualifications. Educational Reforms under Military Rule, 1973-85 In 1973, the year in which Uruguay descended into authoritarian rule, major changes were decreed in the education system. The National Council for Education (Consejo Nacional de Educaci�n--Conae) was set up to oversee all three branches of education under the supervision of the executive branch of government. At the same time, the compulsory length of schooling was raised from six to nine years. The secondary curriculum was completely reorganized, as was the pattern of teacher training. Finally, the INET saw its status and budget upgraded. However, overall spending on education fell from 12.2 percent of the central government budget in 1974 to 7.3 percent in 1982. Enrollments in primary education (both state and private) fell 6 percent from 1968 to 1981. From 1968 to 1982, secondary school enrollments grew 6 percent; however, about half the secondary school students in Montevideo (and 70 percent in the interior) dropped out before receiving any certification. Over the same period, there was a boom in technical schools; enrollments increased 66 percent in the interior and 27 percent in Montevideo. The major cause of this increase was the new ciclo b�sico (basic cycle), which added three years of compulsory secondary education to the six years of compulsory primary schooling. However, the dropout rate remained about 50 percent. Enrollments in the University of the Republic doubled from 1968 to 1982, but the proportion of students graduating fell to just 8 percent. In 1984, as something of a parting shot, Uruguay's military government formally granted university status to a Catholic college that had been expanding over the previous decade. This ended the University of the Republic's monopoly, which had lasted since its foundation in 1849. The new Catholic University of Uruguay remained extremely small, however, compared with its rival. Education under the Colorados, 1985-88 Shortly after entering office in March 1985, Sanguinetti passed a decree aimed at restoring greater autonomy to the education system. Conae was replaced by the National Administration of Public Education, which oversaw three decentralized councils--one for primary, one for secondary, and one for technical education. Full autonomy was restored to the University of the Republic. Whereas total spending on education represented 7.4 percent of the national budget in 1984, by 1987 this had risen to 10.9 percent, equivalent to US$175 million. From 1985 to 1988, the government agreed to rehire all teachers and professors who had lost their jobs during the political purges after 1973 (3,241 accepted the offer of returning to their old jobs, but 1,520 took retirement instead). In many cases, the rehiring of former teachers led to unnecessary numbers of staff, as the government undertook not to fire any of the replacement teachers that had been taken on under the military, although in some cases they lacked qualifications. Clashes between the education authorities and the government were common after 1985, given the existence of a relatively conservative government and far more liberal teachers. Nevertheless, an element of balance between centralized control and decentralized initiative was successfully restored. Relations between the government and the University of the Republic were surprisingly smooth, and the latter's share of the national budget grew from 2.5 percent in 1984 to 4.3 percent (US$59 million) in 1988. During the period of military rule, another phenomenon began to emerge--the establishment of private research institutes. These relied entirely on funds from foreign development foundations, such as the Inter-American Foundation (a United States agency), the International Development Agency (a Canadian agency), and various West European equivalents. The new institutes were comparatively small, usually only hiring a dozen or so full-time staff, but they constituted an important haven for academics who had lost their jobs for political reasons. Without these private centers, even more academics would have been forced into exile. Among the new private research centers was the Latin American Center of Human Economy (Centro Latinoamericano de Econom�a Humana--CLAEH). By far the largest of the centers, the CLAEH was closely linked to the Christian Democrats. Apart from carrying out a broad range of sociological and economic research, it also conducted courses for university-level students and published what was for a time Uruguay's only social science journal. Somewhat more to the left was the Economic Research Center (Centro de Investigaciones Econ�micas--CINVE), which specialized in research on the economy, particularly that of the rural sector and the impact of the economic liberalization pursued under the military. Two other institutes with a more sociological agenda of research were the Center of Information and Studies of Uruguay (Centro de Informaciones y Estudios del Uruguay--CIESU) and the Interdisciplinary Center of Development Studies, Uruguay (Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Desarrollo, Uruguay--CIEDUR). With the return to democracy in 1985, many of these centers found it hard to continue to win foreign grants to undertake their research, and most of their personnel attempted to return to their former jobs in higher education. Where possible, however, the teachers tried to retain both positions. Uruguay Roman Catholicism was the dominant religion in Uruguay, but Uruguay had long been a secular society. In 1981 the nation was divided into 221 parishes and had 204 diocesan priests. In addition, there were 374 monks and 1,580 nuns. About threequarters of all babies were baptized in the church. In the 1963 census, 62 percent of Uruguayans had declared themselves Catholics. However, according to data compiled by the Uruguayan Bishops Conference in 1978, only 105,248 citizens regularly attended mass. This figure represented less than 4 percent of the population. Attendance at mass was, however, slightly higher in the interior of the country and substantially higher among women. There was also evidence that religious observance was higher among the upper classes than among the middle and lower strata of society. In the late 1980s, an estimated 66 percent of Uruguayans were professed Roman Catholics, but less than half of the adult population attended church regularly. Uruguay's secularization began with the relatively minor role of the church in the colonial era, compared with other parts of the Spanish Empire. The small numbers of Uruguay's Indians, and their fierce resistance to proselytization, reduced the influence of the ecclesiastical authorities. After independence, anticlerical ideas spread to Uruguay, particularly from France, further eroding the influence of the church. In 1837 civil marriage was recognized, and in 1861 the state took over public cemeteries. In 1907 divorce was legalized, and in 1909 all religious instruction was banned from state schools. Under the influence of the radical Colorado reformer Jos� Batlle y Ord��ez (1903-07, 1911-15), complete separation of church and state was introduced with the new constitution of 1917. Batlle y Ord��ez went as far as to have religious holidays legally renamed. Even as of 1990, Uruguayans referred to Holy Week as "Tourism Week." Nevertheless, the separation of church and state ended religious conflict in Uruguay, and since that time Catholic schools have been allowed to flourish. A Catholic party, the Civic Union of Uruguay (Uni�n C�vica del Uruguay--UCU), was founded in 1912 but never won more than a low percentage of the national vote. By the 1960s, the progressive trend in the worldwide church was strongly felt in Uruguay under the influence of Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI. Particularly influential was the 1968 Latin American Bishops Conference in Medell�n, Colombia, at which the concept of "structural sin" was put forward. By this doctrine, evil was seen as existing not only in the actions of individuals but also in the unequal organization of entire societies. The second Latin American Bishops Conference, held in Mexico in 1979, also had an important dynamizing and radicalizing impact in Uruguay. This time, the bishops called for a "preferential option for the poor." Sections of the Uruguayan church in fact became quite radical: when members of the National Liberation Movement-Tupamaros (Movimiento de Liberaci�n NacionalTupamaros --MLN-T) were given amnesty in 1985, for a time they were housed in a Montevideo monastery while they readjusted to normal life. One symptom of the growing progressive trend in the Uruguayan Catholic movement was the decision of the UCU to adopt the name Christian Democratic Party (Partido Dem�crata Cristiano--PDC) in 1962. The new-found social conscience was strongly influenced by French Catholic philosophers--first Jacques Maritain and later Father Lebret. During the 1960s, the PDC moved further and further left, eventually espousing a form of "communitarian socialism" under its brilliant young leader, Juan Pablo Terra. In 1971 the PDC allied with the Communist Party of Uruguay and the Socialist Party of Uruguay to form the so-called Broad Front alliance. That caused conservative Catholics to form the Civic Union (Uni�n C�vica--UC) to offer religious voters a nonradical alternative, but the UC scarcely achieved any influence. During the twentieth century, Protestant sects began to grow in importance. Estimates put the Protestant proportion of the population at 2 percent or a little higher in the late 1980s. From 1960 to 1985, the number of Protestants is estimated to have increased by 60 percent. Over the same period, the number of Protestants grew 500 percent or more in many Latin American countries. Uruguay was thus considered a "disappointment" by evangelical crusaders. Jews constituted a small proportion of the population (about 2 percent), with most living in Montevideo. The size of the Jewish community had dwindled since 1970, primarily because of emigration. Uruguay URUGUAY IS A WEALTHY COUNTRY by Latin American standards, although its economic development has been sluggish since the 1950s. In 1990 the country had a gross domestic product ( GDP) of approximately US$9.2 billion, or US$2,970 per capita, placing it among the highest-income countries in Latin America. Uruguay's small population (just over 3 million) and low population growth (0.7 percent per year) enabled its people to maintain a reasonable standard of living during the 1980s, despite the nation's unsteady economic performance. Like many other countries in the region, Uruguay faced a large external debt and an appreciable public-sector deficit, both of which impeded the growth of the economy. Other major limitations on growth were the continued dependence on a few agricultural products and one of South America's lowest levels of foreign and domestic investment. Uruguay's economy developed rapidly during the first three decades of the twentieth century because of expanding beef and wool exportation. Rising trade income led to the creation of an advanced welfare state in which the government redistributed wealth and protected workers. After agricultural exports leveled off in the 1950s, the government's role in the economy expanded. With agriculture stalled and manufacturing potential limited by the small size of the domestic market, the public sector became the source of most new jobs in Uruguay. The economy operated behind high tariff barriers, barring competition from abroad. An alliance between the nation's two major political parties upheld this statist model through the 1960s, but lack of GDP growth and large public-sector deficits testified to its inefficiency. Although the military government (1973-85) enacted major economic reforms during the 1970s, it operated with high fiscal deficits and borrowed extensively to pay for those deficits. In an effort to reorient the stagnated economy toward external markets, the government eliminated price controls and slashed tariffs while providing subsidies to exporters. These reforms of the goods market produced favorable results in the short run: exports, investment, and GDP all increased significantly. When the government went further, however, by deregulating the banking sector in hopes of removing inflationary pressures, the economy became unstable. In 1981 Uruguay's economy went into recession. One source of instability was the growing "dollarization" of the banks. When foreign-exchange regulations were canceled, United States dollars (mostly from Argentine real estate investment) flowed into Uruguay. Uruguayan banks, in turn, loaned dollars to private companies and ranchers within the country. The danger in this system was the exchange rate: when the government allowed its currency, the Uruguayan new peso, to float against the dollar in 1982, the peso value of many Uruguayan loans suddenly tripled. Thus, Uruguay faced both a recession and a domestic debt crisis in the early 1980s. In 1986-87 the economy recovered from the recession as real GDP increased by 6.6 percent in 1986 and 4.9 percent in 1987. The renewed emphasis on exports, including several new categories of goods, resulted in a positive trade balance. Real wages, which had fallen by 50 percent in the 1970s but risen by 15 percent in the early 1980s, increased again (but only marginally), as did employment (by 4 percent). These modest improvements could not mask fundamental problems, however. Inflation averaged over 60 percent per year in the 1980s, despite efforts to reduce it. In addition, the domestic debt was largely absorbed by the public sector, but in the process Uruguay's deficit and foreign debt became larger. Debt service alone absorbed about one-quarter of export earnings. During the last two years of the administration of Julio Mar�a Sanguinetti Cairolo (1985-90), fiscal pressures forced the government to abandon its growth-promotion strategy, and GDP did not increase. On the contrary, real GDP growth fell to 0.5 percent in 1988, 1.5 percent in 1989, and an estimated - 0.4 percent in 1990. In 1989 Sanguinetti defended his administration's economic record in terms of what had not happened. In a speech to the General Assembly, he said that Uruguay's political and economic climate remained stable in contrast to its larger neighbors (Argentina and Brazil). The nation's economy "had not collapsed into regional hyperinflation, as was predicted; nor had the banking crisis that the government inherited destroyed the financial system; nor had the heavy external debt prevented the country from growing." The statement was an apt summary of both the government's cautious philosophy and of Uruguay's limited economic progress in the late 1980s. The Sanguinetti government could claim credit for steering a sensible course during a difficult decade for Latin American nations. The government did not, however, make much progress addressing a fundamental limitation on the economy and the leading cause of the deficit: the size of the public sector. Powerful public-sector unions made it difficult for the government to reduce public employment. When, for example, the inefficient passenger rail service was discontinued in 1988 because of declining ridership, workers were not released but rather were transferred to other government jobs. The welfarestate model remained largely intact. By the last two years of the decade, however, economists and politicians were beginning to ask basic questions about the state's proper role in the economy. An even more fundamental question, not addressed in the 1980s, was the economy's heavy dependence on a few livestock products, which were produced by primitive agricultural practices. Although exports could be diversified, for example, by producing not just wool but also woolen textiles and apparel, the supply of raw material depended on methods of raising sheep and cattle that had not changed significantly in two centuries. Livestock ranged over unimproved pastures whose carrying capacity was quite limited; production had actually decreased since the beginning of the twentieth century. The vulnerability of the sector was demonstrated in the late 1980s when a two-year drought (1988-89) decimated livestock herds. Such fundamental issues were still in the background as Luis Alberto Lacalle de Herrera became president in March 1990. Lacalle indicated that his government would continue the cautious adjustment policies of its predecessor, seeking to reduce inflation and debt first and to resume growth second. Lacalle embraced privatization and drew up a bill to eliminate several state monopolies. Continued diversification of exports, including the possibility of exporting services, also appeared to hold good prospects for economic growth. <"45.htm">GROWTH AND STRUCTURE Uruguay Uruguay's recent economic history can be divided into two starkly contrasting periods. During the first, from the late 1800s until the 1950s, Uruguay achieved remarkable growth and a high standard of living. Expanding livestock exports--principally beef, mutton, and wool--accounted for this economic growth. Advanced social welfare programs, which redistributed wealth from the livestock sector to the rest of the economy, raised the standard of living for a majority of the population and contributed to social harmony. Booming livestock exports funded social programs and a state-led effort to build up new industries in Uruguay, such as domestic consumables (mainly food and beverages) and textiles. Thus, although Uruguay's economy was almost completely dependent on meat and wool exports, the strong earnings from those products helped to diversify the economy. As long as its exports continued to expand and world prices for those exports remained high, Uruguay's economic growth was ensured. When export earnings faltered in the 1950s, however, the fabric of Uruguay's economy began to unravel. The country entered a decades-long period of economic stagnation. Export earnings first declined when world demand fell during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Prices later recovered somewhat, but a more important limitation on Uruguay's export earnings arose: livestock production reached its limits. Without room for continued expansion of traditional exports, and without a welldeveloped industrial sector, it became increasingly difficult for Uruguay to uphold the social welfare model that it had adopted in more prosperous times. The memory of those times, when livestock products earned enough to make Uruguay the "Switzerland of South America," made Uruguayans reluctant to completely reshape their economy. To understand that reluctance and its consequences, it is necessary to examine Uruguay's economic history in more detail. <"46.htm">Colonial Period Uruguay The foundation for Uruguay's livestock-based economy was laid well before the nation achieved independence. In 1603 Spanish colonists released cattle and horses on the empty plains of what is now Uruguay, then known as the Banda Oriental (eastern side, or bank, of the R�o Uruguay). The livestock thrived in Uruguay's temperate climate, grazing on the natural pastures that still cover most of the countryside. By the early 1700s, there were millions of cattle in the area. During the "leather age," which lasted for the next century and a half, Uruguay's abundant livestock attracted traders and settlers from the nearby Argentine provinces. Hides became the area's chief export. Cattle raising, which seems to have begun almost by chance, quickly took hold of Uruguay's rural economy. The success of simple livestock-ranching techniques in Uruguay during the colonial period was to have long-term consequences. Uruguay's temperate climate, natural pastures, and abundant land (because of its small population during the colonial period) combined to favor extensive methods of raising cattle. For ranchers, these methods held two economic advantages. Both investment and labor costs were kept to a minimum because cattle ranged free, subsisted on natural grass cover, and required little care. Well after independence in 1828, even when Uruguay had become an important exporter of livestock products, these advantages continued to exert a great deal of influence on the rural sector. Despite the limitations of extensive livestock raising, including low production levels per hectare and slow growth of stock, few ranchers ever became convinced that more intensive production techniques were worth the cost. As a result, the fundamental method of livestock production in Uruguay changed very little in over two centuries. Uruguay During the decades immediately following independence, however, political instability, not livestock production techniques, limited the development of Uruguay's rural economy. Until the mid-1800s, rival factions vied for control of the countryside, obstructing commerce and confiscating or destroying cattle and other property. Foreign investment, which was to play an important role in building up Uruguay's infrastructure, was delayed. And although the rural population was small to begin with, many settlers left the countryside in search of more peaceful surroundings. Those who remained operated cattle ranches (estancias) or practiced subsistence agriculture. Rural struggles for political control thus slowed the growth of the livestock sector. By contrast, Montevideo, Uruguay's capital, where political struggles were less strident because of the city's booming trade and bustling social and cultural life, rapidly became a hub of economic activity. Montevideo was not founded until 1726, but its superb port allowed it to gain an increasing role in regional and international trade. In the 1800s, the Uruguayan capital became an important transshipment point because European importers and exporters preferred its port to that of nearby Buenos Aires (until the latter was improved in the 1870s). However, the volume of foreign traded goods passing through Montevideo had only a minimal impact on rural Uruguay. As a result, the city's development outpaced and diverged from that of the countryside. The different economic interests in the two areas helped drive a wedge between rural elites, who had amassed large landholdings and resented foreign involvement in the economy, and urban businessmen, who adopted outward-oriented attitudes and profited from trade. Later, profits from exports would become important to rural livestock producers as well, but the contrast between urban and rural economic (and political) orientations would persist. Uruguay After several decades of arrested development, Uruguay's economy underwent a series of important changes during the latter half of the 1800s. The consolidation of political control by the Colorado Party (Partido Colorado) and the division of the control of the departments in 1872 spelled the end of almost constant warfare and meant that the departments of Uruguay were finally united as one nation. Internal barriers to trade were removed, and the issuance of a national currency (the peso) in 1862 favored commercial activity. Political stability also allowed increased foreign involvement in the economy and encouraged technological advances. The framework for Uruguay's primaryproduct export economy, which supplied food and basic inputs to Europe's dynamic industrial sector, was erected during this period. Livestock production changed in several ways as Uruguay adjusted to the export model. First, meat-packing technology was introduced in the mid-1860s, allowing canning of meat for export. Until then, beef was preserved only in a dry, salted form (tasajo), which appealed to a narrow export market (principally Brazil and Cuba, where it was fed to slave laborers). Second, livestock production was diversified when sheep ranching expanded rapidly, reflecting the British textile industry's demand for imported wool. After 1870 Uruguay had more sheep than cattle, largely because of an influx of sheep ranchers from France and Britain. A third change in the livestock sector came about in the 1870s with the introduction of barbed wire. For the first time, the boundaries of large estancias were marked off precisely, decreasing the number of ranch hands needed to watch over herds and driving many subsistence farmers off lands on the margins of large estates. Finally, the construction of railroad lines and telegraph networks provided the infrastructure that linked rural Uruguay to the thriving port of Montevideo. These changes in the structure of the economy paved the way for a substantial increase in export earnings while reinforcing the importance of livestock production. In 1876 Uruguay had a positive balance of trade for the first time, and its export volume more than doubled over the next decade. Exports of wool increased dramatically, matching the value of leather exports by 1884. Residents of Montevideo were said to gauge the country's prosperity by counting the stacks of cowhides and bales of wool waiting to be loaded aboard ships. After 1900 the ability to ship frozen meat to Europe and the United States transformed the beef industry, added to Uruguayan export earnings as world demand for beef grew, and raised the importance of cattle production. The nation's rising prosperity at the turn of the twentieth century rested firmly on rural livestock production. Paradoxically, however, it was in Montevideo that the most dramatic demographic and economic effects of growth were felt. The city's population increased, mainly because several waves of immigrants arrived from Europe. Most of these immigrants came from urban areas of Italy and Spain, so it was natural that they tended to settle in Uruguay's urban center, where jobs were available. At the same time, the city's population was increasing because of the arrival of displaced laborers from the Uruguayan countryside. Both natives and immigrants made up a growing pool of labor for Montevideo's small but dynamic industries, many of which were owned by foreigners. Using mostly artisanal techniques, the city's workshops began to supply the home market with a variety of goods, such as footwear, clothing, wine, tobacco, paper, furniture, and construction materials. Uruguay The government's protectionist policies--in the form of tariffs on imported manufactured goods, first imposed during the late 1800s--encouraged these light industries. However, it was Uruguay's most significant political figure, Jos� Batlle y Ord��ez (1903-07, 1911-15), who devised an overarching government strategy that took into account the growing urban population and set the tone for the nation's economic development for much of the 1900s. Two aspects of Batlle y Ord��ez's sophisticated political program were most relevant for the long-term development of the economy. First, the social components of Batllism raised the standing of the average laborer. The government enacted legislation that was unprecedented in Latin America: a minimum wage, a day of rest after six workdays, workmen's compensation, and old-age pensions. Second, and more significant over the long term, however, were Batlle y Ord��ez's efforts to give the state a multifaceted role in the economy. The state was to regulate the economy, perform key activities, protect laborers from unfair working conditions, and minimize the influence that foreign-owned companies would have in Uruguay. Under Batlle y Ord��ez's leadership, the state created or nationalized a wide range of service enterprises, officially known as autonomous entities ( autonomous agencies or state enterprises), including an insurance company, public utilities, and mortgage banks. Later, the government became deeply involved in the production of goods, operating over twenty state enterprises, including the giant National Administration of Fuels, Alcohol, and Portland Cement (Administraci�n Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol, y Portland-- ANCAP). By 1931 these state enterprises employed 9 percent of the nation's work force, including 16 percent of the workers in Montevideo. Uruguay's novel economic policies bore fruit. Incomes rose on the strength of impressive export earnings. The value of exports doubled between 1900 and the onset of World War I, when beef exports, for example, reached 130,000 tons per year. Between 1926 and 1930, beef shipments continued to increase at a rapid rate, averaging 206,000 tons per year, a record that has not been equaled since then. During the same period, the Batlle y Ord��ez initiatives improved the lot of the worker, helped create a large middle class, and added to the productive capacity of the economy. The fact that all three developments--increased export earnings, improved conditions for labor, and successful state enterprises--occurred simultaneously helped Uruguayans to associate state intervention with prosperity. The success of the export model, because of rising world demand and prices, was seen as the success of Batllism. However, as many observers have pointed out, the restructuring of the economy that occurred under Batlle y Ord��ez and his successors did not extend to the roots of that economy, the livestock sector. Because his political base did not reach beyond Montevideo into the countryside, and because he believed that market forces and property taxes would lead livestock producers to become more efficient, Batlle y Ord��ez essentially left the rural sector to its own devices. In doing so, he limited the extent to which his own bold reforms could transform the economy. Uruguay The precarious nature of Uruguay's primary-product export economy, so successful during the early decades of the 1900s, was gradually made clear for two distinct reasons. First, the sharp contraction of world demand for Uruguay's exports during the Great Depression showed the hazards of being at the mercy of external markets and foreign prices. Uruguay's export earnings fell by 40 percent between 1930 and 1932 as world demand contracted and importing nations adopted protectionist measures. Such a drastic decrease in earnings was only temporary, however. During World War II, prices recovered, making the export model appear viable again, if vulnerable. Still later, Uruguayan exporters were occasionally able to gain handsomely from world price increases. The most dramatic example of this phenomenon occurred during the Korean War (1950-53). Wool prices tripled temporarily as demand for cold-weather uniforms surged. The volatility of export prices, which was itself troubling, also delayed recognition of the second, underlying limitation on Uruguay's export-based economy: the limited supply of livestock products. Production of beef stagnated by the mid-1930s, wool by the mid-1950s. With only minor modifications, ranchers continued to rely on the extensive production techniques used since the colonial period. Livestock production was therefore limited by the carrying capacity of the land. For many years, successful livestock producers had been able to expand their operations by simply purchasing or renting additional land, but after the tremendous expansion of both cattle ranching and sheep ranching during the early decades of the 1900s, this option was no longer available. Producers rejected the obvious alternative of increasing production levels by using more intensive techniques, such as fertilized pastures. According to a study published by the Economic Institute (Instituto de Econom�a) at the University of the Republic (also known as the University of Montevideo) in 1969, ranchers chose not to invest their profits in improved pastures because many more lucrative investments were available. Preferred investments included manufacturing (after World War II), urban real estate (during the 1950s), and overseas opportunities (leading to substantial capital flight during the 1960s). The stagnation of livestock production undercut the export model that had brought Uruguay its prosperity. At first the nation was able to avoid complete economic paralysis by turning from livestock production to industrial development, from the dormant countryside to the dynamic city of Montevideo. Like most other Latin American nations, Uruguay responded to the Great Depression by implementing a policy intended to encourage diversification away from primary products, reduce imports, and increase employment. The so-called import-substitution industrialization strategy raised tariff barriers to discourage imports and protect new manufacturing enterprises. In addition to increased protectionism, several other conditions in Uruguay favored the industrialization that accelerated beginning in the mid-1930s. Labor was plentiful in Montevideo; 100,000 immigrants had arrived from Europe during the 1920s. Equitable income distribution also meant that there was a sizable middle-class market for manufactured products. Finally, wealthy livestock producers were ready to invest in new enterprises. Industry developed rapidly under these conditions. The number of firms, most of them employing ten or fewer workers, tripled from 7,000 in 1930 to 21,000 in 1955. Apart from the growth of traditional types of enterprises (food, beverages, textiles, and leather), there was also substantial progress in heavier industries (chemicals, oil refining, metallurgy, machinery, and electrical equipment). Workers earned good wages, and production increased more rapidly than employment, meaning that labor productivity was on the rise. During the 1940s, industrial output overtook livestock raising as a share of GDP. But the industrial boom was short-lived. One sign of trouble was the fact that 90 percent of manufactured goods were consumed within Uruguay. Because domestic industries had grown up behind high tariff barriers, they were not competitive on world markets. This common shortcoming of the import-substitution industrialization strategy was particularly serious, given Uruguay's small internal market. Although income distribution was equitable, the potential for home-industry expansion was limited because consumption was limited. Most industries reached their full potential just two decades after the beginning of the industrialization process. During the mid-1950s, imports of machinery and industrial equipment that were essential for the further development of heavy industry leveled off and then declined. Industrial growth ceased. With the stagnation of both industrial production and livestock production in the mid-1950s, Uruguay's economy entered what would be a twenty-year crisis. Real per capita income, which had grown rapidly during the early 1900s, increased at an average of only 0.5 percent per year from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s. The period was characterized by declining exports, a negative balance of payments, decreasing reserves, and growing inflation. The prolonged nature of the crisis, i.e., the two-decade lack of fundamental economic restructuring, had much do to with the government policies that were set in motion during the Batllist period. As two of the three pillars of Uruguay's economy (livestock and industry) crumbled, the third (the public sector) bore an increasing burden. State enterprises expanded until, by the 1960s, they generated 30 percent of GDP and paid 40 percent of all salaries. Once-dynamic state enterprises became expensive public works projects. Elaborate formulas were devised to allow Uruguay's two principal political parties--the Colorado Party and the National Party (Partido Nacional, usually referred to as the Blancos)--to dispense public-sector jobs in proportion to votes received. Economically, a change of the ruling party meant very little. Both parties were allied in upholding the social welfare model, which amounted to keeping the state enterprises and the bureaucracy afloat. To do so, they incurred a large foreign debt and penalized the livestock sector through domestic price controls. The economy turned inward through continued protectionism and artificially high exchange rates. As a result, the once-vital export sector could not develop the momentum required to pull the economy out of the doldrums. The protracted economic crisis became a political crisis in the late 1960s. Within Uruguay the welfare state government could provide no answers to the twin challenges of urban terrorism and growing inflation. Outside Uruguay military regimes in both of its larger neighbors (Argentina and Brazil) cast long shadows, and international economic conditions made the insulation of Uruguay's economy more difficult. As the military regime took power in 1973, two international economic factors were particularly relevant: the quadrupling of oil prices (Uruguay imported all of its petroleum) and the closure of European Community markets to imported beef. These factors helped convince the military government that a major restructuring of the economy was needed. Uruguay The military government was at first able to redirect and revitalize the economy. During the first phase of stabilization and structural adjustment, from 1973 to 1978, government policies had two central goals: to reestablish an export-oriented growth policy and to eliminate inflation. In pursuit of the latter, the government tightened the money supply, sharply cut the public budget, and held real wages down. The effort was partially successful. Inflation declined from over 100 percent per year during the 1960s to about 50 percent per year in the 1973-78 period. To reorient the productive sectors of the economy, the government eliminated most price controls, lowered tariff barriers from a maximum of 346 percent in 1974 to 180 percent in 1977, and subsidized exports. Foreign-exchange and financial markets were also made more liberal, increasing Uruguay's integration with world markets. The immediate results were dramatic: from 1974 to 1978, GDP increased by an average of 3.9 percent per year, after two decades of stagnation. Real exports grew by 14 percent annually during the same period, and productive investment increased by 16 percent per year. Dissatisfied with some aspects of the economy's performance, however, the government again adopted several measures between 1978 and 1982. These included passing a foreign investment act (designed to attract foreign investment), reducing government spending, and selling off a few state enterprises. Inflation, which had dropped below 40 percent in 1976 but had since increased again, remained the primary target of the new stabilization policies. Authorities believed that two factors were fueling inflation: the influx of external funds (allowed under liberalized financial regulations) and the continuing price increases by local firms, still protected from foreign competition because tariffs had only been reduced partially. The government, then, saw continued inflation as a problem caused by incomplete economic liberalization and moved to accelerate reforms. Banks were largely deregulated as reserve requirements were eliminated and foreign currency deposits allowed. Import tariffs for most products were reduced, allowing increased foreign competition. Export subsidies were reduced or eliminated. In addition, the government began announcing moderate exchangerate devaluations several months in advance in an attempt to slow inflation and discourage currency speculation. These measures reduced inflation somewhat, but instead of stabilizing the economy, they disrupted the gradual process of economic recovery that had been under way for several years. Uruguayan firms, many of which had reoriented production toward exports after 1974, faced rising internal costs when subsidies were removed. At the same time, they became less competitive abroad because devaluations did not keep pace with inflation. Banks responded to deregulation by making risky loans, many of which became nonperforming as the expansion slowed. The public deficit increased, especially when the government stepped in to rescue several major banks. External debt increased when the government was forced to borrow abroad. A second oil shock in 1979 (the first was in 1973-74) and an Argentine devaluation in 1981 both hurt Uruguay's trade balance. As the restructuring process broke down, capital flight became rampant. The military government's attempt to regain economic stability during its last two years in office resulted in a severe recession. After increasing over several years to a high of 6.2 percent in 1979, GDP growth slowed to 1.9 percent in 1981 and plunged to -9.4 percent in 1982. Real GDP declined by onesixth from 1982 to 1984. Unemployment increased to 13 percent, further increasing the burden on the nation's welfare system. During its last three years in office, the government's most significant accomplishment was far more modest than its earlier reforms: it reduced the public deficit from 18.4 percent of GDP in 1982 to 9.2 percent at the end of 1984. As the military government prepared to leave power after a turbulent twelve years, five major issues confronted economic planners. First, the government had succeeded in reorienting production toward exports, but by the mid-1980s traditional export markets were growing less hospitable. For example, world beef prices had fallen, partly because of subsidized competition from the European Community. Second, the public sector, which played a large role in Uruguay's economy, faced a growing internal and external debt burden. This reduced savings available to finance private investment and made it difficult for the government to meet its social security obligations. Third, many firms and banks were financially weak, the former because of debts incurred before the recession and the latter because of nonperforming loans. Fourth, unemployment remained high. Finally, inflation, a primary target of the attempted reforms, had increased from 50 percent in 1983 to 72 percent in 1985. The first and second issues were concerned with enduring themes: the importance of livestock exports and the government's role in the economy. The third, fourth, and fifth issues were products of the reforms that had brought Uruguay out of stagnation without completely restructuring the economy. Uruguay The civilian government that entered office in 1985 inherited an economy whose fundamental elements had not changed a great deal for many years. The economy was still based on agriculture. In 1988, midway through the Sanguinetti government's term of office, livestock, crop production, and fishing generated only 13 percent of GDP directly. But the largest industries in Uruguay-- food processing and textiles--depended on agricultural inputs. Thus, the link between agriculture and industry, which generated 33 percent of GDP in 1988, was strong. Another inescapable feature of the economy was the central role of government. Uruguayan national statistics included the government, which comprised not only agencies such as the Ministry of National Defense and the postal service but also, within the service sector, a large commercial bank and several insurance companies. The entire service sector, including activities such as private banking, transportation, and tourism, accounted for 42 percent of GDP. The external sector, i.e., activities involving foreign trade, generated the remaining 12 percent of GDP. The record of the Sanguinetti government was moderately successful. The administration entered office facing an economy just beginning to recover from a severe recession. That recovery continued, as real GDP growth averaged over 5 percent per year during the administration's first two full years in office. During 1988 and 1989, however, real GDP growth nearly ceased. In other areas, the record was similar. Unemployment fell from 13 percent in 1985 to 9 percent in 1987 but was reduced no further. Inflation fell at first, then increased again. The lack of sustained economic progress during the late 1980s was not simply a result of the Sanguinetti government's policies, however. The government and the private sector inherited many serious difficulties in the mid-1980s: the growing external debt, a large government bureaucracy in deficit, a burdensome social security system, and a weakened currency. Because they could not immediately change these features, the government and the private sector chose to begin a cautious policy of readjustment. Fundamental restructuring was again delayed. Uruguay Government policy has greatly influenced the development, or lack of development, of Uruguay's economy during the twentieth century. The government first became an important regulator of economic activity when it arranged for a portion of livestock export earnings to be transferred to the urban working class. As its interventionist role expanded during the early 1900s, the central government became the administrator of an elaborate social welfare system that was generous by Latin American standards. After the Great Depression, the government enacted tariff policies to promote domestic manufacturing and adopted the strategy known as import-substitution industrialization. The state also became an important participant in the economy. In a pattern repeated elsewhere in Latin America, the central government nationalized or established several of the largest service and manufacturing companies in the country. It became the single largest employer and producer in the nation. The level of government involvement in the economy took on increasing significance after Uruguay entered a period of economic stagnation. When export earnings leveled off in the 1950s, the state's two roles in the economy became difficult to sustain yet vital to the population. Growing numbers of unemployed persons and retirees depended on the social welfare system, even as government revenues used to support that system declined. In addition, the overall economic slowdown made publicsector employment extremely attractive. Public employment, which was controlled by political parties rather than market forces, increased at 2.6 percent per year during 1955-61, while privatesector employment grew at only 0.9 percent. Government consumption expenditures for salaries and services remained high, but public investment was scaled back, penalizing future productivity. Despite this shift in the spending pattern, the state's income did not keep pace with its expenditures. By the 1960s, a public-sector deficit had developed, requiring borrowing from abroad and helping to fuel inflation. The public-sector deficit was the hallmark of Uruguay's stagnated economy in the 1960s. Thereafter, efforts to reduce the deficit were a central feature of structural reforms. However, the web of government commitments within the economy--involving both administrative and productive activity--made this a difficult task. The military government (1973-85) partially succeeded at the larger task of reorienting the economy toward world markets but made only modest headway against the publicsector deficit. During the second half of the 1980s, the deficit was at first reduced but then increased again in the last two years of the Sanguinetti administration. Fiscal Policy The civilian government that entered office in 1985 faced a severe fiscal problem: the chronic public-sector deficit. It also faced a broader difficulty: an economy in deep recession. The deficit was believed to be perpetuating inflation. Inflation, in turn, prevented the economy from reaching a stable position conducive to renewed growth. Thus, the priorities of the Sanguinetti administration's economic plan--devised in cooperation with the International Monetary Fund ( IMF)--were to reduce the deficit, bring down inflation, and improve the balance of payments. These multiyear fiscal measures were considered essential for renewed growth, but the serious consequences of the recession called for immediate action to spur economic activity. Between 1981 and 1984, the recession had taken its toll on all sectors of the economy. GDP had declined by almost 17 percent; agricultural production by 12 percent; manufacturing by 21 percent; construction by 48 percent; and capital formation (investment) by 56 percent. Workers were especially hard-hit by the decline. Between November 1982 and March 1985, real salaries fell by 19 percent. In real terms, workers only earned half of what they had earned in 1968, and unemployment had increased to 13 percent. Unable to ignore these signs of distress, the Sanguinetti administration also adopted an economic growth policy. Initially, the stabilization effort took precedence over efforts to boost economic activity. The idea was to break the inflationary momentum of the economy first and restore growth second. In fiscal terms, the goal was to reduce the public-sector deficit from 10 percent of GDP in mid-1985 to 5 percent of GDP by 1986. The scope of government involvement in the Uruguayan economy meant that the public-sector deficit had to be attacked on three fronts: the central government, by reducing expenditures and increasing revenues; the Central Bank of Uruguay, which accounted for about half of the deficit; and the state enterprises, many of which had run small deficits through most of the 1980s. The results of the stabilization effort were ambiguous. On the one hand, the Sanguinetti government easily reached its fiscal targets. During its first two years in office, the government enacted tax increases that raised real government revenues by 58 percent. Meanwhile, real expenditures increased by only 43 percent. As a result, the public-sector deficit declined to about 3 percent of GDP, better than the government had planned. Simultaneously, however, inflation--the underlying target of the government's fiscal policy--hardly slowed at all. Inflation went from an annual rate of 72 percent in 1985 to 57 percent in 1987, but it increased to 85 percent in 1989. The persistence of inflation in the face of fiscal restraint did not reflect a failure of the Sanguinetti government's fiscal policy; rather, inflation persisted because of the government's monetary and exchange-rate policies, the instruments it used to promote economic growth. Fiscal policy was also inadequate because the government expanded the money supply to pay for the fiscal deficit (8.5 percent by the end of 1989). Monetary and Exchange-Rate Policy The Sanguinetti administration turned to Uruguay's formerly strong export sector in devising its strategy for renewed economic growth. Through a combination of exchange-rate policy, liberal credit to exporters, and cultivation of new markets, the government hoped to revitalize the traditional export sector (primarily beef and wool) and promote the manufacture of nontraditional exports such as apparel. The most important policy tool was the exchange rate. Initially, the government planned to allow the peso to float freely, in keeping with its philosophy of minimal market intervention. In practice, however, the monetary authorities carried out a "dirty float," repeatedly entering the currency market to lower the exchange rate of the peso. Devaluation translated into increased competitiveness. For a small country like Uruguay, facing given world (United States dollar) prices for goods, a devaluation of the peso (more pesos per dollar) meant that an exporter would receive more pesos for a given quantity of goods. This effectively raised the profitability of exports (leaving aside other effects) and encouraged the growth of the sector. Exports and GDP both increased after 1985, partly as a result of the more competitive exchange rate. But the policy also had inflationary effects that counteracted the government's restrained fiscal policy. The government's intervention in the currency market consisted of buying foreign exchange and selling pesos. This raised the supply of pesos and lowered their price relative to other currencies (the exchange rate). But the intervention also increased the foreign-exchange component of the money supply, thus fueling inflation. The government attempted to compensate for this increase in the monetary base by decreasing other components of the money supply, a policy known as sterilization. However, an increasing share of Uruguayan bank deposits were denominated in United States dollars rather than pesos. Thus, the efforts to restrict the peso monetary base had little effect on the overall money supply, which continued to increase. As a result, the government could not fine-tune its export-promotion strategy to eliminate inflationary effects. Inflation persisted despite the decline of the public-sector deficit. In short, the government's notable accomplishments on the fiscal side were largely negated on the monetary side. Uruguay The labor force in Uruguay was small (1.4 million in 1990), about 80 percent urban, and educated at least to a high school level. In 1988 about 30 percent of workers were employed in the public sector, 23 percent in industry, 15 percent in agriculture, 12 percent in trade and commerce, and 20 percent in services and other activities. During the 1970s, workers experienced a sharp decline in real wages, which they only partially regained in the 1980s. The problems of the labor force, reflecting the overall difficulties of the Uruguayan economy, led to widespread strikes and unrest that hindered economic growth during the 1980s. In view of Uruguay's fundamental structural difficulties, an accommodation with the labor movement remained an important issue for the government. The Labor Movement Several of the uncommon economic and political characteristics of Uruguay influenced the development of its labor movement during the early 1900s. First, because the only sizable concentration of workers was in Montevideo, the labor movement was largely restricted to that city and was thus not really a national phenomenon. Second, the small number of workers employed by most individual firms limited the tendency of workers to form mass organizations. Third, the government played a central role in labor policy. State enterprises and government organizations became the nation's largest employer. In addition, legislation established many private-sector labor policies that preempted organized labor. Uruguay's laborers, like the economy as a whole, made great strides during the early decades of the 1900s. Ironically, this progress slowed the growth of a cohesive labor movement. President Batlle y Ord��ez, who firmly supported the working class and the right to strike, was an important figure for laborers during this period. His ideology of Batllism--in sharp contrast to the repression of labor in many other Latin American nations--aimed to reconcile labor and capital, or employees and owners. The Batllist government created the Office of Labor and ensured that a share of the increasing livestock export earnings was transferred to the urban working class. By the late 1920s, legislation limited the workweek and workday, established a minimum wage, and required that benefits be paid to injured or retired laborers. This congenial atmosphere gained the official labor movement only limited support. In 1926, for example, only 6,000 out of 65,000 industrial workers were dues-paying union members. The cordial relationship between labor and government deteriorated as Uruguay's economic growth stalled in the 1930s. The government became less tolerant of unions. The unions, in turn, became more militant. Communism replaced anarchism as the dominant political ideology of labor leaders. During and after World War II, a sometimes-violent split between the communist and noncommunist labor elements developed. This ideological division prevented the labor movement from speaking with one voice and limited its national impact. In contrast to Argentina, where the Peronist labor movement gained great political power during the 1950s, the labor movement in Uruguay remained fragmented. An important question for the labor movement in Uruguay has been whether public-sector workers have the right to strike. Government employees--both in government agencies and in state enterprises--constituted the largest group of salaried workers in the country. Thus, the government's civil-service wage policy set the tone for wages in general. The government also participated directly in setting private-sector wage policy, along with unions and owners, through the tripartite advisory boards--the wage councils--established in the 1940s. When public employees tried to strike, the government responded harshly. After a 1952 strike in the petroleum refinery, for example, the government enacted a mild form of martial law. The confrontation between government and labor became pronounced in the late 1960s. The Communist Party of Uruguay had come to dominate the unions after the Cuban Revolution, and the unions' objectives were as much political as they were economic. The government would not tolerate labor's leftist political program, especially given the charged atmosphere of the period. Nor was the government in a position to fulfill the unions' wage demands; a wage and price freeze was imposed, and the wage councils were abolished in June 1968. Strikes and repression became frequent. The confrontation reached its climax in 1973, when the major labor group, the National Convention of Workers (Convenci�n Nacional de Trabajadores--CNT), organized a general strike to protest the military coup. The strike--the labor movement's last stand--dissolved within two weeks. The military regime that seized power in 1973 outlawed the CNT and arrested its leaders. Union activity ceased for almost ten years. During the 1970s, 12,000 public-sector workers and at least 5,000 private-sector workers were dismissed because of their trade union or political activities. The military government allowed unions to resurface in 1981 through the Law of Professional Associations. Labor organizations were allowed to exist on three levels: by individual enterprise, by occupational category, and on a national scale. But the government took pains to depoliticize the labor movement. The secret ballot was to be used on the individual-enterprise level, both for election of leadership and for strike votes. Leaders of previously outlawed organizations were admonished to limit their political activity. The law's timing was more important than these limitations, however. As economic activity slowed during the 1981-84 recession, union activity was minimal. Nevertheless, the unions did play a role in the "democratic counteroffensive" that led to the restoration of civilian rule in the mid-1980s. Successful general strikes before and after Sanguinetti's election helped dissuade the military from interfering in the political process. Relations between labor and government were delicate during the Sanguinetti administration. The framework for relations was established before the civilian government took office, during the 1984-85 period of multiparty consultations, officially called the National Conciliatory Program (Concertaci�n Nacional Program�tica--Conapro). A working group recommended that the incoming government adopt a three-part policy toward labor: repeal of the legislation that restricted union activity and collective bargaining; reinstatement of all public-sector employees who had been dismissed by the military regime for their union activity; and restoration of workers' purchasing power through periodic wage increases, but in a manner consistent with bringing down inflation. The new government quickly complied with the first two recommendations, but the third became a contentious issue. Government Policy The Sanguinetti administration attempted to balance the clear need to increase wages with the equally pressing requirement to control inflation. Thus, the government immediately declared a wage increase in March 1985 but took action designed to control future wage increases. The tripartite wage councils were reestablished to negotiate wages every four months for nonagricultural private-sector employees. The councils at first adopted wage increases that were slightly higher than inflation, so that real wages at the end of 1985 were an average of 15 percent higher than the year before. Nevertheless, there was a great deal of labor unrest: over 900 strikes occurred between March 1985 and September 1986. Workers were apparently frustrated by the slow increases in real wages and anxious to express their displeasure after a decade of repression. After 1986 the number of labor disputes decreased, partly because of the government's bargaining strategy. The government tried to control wage increases by persuading all private-sector unions to sign twenty- to twenty-four-month contracts under which wages would be adjusted according to conditions within individual companies. This action helped lower the level of conflict between labor and government, but it may have made the task of restraining wage increases more difficult. In exchange for accepting longer wage contracts, unions demanded that workers be protected against inflation through "indexation," or automatic wage increases, to compensate for inflation. In 1986 about onethird of all workers were covered by indexed contracts; by the end of 1988, over half were. When Sanguinetti proposed in mid1988 that wage increases be held to 90 percent of inflation, instead of the 100 percent or greater that unions had become accustomed to, most of the nation's work force joined a one-day work stoppage in protest. The position of workers was understandable: their average real wage (purchasing power) remained below its 1968 level. The wage issue, particularly the question of whether indexation was compatible with an anti-inflationary policy, was still unresolved when Lacalle took office in 1990. Uruguay Agriculture played a central role in Uruguay's economy. In 1988 agricultural activity (including fishing) directly generated 13 percent of GDP and provided over half the value of exports. Indirectly, agriculture was responsible for a much higher proportion of both GDP and exports. Many of Uruguay's most dynamic manufacturing enterprises--such as its tanneries and textile mills--depended on agricultural inputs. The close relationship between agriculture and manufacturing had a significant impact on Uruguay's economic development. For example, the sluggish performance of the large livestock sector in the 1980s contributed to slow overall economic growth. Agricultural Stagnation A troubling issue for the agricultural sector was the stagnation of production levels over several decades. Total agricultural production increased at an average rate of less than 1 percent per year from the 1950s to the 1980s. In 1989 the sector continued a 1 percent growth rate. This low growth was usually attributed to a lack of technologically advanced production methods, but that description applied mainly to the large livestock sector. Ranchers continued to rely on extensive production methods. By contrast, many crop and citrus farmers had adopted more advanced technology, using tractors, fertilizers, and pesticides. Similarly, poultry producers relied on advanced techniques, and some dairy farmers fertilized their pastures. Alternative explanations of the agricultural sector's poor performance take note of the overall characteristics of Uruguay's economy. First, the small size of the internal market had forced most agricultural producers to be exporters. Agricultural products had become an important source of foreign exchange, but fluctuations in world prices and markets buffeted Uruguay's externally oriented agricultural sector. For example, wool prices fell when synthetic fabrics were developed. Additionally, the market for Uruguayan beef contracted when the European Community began subsidizing its beef producers in the 1980s. A second reason for the lack of agricultural growth may have been the inconsistency of government policy. During the protectionist import-substitution industrialization phase in the 1950s, the government held agricultural prices down in order to lower industrial labor costs. This discouraged both agricultural production and investment. During the 1960s, the government reversed this pricing policy when it encouraged the export of certain agricultural products (poultry, dairy, and citrus products) through subsidies and other incentives. However, this export policy was itself reversed in the 1970s, in keeping with the military government's effort to open the economy to foreign competition. The abrupt withdrawal of subsidies made the production of several products unprofitable. With government policy toward it fluctuating in this manner, agriculture in Uruguay was on uncertain ground, and potential investors remained wary. Aided by a recovery in the livestock sector, however, agricultural output increased by an estimated 3.5 percent in 1990. Land Use and Tenure The general characteristics of Uruguay's land area helped determine the pattern of land use. The countryside is devoid of mountains--in contrast to most other Latin American nations--and is only 2 to 3 percent forested. Over 80 percent of the land can be used for some kind of agriculture. The natural grasslands for which Uruguay is famous lend themselves to the predominant agricultural activity: livestock production. Although the land and temperate climate facilitated livestock production, the limited fertility of the soil hindered the production of crops. Livestock ranches covered three-quarters of the total land, especially in the departments of Artigas, Cerro Largo, Durazno, Flores, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Paysand�, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, and Tacuaremb�. The most productive wheat- and cereal-farming area was the southwest (Colonia, R�o Negro, and Soriano departments); most of the rice was produced in the east (Treinta y Tres Department); and fruits, vegetables, and wine were produced in the departments of Canelones, Florida, and San Jos�. Uruguay was no exception to the Latin American pattern of concentrated landownership, but its small population had kept land distribution from becoming a major political issue. Agricultural enterprises could be roughly divided into two types, whose characteristics in the mid-1980s reflected the concentration of landownership and helped explain Uruguay's urban tendencies. The first type, family-operated (owned or rented) farms and ranches, made up 85 percent of agricultural enterprises in the country, employed 68 percent of rural workers, and produced 45 percent of all agricultural output. But this type of enterprise controlled only 25 percent of agricultural land (farming and livestock). The second type, larger commercial enterprises, controlled 75 percent of the land, employed 32 percent of rural labor, and produced 55 percent of output. These statistics indicate that smaller enterprises made more productive use of the land. However, the fact that such family-operated farms and ranches employed mostly family members rather than salaried workers tended to limit the development of the rural economy. The larger enterprises, by contrast, were mostly extensive livestock ranches that had little need of hired labor. As this second type of enterprise became more prevalent throughout the twentieth century, landownership became more concentrated, and the population of the countryside declined. Agricultural production employed only about 15 percent of Uruguay's labor force in the late 1980s. The agricultural work force declined steadily as the number of small agricultural enterprises diminished. There were 87,000 farms and ranches in 1961, 77,000 in 1970, and only 57,000 in 1986. The importance of family-operated establishments is clearly seen in rural labor statistics. In 1980 two-thirds of the 160,000-person agricultural labor force was made up of landowners or their relatives; only 57,000 workers were wage earners. Not surprisingly, the labor movement had little impact on rural workers, although both the rice workers and the dairy workers were organized into unions. Livestock Ranching Uruguay's livestock herds did not expand appreciably after 1930. In 1908 there were 8 million cattle and 26 million sheep in the country. In 1981 the number of cattle peaked at 11 million, while the number of sheep had declined to 20 million. Because the land area dedicated to livestock raising has not changed significantly, these figures illustrated the lack of progress in the sector. The single largest investment in cattle herds was complete by 1930, when Herefords were substituted for the original mixed breeds. Extensive ranching methods facilitated livestock raising because little investment was required. But these methods also limited the carrying capacity of the land and the size of the stock. By the 1970s, it took twenty-six Uruguayan cattle to yield one ton of beef, compared with about eighteen in Argentina and about thirteen in the United States or Western Europe. The production of wool and mutton per head of sheep was also low: 3.5 kilograms of wool per head, compared with over 5 kilograms per head in Australia or Argentina. In addition, both cattle and sheep herds were subject to losses because of limited efforts to prevent disease. The vulnerability of the range-fed livestock herds was further demonstrated in the late 1980s when Uruguay experienced a severe drought. Millions of animals died or had to be slaughtered prematurely. The drought lasted longest in the center of the country, where most of the largest cattle ranches were located (the departments of Cerro Largo, Durazno, and Tacuaremb�). The leading sheep-ranching departments in the northwest (Artigas and Salto) were not as severely affected. Raising sheep for wool in Uruguay became less profitable during the 1960s. There was increasing worldwide competition from petroleum-based synthetic fibers. After the oil price increase in 1973, however, wool was once again in favor. Production surged from about 61,000 tons per year in the mid-1970s to 87,000 tons in 1986. Wool surpassed beef as Uruguay's most valuable export in the early 1980s. It also supplied the growing woolen textile and apparel industry, which earned additional foreign exchange. Sheep, whose stock increased to almost 26 million by 1989, were also raised for lamb and mutton. The potential for Uruguay's export of sheep meat in 1989 was about 3 million head, as compared with annual exports of about 2 million head in the early 1980s. However, a severe drought in the first half of 1989 reduced the performance of this subsector by about 10 percent during that period. Rising world beef prices stimulated the Uruguayan cattle industry in the late 1970s. At first, rising prices increased the profitability of cattle ranching but ultimately led to considerable instability in the sector. When many ranchers expanded their herds after the 1978-79 beef price increases, the price of pastureland grew almost tenfold. Because real interest rates were low or negative, ranchers were willing to borrow heavily to increase their landholdings. But beef prices soon leveled off, and many ranchers were left with large, unpayable debts. Land prices fell sharply; banks could not cover their loans even by foreclosing. As the bank crisis mounted, the Central Bank stepped in to provide refinancing in United States dollar-denominated loans. Most ranchers avoided bankruptcy but had to slaughter record numbers of cattle to service their debts. Many ranchers took the opportunity to switch to sheep ranching because wool appeared to face more stable world demand. Thus, Uruguay's cattle herds declined by 20 percent from 1981 to 1984. Cattle ranchers rebuilt their herds during the latter half of the 1980s but were hindered by limited credit and severe drought. Damage from the prolonged drought had reached alarming proportions by the end of 1989, when the cattle stock was down to 9.4 million head. The number of cattle fell by 738,000 head between June 1988 and June 1989, the largest annual drop in fifteen years. About 2 percent of the total had died, and the rest had been killed and sold (50 percent more than usual). In the July-November 1989 period, the beef cattle herd was depleted by an additional 622,000 head. The increased slaughter rates allowed meat-packing plants to pay less for beef, decreasing ranchers' profits. The continuing difficulty in the sector prompted the government to launch Operation Manufacture in March 1989. The program eased the ranchers' financial burden by extending them a special line of credit, lowering their tax rate by 20 percent, and providing for case-by-case assistance. The government also announced the opening of a line of credit with terms of up to eight years for herd replacement. Sheep ranchers, who suffered fewer losses from the drought, were not eligible for these government programs. The dairy industry, based in the departments near Montevideo, expanded considerably in the 1980s. Milk production increased from 400,000 tons in 1979 to 635,000 tons in 1987. Even though many dairy farmers still relied on natural pastures, limiting the milk output per cow, Uruguay was more than self-sufficient in dairy products and exported to other Latin American countries. Most domestic milk processing and marketing was controlled by the National Dairy Products Cooperative, which distributed dairy products throughout the country. Crop Production Crop production in Uruguay has never been as important as livestock raising. Only about 8 percent of the land area was dedicated to growing crops in the mid-1980s, compared with 75 percent dedicated to livestock. The amount of land under cultivation has varied according to the world price of livestock products. When beef prices have declined, for example, ranchers have planted wheat or corn. Rising livestock prices in the 1980s resulted in a considerable decrease in the area dedicated to most crops. Because crop production had gradually become more efficient through mechanization, however, crop yields did not necessarily decline. Although crop yields per hectare had generally increased, erosion of the thin topsoil layer became a significant problem in Uruguay during the 1980s. It was estimated that 30 percent of all arable areas had been adversely affected. The ill effects were most serious in areas that had been under continuous cultivation for long periods. Rice surpassed wheat as Uruguay's most significant crop in the 1980s. In contrast to the general downward trend in farmed land area, the land dedicated to rice production increased from 55,000 hectares in 1980 to 81,000 hectares in 1988. Over this same period, production rose from 228,000 tons to 381,000 tons, a 67 percent increase. Only about 40,000 tons were consumed domestically; most of the rice was exported. The preferred farming system for rice production was closely connected to livestock raising. Rice was grown for two years; then the land was sown as pasture for four or five years to renew the fields and provide grazing for cattle. The most common variety produced was the American "Blue Belle" type. The drought that gripped Uruguay in 1988-89 caused rice producers to lose an estimated 6 percent of their crop, worth about US$2.4 million. The hardest hit areas were in the north, in the departments of Artigas, Rivera, and Tacuaremb�. Wheat production and hectarage both declined during most of the 1980s. This decline reflected the increasing land area dedicated to livestock production and the fact that Uruguayan wheat producers could not effectively compete with wheat producers in other countries. International competition became more important after the government discontinued its subsidies for wheat farmers during the economic liberalization of the 1970s. Uruguay was no longer self-sufficient in wheat production by the mid-1980s, when about 80,000 tons per year were imported. Wheat farming was largely mechanized by the 1980s, but advanced tractor equipment acted mainly to reduce the labor requirement on farms, rather than leading to huge production increases. Most farmers made only limited use of pesticides and fertilizers. Thus, wheat production per hectare was below that of most other countries. Nevertheless, the area dedicated to wheat farming rose in 1989, and production was expected to begin increasing again. Indeed, wheat production grew to 414,000 tons in 1988. Corn production stagnated during the 1980-88 period. Like wheat farmers, corn farmers were adversely affected by the government's freeing of agricultural prices in the late 1970s. Unlike wheat, however, corn was not an important commercial crop; farmers used it primarily to feed their animals. No longer selfsufficient , Uruguay imported almost US$2 million worth of corn in 1988. Some farmers had substituted sorghum cultivation for corn because it provided roughly the same nutrition as corn but better withstood drought conditions. Other crops produced in Uruguay in the 1980s included barley, soybeans, oats, sunflowers, peanuts, sugarcane, potatoes, flax, and cotton. Barley, soybeans, and sunflowers were produced mainly for export; the other crops were produced on only a small scale for the domestic market. Production of sugar was uneconomical, relying on a large government subsidy. Uruguay imported cotton (US$6.6 million in 1988) for its textile industry. Citrus farming was a bright spot on the agricultural horizon in the 1980s. Citrus and produce farms were originally established around Montevideo to supply the city with fruits and vegetables. During the 1980s, these farms expanded, allowing Uruguay to become a net exporter of citrus fruit (oranges, lemons, and grapefruit). The exported value increased from US$5 million in 1980 to US$21 million in 1986. One large-scale citrus plantation added packing facilities and a juice-and-oil plant, with at least half of its production intended for export. The government encouraged such diversification of agriculture. <"56.htm">Fishing Uruguay Uruguay first began to develop a fishing industry in the 1970s. Previously, fishermen from other countries had taken advantage of the rich resources off Uruguay's coast, but there was no concerted national fishing effort. The military government enacted the five-year National Fishing Development Plan in 1974 as part of its attempt to develop new economic activities with export potential. Under the plan, administered by the government's National Fishing Institute, fishing expanded markedly. By the late 1980s, there were over 700 fishing vessels in the fishing fleet, compared with only 300 in 1974. Furthermore, the number of large oceangoing vessels increased from five to seventy during this period. Oceangoing vessels held more fish and allowed longer voyages to distant waters. The latter capability became important after most nations (including Uruguay and neighboring Argentina) extended their exclusive economic zone from 3 to 200 miles in the mid-1970s, restricting access to many coastal fisheries. As the fishing fleet expanded, port facilities were improved. The port facilities of Montevideo, Piri�polis, and Punta del Este were modernized, and an entirely new port was constructed at La Paloma. The intensified fishing effort produced favorable results; the catch grew from 16,000 tons in 1974 to 144,000 tons in 1981, remaining at about 140,000 tons per year in the late 1980s. Not all aspects of the government's plan were successful, however. It called for sizable catches of species that could be processed (canned) for export, such as tuna and sardines. As of 1987, however, fishermen were only catching a few hundred tons of tuna per year, not enough to supply a cannery. The sardine catch was also very small. Although those two species proved difficult to catch, Uruguay's fishermen had success catching Argentine hake, Atlantic croaker, and striped weakfish. The fish-processing industry also developed as the catch increased. Processing capacity in the late 1980s was about 250,000 tons, considerably above the estimated annual catch of 200,000 tons for all kinds of fish, except the anchovy. About half of Uruguay's catch was exported during the late 1980s, in line with the government's goal of increasing nontraditional exports. Argentine hake (a whitefish similar to cod) was the leading export. In 1988, however, Uruguayan processing companies reported that world prices for Argentine hake had fallen below production costs because of the competition from cod suppliers. Although prices later recovered, many companies began to process and export alternative species, such as anchovy, mullet, and bluefish. The industry's exports reached US$81 million in 1987, as compared with US$65 million in 1986 and US$1.2 million in 1974. The United States imported 30 percent of Uruguay's fish; Brazil imported 23 percent; and Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), Saudi Arabia, and Israel each imported between 4 and 6 percent. In 1990 an important issue for the Lacalle administration was Uruguay's access to the fisheries of the South Atlantic near Antarctica, as well as to fishery resources in Argentina's coastal waters. Lacalle told Visi�n magazine in early 1990 that he strongly supported the idea of an international conference, under the auspices of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, to regulate fishing in the South Atlantic. Uruguay In the 1980s, estimates of Uruguay's natural forest ranged from 4,000 to 6,000 square kilometers of mostly small trees of limited or no industrial use; planted forest estimates ranged from 120,000 hectares to 137,000 hectares of pine and eucalyptus. There were an additional 70,000 hectares of palm, poplar, salix (a genus of shrubs and trees), and other species. Sawmills were inefficient and small, with a capacity of fewer than thirty cubic meters a day. Of the 220,000 cubic meters of sawn wood consumed per year, Uruguay imported about 66,000. Following the recovery of the construction industry from a recession in 1987, demand for sawn wood was increasing at a rate of about 2.5 percent per year in the late 1980s. Domestic use of firewood was important, increasing from about 1.4 million cubic meters in the mid-1970s to 2.8 million cubic meters in the mid-1980s. Firewood demand was growing at 5 percent a year in the late 1980s. A number of local industries converted to firewood from fuel oil for energy needs, resulting in significant savings. Uruguay Uruguay's industries, including construction, mining, and energy, generated 33 percent of GDP in 1988. These industries underwent most of their development behind high tariff barriers in the 1950s. As a consequence, the industrial sector was geared mostly to the domestic market. The small size of the internal market limited the growth of manufacturing and prevented many industries from achieving economies of scale. In addition, the substantial level of protection meant that Uruguayan consumers paid high prices for domestically produced goods, which faced no international competition. During the 1970s and 1980s, Uruguay's protectionist apparatus was partially dismantled, and industry began adjusting to the world market. Background of Industrial Development In the early twentieth century, Montevideo was home to many small artisanal workshops. These cottage industries were already protected by tariff rates of about 30 percent on most products. Rapid industrial growth did not occur until the 1930s, when the economic crisis caused by the Great Depression forced Uruguay, like other nations, to become more self-sufficient. Industry accounted for only 12 percent of GDP in 1930 but increased to 22 percent by 1955. The most dynamic growth occurred after World War II. During the presidency of "industrial populist" Luis Batlle Berres (1947-51), the government encouraged the development of industry through several policies: multiple exchange rates were introduced to allow manufacturers to import essential machinery at subsidized rates; import tariffs on competing goods were raised to prohibitive levels; and urban wage increases stimulated domestic demand. Industrial output doubled during the decade following World War II. The timing of the expansion was favorable. For part of the period, wool exporters earned record profits because cold-weather uniforms were needed for the Korean War. A share of those profits financed the industrial sector's imports of capital equipment. The industrial boom was short-lived, however. Manufacturing output increased by only 14 percent between the mid-1950s and 1970. For the industries geared to the internal market, the main problem was the small size of that market. The food-processing and textile companies, however, produced goods for export as well as for internal consumption. For these enterprises, the stagnation of the agricultural sector was a serious blow. As M.H.J. Finch argues in his landmark study, A Political Economy of Uruguay since 1870, the lagging supply of agricultural inputs limited manufacturing output. The process of economic decline was circular: the decrease in exports meant lower domestic income and hence lower domestic demand for other manufactured products. Additional factors also contributed to the slowdown, such as the bias against exports, which was the result of an overvalued currency. In sum, import-substitution industrialization allowed manufacturing to increase, but only to a limited extent. More important, the policy insulated the economy and eroded much of Uruguay's capacity to export. The military government that assumed power in 1973 attempted to revitalize the economy by reemphasizing exports. The government dismantled part of the protectionist structure surrounding industry, lowered trade taxes, and created incentives for nontraditional exports. The results were at first dramatic. Industry grew at a rate of about 6 percent per year from 1974 to 1980. The most dynamic manufacturing growth involved relatively sophisticated goods: electrical appliances, transport equipment, textiles, paper, and nonmetallic minerals. Manufacturers invested in new technology, and labor productivity increased rapidly. Argentina and Brazil became important export markets for manufactures, proving that Uruguayan industry could compete outside of its own borders. The expansion came to an abrupt halt in 1981, largely because of factors beyond industry's control. Macroeconomic instability-- in part related to developments in the export markets of Argentina and Brazil--pitched the entire Uruguayan economy into recession. The reversal was particularly painful in the industrial sector because manufacturers had borrowed heavily for investments and were overindebted as the recession began. Financial costs actually exceeded labor costs for many manufacturing firms. Thus, lower real wages brought on by the recession were not enough to restore the firms' competitiveness. In 1983-84 the central government stepped in and took over part of the industrial sector's debt. This probably prevented widespread bankruptcies but also increased the public sector's financial burden. The lingering indebtedness of private firms was a major issue for the Sanguinetti government. Autonomous Entities The performance of the autonomous entities ( autonomous agencies or state enterprises), which played a central role in Uruguay's economic development, was an even greater issue. Most of the autonomous entities were industrial or utility companies; others were service related. The two largest autonomous entities were also the two largest companies in Uruguay: the National Administration of Fuels, Alcohol, and Portland Cement (Administraci�n Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol, y Portland--ANCAP) and the National Administration for the Generation and Transmission of Electricity (Administraci�n Nacional de Usinas y Transmisiones El�ctricas-- UTE). In 1988 ANCAP, whose primary activity was refining and distributing imported crude oil, grossed US$470 million, had profits of US$12 million, and employed 6,700 workers; UTE grossed US$285 million, had profits of US$12 million, and employed almost 12,000 workers. (Based on their 1988 gross earnings, ANCAP and UTE were the 113th and 242d largest companies in Latin America, respectively.) Other important autonomous entities (and monopolies) included the National Administration of Ports (Administraci�n Nacional de Puertos--ANP; another name for the Montevideo Port Authority), the National Telecommunications Administration (Administraci�n Nacional de Telecomunicaciones-- ANTEL), and the State Railways Administration (Administraci�n de los Ferrocarriles del Estado--AFE). The Sanguinetti government's policy toward the state enterprises had two aspects. First, the government planned to invest US$1 billion in public-sector projects during the 1987-89 period, raising government investment from 2.9 percent of GDP in 1986 to 5 percent of GDP in 1987-89. This target was not met, however. Public investment in 1987 and 1988 increased only to 3.1 percent and 3.4 percent of GDP, respectively, because of the need to restrain spending. Second, the government planned to improve the fiscal health of the state enterprises, many of which were running deficits. A combination of utility rate increases and spending cuts (but no significant cuts in employment) made most state enterprises profitable by the late 1980s, easing the public-sector deficit slightly. Private Firms The two largest subsectors within manufacturing, both by output and by employment, depended on agricultural inputs. Food and beverage companies, which accounted for about 30 percent of the value of industrial output in 1987, included meat packers, soft drink companies, and wineries. These companies exported about one-third of their output. A new entry into the food-processing industry was the Azucitrus citrus plant in Paysand�, which opened in mid-1988. The textile and apparel industry, accounting for about 20 percent of manufacturing output, depended on supplies of both wool and leather for jackets and footwear. The capacity to export was an important asset, allowing firms to withstand fluctuations in domestic demand. For example, the textile industry's sales to the domestic market decreased 23 percent in 1988, compared with 1987, but its exports increased 36 percent during the same period. Other important manufactured goods included chemicals, most of which were exported; transportation goods, including a few thousand automobiles and trucks that were assembled each year; and metal products. Construction Activity in the construction industry fluctuated dramatically during the 1980s, appearing to be markedly affected by trends in GDP growth or contraction, but with a one- or two-year lag. One index of such activity, the quantity of private structures built, went from about 2.1 million square meters per year in 1980-81 (when the recession was beginning) to 500,000 square meters per year in 1985-86 (after the recession had ended). In the late 1980s, construction partially recovered. The industry achieved a 4 percent growth in 1988 because of a construction boom in Maldonado and Punta del Este, and it grew 11.7 percent in 1989. Continued moderate growth was expected because of infrastructure projects such as the modernization of ports and highways, to be financed by international organizations. An offsetting factor, however, was the government's need to reduce expenditures. Mining Mining has never played an important role in Uruguay's economy. However, Uruguay has exported granite and marble. In addition, semiprecious stones have been found in quantity. Investment in mining activities was expected to reach at least US$200 million during the first half of the 1990s. After Uruguay's General Assembly passed legislation allowing foreign investment in mining, two companies, Canada's Bond International Gold and Brazil's Minera��o e Participa��o (Mining Copartnership), announced plans to search for gold, silver, and other metals. Bond International Gold was given exclusive rights to develop the Mahoma gold mine, expected to produce more than 900 kilograms per year. Part of the project was to be financed through a debt-for-equity conversion program. The National Mining and Geology Institute indicated that at least fourteen other areas in the country might contain deposits of precious or base metals. Energy Hydroelectricity and imported petroleum were the primary sources of energy in Uruguay. During the 1980s, the nation reduced its dependence on imported crude oil and increased its hydroelectric capacity. At the beginning of the decade, threefourths of Uruguay's energy came from imported oil; by 1987 less than half did. This trend toward hydroelectric power was interrupted during 1988 and 1989 because of a severe drought. Oil-burning power stations had to be brought on-line temporarily, increasing energy costs. In addition, rotating power outages were instituted in Montevideo and other cities. Partly because of such conservation measures, total consumption of energy actually decreased during the late 1980s. Real growth in the utilities sector declined by 12.2 percent in 1989. The single largest source of hydroelectricity was the Salto Grande Dam on the R�o Uruguay, built and operated in cooperation with Argentina. The US$1 billion dam was completed in 1982 and supplied 1.8 million megawatt-hours of energy to Uruguay in 1987 (before the drought), or 40 percent of Uruguay's electricity. In 1989 the huge project was reported to be facing serious financial difficulties. The Uruguayan and Argentine state-owned power companies were US$45 million and US$250 million behind in payments, respectively, to banks and foreign creditors, and absorption of the debts by the two nations' central banks was expected. Three other hydroelectric power sources were located on the R�o Negro. Of these, the El Palmar Dam (located at Palmar), built and operated jointly with Brazil, was the largest and newest (in full operation since 1983); in 1988 it supplied 330 megawatts to Uruguay. The Baygorria Dam and the Gabriel Terra Dam (the latter in operation since 1948) supplied 108 megawatts and 128 megawatts, respectively, in 1988. The Sanguinetti administration's policy was to improve the existing hydroelectric facilities rather than embark on new projects. Emphasis was placed on extending the electrical distribution network in rural areas. In 1988 the rural electrical network spanned 1,400 kilometers, more than double the 630 kilometers in 1984. The government approved a total of US$139 million in investments in 1988-89 by UTE, mostly in the distribution program. Uruguay had no domestic oil resources, despite several exploration efforts. The nation imported mostly crude oil, which was then refined by ANCAP and a few small plants. In 1985 ANCAP had a refining capacity of 40,000 barrels per day; its facilities were upgraded during the late 1980s. <"59.htm">Banking Uruguay Uruguay's banking sector was headed by the Central Bank of Uruguay (Banco Central del Uruguay; hereafter, Central Bank), founded in 1967 and charged with regulating the nation's banking and financial system and performing such standard central bank functions as controlling the money supply, regulating credit, issuing currency, controlling foreign exchange, and overseeing the operations of the nation's private commercial banks. The Bank of Uruguay (Banco de la Rep�blica Oriental del Uruguay--BROU), founded in 1896, had performed some of the functions of a central bank prior to the creation of the Central Bank. An autonomous entity, it remained in 1990 the country's largest and most significant commercial bank. The banking sector also included the Social Welfare Bank (Banco de Previsi�n Social), the Commercial Bank (Banco Comercial), and several other state-owned banks, such as Mortgage Bank of Uruguay (Banco Hipotecario del Uruguay), and the State Insurance Bank (Banco de Seguros del Estado), as well as a number of private commercial and savings banks. In the late 1980s, Uruguay's financial sector was still feeling the effects of a profound banking crisis that had begun early in the decade. The crisis had its origins in the rapid expansion of credit to the private sector during the 1978-82 period. The unrestrained expansion of credit was made possible by the deregulation of the banks. As part of its effort to reorient the Uruguayan economy to the external market, the military government removed or reduced most restrictions on banks, including reserve requirements (which limit the amount of loans that can be made, relative to bank deposits), interest rate ceilings, and foreign currency regulations. The sudden removal of these and other restrictions encouraged banks to expand the supply of credit. The demand for credit also expanded because rising prices for exports convinced many ranchers and manufacturers to invest in land or equipment. The first signs of trouble came from the livestock sector. When world beef prices fell in 1980, rural land prices began to decline sharply, and ranchers began to have difficulty servicing their loans. The crisis became widespread after the economy went into recession in 1981. By 1982 one-quarter of all loans to the private sector were considered nonperforming. The increasing dollarization of credit complicated the situation. Banks that had received large United States dollar deposits also made loans in dollars in order to avoid exchange-rate risk. The trend toward dollarization increased in early 1982 because banks expected a major peso devaluation. By late 1982, about 60 percent of all loans were denominated in dollars. When the fixed peso exchange rate was finally abandoned toward the end of the year, leading to a large peso devaluation, many already-troubled private companies, which earned pesos on the domestic market, suddenly faced dollar-denominated loans whose peso value had tripled. Government intervention was required to prevent widespread bankruptcies. BROU devised a two-part strategy for dealing with the crisis. First, it provided credit to the private banks so that loans could be refinanced. About one-fifth of all outstanding loans (worth US$400 million) were refinanced by late 1982, allowing debtors a two- or three-year grace period and a lengthened repayment schedule. The loans were still in dollars, however, so that further devaluations of the peso remained a difficulty for debtors. BROU's second action was to acquire many loan portfolios from the private banks. The government thus propped up several private banks, actually buying out four of the twenty-four banks in the country. This policy prevented a banking collapse but significantly increased BROU's obligations, making it responsible for a large share of the public-sector deficit. The financial sector remained in a precarious condition as the Sanguinetti government took office. By the end of 1984, the banking system had a negative net worth. In 1985, however, the banking system raised US$400 million in new dollar deposits. Although overall economic conditions improved during the first three years of the Sanguinetti administration, credit remained restricted and interest rates high, making it difficult for even solvent borrowers to obtain new loans. The government continued its efforts to strengthen the banks. For example, it planned to spend US$160 million in 1989 to restructure the four banks bought during the height of the banking crisis so that they could be sold to the private sector. Critics charged that these banks were too highly indebted, inefficient, and overstaffed to be sold. As of mid-1989, all but one of the banks remained under the supervision of BROU, Uruguay's largest bank (a state enterprise). One bank, the Commercial Bank, was sold to a group of international investors in 1990. Dollarization of the banking system continued to increase. The proportion of money held in United States dollar accounts reached 84 percent in 1989. The major source of these funds was Argentina, whose savers sought a safe haven and a dependable currency. Uruguayan savers placed deposits in dollars to avoid exchange-rate fluctuations. Thus, the openness of the banking system may have prevented some capital flight, but the dollarization of bank deposits made it difficult for the government to conduct a monetary policy because the money supply could not be tightly controlled. Nevertheless, the government did not restrict the banking system to deposits in pesos, encouraging instead the further internationalization of Uruguay's banks, most of which were foreign owned. In addition, liberal offshore banking rules (for transactions among nonresidents) were introduced in 1989. Although Lacalle supported the idea of Uruguay as an international banking center, he indicated in early 1990 that his administration planned to introduce legislation under which bank secrecy i.e., anonymous accounts, would be lifted in cases where illegal drug-money laundering was suspected. The government was pressured to change that aspect of its banking regulations after an alleged Colombian "drug lord" told United States officials that he and others often used Uruguayan accounts. Uruguay Tourism in Uruguay generated an estimated US$300 million in 1989, equivalent to 22 percent of merchandise exports. The tourist industry depended mainly on visitors from Argentina. Thus, not only were tourist receipts seasonal (peaking in the warm summer months, January through March), they also fluctuated along with economic conditions in Argentina and relative exchange rates. In 1989 about 85 percent of the 1 million tourists were from Argentina; an additional 10 percent were from Brazil, and smaller percentages came from Paraguay and Chile. Many of the visitors from Argentina owned property in Uruguay, especially in the resort area of Punta del Este, which drew half of all summer tourists. In 1986 the Sanguinetti government created the Ministry of Tourism to regulate hotel and resort prices and to promote Uruguayan tourist attractions at international exhibitions. The ministry also developed programs aimed at attracting visitors and conventions to Uruguay during the low season, but with limited success. At the same time, the government supported the improvement of hotels, marinas, and camping facilities. To protect the beaches, a key tourist attraction, the Montevideo sewage system was being upgraded in 1990 so that it would discharge more than two kilometers offshore. Despite such efforts, tourism was expected to remain mostly regional because of the long distance from Europe and the United States, lack of services (Uruguay had no five-star hotels), lack of promotion, and restrictive transportation policies (for example, charter flights were difficult to get). Uruguay ON MARCH 1, 1990, Uruguayans and representatives of many foreign governments witnessed the reaffirmation of Uruguay's revived democratic tradition: the transfer of power from one elected president to another. Having completed a full five-year term in office, Julio Mar�a Sanguinetti Cairolo (1985-90) of the liberal Colorado Party (Partido Colorado) transferred the presidential sash to Luis Alberto Lacalle de Herrera of the rival conservative National Party (Partido Nacional, usually referred to as the Blancos). Lacalle was elected to serve for the 1990-95 period as the country's fiftieth president. An urbane lawyer, rancher, and senator, Lacalle was only the third National Party candidate ever to be elected president. After only five years as a National Party leader, he achieved what his legendary grandfather, Luis Alberto de Herrera, the National Party's dominant caudillo during the first half of the twentieth century, attained after a half-century of political battles: the defeat of the Colorados and the ascension of the Blancos to power. Technically, Lacalle became the first National Party president because Uruguay was formally ruled by a ninemember collegial executive (colegiado) when his party won its previous victories. Uruguayan democracy had been reinstated five years earlier-- after the 1973-85 period of military rule--as a result of Sanguinetti's victory in the November 25, 1984, election and referendum. Those national polls were held in accordance with the Naval Club Pact of 1984, a political agreement between the armed forces and four political parties: the Colorado Party, the National Party, the Broad Front (Frente Amplio, a leftist alliance), and the Civic Union (Uni�n C�vica--UC). The military regime, however, blocked the proposed presidential candidacies of the National Party's Wilson Ferreira Aldunate and the Broad Front's L�ber Seregni Mosquera. Running, in effect, unopposed, Sanguinetti won approximately 41 percent of the votes, followed by the National Party's 34 percent, the Broad Front's 21 percent, and the UC's 2.5 percent. Sanguinetti was the first Uruguayan president to be elected, albeit in a semidemocratic election, after the period of repressive military rule. He had been a lawyer, journalist, representative, minister of education and culture, and minister of labor and social welfare. During his term of office, Sanguinetti consolidated Uruguay's multiparty democracy, restored the country's prestige and respect abroad, increased its export markets, and avoided financial disorder. He symbolized Uruguay's political opening by visiting the Soviet Union and China in 1989. In what proved to be its most active electoral year, Uruguay held two national elections in 1989. The first was a referendum on the government's amnesty law for abuses committed by the military regime. The second, the November 26 poll--the first totally free presidential elections to be held in Uruguay since 1971--demonstrated the country's return to its democratic tradition of free and honest elections. Although voting was compulsory in Uruguay, the turnout in the November 26, 1989, elections was nonetheless impressive: 88 percent of the electorate of 2.3 million people participated. The high turnout did not necessarily mean that Uruguayan voters were among the most politically sophisticated in the world, although Uruguayans usually discussed and debated political issues exhaustively at all levels of society. The high voter turnout in 1989 demonstrated, however--as it had in 1984 when 88.5 percent participated--that Uruguay was a very politicized country and that it had one of Latin America's longest democratic traditions. Despite Sanguinetti's accomplishments, his party's historic and decisive defeat reflected widespread dissatisfaction with two years of economic stagnation. The elections also challenged Uruguay's traditional two-party system of the Colorado and National parties. For the first time, a third party, the Broad Front, reached important levels by winning the country's second most powerful post (after president of the republic): the mayorship of Montevideo, which had over 40 percent of the country's population and more than two-thirds of its economic activity. The new Marxist mayor, Tabar� V�zquez, immediately began pressing Lacalle for greater municipal autonomy. The prospects for the success of a "co-habitation arrangement," i.e., harmonious cooperation, however, were doubtful because Uruguayans continued to support a strong presidential system and because Lacalle was assertive of his executive powers. Thus, in addition to the challenges posed by a resurgent political left, labor unrest, and economic crisis, the Lacalle government faced the possibility of political clashes with the municipal government. <"62.htm">The Constitution Uruguay Since achieving independence in 1828, Uruguay has promulgated five constitutions: in 1830, 1917, 1934, 1952, and 1967. When it became independent on August 27, 1828, the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (Rep�blica Oriental del Uruguay) drew up its first constitution, which was promulgated on July 18, 1830. The 1830 constitution has been regarded as Uruguay's most technically perfect charter. Heavily influenced by the thinking of the French and American revolutions, it divided the government among the executive, legislative, and judicial powers and established Uruguay as a unitary republic with a centralized form of government. The bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) was empowered to elect a president with considerable powers to head the executive branch for a four-year term. The president was given control over all of his ministers of government and was empowered to make decisions with the agreement of at least one of the three ministers recognized by the 1830 constitution. Like all of Uruguay's charters since then, the 1830 constitution provided for a General Assembly composed of a Chamber of Senators (C�mara de Senadores), or Senate (Senado), elected nationally, and a Chamber of Representatives (C�mara de Representantes), elected from the departments. Members of the General Assembly were empowered to pass laws but lacked the authority to dismiss the president or his ministers or to issue votes of no confidence. An 1834 amendment, however, provided for juicio pol�tico, or impeachment, of the ministers for "unacceptable conduct." As established by the 1830 constitution, the Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), and lesser courts, exercised the judicial power. The General Assembly appointed the members of the high court. The latter--with the consent of the Senate in the case of the appellate courts--appointed the members of the lesser courts. The constitution also divided the country into departments, each headed by a governor appointed by the president and each having an advisory body called a Neighbors' Council (Consejo de Vecinos). Although the 1830 constitution remained in effect for eighty- seven years, de facto governments violated it repeatedly. In the 1878-90 period, the Blancos and Colorados initiated the framework for a more stable system through understandings called "pacts between the parties." This governing principle, called coparticipation (coparticipaci�n), meaning the sharing of formal political and informal bureaucratic power, has been formally practiced since 1872. In 1913 President Jos� Batlle y Ord��ez (1903-07, 1911-15), the father of modern Uruguay, proposed a constitutional reform involving the creation of a Swiss-style collegial executive system to be called the colegiado. A strong opponent of the one-person, powerful presidency, Batlle y Ord��ez believed that a collective executive power would neutralize the dictatorial intentions of political leaders. It met intense opposition, however, not only from the Blancos but also from members of his own Colorado Party. The proposal was defeated in 1916, but Batlle y Ord��ez worked out a deal with a faction of the Blancos whereby a compromise system was provided for in the second constitution, which was approved by plebiscite on November 25, 1917. In addition to separating church and state, the new charter, which did not become effective until 1919, introduced substantial changes in the powers of the presidency. The executive power consisted of the president, who controlled foreign relations, national security, and agriculture, and the National Council of Administration (Consejo Nacional de Administraci�n), or colegiado, which administered all other executive governmental functions (industrial relations, health, public works, industry and labor, livestock and agriculture, education, and the preparation of the budget). The colegiado, embodying the political mechanism of coparticipation, consisted of nine members: six from the majority party and three from the minority party. The first colegiado (1919-33) was thereby established without eliminating the office of president. The history of successive constitutions is one of a lengthy struggle between advocates of the collegial system and those of the presidential system. Although the 1917 constitution worked well during the prosperous time after World War I, recurring conflicts between the president and the colegiado members made the executive power ineffective in coping with the economic and social crises wracking the country. These conflicts eventually led to the presidential coup of 1933. The ad hoc government suspended the constitution and appointed a constituent assembly to draw up a new one. The 1934 constitution abolished the colegiado and transferred its power to the president. Nevertheless, presidential powers remained somewhat limited. The executive power once again was exercised by a president who had to make decisions together with the ministers. The 1934 charter established the Council of Ministers (Consejo de Ministros) as the body in which these decisions were to be made. This council consisted of the president and the cabinet ministers. The constitution required the chief executive to appoint three of the nine cabinet ministers from among the members of the political party that received the second largest number of votes in the presidential election. The General Assembly, for its part, could issue votes of no confidence in cabinet ministers, with the approval of two-thirds of its members. The constitution divided the Senate between the Blancos and the Colorados or, as political scientist Martin Weinstein has pointed out, between the Herrerist faction of the Blancos (named after Luis Alberto de Herrera) and the Terrist wing of the Colorados (named after Gabriel Terra; president, 1931-38). The party that garnered the second largest number of votes automatically received 50 percent of the Senate seats. In addition, the 1934 charter empowered the Supreme Court of Justice to rule on the constitutionality of the laws. This system, which lasted eighteen years, further limited the power of the president and his government. Although Uruguay returned to a more democratic system in 1942, the failure of political sectors to reach an agreement on the proposed constitution drafted that year resulted in the postponement of constitutional reform. On July 31, 1951, a formal pact between the rightist Batllist faction of the Colorados--the Colorado and Batllist Union (Uni�n Colorada y Batllista--UCB)-- and the Herrerist Movement (Movimiento Herrerista) of the Blancos called for a plebiscite on constitutional reform. The plebiscite the following December 16 drew less than half of the 1.1 million voters to the polls, but the collegial system was approved by a small margin. As the culmination of an effort to reestablish the colegiado and the plural executive power, a fourth constitution was promulgated on January 25, 1952. It readopted Batlle y Ord��ez's original proposal for coparticipation by creating a nine-member colegiado, this time called the National Council of Government (Consejo Nacional de Gobierno), with six majority-party seats and three minority-party seats. The presidency of the council rotated among the six members of the majority party. The chief executive could nominate only four of the nine ministers from his own party faction; the General Assembly selected the other five through separate votes in both chambers. An absolute majority (more than two-thirds), however, of the full membership of the two legislative chambers had to support the appointments. It thereby ensured that either the Colorados or the Blancos would get the minority seats on the colegiado. The 1952 constitution also provided for impeachment of the president by the General Assembly. This nine-member colegiado, which headed the executive branch from 1954 to 1967, was ineffective because the president lacked control over the ministers and because the majority was seldom united. During most of this period, the National Party held power, having been elected in 1958 for the first time in over ninety years and again in 1962 when a different faction of the party was elected. The ineffectiveness of these governments caused the public to turn against the colegiado arrangement. In the elections of November 27, 1966, nearly 59 percent of Uruguayans voted to amend the 1952 constitution and to reestablish a presidential system of government, thus ending a fifteen-year experiment with the colegiado. The new constitution, which became operative on February 15, 1967, and has remained in effect since then, created a strong one-person presidency, subject to legislative and judicial checks. In free and fair elections held in 1968, Uruguayans approved the new charter and elected the Colorado Party to power again. The 1967 constitution contained many of the provisions of the 1952 charter. However, it removed some of the General Assembly's power to initiate legislation and provided for automatic approval of bills under certain conditions if the legislature failed to act. If, on receiving a bill, the president had objections or comments to make, the bill had to be returned to the General Assembly within ten days. If sixty days elapsed without a decision by the General Assembly, the president's objections had to be considered as accepted. The 1967 document also established the Permanent Commission, composed of four senators and seven representatives, which exercised certain legislative functions while the General Assembly was in recess. The 1967 charter could be amended by any of four different methods. First, 10 percent of the citizens who were registered to vote could initiate an amendment if they presented a detailed proposal to the president of the General Assembly. Second, two- fifths of the full membership of the General Assembly could approve a proposal presented to the president of the General Assembly and submitted to a plebiscite at the next election (a yes vote of an absolute majority of the full membership of the General Assembly was required, and this majority had to represent at least 35 percent of all registered voters). Third, senators, representatives, and the president of the republic could present proposed amendments, which had to be approved by an absolute majority of the full membership of the General Assembly. And finally, amendments could be made by constitutional laws requiring the approval of two-thirds of the full membership of each chamber of the General Assembly in the same legislative period. In 1976, however, the military government issued a series of constitutional decrees that amended the 1967 constitution by creating the Council of the Nation (Consejo de la Naci�n) to serve as the supreme governmental body, with executive and legislative functions. It consisted of the thirty members of the Council of State (Consejo de Estado, the body created by the regime in June 1973 to act in lieu of the General Assembly, which was dissolved by the regime and the twenty-eight senior officers of the armed forces (sixteen from the army, six from the navy, and six from the air force). The Council of the Nation appointed the president of the republic and the members of the Council of State, the Supreme Court of Justice, and the Tribunal of Administrative Claims, which was later dissolved in 1985. Eight institutional acts substituted for many of the functional provisions and guarantees of the 1967 constitution. For example, in addition to giving the Council of the Nation the power to appoint the president of the republic and to set general policy for the country, institutional acts deprived previous officeholders and candidates of their political rights and permitted the arbitrary dismissal of public employees. Under the 1976 constitutional amendments, the president exercised executive power, acting with the concurrence of one or more ministers as appropriate or with the National Security Council (Consejo de Seguridad Nacional--Cosena). The Cosena was formed in 1973 and consisted of the commanders of the army, navy, and air force, plus an additional senior military officer, and the ministers of national defense, interior, and foreign affairs. It participated in any decision related to the "national security" or in any formulation of overall plans or objectives. The constitutional decrees declared generally that the maintenance of the national security was of "exclusive competence," i.e., the sole prerogative, of the armed forces. These decrees deprived local governments of all budgetary powers. The Council of State continued to pass laws that the executive normally would have submitted for approval. Only the executive could initiate the procedure for approval of legislation on budgetary or other matters that could be related in any way to national security. The decrees also created the Ministry of Justice, responsible for relations between the executive and judicial powers. In 1980 the military regime drew up a charter that would have provided for a strong, continuing role for the military along the lines of the 1976 constitutional decrees, including legitimizing the Cosena's new role. The document also would have greatly reduced the roles of the General Assembly and political parties. In a plebiscite held November 30, 1980, however, Uruguayans, by a margin of 57 percent to 43 percent of the popular vote, rejected the new military-drafted constitution. Nevertheless, a new thirty-five-member Council of State was installed on August 20, 1981, before President Gregorio Alvarez Armelino (1981-85) took office. Its powers were expanded to include responsibility for calling a constitutional assembly, a plebiscite, and general elections. In discussions held during 1983, the military commanders and the leaders of the Colorado and National parties prepared a new text of the 1967 constitution. Accords negotiated by the military, the Colorados (but not the Blancos), and most of the Broad Front in July and August 1984 provided for a return to democracy without the Cosena. Following the return to civilian rule in 1985, Uruguay's human rights record quickly improved. One of the Sanguinetti government's first acts in this area was--with the approval of the newly restored General Assembly--to grant amnesty to all political prisoners, who consisted chiefly of members of the National Liberation Movement-Tupamaros (Movimiento de Liberaci�n Nacional-Tupamaros--MLN-T). In the late 1980s, there were no credible reports of human rights violations, according to the United States Department of State. Since 1985 Uruguay's democratic governments have respected the sixty-five articles in the 1967 constitution concerned primarily with the rights of citizens. The document provided for freedom of religion, thought, speech and press, peaceful assembly and association, collective bargaining, movement within the country, foreign travel, emigration and repatriation, respect for political rights, and the inviolability of property and privacy. The constitution did not provide for a state religion, although Roman Catholicism predominated, or for capital punishment (that was abolished during Batlle y Ord��ez's second term). There were two forms of citizenship: natural (persons born in Uruguay or those who were of Uruguayan parents and were registered residents) and legal (individuals established in Uruguay with at least three years' residence in the case of those with family in Uruguay or five years' residence for those without family there). Primary and secondary education was both free and compulsory. Every citizen eighteen years of age or older had the right and obligation to vote, which was compulsory. Uruguay has long been one of the most egalitarian countries in the world. Women's suffrage was enacted in 1932. In 1946 a statute was passed repealing all laws that established legal differences in the rights of women. Uruguayan women, who constituted one-third of the work force in the 1980s, enjoyed complete equality under the law. Nevertheless, some barriers still existed in practice because of traditional social patterns and restricted employment opportunities. Women often received less pay than men, especially in less skilled jobs. By early 1990, very few women held high political positions, but women had served in the cabinet, the Supreme Court of Justice, and the diplomatic corps, including at the ambassadorial level, and a few had served as alternates in the General Assembly. Uruguay Uruguay was a republic with three separate branches of government. The 1967 constitution institutionalized a strong presidency, subject to legislative and judicial checks. The electorate exercised sovereignty directly through elections, initiatives, or referendums and indirectly through representative powers established by the constitution. The Executive Executive power was exercised by the president of the republic, acting with the advice of the Council of Ministers. The vice president of the republic served as the president of the General Assembly and the Senate. The president and vice president were elected for five-year terms by a simple majority of the people through a unique voting system. Candidates had to be at least thirty-five years of age, native born, and in full possession of their civil rights. After a period following their election, the president and vice president were sworn in before both chambers of the General Assembly and took office on March 1. Neither could be reelected until five years after the completion of their terms. The president's duties included publishing all laws and enforcing them, informing the General Assembly of the state of the republic and of proposed improvements and reforms, making objections to or observations on bills sent by the General Assembly, proposing bills to the chambers or amendments to laws previously enacted, conferring civilian and military offices, and removing civil servants (with the consent of the Senate) for "inefficiency, dereliction of duty, or malfeasance." The key civilian appointments made by the president were cabinet members. A 1986 constitutional amendment returned to the presidency the power to command the armed forces and appoint the armed forces commander. The chief executive granted promotions to members of the armed forces, with the consent of the Senate for promotions to colonel or higher ranks. The president also was responsible for maintaining internal order and external security. Although the constitution did not give the president sweeping powers in cases of emergency, Article 168 empowered the chief executive "to take prompt measures of security in grave and unforeseen cases of foreign attack or internal disorder." In such an event, the president was required to explain his action to a joint session of the General Assembly or, if it was in recess, to the Permanent Commission within twenty-four hours. Other presidential powers included decreeing the severance of diplomatic relations with another country and declaring war if arbitration or other pacific means to avoid it were unsuccessful. The president appointed ambassadors and other foreign service diplomatic personnel. The chief executive could not leave the country for more than forty-eight hours without authorization from the Senate. The president could not be impeached unless found guilty of violations of articles of the constitution or other serious offenses. The Council of Ministers included the cabinet ministers (appointed by the president) and the president of the Central Bank of Uruguay. Each appointee had to be approved by a simple majority in each chamber of the General Assembly. Cabinet members had to be native-born citizens in full possession of their civil rights and at least thirty years of age. They could be removed from office by impeachment proceedings initiated by the Chamber of Representatives and approved by the Senate. When all the cabinet ministers or their deputies met and acted jointly, the body was known as the Council of Ministers. Presided over by the president of the republic, who had a vote, the Council of Ministers was responsible for all acts of government and administration. In addition, a number of autonomous entities ( autonomous agencies or state enterprises) and decentralized services were important in government administration. The principal duties of the cabinet members were to enforce the constitution, laws, decrees, and resolutions; to formulate and submit for the consideration of superior authority any laws, decrees, and resolutions they deemed appropriate; to effect-- within the limits of their functions--the payment of the national debt; to propose the appointment or discharge of employees of their ministries; and to perform any other functions entrusted to them by laws or by measures adopted by the executive power. They could attend the sessions of either chamber of the General Assembly and their respective standing committees, and they could take part in debate, but they could not vote. <"64.htm">The Legislature Uruguay The bicameral General Assembly enacted laws and regulated the administration of justice. The General Assembly consisted of the thirty-member Senate--thirty senators and the vice president of the republic, who presided over it as well as the General Assembly and had both a voice and a vote in Senate deliberations- -and the ninety-nine-member Chamber of Representatives. If the vice president ever assumed the presidency, the senator heading the list of the party that received the most votes in the last election would succeed to the presidency of the Senate. Members of both legislative bodies were directly elected every five years by a system of proportional representation. The Chamber of Representatives represented the nineteen administrative subdivisions of the country, with each department (intendencia) having at least two representatives. The members of the Senate were also elected by the people, but with the entire nation representing a single electoral district. Members of the General Assembly had to be natural citizens or legal citizens with seven years' exercise of their rights. Senators had to be at least thirty years of age, and representatives had to be at least twenty-five years of age. Uruguay did not have a residency requirement for election to the Senate or the Chamber of Representatives. Consequently, almost all of the country's politicians have lived and worked in Montevideo. Military and civil service personnel or public officials could not be candidates for either chamber of the General Assembly unless they resigned their positions at least three months before the election. In 1988 there were no female members of the General Assembly, but several served as alternates. The Chamber of Representatives could impeach any member of either chamber, the president, the vice president, cabinet ministers, judges of the Supreme Court of Justice, and other judges. The Senate was responsible for trying these impeachment cases and could deprive a person of a post by a two-thirds vote of its membership. In addition, the Senate, in session from midMarch to mid-December, spent much time considering nominations for, appointments to, and removals from office submitted by the executive. In other respects, the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives had equal powers and duties. Members of either of the two chambers could initiate a bill. Both chambers had to approve a proposed bill before it could be sent to the executive power to be published. The latter branch, however, had ten days to make objections to or observations on the bill. If the president objected only to part of a bill, the General Assembly could enact the other part. Among the most important duties of the Chamber of Representatives--in joint session with the Senate--were the election of the members of the Supreme Court of Justice and three quasi-judicial autonomous entities: the Accounts Tribunal, the Contentious-Administrative Tribunal, and the Electoral Court. These ordinary administrative courts heard cases involving the functioning of state administration. In addition, the Chamber of Representatives was empowered to grant pardons and settle disputes concerning legislation on which the two chambers disagreed. The Chamber of Representatives also had the exclusive right to impeach members of both chambers, the president and vice president of the republic, the cabinet ministers, and members of the courts for violations of the constitution or other serious offenses. Impeachment proceedings had to be tried before the Senate. The Accounts Tribunal, which was a functionally autonomous appendage of the General Assembly, was responsible for determining taxes and reporting on the accounts and budgets of all the state organs. It was authorized to intervene in all matters relating to the financial activities of the state organs, departmental governments, and autonomous agencies, and it was authorized to report to the appropriate authority all irregularities in the management of public funds or infractions of budgetary and accounting laws. It was authorized to certify the legality of expenditures and payments and append pertinent objections whenever necessary. In the departmental governments and autonomous agencies, officials acting under the supervision of the tribunal performed the same duties. The tribunal's opinions covered all the organs of the state, including departmental governments. An annual report had to be submitted to the General Assembly. The Accounts Tribunal consisted of seven members appointed by a two-thirds vote of the full membership of the General Assembly. Their elective qualifications were the same as those of a senator. Their term of office ended when the succeeding General Assembly made new appointments, but they could be reelected. The Contentious-Administrative Tribunal heard pleas for the nullification of final administrative acts that were considered contrary to law or an abuse of authority made by the administration, state organs, departmental governments, autonomous entities, and decentralized services. It also had jurisdiction over the final administrative acts of the governments of the departments and of the autonomous entities. Its functions were only to appraise the act itself and to confirm or annul it, without alteration. Its decisions had effect only in the cases before it. The Contentious-Administrative Tribunal could act in cases of conflict of jurisdiction based on legislation and on differences that arose among the executive, the departmental governments, and the autonomous entities. The qualifications necessary for election to the ContentiousAdministrative Tribunal, the manner of appointment, the remuneration, and the term of office were the same as those established for the members of the Supreme Court of Justice. The tribunal was composed of five judges appointed by the General Assembly for ten-year terms. It also had an "attorney general for administrative claims" (appointed by the president), whose qualifications, remuneration, and term of office were decided by the tribunal. The attorney general was heard at the final hearing of all matters within the jurisdiction of the tribunal. The Electoral Court, a quasi-judicial autonomous entity, supervised national, departmental, and municipal elections and had competence over all electoral acts and procedures. It ruled in the last instance on appeals and complaints; it also judged the election of all the elective posts and the holding of a plebiscite (on constitutional issues) or referendum (on political issues). Of the Electoral Court's nine members, the General Assembly appointed five and their alternates by a two-thirds vote in joint session and elected the other four members and their alternates equally from the two political parties having the highest number of votes. The court had eighteen alternates in addition to the nine full members. Members served four years until the succeeding legislature selected their replacements. Uruguay Like all previous charters, the 1967 constitution established the judicial branch as an independent power of the state. The Supreme Court of Justice headed the judiciary, both civilian and military. Lower civilian courts included six appellate courts (for civil matters, criminal matters, and labor matters), courts of first instance (sometimes referred to as lawyer courts [juzgados letrados]), and justice of the peace courts. During the military regime (1973-85), the Ministry of Justice administered the courts, and military officers were appointed to the highest courts. As a result of the 1984 Naval Club Pact, which clipped the powers of the military courts, the judicial branch regained its autonomy when Sanguinetti assumed office on March 1, 1985. That May the General Assembly, despite the opposition of the Colorado Party, declared all posts of the Supreme Court of Justice vacant on the grounds that none of the justices had been legally appointed. Accordingly, all of the military officers appointed by the military regime to the high court or the appellate courts retired from their positions. Sanguinetti then formally abolished the Ministry of Justice, retaining only the minister of justice post. Nevertheless, there was a continuing public debate during his administration over the need to reform the legal and judicial systems. Located in Montevideo, the Supreme Court of Justice managed the entire judicial system. It prepared budgets for the judiciary and submitted them to the General Assembly for approval, proposed all legislation regarding the functioning of the courts, appointed judges to the appellate courts, and nominated all other judges and judicial officials. It had the power to modify any decisions made by the appellate courts and was the only court allowed to declare the unconstitutionality of laws passed by the General Assembly. It alone decided on conflicts affecting diplomats and international treaties, the execution of the rulings of foreign courts, and relations among agencies of the government. The president of the Supreme Court of Justice was empowered to attend meetings of the committees of both chambers of the General Assembly and had a voice in discussion but had no vote. A conference of the two chambers of the General Assembly appointed the five members of the Supreme Court of Justice. The justices had to be between forty and seventy years of age, native-born citizens in full possession of their civil rights, or legal citizens with ten years' exercise of their rights and twenty-five years of residence in the country. They also had to have been a lawyer for ten years or to have been a judge or member of the Public Ministry for eight years. (The Public Ministry consisted of the public attorneys, headed by the "attorney general of the court and attorney of the country," who acted independently before the Supreme Court of Justice.) Members served for ten years and could be reelected after a break of five years. At the appointment of the president, two military justices served on the Supreme Court of Justice on an ad hoc basis and participated only in cases involving the military. Each of the appellate courts, also located in Montevideo, had three judges appointed by the Supreme Court of Justice with the consent of the Senate. To be a member, one had to be at least thirty-five years of age, a native-born citizen or legal citizen for seven years, and a lawyer with at least eight years of experience or otherwise engaged in a law-related profession for at least six years. An appellate court judge was obliged to retire by age seventy. These courts did not have original jurisdiction but heard appeals from lower courts. The appellate courts divided responsibilities for civil matters (including matters concerning commerce, customs, and minors), as well as for criminal and labor affairs. In Montevideo Department, the judges of first instance, sometimes referred to as lawyer judges (jueces letrados), decided on the appeals to lower-court rulings. In 1990 Montevideo Department had forty judges of first instance, including eighteen who decided on civil matters, four on minors, three on customs, ten on criminal cases, and five on labor cases. Outside Montevideo Department, the first decision on all cases of civil, family, customs, criminal, or labor law was submitted to the municipal judges of first instance. Each department had up to five municipal judges of first instance, located in the major cities. They could rule on most minor cases, with the exception of those that were within the competence of the justices of the peace. Both municipal judges of first instance and the Montevideo Department judges of first instance had to have previously served as justices of the peace. At the lowest level, each of the country's 224 judicial divisions had a justice of the peace court. The Supreme Court of Justice appointed the 224 justices of the peace for four-year terms. They had to be at least twenty-five years of age, nativeborn citizens or legal citizens for two years, and in full possession of their civil rights. Those who served in Montevideo Department and the capitals and major cities of other departments had to be lawyers; those in rural areas had to be either lawyers or notaries. Their jurisdiction was limited to cases involving eviction, breach of contract, collection of rent, and all smallclaims commercial and business cases. The law recognized only one category of lawyer. In order to practice law, an individual had to first obtain the degree of law and social sciences from the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of the University of the Republic (also known as the University of Montevideo). The degree was granted by the university after the successful completion of six years of studies. Candidates had to be at least twenty-one years of age, listed in the Register of Lawyers maintained by the Supreme Court of Justice, not be under indictment for a crime penalized by corporal punishment, and not have been convicted of a crime. A public defender system was established in 1980 with the placing of lawyers in all courts to assist those unable to pay for their services. Public defenders-- appointed jointly by the president and the minister of justice-- protected the society's interests. Uruguay Uruguay traditionally has had a sizable civil service organization. Civil service regulations determined conditions for admission to the service as a career. In accordance with these regulations for service in the national government, departmental governments adopted regulations for their own civil service personnel. Permanent career status was achieved after a fairly short probationary period. The Sanguinetti government reestablished the National Office of the Civil Service (Oficina Nacional del Servicio Civil--ONSC), which the military regime had abolished, as the technical advisory organ specializing in administrative reform matters. The ONSC publicized its ideas on change and reform by sponsoring academic, public, and international seminars and roundtables. The ONSC's duties included controlling the entrance of personnel into the public administration and streamlining public institutions. Under Sanguinetti, the ONSC also implemented course requirements for civil service managers and, with the assistance of France's National School of Public Administration (Ecole Nationale d'Administration Publique), created a "training course for high executives of the central administration." During the first twenty years since its creation in 1969, the ONSC trained or provided technical assistance to some 4,000 public employees, more than one-third of them between 1986 and 1988. Following ONSC guidelines, the Sanguinetti government restructured the civil service and reassigned 1,787 workers. At the end of 1988, the state employed a total of 271,124 workers (approximately 20 percent of the labor force), who included 1,281 members of the legislative branch, 106,455 members of the executive branch, 5,132 members of the judicial branch, 117,423 members of the autonomous entities, and 40,833 members of the departmental governments. Over twenty autonomous entities administered certain national industrial and commercial services. These agencies were divided into two general classifications: the first was concerned with education, welfare, and culture; the second, with industry and commerce. Uruguay Uruguay's administrative subdivisions consisted of nineteen departments (intendencias), which were subordinate to the central government and responsible for local administration. They enforced national laws and administered the nation's social and educational policies and institutions within their territories. These territories had limited taxing powers, but they could borrow funds and acquire property. They also had the power to establish unpaid five-member local boards or town councils in municipalities other than the departmental capital if the population was large enough to warrant such a body. Executive authority was vested in a governor (intendente), who administered the department, and in a thirty-one-member departmental board (junta departmental), which carried out legislative functions. These functions included approval of the departmental budget and judicial actions, such as impeachment proceedings against departmental officials, including the governor. At the municipal level, a mayor (intendente municipal) assumed executive and administrative duties, carrying out resolutions made by the local board (whose members were appointed on the basis of proportional representation of the political parties). The governor was required to comply with and enforce the constitution and the laws and to promulgate the decrees enacted by the departmental board. The governor was authorized to prepare the budget, submit it for approval to the departmental board, appoint the board's employees, and, if necessary, discipline or suspend them. The governor represented the department in its relations with the national government and other departmental governments and in the negotiation of contracts with public or private agencies. Like the governor, the members of the departmental board and the mayor were elected for five-year terms in direct, popular elections. A governor could be reelected only once, and candidates for the post had to meet the same requirements as those for a senator, in addition to being a native of the department or a resident therein for at least three years before assuming office. Departmental board members had to be at least twenty-three years of age, native born (or a legal citizen for at least three years), and a native of the department (or a resident for at least three years). The board sat in the capital city of each department and exercised jurisdiction throughout the entire territory of the department. It could issue decrees and resolutions that it deemed necessary either on the suggestion of the governor or on its own initiative. It could approve budgets, fix the amount of taxes, request the intervention of the Accounts Tribunal for advice concerning departmental finances or administration, and remove from office--at the request of the governor--members of nonelective local departmental boards. The board also supervised local public services; public health; and primary, secondary, preparatory, industrial, and artistic education. Although Montevideo was the smallest department in terms of area (divided into twenty-three geographic zones that generally coincided with the electoral zones), its departmental board had sixty-five members in 1990; all other departments had thirty-one-member boards and a five-member executive council appointed by the departmental board, with proportional representation from the principal political parties. Uruguay Uruguayans have taken voting very seriously. Voting, which was obligatory, was not restricted by race, sex, religion, or economic status. Other rules governing suffrage included mandatory inscription in the Civil Register and a system of proportional representation. These rules also included prohibition of political activity (with the exception of voting) by judicial magistrates, directors of the autonomous entities, and members of the armed forces and police. In addition, the president of the republic and members of the Electoral Court were not permitted to serve as political party officials or engage in political election propaganda; all electoral boards had to be elected; a two-thirds vote of the full membership of each chamber was needed to adopt any new law concerning the Civil Register or elections; and all national and local elections were to be held on the last Sunday in November every five years. Uruguay's electoral processes were among the most complicated known. The unusual Uruguayan electoral system combined primaries and a general election in one event. Primary and general elections combined proportional representation with a "double simultaneous vote" (doble voto simult�neo). This system, as established by the Elections Law of 1925, allowed each party's sub-lemas, or factions, to run rival lists of candidates. Traditionally, under Uruguayan law the results of political elections were tabulated in an unusual fashion. Under the 1982 Political Parties Law, each party was allowed to present three tickets, or single candidates, each representing a different sub-lema, for executive and legislative posts, and these factions did not need the party's approval of their candidates. A voter selected a faction and a list of candidates within that sub-lema. The votes of all the factions were given to the party (lema) to which they belonged, and the presidency went to the candidate of the sub-lema that received the most votes within the winning party. Thus, even if a given ticket garnered more votes than any other slate running for election, it could not win unless its party also won. The governing party was actually the majority group within the party that won the last elections. The disadvantages of this system were that it discouraged intraparty selectivity in choosing presidential candidates, often allowed politicians who received only a minority of the vote to rise to power, blocked the rise of new parties and new leadership while encouraging fractionalization, and often resulted in a multiplicity of alliances or combinations of national and local candidates for office. Election of members of the General Assembly was even more complicated. Election of the ninety-nine members of the Chamber of Representatives was based on the population in the country's nineteen departments, whereas the thirty members of the Senate were elected at large from the nation. Seats were allocated on the basis of each party's share of the total vote, but each party usually had various lists of candidates, among whom prior agreements had been made to unify or transfer votes. As a result, there have been frequent complaints that voters never knew for whom they were ultimately voting in the congressional races. Electoral fraud, however, was precluded by the traditional method of decentralized vote-counting at thousands of vote-counting tables. In addition, the Electoral Court supervised the entire registration and voting process, registered parties and candidates, had final jurisdiction in all election disputes, and supervised the functioning of the various departmental electoral boards. It also supervised the National Electoral Office in Montevideo, which had the responsibility for organizing and maintaining the Civil Register of all eligible voters in the country. One Electoral Court existed at the national level and one in each department capital. Before an election, the General Assembly allocated a sum of money for the Electoral Court to distribute among the political parties in proportion to the number of votes a party received in the last election. These funds helped to defray campaign costs. Party-proposed ballots had to be presented to the Electoral Court at least twenty days prior to an election. After making the final verification of ballots, the Electoral Court could annul an election, but only if gross irregularities were found. Uruguay The Colorado and National parties and, to a lesser extent, the Broad Front coalition, were the three major political entities in 1990. Until the 1971 elections, the Colorado and National parties together accounted for 90 percent of the votes cast; the remaining 10 percent of the votes were divided among various small parties. Some of the minor parties have followed the lead of the major parties and sought to enhance their electoral chances through coalitions, such as the Broad Front. The traditional two-party system was threatened for the first time by the Broad Front's victory in the Montevideo municipal elections in 1989, its first win on the national level. As previously noted, a system of coparticipation (coparticipaci�n) in the government between the ruling party and the principal opposition has characterized Uruguayan politics since 1872. According to Weinstein, this term best described Uruguay's unique political process and was still widely used among Uruguayans in the 1980s. Coparticipation meant that the two traditional parties and their members were entitled to divide and share the governing of the country. Indeed, in order to govern, the majority party had to make alliances with other parties because being the majority party in a proportional representation system did not necessarily mean that it had a simple majority in the General Assembly. For example, the Colorado Party almost always governed in alliance with a section of the National Party. During the first years of the Sanguinetti administration, the National Party refrained from systematic opposition, thereby helping to ease the legislative passage of government policies. The Colorado Party was expected to do the same for the Lacalle government. Sharing political power also has been determined by the principle of parity (paridad), meaning that the losing party's participation in the government was based on the relative electoral strength of the two parties. Each party permitted internal ideological divisions because each party could run multiple presidential candidates and its own slate of legislative nominees. Factions, or sub-lemas, fielded different lists of candidates for general elections. Voters expressed a preference for a list rather than an individual candidate, and they voted for a party. The winning list of the party that received the most votes won the presidency and a percentage of the seats in the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives corresponding to the percentage of votes that the party as a whole received. National and departmental elections were held simultaneously every five years. Campaigns were funded in part by government subsidies given to the parties and factions in accordance with their voting strength in the previous election. <"70.htm">Traditional Parties Uruguay Uruguay was one of the few Latin American countries with two political groupings--the Colorado and National parties--as old as the country itself. Most Uruguayans considered themselves either Colorados or Blancos from birth, and affiliation with one of the two major parties or their major sub-lemas was a part of one's family heritage. The two parties traditionally maintained a rough equilibrium, and their factions had their own leaders, candidates, followers, policies, and organizational structures. These sub-lemas embraced persons of various political orientations and social backgrounds. In general, however, the Colorado Party traditionally was associated with the city, labor unions, and secularist and "progressive" movements, whereas the National Party identified with the interior farming groups and the more religious and conservative groups. The cleavage between Montevideo and the rural interior influenced party affiliation and political attitudes to a greater extent than did differences in social status and income. (The coastal region often held the balance of power between Montevideo and the interior.) Although three-fourths of all voters remained loyal to the traditional parties in the 1984 elections, the support of these parties in Montevideo weakened gradually during the 1980s. The decline of the National Party in Montevideo was the most pronounced; it won none of the capital's twenty-three electoral zones in 1984 and made no headway against the Broad Front in 1989. Despite internal fractionalization, both traditional parties maintained the structures typical of more cohesive modern parties, including conventions, general assemblies, party steering committees, and caucuses. The fundamental units of the factions of both parties were the neighborhood clubs, guided and controlled by professional politicians. Vague ideological differences between the major parties still existed in the 1980s, but the differences involved not so much politics as allegiance to certain leaders and traditions. Although the Colorados traditionally were more liberal than the Blancos, both parties had liberal and conservative factions. In the General Assembly, the left wings of both parties often lined up in opposition to both right wings on important votes. The Colorados also were more anticlerical in the early twentieth century, but this distinction lost most of its significance as both parties broadened their bases of support. The urban-based Colorados were considered more cosmopolitan in outlook than the rural-based, tradition-oriented, and economically conservative Blancos. In general, the followers of Batlle y Ord��ez in the Colorado Party were more willing than the Blanco leadership to undertake political, social, and economic innovations. The Colorado and National parties each had various sublemas in late 1990. The Colorado Party's factions included the right-of-center United Batllism (Batllismo Unido--BU), which was in the majority for thirty years until August 1990; the leftof -center BU sector, called the Social Action Movement (Movimiento de Acci�n Social--MAS), led by Hugo Fern�ndez Faingold; Unity and Reform (Unidad y Reforma), or List 15, led by Jorge Batlle Ib��ez; the antimilitary Freedom and Change (Libertad y Cambio), or List 85, led by Enrique E. Tarigo, Sanguinetti's vice president; the Independent Batllist Faction (Corriente Batllista Independiente--CBI), led by Senator Manuel Flores Silva; V�ctor Vaillant's "progressive" Batllist Reaffirmation Movement (Movimiento de Reafirmaci�n Batllista-- MRB), a CBI splinter group; the rightist Colorado and Batllist Union (Uni�n Colorada y Batllista--UCB), or List 123; and Democratic Traditionalism (Tradicionalismo Democr�tico--Trademo), a sector of the National Republican Association (Asociaci�n Nacional Republicana--ANR). The UCB was subdivided into three main groups: the minority right-wing and promilitary Pachequist faction led by Jorge Pacheco Areco (president, 1967-72); the sector led by Pablo Millor Coccaro, Pacheco's principal rival; and the National Integrationist Movement (Movimiento Integracionista Nacional-- MIN), which was formed in early 1986 and led by Senator Pedro W. Cers�simo. Following the 1989 elections, Millor's sector caused a political storm within the UCB when it announced that it would henceforth operate autonomously, although still recognizing Pacheco's leadership. Pacheco's faction, for its part, founded the National Colorado Movement (Movimiento Nacional Colorado-- MNC) on May 11, 1990. As a result of the primaries of the Colorado Party in early August 1990, Batlle Ib��ez's Unity and Reform sub-lema ousted the faction led by former President Sanguinetti from the leadership of the Colorado Party. Batlle Ib��ez's faction obtained five seats on the party's fifteen-member National Executive Committee, followed by Pacheco's four seats, Sanguinetti's three, and Millor's three. The National Party was divided into at least five factions. The Herrerist Movement (Movimiento Herrerista), or faction, of the National Party emerged in the 1930s. Lacalle founded the Herrerist National Council (Consejo Nacional Herrerista--CNH) in 1961. The CNH joined with Senator Dando Ortiz's sector in 1987 to form the right-of-center Herrerist Movement. After Wilson Ferreira Aldunate's death in March 1988, Lacalle assumed the presidency of the Herrerist Movement. Other National Party factions included Carlos Julio Pereyra's left-of-center La Rocha National Movement (Movimiento Nacional de La Rocha--MNR), the second largest National Party sublema ; the centrist For the Fatherland (Por la Patria--PLP), founded in 1969 by Ferreira as a personalist movement, reorganized into a more democratic party in 1985, and led by Senator Alberto S�enz de Zumar�n after Ferreira's death in 1988; Renovation and Victory (Renovaci�n y Victoria--RV), led by Gonzalo Aguirre Ram�rez, a constitutional lawyer; and the People's Blanco Union (Uni�n Blanca Popular--UBP), founded in the late 1980s by Oscar L�pez Balestra, a member of the Chamber of Representatives. The CNH, MNR, and PLP were all antimilitary factions. Additional minor parties included the White Emblem (Divisa Blanca), a conservative party led by Eduardo Pons Etcheverry; Juan Pivel Devoto's Nationalist Popular Faction (Corriente Popular Nacionalista--CPN), which broke away from the National Party in late 1986; the Barr�n National Party (Partido NacionalBarr�n ); the ultrarightist Society for the Defense of Family Tradition and Property (Sociedad de Defensa de la Tradici�n Familia y Propriedad--TFP); the Humanist Party (Partido Humanista), which appeared in 1985; and the Animal Welfare Ecological Green Party (Eto-Ecologista--Partido Verde--EE-PV), which emerged in 1989. Uruguay In February 1971, Colorado Party dissident senators Zelmar Michelini (who was later assassinated in 1976) and Hugo Batalla formed the left-of-center Broad Front coalition in a bid to break the historical two-party system of Colorados and Blancos. The Socialist Party of Uruguay (Partido Socialista del Uruguay--PSU), one of Uruguay's oldest left-wing parties (founded in 1910 by Emilio Frugoni), was one of its principal members. Another core Broad Front member, founded in 1921, was the Communist Party of Uruguay (Partido Comunista del Uruguay--PCU). Rodney Arismendi, PCU general secretary since 1955, returned to Uruguay in November 1984 after many years as a resident of Moscow; he died in 1988 and was replaced by Jaime P�rez, a former union leader. One of Sanguinetti's first acts after taking office was to lift the restrictions on the PCU (which had been banned) and its Moscow-line newspaper El Popular. The PCU had only an estimated 7,500 members in early 1990, but its apparatus controlled the majority of the country's labor unions. The Broad Front had a strong following in Montevideo, with a presence in all social classes and all generations. Under military rule (1973-85), the alliance's leader, General (Retired) L�ber Seregni Mosquera, was arrested, the Broad Front was outlawed, and its activists were persecuted. When national elections were held in 1984, the military banned Seregni from running. Nevertheless, with Juan Jos� Crottogini as its candidate, the Broad Front received slightly more than 21 percent of the total vote, compared with 18.5 percent in the 1971 national elections. The Broad Front coalition generally agreed with the Sanguinetti government's foreign policy and political leadership stances, but it was fundamentally opposed to its economic policies. For example, the Broad Front favored increasing real incomes and opposed the government's export-oriented policy. Internal power struggles between moderate and radical sectors weakened the Broad Front in the late 1980s. By late 1987, the Christian Democratic Party (Partido Dem�crata Cristiano--PDC) and the People's Government Party (Partido por el Gobierno del Pueblo--PGP) were feuding with other coalition members over their demand that the alliance be redefined to give their own positions greater weight. The PDC and PGP wanted to reduce the hegemony of the Marxist groups and their undue influence on Seregni's public stances. In 1988 a PDC faction broke away and sought an understanding with one of the factions of the National Party. The PDC and PGP then proposed that the alliance should field two presidential candidates in the November 1989 elections: Seregni and PGP leader Batalla. The Broad Front's radical Marxist and communist sector, however, opposed the idea of running two candidates because they regarded the front as a party and not a coalition. In December 1988, therefore, the leftist parties of the alliance decided that Seregni would be the Broad Front's sole candidate; but the PGP backed Batalla. The PDC and PGP withdrew from the alliance in February and March 1989, respectively, over the issue of presidential candidacies and the leftist control of the organization. Batalla's PGP, which accounted for about 40 percent of the alliance's electoral votes in 1984, had been responsible for eleven of the Broad Front's twenty-one representatives and three of its six senators. By May 1989, the Broad Front consisted of fourteen parties. Smaller ones included the People's Victory Party (Partido por la Victoria del Pueblo--PVP) and the Uruguayan Revolutionary Movement of Independents (Movimiento de Independientes Revolucionario Oriental--MRO), a pro-Cuban group founded in 1961. Five parties were accepted as members in May 1989: the National Liberation Movement-Tupamaros (Movimiento de Liberaci�n NacionalTupamaros --MLN-T); the 26th of March Movement (Movimiento 26 de Marzo--26 M); the Trotskyite Socialist Workers' Party (Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores--PST); the Grito de Asencio Integration Movement (Movimiento de Integraci�n Grito de Asencio); and a faction of the PDC. The MLN-T--a former urban guerrilla organization established in 1962 and disbanded by the armed forces in 1972--was given amnesty by the General Assembly in March 1985. The MLN-T reorganized and appeared in the political arena in July 1986 but was not legally recognized until May 1989. With several hundred members, it was politically insignificant. In order to run candidates in the November 1989 elections, the MLN-T, together with other ultra-leftist forces--the PVP, PST, and MRO---created the People's Participation Movement (Movimiento de Participaci�n Popular--MPP). In 1989 the Broad Front also included a subcoalition called the Advanced Democracy Party (Partido de Democracia Avanzada), which served as a front for the PCU; the People's Broad Front Movement (Movimiento Popular Frenteamplista--MPF); the Broad Front Unity Faction (Corriente de Unidad Frenteamplista--CUFO); the Preg�n Movement (Movimiento Preg�n); Alba Roballo's left-wing Liberal Party (Partido Liberal), a sub-lema that joined in April 1989; the Nationalist Action Movement (Movimiento de Acci�n Nacionalista--MAN), a nationalist organization; the Popular and Progressive Blanco Movement (Movimiento Popular Blanco y Progresista--MBPP), a moderate left-wing party; and the Movement for the People's Government (Movimiento por el Gobierno del Pueblo--MGP), which became, in August 1986, the tenth political party of Uruguay to be created. The MGP subsequently merged with the PGP and adopted a social democratic program. The Broad Front was organized like a communist party. It had a party congress with decision-making powers, under which was a central committee-like body called the national plenum. A president, Seregni, headed the 108-member national plenum, which met at least once every two months. A political bureau, which included the president, exercised day-to-day authority. Uruguay After breaking away from the Broad Front in early 1989, the PDC and PGP joined with the Civic Union (Uni�n C�vica--UC) to form a coalition called the Integration Movement (Movimiento de Integraci�n--MI). The MI nominated the PGP leader, Batalla--a senator, journalist, and lawyer--as its 1989 presidential candidate. On July 24, these three social democratic parties comprising the MI--the PGP, PDC, and UC--formally created a leftof -center electoral alliance within the MI called the New Sector (Nuevo Espacio), which reaffirmed Batalla as its presidential candidate. Juan Guillermo Young and Carlos Vassallo, dissidents from the conservative Civic Union of Uruguay (Uni�n C�vica del Uruguay-- UCU), a Catholic party founded in 1912, founded the PDC in 1962, when the UCU officially became the PDC. A left-of-center party, the PDC advocated social transformation through democratic means. The PDC soon fractionalized. In 1971, when the PDC joined with the PCU and PSU in the Broad Front, PDC dissidents, including former UCU members, broke away and formed the UC, an anti-Marxist social Christian party. The UC recognized a Christian democratic faction that also split from the PDC in 1980. From November 1982 to August 1984, the military regime banned the PDC for its policy of casting blank ballots. In the second half of the 1980s, the UC was divided between its traditional sector, the Progressive Faction (Corriente Progresista), led by Humberto Ciganda and made up of other longtime leaders; the Renewal Faction (Corriente Renovadora), led by members of the Chamber of Representatives Julio Daverede and Heber Rossi Passina; the UC secretary general, H�ctor P�rez Piera; and youth leaders. One leader of the UC's Progressive Faction, the late Juan Vicente Chiarino, served as Sanguinetti's defense minister. The withdrawal of the UC's presidential candidate, Ciganda, from the November 1989 elections widened the split within the party. Uruguay The Sanguinetti Administration The Sanguinetti government pursued a moderate and pragmatic approach to the nation's problems. Having inherited a US$4.9 billion foreign debt accrued almost entirely during the military regime, the Sanguinetti government focused on foreign trade. On April 1, 1986, after several months of negotiations among the principal parties--the ruling Colorados, the Blancos, the Broad Front, and the UC--the leaders signed an agreement to promote the country's economic and social development. In August 1986, Sanguinetti, with the backing of his Colorado Party, submitted an unrestricted amnesty bill for the military and police to the General Assembly as an extension of the pardon granted to the Tupamaros. The government was able to obtain only fifty-five of the necessary sixty-six votes, however, so the proposal was rejected. The ruling Colorado Party then voted in favor of the bill sponsored by the National Party, which recommended trials only for those responsible for serious human rights violations. The Senate rejected the National Party bill as well, setting the stage for the worst political crisis in twenty months of democratic government. Lacking a majority in either of the two chambers, Sanguinetti met with opposition National Party leader Ferreira to attempt to reach a political solution on a number of points: the human rights issue; the extreme lack of expediency in General Assembly deliberations; interparty differences over the proposed national budget; and frequent clashes between the government and the opposition. In the first step leading to a resolution, the government and the National Party reached an agreement on the budget report, which the General Assembly subsequently approved. In December 1986, after acrimonious debate (including fistfights in the Chamber of Representatives), the General Assembly approved the government's alternative to an amnesty, consisting of a "full stop" to the examination of human rights violations committed by 360 members of the armed forces and police during the military regime. According to Amnesty International, thirty-two Uruguayan citizens "disappeared," and thousands were victims of persecution and torture during that period. Groups opposed to what they called the "impunity" law-- including the MNR, the Broad Front, the Tupamaros, the UC, and the most important labor confederation--launched a campaign, spearheaded by the MNR, to force a referendum on the issue. Led by human rights activists, university professors, and artists, these groups laboriously collected the required 555,701 "recall" signatures, all of which had to be certified by the Electoral Court. The measure carried by only 230 signatures. According to the constitution, the signatures of at least 25 percent of the electorate were needed for the holding of a referendum to revoke a law passed by the General Assembly. Those who favored keeping the full-stop law--including the ruling Colorado Party and the Ferreira-led For the Fatherland (the principal National Party faction)--argued that the amnesty had given the country four years of stability and military obedience to democratic rule. They warned that a repeal could spark an army revolt. Nevertheless, the MRB supported the call for a referendum on the full-stop law. In the obligatory April 16, 1989, referendum--in which 85 percent of the population participated--Uruguayans voted by a decisive 57 percent to 43 percent to keep the full-stop law in effect and thereby maintain a peaceful democratic transition. Although the referendum's aftermath was characterized by tranquillity and a spirit of reconciliation, it highlighted Uruguay's growing generation gap. Approximately 75 percent of Montevideo residents between eighteen and twenty-nine voted against the full-stop law. <"74.htm">The November 1989 Elections <"75.htm">The Lacalle Administration Uruguay Of the dozen candidates running for the presidency in the elections of November 26, 1989, the two front-runners were the National Party's Lacalle and the ruling Colorado Party's Batlle Ib��ez. Both were from political families and were grandsons of the founders of their respective parties. The tradition of public service went back even further for Lacalle; his great-grandfather, Juan Jos� de Herrera, was minister of foreign affairs in Blanco governments in the nineteenth century. Batlle Ib��ez--a lawyer, senator, and leader of the Colorado Party's majority sector, United Batllism (Batllismo Unido--BU)--descended from three presidents: his great-grandfather Lorenzo Batlle y Grau (1868-72), his great- uncle Jos� Batlle y Ord��ez (1903-07, 1911-15), and his father, Luis Batlle Berres (1947-51). The personalities of Lacalle and Batlle Ib��ez, rather than policy differences, dominated the campaign, although the issues debated were the ones that traditionally distinguished the two parties. Whereas the Colorado Party emphasized the role of the government in promoting the national welfare, the National Party focused on Uruguay's people and society as being primarily responsible for their own destiny. The more controversial issues included "privatization" of state enterprises---such as the telephone company and ports--and the extension of university education to the interior. Both Batlle Ib��ez and Lacalle advocated reducing the state's economic role, seeking foreign investment, and taking on the leftist-led unions. One difference was that Batlle Ib��ez favored paying the country's foreign debt, whereas Lacalle favored renegotiating it. In a televised debate in October 1989, Batlle Ib��ez repeatedly noted their agreement on issues, while Lacalle distanced himself from his opponent, thereby apparently outscoring him. In general, the campaign was very respectful and lacking in "dirty tricks." Other 1989 presidential candidates included, on the Blanco side: Carlos Julio Pereyra, leftist leader of the MNR; Alberto S�enz de Zumar�n, a strongly antimilitary centrist endorsed by the Social Christian Movement (Movimiento Social Cristiano--MSC); and the CNH's Francisco Ubilles. On the Colorado side, candidates included Sanguinetti's former minister of labor and social welfare, Hugo Fern�ndez Faingold, the MAS leader; and Jorge Pacheco Areco, the former president (1967-72) and later ambassador to Paraguay, as well as leader of the Colorado and Batllist Union (Uni�n Colorada y Batllista--UCB), who ran on a ticket with Pablo Millor Coccaro, whom he selected late in the campaign. Pacheco's authoritarian and austere administration had been widely disliked, and Pacheco had spent his previous seventeen years out of the country--even serving as an ambassador for the military regime--but many Uruguayans still nostalgically identified him with a long-gone period of economic stability and security. Of the National Party's three candidates--Pereyra, Zumar�n, and Lacalle--Lacalle initially had the least support among party members (20 percent), as compared with Pereyra (28 percent) and Zumar�n (46 percent), according to a poll commissioned by a weekly news magazine, B�squeda, in July 1988. This standing was reversed, however, by September 1989 when, according to a poll in Montevideo published by B�squeda, 52 percent of those questioned voted for Lacalle, 34 percent for Pereyra, and 10 percent for Zumar�n. The total number of people duly registered to vote in the November 26, 1989, presidential elections was 2.4 million, of which 47.3 percent were Montevideo city residents and 52.7 percent were from the country's nineteen departments. In an upset for the Colorado Party, Lacalle and his running mate, Gonzalo Aguirre Ram�rez, won after their party garnered 37.7 percent of the 2 million votes cast, compared with the Colorado Party's 29.2 percent, the Broad Front's 20.6 percent, and the New Sector's meager 8.6 percent. Other parties, including the EE-PV, received a total of 3.9 percent. The other big winner was the Broad Front, whose mayoral candidate, Tabar� V�zquez, captured Montevideo's municipal government. V�zquez, a cancer specialist and professor of oncology, as well as a member of the PSU's central committee, became the city's first Marxist mayor by obtaining 35 percent of the total vote. The Colorado Party lost not only the elections but also ten departments and fifteen seats in the Chamber of Representatives. The National Party took seventeen departments, obtaining thirtynine of the ninety-nine seats in the Chamber of Representatives; the Colorado Party, thirty; the Broad Front, twenty-one; and the New Sector, nine. Of the thirty Senate seats, the Blancos won twelve, the Colorados nine, the Broad Front seven, and the New Sector two. Aguirre's own fledgling RV party overtook the veteran PLP and equaled the MNR by winning 112,000 votes, thereby winning two seats in the Senate and three in the Chamber of Representatives. Uruguay A climate of labor unrest, imminent economic crisis, and growing activism on the political left confronted Lacalle when he assumed office on March 1, 1990. Lacking a parliamentary majority, he formed a "European-style" coalition, called National Coincidence (Coincidencia Nacional), with the Colorado Party, the first such interparty sharing of power in a quarter-century. Nevertheless, the two parties were able to agree only on sharing four cabinet appointments and supporting the new government's fiscal-reform measures. Lacalle gave the posts of ministers of housing and social promotion, industry and energy, public health, and tourism to the Colorado Party in exchange for the necessary support in the General Assembly for approving various controversial projects regarding education, the fiscal deficit, and the right to strike- -measures that labor unions and the left opposed. Lacalle chose Mariano Brito, a law professor with no previous government service, as his defense minister; Enrique Braga, one of his principal economic advisers, as his economy and finance minister; H�ctor Gros Espiell, a lawyer-diplomat, as his foreign affairs minister; and Juan Andr�s Ram�rez, a lawyer-professor who had not previously occupied any key position, as his interior minister. At the top of Lacalle's policy priorities were regional economic integration and moving Uruguay toward a market economy, largely through privatization of inefficient state enterprises and through free trade. Unlike his predecessor, however, Lacalle found himself confronted with a Marxist mayor of Montevideo, whose Broad Front coalition was opposed to economic restructuring. By mid-1990 the prospects for a "co-habitation arrangement" between the neoliberal, rightof -center president and V�zquez appeared poor. Shortly after taking their respective offices, the two leaders publicly clashed on departmental government prerogatives. V�zquez sought to pursue autonomous policies in areas such as transportation, public works, and health and to decentralize power in Montevideo Department. Lacalle opposed V�zquez's attempts to expand his departmental powers, arguing that a more powerful mayor of Montevideo would undermine the position of the executive branch. The confrontation that effectively ended the co-habitation arrangement took place over Montevideo's new budget, which Lacalle threatened to block. Uruguay The Military Prior to the 1973 coup, the military exercised influence but had rarely intervened directly in the political system. The fact that all of the defense ministers who served between 1959 and 1971 were military men indicated a degree of military influence. By 1984, when the military negotiated with the political parties on a transition to democratic government, the armed forces were considered a de facto political force. As Uruguay returned formally to democratic rule in 1985, the armed forces continued to exercise a degree of tutelage over national affairs, despite their depoliticized role. Sanguinetti's defense minister was a retired lieutenant general, Hugo M. Medina (the only military defense minister to serve in the 1980s), who as army commander in chief had refused to serve subpoenas on military officers. A poll commissioned by B�squeda in September 1986 found that an overwhelming majority of Montevideo's population believed, to varying degrees, that the military was still a factor in political power; only 10 percent believed that the military had no power. Some observers and political party leaders commented on alleged military pressure to defeat a call for prosecution of military officers for human rights abuses. The issue arose in December 1986 after the General Assembly approved the full-stop amnesty law, which exonerated 360 members of the armed forces and the police accused of committing human rights abuses during the military regime. In one demonstration of possible continued military influence, Defense Minister Medina reflected military opinion in condemning the April 1989 referendum to decide the validity of the amnesty law. Medina emphasized that "the dignity of the national army" should not be violated. General Washington Varela, head of the Military Academy, warned that the army would "close ranks" if the amnesty were rescinded. Amnesty appeared to be firm, but the question of whether or not the military would retain its traditionally apolitical role in the future was less certain. Stating that "the Pandora's box of military intervention has been opened in Uruguay," Martin Weinstein opined in 1989 that the military would continue to exercise a veto power over government action in human rights and military affairs and possibly assume a tutelary role in areas such as economic policy and labor relations. Military influence in the latter two areas, however, had not yet manifested itself in 1990. In order to demonstrate his authority over the military, Lacalle appointed a civilian as his defense minister and exercised his presidential prerogative to appoint armed forces commanders of his own choosing, regardless of seniority. His appointments of the air force and naval commanders were third and fourth in seniority, respectively, among serving officers. <"77.htm">Labor Unions <"78.htm">The Roman Catholic Church <"79.htm">Students Uruguay In March 1985, Sanguinetti abrogated laws and decrees issued by the military regime that had banned the labor unions, the immunity of labor union leaders, and the right of public and private workers to strike. He also restored the legal status of the primarily communist-led National Convention of Workers (Convenci�n Nacional de Trabajadores--CNT), dissolved by the military regime in 1973; in 1983 the Interunion Workers' Assembly (or Plenum) (Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores--PIT) adopted the name PIT-CNT to show its link with the banned CNT. The longrepressed labor movement took advantage of its newly granted freedom by staging strikes and marches during the first six months of democracy. The communist-led Uruguayan labor movement, which claimed to represent about 300,000 of the 1.3 million Uruguayan workers, also called general strikes in the late 1980s, as well as strikes in specific job areas, mostly involving civil service workers or those in state enterprises. In 1986 Sanguinetti's government and the Colorado Party signed a "nonaggression" pact with the PCU. Under the Colorado-Communist Pact (the "Co-Co Pact"), militant labor members of the Colorado Party and the PCU formed alliances whenever the National Party promoted a movement within a labor organization. Nevertheless, the powerful main labor organization, the PIT-CNT, staged three general strikes in 1986. The attitudes of the leadership of the Moscow-oriented World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), which was affiliated with the PIT-CNT, were among the main issues discussed by candidates in the 1989 presidential campaign. The leading candidates endorsed proposals for legislation to require secret strike votes and other union regulation. Labor activity in Uruguay was virtually unregulated. The WFTU supported the PCU and other leftist political groups united in the Broad Front. In November 1989, the movement was preparing for a showdown with the mainstream political leaders over whether or not to espouse a more marketoriented economy with foreign investment. Although the PIT-CNT's leadership opposed increasing foreign investment, the organization was becoming fractionalized among those influenced by perestroika (restructuring) in the Soviet Union, those who rejected it, and non-Marxists seeking to challenge leftist domination of the movement. Lacalle advocated regulating labor union activities, including the right to strike. In his view, the decision on whether or not to strike should be made by the workers in a secret vote, after the failure of obligatory reconciliation efforts. Shortly after Lacalle took office, Minister of Labor and Social Welfare Carlos Cat, who ran for mayor of Montevideo in the 1989 elections, met with representatives of business organizations and the PIT-CNT but failed to reach an agreement. The PIT-CNT demonstrated its right to strike with a six-hour general work stoppage on July 25, 1990, to protest the government's austerity and privatization programs. Despite Lacalle's efforts to regulate the sector, Uruguay's labor movement in 1990 had significant clout as an interest group, mainly with regard to its highly disruptive strike tactics. Like leftist political organizations in general, however, the labor unions' continued use of the same rhetoric and methods that got results during the military regime were seen by some Uruguayan journalists and sociologists as major contributors to both emigration and apathy among young Uruguayans. Uruguay The Roman Catholic Church has had only a minimal role in Uruguay because of a strong anticlerical bias bequeathed by Batlle y Ord��ez. Unlike many other Latin American countries, religion has not interfered in politics to any significant extent. Although 66 percent of the population was nominally Roman Catholic in 1990, less than half were practicing Catholics. The church's main political wing was the PDC, which advocated social transformation through democratic means. In addition, there were numerous lay organizations engaged in enhancing the church's social relevance. These included the Catholic Workers' Circle, Catholic Action, the Christian Democratic Youth Movement, and the Catholic Family Movement. The conservatives had few representatives among the clergy. The election of Lacalle, a devout Catholic, may have reflected ascending Catholic influence in the nation. Another indicator of rising Catholic influence was the establishment in 1984 of the Catholic University of Uruguay in Montevideo, the country's only private university. However, the limits of Catholic influence in Uruguay were highlighted in early 1986 by the failure of a proposal by Catholic conservatives in the Colorado and National parties to ban the film Hail Mary, which the church hierarchy regarded as "pornographic and blasphemous." Uruguay Student organizations have had little influence on their own, but they often supported the demands of labor unions and other groups. The University of the Republic, Uruguay's only public university, played a key role as an opposition force during the administrations of Pacheco (1967-72) and Juan Mar�a Bordaberry Arocena (1972-76). Shortly after taking office, Sanguinetti ordered the restoration of the legal status of the Federation of Uruguayan University Students (Federaci�n de Estudiantes Universitarios del Uruguay--FEUU). The military regime, whose generals regarded the university as a center of leftist subversion, had banned the FEUU. University of the Republic student elections were held twice during the Sanguinetti administration, and student groups resumed campus political activities. As a result of the June 1989 university elections, leftists retained their dominance in 1990. Uruguay Uruguay's long tradition of freedom of the press was severely curtailed during the twelve years of military dictatorship, especially its final years under Lieutenant General Gregorio Alvarez Armelino (1981-85). During his administration, more than thirty news organizations, including radio stations, publications, and television stations, were closed. On his first day in office in March 1985, Sanguinetti reestablished complete freedom of the press. His government also abrogated a regulation that compelled all international news agencies to supply a copy of all disseminated political news to the Ministry of the Interior. Although newspapers have played an important role in the evolution of Uruguayan party politics, they were generally affiliated with and dependent on one or the other of the traditional parties. This combination of party dependence before the military regime and censorship during it prevented the press and the media in general from developing into a Fourth Estate. After freedom of the press was restored in 1985, however, Montevideo's newspapers (which accounted for all of Uruguay's principal daily newspapers) greatly expanded their circulations and presumably increased their influence. Most of the twenty-five to thirty interior newspapers were biweekly, except for a couple of regional dailies. Well over 100 periodicals were published in Uruguay. B�squeda (Search) was Uruguay's most important weekly news magazine. Founded in 1971, B�squeda had close links to civilian economic officials in the Sanguinetti and Lacalle governments and served as an important forum for political and economic analysis. A right-of-center, independent publication, B�squeda had a liberal editorial policy that espoused free markets, free trade, and private enterprise and competition. Although it sold only about 16,000 copies a week, its estimated readership exceeded 50,000. The educational economic status of its readers placed them among the top 3 or 4 percent of the population. Other periodicals included the PDC's Aqu�, a weekly founded in late 1984; the monthly Cuadernos de marcha, founded in 1985 by Carlos Quijano--who founded the former weekly procommunist newspaper Marcha in 1939--and associated with the Broad Front; Zeta, a weekly founded in 1986 and affiliated with the PGP; and Mat� amargo, a fortnightly published by the Tupamaros with an estimated readership of 53,000. An additional 100 periodicals were imported from foreign countries. Fifteen foreign wire services had offices in Montevideo. Persons affiliated with the National Party established Uruguay's first private international news agency, PRESSUR, in 1984. The Sanguinetti government had its own official news service, the Presidential Information Service (Servicio Presidencial de Informaci�n--SEPREDI), presumably retained by Lacalle with a new staff. The leading press associations were the Association of Newspapers of Uruguay, the Uruguayan Press Association, and the National Association of Uruguayan Broadcasters (Asociaci�n Nacional de Broadcasters Uruguayos--ANDEBU). Uruguay Uruguay's foreign policy has been shaped by its democratic tradition, its history of being a victim of foreign intervention, its status as the second smallest country in South America (after Suriname), and its location between the two rival giants of the region: Argentina to the west and Brazil to the north. In the nineteenth century, Argentina and Brazil did not accept Uruguay's status as an independent republic, and they often invaded Uruguayan territory. The British and French consuls, for their part, often exercised as much power as the local authorities. Thus, Uruguay's international relations historically have been guided by the principles of nonintervention, respect for national sovereignty, and reliance on the rule of law to settle disputes. The use of military force anywhere except internally was never a feasible option for Uruguay. According to Bernardo Quagliotti de Bellis, a Uruguayan professor of law, his country had historically defined its foreign policy as based on five principles: affirmation of the right of self-determination of peoples; active participation in the process of political cooperation that attempts to look within and outside the region; coordination of positions on everything possible; recognition of the complexity and the diversity of the problems at hand; and flexibility combined with a sense of precaution. Beginning with Batlle y Ord��ez's government in the early twentieth century, Uruguay has been active in international and regional organizations. It joined the United Nations (UN) in 1945 and has been a member of most of its specialized agencies. In 1986 Uruguay was elected to membership in the UN's Economic and Social Council. In December 1989, Uruguay signed the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Uruguay belonged to thirty-one other international organizations as well, including the Organization of American States (OAS), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), the Latin American Economic System (Sistema Econ�mico Latinamericano--SELA), and the Latin American Integration Association (Asociaci�n Latinoamericana de Integraci�n-- ALADI). Uruguay was a signatory of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty), the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Tlatelolco Treaty), and the R�o de la Plata Basin Treaty. Uruguay has had strong political and cultural ties with the countries of Europe and the Americas. It has shared basic values with them, such as support for constitutional democracy, political pluralism, and individual liberties. Historically, Uruguay has enjoyed a special relationship with Britain because of political and economic ties beginning in 1828. Bilateral relations with Argentina and Brazil have always been of particular importance. In 1974 and 1975, Uruguay signed economic and commercial cooperation agreements with both countries. Traditionally, relations between Uruguay and the United States have been based on a common dedication to democratic ideals. Although it initially attempted neutrality in both world wars, Uruguay ultimately sided with the Allies. In World War I, Uruguay did not break relations with Germany and lift its neutrality policy until October 1917. By that time, the government of Feliciano Viera (1915-19) had recognized "the justice and nobility" of the United States severance of diplomatic relations with Germany in early 1917. In 1941 President Alfredo Baldomir (1938-43) allowed the United States to build naval and air bases in Uruguay. The United States also trained and supplied Uruguay's armed forces. In January 1942, one month after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Uruguay broke relations with the Axis. The United States reciprocated with generous loans. As a condition for admission to the San Francisco conference, where the United Nations Charter was drawn up, Uruguay declared war against the Axis on February 15, 1945. That year it also signed the Act of Chapultepec (a collective defense treaty of the American republics) and joined the Inter-American Defense Board (IADB). In 1947 it signed the Rio Treaty, a regional alliance that established a mutual defense system. During the 1973-85 period of military rule, Uruguay's traditionally democratic diplomacy was replaced by "military diplomacy" as determined by the "Doctrine of National Security." This military diplomacy gave priority to the serious problem of national and regional subversion and to historical conflicts affecting regional diplomatic stability, such as the issues of dams between Argentina and Brazil, sovereignty over the Beagle Channel, Bolivia's attempts to regain access to the Pacific from Chile, the Ecuador-Peru border dispute, and South Atlantic security. <"82.htm">Foreign Relations under Democratic Rule, 1985-90 <"83.htm">The United States Uruguay With the return of democratic government in 1985, Uruguay's foreign policy underwent an abrupt change. After taking office, Sanguinetti vowed to maintain and increase diplomatic relations with every nation "that respects the international rules of noninterference in the internal affairs of other countries." He carried out this policy by renewing relations with Cuba, Nicaragua, and China and by strengthening relations with the Soviet Union. Sanguinetti's first foreign affairs minister, Enrique Iglesias, conducted an intensive and successful diplomatic offensive to restore his country's prestige. Once again, Uruguay began to host important international meetings, such as the September 1986 GATT conference and the second meeting of the presidents of the Group of Eight (the successor organization of the Contadora Support Group) in October 1988, at the seaside resort of Punta del Este. More world leaders visited Uruguay during the Sanguinetti administration than ever before in Uruguay's history. An important element of the Sanguinetti government's foreign policy was the promotion of a more just world economy and of a more free and open trade system. Guided by Iglesias, Sanguinetti reintegrated Uruguay into the region, renewed and strengthened diplomatic and commercial relations with countries that were ignored for ideological reasons during the "military diplomacy" period, negotiated new markets for Uruguayan products, instigated a new round of negotiations in GATT, and designed a new Latin American strategy for dealing with the foreign debt. In April 1988, after Iglesias's election as president of the InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB), Luis A. Barrios Tassano became Sanguinetti's second foreign affairs minister. Barrios described Uruguayan foreign policy as "pluralist, multifaceted, nationalist, and flexible." Uruguay Although Uruguay was critical of unilateral United States military intervention in Latin America and elsewhere, bilateral relations during the 1985-90 period were excellent. The United States, which had expressed deep concern about the human rights situation beginning with the administration of Jimmy Carter, strongly supported Uruguay's transition to democracy. In March 1985, Secretary of State George P. Shultz attended Sanguinetti's presidential inauguration. As a member of the Contadora Support Group, Uruguay participated in meetings on Central American issues in 1985-86, particularly United States support for the anti-Sandinista resistance guerrillas in Nicaragua. The Sanguinetti government regarded United States aid to the antiSandinista Contra rebels in Nicaragua as an obstacle to peace in Central America. It also opposed the presence of United States troops in Honduras. Despite his government's criticism of United States military actions in Honduras, in Nicaragua, and against Libya in April 1986, Sanguinetti received a warm welcome at the White House during an official five-day state visit to the United States in June 1986, the first by a Uruguayan president in more than thirty years. During the visit, which was dominated by trade discussions, Sanguinetti criticized United States protectionist policies, such as the decision to subsidize grain exports to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, he departed Washington satisfied that the administration of President Ronald W. Reagan had adopted a more flexible policy toward Uruguayan exports. Shultz again paid an official visit to Uruguay on August 5, 1988, for talks with Sanguinetti, Barrios, and several opposition leaders. The official talks centered on trade issues. Although Uruguay's relations with Panama at the time of the United States military intervention there in December 1989 were at their lowest possible level--without an ambassador-- Sanguinetti was again critical of the United States. He characterized the United States military operation as a "step backward." Uruguay Sanguinetti favored the formation of a bloc of debtor countries in Latin America to renegotiate the foreign debt. To that end, in the late 1980s Uruguay joined the Cartagena Consensus (of which Iglesias was secretary) on the foreign debt. Uruguay hosted the temporary secretariat of the Cartagena Consensus follow-up committee, a group of Latin America's eleven most indebted countries. Uruguay also participated in the Group of Eight, a permanent mechanism for consultation and political coordination that succeeded the Contadora Support Group in December 1986. Like the Contadora Support Group, the Group of Eight advocated democracy and a negotiated solution to the Central American insurgency. It consisted of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The Sanguinetti government advocated a diplomatic solution to the insurgency in Central America based on the Caraballeda Declaration, a document drawn up on January 12, 1986, by the Contadora Support Group. The Sanguinetti administration, after direct negotiations with Cuba, resumed Uruguay's commercial and cultural ties with the island nation in April 1985 and diplomatic and consular relations on October 17, 1985. It also reestablished diplomatic relations with Nicaragua. Uruguay had discontinued its diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba on September 8, 1964, in compliance with the decision of the OAS General Assembly, which sought to isolate the regime of Fidel Castro Ruz. The Sanguinetti government's differences with Cuba's political, social, and economic system, as well as with some foreign policy issues, remained. For example, Sanguinetti disagreed with Castro's proposal to discontinue payment on the Latin American foreign debt. Sanguinetti believed that the resulting financial and commercial isolation would provoke much worse problems. In his view, the Cartagena Consensus, rather than a meeting in Havana, was the appropriate forum in which to discuss the debt issue. Both countries strengthened bilateral relations, however, by signing commercial agreements in May 1986 and March 1987 and by signing a five-year economic, industrial, scientific, and technical cooperation agreement on the latter occasion. Sanguinetti considered regional integration in the R�o de la Plata Basin the key to Uruguay's foreign policy. Uruguay's efforts at promoting integration were aided in the late 1980s by the emergence of democratic governments in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Paraguay. Sanguinetti sought a closer relationship with Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay in the belief that Uruguay's future was closely linked to the possibility of the integration of the R�o de la Plata Basin. Although the Sanguinetti government supported Argentina's claim to sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), it adopted a neutral stance in the conflict between Argentina and Britain (which waged the South Atlantic War over the islands from April to June 1982) and made known its desire that military bases and other facilities not be installed in the South Atlantic. In May 1985, Argentina and Uruguay signed the Declaration of Colonia, which established the framework for promoting economic and social integration between the two countries. Sanguinetti initiated a similar program of integration with Brazil. In August 1985, the Brazilian and Uruguayan presidents strengthened bilateral relations by holding the first meeting of the General Coordinating Commission and signing thirteen bilateral accords. The presidents of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay met in Brasilia in 1986 to advance their integration process. In January 1990, Sanguinetti hosted an official visit by the Paraguayan president, Army General Andr�s Rodr�guez Pedotti, during which integration matters such as the River Transport System (consisting of the R�o Paraguay-R�o Paran�-R�o Uruguay waterway) were discussed. Uruguay Acevedo, Eduardo. Anales hist�ricos del Uruguay, 1. Montevideo: Barreiro y Ramos, 1933. ------. Anales hist�ricos del Uruguay, 2. Montevideo: Barreiro y Ramos, 1933. ------. Anales hist�ricos del Uruguay, 4. Montevideo: Barreiro y Ramos, 1934. ------. Anales hist�ricos del Uruguay, 6. Montevideo: Barreiro y Ramos, 1936. Alisky, Marvin. Uruguay: A Contemporary Survey. New York: Praeger, 1962. Alonso Eloy, Rosa, and Carlos Demassi. Uruguay, 1958-1968: Crisis y estancamiento. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1986. Amnesty International. Political Imprisonment in Uruguay. London: 1979. ------. Tortured to Death in Uruguay: 22 Known Cases. London: 1976. ------. Uruguay Deaths under Torture, 1975-77. London: 1978. Artigas. Montevideo: Ediciones de "El Pa�s," 1960. Astori, Danilo. El Uruguay de la dictadura, 1973-1985: La pol�tica econ�mica de la dictadura. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1989. Bandera, Manuel M. de la. La constituci�n de 1967. Montevideo: Secretar�a del Senado, 1967. Baracchini, Hugo. Historia de las comunicaciones en el Uruguay. Montevideo: Universidad de la Rep�blica, 1977. Barbagelata, An�bal Luis. El constitucionalismo uruguayo a mediados del siglo XIX. Montevideo: Fundaci�n de Cultura Universitaria, 1978. Barr�n, Jos� Pedro. Apogeo y crisis del Uruguay pastoril y caudillesco, 1838-1875. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1974. Barr�n, Jos� Pedro, and Benjam�n Nahum. Bases econ�micas de la revoluci�n artiguista. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1964. ------. Batlle: Los estancieros y el imperio britanico. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1983. ------. Historia rural del Uruguay moderno. (7 vols.) Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1967-78. Barrios Pintos, An�bal. Historia de la ganader�a en el Uruguay, 1574-1971. Montevideo: Biblioteca Nacional, 1978. Blanco Acevedo, Pablo. El federalismo de Artigas y la independencia nacional. Montevideo: 1950. ------. El gobierno colonial en el Uruguay y los origines de la nacionalidad. Montevideo: Barreiro y Ramos, 1944. Bralich, Jorge. Breve historia de la educaci�n en el Uruguay. Montevideo: CLEP/Ediciones de Nuevo Mundo, 1987. Bruschera, Oscar. Las d�cadas infames, 1967-1985. (Hoy es Historia series.) Montevideo: Librer�a Linardi y Risso, 1986. Caetano, Gerardo. La angon�a del reformismo, 1916-1925. (Serie de Investigaciones, Nos. 37-38.) Montevideo: Centro Latinoamericano de Econom�a Humana, 1983. Caetano, Gerardo, and Ra�l Jacob. El nacimiento del terrismo, 1. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1989. Caetano, Gerardo, and Jos� Pedro Rilla. Breve historia de la dictadura, 1973-1985. Montevideo: Centro Latinoamericano de Econom�a Humana/Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1987. ------. El Uruguay de la dictadura, 1973-1985: La era militar. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1989. Calatayud Bosch, Jos�. Grandeza y decadencia del Partido Nacional. Montevideo: Ediciones Liga Federal, 1971. Cardozo, Efra�m. El imperio del Brasil y el R�o de la Plata. Buenos Aires: 1961. Castellanos, Alfredo Ra�l. La Cisplatina, la independencia, y la rep�blica caudillesca, 1820-1838. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1977. Contribuci�n a la historia econ�mica del Uruguay. Montevideo: Academ�a Nacional de Econom�a, 1984. D'El�a, Germ�n. El movimiento sindical. Montevideo: Colecci�n "Nuestra Tierra," 1969. ------. El Uruguay neo-Batllista, 1946-1958. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1982. Fabregat, Julio T. Elecciones uruguayas. Montevideo: C�mara de Senadores, 1972. Faraone, Roque. De la prosperidad a la ruina. Montevideo: Editorial Arca, 1987. ------. El Uruguay en que vivimos, 1900-1965. Montevideo: Editorial Arca, 1965. Faroppa, Luis. Pol�ticas para una econom�a desequilibrada: Uruguay, 1958-1981. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1982. Faroppa, Luis, Marisa Buchelli, Alberto Couriel, and Alberto Bensi�n. Cuatro tesis sobre la situaci�n econ�mica nacional. Montevideo: Fundaci�n de Cultura Universitaria/Colegio de Economistas y Contadores del Uruguay, 1973. Finch, M.H.J. Historia econ�mica del Uruguay contempor�neo. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1980. ------. A Political Economy of Uruguay since 1870. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981. Fitzgibbon, Russell H. Uruguay: Portrait of a Democracy. New York: Russell and Russell, 1966. Frega, Ana, M�nica Maronna, and Yvette Trochon. Baldomir y la restauraci�n democr�tica, 1938-1946. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1987. Gallinal, Gustavo. El Uruguay hacia la dictatura. Montevideo: Editorial Nueva Am�rica, 1938. Gillespie, Charles Guy, Louis Goodman, Juan Rial, and Peter Winn. Uruguay y la democracia. (3 vols.) (Wilson Center Latin American Program-Montevideo Series.) Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1984-85. Gonz�lez, Luis E., and Jorge Notaro. Alcances de una pol�tica estabilizadora heterodoxa: El caso uruguayo, 1974 a 1979. Montevideo: Wilson Center-Seminar on Stabilization Policies in Latin America, 1979. Gonz�lez Sierra, Yamand�. Rese�a hist�rica del movimiento sindical uruguayo, 1870-1984. Montevideo: Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Desarrollo, Uruguay, 1989. Herrera, Luis Alberto de. La misi�n Ponsonby. Montevideo: C�mara de Representantes, 1988. Isola, Ema. La esclavitud en el Uruguay desde sus comienzos hasta su extinci�n, 1743-1852. Montevideo: Comisi�n Nacional de Homenaje del Sesquicentenario de los Hechos Hist�ricos de 1825, 1975. Jacob, Ra�l. Benito Nardone: El ruralismo hacia el poder, 1945- 1958. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1981. ------. Breve historia de la industria en Uruguay. Montevideo: Fundaci�n de Cultura Universitaria, 1981. ------. El frigor�fico nacional en el mercado de carnes. Montevideo: Fundaci�n de Cultura Universitaria, 1979. ------. Modelo Batllista: �Variaci�n sobre un viejo tema? Montevideo: Editorial Proyecci�n, 1988. -----. Uruguay, 1929-1938: Depresi�n ganadera y desarrollo fabril. Montevideo: Fundaci�n de Cultura Universitaria, 1981. ------. El Uruguay de Terra, 1931-1938. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1983. Lerin, Fran�ois and Cristina Torres. Historia pol�tica de la dictadura uruguaya, 1973-1980. Montevideo: Ediciones del Nuevo Mundo, 1987. Lindahl, Goran G. Batlle: Fundador de la democracia en el Uruguay. Montevideo: Editorial Arca, 1971. Lista Clericetti, Julio. Historia pol�tica uruguaya, 1938- 1972. Montevideo: J. Lista Clericetti, 1984. L�pez Ch�rico, Selva. El estado y las fuerzas armadas en el Uruguay del siglo XX. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1985. Macadar, Luis. Uruguay, 1974-1980: �Un nuevo ensayo de reajuste econ�mico? Montevideo: Centro de Investigaciones Econ�micas/Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1982. Machado, Carlos. Historia pol�tica uruguaya, 1938-1972. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1972. Machado Ferrer, Martha, and Carlos Fag�ndez Ramos. Los a�os duros: Cronolog�a documentada, 1964-1973. Montevideo: Monte-Sexto, 1987. Manini Rios, Carlos. Anoche me ilam� Batlle. Montevideo: Imprenta Letras: 1970. Melgar, Walter, and Walter Cancela Vilanova. El Uruguay de nuestro tiempo, 1958-1983--Econom�a: La hora del balance. Montevideo: Centro Latinoamericano de Econom�a Humana, 1983. M�ndez Vives, Enrique. El Uruguay de la modernizaci�n, 1876- 1904. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1975. Montero Bustamante, Ra�l, and Julio M. Llamas. Fundaci�n de Montevideo. (Instituto Hist�rico y Geogr�fico del Uruguay series.) Montevideo: Editorial Arca, 1976. Mourat, Oscar. 5 perspectivas hist�ricas del Uruguay moderno. Montevideo: Fundaci�n de Cultura Universitaria, 1969. Nahum, Benjam�n. Crisis pol�tica y recuperaci�n econ�mica, 1930-1958. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1987. Oddone, Juan Antonio. Uruguay en los a�os treinta. Montevideo: Universidad de la Rep�blica, 1988. Oddone, Juan Antonio, and Blanca Paris. La universidad uruguaya del militarismo a la crisis, 1885-1958. (3 vols.) Montevideo: Universidad de la Rep�blica, 1971. P�rez Santarcieri, Mar�a Emilia. Partidos pol�ticos en el Uruguay: S�ntesis hist�rica de su origen y evoluci�n. Montevideo: Imprenta Valgraf, 1989. Pivel Devoto, Juan E. Historia de los partidos y de las ideas pol�ticas en el Uruguay II: La definici�n de los bandos, 1829- 1838. Montevideo: Editorial Medina, 1956. Pivel Devoto, Juan E., and Alcira Ranieri de Pivel Devoto. Historia de la Rep�blica Oriental del Uruguay, 1830- 1930. Montevideo: Editorial Medina, 1966. Reyes Abadie, Washington. Historia del Partido Nacional. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1989. ------. Julio Herrera y Obes. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1977. ------. Latorre: La forja del estado. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1977. Reyes Abadie, Washington, and Andr�s V�zquez Romero. Cr�nica general del Uruguay. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1979. Reyes Abadie, Washington, Oscar H. Bruschera, and Tabar� Melogno. El ciclo artiquista. Montevideo: Universidad de la Rep�blica, 1965. Rial, Juan. Partidos pol�ticos, democracia, y autoritarismo. Montevideo: Centro de Informaciones y Estudios del Uruguay/Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1984. ------. Uruguay elecciones de 1984: Un triunfo del centrol. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1985. Rodr�guez, H�ctor. Nuestros sindicatos, 1865-1965. Montevideo: Ediciones Uruguay, 1965. Rodr�guez Villamil, Silvia, and Graciela Sapriza. La imigraci�n europea en el Uruguay. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1982. Sala de Tour�n, Luc�a, and Rosa Alonso. El Uruguay comercial: Pastoril y caudillesco--Tomo I Econom�a. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1986. Sala de Tour�n, Luc�a, Nelson de la Torre, and Julio C. Rodr�guez. Estructura econ�mico-social de la Colonia. Montevideo: Ediciones Pueblos Unidos, 1967. Salterain Herrera, Eduardo de. Latorre. Montevideo: Estado Mayor del Ej�rcito, 1975. Solari, Aldo, and Rolando Franco. Las empresas p�blicas en el Uruguay. Montevideo: Fundaci�n de Cultura Universitaria, 1983. Solari, Aldo, N�stor Campiglia, and Germ�n Wettstein. Uruguay en cifras. Montevideo: Universidad de la Rep�blica, 1966. Terra, Gabriel, Jr. Gabriel Terra y la verdad hist�rica. Montevideo: 1962. Torre, Nelson de la, Julio C. Rodr�guez, and Luc�a Sala de Tour�n. La revoluci�n agraria artiguista, 1815-1816. Montevideo: Ediciones Pueblos Unidos, 1969. Torres Wilson, Jos� de. Brev�sima historia del Uruguay. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Planta, 1984. Vanger, Milton I. Batlle y Ord��ez: El creador de su �poca, 1902-1907. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires, 1968. ------. El pa�s modelo: Jos� Batlle y Ord��ez, 1907-1915. Montevideo: Editorial Arca/Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1983. Vicario, Luis. El crecimiento urbano de Montevideo. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1970. Vida y cultura en el R�o de la Plata, 1. (XVII Cursos Internacionales de Verano.) Montevideo: Universidad de la Rep�blica, 1987. Visca, Carlos. Emilio Reus y su �poca. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1963. Weinstein, Martin. Uruguay: Democracy at the Crossroads. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1988. ------. Uruguay: The Politics of Failure. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1975. ------. "Uruguay's Elections: A Prolonged Transition to Democracy," NACLA Report on the Americas, 18, No. 6, November- December 1984, 12-15. Wilgus, A. Curtis. Historical Atlas of Latin America: Political, Geographic, Economic, Cultural. New York: Cooper Square, 1967. William, Jos� Claudio. Santos: La consolidaci�n del estado. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1979. Winn, Peter. El imperio informal brit�nico en el Uruguay en el siglo XIX. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1975. Wonsewer, Israel, Enrique V. Iglesias, Mario Buscheli, and Luis A. Faroppa. Aspectos de la industrializaci�n en el Uruguay. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1987. Zubillaga, Carlos. De la tradici�n a la crisis. Montevideo: Centro Latinoamericano de Econom�a Humana/Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1985. Zubillaga, Carlos, and Romeo P�rez. El Uruguay de nuestro tiempo, 1958-1983: Los partidos pol�ticos. Montevideo: Centro Latinoamericano de Econom�a Humana, 1983. Zum Felde, Alberto. Proceso hist�rico del Uruguay. Montevideo: Editorial Arca, 1967.	i don't know
What did Stevie Wonder just call to say in 1984?	Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You - YouTube Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 13, 2009 Music video by Stevie Wonder performing I Just Called To Say I Love You. (C) 2005 Motown Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc. Category Standard YouTube License Music	I Love You
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Melvin Purvis and Samuel P. Cowley led the FBI team that confronted, and ultimately killed, what noted gangster outside the Biograph Theater in Chicago on July 22, 1934?	Agents Of The '30s - Biographies Agents Of The '30s - Biographies The G-Men Of The 1930s ~ Reminder: Contents of this website are copyrighted. Permission is needed to utilize any family related photos. 1935 training class of SA John W. Core. See photo sections for more... The biography information of all special agents listed below comes from multiple sources and in the interest of brevity we are not listing the source(s) after each biography. There are some exceptions. We are satisfied with the source reliability and hopefully any errors are at a minimum. By 1935 or so, there were approximately 400 special agents in the Bureau. We do not have information on everyone of them. Ensure you do a "site search" in the event their names etc. are listed at another location on this site. We are always looking for bio information & photos on those we don't have. A very special thanks to former FBI Agent, and Retired Hennepin County Sheriff, Don Omodt for his contributions on these men. In many instances we may only be able to capture a name on a photo we find since finding personal data about these men is becoming more difficult as time goes by. Lastly, the dates readers will see next to names are the years of FBI service as special agents. FBI Special Agent, Raymond J. Abbaticchio, Jr. (1933 - 1958) According to official records, Abbaticchio, Jr. joined the Bureau in October, 1933 upon graduation from Georgetown Law School in Washington, D. C. Although much is still unknown about him, he did rise to the rank of SAC, New Orleans prior to retirement in 1958. He is known to be the uncle of former FBI agent, and convicted Watergate burglar, G. Gordon Liddy. He carried badge #19 which and once Abbaticchio retired, he passed it on to Liddy for him to carry during his career; Liddy returned badge #6811. Upon retirement, Abbaticchio served with the Nevada Gaming Commission. There have been indications in the past (possibly from Liddy) of Abbatichhio's participation in the shooting and killing of gangster, John Dillinger. The official "sketch" of the theater, and those FBI Agents present, submitted by SAC Melvin Purvis to FBIHQ reveals that Abbaticchio's name IS NOT present on this official document. A July 3, 1934 (nineteen days prior to Dillinger) memo of SAC Purvis revealing the names of Agents present at the Chicago, FBI Office, and which cases they are assigned, DOES NOT reveal Abbaticchio's name. Further research into his whereabouts, career wise, for the period of July, 1934 is needed. FBI Special Agent, Harold E. Anderson (H. E. Anderson) ( ) Anderson's name is observed in the Kansas City FBI's initial report regarding the Kansas City Massacre of June, 1933 and was assigned to that case. Information obtained in 2011 reveals that SA James Metcalfe was to pen a manuscript about Anderson's career in the FBI, however contact with Metcalfe's son revealed no such manuscript was found by the family, nor ever published, and Metcalfe may have died before he had a chance to complete the project. FBI Special Agent, Travis W. Bain (1935-37) SA Bain was executive vice president of the First State Bank of Houston, Texas after his short FBI career. Bain, along with SA's Ray Tollett, Tom Neal, John E. Lunsford and others participated in the arrest of Alvin Karpis. A comical note about SA Bain and Lunsford is in the navigation area under "Dinner with Alvin Karpis....." FBI Special Agent, W. Carter Baum (1930-1934 - Killed In The Line Of Duty) Baum was only 29 years old when he was killed by "Baby Face" Nelson during the ill fated raid at the Little Bohemia Lodge in Wisconsin in April, 1934. The raid was an attempt to capture Dillinger, Nelson and other members of the gang. Baum was born in Washington, D. C. on July 2, 1904. After attending George Washington University, WDC he entered the FBI in 1930. After serving in New York, he was assigned to the Chicago office. Baum's wife Mary, was offered a clerical position in the FBI by Director Hoover after his death which she accepted in order to maintain her life and that of her daughters. She held this position from 1935 until 1944. One of his daughters, Edith Carter Baum, worked for the Bureau during the summers of 1949 to 1957. Edith later became a Washington, D. C. police officer and is now deceased. Carter Baum rests at the Rock Creek Parish Cemetery in Washington, D.C. (Sec. S, Lot 88, Site 6) with his mother, Margaret Carter Baum 1873 - 1928, and his wife, Mary G. Baum 1905 - 1982. Also buried at the site is their daughter Edith Carter Baum 1933 - 2004. Baum's other daughter, Margaret A. Sheetz (nee Baum) was only an infant at the time of his death. She is currently residing on the East Coast. The Washington, D. C. Chapter of the Society Of Former Special Agents has been in contact with the Baum family and has held services with them at the gravesite. FBI Special Agent, Thomas Franklin Baughman (1919-1949) (see photo gallery) Also recognized as "Frank" Baughman; T. F. Baughman; Thomas Frank Baughman "Frank" Baughman's 1919 application submission photo to the Bureau. "Frank" Baughman entered on duty with the Department of Justice in October, 1919. At the age of 22 he was assigned to the General Intelligence Division and worked closely with J. Edgar Hoover whom he knew in law school. Baughman was a graduate of the George Washington University in Washington, DC and enlisted in the Army in 1917. He was discharged after World War I as a captain to accept his position with the Intelligence Division. Available information from a distant relative, Natalie McDonald, (and corroborated by records) reveals that sometime in probably the early 1920's, Baughman married one Alice Louise Trout-McDonald who was at one time employed as a manager at Tiffany's in Beverly Hills, Ca. The same relative has advised there was a daughter, Shirley Alice-Mae Baughman who later died in the 1960's. Baughman's marriage was short lived, and upon divorce, his wife never used the Baughman name again. It is known that Baughman was married to her as late as 1930 while assigned to Washington, D. C. Baughman remained a close personal friend of J. Edgar Hoover and Hoover was Baughman's best man at his wedding. After Hoover became director he appointed Baughman a supervisor and rated him in a number three position in the Bureau. When Clyde Tolson became assistant Director, Baughman was assigned to Tolson as an assistant which was a short-lived arrangement. He was subsequently appointed in the early 30's as a firearms instructor at the FBI Academy (probably one of the first Instructors) and remained there until 1949 when he retired. Baughman died in Florida in 1971. Baughman regularly appears in many 1930s firearms photographs at Quantico, Va. and other training locations and is sometimes described in photos as a "US Marine instructor" which obviously is in error. In many photos, he wears what many would describe as a "Trooper's hat." (Other Baughman photos may be in our "photo gallery.") Even today, Baughman is remembered by outside gun collectors for his "Baughman Front Sight" which was developed for the .357 magnum through Smith and Wesson. More on this can be found by searching Baughman in Google, etc. or by checking with S/W historians. A copy of Baughman's will obtained by us in 2010 reveals he no doubt remarried and left his belongings to his wife in 1971 who was Bonnie Holmes Baughman. There were no children revealed, and there was no inventory of any of Baughman's items done. The estate he left his wife in Daytona Beach, Fla. was valued at less than $5,000 in the end. It is worth noting here that the SS Death Index for Baughman reveals he died 9/15/71, however the Florida Death Index plus Baughman's will reveals he actually died 9/8/71. (Baughman's will revealed he desired cremation) Preliminary results reveal Bonnie H. Baughman probably died in 1987 in Fairfax, Va. but this needs further research. Some of Baughman's handguns have appeared at auctions over the years, or sold privately, however there is no known inventory of what he actually owned at the time of death. We are constantly on the lookout for more info on Baughman and contact from those who possess any of his handguns. FBI Special Agent, Almon P. Barber (1934-1944) (See Section On Brady Gang) FBI Special Agent, Henry S. Boone, aka "Daniel Boone" (1935 - 1941) Boone was a native of Alabama and attended the University of Alabama receiving his degree in 1931 and a commission as Second Lieutenant, Infantry, O. R. C. and in 1934, obtained his LLB degree. He joined the FBI in April, 1935 and was in the training class of SA "Hank" Sloan who is also on this site. (A photo of Sloan's training class, showing Boone and others is in the navigation area.) Along with Boone in FBI training was a close friend of his, William A. Collier of Alabama. Boone was referred to at times in the FBI by his colleagues as "Daniel." Boone resigned from the FBI to accept active duty in the Army and in June, 1941 was assigned to duty in the office of G-2, War Department, Counter-Intelligence Group. It appears from records that both Boone and Collier, along with former Agent Leer Reed, were part of an intelligence group known as the "Pond." (Pond doc, Oct. 1943). A 1943 declassified document shows Boone as "Major, Infantry." FBI Special Agent Edward J. Brennan (@1908 - 1925) A patriarc of the Bureau, Edward J. Brennan began his law enforcement career in 1894 when he became a deputy United States marshal in his home town of St. Louis. Later he joined the criminal investigation unit of the St. Louis Police Department. In 1907 and 1908 he worked for the Treasury Department's Secret Service and then was transferred to the old Bureau of Investigation, now the Federal Bureau of Investigation. At that time, he was assigned to investigate the so-called "sugar frauds" of 1908 sent bureau. He directed in 1910 the sensational investigation in the interstate transportation of high explosives after which 40 persons were convicted, most of them going to the penitentiary. In 1910 the Los Angeles Times Building was dynamited and 21 persons were killed. The State of California borrowed Mr. Brennan to work on the case. In 1915 Mathew A. Schmidt and Nathan Caplan were convicted for murder. In 1925 Mr. Brennan retired from the FBI and joined the Pullman Co. as chief special agent. He retired again in 1944. Afterwards, Mr. Brennan could not stay inactive. He helped to form the Society of Former Special Agents in New York City. He was active until he died. His son, John Brennan, also a member of the Society, has been active in perpetuating the ideals and customs of the FBI. He worked on the famous John Dillinger ease, a number of Midwest bank robberies and kidnappings. In 1925 — while his father was retiring from the FBI — John was helping agents corral Martin Durkin, wanted for the murder of Bureau agent, Edward Shanahan. (refneatscan) FBI Special Agent R. D. Brown (1930 - 1939) Ralph Brown in 1947 - "Grapevine" Ralph D. Brown served as a Special Agent from 1930 until 1939 and was a past president of the Agent's Society. He was born at Swanton, Vermont on a farm on February 25, 1904. He served in the U. S. Army Air Corps as a flying cadet in the 20's. During his nine years of service, Brown figured prominently in some of the major cases of the time and is well known for his appearance at the Dillinger shootout in Chicago. Brown drove Purvis to the Biograph that night, and positioned himself in the vehicle, parking just feet away from the fatal shooting. Brown, along with others, was assigned to the "Dillinger Squad." Brown also participated in other major cases such as the Barker-Karpis gang case and the Hamm, Bremmer, Stoll, Weyerhauser and Ross Kidnappings. When he resigned in 1939, Brown was already the SAC of the Denver Field Office. Subsequent to his service, Brown was an executive with J. C. Penny Stores and later was vice president in charge of public relations of Safeway Stores. In his retirement years he resided in Palo Alto, California and died on March 7, 1973 at the age of 69. At the time of his death he was survived by his wife, Christine, and two sons, James and Peter. FBI Special Agent, Delf A. "Jelly" Bryce (1934-1958) Bryce and his second wife circa 1950s. Courtesy Franklin family Bryce and second wife, circa 1950's; courtesy G. Franklin"Jelly" Bryce, also mentioned in our intro here, served as a Speical Agent with the FBI from 1934 until 1958. No doubt he was one of the legendary marksmen of the FBI's '30s era, having come from the Oklahoma City Police Department. Legend has it that Bryce arrived at the FBI with 6-8 "notches" already in his gun. ( additional photos of Bryce and other legends are in our "photo gallery." By all accounts, Bryce was not formally educated upon arrival at the FBI in the company of Clarence Hurt and others. Bryce did think "the sun rose and set on J. Edgar Hoover" and even imitated the late Director's dress style of snap brimmed hats and double breasted suits. Although it's not clear where he was at the time, some have Bryce participating in the Dillinger shootout in Chicago. There's no evidence he was there. Bryce did participate in other high profile cases however. In 1941, Bryce was appointed as a Special Agent In Charge and served in this capacity in El Paso, San Antonio, Albuquerque and finally Oklahoma City from where he retired in 1958. Upon retirement, Bryce ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Oklahoma as an independent. He then returned to his birthplace, Mountainview, Oklahoma where he ran a ranch. Former SA Weldon Gentry (1941-61) who was assigned to the Oklahoma City FBI Office when Bryce was SAC there said, "all the time he was Agent in Charge we didn't have an unsolved bank robbery in the State." Former Oklahoma City Police Chief, L. Hilbert said at one time that Bryce "had personal knowledge about everything going on in the U. S. in the way of law violations. He had a knack of knowing how to figure out who would pull what and that's what made him a good law officer. No doubt about it, he was the best." Bryce's speed and accuracy with firearms, his ready wit, and flair for showmanship made him much in demand for firearms demonstrations. There is no doubt he just may have been the fastest lawman in the country at the time. The abilities of Bryce's shooting is further exemplified in a book written by Ron Owens. Bryce died in May, 1974 while attending a re-union of of Oklahoma X-Agents at the age of 67. At that time he was survived by 2 sons, William of Dallas, Tx	John Dillinger
A Rhodes Scholarship allows a student to do postgraduate work at which school?	Home Home Dillinger's Charisma A consummate charmer What made the prolific bank robber different from his peers was his charisma and wit. As seen above, he poses with a prospective prosecutor but moments later, he would take this opportunity to signal to his gang of a forthcoming escape. Main Menu Photos The Real John Though rumors persist, John Dillinger never murdered anyone. He was accused of shooting and killing Patrolman Patrick O'Malley in January 1934 during a robbery of the First National Bank of East Chicago, Indiana, but he was never convicted of murder in this or any other case. Dillinger was being chased by Daytona Beach, FL police at approximately the same time, so it is not certain that he was involved in the robbery in Chicago at all. In 1934, felony murder statute was different than it is today. In other words, individuals were solely accountable for their own actions. It's true that some associates of Dillinger killed individuals, such as Baby Face Nelson and Handsome Harry Pierpont. John Dillinger never initialized gun fire, and was adamant he never killed anyone. The Original Public Enemy No. 1 John Dillinger, Public Enemy No. 1, lived up to the title bestowed upon him by J. Edgar Hoover's Division of Investigation and cemented his national notoriety when on March 3, 1934, he broke out of the Lake County Jail in Crown Point, Indiana. Dillinger had been in Crown Point since his extradition from Arizona in January awaiting trial for murder. On that morning, using a gun which had been carved out of wood, he took two of his keepers hostage. After locking up the warden, Lou Baker, and getting the drop on the turnkey and one of the national guardsmen there to prevent such a breakout, he commandeered two machine guns. After freeing a fellow inmate, he ultimately made his way out a side door of the "heavily fortified" jail and proceeded to make his getaway in the sheriff's V-8 Ford. Dillinger's bold escape set off a flurry of reports of sightings across the midwest in the days that followed. The escape caused a political uproar. In the escape he had made one vital mistake, in driving the stolen car across the state line toward Chicago, he had violated the one law that could involve federal agents at the time, the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act. It was an error that would set the stage for his ultimate demise outside of a Chicago theater four months later. The Early Years John Herbert Dillinger's career in crime had started inauspiciously enough with the botched robbery attempt of a grocer in his hometown of Mooresville, Indiana, on September 6, 1924. He had turned 21 years of age just three months earlier. John was sent to reformatory in Pendleton, Indiana, where he was to meet future colleagues Harry Pierpont and Homer Van Meter. After serving five years without parole, an embittered Dillinger requested and received a transfer to the Indiana State Prison in Michigan City, Indiana, where Pierpont and Van Meter were already in residence. By mid-1932 Dillinger had become part of a group of prisoners intent on escaping. This group included Harry Pierpont as leader, along with Charles Makley, John Hamilton, and Russell Clark, and later Walter Dietrich and James Jenkins. Since Dillinger's parole date was approaching he was selected to operate as their connection on the outside, carrying out robberies to raise funds for the escape. Subsequent to his parole on May 22, 1933, he began a series of holdups. During this period Dillinger began to call attention to himself with his flamboyant style, which included wearing a fashionable straw hat, and a knack for athletic leaps over the teller's barrier into the cashier's cage. Not long after securing sufficient funds for the necessary bribes of guards and officials, along with arranging for the smuggling of weapons into the prison, he was once again arrested in Dayton, Ohio. The arrest took place on September 22, 1933, at the boarding house room of girlfriend Mary Longnaker, with whom he had visited the Chicago World's Fair that summer. The Escapist While lodged in the jail at Lima, Ohio, his companions carried out their escape on October 12. All ultimately getting away except for Joseph Jenkins, who after being thrown from the getaway car, managed to commandeer a vehicle driven by a youth who was able to escape after tricking Jenkins into checking the gas tank. Jenkins was later shot and killed by local posse members on alert in Beanblossom, Indiana. Three of the escapees, Pierpont, Clark and Makley, soon broke Dillinger out of the Lima jail after badly beating and shooting Sheriff Jesse Sarber, who died that evening. The gang then proceeded to Chicago to avoid the intense manhunt throughout Ohio. In Auburn and Peru, Indiana, they robbed police arsenals acquiring a cache of weapons including machine guns and also bulletproof vests. During the gang's stay in Chicago, several important events were to transpire. On November 15, Dillinger, with his new girlfriend, Evelyn "Billie" Frechette, narrowly escaped a police ambush set up when an informant had notified the police that Dillinger would be seeing a dermatologist named Dr. Charles Eye. Dillinger eluded his pursuers after having his vehicle shot up in a high speed chase. The publicity mounting, on November 20, the gang carried out a daring robbery in Racine, Wisconsin. With shots being fired, they escaped behind a shield of hostages. Then on December 14, John Hamilton mortally wounded Sergeant William Shanley, when the detective tried to capture him in a garage where he had followed a lead on a gang vehicle being repaired there. The Dillinger Squad With the heat on and the development by the Chicago police of a special unit called The Dillinger Squad, it was decided by the gang that they should lay low for awhile. Dillinger reportedly dyed his hair red and grew a mustache. John and Billie joined Makley, Clark, and Hamilton in Daytona Beach, Florida. On Christmas Eve, Dillinger and Billie had a violent argument which culminated with Dillinger beating her and throwing her out the following morning, providing her with a $1000 and the keys to his car as a parting gesture. Dillinger returned north two weeks later to go after Billie in her home state of Wisconsin. He and Hamilton decided to rob The First National Bank in East Chicago, Indiana, on January 15. During the getaway Patrolman William O'Malley fired shots at Dillinger only to have them bounce off the bulletproof vest the outlaw was wearing. In the exchange of fire that followed Dillinger shot and killed the officer. Hamilton was wounded by police fire and was helped by Dillinger to the getaway car. On January 23,1934, Makley and Clark were forced out of hiding at the Hotel Congress in Tucson, Arizona, by a fire that broke out in the hotel that morning. One of the firemen, having recognized them from a crime magazine photo, notified the sheriff. The same day, Dillinger and Billie Frechette arrived in town for the reunion of the gang. They did manage to meet on the 25th, but acting on a tip, the police first arrested Makley, and then Clark, at the house they had been staying in since the hotel fire. Later, following leads, the police were able to capture Pierpont. Dillinger, unaware of these events, arrived at the house where Makley and Clark had been grabbed, and was arrested by officers just as they were setting up their stakeout. The National Spotlight Dillinger became a national news item during his incarceration in the Pima County jail. Newspapermen and photographers poured in from around the country. While Dillinger and his gang gave interviews, there was much legal wrangling behind the scenes over which state would win extradition. He was eventually extradited to Indiana to stand trial for the O'Malley killing. The other three were sent to Ohio to be tried for killing Sheriff Sarber in the Lima breakout. Billie Frechette, arrested with Dillinger, was released. On January 30, the plane carrying Dillinger and his guards arrived at Chicago Municipal Airport. Waiting at the airport was a large contingent of police, in addition to the Dillinger Squad. With sirens wailing, the car carrying the outlaw was accompanied by a caravan of vehicles and motorcycle cops. Arriving at the sheriff's office in Crown Point, Indiana, he was greeted by numerous reporters with whom he cracked jokes. Photographers convinced Dillinger and Prosecutor Estill to pose, Dillinger cheerfully leaning his arm on his prosecutor's shoulder, with the sheriff looking congenially on. Dillinger Escapes Again The arraignment for the O'Malley killing took place on February 9, 1934. Louis Piquett, a Chicago attorney who specialized in representing underworld characters, acted as his lawyer. After some legal maneuvering, Judge William J. Murray, set the trial for March 3. During the succeeding weeks there was little concern about a jailbreak, for along with the escape-proof reputation of the county jail and the fifty guards employed there, the sheriff had added armed citizens and National Guardsmen. When Dillinger bluffed his way out with the wooden pistol on March 3, it left officials stunned and the public captivated. By March 4, Dillinger, having rejoined Billie Frechette, arrived in St. Paul to add the final members of his new gang. This was to include John Hamilton and old prison friend Homer Van Meter (paroled from the Indiana penitentiary nine days after Dillinger in May 1933). Van Meter brought in fellow criminals, Eddie Green and his partner Tommy Carroll. To this group, was added underworld character Lester Gillis, better known as Baby Face Nelson, known for his reputation as a trigger-happy killer. On March 6, the gangsters robbed The Security National Bank and Trust in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. As Dillinger and Van Meter collected $49,000 in cash and bonds from the vault, alarm blaring, a large crowd of onlookers gathered in the street. Nelson, spying off-duty policeman Hale Keith peering through the window, fired through the glass, wounding the man. To make their getaway, they took hostages to ride the running boards of their Packard, acting as a human shield. Once they arrived at the main highway they threw nails into the road in order to slow down any pursuing police. When the Packard overheated due to a police bullet hole in the radiator, the gang stole another car just as the police closed in. This led to a running gun battle, which nevertheless they were able to escape from, heading back to their Twin Cities hideout. At about the same time, a panic arose in Lima, Ohio, at the trial of Pierpont and Makley, as word got out that Dillinger might try to break them out. The March 13th robbery of The First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa, netted only $52,000 of an anticipated $240,000. Both Dillinger and Hamilton received shoulder wounds and a bystander was wounded when fired on by Nelson. The gang once again escaped behind a shield of hostages, all of whom were released after about 45 minutes. Back in Minneapolis, both Dillinger and Hamilton were treated for their wounds. John's plans to use his share of the $240,000 to leave the country had to be abandoned. An American Robin Hood In the weeks following Mason City, Dillinger was reported seemingly everywhere, by now having become a Robin Hood-like figure to the public. In fact, he was recovering from his wound, as he and Frechette were living as Mr. and Mrs. Cart T. Hellman at the Lincoln Court Apartments in St. Paul. When the manager of the apartments became suspicious of their behavior, she notified authorities. The FBI began surveillance on March 30. On the following morning, the agents and a local officer knocked on the door. Billie answered and identified herself as Mrs. Hellman. Upon being told that they were the police she stalled, saying that she needed to get dressed and closed the door. As the agents and officer waited, Homer Van Meter walked up the steps. Within a short time gunfire erupted between Van Meter and the officials. Dillinger opened fire with his machine pistol, shooting through the door. He next opened the door, spraying the hallway with machine gun fire before running down the back stairs. As he ran, he was hit by a police bullet in the leg. Once again he had escaped a law enforcement snare. On April 3, as a result of an intense manhunt, federal agents caught up with gang member Eddie Green. As he moved as though to draw, the agents cut him down. John and Billie next moved on to the Dillinger farm in Mooresville, staying there while he recovered from his leg wound. Authorities soon learned that they had returned to Chicago and were quickly able to track down and arrest Billie Frechette as she entered a bar. On seeing the arrest of his girlfriend, Dillinger quickly drove away. She was taken to St. Paul to stand trial on harboring charges. She was sentenced in May 1934, receiving two years in jail at Milan, Michigan. On April 13, Dillinger and Van Meter robbed the Warsaw, Indiana, police station, making off with guns and three bulletproof vests. This heist set off an intense manhunt and prompted hundreds of reports of sightings. In mid-April Dillinger and Hamilton stayed at Hamilton's sister's home in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. On April 20, having received a tip, the FBI arrived in town only to discover that the two outlaws had already moved on. Rest and Relaxation By an arrangement made in Chicago, the gang decided to meet in Northern Wisconsin, at the Little Bohemia Lodge near Mercer. The criminals took up residence beginning April 20. Along with them they brought Van Meter's girlfriend Marie Comforti, Nelson's wife Helen and Tommy Carroll's wife Jean. The Nelsons moved into a cabin next to the lodge, with the rest taking rooms on the second floor of the lodge itself. They immediately began to enjoy the rest, relaxing and playing cards. Within a short time, the owner of the lodge, Emil Wanatka, had identified Dillinger from a newspaper photo. With his wife becoming increasingly nervous, and growing tired of the pushy gangsters, it was decided to find a way to contact the police. Passing the information on to Mrs. Wanatka's brother, he and her brother-in-law, Henry Voss, drove to the town of Rhinelander. That afternoon the local sheriff put him in contact with Melvin Purvis in Chicago. Purvis immediately chartered two planes to fly into the Rhinelander airport. The Feds Move In Fifteen agents were selected, eleven of whom would fly, the other four were to drive. Once there, they joined forces with another group who had flown in from St. Paul. The leader of this group, Assistant Director Hugh Clegg, assumed overall command of the operation. Expecting to begin the raid at 4 a.m., it was learned from Voss's wife that Dillinger and the others had moved their departure up to that evening. The agents located five vehicles and drew up plans to surround the lodge. Three agents in bulletproof vests were to come through the front door while others took up positions around the lodge. On the trip to the lodge, two of the cars broke down requiring some of the agents to ride on the running boards of the remaining cars in the extreme cold. Just before 8 p.m., they arrived at their destination and immediately blocked the driveway with two of the cars. They then began to move in on foot. As they neared the lodge, they were suddenly confronted by barking dogs, which Voss had failed to warn them of. The agents rushed into position, thinking that those inside had been alerted. At just this moment, three of the visitors to the lodge headed to their car, while two of the lodge employees came outside to check on the barking. As the three men began backing their car out, the agents opened fire believing it was gang members getting away. One of the occupants of the car was killed instantly. Hearing the gunfire outside, the gang quickly moved into place and opened fire, Nelson shooting from the cabin. Within moments, as previously planned, Dillinger, Van Meter and Hamilton, followed by Carroll went out the back of the lodge. They headed down to the adjacent lake and escaped to the north on foot. Nelson soon escaped, heading the opposite direction along the shore. While he headed south, the others soon located vehicles to steal, and got away. Forcing his way into a nearby lodge owned by a man named Koerner, Nelson was holding the occupants hostage when Emil Wanatka and his brother-in-law arrived in front with the two employees from Little Bohemia. Nelson commandeered their vehicle and prepared to leave with Emil and Koerner as hostages, unaware that Koerner had already called the FBI when he noted Nelson's suspicious arrival. At this moment, Agents Jay Newman, W. Carter Baum and a local constable named Christiansen pulled into the driveway. As they pulled next to his car, Baby Face jumped out and ordered the agents and the officer out at gunpoint. He then proceeded to open fire on all three, killing Baum on the spot. The hostages dove for cover. After unloading his weapon at everything in sight, Nelson took the Ford the agents had been using and headed south at high speed. Back at the lodge, the three gangster's women, who had been hiding in the basement, surrendered and were arrested. As Dillinger, Van Meter and Hamilton raced toward St. Paul after the battle, they were spotted by waiting lawmen, who began chasing the stolen Packard the gang was driving. As they exchanged fire one of the police bullets caught Hamilton in the back. Eventually eluding their pursuers, they hijacked another car and headed for Chicago with the wounded Hamilton. Nelson holed up at the Lac Du Flambeau Indian Reservation until a few days had passed, then made his way to Marshfield, Wisconsin, and obtained a car. The women were jailed in Madison. A Raid Gone Bad The entire raid came to be seen by the public as a disaster, bringing heavy criticism on the FBI and Hoover. As the controversy raged, five days later, Dillinger and Van Meter finally found medical attention for Hamilton, through Doc Barker of the equally notorious Barker gang. In the end, Hamilton died of his wound and was buried in a gravel quarry. On May 5, 1934, spurred on in part by the lawlessness of the likes of Dillinger, The House Of Representatives passed numerous laws covering crimes typical of those committed by the motorized bandits of the time. While Dillinger went into hiding in Calumet City, Illinois, Bonnie and Clyde were killed by a posse outside Gibsland, Louisiana, on May 23, 1934. A Change of Face In an attempt to evade the intensifying manhunt, John had his lawyer Piquett, and his investigator Arthur O'Leary, locate a plastic surgeon to alter his appearance. They arranged for Dr. Wilhelm Loeser and an assistant, Dr. Harold Cassidy, to operate. On May 27, at the home of James Probasco, they went to work on his face. Several days later, they worked on the tips of his fingers, attempting to remove his fingerprints. The end results of the work were highly debatable. Some friends on seeing John later, thought he looked like he had the mumps. A short time later, the women arrested at Little Bohemia were released and placed on probation. Tommy Carroll, reunited with his wife, drove to Waterloo, Iowa. Acting on a tip, police looked for and then located their car parked in an alley. Later as the Carrolls emerged from a nearby restaurant, the police approached. Carroll went for his gun but one of the officers knocked it from his hand. As he began to run he was shot four times. He would later die in the hospital. The ranks of the Dillinger gang were thinning. On June 30, still hoping to raise money to leave the country, Dillinger with Van Meter and another man who may have been Pretty Boy Floyd, robbed the Merchant's National Bank in South Bend, Indiana. During the robbery and it's aftermath, there was much gunfire with Van Meter shooting an officer, who later died. Van Meter himself suffered a severe head wound. The resultant take was a mere $4,800 between them. The Lady in Red The day after the robbery a man known as Jimmy Lawrence met his girlfriend, Polly Hamilton, for a date. He had been seeing her for two weeks. She was renting out a room from a Romanian immigrant named Anna Sage. Sage was currently facing deportation proceedings, stemming from her convictions resulting from charges related to her running brothels in Gary, Indiana, and East Chicago. Only Sage knew that Jimmy Lawrence, was in fact, John Dillinger. While living quietly in his new identity, the manhunt was continuing. Hoover had appointed Samuel Cowley to head up the investigation in Chicago. On July 20, 1934, Anna Sage contacted acquaintance Martin Zarkovich, an East Chicago police sergeant, and offered to reveal the whereabouts of John Dillinger in return for both the reward money and help in blocking her deportation. Zarkovich contacted Melvin Purvis. At subsequent secret meeting with Purvis and Cowley she outlined her offer and received assurance that they would help with her deportation problem. She told them that she would be going with John and Polly to the movies at the Marbro the following evening. On July 22, all available agents were briefed on the setup. At 5:30 p.m., Sage called and confirmed that they would attend a movie that night at either the Marbro, or the Biograph theater. Secondary plans were quickly made to have Purvis and Agent Ralph Brown stake out the Biograph. Spotting Dillinger and the women arrive at the Biograph, where Manhattan Melodrama featuring Clark Gable was showing, Agent Brown immediately called Cowley. Agents quickly surrounded the theater. Purvis was stationed left of the entrance. The Feds Get Their Man At 10:30 p.m., Dillinger and his companions exited the theater. Purvis having identified him, lit his cigar, the prearranged signal. Purvis and Agent Herman E. Hollis closed in from behind with guns drawn. As he neared the alleyway down from the theater, glancing over his shoulder, he began to run into the alley. Agents Hollis, Charles Winstead, and C. Hurt fired five times. Three bullets hit Dillinger and he fell face down. One shot, probably fired by Winstead, had entered his neck and exited under his right eye, killing him. Taken to the Alexian Bros. Hospital, he was pronounced dead at 10:30 p.m. From there his body was transported to the Cook County Morgue, where a huge crowd gathered and a number of photos were taken. The FBI checked his fingerprints, and in spite of his attempts to have them obliterated, were able to make a positive identification. An autopsy was then performed. The next day the body was put on display at the morgue and thousands came to look at the infamous John Dillinger. Newspapers were filled with stories of his betrayal by a "woman in red", soon identified by the press as Anna Sage. The body was next transferred to McCready Mortuary. On July 24, the remains were taken to the E.F. Harvey Funeral Parlor in Mooresville. The casket was soon moved from there to his sister's home in Maywood. A crowd of thousands gathered outside the Crown Hill Cemetery, as the twenty car funeral procession arrived. Dillinger's body was then buried. Due to countless rumors that would go on for years, that it wasn't Dillinger's body in the ground, John Dillinger Sr. soon made arrangements to have 3 ft. of reinforced concrete poured into the ground above the grave, lest anyone attempt to dig up the coffin. Of his surviving companions, Van Meter was trapped and killed a month later in St. Paul. Shortly thereafter, Makley was killed and Harry Pierpont wounded in a failed jailbreak. Pierpont would soon go to the electric chair. Russell Clark received a life sentence for his part in the Sarber killing. On November 27, 1934, Baby Face Nelson, while traveling with Helen Gillis and armed companion John Paul Chase, were spotted by Federal Agents Samuel Cowley and H.E. Hollis. During the gun battle that followed, Nelson killed Cowley and Hollis, but was himself mortally wounded. His body, having been dumped not far away, was discovered the next morning. The End of An Era The passing of John Dillinger and his gang marked the beginning of the end of an era of lawlessness in American history. His short life had ended violently, but his legend would continue to grow with the passage of time. Little would he have imagined that, in the end, he would be remembered as the most notorious outlaw of his time. Essential Sources DILLINGER: A SHORT VIOLENT LIFE Robert Cromie and Joe Pinkston Chicago Historical Bookworks The Aftermath John Burns: Michigan City escapee, arrested in Chicago December 12, 1934, and returned to prison to finish his life sentence Dr. Harold Cassidy: Committed suicide on July 30, 1946, in Chicago John Paul Chase: Apprehended December 27, 1934 in Mount Shasta, California; convicted on March 25, 1935, for the murder of Inspector Cowley. Began serving his sentence at Alcatraz on March 31, 1935; transferred to U.S. Penitentiary, Leavenworth, Kansas, in September 1954; paroled on October 31, 1966; and died October 5, 1973, in Palo Alto, California, of cancer. Pat Cherrington: Released from prison July 27, 1936 on her harboring charge. Found dead in her room at the Burton Hotel, 1439 North Clark Street, Chicago, on May 3, 1949 Marie Comforti: Sentenced to a year and a day December 22, 1934, for harboring Van Meter John Dillinger, Sr.: Died in 1943, buried next to his son at Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis Evelyn Frechette: Released from prison January 30, 1936 for harboring Dillinger. Died January 13, 1969, in Shawno, Wisconsin, of cancer at the age of 61 Helen Gillis: Released from prison in Milan, Michigan, December 13, 1936, and returned to Chicago. She died in 1987 Polly Hamilton: Went into hiding after Dillinger's death. Eventually returned to Chicago and married. Died February 19, 1969 Leslie Homer: Convicted and sentenced in Racine, Wisconsin. Paroled in 1943 from the state prison in Wapun, Wisconsin Dr. Wilhelm Loeser: Sentenced on September 21, 1935 to serve one day for conspiring to harbor, then returned to Leavenworth for parole violation Charles Makley: Shot and killed in an attempted prison break while on death row September 22, 1934, at the state prison in Columbus, Ohio Homer Van Meter: Shot and killed by St. Paul police August 23, 1934. Buried at Lindenwood Cemetery, Fort Wayne, Indiana Baby Face Nelson: Shot and killed by federal agents on November 27, 1934, in Barrington, Illinois. Also killed were Inspector Sam Cowley and Agent Herman Hollis. Buried at St. Joseph's Cemetery, River Grove, Illinois Arthur O'Leary: Received suspended sentence in exchange for testifying against Piquett. Moved to Dubuque, Iowa, and died in 1966 Louis Piquett: Entered Leavenworth on May 9, 1936, for harboring Van Meter; released January 11, 1938. Received Presidential pardon from Harry Truman in January 1951. Died of a heart attack December 12, 1951 Harry Pierpont: Electrocuted October 17, 1934 at the state prison at Columbus, Ohio, for the killing of Sheriff Sarber James Probasco: "Fell" to his death from the 19th floor of the Bankers' Building, Chicago, July 26, 1934, while in the custody of the FBI Melvin Purvis: Resigned from the FBI in July 1935; committed suicide February 29, 1960 Buried at Mount Hope Cemetery, Florence, South Carolina Anna Sage: Died in Romania April 25, 1947, of a liver ailment Dillinger The Untold Story (Girardin and Helmer) Dillinger: A Short and Violent Life (Cromie and Pinkston) Dillinger Days (Toland) John Dillinger Slept Here (Maccabee) The Investigator (FBI 1945) U.S. District Court, Third Division, U.S.A. vs. Clayton E. May, Evelyn Frechette, et al., 1934	i don't know
Often with obscene or risque intent, what poetry uses a strict AABBA rhyme scheme?	Poetry – Befuddled Bard Haiku Poems A haiku in English is a very short poem in the English language, following to a greater or lesser extent the form and style of the Japanese haiku. A typical haiku is a three-line observation about a fleeting moment involving nature. Limerick Poems A limerick is a form of poetry, especially one in five-line, predominantly anapestic meter with a strict rhyme scheme (AABBA), which is sometimes obscene with humorous intent. The first, second and fifth lines are usually longer than the third and fourth. Narrative Poems Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metered verse. Narrative poems do not have to follow rhythmic patterns. The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. It is usually well it normally dramatic, with objectives, diverse characters, and metre. Narrative poems include epics, ballads, idylls, and lays.	Limerick
From the Latin plumbum, what element has an atomic weight of 82 and uses the symbol pb?	Sherman Indian School Mini Class Lesson Plan Draft - Sherman Indian School Sherman Indian School Mini Class Lesson Plan Draft Sherman Indian School Mini Class Lesson Plan Draft -... SCHOOL View Full Document Sherman Indian School Mini Class Lesson Plan Draft Topic: Creative Writing Taught by: Shane Z. and Seanna C. Part 1: Poetry Lesson 1: The “7 S’s “ of poetry Say, Speaker, Setting, Structure, Speech/Syntax, Sentence, Style/ Shape Lesson 2: To Rhyme -The Limerick A limerick is a kind of a witty, humorous, or nonsense poem , [1] especially one in five- line anapestic or amphibrachic meter with a strict rhyme scheme (AABBA), which is sometimes obscene with humorous intent. Lesson 3: or Not to Rhyme- Blank Verse Blank verse is often unobtrusive and the iambic pentameter form often resembles the rhythms of ordinary speech. William Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in blank verse. Lesson 4: Nature’s Poetry-The Haiku Haiku is a poetic form and a type of poetry from the Japanese culture. Haiku combines form, content, and language in a meaningful, yet compact form. Haiku poets, which you will soon be, write about everyday things. Many themes include nature, feelings, or experiences. Usually they use simple words and grammar. The most common This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM Notes From The Field November Shane Zackery Prof. Walker Native American Psychology F November Field Notes	i don't know
What national park, the first in the world, is home to the Roosevelt Arch, whose cornerstone was laid by the totally badassed president himself in 1903?	Binder Yellow Stone Binder Yellow Stone You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 5 to 29 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 34 to 107 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 112 to 118 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Page 123 is not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 128 to 243 are not shown in this preview.	Yellowstone National Park
What word derives from the Persian phrase, "Shah Mat" meaning the king is helpless?	Lhp mag nov 13 web final by Jon Frangipane - issuu issuu LHP MAG NOV 13 10/10/13 1:41 PM Page 1 L i g h t h o u s e www.LHPmag.com Po i n t a g a z i n e Serving Boca Raton to Fort Lauderdale THE MAJESTY OF Dunn’s Run SuperKid of the Month American Doll Movie Pompano’s Own Troubadour November 2013 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 2 909 South Federal Highway â€˘ Pompano Beach Between Commer Commercial cial and Atlantic Boulevards 9 954.943.6700 54.943.6700 www.ChryslerJeepofNorthBroward.com LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 3 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 4 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 5 t n i o P e h t d n A ro u a column t hat i nclu H P. des n ts of L ews items relevant to the residen The Beach Boys Tribute Band LHP Library Book Sale! The Lighthouse Point Cultural Arts Committee and Sheehan GMC will sponsor a performance of the Beach Boy Tribute Band on Saturday, November 2nd at 5:30 P.M. at Frank McDonough Park in Lighthouse Point. There will be Food Trucks and fun for the whole family. Be sure to bring chairs and/or blankets for the event. For further details, please call John Trudel at 954-784-3439 The Lighthouse Point Library will hold its semi-annual book sale November 21 – 23, 2013 from 9 am to 4 pm daily at Dixon Ahl Hall (located across the street from the library at 2220 NE 38th Street). Gently used books, DVDs, VHS tapes, music CDs, and audio books will be available for purchase. Prices range from 50 cents for paperback books to $2 for hardcover books. Coffee table and collector books are specially priced. DVDs and CDs are $1 to $9. On Saturday, November 23 from 1 pm to 4 pm, $1 will get you as many books as you can fit in a plastic bag (we provide). All proceeds benefit the library. Donations of books, DVDs and CDs for the sale may be dropped off at the library during regular business hours. The Lighthouse Point Library was established for the purpose of providing the community with access to books and other resources and services for education, information and recreation. The Library strives to aid citizens of all ages in satisfying their need to be well informed, intellectually stimulated, culturally enriched and to appreciate wellrounded leisure time. Birthday Turns Out To Be Three Times the Fun On August 19th, Rita Slatkow, a resident of Lighthouse Point since 1969, celebrated her birthday in NYC. This was a very special birthday because she was able to share it with her granddaughter, Stephanie, and great-grandson, Dylan, who were also born on the same day. Even though they all were born on August 19th, each is separated by decades. Rita was born in New York in 1924. Stephanie, the daughter of Lighthouse Point Chiropractor Andrew Slatkow, and his wife, Jackie, was born at Holy Cross Hospital in 1982, when the family lived in Deerfield Beach. Last August 19th Stephanie called from New York where she now lives with her husband, Peter O’Grady, to say she was in labor on her birthday. “Andy, Jackie and Rita rushed to the airport and arrived at the hospital in time for the delivery. Dylan was finally born just before midnight. Talk about pressure!” said Andrew. “I wanted to deliver on August 19th for my grandma,” Stephanie explained, “so we’d all have that day to celebrate together. A year later and I still can’t believe it turned out that way.” Rita reported that the first joint birthday brought so much happiness and hopes to celebrate many more together. This year, Andy, Jackie and Rita returned to New York where a big family celebration was held in Glen Cove, Long Island, and Manhattan, where the Slatkow’s son, Matthew, also resides. Dylan Robert O’Grady was named after his great-grandfather Robert Slatkow, who passed away just before Stephanie learned she was pregnant. Stephanie said that she felt that her grandfather knew a new member of the Slatkow Family was on the way, even before she did. Lighthouse Christian School’s See You at the Pole Event Before school started on Wednesday, September 24 the students, staff, and families of Lighthouse Christian School could be seen gathered around the school’s flag pole, holding hands and bowing their heads in prayer. They were participating in the annual Lighthouse Christian School’s See You at the Pole event, which was started in 1990 by a few teens in Texas and has ballooned into a national event, that attracts more than three million students to their school’s flag pole each year. Ben Hayward, a sixth grader at LCS, described the event as being “Awesome.” He says, “It was a great time to stop and look around at my LCS family and appreciate all of the blessings I have and sometimes take for granted.” Keith Cavanough, director of the youth program at LCS and First Presbyterian Church, was glad to see the huge turnout, and plans to continue his efforts in organizing events that bring teachers, staff, students, and families together in prayer. Elite Force Martial Arts and LHP Mom’s Club Holiday Bazaar We are excited to announce that we will be holding the LHP Mom’s Club Holiday Bazaar in conjunction with Elite Force Martial Arts, 4754 N Federal Hwy. in LHP Saturday, November 16 from 1-4pm! The holiday bazaar is put together to give stay-at-home moms an outlet to promote their goods and services. This will be an awesome event that will feature Mom’s Club vendors and specials on great gear and training programs from Elite Force! This event will be open to the public and advertised throughout the area. We plan on having a bounce house, food trucks, holiday music, and free pictures with Santa! Please contact Imee Gusich 954-594-5092 for more information. We reserve the right to reject material that may not be in the best interest of the community. www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 5 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 6 Features From the 10 Dunn’s Run 15 SuperKid of the Month 30 Majesty of Yellowstone 23 American Doll Movie 37 Pompano’s Troubadour Advertising Rates & Information The Lighthouse Point Magazine is published monthly by City News Group and delivered by mail, free of charge each month to residents of Lighthouse Point, Pompano Beach, Deerfield Cove, businesses and the surrounding communities. Check our website for advertising rates and specials for new clients at www.LHPmag.com, or call 954-486-3820. NEW ADVERTISERS PLEASE NOTE! Our Website address is www.LHPmag.com Our address is NOT Hey Kids, Look What Stella Did! When I received word from my friend Krista Martinelli that her 8 year-old daughter, Stella, had produced a four-minute music video on her Apple iPod Touch device, I was floored (See page 23). Stella had taken 501 photos of her American Doll in making this animated film. And then, when her mom told me the film had been entered in the 4th Annual LDub Independent Film Festival and would be premiered at the Stonzek Theatre in Lake Worth on September 28th, I totally lost it! As much as I think technology can be a detriment to some children who use cell phones to only become caught up in a world of social networking, here is a case where a hi-tech device was used to create something wonderful, and could very well lead to a happy and productive life for Stella Martinelli. Jon, I can’t even begin to tell you how pleased I was with your story! I had no idea I would be on the cover, and how extensive the article would be. I am most happy about getting the information out to so many people that there is help for wildlife, and a place it can be taken. I can’t thank you enough. It was a pleasure to have worked with you. Please tell Debra Todd that I really loved the photos she took. The magazine spread is a wonderful legacy for my grandchildren to keep. Thank you again, and much success! Cindy Rohkmann, The Bird Lady A Thank You From the Bird Lady Our Country Is a Rudderless Ship With our Government in a shutdown, Congress has again reinforced the opinions of millions of Americans that those they were so foolish to elect to office have no intention of serving the people. Yes, Congress has proven to be a self-serving gang of complete blockheads, undeserving of the positions they hold in government. It’s absolutely mind boggling that the people we put in control of our government have no idea how to govern! The American people are leaderless, being held hostage aboard a rudderless ship — and that ship is about to sink. LighthousePointMagazine.com Another company has registered the name. Our Cover z i n e 3 ag a ember 201 DEADLINES FOR CAMERA-READY ART AND PREPAYMENT OF ADS ARE DUE ON THE 1st DAY OF THE PRECEDING MONTH OF PUBLICATION. ALL ON-GOING ADS MUST BE CANCELLED BY THE 1st DAY OF THE PRECEDING MONTH OF PUBLICATION. 6 Editor t P o i n t Lauderdale u s e on to For t h o Boca Rat L i g h Serving .com mag www.LHP Dunn’s Run the Month SuperKid of l Movie Dol our American Own Troubad Pompano's Nov Colorful article on the Majesty of Yellowstone National Park Story begins on page 30. Photo by Joan McIver LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 7 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 8 Contents A Pet Who Needs Love Al’s Corner A pet who needs love Please Rescue Me 8 Through this cage that keeps me bound, Slowly as I look around, Into your eyes I hope you’ll see, I need your love so desperately! Hold me close, take me away, Into your loving home, this I pray, I’ll make your life a joy, Oh, please adopt me today! By Charmaine Haines-Hills 72 Healthwise 52 Gracie Hi my name is Gracie and I am an Australian Shepherd mix. I am about 10 years old and I came from the Coral Springs Humane Unit. If you are looking for an easy going companion then I am the one for you. I get along with other dogs, like to go for walks and to be by your side. I am deaf so I would like to be with another dog to help hear for me. Please come and meet me, I really want to go to a home that I can call my own. Gracie and all her friends can be seen at the Florida Humane Society, 12-4 Thursday-Sunday, located at 3870 North Powerline Road, Pompano Beach. We are on the NE corner of Sample and Powerline next to the Citco car wash. You can also view us online at floridahumanesociety.org or call 954 974 6152 This complete issue and all back issues of Lighthouse Point Magazine LIGHTHOUSE POINT MAGAZINE Serving Boca Raton to Fort Lauderdale can be seen on our great website at www.LHPmag.com To accommodate the many requests we get for our publication, copies of the Lighthouse Point Magazine are now available during the first week of each month at: LHP Library, Heart Rock Sushi, Lito’s Turf & Surf, Red Fox Diner, LHP Yacht & Racquet Club, Tumminello’s, Bonefish Mac’s, Nauti Dawg, J. Mark’s and Offerdahl’s Cafe. Call for other locations. 8 3467 N.W. 17 Terrace, Oakland Park, FL 33309 OFFICE 954-486-3820 • CELL 954-608-3820 Email: [email protected] Website: www.LHPmag.com Use the code at the right for quick access to our site. ©2013 Lighthouse Point Magazine JonFrangipane – Founder/Publisher/Editor BabsKall, Kall Graphics – Magazine Design & Layout DebraTodd – Photography WendellAbern – Staff Writer • AlanWilliamson – Staff Writer Contributing Writers & Photographers Donna Torrey, Erica and Jan Davey, Rev. Jack Noble, Denise Richardson, Al Siefert, John Offerdahl, Judy and Bill Sullivan, Eunice Hamblen, Kelly Doyle, Captain Mike Genoun, Jennifer Kovacs, Andrea Freygang, Courtney Stephens, Don and Pam Euston, Marty Zevin, Sheriff Scott Israel, Melanie Hecker and Emily Jancura Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com Shopping Locally Creates More Jobs! LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 9 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 10 17th Annual Dunn’s Run Photos by Debra Todd Big crowds attended the 17th Annual Dunn’s Run held in Deerfield Beach on Sunday, October 6th. The 5-mile run began on a picture-perfect day with participants ranging in age from 9 to 75 years old and older! We apologize that at press time there was no information regarding winners and awards. Local weekly papers already will have published that information. Dunn’s Run which attracts as many as 2,000 entrants every year benefits the Boys & Girls Club of Broward County. 10 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 11 Continues on page 12 www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 11 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 12 Continues on page 58 12 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 13 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 14 14 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 15 LIGHTHOUSE POINT MAGAZINE SUPERKID OF THE MONTH Each month, Lighthouse Point Magazine will award a $25 check, or gift card to a child who has accomplished something special, or performed an extraordinary service to the school, or community. Child r u o Y Is a Kid? Super Lighthouse Point Magazine will now be accepting submissions (emails only) from parents who wish to enter our SuperKid of the Month Award Program. The word count should be under 500 words. Lexi Masciarella Please mail submissions to [email protected] We are thrilled to announce that our SuperKid of the Month recipient is Lexi Masciarella. Because of his accomplishments, we felt this award is well deserved. My name is Lexi Masciarella and I am a student at North Broward Prep in Broward County. Some children’s interest are riding horses, playing football, swimming or playing the piano. My passion is making a difference in another person’s life. It was sparked back in second grade; my school had an assembly. Mrs. Landel, a school administrator, told the students about community service and giving back to the community. She spoke about collecting soda tabs for Ronald McDonald House Charities and helping sick children and their families. Afterwards I felt so sad thinking about children being sick and how important it is to have your Mom and Dad nearby. My thoughts kept running and I knew I could help by collecting tabs all on my own. So, I began the mission to collect tabs from all my family, friends and my father’s business. I even rallied a 98 unit condo building where my family occasionally stays to collect. I spread the word like butter, even my grandmothers bowling league! Before long, I was collecting bins and water bottles full of “Pop Tabs.” I collected so many over my second and third grade year that I was nominated in the school “Hall of Fame” for community service. In fourth and fifth grade, I assumed leadership for the lower school Pop Tab Collection. I displayed canisters in each classroom, made posters and spoke regularly at assemblies and on the school television network. On my own, apart from school in my fifth grade year, I collected a 50 gallon drum (over 150,000 tabs) full of tabs which was featured on WSVN Channel 7 News. Upon recycling that drum with all my work, I only received $82.00 for the effort. I knew there had to be a better way to help raise money for the charity. I began tinkering and creating with the soda tabs. After time, I launched the first batch of Pop Tab bracelets for the cause. At the end of my sixth grade year, North Broward Prep held a Community Service Fair where I displayed a PowerPoint presentation of the children I had met at the Ronald McDonald Fort Lauderdale House, along with Pop Tab bracelets I had made. A sign was displayed on the table that read FREE POP TAB BRACELET WITH A DONATION OF $5.00 to RMHC. The idea flourished and within 4 months I presented a check to RMHC Fort Lauderdale for $1000.00! But it didn’t end there. I continued to collect $500 in the next few months to sponsor a family through the volunteer program called “Share A Night.” I encourage you to help RMHC as well. I feel so good helping the families that reside there. Editor’s Note: Lexi will be hosting a website for her bracelets (still under construction) Tabz4charity. Ronald McDonald House Charity of South Florida will be having their largest fundraiser event “Home for the Holidays” on December 7th, a Christmas holiday extravaganza with food, entertainment, silent and Chinese auction, as well as guest appearances by Ronald and Santa. Lexi will have a table at the event w/her bracelets on display. All info is on the website: rmhcsouthflorida.org www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 15 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 16 You Catch It, We Cook ItJust the way you like it! Comes with salad and choice of one side item $10.99 each Didn’t Catch? No Problem! We have the freshest fish around– Just ask your server what the catch of the day is. Lito’s serves only the freshest seafood, fish, steaks, ribs and more. “Award winning chicken wings” ■ Home made soups, sauces, salads and dessert ■ Ipswich clams flown in fresh from Maine every Wednesday The coldest draft and microbrews in town Enjoy a glass or bottle of your favorite wine. ■ ■ ■ ■ Stop by and give us a try. Let us cater your event. One call and we will do it all! Lito’s Turf & Surf 2460 N. Federal Hwy., Lighthouse Point In Shoppes at Beacon Light. Serving Lunch & Dinner 954-782-8111 ■ Litosturfandsurf.com Family owned and operated 16 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 4:22 PM Page 17 artglass Babs by Available by appointment 954.675.4944 ▲ art glass by babs.com ▲ G L A S S A RT F O R YO U R H O M E ▲ GLASS: F U S E D ▲ C A S T ▲ S TA I N E D ▲ M O S A I C ▲ A R C H I T E C T U R A L ▲ U T I L I TA R I A N Shopping Locally Makes More Cents! www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 17 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 2:58 PM Page 18 Quality impact windows and doors bring the world into your home, while keeping the elements out. RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION REPLACEMENT WINDOWS & DOORS 9 Time PGT Platinum Dealer Protect your home from impending storms BUCKLEY W I N D O W C O R P. 954.396.4211 ■ www.buckleywindow.com 201 NE 32nd Street ■ Fort Lauderdale, FL 33334 ch urch ano Bea h C mp ink he P nue, Po t t a ve th A 6 2 1 NE 233 18 Reduce cooling and heating cost. Security against theft and reduce outside noise. License# 97-8258-G-X LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 19 Lighthouse Point Chamber News Networking at Howard Grace Mortgage Welcome new members!! Welcome to our newest Lighthouse Point Chamber Members. During our membership drive and renewal, we Howard Grace Mortgage had thirteen new members join the chamber. Come to meet welcomed Lighthouse Point them and other members during our Nov. 19 social at the Chamber members to their Lighthouse Point Yacht Club. new home in Deerfield Beach • Accountable Financial Services Group, Inc. for the September social. • Beacon Light Barber & Salon • Bee Insurance, Inc. Owner Karen Hammett, • Cay Title pictured right, handles various • Chrysler Jeep Dodge Subaru of North Broward mortgages and was glad to be • Dr. Janet Limperis. Phy. D in her new location. She shares • El Tamarindo Café II, Inc. the space with Lauryn Charles • Hair Color Xperts of Accountable Financial • Impero Wine Distributors USA • Integrity Title Inc. Services Group, a new • Natalie’s Solan chamber member, pictured left. • The Leone Center for Orthopedic Card Lauryn Charles and Karent Hammett • Thomas Worchester DDS Ribbon cuttings in LHP The Lighthouse Point Chamber along with residents and city commissioners Glenn Troast, Becky Lysengen and Earl Maucker welcomed in the new restaurant Tumminello’s Deli & Café to the city of Lighthouse Point with a ribbon cutting and grand opening celebration on Sept. 25. Tumminello’s is located at Gateway Plaza on East Sample Road. They also welcomed El Tamarindo with a ribbon cutting. See El Tamarindo’s picture next month. Tumminello’s Deli & Café ribbon cutting. 10th Annual Taste of Lighthouse Point The Lighthouse Point Chamber of Commerce is pleased to announce that preparations have begun for their 10th Annual Taste of Lighthouse Point. The Taste is the Lighthouse Point Chamber of Commerce’s signature wine and food event, and 2014’s promises to be the best ever. Held at the Lighthouse Point Yacht & Racquet club on January 21, 2014, the Taste features signature dishes and drinks from 25 – 30 local restaurants. Be sure and save the date now. Restaurants to date include: Bobby Rubino’s, Bonefish Macs, Cafe Maxx, Cap’s Place, Edible Arrangements, El Tamarindo Cafe, GFS Marketplace, Gimme A Burger, Hott Leggz, Lighthouse Point Yacht Club, Lito’s Surf & Turf, Nauti Dawg, Olympia Flame Diner, The Perfect Pairing, Red Fox Diner, Tumminello’s and Your Pie. The Lighthouse Point Chamber of Commerce uses the money raised at this annual fundraiser to support local schools, charities and to promote local businesses. They have donated to Norcrest Elementary’s adopt-a-classroom program, have supported Relay For Life, the Lighthouse Point Fire Department, the LHP Library and many other great causes over the years. Sponsors such as this year’s platinum sponsor The Shoppes at Beacon Light along with Bank United, Kall Graphics and Minuteman Press help underwrite costs for the event and allows us to donate more to local groups. New this year: The Chamber is adding a People’s Choice Award—participants will vote on the best item presented at the Taste and the winning restaurant will receive a special award. Tickets will be $50 in advance or $60 at the door. The evening features food samples, auctions, raffles, entertainment and delicious food and wine from all over the Lighthouse Point area. The Lighthouse Point Chamber of Commerce is looking for volunteers, auction items, sponsors and more. Please call 954946-3838, email [email protected] or visit www.lhpchamber.com for more information. www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 19 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:31 AM Page 20 VALID WITH COUPON ONLY • EXP. 11/30/13 EXP. 11/30/13 3900 NE 25th Avenue, Lighthouse Point 3740 NE 26th Avenue, Lighthouse Point Flawlessly cared for Eastern exposure Deepwater "Venetian Isles" gem. 6-Bedrooms, 4½-Baths with 86’ of dockage. Dramatic formal foyer entry, marble and wood flooring, 3 balconies, extensive native landscaping. Just around the corner from the Yacht Club. $1,549,000. Custom built in 2005 Eastern exposure deepwater home. 90’ dock, 18,000 pound boat lift, impact glass, summer kitchen, media room, sauna. Exceptional details throughout. Short distance to the Yacht Club. Must see! $1,699,000. 2824 NE 23rd Avenue, Lighthouse Point Gated Eastern exposure estate with 88’ of Deepwater dockage. Built new in 2005, this stunning masterpiece features 5-bedrooms, 5 ½baths, 3 balconies, an elevator, and up and down laundry rooms. Offered furnished. $2,398,000. 2848 NE 32nd Street, Lighthouse Point 2319 NE 28th Street, Lighthouse Point Impeccable 7,200 square foot, 6-bedroom, 6 ½-bath, 3-car garage stunner. Features 100’ of deepwater, marble floors, an open family room, and quality finishes throughout. Located just ½ mile to the Inlet! $2,298,000. Rarely available Point Lot home with 195’ of dockage - a boater’s dream come true! 4-bedrooms, 3-baths, 2-car garage. Completely remodeled. Located South of Sample Road, only one mile to the Inlet! $1,249,000. ! LD SO LE ! 3210 NE 23rd Avenue, Lighthouse Point Spectacular and long Deepwater views. Direct Eastern exposure. 100' of Yacht capable dockage. California mid-century inspired design. 4-Bedroom, 3-bath with bonus den/office/5th bedroom. Open floorplan. Exceptionally maintained! $1,198,000. 1535 SE 14th Court, Deerfield Beach 3921 NE 24th Avenue, Lighthouse Point Built in 2010! 2 lots off the Intracoastal, 5,184 square feet under air. Custom features include an elevator, 3-car garage, media room, and lanai. 130’ deep lot. Close to 2 Inlets! $1,699,000. Gorgeous home on of 90’ deepwater! Open floor plan, great curb appeal. Stunning views. New kitchen and roof! 3bedrooms, 2-baths, 2-car garage. $719,000. LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 22 DREAM DOGWASH '(#",$"%&@&:,$A4"% ?BC&DEFFEGHI !"#$%&#'()%'+, !"#$%&#'()%' -"."%/"'012 344'567&8 !"#$%&'$%& !"#$%&'$%&%! !"#"$$"%&'()+(,)&-.#/.)"$ !"#"$$"%&'(()+(,)&-. -.#/.)"$ 012"&3".+4"567.+&8#4"",&39&:,$+.77.+(1,58"+;<= 012"&3".+4"567.+&8# & 4"567.+&8# "567.+&8#4"",&3 4"",&39&:,$+.77.+(1,58"+;< +;<= SAVE YOUR BACK AND KNEES, use our professional tubs. You can wash your own pet, or we can wash your pet for you, for a fraction of the price of a traditional groomer. 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LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 23 My American Girl Doll Movie 8-Year-Old Stella Martinelli’s Amazing Feat! The 4th Annual L-Dub Independent Film Festival came to Lake Worth in September for a three-day event, and the youngest filmmaker in the festival, 8-year-old Stella Martinelli, made her debut with her animated music video, “American Girl Movie/Red.” The festival took place at the Stonzek Studio Theatre in Lake Worth and included many different genres of film. “I made an American Girl Doll movie. It took 501 photos to make,” Stella said. She had proudly reported her accomplishment in an email to a few family members and friends in past months. “I hope you like it,” she told them, never realizing she would get this opportunity. Using an Apple iPod Touch device, 8 year-old Stella took multiple photos of her American Doll in various positions and produced a slideshow, using a timer. All of this was done without assistance. The only part of the whole process that Stella needed some help with was adding music to the animated film. She also wanted her “stop action” animation video to be accompanied by one of her favorite Taylor Swift songs. “My friend and neighbor Katie (13-years-old) showed me how to do that part,” said Stella. And voila — that was the finishing step. Her first animated film was complete, and her 4-minute music video was launched. “This 8-year-old ﬁlmmaker, the youngest entrant in four years of L-Dub ﬁlm festivals, took her American Girl dolls and used the old method of stop-motion animation.” –Film Director for the Lake Worth Playhouse Charlie Birnbaum Most participants in the festival included adult-age directors and producers plus a handful of high school students. Stella Martinelli represented a younger iPhone savvy generation, as the only third grader whose short film was selected. As with all of the participating directors and producers, she participated in a brief question and answer session after the screening of her video. “Stella amazes me,” said her mother Krista Martinelli. “Recently our family was going through an emotionally rough time. We had just received the sad news of a death in the family. Over a period of about a week, I noticed that Stella was taking a lot of photos of her American Girl dolls, but honestly I was quite consumed with other things and didn’t really know what she was up to.” Later, it was discovered that during this time she was taking hundreds of photos of her dolls and on a mission to create a short animated film. Stella Martinelli Film Director for the Lake Worth Playhouse Charlie Birnbaum says, “These days when most animation is computer generated, it’s most refreshing to see filmmakers use the time-consuming, more personal techniques that stem from almost 100 years of great animation work. Earlier this year we showed Film maker Stella Martinelli and mom, ‘Consuming Spirits’ a 2-hour animated Krista Martinelli. feature with 250,000 hand drawn cells by artist Chris Sullivan—now we are excited to be able screen a new work by Stella Martinelli.” “This 8-year-old filmmaker, the youngest entrant in four years of L-Dub film festivals, took her American Girl dolls and used the old method of stopmotion animation. This involves photographing a scene, making a slight change and photographing again and continuing in this vein. The resulting frames, when shown on a screen, clearly give the illusion of movement to the story telling. The epitome of this technique can be found in the classic Battle of the Skeleton army in Ray Harryhausen’s ‘Jason and the Argonauts.’” In the past month since the first film, little Ms. Martinelli has completed five other short films, using either dolls or Playmobil® people. She also enjoys making music videos with her friends in the neighborhood, utilizing special effects and dancing. A third grade student at a public school in Lake Worth, Stella is quite fond of her teachers. In her off time, she enjoys playing ukulele, participating in dance classes and being a Girl Scout. Evenings at home include time with younger brother Paul, and her parents, Joe and Krista Martinelli. www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 23 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 24 A s I Wa s S ay i n g The BBQ Meatloaf and Bavarian Cream Puff Diet By Alan Williamson It sounds bizarre, I know. In fact, it makes no sense at all. A classic example of mystical new age mumbo jumbo. The stuff of Internet exaggeration and word of mouth gone wild. Surely there’s not a single shred of truth to it. Well…that’s what I thought, too. But the thing is, The BBQ Meatloaf and Bavarian Cream Puff Diet has changed my life. And it can change your life, too. Let me explain. Seven months ago my world was in a shambles. I woke up one morning, looked in the mirror, and what I saw filled me with shame and hopelessness. That bright young man who once burned with such passion and promise had been replaced by a middle-aged zombie with a gut big enough to house Reese Witherspoon. It would be a long road back, but I was convinced that my path to redemption had to begin with reclaiming my body. I started with the well-known diets that had produced big headlines and small waistlines. I tried them all – Atkins, The Zone, Jenny Craig, The South Beach Diet. In every case, my results were less then dramatic. So I kept searching, venturing deeper and deeper into more obscure dietary terrain. I tried the Henry Winkler Grilled Cheese and Tomato Diet, but the melted cheese didn’t melt away the pounds. I tried Connie Chung’s “Fish Kabob Your Way to a Fabulous Body,” but couldn’t keep up the kabobing. I ate free-range Cornish game hens raised in Santo Domino by Benedictine monks. For awhile, I lived on potato pancakes handmade by a German farmer’s wife and shipped FedEx from Frankfort. I tried eating three big meals a day, then six small ones, then, as a last resort, just one large raisin a day topped with Cool Whip. Nothing seemed to click for me, until the improbable happened. I was standing in the magazine section at Barnes & Noble flipping through the quarterly issue of a lesser known medical journal when I saw it. There, on page 83, was a report on the results of a five-year study conducted by nutrition researchers at the Crabtree University of Medicine in Shawshank, New York. Their findings were at once shocking and inspiring. A group of 217 chronically overweight heart patients 24 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com who were fed nothing but BBQ meatloaf and Bavarian cream puffs from June of 2007 to April of 2012 had reached and maintained their target weights. What’s more, all 217 had overcome every trace of coronary heart disease and diabetes and were living lives of optimum health and well-being. Three had even won Pulitzer Prizes and two had become Supreme Court Judges, though none of them had any formal education beyond high school. What, I wondered, could account for such an extraordinary resurgence of body, mind and spirit in people who had once been so desperate that they agreed to be guinea pigs in such a controversial experiment? These words from lead researcher Dr. Lamont Meredith put it all in sharp focus: “The fats found in BBQ meatloaf are considered essential fats, because our body cannot manufacture them. BBQ fats in particular are used by the body to create “signaling molecules” that when balanced with the meatloaf as a protein source and the sugar in the cream puffs as a quick source of energy, work to stabilize insulin production, accelerate the metabolism, and safely burn body fat at record rates.” For me, it worked miracles. After only four months on The BBQ Meatloaf and Bavarian Cream Puff Diet, I’ve dropped 30 pounds, taken up kayaking, learned to play the Didgeridoo, built my own hot tub, and made the cover of Zesty Guy Magazine. Twice. Can a diet consisting of BBQ meatloaf and Bavarian cream puffs really change someone’s life for the better you ask? I’m here to tell you: It changed mine. So get that sour taste of defeat out of your mouth and say “yes” to a yummy new way of life. Fueled by BBQ meatloaf and Bavarian cream puffs, you’re sure to find health, happiness and a world of exciting possibilities ahead. Maybe even a seat on the Supreme Court. I guarantee you, no one on the Connie Chung Fish Kabob diet ever made it that far. LHP Shopping Locally Makes More Cents! LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 25 www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 26 Tomatoes: the holy grail of veggies The Garden Lady Says… By Donna Torrey What is it that makes tomato growing the supreme goal of most vegetable gardeners? Maybe it’s because they are so amazingly red, juicy and delicious when grown well. Well, I did it! This year I have access to an area with full out sun, and I must say , that this is probably the key to a successful attempt at this sometimes difficult crop. So, what do I attribute this success to? Here are some of my gleanings: 1. Use a mix high in organic matter and well drained. I have mine growing in potting soil in pots, and also in compost in a raised bed. Both are doing great. Remember, there is no ONE way to do anything. Use what you have available first and see if that works. 2. Fertilize and water regularly. I have been using only organic fertilizers, either Black Hen, Fertilome, or fish emulsion, every two to three weeks or so. Tomatoes are hungry plants, and will succumb to disease when neglected. Keep them evenly moist. They don’t like to dry out completely. 3. Don’t grow your tomatoes exclusively in one area or bed, as this is like a red flag for pests who are attracted by scent, most of the time. Plant lots of herbs and flowers around them to confuse and discourage the bad guys and encourage the beneficial insects. I haven’t had a single tomato hornworm, or had to treat for any pest problem. 4. If you do find pests, either hand pick the worms, or use Neem, which is also helpful with some of the blights that tomatoes are prone to. Stick to the basics: Sun, water, healthy soil and organic fertilizer, and you too will find your tomato bliss. You can do this. LHP Garden gate Nursery is located in the Pompano Citi Centre. Donna can be reached at 954-783-GATE, or at www.donnasgardengate.com Photo by Jan Davey Beauty Spot of the Month Congratulations to the Wagner Family at 2551 N.E. 31st Court, winner of Lighthouse Point Community’s Beauty Spot of the Month Award for October, selected by Erica Davey, The Butterfly Lady. LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 27 Caring for your “kids” like they are our own. Bayview Animal Clinic Give us a call today and make an appointment for your next visit. 40 Years in Business 4 Doctor Practice Emergency Services Digital x-ray ■ Surgery Local House Calls ■ Hospitalization Dentals Including X-Ray EKG/Blood Pressure/Ultrasound Eye Exams/Tonometry Convenient Drop Off Exams Routine Health Needs/Vaccinations Full In- House Laboratory Small Animals and Exotics Dr. Rudd C. Nelson small animal Dr. Christopher D. Smith small animal and exotics Dr. Laurie Phillips small animal 2850 East Commercial Boulevard Dr. Henry Allen Brunz small animal ■ Buying Locally Makes More Cents! Photos by Debra Todd POMPANO PAWN & GUNS LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 28 CLASS III DEALER – CWP CLASSES Protect yourself, don’t be the victim! CASH FOR GOLD & GUNS 954.968.4949 www.pompanopawn.com 1301 W. Copans Road • B5 • Pompano Beach West Copans Road by Home Depot $ Open 7 days: M-F 8am-10pm, Sat 8am-8pm, Sun 10am-8pm 28 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 29 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 30 THE MAJESTY OF YELLOWSTONE IN THE WILD and WONDERFUL WEST Article by Joan McIver Photography by Joan, Laurel and Barbara McIver A view of the Grand Tetons H igh in the stormy western sky, jagged snow peaks etched a majestic vision on the distant horizon. The Teton Mountains in all their showy glory rose sharp and straight from Wyoming’s prairie land. It was a stunning sight for four road-weary travelers who had driven over 2,400 miles to enjoy the wonders of Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks. Cameras in hand we jumped out of the car, yelping with excitement as we snapped dozens of photos. Planned for a year, our road trip began in early June. My daughter Laurel McIver and I drove from Lighthouse Point home to Anderson, South Carolina where we picked up two more daughters, Jan Ray and Barbara McIver. At dawn the next morning, we climbed into a car stuffed with road maps, cameras, water and bags of snacks. Our route took across took us through the center of the country from the highlands of Tennessee to the Where antelopes play grasslands of Nebraska to Wyoming’s windy mix of mountains and prairie inhabited mainly by graceful pronghorn antelopes. On day four of our journey, we pulled into Jackson Hole, Wyoming, a valley nestled in the shadow of the Teton’s sharp peaks. Hole is Wyomingspeak for the valley that surrounds the town of Jackson, a bustling mix of old west, big money and wide-eyed tourists like us. It was twilight; 30 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com Jackson street scene Jackson was abuzz with traffic, bright lights and boutiques stocked with high-ticket camping gear, jewelry and art. We checked into our lodging, and then walked several blocks along the town’s wooden walkways lined with Old West storefronts. Jackson’s Landmark Arch LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 31 Buffalos near Moulton Barn Million Dollar Cowboy Bar Downtown Jackson’s landmark arches built of elk antlers led into a small town square. In 2007, it took 1,948 antlers to rebuild the arch at the square’s Southwest corner. Male elk shed these antlers each spring as they graze in the National Elk Refuge just outside of town. Local Boy Scouts collect the antlers to be sold at an annual auction in Jackson Like scores of other tourists, we took pictures of ourselves standing beneath the arches and then celebrated our arrival at the Million Dollar Cowboy Bar, a venerable town hangout since Prohibition days. We toasted ourselves with pink, prickly pear margaritas and dined western style on bison burgers, elk bits and steak. In the western-style dining room the heads of antelope, moose and elk peered down from the walls. In the bar, dancers rocked to the loud and lively country music played by a band from Georgia. Besides nightlife and shopping, the area around the Jackson and the Tetons is renowned for skiing, outdoor sports and recreation. Numerous park trails wind high into the steep, rockbound cliffs, so inviting to hikers and rock climbers. We passed on those strenuous activities in favor of looking for wildlife as we drove onward to Yellowstone, about 50 miles north. The desk clerk in Jackson told us that the elk had left the refuge area for higher ground in Yellowstone, but we’d likely see buffalo herds in the fields along Antelope Flats Road. Great Advice! We spotted a herd of buffalo munching grass near the historic Moulton barn, a relic of a pioneer Mormon settlement. Young calves covered in golden brown fur stayed near their massive mothers. Seeing the bulky adult buffalo was a first for my excited daughters. These animals still shedding their furry winter coats looked shaggy and unkempt, yet majestic. We later learned from a ranger that they are not buffalo and should be called bison. The distance from Grand Teton National Park to the Yellowstone’s south entrance is a is about 50 miles, but the need to be alert for wildlife made for slow driving. The route followed the Snake River as it meandered along the edge of Jackson Lake. Not long after entering Yellowstone, wildlife seemed to pop up everywhere. A handsome elk boasting impressive antlers elk rested among a grove of trees. Further on our car surprised a coyote stalking a Canada goose. The noise caused the goose to flutter away into a nearby lake while the coyote gave us a dirty look before skulking into the woods. Click, click went our cameras. So far, we had seen elk, buffalo and a coyote and the day was not over. It was easy to see why Yellowstone is often called National Park “the Serengeti of America.” Created by Congress in 1872 Yellowstone became America and the world’s very first national park. In size, Yellowstone encompasses over a two million acres, mostly forests and wilderness. Since most visitors come to Yellowstone to see the geysers, hot springs, mudpots and other unique features, the park’s Grand Loop Road makes it easy. On a map, the loop road appears like a giant figure eight that divides the park into an upper and lower area. The road winds about the main landmarks, visitor centers, lodges, campgrounds, and trails. In many areas, boardwalks offer close-up views of many of the park’s 10,000 hot springs and 300 active geysers. From the south entrance, the road brought us to Yellowstone Lake and the West Thumb Geyser Basin, a bizarre landscape alive with smoke, steam and wild geothermal activity. As we walked a boardwalk along the lake, we saw bubbling mud pots, crystal hot springs that ranged in color from inky black to crystal clear turquoise that would be the envy of any owner of a South Florida swimming pool. But a dip in these superheated pools would be instantly fatal. The air smelled of sulphur and steam belched from fissures in the ground. Continues on page 32 www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 31 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 32 Continued from page 31 Mud pot in West Thumb area Beyond the boardwalk was a barren landscape of dead trees, scorched earth scarred with steaming fissures. Signs warning “Dangerous Ground” added to a surreal scene atop the caldera of a super volcano that last erupted 600,000 years ago. Nobody knows when it will blow its top again. It was epic, creepy and scary all at once. We ended the first day of Yellowstone adventures in the grand old Lake Hotel. The rambling yellow inn on the shores of Lake Yellowstone was the park’s first. Originally built in 1891 then rebuilt in 1903, the hotel amenities include a first-class dining room and large lobby and sunroom, banked by windows overlooking a view of Lake Yellowstone. After dinner, a pianist played show tunes in the lobby. We sat on the lobby’s comfy Grand Old Lake Hotel 32 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com sofas and chairs, sipped a mud pot cocktail and played scrabble as we listened to the music. Here’s a bit of advice about staying here and other lodges within the national park: From late June to September, this is a much-visited park, so make your reservations as early as possible. My daughter Jan booked a twonight stay at the Lake Hotel in January and was told they were the last available rooms. And one more thing to remember, there is no television, no cell phone service and only spotty wifi access within the park. Overnight, the air turned cold. Luckily, we had packed an assortment of sweaters, mittens and jackets. Even bundled up we shivered as we walked to breakfast, served in the cafeteria housed in nearby Lake Lodge that was kept warm by a glowing fireplace in the rustic lobby. Despite the chilly temperature, there was no hesitation to hit the road for the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. To get there, our course led through the idyllic Hayden Valley formed by the Yellowstone River on its meandering southeastern journey. Distant snow-capped peaks of the Abrasoka Mountains sparkled against the sky. Herds of bison grazed amid the meadow’s lush grassland. All at once, we saw an animal digging in the grassy meadow. It was a wolf, a big gray wolf. We couldn’t believe our eyes. It was so unexpected, especially as there was no traffic jam clogging the road. We gazed transfixed with wonder at seeing the rare, wild canine. Wolves had once been wiped out of the park by hunting and trapping. In 1997, 14 Canadian wolves were released into the park. Today 11 wolf packs roam the wilderness. Canadian Wolves The roar of waterfalls filled our ears as we walked the path leading to the canyon were the magnificent Upper Falls cascaded down the steep canyon walls of yellow rock. From an overlook, we could view the canyon’s Upper and Lower falls and the river’s turbulent downhill plunge. Steep paths curved downward to overlooks closer to the canyon. After a bit, the cold wind sent us back to the car. Another surprise, snowflakes swirled and dotted the windshield as we drove back to the wonderful Lake Hotel. To us it seemed like a blizzard in June. The next morning we said goodbye to the Lake Hotel and planned a leisurely drive to Old Faithful Village, for a one-night stay in the cabins at Snow Lodge. Once again we followed the Hayden Valley until we left the main road for a less traveled link to Madison Junction and the Lower Geyser Basin on the opposite side of the park. The route brought us to the Virginia Cascade, a rushing waterfall that splashed into a narrow tree-lined gorge. This backcountry route took us to a camp and ranger station at Continues on page 40 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 33 PAID ADVERTISEMENT Local Tax Firm Once Again Amid Nation’s Top Private Companies The Miami Heat may be south Florida’s most recognizable back-toback champions but when the opponent is the IRS and the game is for keeps, that honor goes to JG Tax Group and CEO David Connell. 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With a coveted spot as one closed off-shore accounts, Connell’s of America’s fastest growing private team of former IRS brass are the first companies, once again, it’s clear; and last line of defense. For many Connell knows what he’s doing. taxpayers, JG Tax Group’s dream team of professionals are the 1 Based on gross revenue for the years 2010-2012. difference between going to jail and 2 “The 500 Fastest Growing Best Run, Most going on with life uninterrupted, free Innovative, and Most Inspiring Private from IRS harassment. Companies in America” Inc. Magazine, 32nd When asked for comment, Connell Annual Edition. September 2013. Mansueto Ventures LLC New York, NY cites the successful defense of his clients over the financial windfall his www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 33 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 34 Life… Make it Fun For the Family! LIGHTHOUSE POINT YACHT & RACQUET CLUB Join in on all the FUN! We have so much to oﬀer – stop by and see us… Boating and Tennis, of course… and Swimming, Fitness, Massage, Social Activities, Fine Dining, Club Kid’s Activities and more Enjoy our Poolside Tiki Bar – Open Friday nights and Sat. and Sun. afternoons Contact Linda Lennon, Director of Club Membership 954.942.3524 • [email protected] to schedule a visit. Be sure to ask about membership and marina specials! 34 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 35 Drs. Jared & Catherine Young Bright Young Smiles Lighthouse Point’s Pediatric & General Dental Specialists Bright Young Smiles providing exceptional dental care for over 40 years to infants, children and teens, is now adding adult dental care! Dr. Jared Young, D.M.D. the pediatric specialist is joined by his wife Dr. Catherine Young, D.M.D, together the dynamic duo can service the whole family with the very best in dentistry. Our office offers: • Teeth Whitening, Veneers, Crowns, Cosmetic Dentistry • Warm & Friendly Staff & Doctors • Sedation Dentistry • Saturday and Evening Hours Please contact Bright Young Smiles today, to make your family appointments. 954-781-1855 1930 NE 34th Court Federal Hwy & Sample Road www.BrightYoungSmiles.com www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 35 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 36 RAS at John Knox Village Still Thrives The Resident Auxiliary Services (RAS) at John Knox Village has about 200 volunteers working at service center in Pompano Beach. This is only one reason why John Knox Village continues to remain a premier Continuing Care Retirement Community. In 1978, with the help of administration, the resident volunteers formed the initial structure and 35 years later, the organization still thrives. The volunteer opportunities at John Knox Village include the Curiosity Shop, furniture shop, large print library in Cassels Tower, RAS Office, Maggie Goetz Library in Village Centre, and reception desks. Throughout the years, RAS has collected funds from selling items in its Curiosity Shop, furniture sales and at the Pompano Beach Green Market. These funds are used for approved projects that are presented to and discussed by the entire RAS Board at monthly meetings throughout the year. In 2011, RAS approved a little more than $77,000 toward projects benefitting The Village. The various departments and groups that received generous contributions included Building and Grounds, Dining, the Employee Holiday Gift Fund, Health Center, Libraries, Marketing, Professional Center, Village Centre and Villagers Menâ€™s Chorus. For more information about RAS, please contact Marcia Ellington at (954) 942-3793, Ann Archard at (954) 784-1334 or Rita Jones at (954) 785-8246. Exchange Club Honors Outstanding Students The Pompano Beach Exchange Club on Wednesday, October 2nd recognized exceptional seniors for their outstanding academic achievements at their weekly luncheon at the Lighthouse Point Yacht Club. The Exchange Club has been serving the local community for more than 50 years. One of the priorities of the Club is to fund drop out prevention programs and celebrate academic excellence such was the case at this meeting. 36 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com Pictured from left to right on the front row: Amanda Sinatra, Zion Lutheran School, Celine Cruz, Coconut Creek High School, Nidhi Patel, Deerfield Beach High School, Chelsea Draucker, Highland Christian Academy, and Emily Anne Solley, Pompano Beach High School. In the back row, Vashon Palloo, Coconut Creek High, Ryan Kydes, Zion Lutheran School, Lary Nguyen, Ely High School, Yash Soni, Deerfield High School, Carlos Chiriboga, Highland Christian Academy, Alfred Lin, Pompano Beach High School and Pompano Exchange Club member Jim Balistreri who introduced the students. LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 37 Bill “Clancy” Jaycox Pompano’s Own Troubadour Well, it’s finally official that Florida’s Pompano Beach is the city’s official song. Bill “Clancy” Jaycox wrote the composition back in 2004, hoping the Pompano Beach City Commission would give full approval, but it took another nine years to receive news that the city would print 1,000 CDs and, in addition, pay Clancy $100 for his vocal rendition at Pompano Chamber of Commerce events, farmer’s market gatherings, and any city functions that may arise. Clancy and wife Joanne have been Mr. and Mrs. Santa Clause to thousands of children in the surrounding communities for more than 40 years, distributing gifts of food and clothing to the needy — all this without compensation of any sort. A real throwback to the days of vaudeville, Clancy has performed his act and sung in every nightclub, beer hall and funeral parlor in the county and beyond. And yes, I did say funeral parlors where he sings a special song called Beauty to the grieving family members, the beautiful words written by his wife Joanne’s father. To this date, he has sung at over 75 funeral ceremonies. On St. Patty’s Day, you’ll find him in any number of Irish Pubs in the area, singing Bill would love for you to have his new CD! original ditties he has composed. Joanne is very active with the Quota Club, volunteering for many charities through the years. Personally, I have never met two people in this world so passionate about helping others. And in that vain, Clancy will sing you his latest song called “Good Neighbor,” a song that preaches giving the friends and strangers you meet all the love and help you can when they are in need. Clancy and Joanne live in Leisure Village in Pompano Beach. Mr. & Mrs. Santa Claus appear in 2005 edition of the Lighthouse Point Magazine. Bill and Joanne Jaycox Christmas Memorabilia from floor to ceiling. www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 37 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 38 38 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 39 TIRES • TIRES • TIRES PAC N’SEND OF LIGHTHOUSE POINT Packing, Shipping & Shopping All In One Place! TIRE STORES Authorized Shippers for UPS • FedEx • DHL • USPS We Give You Choices! ALL BRANDS • ALL SIZES PASSENGER • TRUCK • TRAILER SPECIALTY TIRES “Service You Can Trust” • Worldwide Shipping • Mailbox Rental • Notary Service 52 YEARS 1960-201 2 3381 N. 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From the Nez Perce parking lot, we watched three bison stroll through a picnic area on the opposite side of narrow, slow moving stream. Before crossing over, the bison dipped their hoofs daintily in the water then splashed with care as they came toward the parking lot. It was time to jump back into the car. The scenery soon changed from pastoral to the weird world of noisy, smelly, spouting, geysers and boiling hot springs. The three-mile Firehole Lake Drive leads to the Lower Geyser Basin that boasts the Great Fountain and White Dome geysers and the smoky blue lake. As if we hadn’t had enough weirdness, Midway Geyser Basin proved a spectacular other-worldly vision. “Hell’s Half Acre,” as author Rudyard Kipling described the site, is home to a 270-foot crater formed by the Excelsior Geyser with a constant stream of water overflowing its rim. On the same loop walk, this geothermal marvel is topped by the larger and more colorful Grand Prismatic Spring. Measuring 300 feet across, it is the largest hot spring in the park and third largest in the world. The spring’s water glows in shades of turquoise, greens and blue with rays of yellow, orange and brown spreading across the surface. The ray’s colors are Walkway at Grand Prismatic Spring. 40 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com created by algae, nurtured by the heat. A steamy mist wafted across the heated water. The spring edges close to the boardwalk. There’s no railing, so we walked carefully. A fall into the spring could be painful. Onward to Old Faithful, the star of Yellowstone. The Old Faithful Visitor Center posts the times when the famed geyser is due to erupt. Eruptions can be from 60 to 90 minutes apart. We had several minutes to browse in the center’s exhibits, bookstore and gift store. Back outside we joined the crowd on hand for the big moment. Old Faithful did not disappoint. The great, steaming spout shot over 100-feet into the air accompanied by a rumbling roar. We cheered the grand sight. But the Old Faithful Village offered another wonder –this one man made. Built in 1903, the Old Faithful Inn is a National Historic Landmark. Any visitor should step inside the huge log building with a lofty lobby that soars 80-feet high to the exposed roof ridge. Rocking chairs gathered about the hearth of a towering stone fireplace. After dinner, we took another look at Old Faithful as it let off a cloud of steam against in the evening sky. Tired but happy we hustled off to our cabins at the Snow Inn and to bed. After a small bit of morning shopping at Old Faithful General store, we aimed the car north to Canyon Village, an area with a visitor center, post office and lodging where we planned to spend the night. The drive was spectacular especially when we took the turnoff at the Gibbon Falls and walked a bit on the river trail. Wildlife spotting included a wolverine on the opposite river bank, a mule deer and a brown bear and cub playing under the trees. A big night lay ahead as we had made reservations for an exciting chuck wagon dinner in a remote valley, not far from the park’s north entrance. We had to check into our Canyon Village cabins and then change into warmer clothes because it gets cold at night in this mountainous region. At the Roosevelt Coral, we climbed into Chuck Wagon seven, a big yellow covered wagon with room for 10 passengers. Dallas McCord LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 41 Chuck wagon recited cowboy poetry as cowhands hitched Shorty and Squirt, hefty Belgium horses, to the chuck wagon. James, our guide, hopped aboard and a caravan of wagons set off on a jaunt through Pleasant Valley. James entertained us with stories of the parkâ€™s, tumultuous history and its many colorful characters. We returned to the coral and the aroma of grilled steaks filled the cool air. In the outdoor valley setting and to the tune of cowboy music, we filled our plates and stomachs with tender meat, corn, salad, cornbread and apple crisp cobbler. Cowboy coffee cooked in a metal pot over a campfire was better than expected. The evening ended too soon and it was time to drive through the lovely hills back to our cabin. Tomorrow would be our last full day in Yellowstone. Upper Falls in the Grand Canyon of Yellowstone. Continues on page 42 41 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 42 Continued from page 41 In the morning, we said farewell to Canyon Village. The plan was to drive north to the town of Gardiner, Montana, just outside the park’s exit. Peregrine falcons soared from ridges, herds of bison enjoyed the good life in the verdant, stream fed valley, but no wolves appeared. From the valley, we next drove to historic Mammoth Springs, a small village that’s home to the park headquarters, a hotel, post office and a housing community for park employees. In the 19th century this was the site of Fort Yellowstone and permanent army base for the US Calvary. Built in 1909, the Albright Visitor Center, a sturdy building of dark stone, once served as the Bachelor Officer Quarters. Today it provides information for tourists and showcases western art. Elk graze on the former army parade grounds and lounge on shady lawns. But the most amazing thing is the terraced Mammoth Spring itself. From a distance, it appears like a huge tiered cake covered in white and tan icing. Up close, the stair step terraces stream with water bubbling from the spring. The water forms pools and leaves deposits of calcium carbonate that harden into travertine terraces. Boardwalks wind about upper and lower spring area. Our last night in Yellowstone was spent at the Abrasoka Lodge in Roosevelt Arch 42 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com Mammoth Springs Gardiner, MT, a real western town on the banks of the Yellowstone River. On our way back home, we reentered the park through the impressive Roosevelt Arch, a 50-foot basalt structure. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt laid the cornerstone for the basalt structure completed in 1909. As we retraced our path, Yellowstone gave us a final thrill. South of Mammoth Spring, a huge traffic jam could only mean there was a bear by the road. We jockeyed for position. OMG! A grizzly bear mamma and cubs were frolicking in the in the grass. We tried to get out of the car for a closer look. But the park ranger said no, “Just get your picture and move on.” What an ending to our park visit. We know we only saw a fraction of this incredible region. That would take years of time. But we did see how marvelous and alive our world could be with space for bears, coyotes, a wolves, elk and bison. Who could ask for more? Barbara and Joan at Roosevelt Arch. LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 43 • New Construction • Renovation • Service • Repair Family owned and operated since 1988 Offer expires 11/30/2013 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 44 TALK TO A LAWYER…BE SMART! LAW OFFICES OF MARTIN ZEVIN, P.A. Martin Zevin has been practicing in Florida since 1973 FREE CONSULTATION •Personal Injury • Wills • Trusts • Estates 954-569-4878 954-569-HURT www.MARTINZEVINPA.com 3275 W. Hillsboro Blvd, Suite 204, Deerfield Beach, FL 33442 You may obtain free information regarding our qualifications and experience by writing or calling during regular business hours. Limited time offer: receive $30 off a spiral whitefly treatment now through Nov. 2013. Coupon must be presented in person. Coupon is transferable so share this offer with friends and family. For more information visit our website: www.millerpestcontrol.com. Offer not valid with any other offer. Offer Expires: November 30, 2013 44 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 45 Sewer Inspection with a color video camera â€˘ Sewer Repairs 8:00am to 1:00pm Monday-Friday 7:30 am-5:00 pm & Saturday 8:00am-1:00pm Backflow Recertification License# CFC1428137 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 46 Concert Series at St. Nicholas Photos by Jon Frangipane The St. Nicholas Episcopal Churchâ€™s 2nd Annual Concert Series began with a highly rousing delivery of a variety of beautiful songs, performed by J.E.T., a group of three fine musicians. The group entertained an enthusiastic crowd with Latin jazz, world music and fusion, employing different rhythms, timbres and tempos while performing familiar standard popular songs, as well as a selection of operatic and Latin favorites. Soprano Elena Correia introduced the group that included Jackie De Los Santos on double bass, Teresa Flores-Diaz on percussion and special guest pianist, Gary Mayone. Ms. Correia received her Masters of Music from Julliard School in NYC and bachelor of Music from San Diego State University. She has had principal roles in many opera throughout the country. Bassist Jackie De Los Santos earned her Bachelors and Masters of Music at Julliard in NYC, and performed with Korean Chamber Orchestra at Carnegie Hall, the Florida Grand Opera and Miami City Ballet. Percussionist Teresa Flores-Diaz, a native of Los Angles, attended Fullerton College and earned her Masters degree from Florida International University. She has performed with the Symphony of the Americas and the Palm Beach Symphony, and now teaches music in Miami-Dade. Pianist Gary Mayone is well known for his fine performances in many venues throughout the years in South Florida. Elena Correia Teresa Flores-Diaz Fr. Mark Andrew Music Lovers Gary Mayone 46 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com LHP MAG NOV 13 10/10/13 11:58 AM Page 47 Exchange Club Presents Awards for Public Service Photos by Jon Frangipane Awards were presented for outstanding service by Pompano Exchange President Brian Rask at an October meeting at the Lighthouse Point Yacht & Racquet Club. Lighthouse Point recipients of those awards were Fire Chief Dave Donzella, Police Chief Ross Licata and Public Works Director Art Graham. Pompano Beach recipients of those awards were Fire Chief John Jurgle, Police Chief Major John Hale and Public Works Director Ron McCaughan. The plaques read the following; â€œFor attaining the highest standards set for public service, we collectively thank you for your integrity, positive attitude and teamwork. You provide many benefits for your community to enjoy as a result of your dedication and tireless work. Thank you for being the best!â€? Mark Ellert Art Graham, Ron McCaughan, Ross Licata, Dave Donzella and John Jurgle. Speaker for the meeting was Mark Ellert, president of Outpost Magazine, a Guy Harvey publication. He outlined the purposes and goals of the organization, focusing mainly on the conservation on our seas and what steps must be taken toward that goal. www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 48 Celebrating over 50 years of excellence and exceptional service in protecting your family. FAMILY OWNED Since 1890, families have trusted Fred Hunter’s with their loved ones’ legacies. Our owners Kevin Quinn Sr. and Kevin Quinn Jr., are residents of Lighthouse Point and are committed to providing the highest level of service and compassion to families. 4650 North Federal Highway, Lighthouse Point William O’Brien, Managing Funeral Director and Lighthouse Point Resident Proudly serving Pompano, Deerfield Beach and Lighthouse Point One place for all your arrangements. 48 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com Shopping Locally Creates More Jobs! LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 49 Senior Senior Senior Connections CoConnections nnections PAID ADVERTISEMENT Jack Crissy is a Partner with William Webb & Associates in Pompano Beach, FL Look To Continuing Care For Lifetime Retirement Security Many senior members of the Lighthouse Point community moved to the area to enjoy a retirement filled with recreation, social gatherings and activities with friends, or just relaxing on the beach with a good book. But as we age, it is important to have a long-term retirement plan, so you will know exactly what will happen when age challenges your independence. A great place to research your plan for life is at John Knox Village, a continuing care retirement community located right in the neighborhood in Pompano Beach. John Knox Village is a not-for-profit community, guided by a Board of Directors and an Advisory Council composed of local professionals, residents, and business owners dedicated to the area and service to the community. Jack Crissy, a Partner in the Accounting Firm of William Webb and Associates of Pompano Beach, is a member of the John Knox Village Board of Directors. Jack is a native of Pompano Beach and has been a resident of Lighthouse Point for over six years. He has been a Certified Public Accountant since 1989, and was previously on the Board of Directors for the Greater Pompano Beach Chamber of Commerce, Florida Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and other local organizations. Jack became an Advisory Council member of John Knox Village last September as part of his commitment to the area’s senior population and feels that The Village provides an excellent community that allows area residents to retire in a comfortable, safe, active, well run environment. Jack understands the mission of John Knox Village on a very personal level as well. Jack’s mother has lived at John Knox Village for over ten years. Previously she lived in Pompano Beach since the 1950s. After Jack’s father died in 1994, she moved to a condominium in Ft. Lauderdale for about nine years. While living alone in her condominium, she encountered some health issues which encouraged her to make her decision to move to John Knox Village. Knowing that her family had their own careers, responsibilities and families she decided it was time for her to look into John Knox Village. It was comforting to her and her family knowing that the stafff of John K Kn nox Village would be able to provide Qualified Health Care if necessary. An analysis of the costs of John Knox Village versus the costs of continued ownership of her condominium was done. When you consider the guarantee of long-term care that will be provided, it was an easy decision to make the move. Jack’s mother has been very happy with the decision, and the decision has given the entire family the peace of mind knowing that if she becomes ill, she will have professional health care staff to assist and care for her. Her only regret is that she did not move into The Village a few years earlier. As a Certified Public Accountant, Jack understands the importance of a financial plan, including an individual’s plan for long-term care. He feels that continuing care in general, and John Knox Village in particular should be considered by anyone who wants to retire and live in a comfortable, friendly and safe environment. Jack feels that The Village provides quality living facilities, good health care and an active safe environment. When a resident enters John Knox Village, they feel that they are entering a great residential community, that will provide excellent health care as an added benefit. It provides peace of mind to the individual and their family that they will be well cared for after they make the move to John Knox Village. Residents ensure that they will live in a safe and secure retirement community. When analyzing the costs of John K Kn nox Village, it is not much more expensive than living in their own residence, but it does provide many additional amenities that most people do not have access to in their own private residence. Consider John Knox Village and give piece of mind to yourself and your loved ones. Mail the coupon below for your free retirement information kit, or call (954) 783-4040. FFREE REE Retirement Retirement Information Information Kit Kit Please calll: (954) 783-4040 or clip and maiil the coupon Yes, I’d likee my free retireement information kit. Please cllip and mail thhe coupon to: John Knox Village, Markketing Department 651 S.W. 6thh St., Pompano Beach, FL 33060 www.JohnKnoxVilllage.com RC-10/97 Name__________________________________________________________ Address________________________________________________________ City_________________________________State________Zip__________ e-mail_____________________________________________________ Phone____________________________________________________ lhp11-13 www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 50 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 51 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 52 Skin Care The Modern Man is Here: Maximizing Cosmetic Procedures for Men in 2014 By Melanie S. Hecker, MD, MBA Skin Biology When it comes to skin biology, men and women share many characteristics. But what is important when treating men’s skin is the differences in their skin biology. Although the facial epidermis (the most superficial layer of the skin) is similar in men and women, the dermis (deeper) layer is 20% thicker in men than women. For women, skin thickness remains constant until menopause (in their 50s) while men experience skin thinning at a younger age than women. This is due to the role of testosterone in maintaining collagen content. Also, there are numerous other significant differences in their skin versus women including: • Overall less subcutaneous fat and higher facial bone density mass in men • A fourfold increase in sebum production in men • A 30% increase in overall sweating in men • Different facial hair distribution than women • Stronger skin tone in men • Greater susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections with associated slower healing rates due to testosterone in men • Greater sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation (may burn more easily) for men Rejuvenation Goals Given the differences between men’s and women’s skin types, it is not surprising that men have different rejuvenation goals than women. The number one reason men seek cosmetic treatment is for a “tired, sinking face,” as they want to look refreshed, confident and natural. One of the most popular non-invasive cosmetic interventions is neurotoxin injections (whether Botox, Dysport, Xeomin). This treatment helps soften expression lines and men can treat the upper face facial lines from the nose up. Skin resurfacing is increasing in popularity as well among male patients as men also wish to improve their complexion and tighten lax skin. It is important to remember that preservation of the masculine appearance is a must. A combination of Neurotoxin with Dermal filler (such as Juvederm, Restylane, Radiesse or Sculptra) for the wrinkles from the nose down is an excellent combination for achieving desired, natural results. The modern man is here and he is looking for advice on safe, natural and effective cosmetic procedures and top-shelf recommendations for skin care. Every day in our practice we have an opportunity to educate our male patients on the multiple, non-surgical treatment options available for them and keeping in mind the differences in male skin from women’s skin. Thus, we are able to formulate tailored treatment options to obtain the best cosmetic results for men. LHP To learn more about this exciting topic, please visit us at: Hecker Dermatology group, P.A. Call 954-783-2323 or visit us on-line: www.HeckerDerm.com. He a l t hw i s e Spiritual Yoga and Meditation May Be Exactly What You’re Missing By Kelly Doyle, Thermae 604 Organic Detox Spa \| dfp Pilates Studio Gyanpriya, or Gyan is a Yoga Teacher and Practioner. She is remarkably different, interesting, and unique instructor. Q: What is your name and how did you get interested in yoga and meditation? A: My name, Gyanpriya, was given to me by a spiritual master, a guru in India when I was initiated into an ancient spiritual order. Spiritual names of this type give direction and insight into one’s essential character in its most elevated form. For me, yoga and meditation are spiritual paths. When I think back to my interest in spirituality, I recall browsing through books at the library at ten years old. I stumbled across a book simply titled Metaphysics. I had no idea what "metaphysics" was, but I felt drawn to it. I can also remember doodling a certain type of flower. Later, I recognized they were lotus flowers - a flower that has spiritual significance in the East. I started my meditation and yoga practice with Insight Meditation in my early 20s and later began to explore yoga. My first teachers were Tracy Rich and Ganga White of White Lotus Foundation. Q: What type of yoga did you study? A: I studied Satyananda Yoga. I have to say it was never my intent to teach. Studying was just a way to learn the tools I needed for my own spiritual journey. As such I knew I wanted to study with authentic masters with depth and breadth of experience and wisdom. I also knew I wanted to study “spiritual” yoga. This was nearly 15 years ago before there were so many different styles and brands of yoga. I was 52 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com initiated into the teachings of yoga in the traditional gurukul style during a residential stay at the Bihar Yoga Bharati ashram in India and furthered my training at the North American Academy and the ashram in Australia. I feel training in an ashram setting allowed me to more quickly imbibe the philosophy and lifestyle of yoga and meditation because it completely immerses you in both 24 hours a day. Q: What is meditation? A: Meditation is both a practice and a state. In the beginning stages, yoga meditation is a tool to go within, steady and focus the mind and ultimately bringing it to one-pointed awareness. That single point can be anything, such as a sound or the breath. It's important to note not all meditation practices require body stillness. If you want to try meditation the easiest way to learn is systematically - one step at a time. If you've been unsuccessful in meditation in the past or feel drawn to meditate but don't know where to start, I recommend starting with a meditative style yoga class such as Yoga for the Soul or finding a type of meditation that starts with the basics and builds from there. For more information about Gyanpriya’s classes please call 954-604-7930. LHP For more information please contact, Kelly Doyle, dfp Pilates Studio, 954-648-5831,Galt Ocean Mile and Thermae 604, 954-604-7930, Downtown Ft. Lauderdale LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 53 Shopping Locally Makes More Cents! www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 54 Legal Matters Information on Trusts, Powers of Attorney and Health Care Surrogates By Martin Zevin, Attorney Many clients mistakenly believe that a Revocable Living Trust is only for the wealthy. The current Federal Estate Tax exclusion is $5,000,000.00. However, your decision as to whether to have a Simple Will or a Revocable Living Trust really has nothing to do with the Federal Estate Tax exemptions. The main purpose of a Revocable Living Trust is to avoid probate in Florida. If the only real estate you own is your home, your heirs would still greatly benefit from a Revocable Living Trust. Let us assume that you are married and you own your home jointly. You have two children and you want them to have your home when you both pass away. Your other assets include CD’s, a brokerage account and an IRA. Without a Revocable Living Trust, you could still avoid probate on all of your assets except your home. You would simply name your children as the contingent beneficiaries for your other assets. When you both pass away, your children would get those assets immediately by showing the death certificate and identification. However, the same is not true for your home. Without a Revocable Living Trust, your home would have to go into probate. Probate involves hiring a lawyer, approximately nine months in the court system, publication in the newspaper, costs and attorney’s fees amounting to several thousand dollars or more, depending on the value of your home. Your home would also be tied up in the probate process which would mean that your children would not be able to quickly sell it. If you want your children to have the least aggravation and eliminate fees, costs and time, a Revocable Living Trust makes the most sense. At the time you sign the Trust, you would also sign a Quitclaim Deed whereby you transfer the property from your names individually to you as Trustees of your Trust. This does not change your ability to sell your home, get a mortgage or refinance. You continue to claim your homestead exemption. In fact, owning your home as Trustees of your Trust does not change anything except that when you both pass away, there will be no probate of your home. You should also consider having a Durable Power of Attorney to take care of your legal and financial affairs outside of your Trust. In addition, there is a document called a Designation of Health Care Surrogate which provides for making all medical decisions in the event of incapacity. The final document which most people already have is a Living Will. These documents are separate from a Revocable Living Trust. The Trust document is called revocable because you can change it or terminate it at any time during your life. If you wish to make changes, an amendment to the Trust is prepared. The original Trust document remains in effect except as to any amendments. This article summarizes the basic concepts involved in a Revocable Living Trust, Durable Power of Attorney and Health Care Surrogate. It is always important to speak to an attorney regarding your specific needs. LHP For further information, please call me at 954-569-4878 for a free consultation. We are located 3275 W. Hillsboro Blvd., Suite 204, Deerfield Beach, Florida 33442 (just East of Powerline Road). Our web site is www.martinzevinpa.com and our e-mail address is [email protected] On-Line Marketing Making the Most of Little Space As the online medium continues to grow, the space we have to work with gets smaller and smaller. There are ads on every site we visit, every video we watch, all social channels and so on. The web is driven by content, so what content are you putting out there? If you are utilizing Google Adwords, Facebook advertising, Google Network or Affiliates, how are you positioning yourself to convert that viewer in 7 seconds or less? Now, every marketer might not agree with me, but this is where I say INCENTIVIZE. Twitter allows 140 characters, Google Ads 25 characters for the title 70 characters, Facebook ads is 135 rumored to be moving to 95. So why not create an offer that gives them a reason to ‘Click Here?’ Don’t be afraid, it’s only discounting if you tell them too much. For example, if I had an ad that was 50% off Logo Design, I wouldn’t say, Logo Design Now $175 from $350. That would comprise the integrity of our services. We’re not selling a mattress, or “slashing prices,” no offense to anyone reading that owns a mattress store and uses that approach, but that type of marketing is car stopping, not click through conversion. Meaning, when I’m driving down Federal Highway thinking about how much I hate my 10 year old, stiff as a board mattress, and I pass a store that says 50% with huge red numbers everywhere, okay, I may pull over and see what all the fuss is about. When I’m perusing the internet, I’m usually doing research on something, even if it is a purchase. Now, the web can be scammersville sometimes, so I might click on the ad that says 50% off, but you bet I am then going to that 54 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com By Jennifer M. Garcia advertiser’s website, reading reviews and doing my homework. Why, Because I can. All the information I need is at my fingertips. Use your characters wisely. Position offers attractively, don’t look like a scammer. Be eloquent but inviting. Include your phone number in all ads, this way if someone decides they’re interested, but calls instead of clicks, you just won yourself a free lead. Create different campaigns for different sources. You have to know your audience, which I am sure you do, so think like them. Where are they searching, what other sites are they on, and what ads do they want to see when they’re on them? If you don’t have an offer at that time, or don’t believe in incentivizing then be specific and straight to the point. Larry Chase has good examples on his website wdfm.com, here’s a few: • Need to Invest in an IRA? Growth, income & balanced funds for 160+ years. No commissions. www.bank.com • Children’s Math Software — Get math up to speed with fun & easy to use software. Order today! www.mathsoftware.com/kids Don’t try to paint a pretty picture, just be honest and instant. People don’t really believe you anyway, so stop trying to sell them and just tell them. LHP For more information, please call 954-533-0283 or 954-547-2175, or email [email protected]. Shopping Locally Creates More Jobs! LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 55 • Located in Lighthouse Point area • Open 365 Days a Year • Professional On-Site Management • Clean and Secure • Hess Gas Station • Executive Office Suites • U-Haul Truck Specials • 24 Hour Digital Recording • Discounted Moving Supplies • Gated Access $19 Price Guaranteed per mo for 3 years Air Conditioned Storage Limited Supply YOUR STORAGE STIMULUS PACKAGE 6 Months Free Rent* Valet Moving Service Complimentary Move-In Truck** New Rental Office Hours Monday - Friday 8am - 8pm Saturday - Sunday 8am - 5pm www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 55 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 56 Cantankerously Yours Confessions of a Lothario Wannabe By Wendell Abern Dear Y Chromosomers, ‘Fess up, guys. We all imagine ourselves as great lovers; Romeos of Don Juan proportions. Well, I abandoned such fantasies long ago. In fact, given my history with women, I try to not even permit memories of past relationships creep into my consciousness. However, this is November. Alas! I confess that November always makes me think of Cindy Berman. 1 – Thanksgiving week, 1945. My brother and I had attended eleven different grammar schools in seven different cities before coming to Chicago. I was twelve. I walked into my first class—seventh grade—in my new school, looked around at all the strange faces, and fell in love. Dimples. Dimples! She had dark brown hair, combed neatly into a little flip at the bottom, all the way around, framing a face shaped like a valentine. And dimples! And chestnut brown eyes behind glasses that swept upward into points at the end. Cindy Berman. I learned her name later. In 1945, after attendance, the “new kids” were always asked to go to the front of the room and tell the class a little about themselves. I had done this so many times, I’d memorized a short little speech. However, Cindy was whispering to a friend. I had to get her attention! So I improvised. After rattling off the names of the towns we’d lived in, I said, “We have a dog. A girl dog. A Cocker Spaniel. Her name is Blondie. But we had a fight over her name. We got her in Omaha, just before we moved to Minneapolis, but my brother and I were both born in North Dakota, and I wanted to name her Fargo and he wanted to name her Bismarck, so I said we should just name her Peezalot, and then my parents got mad.” Most of the guys smirked or chuckled, Cindy wrinkled her nose in disgust and I was sent to the principal for using foul language—in those days a crime almost as heinous as chewing gum in class. 2 – The Sunday before Thanksgiving, 1948. Cindy Berman again. More beautiful than ever, and in my confirmation class at Temple Beth Am. I knew she had just broken up with Jerry Gordon (mediocre third baseman), so I decided it was time to make a move. The rabbi had asked our class to name some famous Jews in sports besides Hank Greenberg, and no one could come up with an answer. An idea occurred to me. No, I thought. Don’t say it. Don’tsayitdon’tsayitdon’tsayit, but I had to get Cindy’s attention, so I blurted out, “Jew Louis.” My friends laughed. Cindy grimaced and shot a deprecating look at the ceiling. The rabbi sent me to his office. I never make good impressions when I blurt. 3 – June, 1950. Her name, I learned from my teammates, was Maxine Klein. I had joined a softball team that had won the Windy City Championship the previous year. Great hitters on that team. In those days, there were few athletic teams for girls. Many of them would follow the guys’ teams and cheer them on. The better the team, the more girls it would attract. 56 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com My first year with the team, we led the league in extra base hits, home runs, runs batted in and paternity suits. Anyway, each game, I noticed one girl who always sat on the ground, covered in a blanket and surrounded by several friends. I thought she was gorgeous and whenever I looked at her, she smiled. The guys told me her name and said, “She always asks about you! She’s told us a thousand times, she wants you to ask her out!” So one day, before the game began, I walked over to her. She and her friends saw me coming. They all smiled. “Hi,” she said. “Hi,” I answered, demonstrating my ability for clever repartee. She smiled. “You’re cute,” she said, “but I don’t date center fielders.” Her friends giggled. “Hey! Sometimes I play shortstop.” She looked at her friends. They all smiled. She stood up. She literally towered over me. She was so tall I thought an eclipse had happened. She peered down at me. “So, sometimes-shortstop,” she said, “you gonna take me to the prom or what?” I looked up at her and couldn’t believe she was even more beautiful up close. And there is nothing more alluring to a short guy than a tall, beautiful woman. “Will you marry me?” I asked. Another blurt. She collapsed into her crowd of friends, laughing with them. I looked over at my friends, who were rolling around the lip of the infield, holding their sides. Some of them are still laughing. 4 – January, 2012. I had been married for 54 years, and a widower for a little more than two, when I went to a regional bridge tournament in Pompano Beach. I had been playing a lot of organized (or duplicate) bridge, and knew several of the players. But I had spotted a woman at one table I’d never seen before; she looked exactly like a sexy young art director I’d worked with decades ago. I had not really pursued women now that I’d reached my dotage, and this young lady—probably in her early forties— was clearly too young for me. However, I found her irresistible and initiated a conversation filled with thinlyveiled suggestions and not-too-subtle innuendoes. My partner, embarrassed, said, “C’mon, Wendell, she’s too young for you.” Keeping my lifelong streak alive, I turned to the young woman and said, “Okay, I know you’re a lot younger than I am, but I was kind of hoping you had daddy issues.” Another wonderful blurt. I played terrible bridge that day. * * * It’s November. And yes, I’m thinking of Cindy Berman. But no more gaffes with the opposite sex. In fact, since that tournament a year ago, all of my bridge partners are men. Cantankerously Yours, Wendell Abern Wendell Abern can be reached at dendyabern@comcast. net. LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:32 AM Page 57 Where can I get my jewelry appraised? at BEACON LIGHT ewelers INC. & ENGRAVERS “One of the most recommended stores in Lighthouse Point.” Conveniently located in Beacon Light Shopping Center 2484 N. Federal Highway • Lighthouse Point, FL 954-942-9318 Monday-Friday 10:00AM to 6:00PM www.beaconlightjewelers.com Florida’s Finest Home Care, Inc. “Senior Care in the Comfort of Home” Lighthouse Point’s Choice in Home Care • • • • • Hourly Care Live in / Live Out Cooking Housekeeping Errands and Shopping • Respite Care • Transportation “Your loved one deserves the finest quality companion.” Call Us Today Present coupon at time of sale. Exp.11/30/13 Shopping Locally Makes More Cents! www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:33 AM Page 58 17th Annual Dunnâ€™s Run Continued from page 12 58 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:33 AM Page 59 S6 2 C : ? 8 . : D . H9 2 E . 4 @ ? ? 6 4 E D F D . E @ . @ ? 6 . 2 ? @ E 9 6 C . & . & . & M6 E E 6 C . 9 6 2 C : ? 8 : D . @ F C . 4 @ ? 4 6 C ? & %S $Z OU IJ B % )FJ T F "V % B Z OF BOE $J OEZ )FJ T F IB W F CFFO S FT J EFOU T PG J HIU IPVT F 1PJ OU T J OD F FT U BCM J T IJ OH U IF รถS T U QS J W B U F QS BD U J D F BVEJ PM PHZ D M J OJ D J O #S PXBS E $PVOU Z U IF )FBS J OH $FOU FS PG #S PXBS E J O J HIU IPVT F 1PJ OU J O #PB S E $FS U J รถFE %PD U PS PG "VEJ PM PHZ B Z OF " )FJ T F #$ )* 4 #PB S E $FS U J รถFE )FB S J OH * OT U S VNFOU 4 QFD J B M J T U 5 IF QS PG FT T J POB M T B U U IF )FB S J OH $FOU FS PG #S PXB S E VOEFS T U B OE U IB U OPU POM Z J T Z PVS IFB S J OH J NQPS U B OU รถOEJ OH B IFB S J OH D B S F QS PG FT T J POB M U IB U Z PV D B O S FM Z PO B OE U S VT U J T FT T FOU J B M )FBS J OH $FOU FS PG #S PXBS E / ' FEFS B M )J HIXB Z & M EPS B EP #VJ M EJ OH J HIU IPVT F 1PJ OU ' XXX IFBS J OHU PEBZ D PN IFBS J OHU PEBZ!BPM D PN LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:33 AM Page 60 d i ble Facts! e r c n I ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Certain Chinese and American alligators can survive the winter by freezing their heads in ice, leaving their nose out to breath for months on end. Polar Bears are capable of jumping as high as 6 feet and can run as fast as 25mph. Sea Otters use so much energy that they need to eat as much as one-third of their weight each day. The ‘crosshairs’ of gun sights were made of spider web filaments until the 1960s. The sailfish, the swordfish and the mako shark have all been clocked at swimming over 50mph. Mosquitos are attracted most to the color blue. The male penguin incubates the single egg laid by his mate. During the two month period he does not eat, and will lose up to 40% of his body weight. Honeybees have hair on their eyes. The heart of a shrimp is located in its head. Over 10,000 birds a year die from smashing into windows. An adult lion’s roar can be heard up to five miles away, and warns off intruders or reunites scattered members of the pride. The only continent without reptiles or snakes is Antarctica. Some frogs are able to be frozen and then thawed, and continue living. Come to the Fair! ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ A group of herring is called a seige. A Holstein’s spots are like a fingerprint or snowflake. No two cows have exactly the same pattern of spots. Cats prefer to eat their food at 86º F, which is why they don’t immediately gulp down the half-eaten can of food from the refrigerator. A goldfish is the only animal that can see infrared and ultraviolet light. One in 5,000 North Atlantic lobsters are born bright blue. A snail can sleep for 3 years. A group of jelly fish is called a smack. The oceans contain 99 percent of the living space on the planet. The fingerprints of koala bears are virtually indistinguishable from those of humans, so much so that they could be confused at a crime scene. There are 701 types of pure breed dogs. There are about 100 breeds of cats. A tiger’s paw prints are called pug marks. Over 100,000 birds, whales, seals and turtles worldwide are killed by plastic rubbish every year. Marine life, in particular turtles, is prone to mistaking plastic bags for jellyfish, ingesting them and dying of intestinal blockage. Senior Shout Out! By Emily Jancura Fall is here! It’s time to start thinking about those decorations all boxed up neatly in the garage and think, just maybe, this will be the year I buy one of those nice smelly cinnamon brooms. This time of year brings such big decisions; from which holiday cards to send out to whether it’s time to replace the front door wreath. Fall gives everyone extra energy, so why not make the most of it? Take walks, work in the yard, and of course—Go to the fair! Right now there is a fair for every reason, mood, and age. There are family fairs with rides and roller coasters; like the Saint Coleman Italian Festival and the Saint Ambrose Carnival. And then there are quieter, more mature fairs that feature arts and crafts; like the Pompano Masters Art Festival, or the Deerfield Beach Festival. And if you like anything that has to do with boats and sea, you don’t want to miss the Pompano Beach Nautical Flea Market. Here you can find everything from fishing lures, to life vests and home décor. If you’re up for an evening of just relaxing with live music and friends, mark your calendars to see the Beach Boys Tribute Band. They’ll be at the Frank McDonough Park Saturday, November 2nd, at 6:30pm. The night is sure to be fun. Just bring your chairs, a blanket and maybe even a picnic basket. Or if you prefer to travel light, leave the food at home and pick your favorite food truck. Now the annual LHP Health Fair on November 9th is an informative, practical event you don’t want to miss if you have health care on your mind. This fair offers a great opportunity to 60 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com chat with local physicians from internal medicine, ophthalmology, cardiology, and much more, all in a nice, informal setting—The LHP Fire Department. You can interview and learn about different health care providers’ right here in our own community. And even get free health services on the spot; like blood pressure checks, cholesterol and blood screening, 12 Lead EKG screening, and eye exams. Fall brings lots of fun, social activities. Most are free, and if there is an entrance fee it’s usually minimal. So why not take a break from your fall decorating, and go outside and get social! I hope to see you at the fair! LHP November 9th , 9am to 12pm: LHP Health Fair, LHP Fire Department, 3740 NE 22nd Ave., Lighthouse Point December 7th and 8th: Pompano Beach Masters Art Festival, 3412 E. Atlantic Blvd, Pompano Beach January 25th and 26th: Pompano Beach and LHP Nautical Flea Market, 830 NE 18th Ave., Pompano Beach For more complete listing of events try www.lighthouse point.com or www.deerfieldbeach.com This article is brought to you by Emily Jancura owner of Florida’s Finest Home Care for seniors. If you, or your loved one, is in need of a compassionate, well-matched Senior Companion, please call Florida’s Finest Home Care at 561-929-0123. LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:33 AM Page 61 Authorized Dealer for: “From Bottoms to Repower, WE DO IT ALL” Full Service On-Water Facility Dockside Service & Repair ● Fuel & Dockage ● 50-Ton Marine Travelift ● Sales/Brokerage ● We Buy Boats ● ● 9 5 4 - 5 6 7 - B O AT 800 S. Federal Hwy., Pompano Beach ■ VISIT OUR NE Gas/Die W Fuel Do sel ck www.completeboat.com www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 61 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:33 AM Page 62 Cookin’ With The Community We encourage those who can perform magic in their kitchens to submit favorite creations that can be enjoyed by readers of our magazine. To submit your recipe, please email us at: [email protected] and type “RECIPE” in the subject line. Date, Walnut and Bleu Cheese Ball I found this in Cooking Light magazine. It certainly is a huge hit! Ingredients: • 1 C (4 oz) crumbled bleu cheese • 1 Tbsp nonfat buttermilk • 8 oz lowfat cream cheese, softened • 3 Tbsp minced and pitted Medjool dates (about 3 dates) • 1 Tbsp minced shallots • 1/2 Tsp grated lemon rind • 1/4 Tsp kosher salt • 1/4 Tsp black pepper • 1/4 Cup minced, fresh, flat-leaf parsley • 2 1/2 Tbsp finely chopped walnuts, toasted Method: Place first 3 ingredients in a large bowl; beat with a mixer at medium speed 2 minutes or until smooth and creamy. Add dates, shallots, lemon rind, salt and pepper; beat at medium speed until well blended, scraping sides of bowl as necessary. Spoon cheese mixture onto a large sheet of plastic wrap. Form into a ball using a rubber spatula. Wrap cheese ball in plastic wrap; chill overnight or 4 hours if making the day of. Combine parsley and walnuts in a shallow dish. Unwrap cheese ball; gently roll in nut mixture, coating well. Place on a serving plate; serve immediately, or cover and refrigerate until ready to serve. Coconut Macadamia Crusted Halibut This was so easy and tasty. You can make it with fully cooked frozen sausage and any vegetables you have in your kitchen! Serves 2 Ingredients: • 2 Halibut filets (or other mild white fish) cut 1" thick • Juice of 1 lime • Kosher salt • Fresh ground black pepper • 1 Tbsp melted margarine • 1/2 Cup macadamia coconut nut crusters (available at Whole Foods in the seafood section) Method: Marinate fish fillets in lime juice, kosher salt and black pepper for 1 hour. Preheat oven to 350°. Baste both sides of each filet in margarine, and coat each side in coconut macadamia nut mix. Press into fish so it doesn’t fall off. Bake in the oven for 20 minutes, flipping once. WE ALWAYS WELCOME YOUR FAVORITE RECIPES. PLEASE SHARE THEM WITH YOUR NEIGHBORS!! 62 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com Lighthouse Point resident, Courtney Stephens, shares some of her favorite recipes. You can find all of these and many more recipes on her blog at www.floridagirlfood.blogspot.com Cauliflower and Sprouts O’Gratin with Bacon Serves 10-12 as a side dish. Ingredients: • 1 1/2 Lbs brussel sprouts, trimmed and quartered lengthwise through core • 1 1/2 Lb head of cauliflower, trimmed and cut into small florets • 2 3/4 Cup heavy whipping cream • 1/2 Cup chopped shallots • 1 Tbsp fresh chopped sage • 6 slices bacon, cooked and crumbled • 1 1/2 Tbsp olive oil • 1/2 Cup plain breadcrumbs • 1/2 Cup pine nuts, chopped and toasted • 2 Tbsp fresh chopped italian parsley • 1 1/2 Cups fresh grated parmesan cheese • 1 1/2 Cups fresh grated romano cheese Method: Preheat oven to 375°. Wash and trim sprouts and cauliflower. Place vegetables in a buttered 9x13" dish. Set aside. Combine cream, shallots, and sage in a saucepan. Boil, then reduce heat and simmer until mixture is slightly reduced, about 10 minutes. Set aside. Heat oil in large non-stick skillet over med heat. Add breadcrumbs; stir until slightly brown, about 5 minutes. Transfer to bowl and cool. Toss with pinenuts, parsley and bacon. Sprinkle vegetables with salt and pepper, then pour the cream mixture evenly over veggies. Add romano and parmesan cheese. Cover with foil and bake for 35 minutes. Uncover, top with breadcrumb mixture, bake uncovered 10-15 minutes. Quick and Easy Crispy Baked Sweet Potato Fries Ingredients: • 2 Large sweet potatoes • 1 Tsp garlic powder • 2 Tbsp coconut oil, melted • 1 Tsp salt • 1/4 Cup grated parmesan cheese • 1 Tsp pepper Method: Preheat the oven to 450°. Place a large non-stick pan or cookie sheet in the oven to get hot. Peel the potatoes and slice into large “fries” or wedges. Try to keep all slices about the same length/width so they cook the same. Toss with coconut oil, cheese and seasonings, and spread out on the hot pan. Cook for 15 minutes, then turn all fries over and cook an additional 15 minutes. Serve alone or with ketchup, or your favorite dipping sauce. LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:33 AM Page 63 954.946.8200 • lhpdayspa.com Tuesday thru Friday 10am to 6pm • Saturday 10am to 5pm 1809 NE 24th Street Lighthouse Point, FL $49 1 Hour Soothing Massage $25 pedicure • $14 manicure $69 Age Defying Facial LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:33 AM Page 64 John Offerdahl is… The Gridiron Griller When I came into the NFL in 1986, I had the privilege of playing with Bob Brudzinski, a linebacker from the “Killer B” defense that helped propel the Dolphins to two Super Bowls. Bob became a trusted mentor who led by example on and off the field. When he retired he channeled his hard-hitting work ethic into opening a chain of sports bars called Bru’s Room. His entrance into the restaurant business was an encouragement to me when I started my own restaurants. Now, he continues to spur me on with his participation in my Gridiron Grill Off, a food, wine and tailgate festival that raises money for charity. Our family’s favorite wings on the planet are Bru’s Triple Threat Wings, which we take out for every Dolphin away game. Now you can make them yourselves with Bob’s recipe. Short on time? Call ahead! John Offerdahl, Chef Jimmy Dean of Bokamper’s Sports Bar & Grill with Kim Bokamper. Bru’s “Triple Threat” Wings READY…Line up your ingredients Hot Sauce: 2 C Bru’s Sweet & Tangy Sauce 3 1/2 c BBQ sauce Chicken Wings: 2 t minced garlic 3/4 c hot sauce PREP…Prepare Your Entreé, Rubs, Dressings & Sauces… Hot Sauce: Mix ingredients Chicken Wings: Cook wings in a deep fryer with vegetable oil, heated to 350° for 10 minutes. Remove wings from fryer and place in a large bowl. Toss wings with 3 oz. Triple Threat Sauce and coat thoroughly. LET’S GRILL…Take it to the Grill… Preheat the grill to 400 (Medium High) and consistently toss the wings until crisp to ensure they don’t burn. Remove wings from grill and place in basket. Sprinkle with 2 teaspoons of minced garlic and serve. Recommended wine pairing… Drifter Pale Ale Beer JOHNNY SAYS… “A Dolphin defense was a double threat with the Killer B’s, but nothing beats the Triple Threat Wings at Bru’s!” John Offerdahl’s Broward Health Gridiron Grill-Off Food, Wine & Tailgate Festival Country Artist Lee Brice performance 7:00 pm – 9:00 pm • Saturday, November 9 Pompano Beach Amphitheater & Park • 1:00 pm – 9:00 pm For info & tickets go to www.GridironGrillOff.com 64 Shopping Locally Creates More Jobs! LHP MAG NOV 13 10/10/13 1:27 PM Page 65 Cucina di Verona Authentic Northern Italian Cuisine Private Chef Maria from Verona,Italy Private Parties Sit Down Dinners Regional Recipes Make Your Next “Get Together” A Memorable Event For details call 954-598-5064 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:33 AM Page 66 Florida Spor t Fishing Freedom Of Choice Custom Built Or Off The Rack, What’s The Right Rod For You? By Capt. Mike Genoun If you are in the market for a new rod, or set of new rods than you know the decision over custom built or off the rack is one that we all face. Truth is, both options have pros and cons. Custom-built rods offer three main advantages, functionality, fit and finish. Functionality is exactly how and where you intend to use the rod. Custom built rods can be designed technique specific starting with blank construction, to length, taper and action, to guides, grips and reel seats. If you’re anywhere near as serious as we are, before making a final purchasing decision ask yourself what species and size fish you intend to target? What type and size of live or artificial baits do you intend to fish? Do you need a soft tip, plenty of backbone, or both? Is sensitivity or weight a serious concern? Answering these questions will help a custom rod builder design the perfect tool for the desired application. Here is a perfect example. I recently had Chaos Rods (chaosrods.com) custom build me a pair of 8 ft. snapper/grouper sticks specifically suited for fishing the Dry Tortugas. I wanted a little extra length for underhand casting and for keeping my fragile monofilament away from the jagged hull of the aluminum headboat I regularly fish. While I also requested enough backbone to beat big black grouper, a sensitive tip was key for allowing me to keep in touch with my bait in deep water with stiff currents. However my biggest concern was overall weight, as I would be standing at the rail for extended periods without a break from the action. I requested a maximum weight limit of 16 ounces, a tall order to fill for a beefy 8 ft conventional rod. After sampling multiple 66 blanks, we selected a pair of 30-50 lb. graphite blanks and combined them with ultra lightweight titanium guides and the lightest components available. Coming in at 15.9 ounces with the precise strength and sensitivity I was hoping for, it would have been impossible for me to find a mass produced rod with the same characteristics. Fit is another major benefit to custom built rods. Anglers of all ages vary greatly in size and reach so no; one size rod does Custom built rods provide the perfect balance of functionality, fit and finish. not fit all. With a custom built rod designed specifically for the intended user you can select butt and foregrip length, a range of grip materials and dimensions to accommodate large or small hands and of course, the action and overall length and weight of the rod. It’s possible you only have so much room to work with under your hardtop or in a horizontal rod holder. Plus, a small statured female or child will be much more comfortable and successful fishing with a shorter butt rod. Mass produced rods are typically made for the masses so their specifications are designed around the average angler, all of which provide reasonable performance. However, those who demand more usually turn to Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com custom rod builders for the style of fishing they prefer and the performance they demand. The final factor is finish. Custom built rods look great and can be fabricated in any theme with an unlimited number of colors, wrap designs and materials like abalone shell or metallic film to match your boat, to match an existing set of rods, or simply to match your favorite species. Patriotic or lucky symbols…fish decals… boat names…angler names…nearly anything can be portrayed on a custom built rod. Along with these key benefits there are however a couple of downsides. Custombuilt rods require your initial input and time to build, usually one to four weeks depending on specifics so if you need a replacement rod for Saturday’s trip with the guys, you better head over to your local tackle shop and grab something off a rack. Additionally, anything custom often comes with an inflated retail price, which is fair considering this is not a mass produced product made in Taiwan. A custom built rod is typically a high quality product hand crafted locally specifically for you. And just so you know; many high quality off-the-rack rods retail for just as much and sometimes more than custom-built rods so don’t make any decisions without due diligence. LHP For more tips, tricks, tactics and techniques, visit FloridaSportFishing.com. Like Us on Facebook. Watch Us: Youtube.com/FloridaSportFishing LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:33 AM Page 67 Identity Theft November is a Time to Remember: Turn Back Clocks, Replace Smoke Detector Batteries & Reset Passwords! By Denise Richardson How secure are your passwords? If you are like most computer users, not secure enough. If you use an easy-to-guess password, criminals can easily find their way to your banking records, email accounts and computer files. Keep your personal information private by choosing the right password. Your house key is one of the most important possessions you will ever own. That key gives you access to your home while keeping intruders out. A password is the electronic version of a key. It gives you access to your banking records and e-mail accounts online while keeping your information safe from criminals and hackers. Just as you protect your house key, you need to protect your password. Start by choosing the right word. Don’t Get Personal You might be tempted to use your personal information— your address, pet’s name, telephone number, or birthday— as your password. You might forget a complicated string of letters, but you will always remember your cell phone number. Unfortunately, criminals can also easily guess your address, telephone number, and birthday. So don’t honor Fido by naming your password after him; aim to create a password so complex, even your own mother wouldn’t guess it. The Longer, the Better Many sites and systems require passwords to be at least eight characters long - but that doesn’t mean your password should be that short. When it comes to passwords, the longer the better. Consider using a pass phrase—consisting of several words or even a complete sentence—to make it difficult for criminals to crack into your online accounts. Pass phrases are easy for you to remember but hard for criminals to guess. Don’t Just Use Letters Keyboards have many keys beyond the alphabet ones in the middle, so try to use them all. The “Shift” key is invaluable in creating passwords; instead of capitalizing the first letter of each word in your pass phrase, capitalize the last. Mathematical symbols, quotation marks and square brackets are rarely used in passwords—making them the ideal symbols to include in your password. And consider misspelling words or inserting numbers into words—“apllE” instead of “apple” or “co0ki3” instead of “cookie.” A short password made up of a variety of symbols is very secure. If your pass phrase includes only letters, it needs to be long to afford you the same protection. Don’t Rely on Memory Alone Many people use simple and easy-to-guess passwords because they are afraid of forgetting a complicated string of letters and numbers. Writing down and storing all of your passwords is a good idea. Just remember to keep your passwords in a safe location—and not on a slip of paper taped to your computer monitor. Hide your list of passwords in a safe in your closet, in a locked drawer in your desk, or even in a box under your bed. Never save your pass phrases in a file on your computer or on an online storage site. This is the first place criminals look when searching for passwords— don’t give them easy access to your personal information. Treat Your Passwords like Batteries in Smoke Detectors That is, you should change both often and regularly. Criminals will have a hard enough time guessing your complex password; if you change your password regularly, they might never break into your online accounts. If you have a long, complex password, change it monthly. Change your short passwords every week. Variety is Key Never use the same password for all of your accounts. Remembering 20 different passwords might be hard, but those 20 passwords safeguard your life savings, your credit rating, and your online identity. If a criminal guesses one of your passwords, he can access your e-mail or your eBay account. But he can’t gain entry into your other 19 passwordprotected accounts. Keep Your Password Private The best password in the world is useless if a criminal can see you typing it into the computer. Never enter a password into a public computer; it could be infected with software that records your keystrokes. A criminal can see every letter and number you type, capturing your passwords and other sensitive information. Leave the public computers for random Internet browsing, and do your online banking at home. And never reveal your password to anyone, either in person or online. Banks, credit card companies, and e-mail providers will never send out e-mails asking you to click on a link and enter your password. This is a phishing scheme; criminals send out spoof e-mails, create phony links, and then capture the passwords unsuspecting people enter onto the fake site. The criminal will then enter your account using your password. To avoid all phishing schemes, only enter your password on your bank’s or e-mail provider’s website. The ideal password needs to be easy enough for you to remember but hard enough to stump a criminal trying to decipher it. No password is 100 percent safe—if criminals can hack into the most sophisticated computer systems in the world, they can guess a single password. But by creating a complex password—complete with numbers, symbols, and uppercase letters—you can foil any would-be cyber criminals and keep your information safe. LHP For additional information email me at DeniseRichardson (at) givemebackmycredit.com www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:33 AM Page 68 LOCAL BUSINESS DIRECTORY License # CFC1426002 3981 SW 12 Court, Suite A Ft. Laud., FL 33312 Office 954-791-2327 â€˘ Fax 954-584-4866 www.cecplumbinginc.com 68 Shopping Locally Creates More Jobs! LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:34 AM Page 69 Toys in the Sink IN-YOUR-HOME Dog Grooming for small and “toy” breeds LIGHTHOUSE POINT, DEERFIELD BEACH, POMPANO BEACH, & HILLSBORO BEACH RESIDENTS. ALL OTHERS $10 DONATION SATURDAY MORNINGS 7:30 - 8:30 AM OCT 26 • NOV 2 • NOV 9 • NOV 16 • NOV 23 START YOUR WEEKEND HEALTHY AS YOU TWIST, STRETCH, AND BALANCE YOUR WAY THROUGH A DELIGHTFUL YET CHALLENGING SERIES OF TRADITIONAL YOGA POSES. PERFECT FOR BEGINNERS AND INTERMEDIATES LOOKING TO GAIN STRENGTH AND FLEXIBILITY WHILE ACHIEVING A FULL BODY AWAKENING. 561-316-TOYS (8697) Fully Insured Professional, Gentle & Caring www.toysinthesink.com FREE GENTLE YOGA FLOW WE THANK OUR YOGA CLASS SPONSORS!! DUNNTEAM.COM CLASS LOCATION • AMERICAN YOGA NE CORNER OF COVE SHOPPING PLAZA 1645 SE 3rd Court, Deerfield Beach, FL YOGA TEACHER - JON LOWELL AADP HOLISTIC NUTRITIONIST AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DRUGLESS PRACTITIONERS INSTITUTE FOR INTEGRATIVE NUTRITION GRADUATE RYT 200 REGISTERED YOGA TEACHER & VETERAN Lessons from “Save for Retirement Week” Extend the Life of Your A/C System With Preventive Maintenance We Install All Brands FREE ESTIMATES On All Replacements Inquire about our plan. FREE [1] UV LIGHT KIT & [1] MAINTENANCE VISIT 1495 With any new A/C installation. With mention of this ad. Exp. 11-30-13 HIGH EFFICIENCY $ SPLIT SYSTEMS Starting At 954-426-2645 STATE LICENSED & INSURED • LIC#CAC057358 Shopping Locally Makes More Cents! Congress has designated the third week in October as National Save for Retirement Week — which means it’s a good time to think about your own retirement savings strategies. To help boost your prospects for a comfortable retirement, consider these suggestions: First, envision your retirement goals and estimate their costs. Knowing how much you’ll need to accumulate can help you develop appropriate investment strategies. And, of course, contribute as much as you can afford to your IRA and your 401(k) or other employer-sponsored retirement plan. Within these retirement accounts, consider putting appropriate amounts in growthoriented vehicles. You’ll also need to review your progress toward your retirement goals. If your portfolio is underperforming, you may need to make some changes. And, in the years immediately preceding your retirement, you may want to shift some dollars into income-producing investments. National Save for Retirement Week comes just once a year. Take its message to heart. 954-783-6694 Robert Friedman, AAMS 1827 NE 24th Street Lighthouse Point FL 33064 MEMBER SIPC [email protected] 69 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 3:51 PM Page 70 HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU! Hey Kids! Born in December—Send us your photos before November 6th! Include your name and birthdate and Email: [email protected] and type “Lighthouse Point Birthday” in the Subject Line, or mail to: City News Group, LHP Birthday, 3467 17th Terrace, Oakland Park, FL 33309 PLEASE SEND LARGE, IN FOCUS PHOTOS ONLY! WE WILL NOT PUBLISH SMALL PHOTOS. FREE YOGU RT! BIR HURRY SHOW THDAY KI Y RECE OUR PHOT DS! IVE YO O UR O AND FREE Y OGUR WN AT M T 2488 ENCHIE’ N. Fe S!!! d e Light house ral Hwy. Point Makena turned 11 on August 21 Connor turned 1 on October 9 70 turned 4 on February 3 turned 8 on April 5 turned 13 on October 1 Zoey turned 4 on October 1 Peanut turned 6 on October 8 Buddy turned 13 on October 13 Bowden turned 2 on October 19 Dexter turned 4 on October 31 www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:28 AM Page 72 Life’s Journey Faith By Reverend Jack Noble No, I’ve not ever made any attempts to walk on water, and do not expect to feel the urge to do so any time soon. Furthermore, I am not at certain that would exhibit any particular kind of faith required in my daily living. That’s not to say that in extraordinary circumstances some such faith might not be called for. But for most of us, faith is a much more intimate and immediate matter. I am coming more and more to see that what is required of us, in the normal run of things, is the necessity of having faith in ourselves, remembering all the knowledge that has been stored-up across the years, deep inside our soul. To be certain, there are those moments in which we cannot see our way clear to our truth—moments of horrific darkness and uncertainty. It is the grossest sort of understatement to say that life can be difficult. These are the moments about which I am talking that require REAL faith. The faith I am referring to is the kind that requires the lighting of the lone candle when we feel jettisoned into outer space. The faith I am talking about is the kind that believes there to be an invisible net stretched beneath us as we stumble along. Faith is that what carries us through those patches of temporary amnesia. Faith is simply believing, without any tangible proof— even though truth is sometimes eclipsed at times, but it doesn’t last forever! We see faith every day, every day. Faith is what we see carrying-along the single mother of two who, in the months after her painful divorce, could not recall how it felt to experience joy. Faith is what kept a well-to-do man going after loosing every tangible thing in life to a factory fire. Faith is what keeps a woman grounded after taking a new job in a new city thousands of miles away from her network of family and friends. That’s what I am calling faith. Faith is the means by which we remember our capacity to experience wholeness during those times when wholeness seems forever lost. There are myriad ways to restore our faith during the dark and hazy moments when the light appears too dim, and the truth so hidden we despair of ever finding it again. Here are a couple of things that come to mind: The most obvious, I suppose, is to surround ourselves with people who know us, who love us, and who believe in us. We can touch base with them and ask them to remind us of our truth. Often they are able to spark in us a faith that has grown weak. Another way to keep faith alive is through what I call the touchstones. These are the things we have collected across the years that connect us to the sources of our faith. For me its my Bible, wise sayings, affirmations, journals, photos, symbols—things that bring me to that place inside that is connected to God. They are the things that remind me of who and what I am. Faith can also be re-figured by engaging is those activities that centers us. For me its prayer, meditating, remembering to breathe, reading, serving others, turning OFF the television, radio and stereo. These activities can snatch me out of my amnesia. I ask the simple question: what gives you spiritual energy? What acts as your life-preserver? What pulls you in when you are sinking? What holds you up when every other force is seeking to pull you down? You alone know what it is that reconnects you with your truth, with your essence. Find it. Treasure it. Hold it close. Draw strength from it in those moments when you have lost your way. And finally— remember to live with thanksgiving for all the blessings of your life! LHP Al ’s Co r n e r New Jersey Boardwalk Fire The September fire that burned several businesses on the New Jersey boardwalk was determined to be caused by an electrical defect according to fire officials that investigated the incident. It was determined that the fire started under a wooden floor in a store selling ice cream and candy. Apparently, during the flood there was salt water flooding and sand intrusion into the junction boxes that degraded the splices in the wiring and caused the fire to occur. The result of the fire destroyed fifty businesses in two towns. According to the articles I read, there is 15 million dollars of Hurricane Sandy money available to help rebuild the businesses and 5 million available for clean up. The article does not include any information on the loss of income from the businesses that were affected or the economic impact on the area. All that was mentioned was that a lot of construction jobs were expected to be created as a result. In my opinion, this incident could have been prevented from happening. The Cities should have required electrical inspections on all of the properties that were affected by the flooding before the businesses were allowed to reopen. In South Florida we also need to be careful of salt water intrusion into electrical junction boxes. One area we see a lot of problems is dock wiring. Too many times we are called to trouble shoot power and lighting problems on docks. The problem is usually found in a junction box under 72 Lighthouse Point Magazine \| www.lhpmag.com By Al Siefert the dock that has been submerged in water. This will happen when we have unusually high tides. Once the salt water gets into the splices, it will begin a corrosion process that will eventually need to be repaired. Due to the occurrence of new higher tides, we are making all of our splices above the new high water level at peak tides to assure that the splices do not get wet. We are also encouraging property owners to raise their dock power pedestals so they are not sitting in water at high tide. Salt water is corrosive and will affect most metals including copper. When mixed with electric it will cause electrolysis that will create a current in the water that will allow electricity to deteriorate any metal in the water near the source of the power leak. One example of this is when the zincs on your boat do not last and need to be replaced often. If this is happening you may want to check your dock power, but remember the electrolysis could also be coming from your neighbors dock. LHP Al is a State Licensed Electrical Contractor and owner of Al Siefert Electric. The articles he writes are about items of interest and questions from his customers. Please call Al if you have questions concerning electric service, installation and repair. For further information, please call (954) 493-9411 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:34 AM Page 73 Au to Ch at How Do You Choose the Best Car For Yourself? By Jay Ghanem So, you are in the market for a new vehicle and have not decided on a specific one. With over 250 new models rolling out, choosing a vehicle can be overwhelming. Here is a simplified version where you can decide on the size of the car and of course, you will need to check on the payment plan (pay in full, lease with option to buy, or just opt to get a used car). The questions to ask yourself are whether you need an all wheel drive; cargo capacity; towing capacity; sports car, economy or luxury car, and of course, the size of the car. Here is a list of the different cars styles with the recommended “Auto Tech and Body’s Best” vehicles. Coupe/Convertible: If you want a car that makes a statement about you, coupes and convertibles are typically the most expressive designs, but restricted access to the back seat you may consider the 2013 Mazda Miata, 2013 Chevy Camaro, 2013 Porsche Boxster, or 2014 Chevy Corvette. Sedan: If there are kids in the picture, or in the near-future plan, four doors are a likely requirement. We highly recommend the 2013 Hyundai Sonata, 2014 Ford Fiesta, 2013 Jaguar XF, or 2013 Mercedes E Class. Now, if you are environmentally conscious and don’t mind the extra cost, then we highly recommend the Hybrid car. Hybrids tend to use less fuel around town, when low speeds and frequent braking keep them running on battery power longer. We recommend the 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid, the 2013 Toyota Camry Hybrid, or the 2013 Lexus RX Hybrid. SUV: Seats 4-5 adults comfortably. The higher seating position of a crossover, or SUV is something many people enjoy, for its increased visibility and for the ease of entry and exit as the seat is at a more natural height. But keep in mind that height adds weight, and weight diminishes fuel economy and stability. Consider the 2013 Subaru Outback, the 2013 Acura TSX, or the 2013 Toyota Pruis. Van/ Minivan: Those with large families find the vans very practical. It seats 5-7 adults. The new styles are elegant and drive beautifully. We recommend the 2013 Honda Odessey, 2013 Chrysler Town and County, 2014 Acura MDX, or the 2013 Infiniti JX. Happy Car Shopping! LHP Jay Ghanem is the President of AUTO TECH AND BODY, INC., 429 N. Dixie Hwy in Pompano Beach, FL 33060. For further information, please call 954-946-9730 www.lhpmag.com \| Lighthouse Point Magazine 73 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:34 AM Page 74 SUBARU 909 South Federal Highway â€˘ Pompano Beach Between Commer Commercial cial and Atlantic Boulevards 888.861.0986 888.86 1.0986 www.SubaruofNorthBroward.com LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:34 AM Page 75 THE PRENNER TEAM (954) 784-6703 Stunning Coastal Contemporary point lot featuring 190’ of deepwater dockage on the North Grand Canal within one block of the Intracoastal. Downstairs master suite with panoramic water views. Totally renovated. 4-bedrooms plus office, 4 ½-baths. A wonderful home. $2,345,000. Expansive and beautiful 5-bedroom, 4 ½-bath home on a deep lot with 100' of waterfront. Waterfront balcony the entire length of second floor and large covered porch and open patio in spacious waterfront yard. Close to inlet. Circular drive and 3-car garage. $1,749,000. Unique deep water home on ½ acre - one of the largest homesites in Lighthouse Point. Completely reconstructed in 2012, this home has ample room for a big family plus an inlaw/guest suite with kitchenette. 6bedrooms, 4 ½-baths. The finest finishes throughout. $1,995,000. Spacious 3-bedroom, 2-bath home located in the heart of desirable Lighthouse Point. Split bedroom plan with large master bedroom and guest bedrooms. Open living spaces with ceramic tile floors throughout the house. Screened-in porch and a big, fenced yard. $369,000. Direct Intracoastal views from this lovely first floor 2-bedroom, 2-bath unit. Offered fully furnished. Updated kitchen has been opened up to the living areas. The beach is 2 blocks away! Well managed and maintained, low fees - no land or rec fees. The perfect location! $299,000. Panoramic views of the Intracoastal Waterway from this 4-bedroom, 3 ½bath home in the “Marina” section of Lighthouse Point. Open and bright floor plan. Very rare direct Intracoastal home with a southern exposure and Lighthouse view too! $1,550,000. Great duplex in Lighthouse Point! One unit is a 2-bedroom, 2-bath and the other is a 1-bedroom, 1-bath. East of Federal Highway (US1) and close to everything. Newer central A/C. $299,000. Enjoy breathtaking Intracoastal views from this 2-bedroom, 2-bath unit. Like having your own waterfront villa! Tasteful updating throughout. Living areas open to a porch the width of the unit. Offered beautifully furnished. Small complex-private home feel. $329,000. Broward County’s #1 Sales Team! Over $66 Million in sales so far this year! (954) 784-6703 LHP MAG NOV 13 10/9/13 9:34 AM Page 76 It’s unique. It’s prestigious. It’s closer than you think. Ceylan Grosso	i don't know
Known as The Hawkeye State, what was the 29th state to join the Union on December 28, 1848?	1000+ images about Iowa (#29) 12-28-1846 on Pinterest \| Goldfinch, Seals and Flags Forward Iowa State Capitol,capital city, Des Moines. The commanding feature is the central towering dome constructed of iron and brick covered with 23 carat gold. The gold leafing was replaced in 1964-1965 at a cost of $79,938.The dome is surmounted by a lookout lantern that may be reached by long and winding stairs, that is 275 feet above the ground floor. The rotunda beneath the dome is 67 feet in diameter. Four smaller domes of simple design rise from the four corners of the Capitol. See More	Iowa
According to the popular WWII propaganda poster, when you ride alone, you what?	Iowa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Iowa This article is about the U.S. State; for other uses, see Iowa (disambiguation) . State of Iowa Official language(s) English Area 145,743 km² (26th) - Land 144,701 km² - Water 1,042 km² (0.71%) Population ( 2000 ) - Population 2,926,324 (30th) - Density 20.22 /km² (33rd) Admission into Union - Date December 28 , 1846 - Order 29th Time zone Central : UTC -6/ DST -5 Latitude 40°36'N to 43°30'N Longitude 89°5'W to 96°31'W Width 320 km Length 500 km Elevation - Highest point 509 m - Mean 335 m - Lowest point 146 m Abbreviations - USPS IA - ISO 3166-2 US-IA Web site www.iowa.gov Iowa is the 29th state of the United States , having joined the Union on December 28 , 1846 . The official name of the state is the "State of Iowa", and the U.S. Post Office abbreviation for the state is IA. The state is named for the Native American Iowa people. Bales of hay on a farm near Ames, Iowa. Contents Main article: History of Iowa . Highlights: French explorers Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette are believed to be the first Europeans to visit Iowa. They described Iowa as lush, green, and fertile. Iowa has been home to approximately 17 different tribes. Today, only the Mesquaki tribe, living in Tama County , is left in Iowa . The first white settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833 . Primarily, they were families from Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , Indiana , Kentucky , and Virginia . Iowa became the 29th state in the union on December 28 , 1846 . The Chicago and North Western Railway reached Council Bluffs in 1867 . Council Bluffs was designated the eastern terminus for the Union Pacific Railroad . The completion of five major railroads across Iowa brought major economic changes as well as travel opportunities. During the American Civil War , more than 75,000 Iowans participated in the war, 13,001 of whom died. A small battle fought at Athens, MO in 1861 resulted in a few shots landing in Croton, Iowa; a raid into Davis and Van Buren counties by Confederate guerrillas was stopped by Home Guards in October 1864. Iowa had a higher percentage of soldiers serve in the Civil War, per capita, than any other state in the Union, with nearly 60% of eligible males serving. The Iowa General Assembly passed a women's suffrage amendment in 1870 . Iowa saw a large increase in farming of beef, corn, and pork during World War I , but farmers saw economic hardships after the war. These hardships were the result of the removal of war-time farm subsidies. Total recovery did not happen until the 1940s . Iowa had been a large supporter of alcohol prohibition . The Farm Crisis of the 1980's saw a major decline of family farms in Iowa and around the Midwest, and was marked by a sharp drop in the state's rural population. Although Iowa's primary industry is agriculture, it also produces refrigerators , washing machines , fountain pens , farm implements , and food products that are shipped around the world. Iowa is also a major producer of ethanol . American film actor John Wayne was born in Winterset, Iowa in 1907 . Ronald Reagan , the 40th President of the United States, worked at Davenport, Iowa 's radio station, WOC, as a sports announcer for University of Iowa games in 1932 . In 1933 he became the chief sports announcer for WOC's sister station in Des Moines, WHO.	i don't know
The father of the modern assembly line, what American industrialist, born on July 30, 1863, was a prolific inventor with 161 patents to his name?	Henry Ford - Ford Wiki Henry Ford Greenfield Township, Michigan, Dearborn, Michigan, U.S. Died Fair Lane , Dearborn, Michigan, U.S. Occupation ▲$188.1 billion, according to Wealthy historical figures 2008, based on information from Forbes – February 2008. Religious beliefs Parents William Ford and Mary Ford Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the United States founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern Assembly line used in Mass production. His introduction of the Model T History of the automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. He was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S. Patent. As owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "Fordism", that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the assembly line, coupled with high wages for his workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. Ford did not believe in accountants; he amassed one of the world's largest fortunes without ever having his company Audit under his administration. Henry Ford's intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently. Contents 16 External links Early years Ford was born July 30, 1863, on a farm next to a rural town west of Detroit, Michigan (this area is now part of Dearborn, Michigan). [1] His father, William Ford (business) (1826–1905), was born in County Cork, Ireland. His mother, Mary Litogot Ford (1839–1876), was born in Michigan; she was the youngest child of Belgium immigrants; her parents died when Mary was a child and she was adopted by neighbors, the O'Herns. Henry Ford's siblings include Margaret Ford (1867–1938); Jane Ford (c. 1868–1945); William Ford (1871–1917) and Robert Ford (1873–1934). His father gave Henry a pocket watch in his early teens. At fifteen, Ford dismantled and reassembled the timepieces of friends and neighbors dozens of times, gaining the reputation of a watch repairman. [2] At twenty, Ford walked four miles to their ECUSA church every Sunday. [3] Ford was devastated when his mother died in 1876. His father expected him to eventually take over the family farm but Henry despised farm work. He told his father, "I never had any particular love for the farm—it was the mother on the farm I loved." [4] In 1879, he left home to work as an apprentice machinist in the city of Detroit, first with James F. Flower & Bros., and later with the Detroit Dry Dock Co. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm and became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable Steam engine. He was later hired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation company to service their steam engines. Henry Ford at twenty five years old in 1888. Ford married Clara Ala Bryant (c. 1865–1950) in 1888 and supported himself by farming and running a sawmill. [5] They had a single child: Edsel Bryant Ford (1893-1943). [6] In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company, and after his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on gasoline engines. These experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of his own self-propelled vehicle named the Ford Quadricycle , which he test-drove on June 4. After various test-drives, Ford brainstormed ways to improve the Quadricycle. [7] Also in 1896, Ford attended a meeting of Edison executives, where he was introduced to Thomas Edison. Edison approved of Ford's automobile experimentation; encouraged by Edison's approval, Ford designed and built a second vehicle, which was completed in 1898. [8] Backed by the capital of Detroit Lumber baron William H. Murphy, Ford resigned from Edison and founded the Detroit Automobile Company on August 5 1899. [9] However, the automobiles produced were of a lower quality and higher price than Ford liked. Ultimately, the company was not successful and was dissolved in January 1901. [9] With the help of C. Harold Wills, Ford designed, built, and successfully raced a twenty six horsepower automobile in October 1901. With this success, Murphy and other stockholders in the Detroit Automobile Company formed the Henry Ford Company on November 30 1901, with Ford as chief engineer. [10] However, Murphy brought in Henry M. Leland as a consultant. As a result, Ford left the company bearing his name in 1902. With Ford gone, Murphy renamed the company the Cadillac Automobile Company. [10] Ford also produced the 80+ horsepower racer "999", and getting Barney Oldfield to drive it to victory in October 1902. Ford received the backing of an old acquaintance, Alexander Y. Malcomson, a Detroit-area coal dealer. [10] They formed a partnership, "Ford & Malcomson, Ltd." to manufacture automobiles. Ford went to work designing an inexpensive automobile, and the duo leased a factory and contracted with a machine shop owned by John F. Dodge and Horace E. Dodge to supply over $160,000 in parts. [10] Sales were slow, and a crisis arose when the Dodge brothers demanded payment for their first shipment. Ford Motor Company Henry Ford with Thomas Edison and Harvey Firestone. Ft. Myers, Florida, February 11, 1929. In response, Malcomson brought in another group of investors and convinced the Dodge Brothers to accept a portion of the new company. [11] Ford & Malcomson was reincorporated as the Ford Motor Company on June 16, 1903, [11] with $28,000 capital. The original investors included Ford and Malcomson, the Dodge brothers, Malcomson's uncle John S. Gray, Horace Rackham, and James Couzens. In a newly designed car, Ford gave an exhibition on the ice of Lake Saint Clair (North America), driving 1 mile (1.6 km) in 39.4 seconds, setting a new Land speed record at 91.3 miles per hour (147.0 km/h). Convinced by this success, the race driver Barney Oldfield, who named this new Ford model "999" in honor of a racing locomotive of the day, took the car around the country, making the Ford brand known throughout the United States. Ford also was one of the early backers of the Indianapolis 500. Ford astonished the world in 1914 by offering a $5 per day wage, which more than doubled the rate of most of his workers. The move proved extremely profitable; instead of constant turnover of employees, the best mechanics in Detroit flocked to Ford, bringing in their human capital and expertise, raising productivity, and lowering training costs. Ford called it "wage motive." The company's use of Vertical integration also proved successful when Ford built a gigantic factory that shipped in raw materials and shipped out finished automobiles. Model T The Model T was introduced on October 1, 1908. It had the steering wheel on the left, which every other company soon copied and is standard today. The entire engine and transmission were enclosed; the four cylinders were cast in a solid block; the suspension used two semi-elliptic springs. The car was very simple to drive, and easy and cheap to repair. It was so cheap at $825 in 1908 (the price fell every year) that by the 1920s a majority of American drivers learned to drive on the Model T. Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and ads about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America. As independent dealers, the franchises grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to explore the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed—several years posted 100% gains on the previous year. Always on the hunt for more efficiency and lower costs, in 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production. Although Henry Ford is often credited with the idea, contemporary sources indicate that the concept and its development came from employees Clarence Avery, Peter E. Martin , Charles E. Sorensen , and C. Harold Wills. (See Piquette Plant ) Ford Assembly Line, 1913 Sales passed 250,000 in 1914. By 1916, as the price dropped to $360 for the basic touring car, sales reached 472,000. [12] By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. However, it was a monolithic block; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, "Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black". [13] Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of its quicker drying time, Model T's were available in other colors including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years. This record was achieved in just 19 years flat from the introduction of the first Model T (1908). President Woodrow Wilson asked Ford to run as a Democrat for the United States Senate from Michigan in 1918. Although the nation was at war, Ford ran as a peace candidate and a strong supporter of the proposed League of Nations. [14] Henry Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son Edsel Ford in December 1918. Henry, however, retained final decision authority and sometimes reversed his son. Henry started another company, Henry Ford and Son, and made a show of taking himself and his best employees to the new company; the goal was to scare the remaining holdout stockholders of the Ford Motor Company to sell their stakes to him before they lost most of their value. (He was determined to have full control over strategic decisions). The ruse worked, and Henry and Edsel purchased all remaining stock from the other investors, thus giving the family sole ownership of the company. By the mid-1920s, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. Other auto makers offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars, which usually included more modern mechanical features and styling not available with the Model T. Despite urgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or to form a customer credit plan. "Model A" and Ford's later career By 1926, flagging sales of the Model T finally convinced Henry to make a new model. Henry pursued the project with a great deal of technical expertise in design of the engine, chassis, and other mechanical necessities, while leaving the body design to his son. Edsel also managed to prevail over his father's initial objections in the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission. The result was the successful Ford Model A , introduced in December 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of more than 4 million. Subsequently, the company adopted an annual model change system similar to that in use by automakers today. Not until the 1930s did Ford overcome his objection to finance companies, and the Ford-owned Universal Credit Corporation became a major car-financing operation. Labor philosophy TIME Magazine, January 14, 1935. Henry Ford was a pioneer of "Welfare capitalism" designed to improve the lot of his workers and especially to reduce the heavy turnover that had many departments hiring 300 men per year to fill 100 slots. Efficiency meant hiring and keeping the best workers. Ford announced his $5-per-day program on January 5, 1914. The revolutionary program called for a raise in minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers. It also set a new, reduced workweek, although the details vary in different accounts. Ford and Crowther in 1922 described it as six 8-hour days, giving a 48-hour week, [15] while in 1926 they described it as five 8-hour days, giving a 40-hour week. [16] (Apparently the program started with Saturdays as workdays and sometime later made them days off.) Ford says that with this voluntary change, Turnover (employment) in his plants went from huge to so small that he stopped bothering to measure it. [17] When Ford started the 40-hour work week and a minimum wage he was criticized by other industrialists and by Wall Street. He proved, however, that paying people more would enable Ford workers to afford the cars they were producing and be good for the economy. Ford explained the change in part of the "Wages" chapter of My Life and Work. [18] He labeled the increased compensation as profit-sharing rather than wages. The wage was offered to employees who had worked at the company for six months or more, and, importantly, conducted their lives in a manner of which Ford's "Social Department" approved. They frowned on heavy drinking, gambling, and what we today would call "deadbeat dads". The Social Department used 50 investigators, plus support staff, to maintain employee standards; a large percentage of workers were able to qualify for this "profit-sharing." Ford's incursion into his employees' private lives was highly controversial, and he soon backed off from the most intrusive aspects; by the time he wrote his 1922 memoir, he spoke of the Social Department and of the private conditions for profit-sharing in the past tense, and admitted that "paternalism has no place in industry. Welfare work that consists in prying into employees' private concerns is out of date. Men need counsel and men need help, oftentimes special help; and all this ought to be rendered for decency's sake. But the broad workable plan of investment and participation will do more to solidify industry and strengthen organization than will any social work on the outside. Without changing the principle we have changed the method of payment." [19] Ford, an Episcopalian himself, protested against him being called upon by Brazilian authorities and Labor union to build a Roman Catholic Church Parish church for employees near his inland Brazil factory and its workers settlement Fordlandia. [20] Labor Unions Ford was adamantly against Trade union. He explained his views on unions in Chapter 18 of My Life and Work. [21] He thought they were too heavily influenced by some leaders who, despite their ostensible good motives, would end up doing more harm than good for workers. Most wanted to restrict productivity as a means to foster employment, but Ford saw this as self-defeating because, in his view, productivity was necessary for any economic prosperity to exist. He believed that productivity gains that obviated certain jobs would nevertheless stimulate the larger economy and thus grow new jobs elsewhere, whether within the same corporation or in others. Ford also believed that union leaders (most particularly Leninist-leaning ones) had a perverse incentive to foment perpetual socio-economic crisis as a way to maintain their own power. Meanwhile, he believed that smart managers had an incentive to do right by their workers, because doing so would actually maximize their own profits. (Ford did acknowledge, however, that many managers were basically too bad at managing to understand this fact.) But Ford believed that eventually, if good managers such as himself could successfully fend off the attacks of misguided people from both left and right (i.e., both socialists and bad-manager reactionaries), the good managers would create a socio-economic system wherein neither bad management nor bad unions could find enough support to continue existing. To forestall union activity Ford promoted Harry Bennett , a former United States Navy boxer, to head the Service Department. Bennett employed various intimidation tactics to squash union organizing. The most famous incident, in 1937, was a bloody brawl between company security men and organizers that became known as The Battle of the Overpass. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Edsel (who was president of the company) thought it was necessary for Ford to come to some sort of Collective bargaining agreement with the unions, because the violence, work disruptions, and bitter stalemates could not go on forever. But Henry (who still had the final veto in the company on a de facto basis even if not an official one) refused to cooperate. For several years, he kept Bennett in charge of talking to the unions that were trying to organize the Ford company. Sorensen's memoir [22] makes clear that Henry's purpose in putting Bennett in charge was to make sure no agreements were ever reached. The Ford company was the last Detroit automaker to recognize the United Auto Workers union (UAW). A sit-down strike by the UAW union in April 1941 closed the River Rouge Plant. Sorensen said [23] a distraught Henry Ford was very close to following through with a threat to break up the company rather than cooperate but that his wife, Clara, told him she would leave him if he destroyed the family business that she wanted to see her son and grandsons lead into the future. Henry complied with his wife's ultimatum, and Ford went literally overnight from the most stubborn holdout among automakers to the one with the most favorable UAW contract terms. The contract was signed in June 1941. Ford Airplane Company Ford, like other automobile companies, entered the aviation business during World War I, building Liberty engines. After the war, it returned to auto manufacturing until 1925, when Henry Ford acquired the Stout Metal Airplane Company. Ford 4-AT-F (EC-RRA) de L.A.P.E. Ford's most successful aircraft was the Ford trimotor — called the “Tin Goose” because of its corrugated metal construction. It used a new alloy called Alclad that combined the corrosion resistance of aluminum with the strength of Duralumin. The plane was similar to Fokker's V.VII-3m, and some say that Ford's engineers surreptitiously measured the Fokker plane and then copied it. The Trimotor first flew on June 11 1926, and was the first successful U.S. passenger airliner, accommodating about 12 passengers in a rather uncomfortable fashion. Several variants were also used by the U.S. Army. Henry Ford has been honored by the Smithsonian Institution for changing the aviation industry. About 200 Trimotors were built before it was discontinued in 1933, when the Ford Airplane Division shut down because of poor sales during the Great Depression. Willow Run President Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to Detroit as the "Arsenal of Democracy." The Ford Motor Company played a pivotal role in the Allies of World War I victory during World War I and World War II. [24] With Europe under siege, the Ford company's genius turned to mass production for the war effort. Specifically, Ford examined the B-24 Liberator bomber, still the most-produced Allies of World War II bomber in history, which quickly shifted the balance of power. Before Ford, and under optimal conditions, the aviation industry could produce one Consolidated Aircraft B-24 Bomber a day at an aircraft plant. Ford showed the world how to produce one B-24 an hour at a peak of 600 per month in 24-hour shifts. Ford's Willow Run factory broke ground in April 1941. At the time, it was the largest assembly plant in the world, with over 3,500,000 square feet (330,000 m2). Mass production of the B-24, led by Charles Sorensen and later Mead Bricker, began by August 1943. Many pilots slept on cots waiting for takeoff as the B-24 rolled off the assembly line at Ford's Willow Run facility. [25] Politics World War I era Henry Ford opposed war, which he thought was a waste of time. [26] [27] [28] Ford became highly critical of those who he felt financed war, and he seemed to do whatever he could to stop them. He felt time was better spent making things. In 1915, Judaism pacifist Rosika Schwimmer had gained the favor of Henry Ford, who agreed to fund a peace ship to Europe, where World War I was raging, for himself and about 170 other prominent peace leaders. Ford's Episcopalian pastor, Reverend Samuel S. Marquis, accompanied him on the mission. Marquis also headed Ford's Sociology Department from 1913 to 1921. Ford talked to President Wilson about the mission but had no government support. His group went to neutral Sweden and the Netherlands to meet with peace activists there. As a target of much ridicule, he left the ship as soon as it reached Sweden. An article G. K. Chesterton wrote for the December 12 1916, issue of Illustrated London News, shows why Ford's effort was ridiculed. Referring to Ford as "the celebrated American comedian," Chesterton noted that Ford had been quoted claiming, "I believe that the sinking of the RMS Lusitania was deliberately planned to get this country [America] into war. It was planned by the financiers of war." Chesterton expressed "difficulty in believing that bankers swim under the sea to cut holes in the bottoms of ships," and asked why, if what Ford said was true, Germany took responsibility for the sinking and "defended what it did not do." Mr. Ford's efforts, he concluded, "queer the pitch" of "more plausible and presentable" pacifists. On the other hand H.G. Wells, in The Shape of Things to Come, devoted an entire chapter to the Ford Peace Ship, stating that "despite its failure, this effort to stop the war will be remembered when the generals and their battles and senseless slaughter are forgotten." Wells claimed that the American armaments industry and banks, who made enormous profits from selling munitions to the warring European nations, deliberately spread lies in order to cause the failure of Ford's peace efforts. He noted, however, that when the U.S. entered the war in 1917, Ford took part and made considerable profits from the sale of munitions. The episode was fictionalized by the British novelist Douglas Galbraith in his novel King Henry. [29] World War II era Ford and Adolf Hitler admired each other's achievements. [30] Adolf Hitler kept a life-size portrait of Ford next to his desk. [30] "I regard Henry Ford as my inspiration," Hitler told a Detroit News reporter two years before becoming the Chancellor of Germany (German Reich) in 1933. [30] In July 1938, four months after the Anschluss, Ford was awarded the Order of the German Eagle, the highest medal awarded by Nazi Germany to foreigners. [30] Ford disliked the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and did not approve of U.S. involvement in the war. Therefore, from 1939 to 1943, the War Production Board's dealings with the Ford Motor Company were with others in the organization, such as Edsel Ford and Charles Sorensen, much more than with Henry Ford. During this time Henry Ford did not stop his executives from cooperating with Washington, but he himself did not get deeply involved. He watched, focusing on his own pet side projects, as the work progressed. [31] After Edsel Ford 's passing, Henry Ford resumed control of the company in 1943. After years of the Great Depression, labor strife, and New Deal, he suspected people in Washington were conspiring to wrest the company from his control. Ironically, his paranoia was trending toward self-fulfilling prophesy, as his attitude inspired background chatter in Washington about how to undermine his control of the company, whether by wartime government fiat or by instigating some sort of coup among executives and directors. [32] In 1945, the war ended, Henry Ford II became company president, and the storm was past. Dearborn Independent The non-Ford publication The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem. Articles from The Dearborn Independent , 1920 In 1918, Ford's closest aide and private secretary, Ernest G. Liebold, purchased an obscure weekly newspaper, The Dearborn Independent for Ford. The Independent ran for eight years, from 1920 until 1927, during which Liebold was editor. The newspaper published "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion," which was discredited by The Times of London as a forgery during the Independent's publishing run. The American Jewish Historical Society described the ideas presented in the magazine as "Nativism (politics), anti-labor, anti-liquor, and Anti-Semitism." In February 1921, the New York World published an interview with Ford, in which he said "The only statement I care to make about the Protocols is that they fit in with what is going on." During this period, Ford emerged as "a respected spokesman for right-wing extremism and religious prejudice," reaching around 700,000 readers through his newspaper. [33] Along with the Protocols, anti-Jewish articles published by The Dearborn Independent also were released in the early 1920s as a set of four bound volumes, in a non-Ford publication in Weimar Republic Germany cumulatively titled The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem. Vincent Curcio wrote of these publications that "they were widely distributed and had great influence, particularly in Nazi Germany, where no less a personage than Adolf Hitler read and admired them." Hitler, fascinated with automobiles, hung Ford's picture on his wall; Ford is the only American mentioned in Mein Kampf. Steven Watts wrote that Hitler "revered" Ford, proclaiming that "I shall do my best to put his theories into practice in Germany, and modeling the Volkswagen, the people's car, on the model T." [34] Denounced by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the articles nevertheless explicitly condemned Pogram and violence against Jews (Volume 4, Chapter 80), preferring to blame incidents of mass violence on the Jews themselves. [35] None of this work was actually written by Ford, who wrote almost nothing according to trial testimony. Friends and business associates have said they warned Ford about the contents of the Independent and that he probably never read them. (He claimed he only read the headlines.) [36] However, court testimony in a libel suit, brought by one of the targets of the newspaper, alleged that Ford did know about the contents of the Independent in advance of publication. [37] A libel lawsuit brought by San Francisco lawyer and Jewish farm cooperative organizer Aaron Sapiro in response to anti-Semitic remarks led Ford to close the Independent in December 1927. News reports at the time quoted him as being shocked by the content and having been unaware of its nature. During the trial, the editor of Ford's "Own Page," William Cameron, testified that Ford had nothing to do with the editorials even though they were under his byline. Cameron testified at the libel trial that he never discussed the content of the pages or sent them to Ford for his approval. [38] Investigative journalist Max Wallace noted that "whatever credibility this absurd claim may have had was soon undermined when James M. Miller, a former Dearborn Independent employee, swore under oath that Ford had told him he intended to expose Sapiro." [37] Michael Barkun observed, "That Cameron would have continued to publish such controversial material without Ford's explicit instructions seemed unthinkable to those who knew both men. Mrs. Stanley Ruddiman, a Ford family intimate, remarked that 'I don't think Mr. Cameron ever wrote anything for publication without Mr. Ford's approval.'" [39] According to Spencer Blakeslee, The ADL mobilized prominent Jews and non-Jews to publicly oppose Ford's message. They formed a coalition of Jewish groups for the same purpose and raised constant objections in the Detroit press. Before leaving his presidency early in 1921, Woodrow Wilson joined other leading Americans in a statement that rebuked Ford and others for their antisemitic campaign. A boycott against Ford products by Jews and liberal Christians also had an impact, and Ford shut down the paper in 1927, recanting his views in a public letter to Sigmund Livingston, ADL. [40] Grand Cross of the German Eagle, an award bestowed to Mr. Ford Ford's 1927 apology had been well received, "Four-Fifths of the hundreds of letters addressed to Ford in July of 1927 were from Jews, and almost without exception they praised the Industrialist." [41] In January 1937, a Ford statement to the Detroit Jewish Chronicle disavowed "any connection whatsoever with the publication in Germany of a book known as the International Jew." [41] In July 1938, prior to the outbreak of war, the German consul at Cleveland gave Ford, on his 75th birthday, the award of the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, the highest medal Nazi Germany could bestow on a foreigner, [30] while James D. Mooney, vice-president of overseas operations for General Motors, received a similar medal, the Merit Cross of the German Eagle, First Class. [42] Distribution of International Jew was halted in 1942 through legal action by Ford despite complications from a lack of copyright, [41] but extremist groups often recycle the material; it still appears on Antisemitic and Neo-Nazi websites. One Jewish personality who was said to have been friendly with Ford is Detroit Judge Harry Keidan. When asked about this connection, Ford replied that Keidan was only half-Jewish. A close collaborator of Henry Ford during World War II reported that Ford, at the time being more than 80 years old, was shown a movie of the Nazi concentration camps. [43] International business Ford's philosophy was one of economic independence for the United States. His River Rouge Plant became the world's largest industrial complex, even able to produce its own steel. Ford's goal was to produce a vehicle from scratch without reliance on foreign trade. He believed in the global expansion of his company. He believed that international trade and cooperation led to international peace, and he used the assembly line process and production of the Model T to demonstrate it. [44] He opened Ford assembly plants in Britain and Canada in 1911, and soon became the biggest automotive producer in those countries. In 1912, Ford cooperated with Agnelli of Fiat to launch the first Italian automotive assembly plants. The first plants in Germany were built in the 1920s with the encouragement of Herbert Hoover and the Commerce Department, which agreed with Ford's theory that international trade was essential to world peace. [45] In the 1920s Ford also opened plants in Australia, India, and France, and by 1929, he had successful dealerships on six continents. Ford experimented with a commercial rubber plantation in the Amazon Rainforest jungle called Fordlândia ; it was one of the few failures. In 1929, Ford accepted Stalin's invitation to build a model plant (NNAZ, today GAZ) at Gorky, a city later renamed Nizhny Novgorod, and he sent American engineers and technicians to help set it up, including future labor leader Walter Reuther. Edsel Ford , Charles Lindbergh, and Henry Ford pose in the Ford hangar during Lindbergh's August 1927 visit. The technical assistance agreement between Ford Motor Company, VSNH and the Soviet-controlled Amtorg Trading Corporation [46] (as purchasing agent) was concluded for nine years and signed on May 31, 1929, by Ford, FMC vice-president Peter E. Martin , V. I. Mezhlauk, and the president of Amtorg, Saul G. Bron. The Ford Motor Company worked to conduct business in any nation where the United States had peaceful diplomatic relations: Ford of Australia	Henry Ford
Hypnos and Somnus were, respectively, the Greek and Roman gods of what?	Henry Ford - American founder of the Ford Motor Company - Famous Inventor Leo Baekeland - invented Velox photographic paper and Bakelite Henry Ford - American founder of the Ford Motor Company Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. He was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S. patents. As owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "Fordism", that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the assembly line, coupled with high wages for his workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. Ford did not believe in accountants; he amassed one of the world's largest fortunes without ever having his company audited under his administration. Henry Ford's intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently. Early years Henry Ford, 1888 Ford was born July 30, 1863, on a farm next to a rural town west of Detroit, Michigan (this area is now part of Dearborn, Michigan). His father, William Ford (1826–1905), was born in County Cork, Ireland. His mother, Mary Litogot Ford (1839–1876), was born in Michigan; she was the youngest child of Belgian immigrants; her parents died when Mary was a child and she was adopted by neighbours, the O'Herns. Henry Ford's siblings include Margaret Ford (1867–1868); Jane Ford (c. 1868–1945); William Ford (1871–1917) and Robert Ford (1873–1934). Henry took his passion for mechanics into his home. His father had given him a pocket watch in Henry's early teens. At 15, he had a reputation as a watch repairman, having dismantled and reassembled timepieces of friends and neighbors dozens of times. Ford's mother died in 1876, which came as a devastating blow to young Henry. His father expected him to eventually take over the family farm, but Henry despised farm work. With his mother dead, little remained to keep him on the farm. He later told his father, "I never had any particular love for the farm—it was the mother on the farm I loved." In 1879, he left home for the nearby city of Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist, first with James F. Flower & Bros., and later with the Detroit Dry Dock Co. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm and became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam engine. He was later hired by Westinghouse company to service their steam engines. Ford married Clara Ala Bryant (c. 1865–1950) in 1888 and supported himself by farming and running a sawmill. They had a single child: Edsel Bryant Ford (1893-1943). In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company, and after his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on gasoline engines. These experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of his own self-propelled vehicle named the Ford Quadricycle, which he test-drove on June 4. After various test-drives, Ford brainstormed ways to improve the Quadricycle. Also in 1896, Ford attended a meeting of Edison executives, where he was introduced to Thomas Edison himself. Edison approved of Ford's automobile experimentation; encouraged by Edison's approval, Ford designed and built a second vehicle, which was completed in 1898. Backed by the capital of Detroit lumber baron William H. Murphy, Ford resigned from Edison and founded the Detroit Automobile Company on August 5, 1899. However, the automobiles produced were of a lower quality and higher price than Ford liked. Ultimately, the company was not successful and was dissolved in January 1901. Ford went to work building a racer. With the help of C. Harold Wills, he designed, built, and successfully raced a 26 horsepower automobile in October 1901. With that success, Murphy and other stockholders in the Detroit Automobile Company formed the Henry Ford Company on November 30, 1901, with Ford as chief engineer. However, Murphy brought in Henry M. Leland as a consultant. As a result, Ford left the company bearing his name in 1902. With Ford gone, Murphy renamed the company the Cadillac Automobile Company. Ford once again focused on building a racecar, producing the 80+ horsepower racer "999", and getting Barney Oldfield to drive it to victory in October 1902. Ford also received the backing of an old acquaintance, Alexander Y. Malcomson, a Detroit-area coal dealer. They formed a partnership, "Ford & Malcomson, Ltd." to manufacture automobiles. Ford went to work designing an inexpensive automobile, and the duo leased a factory and contracted with a machine shop owned by John and Horace E. Dodge to supply over $160,000 in parts. Sales were slow, and a crisis arose when the Dodge brothers demanded payment for their first shipment. Ford Motor Company Henry Ford with Thomas Edison and Harvey Firestone. Ft. Myers, Florida, February 11, 1929. In response, Malcomson brought in another group of investors and convinced the Dodge Brothers to accept a portion of the new company. On June 16, 1903, Ford & Malcomson was reincorporated as the Ford Motor Company, with $28,000 capital. The original investors included Ford and Malcomson, the Dodge brothers, Malcomson's uncle John S. Gray, Horace Rackham, and James Couzens. In a newly designed car, Ford gave an exhibition on the ice of Lake St. Clair, driving 1 mile (1.6 km) in 39.4 seconds, setting a new land speed record at 91.3 miles per hour (147.0 km/h). Convinced by this success, the race driver Barney Oldfield, who named this new Ford model "999" in honor of a racing locomotive of the day, took the car around the country, making the Ford brand known throughout the United States. Ford also was one of the early backers of the Indianapolis 500. Ford astonished the world in 1914 by offering a $5 per day wage, which more than doubled the rate of most of his workers. The move proved extremely profitable; instead of constant turnover of employees, the best mechanics in Detroit flocked to Ford, bringing in their human capital and expertise, raising productivity, and lowering training costs. Ford called it "wage motive." The company's use of vertical integration also proved successful when Ford built a gigantic factory that shipped in raw materials and shipped out finished automobiles. Model T The Model T was introduced on October 1, 1908. It had many important innovations—such as the steering wheel on the left, which every other company soon copied. The entire engine and transmission were enclosed; the four cylinders were cast in a solid block; the suspension used two semi-elliptic springs. The car was very simple to drive, and—more importantly—easy and cheap to repair. It was so cheap at $825 in 1908 (the price fell every year) that by the 1920s a majority of American drivers learned to drive on the Model T. Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and ads about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America. As independent dealers, the franchises grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to explore the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed—several years posted 100% gains on the previous year. Always on the hunt for more efficiency and lower costs, in 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production. Although Henry Ford is often credited with the idea, contemporary sources indicate that the concept and its development came from employees Clarence Avery, Peter E. Martin, Charles E. Sorensen, and C. Harold Wills. (See Piquette Plant) Sales passed 250,000 in 1914. By 1916, as the price dropped to $360 for the basic touring car, sales reached 472,000. Ford Assembly Line, 1913 By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. However, it was a monolithic block; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, "Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black". Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of its quicker drying time, Model T's were available in other colors including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson personally asked Ford to run for the United States Senate from Michigan as a Democrat. Although the nation was at war, Ford ran as a peace candidate and a strong supporter of the proposed League of Nations. In December 1918, Henry Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son Edsel Ford. Henry, however, retained final decision authority and sometimes reversed his son. Henry started another company, Henry Ford and Son, and made a show of taking himself and his best employees to the new company; the goal was to scare the remaining holdout stockholders of the Ford Motor Company to sell their stakes to him before they lost most of their value. (He was determined to have full control over strategic decisions). The ruse worked, and Henry and Edsel purchased all remaining stock from the other investors, thus giving the family sole ownership of the company. By the mid-1920s, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. Other auto makers offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars, which usually included more modern mechanical features and styling not available with the Model T. Despite urgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or to form a customer credit plan. "Model A" and Ford's later career By 1926, flagging sales of the Model T finally convinced Henry to make a new model. Henry pursued the project with a great deal of technical expertise in design of the engine, chassis, and other mechanical necessities, while leaving the body design to his son. Edsel also managed to prevail over his father's initial objections in the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission. The result was the successful Ford Model A, introduced in December 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of more than 4 million. Subsequently, the company adopted an annual model change system similar to that in use by automakers today. Not until the 1930s did Ford overcome his objection to finance companies, and the Ford-owned Universal Credit Corporation became a major car-financing operation. Time Magazine, January 14, 1935 Labor philosophy Henry Ford was a pioneer of "welfare capitalism" designed to improve the lot of his workers and especially to reduce the heavy turnover that had many departments hiring 300 men per year to fill 100 slots. Efficiency meant hiring and keeping the best workers. On January 5, 1914, Ford announced his $5-per-day program. The revolutionary program called for a raise in minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers. It also set a new, reduced workweek, although the details vary in different accounts. Ford and Crowther in 1922 described it as six 8-hour days, giving a 48-hour week, while in 1926 they described it as five 8-hour days, giving a 40-hour week. (Apparently the program started with Saturdays as workdays and sometime later made them days off.) Ford says that with this voluntary change, labor turnover in his plants went from huge to so small that he stopped bothering to measure it. Ford had been criticized by other industrialists and by Wall Street for starting the 40-hour work week and a minimum wage. He proved, however, that paying people more would enable Ford workers to afford the cars they were producing and therefore be good for the economy. Ford explained the change in part of the "Wages" chapter of My Life and Work. He labeled the increased compensation as profit-sharing rather than wages. The wage was offered to employees who had worked at the company for six months or more, and, importantly, conducted their lives in a manner of which Ford's "Social Department" approved. They frowned on heavy drinking, gambling, and what we today would call "deadbeat dads". The Social Department used 50 investigators, plus support staff, to maintain employee standards; a large percentage of workers were able to qualify for this "profit-sharing." Ford's incursion into his employees' private lives was highly controversial, and he soon backed off from the most intrusive aspects; by the time he wrote his 1922 memoir, he spoke of the Social Department and of the private conditions for profit-sharing in the past tense, and admitted that "paternalism has no place in industry. Welfare work that consists in prying into employees' private concerns is out of date. Men need counsel and men need help, oftentimes special help; and all this ought to be rendered for decency's sake. But the broad workable plan of investment and participation will do more to solidify industry and strengthen organization than will any social work on the outside. Without changing the principle we have changed the method of payment." Ford was adamantly against labor unions. He explained his views on unions in Chapter 18 of My Life and Work. He thought they were too heavily influenced by some leaders who, despite their ostensible good motives, would end up doing more harm than good for workers. Most wanted to restrict productivity as a means to foster employment, but Ford saw this as self-defeating because, in his view, productivity was necessary for any economic prosperity to exist. He believed that productivity gains that obviated certain jobs would nevertheless stimulate the larger economy and thus grow new jobs elsewhere, whether within the same corporation or in others. Ford also believed that union leaders (most particularly Leninist-leaning ones) had a perverse incentive to foment perpetual socio-economic crisis as a way to maintain their own power. Meanwhile, he believed that smart managers had an incentive to do right by their workers, because doing so would actually maximize their own profits. (Ford did acknowledge, however, that many managers were basically too bad at managing to understand this fact.) But Ford believed that eventually, if good managers such as himself could successfully fend off the attacks of misguided people from both left and right (i.e., both socialists and bad-manager reactionaries), the good managers would create a socio-economic system wherein neither bad management nor bad unions could find enough support to continue existing. To forestall union activity, Ford promoted Harry Bennett, a former Navy boxer, to be the head of the Service Department. Bennett employed various intimidation tactics to squash union organizing. The most famous incident, in 1937, was a bloody brawl between company security men and organizers that became known as The Battle of the Overpass. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Edsel (who was president of the company) thought it was necessary for Ford to come to some sort of collective bargaining agreement with the unions, because the violence, work disruptions, and bitter stalemates could not go on forever. But Henry (who still had the final veto in the company on a de facto basis even if not an official one) refused to cooperate. For several years, he kept Bennett in charge of talking to the unions that were trying to organize the Ford company. Sorensen's memoir makes clear that Henry's purpose in putting Bennett in charge was to make sure no agreements were ever reached. The Ford company was the last Detroit automaker to recognize the United Auto Workers union (UAW). A sit-down strike by the UAW union in April 1941 closed the River Rouge Plant. Sorensen said a distraught Henry Ford was very close to following through with a threat to break up the company rather than cooperate but that his wife, Clara, told him she would leave him if he destroyed the family business that she wanted to see her son and grandsons lead into the future. Henry complied with his wife's ultimatum, and Ford went literally overnight from the most stubborn holdout among automakers to the one with the most favorable UAW contract terms. The contract was signed in June 1941. Ford Airplane Company Ford, like other automobile companies, entered the aviation business during World War I, building Liberty engines. After the war, it returned to auto manufacturing until 1925, when Henry Ford acquired the Stout Metal Airplane Company. Ford 4-AT-F (EC-RRA) de L.A.P.E. Ford's most successful aircraft was the Ford 4AT Trimotor — called the “Tin Goose” because of its corrugated metal construction. It used a new alloy called Alclad that combined the corrosion resistance of aluminum with the strength of duralumin. The plane was similar to Fokker's V.VII-3m, and some say that Ford's engineers surreptitiously measured the Fokker plane and then copied it. The Trimotor first flew on June 11, 1926, and was the first successful U.S. passenger airliner, accommodating about 12 passengers in a rather uncomfortable fashion. Several variants were also used by the U.S. Army. Henry Ford has been honored by the Smithsonian Institution for changing the aviation industry. About 200 Trimotors were built before it was discontinued in 1933, when the Ford Airplane Division shut down because of poor sales during the Great Depression. Willow Run President Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to Detroit as the "Arsenal of Democracy." The Ford Motor Company played a pivotal role in the Allied victory during World War I and World War II. With Europe under siege, the Ford company's genius turned to mass production for the war effort. Specifically, Ford examined the B-24 Liberator bomber, still the most-produced Allied bomber in history, which quickly shifted the balance of power. Before Ford, and under optimal conditions, the aviation industry could produce one Consolidated Aircraft B-24 Bomber a day at an aircraft plant. Ford showed the world how to produce one B-24 an hour at a peak of 600 per month in 24-hour shifts. Ford's Willow Run factory broke ground in April 1941. At the time, it was the largest assembly plant in the world, with over 3,500,000 square feet (330,000 m²). Mass production of the B-24, led by Charles Sorensen and later Mead Bricker, began by August 1943. Many pilots slept on cots waiting for takeoff as the B-24 rolled off the assembly line at Ford's Willow Run facility. Pacifism World War I era Henry Ford was an Episcopalian Christian who opposed war, which he thought was a waste of time. Ford became highly critical of those who he felt financed war, and he seemed to do whatever he could to stop them. He felt time was better spent making things. In 1915, Jewish pacifist Rosika Schwimmer had gained the favor of Henry Ford, who agreed to fund a peace ship to Europe, where World War I was raging, for himself and about 170 other prominent peace leaders. Ford's Episcopalian pastor, Reverend Samuel S. Marquis, accompanied him on the mission. Marquis also headed Ford's Sociology Department from 1913 to 1921. Ford talked to President Wilson about the mission but had no government support. His group went to neutral Sweden and the Netherlands to meet with peace activists there. As a target of much ridicule, he left the ship as soon as it reached Sweden. An article G. K. Chesterton wrote for the December 12, 1916, issue of Illustrated London News, shows why Ford's effort was ridiculed. Referring to Ford as "the celebrated American comedian," Chesterton noted that Ford had been quoted claiming, "I believe that the sinking of the Lusitania was deliberately planned to get this country [America] into war. It was planned by the financiers of war." Chesterton expressed "difficulty in believing that bankers swim under the sea to cut holes in the bottoms of ships," and asked why, if what Ford said was true, Germany took responsibility for the sinking and "defended what it did not do." Mr. Ford's efforts, he concluded, "queer the pitch" of "more plausible and presentable" pacifists. On the other hand H.G. Wells, in "The Shape of Things to Come", devoted an entire chapter to the Ford Peace Ship, stating that "despite its failure, this effort to stop the war will be remembered when the generals and their battles and senseless slaughter are forgotten." Wells claimed that the American armaments industry and banks, who made enormous profits from selling munitions to the warring European nations, deliberately spread lies in order to cause the failure of Ford's peace efforts. He noted, however, that when the U.S. entered the war in 1917, Ford took part and made considerable profits from the sale of munitions. The episode was fictionalized by the British novelist Douglas Galbraith in his novel King Henry. World War II era Ford and Adolf Hitler admired each other's achievements. Adolf Hitler kept a life-size portrait of Ford next to his desk. "I regard Henry Ford as my inspiration," Hitler told a Detroit News reporter two years before becoming the Chancellor of Germany in 1933. In July 1938, four months after the German annexation of Austria, Ford was awarded the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, the highest medal awarded by Nazi Germany to foreigners. Ford disliked the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and did not approve of U.S. involvement in the war. Therefore, from 1939 to 1943, the War Production Board's dealings with the Ford Motor Company were with others in the organization, such as Edsel Ford and Charles Sorensen, much more than with Henry Ford. During this time Henry Ford did not stop his executives from cooperating with Washington, but he himself did not get deeply involved. He watched, focusing on his own pet side projects, as the work progressed. After the Edsel Ford's passing, Henry Ford resumed control of the company in 1943. After years of the Great Depression, labor strife, and New Deal, he suspected people in Washington were conspiring to wrest the company from his control. Ironically, his paranoia was trending toward self-fulfilling prophesy, as his attitude inspired background chatter in Washington about how to undermine his control of the company, whether by wartime government fiat or by instigating some sort of coup among executives and directors. In 1945, the war ended, Henry Ford II became company president, and the storm was past. Dearborn Independent The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem. Articles from The Dearborn Independent, 1920 In 1918, Ford's closest aide and private secretary, Ernest G. Liebold, purchased an obscure weekly newspaper, The Dearborn Independent for Ford. The Independent ran for eight years, from 1920 until 1927, during which Liebold was editor. The newspaper published "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion," which was discredited by The Times of London as a forgery during the Independent's publishing run. The American Jewish Historical Society described the ideas presented in the magazine as "anti-immigrant, anti-labor, anti-liquor, and anti-Semitic." In February 1921, the New York World published an interview with Ford, in which he said "The only statement I care to make about the Protocols is that they fit in with what is going on." During this period, Ford emerged as "a respected spokesman for right-wing extremism and religious prejudice," reaching around 700,000 readers through his newspaper. Along with the Protocols, anti-Jewish articles published by The Dearborn Independent also were released in the early 1920s as a set of four bound volumes, cumulatively titled The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem. Vincent Curcio wrote of these publications that "they were widely distributed and had great influence, particularly in Nazi Germany, where no less a personage than Adolf Hitler read and admired them." Hitler, fascinated with automobiles, hung Ford's picture on his wall; Ford is the only American mentioned in Hitler's book. Steven Watts wrote that Hitler "revered" Ford, proclaiming that "I shall do my best to put his theories into practice in Germany, and modeling the Volkswagen, the people's car, on the model T." Denounced by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the articles nevertheless explicitly condemned pogroms and violence against Jews (Volume 4, Chapter 80), preferring to blame incidents of mass violence on the Jews themselves. None of this work was actually written by Ford, who wrote almost nothing according to trial testimony. Friends and business associates have said they warned Ford about the contents of the Independent and that he probably never read them. (He claimed he only read the headlines.) However, court testimony in a libel suit, brought by one of the targets of the newspaper, alleged that Ford did know about the contents of the Independent in advance of publication. A libel lawsuit brought by San Francisco lawyer and Jewish farm cooperative organizer Aaron Sapiro in response to anti-Semitic remarks led Ford to close the Independent in December 1927. News reports at the time quoted him as being shocked by the content and having been unaware of its nature. During the trial, the editor of Ford's "Own Page," William Cameron, testified that Ford had nothing to do with the editorials even though they were under his byline. Cameron testified at the libel trial that he never discussed the content of the pages or sent them to Ford for his approval. Investigative journalist Max Wallace noted that "whatever credibility this absurd claim may have had was soon undermined when James M. Miller, a former Dearborn Independent employee, swore under oath that Ford had told him he intended to expose Sapiro." Michael Barkun observed, "That Cameron would have continued to publish such controversial material without Ford's explicit instructions seemed unthinkable to those who knew both men. Mrs. Stanley Ruddiman, a Ford family intimate, remarked that 'I don't think Mr. Cameron ever wrote anything for publication without Mr. Ford's approval.'" According to Spencer Blakeslee, The ADL mobilized prominent Jews and non-Jews to publicly oppose Ford's message. They formed a coalition of Jewish groups for the same purpose and raised constant objections in the Detroit press. Before leaving his presidency early in 1921, Woodrow Wilson joined other leading Americans in a statement that rebuked Ford and others for their antisemitic campaign. A boycott against Ford products by Jews and liberal Christians also had an impact, and Ford shut down the paper in 1927, recanting his views in a public letter to Sigmund Livingston, ADL. Grand Cross of the German Eagle Ford's 1927 apology had been well received, "Four-Fifths of the hundreds of letters addressed to Ford in July of 1927 were from Jews, and almost without exception they praised the Industrialist." In January 1937, a Ford statement to the Detroit Jewish Chronicle disavowed "any connection whatsoever with the publicaton in Germany of a book known as the International Jew." In July 1938, prior to the outbreak of war, the German consul at Cleveland gave Ford, on his 75th birthday, the award of the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, the highest medal Nazi Germany could bestow on a foreigner, while James D. Mooney, vice-president of overseas operations for General Motors, received a similar medal, the Merit Cross of the German Eagle, First Class. Distribution of International Jew was halted in 1942 through legal action by Ford despite complications from a lack of copyright, but extremist groups often recycle the material; it still appears on antisemitic and neo-Nazi websites. One Jewish personality who was said to have been friendly with Ford is Detroit Judge Harry Keidan. When asked about this connection, Ford replied that Keidan was only half-Jewish. A close collaborator of Henry Ford during World War II reported that Ford, at the time being more than 80 years old, was shown a movie of the Nazi concentration camps. International business Ford's philosophy was one of economic independence for the United States. His River Rouge Plant became the world's largest industrial complex, even able to produce its own steel. Ford's goal was to produce a vehicle from scratch without reliance on foreign trade. He believed in the global expansion of his company. He believed that international trade and cooperation led to international peace, and he used the assembly line process and production of the Model T to demonstrate it. He opened Ford assembly plants in Britain and Canada in 1911, and soon became the biggest automotive producer in those countries. In 1912, Ford cooperated with Agnelli of Fiat to launch the first Italian automotive assembly plants. The first plants in Germany were built in the 1920s with the encouragement of Herbert Hoover and the Commerce Department, which agreed with Ford's theory that international trade was essential to world peace. In the 1920s Ford also opened plants in Australia, India, and France, and by 1929, he had successful dealerships on six continents. Ford experimented with a commercial rubber plantation in the Amazon jungle called Fordlândia; it was one of the few failures. In 1929, Ford accepted Stalin's invitation to build a model plant (NNAZ, today GAZ) at Gorky, a city later renamed Nizhny Novgorod, and he sent American engineers and technicians to help set it up, including future labor leader Walter Reuther. Edsel Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and Henry Ford pose in the Ford hangar during Lindbergh's August 1927 visit. The technical assistance agreement between Ford Motor Company, VSNH and the Soviet-controlled Amtorg Trading Corporation (as purchasing agent) was concluded for nine years and signed on May 31, 1929, by Ford, FMC vice-president Peter E. Martin, V. I. Mezhlauk, and the president of Amtorg, Saul G. Bron. The Ford Motor Company worked to conduct business in any nation where the United States had peaceful diplomatic relations: • Ford of Australia • Jaguar since 1990 By 1932, Ford was manufacturing one third of all the world’s automobiles. Ford's image transfixed Europeans, especially the Germans, arousing the "fear of some, the infatuation of others, and the fascination among all". Germans who discussed "Fordism" often believed that it represented something quintessentially American. They saw the size, tempo, standardization, and philosophy of production demonstrated at the Ford Works as a national service—an "American thing" that represented the culture of United States. Both supporters and critics insisted that Fordism epitomized American capitalist development, and that the auto industry was the key to understanding economic and social relations in the United States. As one German explained, "Automobiles have so completely changed the American's mode of life that today one can hardly imagine being without a car. It is difficult to remember what life was like before Mr. Ford began preaching his doctrine of salvation" For many Germans, Henry Ford embodied the essence of successful Americanism. In My Life and Work, Ford predicted essentially that if greed, racism, and short-sightedness could be overcome, then eventually economic and technologic development throughout the world would progress to the point that international trade would no longer be based on (what today would be called) colonial or neocolonial models and would truly benefit all peoples. His ideas here were vague, but they were idealistic and they seemed to indicate a belief in the inherent intelligence of all ethnicities (which some may find somewhat suspect coming from Ford). Racing Ford (standing) launched Barney Oldfield's career in 1902 Ford maintained an interest in auto racing from 1901 to 1913 and began his involvement in the sport as both a builder and a driver, later turning the wheel over to hired drivers. He entered stripped-down Model Ts in races, finishing first (although later disqualified) in an "ocean-to-ocean" (across the United States) race in 1909, and setting a one-mile (1.6 km) oval speed record at Detroit Fairgrounds in 1911 with driver Frank Kulick. In 1913, Ford attempted to enter a reworked Model T in the Indianapolis 500 but was told rules required the addition of another 1,000 pounds (450 kg) to the car before it could qualify. Ford dropped out of the race and soon thereafter dropped out of racing permanently, citing dissatisfaction with the sport's rules, demands on his time by the booming production of the Model Ts, and his low opinion of racing as a worthwhile activity. In My Life and Work Ford speaks (briefly) of racing in a rather dismissive tone, as something that is not at all a good measure of automobiles in general. He describes himself as someone who raced only because in the 1890s through 1910s, one had to race because prevailing ignorance held that racing was the way to prove the worth of an automobile. Ford did not agree. But he was determined that as long as this was the definition of success (flawed though the definition was), then his cars would be the best that there were at racing. Throughout the book he continually returns to ideals such as transportation, production efficiency, affordability, reliability, fuel efficiency, economic prosperity, and the automation of drudgery in farming and industry, but rarely mentions, and rather belittles, the idea of merely going fast from point A to point B. Nevertheless, Ford did make quite an impact on auto racing during his racing years, and he was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1996. Later career When Edsel, president of Ford Motor Company, died of cancer in May 1943, the elderly and ailing Henry Ford decided to assume the presidency. By this point in his life, he had had several cardiovascular events (variously cited as heart attack or stroke) and was mentally inconsistent, suspicious, and generally no longer fit for such a job. Most of the directors did not want to see him as president. But for the previous 20 years, though he had long been without any official executive title, he had always had de facto control over the company; the board and the management had never seriously defied him, and this moment was not different. The directors elected him, and he served until the end of the war. During this period the company began to decline, losing more than $10 million a month. The administration of President Franklin Roosevelt had been considering a government takeover of the company in order to ensure continued war production, but the idea never progressed. Death In ill health, he ceded the presidency to his grandson Henry Ford II in September 1945 and went into retirement. He died in 1947 of a cerebral hemorrhage at age 83 in Fair Lane, his Dearborn estate, and he is buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit. Sidelights Interest in materials science and engineering Henry Ford long had an interest in materials science and engineering. He enthusiastically described his company's adoption of vanadium steel alloys and subsequent metallurgic R&D work. Ford long had an interest in plastics developed from agricultural products, especially soybeans. He cultivated a relationship with George Washington Carver for this purpose. Soybean-based plastics were used in Ford automobiles throughout the 1930s in plastic parts such as car horns, in paint, etc. This project culminated in 1942, when Ford patented an automobile made almost entirely of plastic, attached to a tubular welded frame. It weighed 30% less than a steel car and was said to be able to withstand blows ten times greater than could steel. Furthermore, it ran on grain alcohol (ethanol) instead of gasoline. The design never caught on. Ford was interested in engineered woods ("Better wood can be made than is grown") (at this time plywood and particle board were little more than experimental ideas); corn as a fuel source, via both corn oil and ethanol; and the potential uses of cotton. Ford was instrumental in developing charcoal briquets, under the brand name "Kingsford". His brother in law, E.G. Kingsford, used wood scraps from the Ford factory to make the briquets. Georgia residence and community Ford maintained a vacation residence (known as the "Ford Plantation") in Richmond Hill, Georgia. He contributed substantially to the community, building a chapel and schoolhouse and employing numerous local residents. Preserving Americana in museums and villages Ford had an interest in "Americana". In the 1920s, Ford began work to turn Sudbury, Massachusetts, into a themed historical village. He moved the schoolhouse supposedly referred to in the nursery rhyme, Mary had a little lamb, from Sterling, Massachusetts, and purchased the historical Wayside Inn. This plan never saw fruition, but Ford repeated it with the creation of Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. It may have inspired the creation of Old Sturbridge Village as well. About the same time, he began collecting materials for his museum, which had a theme of practical technology. It was opened in 1929 as the Edison Institute and, although greatly modernized, remains open today. The "invention of the automobile" Both Henry Ford and Karl Benz are sometimes oversimplistically credited with the "invention of the automobile", although (as is the case with most inventions) the reality of the automobile's development included many inventors. As Ford himself said, by the 1870s, the notion of a horseless carriage was "a common idea". What the following decades brought was the technical success of the idea, and the extension of the idea beyond steam power to other power sources (electric motors and internal combustion engines). Ford was, however, more influential than any other single person in changing the paradigm of the automobile from a scarce, heavy, hand-built toy for rich people into a lightweight, reliable, affordable, mass-produced mode of transportation for the masses of working people. The "invention of the assembly line" Both Henry Ford and Ransom E. Olds are sometimes oversimplistically credited with the "invention of the assembly line", although (as is the case with most inventions) the reality of the assembly line's development included many inventors. One prerequisite was the idea of interchangeable parts (which was another gradual technological development often mistakenly attributed to one individual or another). Ford's first moving assembly line (employing conveyor belts), after 5 years of empirical development, first began mass production on or around April 1, 1913. The idea was tried first on subassemblies, and shortly after on the entire chassis. Again, although it is inaccurate to say that Henry Ford himself "invented" the assembly line, it is accurate to say that his sponsorship of its development was central to its explosive success in the 20th century. Miscellaneous Ford was the winner of the award of Car Entrepreneur of the Century in 1999. An Episcopalian, Henry Ford dressed up as Santa Claus and gave sleigh rides to children at Christmas time on his estate. Henry Ford was especially fond of Thomas Edison, and on Edison's deathbed, he demanded Edison's son catch his final breath in a test tube. The test tube can still be found today in Henry Ford Museum. In 1923, Ford's pastor, and head of his sociology department, the Episcopal minister Samuel S. Marquis, claimed that Ford believed, or "once believed" in reincarnation. Though it is unclear whether or how long Ford kept such a belief, the San Francisco Examiner from August 26, 1928, published a quote which described Ford's beliefs: I adopted the theory of Reincarnation when I was twenty six. Religion offered nothing to the point. Even work could not give me complete satisfaction. Work is futile if we cannot utilise the experience we collect in one life in the next. When I discovered Reincarnation it was as if I had found a universal plan I realised that there was a chance to work out my ideas. Time was no longer limited. I was no longer a slave to the hands of the clock. Genius is experience. Some seem to think that it is a gift or talent, but it is the fruit of long experience in many lives. Some are older souls than others, and so they know more. The discovery of Reincarnation put my mind at ease. If you preserve a record of this conversation, write it so that it puts men’s minds at ease. I would like to communicate to others the calmness that the long view of life gives to us. Popular culture • In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, society is organized on 'Fordist' lines and the years are dated A.F. (After Ford). In the book, the expression 'My Ford' is used instead of 'My Lord'. Even human beings were produced via an assembly line in large glass jars and in five models: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon. As homage to the assembly line philosophy that so defined the mass-culture society of Brave New World, native individuals make the "sign of the T" instead of the "sign of the cross." • Ford is a character in several historical fiction books, notably E. L. Doctorow's Ragtime, and Richard Powers' novel Three Farmers on the Way to a Dance. • In the 2005 novel The Plot Against America, Philip Roth imagines Ford as Secretary of Interior in an imaginary Lindbergh administration. • Ford, his family, and his company were the subjects of a 1986 biography by Robert Lacey entitled Ford: The Men and the Machine. The book was adapted in 1987 into a film starring Cliff Robertson and Michael Ironside. Honors • In December 1999 Ford was among 18 included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th Century, from a poll conducted of the American people. See also • Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad • Edison and Ford Winter Estates • Fair Lane • Dodge v. Ford Motor Company • Ford Family Tree • List of most wealthy historical figures Notes 1. - www.hfmgv.org The Henry Ford Museum: The Life of Henry Ford 2. - Ford, My Life and Work, 22–24; Nevins and Hill, Ford TMC, 58. 3. - Ford, My Life and Work, 24; Edward A. Guest "Henry Ford Talks About His Mother," American Magazine, July, 1923, 11–15, 116–120. 4. - "Widow of Automobile Pioneer, Victim of Coronary Occlusion, Survived Him Three Years", Associated Press, September 29, 1950, Friday. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. "Friday, Sept. 29 (Associated Press) Mrs. Clara Bryant Ford, 84 year-old widow of Henry Ford, died at 2 A. M. today in Henry Ford Hospital. A family spokesman said her death was the result of an acute coronary occlusion." 5. - "Edsel Ford Dies in Detroit at 49. Motor Company President, the Only Son of Its Founder, Had Long Been Ill.", Associated Press, May 26, 1943, Wednesday. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. "Edsel Ford, 49-year-old president of the Ford Motor Company, died this morning at his home at Grosse Pointe Shores following an illness of six weeks." 6. - The Showroom of Automotive History: 1896 Quadricycle 7. - Ford R. Bryan, The Birth of Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford Heritage Association, retrieved Dec 13, 2007. 8. - Bryan 11. - Lewis 1976, pp 41–59 12. - Ford, My Life and Work, 1922, p. 72. 13. - Watts, pp 243–48 14. - Ford and Crowther 1922:126. 15. - Samuel Crowther Henry Ford: Why I Favor Five Days' Work With Six Days' Pay World's Work, October 1926 pp. 613–616 16. - Ford and Crowther 1922:129–130. 17. - Ford and Crowther 1922:126–130. 18. - Ford and Crowther 1922:130. 19. - Ford and Crowther 1922:253–266. 20. - Sorensen 1956, p. 261. 21. - Sorensen 1956, p. 266–272. 22. - Larry Lankton (November – December 1991). From Autos to ArmamentsMichigan History Magazine. Retrieved on April 2, 2007. 23. - Jenny Nolan (compiled).Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy The Detroit News. Retrieved on April 2, 2007. 24. - Henry Ford, Biography (March 25, 1999). A&E Television. 25. - Michigan History, January/February 1993 26. - Marquis, Rev. Samuel S. (Episcopalian), with introduction by David Lewis. (2007/[1923]). Henry Ford: An Interpretation. Wayne State University Press 27. - RandomHouse.ca \| Books \| King Henry by Douglas Galbraith 28. ^ a b c d "Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration", Washington Post. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 29. - Sorensen 1956, p. 286, 292–298, 333. 30. - Sorensen 1956, p. 324–333. 31. - Glock, Charles Y. and Quinley, Harold E. (1983). Anti-Semitism in America. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-87855-940-X, p. 168. 32. - Watts page xi. 33. - Ford, Henry (2003). The International Jew: The World's Foremost Problem. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-7829-3, p. 61. 34. - Watts pp x, 376–387; Lewis (1976) pp 135–59. 35. - Wallace, p. 30. 36. - Lewis, (1976) pp. 140–156; Baldwin p 220–221. 37. - Barkun, Michael (1996). Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. UNC Press. ISBN 0-8078-4638-4, p. 35. 38. - Blakeslee, Spencer (2000). The Death of American Antisemitism. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-96508-2, p. 83. 39. - Lewis, David I. (1976). The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company. Wayne State University Press. , pp. 146–154. 40. - Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration, Washington Post, Monday, November 30, 1998; Page A01. 41. - Farber, David R. (2002). Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors. University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-23804-0, p. 228. 42. - Lacey, Robert (1987). Ford: Des Hommes et des Machines, Libre Expression editor, ISBN 2-89111-335-7, p. 140. 43. - Watts 236–40 45. - KGB Deep Background: Reference Detail 46. - Nolan p 31 48. ^ Ford and Crowther 1922:242–244. 49. ^ Ford and Crowther 1922:50. 50. ^ Sorensen 1956, p. 266,271–272,310–314. 51. ^ Sorensen 1956, p. 325–326. 52. ^ "Leader in Production Founded Vast Empire in Motors in 1903. He had Retired in 1945. Began Company With Capital of $28,000 Invested by His Friends and Neighbors. Henry Ford Is Dead. Founder of Vast Automotive Empire and Leader in Mass Production.", Associated Press, April 8, 1947, Tuesday. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. "Henry Ford, noted automotive pioneer, died at 11:40 tonight at the age of 83. He had retired a little more than a year and a half ago from active direction of the great industrial empire he founded in 1903." 53. ^ Ford and Crowther 1922:18,65–67. 54. ^ Lewis 1995. 55. ^ a b Ford and Crowther 1922:281. 56. ^ Ford and Crowther 1922:275–276. 57. ^ Ford and Crowther 1922:25. 58. ^ Exquisite Corpse 59. ^ Marquis, Samuel S. ([1923]/2007). Henry Ford: An Interpretation. Wayne State University Press. References Memoirs by Ford Motor Company principals • Ford, Henry; with Crowther, Samuel (1922), My Life and Work, Garden City, New York, USA: Garden City Publishing Company, Inc, <http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7213> Various republications, including ISBN 9781406500189. Original is public domain in U.S. • Ford, Henry; with Crowther, Samuel (1926), Today and Tomorrow, Garden City, New York, USA: Doubleday, Page & Company Co-edition, 1926, London, William Heinemann. Various republications, including ISBN 0-915299-36-4. • Ford, Henry; with Crowther, Samuel (1930), Moving Forward, Garden City, New York, USA: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc Co-edition, 1931, London, William Heinemann. • Ford, Henry; with Crowther, Samuel (1930), Edison as I Know Him, New York: Cosmopolitan Book Corporation Apparent co-edition, 1930, as My Friend Mr. Edison, London, Ernest Benn. Republished as Edison as I Knew Him by American Thought and Action, San Diego, 1966, OCLC 3456201. Republished as Edison as I Know Him by Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007, ISBN 9781432561581. • Bennett, Harry; with Marcus, Paul (1951), We Never Called Him Henry, New York: Fawcett Publications, LCCN 51-036122 • Sorensen, Charles E.; with Williamson, Samuel T. (1956), My Forty Years with Ford, New York: Norton, OCLC 912748 Various republications, including ISBN 9780814332795. Biographies • Bak, Richard (2003). Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire. Wiley ISBN 0471234877 • Brinkley, Douglas G. Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress (2003) • Halberstam, David. "Citizen Ford" American Heritage 1986 37(6): 49–64. interpretive essay • Jardim, Anne. The First Henry Ford: A Study in Personality and Business Leadership Massachusetts Inst. of Technology Press 1970. • Lacey, Robert. Ford: The Men and the Machine Little, Brown, 1986. popular biography • Lewis, David I. (1976). The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company. Wayne State University Press. • Nevins, Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1954). Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons. • Nevins, Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1957). Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons. • Nevins, Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1962). Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons. • Nye, David E. Henry Ford: "Ignorant Idealist." Kennikat, 1979. • Watts, Steven. The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (2005) Specialized studies • Batchelor, Ray. Henry Ford: Mass Production, Modernism and Design Manchester U. Press, 1994. • Bonin, Huber et al. Ford, 1902–2003: The European History 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English; reviewed in * Holden, Len. "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in Business History Volume 47, #1 Jan 2005 pp 122–127 • Brinkley, Douglas. "Prime Mover". American Heritage 2003 54(3): 44–53. on Model T • Bryan, Ford R. Henry's Lieutenants, 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2 • Bryan, Ford R. Beyond the Model T: The Other Ventures of Henry Ford Wayne State Press 1990. • Dempsey, Mary A. "Fordlandia," Michigan History 1994 78(4): 24–33. Ford's rubber plantation in Brazil • Jacobson, D. S. "The Political Economy of Industrial Location: the Ford Motor Company at Cork 1912–26." Irish Economic and Social History 1977 4: 36–55. Ford and Irish politics • Kraft, Barbara S. The Peace Ship: Henry Ford's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War Macmillan, 1978 • Levinson, William A. Henry Ford's Lean Vision: Enduring Principles from the First Ford Motor Plant, 2002; ISBN 1-56327-260-1 • Lewis, David L. "Ford and Kahn" Michigan History 1980 64(5): 17–28. Ford commissioned architect Albert Kahn to design factories • Lewis, David L. "Henry Ford and His Magic Beanstalk" . Michigan History 1995 79(3): 10–17. Ford's interest in soybeans and plastics • Lewis, David L. "Working Side by Side" Michigan History 1993 77(1): 24–30. Why Ford hired large numbers of black workers • McIntyre, Stephen L. "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry, 1913–1940: Technology and Culture 2000 41(2): 269–299. repair shops rejected flat rates • Meyer, Stephen. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908–1921 (1981) • Nolan; Mary. Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (1994) • Daniel M. G. Raff and Lawrence H. Summers (October 1987). "Did Henry Ford Pay Efficiency Wages?". Journal of Labor Economics 5 (4): S57-S86. • Pietrykowski, Bruce. "Fordism at Ford: Spatial Decentralization and Labor Segmentation at the Ford Motor Company, 1920–1950" Economic Geography 1995 71(4): 383–401. • Roediger, David, ed "Americanism and Fordism – American Style: Kate Richards O'hare's 'Has Henry Ford Made Good?'" Labor History 1988 29(2): 241–252. Socialist praise for Ford in 1916 • Segal, Howard P. "'Little Plants in the Country': Henry Ford's Village Industries and the Beginning of Decentralized Technology in Modern America" Prospects 1988 13: 181–223. Ford created 19 rural workplaces as pastoral retreats • Tedlow, Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" Business and Economic History 1988 17: 49–62. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing, marketing, and management. • Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Automobile Industry and its Tycoon" Explorations in Entrepreneurial History 1969 6(2): 139–157. argues Ford did NOT have much influence on US industry, • Valdés, Dennis Nodin. "Perspiring Capitalists: Latinos and the Henry Ford Service School, 1918–1928" Aztlán 1981 12(2): 227–239. Ford brought hundreds of Mexicans in for training as managers • Wilkins, Mira and Frank Ernest Hill, American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents Wayne State University Press, 1964 • Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam and John Williams, "Ford versus `Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production?" Work, Employment & Society, Vol. 6, No. 4, 517–555 (1992), stress on Ford's flexibility and commitment to continuous improvements Further reading • Baldwin, Neil; Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate; PublicAffairs, 2000; ISBN 1-58648-163-0 • Foust, James C. "Mass-produced Reform: Henry Ford's Dearborn Independent" American Journalism 1997 14(3–4): 411–424. • Higham, Charles, Trading With The Enemy The Nazi – American Money Plot 1933–1949 ; Delacorte Press 1983 • Kandel, Alan D. "Ford and Israel" Michigan Jewish History 1999 39: 13–17. covers business and philanthropy • Lee, Albert; Henry Ford and the Jews; Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1980; ISBN 0-8128-2701-5 • Lewis, David L. "Henry Ford's Anti-semitism and its Repercussions" Michigan Jewish History 1984 24(1): 3–10. • Reich, Simon (1999) "The Ford Motor Company and the Third Reich" Dimensions, 13(2): 15 – 17 online • Ribuffo, Leo P. "Henry Ford and the International Jew" American Jewish History 1980 69(4): 437–477. • Sapiro, Aaron L. "A Retrospective View of the Aaron Sapiro-Henry Ford Case" Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly 1982 15(1): 79–84. • Silverstein, K. (2000) "Ford and the Führer" The Nation 270(3): 11 – 16 • Wallace, Max The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich; ISBN 0-312-33531-8 • Woeste, Victoria Saker. "Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920–1929" Journal of American History 2004 91(3): 877–905. External links • Automobile History Online – Henry Ford history and photos • Full text of My Life and Work from Project Gutenberg • Notable quotations and speech excerpts • Timeline • Nevins and Hill tell the story of Peace Ship in American Heritage • College student reports on the 1915 Peace Ship expedition • The Henry Ford Heritage Association • American Corporate Support for Nazis • The Washington Post reports on Ford and General Motors response to alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany • Power, Ignorance, and Anti-Semitism: Henry Ford and His War on Jews by Jonathan R. Logsdon, Hanover Historical Review 1999 • Review of "Henry Ford and The Jews" by Neil Baldwin • Listen to “The Terror of the Machine” by Henry Ford Free mp3 audio download from ThoughtAudio.com • Review of "The People's Tycoon" by Steven Watts. Henry Ford may have regretted his innovation (SF Chronicle) For the complete inventors list please click here	i don't know
Said to be "nigh uncatchable", what ship, originally called the Wicked Wench, is captained by Jack Sparrow every chance he gets?	Pirates of the Caribbean / Headscratchers - TV Tropes open/close all folders Curse of the Black Pearl I'm going to ask the obvious question here. Why didn't Barbossa just politely ask anyone for a few drops of blood? He has a capacity for diplomacy and charisma, and most people would view an army of nigh invulnerable pirates as a very bad thing. He could've poked around a bit, met Will, and explained the situation with a sword in his gut. Will probably would've volunteered. Personality. Barbosa is very much a "why ask when you can take" type of personality. He even criticizes the tendency to negotiate in Jack as being the reason that Barbosa mutinied and took the Pearl. But he's also a pragmatist. If the Pirates could gain consent before the ritual then it'd just make everything easier. Because where's the fun in that? They have invincibility and so few other pleasures in life that sacking a town is a blast. What's the deal with 663 golden medallions? Does this number hold some significance in Aztec religion? Were the Aztecs trying to make 666 but ran out of gold? Isn't it 882 gold pieces? I always just figured that Cortez demanded a lot of gold, and the Aztecs came up with as much as they could on short notice. All they needed is Will's blood... so he was threatening to shoot himself. Hey, blood! Not like five quarts would all vanish into thin air before they could squeeze a bit into the chest from the headless corpse... And all the Calypso crap in the third movie... a giant black chick standing in a toilet. Whu-fuh? She could have been left out of the thing entirely and not changed the story much at all... Feng thinks Elizabeth is the incarnation of something that doesn't exist, and later on, pow! random whirlpool for the 'cool' battle. Blood coagulates. They were on the Pearl when Will made his threat, not near the chest (which was back on Isla De Muerta), so his blood may not have been sufficient to break the curse. And, since Will was the last Turner (as far as they knew), if they screwed up and failed to break the curse, they were doomed to an eternity of a Fate Worse Than Death . Coagulates and spoils. How long would a jar of corpse-salvaged blood last in the tropical Caribbean heat, before it's so much clotted sludge? Not long enough to reach the island where the treasure was, that's for sure. I also think the condition of the curse is that the person making the "blood sacrifice" has to put the coin in. That's why Barbossa made Elizabeth hold the coin and drop it in. It's not really a blood SACRIFICE to the heathen gods if someone scoops up your blood and drops it in for you. Debatable whether forcing you to make the sacrifice against your will counts, but it seems logical that someone else making the payment in your name doesn't count. Can't be true. Will dropped the coin Jack stole for him. Jack's intent may factor in, since he meant to put the coin back. So either you drop it yourself or you intentionally make the blood sacrifice. Will shooting himself and (potentially) leaving some blood on the railing would not satisfy either requirement. At that point, I think Will was leaning backwards while standing on the edge of the ship. If he had shot himself, his body would have fallen into the ocean. It might not have been impossible to gather some of his blood after that, but it would have added complications. Besides, they had Will, they were in the home stretch to being free of the curse. Leaving him alive was a precaution - we don't want to screw things up at the last minute, do we? They could have at least TOLD him that they only needed a drop or so, he might have been a little more reasonable to work with. Those Two Guys did—then another crew member said otherwise. Why does Jack (the monkey) take a medallion and become cursed again? If it were a human being I could understand; humans have high intelligence and can enjoy many pleasures apart from the base biological ones, and may consider the ability to eat, drink, and have sex a fair price for being immortal so they can eternally enjoy the finer things in life (ranging from good conversations, to being able to see the course of history for centuries to come, to crushing their enemies beneath their heels with their now invincible bodies). But a monkey... why would he want to be immortal at such expense? It's a monkey. It doesn't know about the effects of the chest. Also, it might have simply acted with survival in mind. What better way to preserve your life than by becoming immortal? Plus, I think you're making a pretty big assumption that the monkey was able to put the idea that he'd been cursed and the shiny gold piece he grabbed a long time ago together. He probably just thought the gold was pretty and interesting, and that's why he grabbed it. Wasn't it only supposed to curse you if you took more than one piece from the chest though? No! Where does this "only curses you if you take more than one piece" Fan Wank keep coming from? That.... really doesn't make any sense. Jack was cursed from taking just one piece in the first movie. The misconception seems to be based off Barbossa's line "Anyone who takes but a piece from that chest will be banished for eternity." He meant it as "anyone who takes even a piece is cursed" but some people seemed to have interpreted it as "Anyone who takes any except just one will be cursed." (By the way, Jack actually took a handful of coins and then put all but one back in. Jack the monkey however only took one piece in the post-credits scene and still became cursed.) Barbossa trained the monkey to steal those medallions, back when they were collecting those which had been sold or bartered away or lost in dice games, before the Pearl's crew learned they were needed to break the curse. Jack just did what he'd been trained to do. Wait, does this mean that they got the monkey to do the blood sacrifice as well? Because that's a funny thought. What if they'd forgotten that the monkey took one of the medallions as well? Monkeys can actually be a good bit smarter than the OP gives credit for. There was a lab situation that actually led the monkeys to basically realize their enclosure was cleaned out reasonably close to them being fed, and thus believe their waste was valuable to the researchers, thus they would shit in their hands and offer it to the researchers in hopes of being rewarded. Yes. Seriously. Also, Jack is a little bastard, it's entirely possible that he gave up physiological satisfaction for the satisfaction of screwing with people for eternity, with the constant hunger and monkey-horniness making fairly pissed off. Actually, there's a real answer to this one, beyond conjecture, and it gives Jack the Monkey more credit than all of the above: Unlike the crew, the Monkey doesn't pull for Barbossa out of fear or respect — he's Barbossa's constant, devoted bestie. President of the Barbossa fan club, even. Then Jack murderers Barbossa. So, monkey steals gold. Next time you see the monkey, he's doing what? Terrorizing Captain Jack, haunting his ship like a ghost and otherwise making Jack's life hell in his own little way (throwing Jack's precious hat overboard, for example). Jack can shoot him all he wants, but the monkey's here to stay, a constant reminder of Barbossa. It's vengeance, baby. Half-baked, trifling monkey vengeance. Notice, once Barbossa's alive and well, the monkey sets out to save Jack from the locker and doesn't pester him again? How was Barbossa not going to make the mistake of Jack being Captain Jack Sparrow again? Was he going to change Jack's name somehow? ......Seriously? He was going to kill Jack so that he wouldn't be captain again. How was that not blindingly obvious? Didn't the first mutiny remove his captainship anyway? This troper just got the impression he was being sarcastic. Forgetting somebody is who they are is a difficult mistake to make, and not particularly relevant here. It was just empty bravado on Jack's part, and Barbossa was just (obtusely) pointing out how little sense it actually made. I took Jack's comment to be more like "you forgot how awesome I am." with Barbossa saying that he would take that into account this time. To elaborate Jack's comment was said in response to Barbossa asking how Jack got off the island. Jack's response was basically saying, "I'm Jack Sparrow. I find a a way." Barbossa saying he won't make that mistake again was him saying that this time he won't underestimate Jack and just leave him marooned and hope that he'll die, he'll make sure he's dead. Minor one- How on EARTH did Jack and Will manage to keep that canoe underwater in the first movie!? Jack's Crazy Awesome aura has grown so strong it's turned him into a low-level Reality Warper . Jack's been putting on a few pounds lately; he just disguises it with his extravagant clothing and makeup. Plus, Will Turner isn't the brightest character in the series. In fact, he's quite dense . Also, plot. This troper simply assumed they weighed it down with some heavy iron stuff from the blacksmith shop or the docks (or even loose stone rubble) and dumped it on the harbor bottom when they got next to the ship. We see a shot both inside and outside that canoe. Nowhere is there any heavy objects used to keep the canoe down. Not to mention that wouldn't work anyway. To counteract the buoyancy of that much air and wood, they would need a couple tons of weight, not bits of scrap metal and rocks. It's just a case of Hollywood Physics that no amount of fan wanking can make sense of. In the first movie, Elizabeth negotiates the Pearl leaving Port Royal by threatening to drop the medallion off the side of the boat and into the ocean. The crew tries to bluff her by saying it isn't important, but when she pretends to drop it, they react with fear. Why? Elizabeth throwing the medallion overboard isn't a huge deal. If she really did drop it, one of them would've just been able to hop in the water, do the whole ocean-floor-walking thing and go get it. In fact it would've worked out better for them, since then they'd have the medallion and they wouldn't have to strike any sort of deal. They could have their cake and eat it too. Ships move faster than they look, and there's always the possibility the medallion could've been swallowed by some fish or something...best not to risk it. Except that Barbosa didn't tell them to start sailing away until AFTER he and Elizabeth had made their agreement. Instinct. how else would they react to it? i'm sure the original Troper didn't think of this IJBM during their first viewing... plus the moment gives Elizabeth a short moment of bad-ass. Obviously he didn't think of it the first time he saw it, because the fact that they are invincible skeleton things didn't get brought up until a little bit later. Also, how many times he watched it before it started bugging him is completely irrelevant. An It Just Bugs Me can start bugging you the day you see the movie, or 300 viewings later. Thus, the IJBM still stands. I dunno 'bout you, but even if I were immortal, I sure as hell wouldn't want to have to wander around the ocean floor looking for a piece of gold the size of a beer coaster. If it isn't taken somewhere by the current or buried in the sand or eaten by some sea creature, it's still an itty bitty thingamajiggie that I'll have to search for mostly by touch. Fun. The answer's simple: the water's murky and polluted, and the medallion could get washed in any direction by an undertow or buried in the sand. Even if you could dive down to find it without worrying about something like breathing, you still wouldn't be able to guarantee where it landed. Plus, it's night, and it's the 1700s. There was no way to see where the medallion fell or to find it with your eyes. Not to mention how much work they must have done tracking done every, single, last piece - I'm sure the last thing they wanted to see was someone throwing the last remaining coin into the water, to (as other Tropers have said) get eaten by sharks or whatever. The pirates' not wanting to go through additional pain in the behind should more than explain their reaction. They should also be under time pressure. They are still within reach of Port Royal's cannons and cannot afford to search for hours for a single gold coin in a pitch-black sea (once it gets day again, they will no longer be camouflaged by the darkness, which makes their black ship nigh invisible by night). Even if they are nearly indestructible, their ship is not, and cannon fire might be detrimental even to the undead. The problem with the "Time Constraints" and "The Murky Water/Fish" Theories is that it's pretty apparent that the coins pulse when they are in the water. So it makes it pretty easy to find something when it's going off like a beacon inside of your brain whenever it's in the water. Also, being immortal, and thus having all the time in the world, it may be an inconvenience to go find it, while under cannon fire, but it doesn't make a damn bit of difference in the end, because they will still be able to get to the Island in their own good time and drop it off, making the panic only justifiable if they were a bunch of normal, non-immortal, non-skeletal pirates, but still not making a damn bit of sense for Barbosa and his crew. And even if the ship gets shot to hell and back, they can climb up the anchor line of any other ship and just take it, no problems. Not necessarily. Think about if you're making a sandwich. You've got the bread out, put the meat on, put the lettuce on, added some ranch and bacon bits, and you're ready to go. Then, you think you might want a glass of milk, so you leave the sandwich on the table to fetch one. While you're doing this, your cat hops on the table, and nearly knocks over your sandwich. If you're anything like most people, you'd make some—possibly frantic—effort to save your sandwich and shoo the cat. But why? I mean, you've got more bread, more meat, more dressing and more lettuce and it would only take like five minutes to make another one. Why not just let it fall or let the cat have it? Because when you're that close to having something you want/need in your hands, anything that's going to delay it further is going to cause that reaction, especially if it's something you've been wanting/needing for a long time. Yes, they could have faffed about on the ocean floor, searching for the coin while letting their ship get destroyed. But that would have been a lot of work and time to get something that had literally been within arms' reach. Plus, they believed they finally had the person who's blood they needed to break the curse - dawdling around on the ocean floor would have increased the chances of someone from the town mounting a successful rescue or her getting killed in a counter-attack. Barbossa was probably thinking "We got what we came for, so let's just humor her demands and go break the curse." Besides, the Pearl was a damn fine ship. Why let it get destroyed if they can prevent it and go on pirating afterward? Also, waiting around for the Pearl to get blasted by cannon fire would have made it tricky to get the "Blood of Bootstrap Bill" back to Isla de Muerta - the pirates can walk underwater, but their descendants can't. The blood necessary to break the curse is passed on, not the immortality effects of it. In the first movie, Elizabeth bluffs the crew of the Black Pearl by threatening to drop the medallion into the ocean unless the Pearl leaves Port Royal and never returns. A couple things. One they're still in the shallows close to Port Royal, so it would be simple even for an ordinary man to retrieve the medallion. But the crew aren't ordinary men; they're immortal. As seen in the final battle, they could easily just jump in the water and go get it no problem. Barbossa and his crew react with fear when Elizabeth fakes dropping the medallion... But it would've actually worked out better for them, considering then they could get the medallion, keep Elizabeth and then not have to make any kind of deal anyway. Even near port, the bottom of the ocean is rocky, murky with low visibility, and has a lot of crevices and sand. Additionally, objects very rarely fall straight down when dropped into it. Would you want to scour the area looking for a small object like the medallion? Sure, they COULD probably get it back, but it would be a lot of work and a lot of hassle, and a bit of prayer that nothing has come along and picked up the shiny thing, or that it hasn't been buried in the sand. To say nothing of the fact that while the pirates are immortal, the Black Pearl can still be damaged, and the longer they linger, the more they risk Norrington making a counter-attack. Immortal or not, they'd be royally screwed if they lost the ship. The medallion "calls out to them," It wouldn't be as much hassle as all that. They could still find it in a reasonable amount of time with little effort. It called out to them once in 10 years. That's what those waves were (there were waves, right? It's been a while since I watched the movie). It's pretty risky to put their faith in that. Still, I dunno if the Pearl sinking in the time it took them to look is such a big factor... can't they just steal another ship from the port after killing the crew? Since the calling came when the medallion was underwater, it seems that the signal is sent only when the piece is in the ocean. Elizabeth kept it in a chest for the intervening years so that's why the didn't sense until until the present. If she dropped it in they probably would still sense it. The other points stand though. It's the fastest ship ever, "nigh uncatchable". Even if they got another ship, that ship would be the equivalent of a donkey to their fast stallion. Plus, how shallow was the water in the port? It has to be deep enough for large vessels to get in without being beached. If a person got into the water, they'd be wading. In the first movie, in the scene where Elizabeth first encounters the pirates in their zombie form, two of them are hammering...something with hammers. What are they doing? It doesn't look as if they are forging or repairing anything, they are just hitting it. ....Dramatic license? It looked cool and frightening at the same time. They may be hammering something into shape that's not entirely visible in the night darkness or Elizabeth's swirling viewpoint. You don't have to necessarily heat metal to glowing red to try and hammer it back into shape... especially if you don't have a forge or fire to heat it in. Why is Bootstrap Bill Turner's blood the blood needed to lift the curse? This is explained explicitly in the movie: They needed the blood of all the pirates that took gold from the chest which included Bootstrap. They still needed Turner's because they tossed him overboard before they realized this, so he was the last one they needed. In the first film did their clothes get cursed too? I get how the curse makes them into skeletons but the clothes also looked all torn up in the moonlight. The curse seems to extend to whatever they're wearing at the time. There's probably nothing wrong with the clothes in and of themselves, though. Curses in this Verse seem to have ambient cosmetic effects on whatever it is they afflict. Consider how torn-up and decayed the various curse-afflicted ships in the films look: you could go fishing with those sails, they're so full of holes, yet they still remain functional! A simple thing in the first movie: Norrington wants Jack Sparrow to be hanged, as soon as he discovers the branded "P" on his wrist which says he is a pirate. So we must assume the authorities brand all pirates that they get hold of. But they also hang all pirates they get hold off. Why don't they hang them in the first place, without bothering to brand them at all? If Jack Sparrow was branded, why wasn't he hanged at the same occasion? It's All There in the Manual . Jack was branded a Pirate by Beckett for releasing a ship full of Slaves and imprisoned, from which he escaped. The brand was humiliation, not a death sentence. It was akin to modern Whistleblower laws in America, a way of ensuring he could never work as an honest man again for doing the right thing. Pirates were not always treated the same way. Punishments varied by jurisdiction (some colonies were more tolerant than others) and especially by time period. For a long time the British government not only tolerated but encouraged privateers to attack foreign merchant vessels. But once the Royal Navy was built and the Brits could control the waters themselves they started cracking down hard on piracy of all kinds, even the pirates they themselves had funded. It could be posited that the flashback at the beginning of the first movie when Norrington first states his desire to see all pirates hanged takes place during the tail end of the pro-piracy days. The fact that Norrington states his intent to see all pirates hanged suggests they weren't all being hanged at that time and he intends to change that. Jack could have been branded but not hanged during this time. The later scene after Norrington is made Commodore takes place after British naval policy has shifted from a pro-piracy to anti-piracy stance (hell, Norrington may have helped spearhead the anti-pirate campaign in the Pot C universe). Norrington now has command of a powerful warship (the Dauntless), the authority to enforce the law in the waters around Port Royal, and a willing political ally in Governor Swan who is clearly no fan of pirates either (he is, after all, the one who orders Jack hanged). No. Pirates and privateers are two different things. Privateers were only allowed to attack enemy vessels in a time of war. If the war ended, the Letter of Marque was no longer valid, so if they continued to attack vessels of the prescribed nation, they were a pirate. Conversely, if they attacked ships of any other nation, they were a pirate. Privateers were used right up to the War of 1812, because they offered advantages, such as being significantly cheaper than commissioning ships, costing the Crown next to nothing, and could be mobilized almost immediately. Port Royal's pro-pirate era was the 1690s, but the series is, according to Word of God , set in 1740s-ish, and even then, pirates were prosecuted everywhere in every time period, but in the 1690s, Port Royal was just short of a pirate fortress. By around 1700, they stopped harboring pirates. "Pirates and privateers are two different things." That all depends on whose side you're on, doesn't it? I'm sure the French and the Spanish didn't see much of a difference between English pirates and English "privateers" back in the day. What's more, the mark could indicate that Jack was caught and sentenced to be hanged at one point, but he escaped. Even just running on the movie's logic, it'd make sense to brand pirates so they can be easily recognized if they somehow escape, or get rescued by the rest of their crew. Norrington has no problem with immediately executing Jack because the brand showed he was already tried and sentenced to death. Though it could just be a policy of the East India Trading Co. to mark any traitorous privateers working for them as pirates as a form of punishment, as suggested by by Norrington's remark that Jack had "had a brush with the East India Trading Co." and the later reveal that Cutler Beckett, head of the company, had branded Jack for a misdeed to said company. In the first movie Jack explains to Elizabeth that he was rescued from the island by smugglers. Since he was stranded there with nothing but a gun, what exactly did he pay them with? Unless, of course... Jack being Jack, he probably conned them into thinking he could lead them to something valuable if they rescued him and then got away at the first opportunity, or something of that sort. Alternately, they were short a crewman for whatever reason and he offered to fill in, though that's a lot less interesting. Smugglers are still businessmen, and they probably figured that the great Captain Jack Sparrow owing them a favor was a good thing. Or maybe they were just nice smugglers who rescued a marooned man. It's not impossible. Jack was once captain of the Black Pearl, the fastest ship on the sea. IE: exactly the sort of thing smugglers would want. He probably offered them the boat and then ditched them. Perhaps Jack bartered some of his better hair beads. He may have concealed his more-valuable trinkets deep inside his mane, in case he needed some emergency fundage. ('Could be he still has a precious bauble or two hidden in there.) Yeah, there's also the rings he's fond of stealing. He might've had half a dozen or so when he was stranded. People, people: these are rum smugglers we're talking about. Why on Earth wouldn't they rescue one of their very best customers? Plus, they'd want him off the island ASAP so he'll stop drinking their supplies. In that case, wouldn't it make more sense to just shoot him? In the first film, there's an establishing shot with Jack in the prison of the moonlight making the cursed pirates look like skeletons. However, it appears as though this shot was during their raid and while Elizabeth was being taken to or already on the dinghy and headed for the Pearl. Wouldn't someone have noticed that the crazed pirates suddenly don't have any skin or muscle or anything? Wouldn't Elizabeth have noticed? Not if the shaft of moonlight was narrow enough. The film makers cheat with stuff like that. Shots of the sky showed it as a very cloudy night. There was only a brief, small break in the clouds for that reveal. One from the first film. Jack shoots Barbossa in the heart. "I can't die and you've wasted your shot!" says Barbossa. Then Will mentions he didn't waste it, dropping his blood stained medallion into the chest. After it lands, Barbossa starts to bleed out his heart and die, as does the black pirate on board the Dauntless. Meaning anyone who suffered a fatal wound while cursed is now going to die from that wound. Then why doesn't Jack die from the big gaping stab wound in his stomach? Barbossa and the other pirate died because they were wounded right then, and their supernatural natures hadn't had the chance to fix the damage. Jack's wound had happened several minutes before, and was undone when he stepped out of and into the moonlight. Also, there was a bullet lodged in the middle of what was, now, a beating heart. Kinda makes it hard to pump blood. You notice, Jack and Barbossa went jumping in and out of moonlight throughout the fight. It's almost like a reset for wounds and such, but just standing there is what got Barbossa. If simply being wounded carried over no matter what, the pirates would be swiss cheese after the eventful ten years they'd just had. The rule was probably created just for that scene, like the fact that the cursed pirates were shown to be able to bleed just to explain how they were able to make their blood sacrifices. It's movie logic, you have to accept the rules you're shown, even if there's no greater reason given. Also, Koehler had a sword stuck in him immediately after the curse was lifted, not before. So in the first film, it's said that none of the Black Pearl's crew can taste or feel. However, many times in the film, crew members react as if in pain (Bomb Dude getting hit by Will's thrown axe, Pintel being smashed in the face with a bedwarmer). What if the curse prevents them from feeling things like a woman's flesh and the sea spray, but not things that would hurt or otherwise have some sort of negative effect on them? Hey, if you're going to put a curse on something, might as well go all the way with it, eh? Anyone else think this is plausible? Pretty sure I've seen Word of God backing this up; while cursed, Barbossa and co. don't feel pleasurable sensations, but they can feel pain. It's possible that their sense of pain, while present, is dulled even in human form. Also, Barbossa seems to have been expecting Elizabeth to attack him, and so would have steeled himself against it, while Pintel was more shocked that Barbossa shot him than anything. If the cursed pirates "don't feel pleasurable sensations," then how do you explain the scene where Elizabeth is being made to walk the plank, and Barbossa demands she return the dress he gave her? After she flings it at him, Barbossa holds it to his cheek and says with obvious delight, "Ooh, it's still warm!" How could he have felt that warmth? He was being sarcastic, hence why the other pirates laugh. Like his demanding of the dress back, it was just another slight to humiliate Elizabeth. In the first movie, why don't the pirates take Jack with them when they encounter him in prison? As far as I see it, they were kind of called to Port Royal because of the gold coin touching water. So they were obviously raiding the town looking for it (which is quite an ambitious objective anyway, considering that the coin could simply be laying at the bottom of the sea). Then they happen to stumble across Jack Sparrow, their former captain and victim of their mutiny who originally tipped them off about the treasure in the first place. And for what reason exactly do they NOT totally jump to the conclusion that Jack might have something to do with it, possibly being able to tell them something about the coin's whereabouts (even though, ironically, he doesn't have anything to do with it and it's just a crazy coincidence for him to be around at exactly that time - though there's no way Barbossa's men could know that)? They don't even ask a single question, let alone take him with them to be thoroughly interrogated aboard the Pearl. I didn't get the impression that either of the guys who stumbled across Jack was that bright (or that any of Barbossa's crew was really, save for Barbossa himself and, at odd moments, Ragetti ). They probably figured he wouldn't have anything valuable- like the medallion- actually on him, what with being in prison at all, and just decided it was funnier to leave him to his fate. By the time they told Barbossa (if they even told him at all) he'd presumably already parleyed with Elizabeth and as a result had his hands on the medallion. In addition, it's not that big of a coincidence that Jack might have been captured at sea and brought to Port Royal while the latest owner of the medallion also happened to be there. Port Royal is apparently something of a major crossroads in the Caribbean for non-pirate ships. It's a major trading port and two very powerful British fighting ships, the Dauntless and the Interceptor, are both stationed there. They're more surprised that Jack is even alive than by the fact that he managed to get himself captured and thrown in jail. From the way he reacts with clear surprise when he discovers that there is, in fact, a curse, presumably they decide that he doesn't know anything at all. Since they mutinied and dumped him before even stealing the cursed gold and apparently have not seen him the decade or so since then, they've got no reason to suspect he knows anything about the missing piece that they're searching for. Related to the above, when Twigg and Koehler find Jack in the Port Royal jail, why didn't either of them bother to mention it to Barbossa? Barbossa is clearly shocked to see Jack turn up alive when he's caught on Isla de Muerta, so the two of them can't have said anything. Didn't they think Barbossa would be interested to know that their former captain, who they overthrew and marooned, somehow escaped and is still alive? One thing that always bugged me about the first movie: near the end, when Jack takes some of the cursed medallions out of the stone chest in front of Barbossa and his crew, he puts them back one by one, but he secretly keeps one in order to become a cursed, undead skeleton thingy for the upcoming fight. But why does he need to keep one? Everyone who takes gold from the chest is cursed, and simply putting back the medallions doesn't lift the curse. Barbossa, his crew and everyone else knew this at this point of the story. So why was everyone surprised that Jack turned into a skeleton? And why did they allow him to go near the chest filled with gold that can make him immortal to begin with? He keeps one so that he already has it in hand and can later end the curse exactly when he wants to. They were surprised because they didn't think Jack would want to be cursed. The problem is that how the curse seems to work is that anyone who is cursed stays cursed until everyone currently cursed as paid a blood sacrifice and all the coins have been returned. It can't be the each individual person's curse is outdone when they return their coin and pay a sacrifice when the other cursed people who haven't done so yet stay cursed. If that were the case, then Barbossa's crew would be uncured because only Bootstrap's blood and coin remained, ergo the other pirates have already returned their coins and made their sacrifice. So that fact that Jack took any coins, even if he put them back in, would mean that is remains cursed until everyone cursed as repaid, which hasn't been done yet since they were still waiting on Will. Even if Jack didn't need to have the existing curses lifted to lift his, Barbossa still should know that he's cursed because even though he supposedly put all the coins back in, he hadn't put his blood in. So the only possible explanation was that they just plain didn't know Jack had taken a coin, which is impossible since he was standing right in front of Barbossa and the coins made a clinging sound when put back in. They clearly know that he put it back in. There's probably some sort of a "distance" thing to the curse. Even if he put all the coins back in, he'd still be cursed because he didn't make a blood sacrifice, so why was Barbossa shocked when he saw Jack become a skeleton? It's possible that "taking" a coin involves more than just picking it up and immediately putting it back. Dropping them back in for dramatic effect doesn't show an intent to actually take the gold, just touch it. When Jack concealed a coin on his person, he actually took that coin. What happened to that cursed pirate from the first movie, when Elizabeth or Will (forgot which one) shoved a bomb in his open stomach and pushed him into the shadows? Did he...blow up? ...Yes? The first film was way better than the second two, but was anyone else bothered by how both sides effectively wanted the curse to end? If it wasn't for the whole "and we will kill you once we get your blood" the heroes wouldn't have been motivated to stop them, actually they would have been motivated to help, since the whole world would be much better off with them mortal. As hospitable as Barbossa was, he did still have the unfortunate habit of kidnapping people, which made it very difficult for the love-parrots to want to help him. Plus, he kept saying he'd kill everyone when it was all over. And it was kinda implied (as implied as it gets in a Disney film) that they were going to rape Elizabeth after they got what they wanted. Why would the protagonists and the antagonists having the same objective bother anybody? Just because you don't see it all the time in movies doesn't mean it's a head-scratcher. Also, it was a historically fallacious Disney movie based on a theme park ride that broke the laws of physics like they were pickle chips, featuring cursed skeleton pirates. And the problem you have with the logic was that the antagonist's objective in and of itself was benign? Breaking the laws of physics as part of the premise is okay. That's what Willing Suspension of Disbelief is for. But within the premises of the story, we expect characters to act in ways that make sense. Same reason people can accept the fact that Superman can fly, is super strong and has heat vision, but him hiding his identity with a freaking pair of glasses gets on their nerves. Also, keep in mind that while all sides want the curse to end, they also have other, mutually exclusive goals- Will/Elizabeth each want to rescue the other from Barbossa at varying points; Norrington wants to capture Barbossa and his crew, curse or no curse (and keep in mind that he doesn't even seem to believe there is a curse until he sees the skeleton pirates with his own eyes); Barbossa, by the climax, wants to stay immortal long enough to kill Norrington and his crew and then lift it and get away scot-free with all his loot; Jack just wants his ship back and revenge on Barbossa. The movie builds up plenty of reasons for everybody to fight by the end of it. In addition, might I point out that it's not the ends that are important when it comes to Barbossa'a goals, it's the means that sets the protagonists into motion. In order to lift the curse, he needed both the coinage and the blood offering of William Turner Sr. That means the blood of his only child and the coin said child inherited, which gets Elizabeth and Will abducted, Swann wants his daughter safe, Norrington wants that and the pirates hanged, and Jack just wants his ship back. Lifting the curse isn't really the goal of any of the protagonists. At the same time, though, the protagonists have plenty of reason to want the curse to be lifted so the bad guy pirates stop being invincible and impossible to kill. It may not be their goal, per se, but there's really no reason for them to be against it. Not all the characters are aware of all of the facts, so they act on incomplete information. Will and Norrington don't find out about the curse or how to lift it until later in the film. Barbossa doesn't know whose blood they need until Jack tells him. Neither Norrington nor Will trust Jack Sparrow. The character's actions in the first film actually make perfect sense when you consider what they want and what they know: Will wants to save Elizabeth no matter the cost. Norrington wants to save Elizabeth and to uphold the law. Jack wants the Black Pearl. Barbossa and the pirates want to lift the curse. Back in the first movie, Elizabeth took the medallion off of Will and kept it for eight years. Why didn't she turn into a skeleton under the full moon like everyone else? You are only cursed if you take the gold directly from the chest. If possessing one of the coins was enough, Will would have been cursed, too. As would anyone who accepted one as payment. My problem with that theory is that the curse seems to be because the gold was * stolen* overall. So really, once Elizabeth stole the medallion from Will (who had been sent it, and who had not stolen it himself), she should have fallen under the curse. But likely it really does depend on where you grabbed it from. I was under the impression that if you took the gold, you were cursed to return as a skeleton thing once you died/received a fatal wound. Then, when the curse was lifted, you became properly alive until you were killed. This explains why Elizabeth and Will aren't skeletons, but it doesn't explain why the monkey remains undead. The monkey didn't remain undead, it became undead again. In the stinger at the end of Curse Of The Black Pearl, Jack the Monkey takes another coin from the chest. Where did it say you only became a skeleton thing if you died? It's a bit unreasonable to assume that all the pirates have received fatal wounds in 10 years. There were other indications that they were cursed, Barbossa said that food turned to ash in their mouths and other things, which, incidentally, hardly sound like the affliction of a skeleton. The skeletalness was only part of the curse, and a handy visual indication. Indeed, Jack the monkey transforms immediately after filching a coin from the chest the second time. I thought the curse would only affect you if you stole the gold out of greed, rather than obtaining it in "good faith" (to use a legal term.) The pirates certainly stole it out of greed, which Jack would have done, too, had he been there; by contrast, little Elizabeth took one to examine it, make sure no one thought little Will was a pirate - and then kept it because she got interrupted on the ship, or loved and wanted to remember Will, etc. Similarly, everyone who sold the pirates food or whatever and accepted those coins in payment was not part of the original greed/stealing; they were good faith recipients - hence no undead Elizabeth and no random undead merchants who happened to get paid by the pirates roaming around random ports. Barbossa explicitly states, and I quote "Any mortal that removes but a single piece from that stone chest shall be punished for eternity." It's the act of taking the gold directly from the chest, case closed. Would it therefore be safe to knock the chest over and let the coins all spill out and then pick them up off the ground? Just something I've been wondering about. Technically, by knocking the chest over, you would still have removed the pieces from the chest, just in an indirect way. Why is it that all the medallions managed to stay intact? I'm sure plenty of people would have been willing to melt them down - after all, it's not like they're legal tender. Maybe it's like the One Ring and can't be melted down or destroyed. Also, back in the old days, gold was gold. As long as it weighed enough and was real gold, it didn't matter who's face, or skull, was stamped on it. But why wouldn't they cut them in half or quarters the better to spend them? They just kept getting absurd amounts of change every time they purchased something worth less than a medallion? They probably traded whole medallions for money exclusively, then used that money to purchase whatever else they wanted. Same with everybody else who got one. No reason to. A huge gold medallion with a fancy engraving on it is more valuable than a melted down lump. I think they would have probably been cut up into pieces rather than melted, but then again, they are magic gold pieces that turn men into undead skeletons. Who is to say they don't have a protective charm over them to make them Nigh Invulnerable ? Who says that all the medallions did remain intact? There could've been broken-up pieces of medallions in the chest, that'd slipped down to the bottom because they were smaller than the whole ones. The pirates might even have re-cast some medallions from ones that were converted into gold jewelry and goblets and so on. Why doesn't Pintel bleed when shot by Barbossa in the first movie? We know that gunshot wounds bleed from Jack's killing of Barbossa, and we know that even when cursed the pirates bleed when wounded (not in the moonlight, of course) from when Elizabeth stabs Barbossa. I'm pretty sure that they're essentially undead even in normal form. They HAVE blood but it doesn't really circulate. I'm assuming that their hearts just don't pump, and none of the their other biological functions are really working either. Barbossa didn't really BLEED, but even if your heart isn't pumping blood, if you stick the knife directly into the body it's going to come out bloody. Then, when Will broke the curse, Barbossa's heart started pumping again. My other assumption is that stepping into the moonlight and out of it essentially repairs your body-I'm assuming that Barbossa would have been fine after being shot if he'd had time to jump into the moonlight first. Them being able to bleed was written in on purpose, (I think by Ted & Terry) so the pirates could pay their blood debt to the gods and it would make sense. Blood on a knife or putting blood on a coin doesn't necessitate bleeding, or circulation. The blood sacrifice is still possible without circulation; Jack does it at the end. You do see a little bit of blood when he shoots him. Not actual bleeding but just broken skin. Likewise there's clearly blood on the knife when Elizabeth stabs Barbossa at dinner. The curse says they can't be killed, so they don't bleed when they get cut. The blood is still under there though. The Pearl raids Port Royale at the start of the film. Nice. A ship like the Dauntless would have a crew of at least 800, so, where are those guys? Why are they not fighting? They should greatly outnumber the pirates, who are undead, fine, but they can be dismembered or, in a more Disney-Way, locked up or tied up. They do not seem stronger than normal Humans... In addition: I would not like to fight five guys alone. Even if I had a sword and they were unarmed. You can kill a guy or two, and the others will just jump on top of you. Firstly, watch the raiding party scene again: The Pearl is out on the bay, between Port Royal and the Dauntless! Also, the Navy was returning fire from the Fort, firing on the Pearl wasn't doing any good. But the ship wasn't the perceived easier fight, or the worst threat, as a pirate ship is basically a floating war machine, but one that can't come on land. It was the (presumed mortal) men raiding the town — killing, looting, raping, setting fires in a town full of defenseless people. If you were a navy guy, where would you be? Protecting civilians and fighting bastards with your massive stores of firearms, or in a little dingy, completely deserting everyone to try and get past a ghost ship that was assailing your shore with no protection from cannon fire? Your last statement is based on the assumption that the crew would be sleeping on-shore, which they normally would not. They should be sleeping on board, returning fire, greatly outgunning a ship like the Black Pearl, which is canonically a tuned freighter rather than a war machine (in contrast to the Dauntless, which is definitely the latter) Secondly: The Navy is not returning fire. The guys in the fort are redcoats, the colonial land forces of the Empire. It does beg the question, even if a large proportion of the crew were ashore, why would a skeleton crew not have been left behind? The Dauntless is the most powerful warship in the Caribbean, if it is the case she was unmanned at the time, the men from the Pearl could have easily boarded and sailed her away unchallenged if they so pleased. It makes no sense to leave her completely undefended, so why not have the men operate a few of the heavy guns on the lower decks, the men of the Dauntless could have matched the Pearl's broadside pound for pound by operating three or four 32lbers. Even excluding the Dauntless and Interceptor, in a gunnery duel between the Pearl and the fort, the fort should win anyways. It's tougher, a more stable firing platform, and can mount larger guns. The only limiting factor in the fort's effectiveness would be the quality of the gunners- a real concern given that they are garrison troops. Nevertheless, the fort- which theoretically is there to fend off naval assaults - should be able to take potshots at the Pearl with relative impunity. But that scene introduces the Pearl showing it blasting the bejesus out of Fort Royal at the onset. How it was able to do that to a fort placed up so high doesn't make sense, but they were. Also, in the first movie, the cursed Pearl had that huge fog following it around. Odds are, it obstructed the men at the fort in their aiming. And on top of that, forts often employed heated shot, although it did take a lot of time to heat and load, time the garrison gunners wouldn't have. Typically, most pirate ships were not in fact dedicated warships, but merchants of various types armed up with guns. They usually avoided combat with Naval warships rather than try to fight them, as they were almost always outmatched in such a fight. Similarly, forts have the undeniable advantage of being much harder to sink even than most warships, and any important harbor would often have multiple fortifications providing a mutually supportive network of defense, with obstructions sometimes placed in the water to force attacking ships to sail obligingly into their prepared lines of fire. Also, forts could be placed high up, giving them the ability to attack with impunity (ships' cannons could only be elevated so far, while the gunners in the fort would have gravity on their side.) Then again, supernatural zombie pirates. It's a cursed ship of the damned captained by a man so evil Hell itself spat him back out. There's all sorts of weird supernatural stuff going on with the Black Pearl; It's faster than the fastest ship in the Royal Navy, so stands to reason that it's probably a bit more powerful than your average rundown merchant ship turned pirate ship as well. At the beginning of the first movie, Mr. Gibbs warns Elizabeth not to sing about pirates because it will draw them in. If he's so worried about encounters with pirates, why is he WORKING WITH THEM later in the movie? Did you miss the part where a solid 10 years have passed in the meantime? And how Mr. Gibbs clearly isn't at the same station in life? He's not worried about encounters with pirates because of some pathological fear; he's worried about encounters with pirates because, you know, pirates would try and kill him and take the ship. Later on, he loses whatever station he had, and it's likely he can only find work with pirates. Just like Norrington in the second film. Also, recall the exact line of dialogue. "Cursed pirates sail these waters." Clearly it's not just the idea of being pillaged and murdered that's gotten him all superstitious. Maybe Gibbs pulled a Heelï¿½Face Turn and deserted the pirates when Jack (the closest thing he has to a Heterosexual Life-Partner ) was exiled. He could be afraid of encountering Barbossa or another pirate with a grudge against him. Unlikely by the timeline. Gibbs probably knew Jack from before. Or maybe her singing was just getting on his nerves, and he told her it could attract pirates to scare her into shutting up. Working with pirates and being on a navy ship that's attacked by them are kinda different things. Not that different. Piracy was a fairly common career move for men who'd deserted from the Navy and couldn't seek legitimate employment for fear of being caught. If any of you really paid attention to his character, you'd notice that Gibbs is very superstitious, and there have been multiple occasions on which he claimed something would cause bad luck, so he said that line to Elizabeth out of superstition. What the heck was up with the guy on the Dauntless right before Jack enters Isla De Muerta? He's leading Elizabeth to the captain's quarters for her "own safety" as she tries to protest and tell him that Barbossa's crew is cursed. He laughs this off and claims that Commodore's already been informed of that as "a little mermaid flopped up on deck and told him the whole story." He then gives a dickishly smug laugh and walks off. Does this guy have a death wish or something? He just insulted the governor's daughter - who is far higher up on the social ladder than he'll ever be. Not to mention that, for all he knows, he was also rude to the Commodore's fiancee - the Commodore who is his boss. That guy could get in serious trouble. Oh come on. What do you think Governor Swan or Norrington was going to do, have him hanged? Even in the 1600s I doubt anyone was ever executed for teasing a Governor's daughter. Being a dick isn't punishable by death, even in their time period. Worst case scenario, assuming what he did was ever found out, is that Norrington gave him a stern warning to mind his station and be respectful to his superiors. Considering that guy was on a ship later attacked by said cursed pirates, one assumes that he either died in the fight or got a pretty good lesson in being a bit less of a smug prick out of the whole deal. Either way, he probably got comeuppance enough. He didn't get killed. The guy in question is Gillette, who reappears in the third and fourth movies. He was killed during the fourth movie though. For that matter, why does this situation even occur? Elizabeth had loads of times and opportunities to warn Norrington! Like, for instance, in the very beginning of their expedition that she herself insisted on undertaking. And she doesn't think it'd be prudent to mention this detail about the impending enemy being immortal? Word of God says that in the first movie, Will is the best swordsman, Norrington and Barbossa are tied for second place, and Jack is the worst. How is someone who practices with non-moving objects a better swordsman than a seasoned pirate and a veteran officer of the Royal Navy? Does that mean if I practiced kung-fu techniques three hours a day every day, I could kick Jet Li's ass? Will is mechanically the best swordsman, but how often does he actually win his fights (when not up against mooks )? Besides, it's entirely possible he has a sparring partner (or more than one) and we just don't see them because this person/people is ultimately irrelevant to the story. He would've beaten Jack if Jack hadn't cheated — as both of them understood. I don't recall him actually fighting either Barbossa or Norrington except for the three-way in the second film, so no direct comparisons are possible. About a possible sparring partner: it would stand to reason that his partner/s would be of equal skill with a blade, so wouldn't Will have wanted to bring him along? Besides, the way people interact with him makes it seem like nobody really gives two copper pieces about Will, so it's doubtful that anyone was willing to spar three hours a day with him. You make the exact point; Jack cheats. So will just about everybody else. Will falls for that sort of thing. That makes them, effectively, more dangerous than Will, even if he'd beat them in a fair duel where everyone had to follow the rules. Disregard what I said about sparring partner(s); we know nothing about Will's training other than that he does it, so such a person is hypothetical at best. How do we know Will only practices against non-moving objects? We've never actually seen him practice. Will is a blacksmith. Practice or no practice, he's probably a lot stronger than (lazy) Jack or (upper-crust) Norrington, simply because he's spent so many years pounding on hot metal with hammers. Barbossa might be in Will's league in terms of muscle-power, but he's somewhat older than the others and perhaps tires faster when he's not being undead. Which, BTW, raises another headscratcher. THIS flimsy-looking refined boy is an accomplished blacksmith? O'RLY? In the beginning of the first movie, when Will delivers the sword, and the governor asks him to "pass his compliments on to the master", I can understand the confusion - he looked like a delivery boy, not a craftsman. Actually Mr. Nutt explains that one- your typical blacksmith is as likely to be 'wiry' as a big guy. Muscles Are Meaningless does have some real-life basis. (As for the 'refined' bit... well, he has mixed with his betters quite a bit, and Will at this stage comes across as a guy who feels more comfortable where there are rules to follow. The "compliments to your master" bit was because Governor Swann knew Will was an apprentice, you know, a student. He didn't think Will was advanced enough to create such a masterpiece. This troper found the whole "Jack is the worst swordsman" as an Informed Flaw on the part of Word of God . He loses a grand total of one fair duel in the entire trilogy: the one against Will. The second fight he loses is a two-on-one by Will and Norrington, one being the guy who defeated him before and the other being a former Royal Navy commodore. The other one-on-one duel Jack fights in the trilogy is against Davy Jones, whom he actually is able to disarm and only winds up "losing" because Jones grabbed his sword and snapped it in two when Jack went for the killing blow. He had the advantage against Jones because they were fighting on top of the ship's yardarm, and Jones has a spike leg. It's not that Jack's a bad swordsman, it's that he's the worst swordsman out of a group of four very good swordsmen. Also, that Word of God is about the first movie. Jack may well have improved quite a bit since then. It's possible that he is the "worst" swordsman in terms of technical skill. Jack's ability to handle himself in sword fights is due to his skill in taking advantage of his surroundings and improvising. So... the Aztecs were able to curse a chest of gold to turn anyone who stole a gold coin from it into unkillable immortals. How in the heck could a people capable of doing THAT get their entire civilization conquered and enslaved by a bunch of guys with guns, or by anyone for that matter? It wasn't the Aztecs themselves who cursed the gold, but their gods. Presumably, the gods are fickle. They have been infuriated by Cortez' taking their sacred gold, yet have judged the Aztecs unworthy of further existence if they failed to defeat the Spaniards. Also, these movies operate on All Myths Are True . The Aztecs might have had their gods fighting with them, and by the same token, the Spanish might have had Christ or Maria on their side. Okay, so I get that Bootstrap wanted the pirates to remain cursed and that's why he got rid of one of the coins. My question is... Why did he send it to Will? Why not just toss it overboard in the middle of the ocean when nobody's looking? Or at least give it to a stranger or something, not your closest relative. Not only is he placing Will in danger by ensuring the pirates will have to target him to lift the curse (granted, they ended up doing that anyway for his blood, but presumably Bootstrap didn't know about that part since the other pirates only found out after they threw him overboard) but it's an easy connection to him and probably one of the first ones Barbossa would follow while looking for the coin. After they fail to lift the curse with Elizabeth, and the pirates start to get rowdy, Barbossa draws his sword and cows them back into obedience. Uhm, how? They're all immortal. He can't kill them, and he can't be that much stronger that they couldn't overpower him, tie him to something heavy and send after Bootstrap. They still feel pain and the writers said Barbossa is an expert swordsman, so they might not have wanted to get beaten Do they? It's kinda totally inconsistent. Sometimes they scream when stabbed, other times ignore it completely. The fat pirate Barbossa shot, Barbossa himself when stabbed by Elizabeth and later Jack etc. And no mater how expert you are, no way you can beat an entire mob of pirates, who shouldn't be to shabby themselves. They do. Put it this way — getting stabbed with a needle hurts. But at the doctor when they're taking blood, most people will simply ignore the pain. Getting shot doesn't, necessarily, hurt right away — there's been reports of people being shot and not realizing it for one reason or another. So if it's something like that, or something they're expecting, they might well not react. Ragetti cried out in pain when Elizabeth dropped the coals on him and since he was trying to find the medallion that would lift the curse, there's no reason why would stop and let her get away unless he was unable to, so he couldn't haven been faking it. I believe one of the writers said that the cursed crew doesn't feel pleasurable sensations but they do feel unpleasurable ones. "Too long I've been starving to death and haven't died." Yes, this is what I meant by totally inconsistent. Aside from the cases I mentioned, they've been cursed for years or decades and must've suffered countless wounds. The aforementioned cases (and others, like the dude being "killed" by Will's thrown axe) are plot holes in themselves, happening only because we weren't yet supposed to know the pirates were cursed. This has been answered a few points above. What kind of Insane Troll Logic does Norrington have? He refuses to go after the Pearl to save Will, and when Jake reminds him that there's also the Pearl itself, the infamous pirate ship and the last real threat to the Caribbean (which not so long ago stroke Port-Royal itself, so Norrington knows it's a legit threat), Commodore blows him off saying that "he serves others, not himself". What ends up convincing him? When Elizabeth offers herself as payment. So wait, ridding the realm of a pirate threat and rescuing a, mostly, innocent man from a terrible death does not constitute "serving others", but, basically, forcing a woman into an unwanted marriage with an unloved man does? I know "power of the boner is stronger" and all, but I never thought it's supposed to be a serious argument! As far as the "serving others" comment is concerned, Jack was phrasing his suggestion in a way that suggests that Norrington should catch the Pearl for his own personal glory, implying that if he does, he'll get all sorts of awards and promotions. Norrington's response was that he's obliged to serve his commanders, including the governor who insisted they go home, and not go off on his own to make himself look good. Governor Swann said that they wouldn't go running after pirates, so he probably figured that since they were out of Port Royal, it wasn't their problem anymore. As for Will, he broke out the wanted pirate captain with a huge price on his head when they had him in jail ready to hang and helped him escape by commandeering Port Royal's fastest ship, which was subsequently destroyed. They probably aren't too keen to want to save him after that. The point with Elizabeth still stands though. But Will only did those things to save Elizabeth, and if it wasn't for him, she would've died for sure. THAT is "serving others, not himself". On the other hand, he only resorted to breaking the law because Norrington didn't heed his advice. Norrington was, tangentially at least, responsible for Will's peril, by being such an arrogant prick. Norrington really wasn't being arrogant by turning down Will's advice. Will suggested that Jack could lead them to the Pearl and Norrington turned it down because he figured that since the pirates didn't free Jack, they weren't his allies, and thus Jack wouldn't know anything about its whereabouts. Of course the audience knows that Jack knows, but Mulroy only said that Jack mentioned the Black Pearl, which shows that he's heard of it, but doesn't proved that he has any intimate connection with the Pearl. Thus Norrington is making a logical assumption based on what he knows. As for not saving Will, Norrington at this point seems to view things in terms of Black and White Morality . In his mind, Will helped a pirate captain escape, therefore he is a criminal and should leave him to his fate. You do have a point about him being so easily convinced by Elizabeth though. During the scene where the pirates are fighting the navy on the Dauntless, one of the dying rings a bell. We cut to Norrington and his men hearing it and then noticing the battle on the ship, complete with audible gunshots. How did they miss the sounds of gunfire beforehand? The fight literally begins in earnest with shots being fired after the pirates are spotted. Dead Man's Chest To avoid spoilers, I'm going to add this here. So, as much as I watch Dead Man's Chest, I just can't make out how Liar's Dice works. I suppose this is as a good place as any to have someone please explain it to me, and then maybe I'll figure out what happened in that scene. As far as I can tell, it's a combination of craps and B.S./cheat (a card game centered around bluffing). You roll most of your dice, bet on an outcome which is preferably higher than the other peoples' bets, then go around the table and either roll your last die or reveal your dice. If you say that your dice are a different number from what you actually rolled, your opponents have the option of calling your bluff and disqualifying or penalizing you, but your call is final. Presumably, if someone calls what they think is a bluff and it turns out to be true, the caller gets penalized in some way. This means you could give up a game and take the entire pot of years of service added onto your own in order to let another person win a secondary wager they had on the game, but under normal circumstances nobody would want to. The way it looked like to me was: Everyone rolls all their dice. Then, in sequence, they each look at their dice and make a guess as to how many of a given number is up out of all the dice that end up showing. From there, it's like a game of chicken: If you get the number right, you win. If you can make the other guy back off, you also win. If you make a wrong guess or a bluff and your opponent calls you on it, you lose and he wins. From the look of it, you only win or lose directly: Bootstrap Bill lost to Davey Jones, but Will didn't lose because he wasn't part of that final bet. Everyone rolls their dice. Each player then takes turns making bets on how many of each dice there are, example: "Five fours." The next person ups the bet and so on until someone calls liar. The dice are shown. If the person who was called a liar is wrong, he loses. If not, his accuser loses. The game has a wikipedia page if you want more info. The game is also playable in at least the DS game for At Worlds End. It's actually a real world Peruvian dice game called Perudo. Nobody in my family could take it seriously seeing as we'd played the same game after dinner with brightly colored plastic cups with llamas on them. Though to add to the confusion, it's also not clear whether the usual objective is to get more or less years. Will obviously has his whole life ahead of him and wants to live it, but the usual wretched pirate scum that the Dutchman dregs up seem to take Davey's bargain specifically to "postpone judgement", as Jones said. Or perhaps it's both - some prefer to stave off fiery damnation as long as possible by doing on TFD what they did to get themselves that verdict in the first place (piracy, murder, etc.), while others realize that it is a Fate Worse Than Death and regret making the deal int he first place preferring Hell itself over becoming part of the ship. The last is probably the most accurate thing. Remember, some men regret making the decision to try and avoid judgment the moment they see Jones... the praying man wouldn't have been there if he hadn't wanted to seek out a postponement of his judgment, but by the time Jones shows up he's decided to take his chances. After serving under the lash of the quartermaster, Jones' own brutality, the constant discomfort and pain of being transformed into a fish-man, most of them would probably rather face judgment. Besides, they know what happens to those who wind up serving an effective eternity: they wind up mindless and merged with the ship. In Dead Man's Chest, why would the Kraken follow Sparrow's hat? Shouldn't it be searching for the Black Spot? Uh, no. It was following the Black Pearl. The hat (and the ship it was picked up by) happened to be in the way. I concur. The ship was in the way and the Kraken was hungry. Also, let's not forget the Kraken is tracking Sparrow BY MAGIC. Who knows how that works? When the hat became separated from Sparrow it may have put two blips on the Kraken's magic radar. To be fair, Sparrow's ship was also part of the deal with Jones. Jones raised the Pearl so that Sparrow could captain it again. Therefore, the Kraken might have been charged with taking back both Sparrow and the Pearl as it does. I do believe that the Black Mark would only enable the Kraken to track Jack if he, or any possession he had on himself at the time when the Black Mark was laid upon him, comes into contact with the Ocean. Hence, the hat attack. One possibility could be that one of the identifiers, of several, was "Captain of the Black Pearl," and the hat was an outward mark of the captain. Other identifiers could have been "answers by the name of Jack Sparrow," "has traces of being cured of the Aztec zombie curse," and "has a Black Spot curse mark." The hat is a symbol of position. The ship is a fairly transitory thing, having been stolen from Jack... how many times in three movies? He's really bad at holding on to that thing... The hat, however, is one thing which he constantly holds on to, because it's his symbol of power. And because it's his symbol of power, and because it's such a direct tie to him, to a supernatural tracker that's very important. More important than the ship, and quite likely to throw the trail off because it is so strongly assumed, down to being almost a rule of the universe, that Jack's hat will be where Jack is. It's all to do with magic. And sea turtles, mate. Somehow. It's gotta be a bloodhound kinda thing. The Kraken is hunting for Jack because he's sentenced to the black spot, not because the black spot is what's attracting It, (notice It went after Will in particular on two occasions, somehow finding him in the middle of the ocean the first time, even though Will didn't have the Black Spot?) but anything of Jack's might distract It's senses. The reasons it went after Will are completely unrelated. At the time, Jones had (temporarily) removed the Black Spot from Jack, so he was no longer being hunted by the beast. The Kraken went after Will, though, because Jones intentionally called it (using the giant hammer-like device on the Flying Dutchman) to destroy the ship he (correctly) suspected Will was aboard. And the reason for that was to get back the Key to the Dead Man's Chest. What has been overlooked by some of the previous tropers is Jack's BO. What's easier to smell out? An individual, wooden ship...like most others on the ocean, or the pirate guy who rarely bathes? Don't be silly. Jack's hat is part of him, so much so that it is indistinguishable from Jack himself. I remember reading or hearing somewhere that the kraken also followed the possessions of the individual. In DMC we've seen that Kraken can sink a ship almost instantly. So why did it drag on with the Pearl for so long? Why bother wailing its tentacles over the deck and hitting/dragging people who shoot at it with cannons, instead of just tearing the ship apart under the waterline? That ship was maybe a third the size of the Pearl. Plus, the Kraken may have prolonged the Pearl's fate because, on some level, it knew that Jack was on this vessel and wanted to torment him by making his final moments be as pants-wettingly terrifying as possible rather than just snuff him out then and there. In DMC, why didn't Jack just let Will stab the heart? I know that he wanted to call off the Kraken, but if the person who kills Jones becomes the new captain, couldn't Will just call off the beastie post-Jones murder? Unless the protagonists discovered that part of the curse/story between DMC and AWE, although it's not really discussed how they find out. Perhaps it was unknown whether any FD captain could control the beastie, or just Jones, and Jack didn't want to take the risk. A bereaved Kraken at large could have wrecked all kinds of havoc. The protagonists don't seem to know in DMC- they only seem to learn after encountering Governor Swann's ghost in AWE. He found out from someone in the EITC, and they probably found out between movies (Beckett probably forced Jones to divulge everything he knew about the properties of his heart and the chest, and I've always been of the opinion that Swann was told by Beckett's then-Dragon, Norrington). In other words, as far as Jack knows at this point, killing Jones will break the power of the Dutchman and leave the kraken free to continue the rampage its master set it on, with no-one else able to control it. Actually, there's a deleted scene which shows that Jones was the one who told Swann about the You Kill It, You Bought It rule. Remember how, when Beckett was scolding Jones about not leaving any prisoners to interrogate, Swann was just sort of standing around in the background looking unhappy? In the deleted scene, Swann brings out his beef with Jones' Kill 'em All tactics: Elizabeth might be on one of those ships. Jones tells him that, as far as he knows, Elizabeth died when the Kraken took down the Pearl. Swann blanches, charges the chest, and Norrington holds him back from bayoneting Jones' heart then and there in revenge . Jones strolls in and tells them he "laid a terrible geas" on his heart, so that whoever kills him must take his place. Swann relents, Beckett enters and tells Swann that Elizabeth was seen alive in Singapore, Swann informs Beckett their "association is ended" and leaves. Beckett dismisses Jones (who is ticked off) and Norrington (who gives him the Key back), and instructs Mercer to make Swann dead. That's how Swann found out about the rule, how it became part of the bargain in the first place, and why Beckett decided to just kill Swann. In DMC, Will challenges Davy Jones to a game of Liar's Dice, wagering his soul. His father, desperate to save his son, enters and intentionally loses. Will then rounds on him afterwards and berates him, telling him that he only needed to find the key, and that his father's sacrifice was unnecessary. The thing is, though, Will had not sworn an oath to Jones by that point, he had merely been given to Jones by Jack, and that's not the same. We can see, especially in the third film, that Davy Jones can exert considerable power over those who are sworn to his service. Had his father not intervened, Will would not have been able to escape the Dutchman for long, basically until Jones awoke, and commanded him to return. Will Turner Sr actually did the right thing. Kids are Ungrateful Bastards , who never appreciate their parents' efforts for their sake. It wasn't that he didn't appreciate it. If your dad got himself sent to prison for nothing because he jumped to a conclusion, would you be happy? Bootstrap made his move before the game was decided, true, but it still ensured the safety of his son's soul. His sacrifice wasn't "for nothing", because it practically guaranteed his son's freedom which, as the OP explained, was important. Also of note -though this is never directly addressed in the film itself- was that Bootstrap's sacrifice, noble though it may have been, was also completely pointless and handed victory to Jones. Will had bet eight fives. Jones had five fives, and Will had three. Had Bootstrap not intervened, and Jones called Will out instead, Will would have won. Not quite. The rules of Pirate Dice as explained by the merchandise flat out states you can only call another player a liar on your own turn. You either bet, or you call the last person who bet out. Will's father wasn't sure whether or not Will could have won with that bet, but it didn't matter to him if he could. All that mattered was making sure Will couldn't lose... Which he did by not calling out his son and instead making such an outrageous bet that Davy Jones had no choice but to call him. As soon as he forced DJ's hand, Bootstrap succeeded in his own way; Will couldn't possibly lose and be forced to pay his bet. And if he'd actually won, DJ would have been forced to hand over the key... Then likely order Bootstrap to hand it right back since he's a member of the crew. So really, this was the best outcome Bootstrap could have hoped for. Also, look again. Jones had four fives and a four. The three-way fight among Jack, Will and Norrington. Will wants to stab the heart, Norrington wants to give it to Beckett. What does Jack want if he's so opposed to the idea of stabbing it? Jack explicitly says this. He's not opposed to stabbing the heart on principle, but he wants to use it first to force Davy Jones to call the Kraken off him; he's afraid that if Jones dies it will just keep coming until he's dead. Will wants to stab the heart immediately, to free his father's soul from eternal damnation. I guessed something like that but it makes no sense. Bootstrap had already spent decades on the Dutchman and wasn't in any immediate danger, surely he could spend there several more days needed to fulfill Jack's wish. On the other hand, Will had already witnessed Kraken's horrible menace first-hand, so wouldn't he want to get rid of the monster just as badly? And united with Jack he would've easily overcome Norrington. Even he didn't think of all this, why didn't Jack try to persuade him? Will's dad is trapped in eternal damnation, Jack's facing either that or being eaten, and Norrington's spent the past several days taking orders from his Arch-Enemy . None of them are all that logical at this point, I'd say. Will's also impulsive and fiery - we see this in film 1, when he barges into a tent full of soldiers and demands they rescue Elizabeth, and even earlier in the film when he goes rogue to save Elizabeth rather than trying something less likely to kill him. He's also very loyal - if someone he cares for is in danger, he'll do anything to save them and he'll act without thinking. So his desire to immediately stab the heart and not do the more sensible thing - wait until Jack bargains with it, and then stab it and give it to Norrington (because nowhere in the agreement did Beckett say the heart had to be beating) - he wants to just kill it now. Also, last time Will saw Jack was when he effectively sold Will into eternal slavery on the Dutchman to save his own skin. I don't think Will would be in any mood to cooperate with him at that point. Considering the insane number of times the various MacGuffins from these films can slip from hand to hand in even five minutes, Will's desire to stab the heart immediately instead of risking it being swiped out from under him may well have been Genre Savvy , not obsessive. Seems like the intelligent thing to do would have been for them to offer to return Jones' heart in exchange for, 1. Calling off Jack's debt, 2. Freeing Will's Father and 3. Maybe something nice for Norrington as well. It's kind of weird to assume Jones would only be willing to grant one request in exchange for his little Liche's phylactery. How does it not make sense? Yes, the boys were being stupid, hence Elizabeth's melt-down, but it's not a headscratcher, really, just three grown men who hate each other fighting over something like squabbling children (not exactly unbelievable). If the guys had all worked together, they could've had everything, but Will was dead-set on stabbing the heart, not ransoming it. Plus, he just got through being betrayed by Jack, I don't see him playing nicely. Then there's Norrington, who was more than willing to screw over the two people who he figured ruined his life and took turns stealing Elizabeth away from him. Jack's the only one of them who might've gone for a compromise, but there's no way the other two would've trusted him with the heart, which is what they would've had to do. Also, Jack really didn't like Will and Norrington at this point and, considering what he'd just got done putting them both through, I think it's safe to guess which of them could be the biggest brat when he felt like it — if given the heart, Jack might very well have screwed everyone else over. So yes, they were acting selfish, short-sighted and completely immature, but it does make sense. What the hell was a water-mill doing on a god-forsaken island with no river to power it? Let's say it's a sugar mill - An artifact so valuable at the time that the entire island population was living off it. Then, some decades before the movies, a volcano in the island began a mini-eruption and the river was deviated or ceased to surge at all, rendering the mill useless, and forcing the population to abandon the island altogether. In the commentary I believe they mention that the island's population was killed off by an outbreak of plague. Maybe it was a treadmill, powered by people walking in it. How Norrington managed to get out from the said god-forsaken island and back to Port-Royal? Sea turtles, mate . According to Mercer, he was adrift at sea, and one of the EITC ships picked him up. Maybe he built a raft (by roping a couple of Sea Turtles, of course!) Okay, so in the second movie, when Will and Jack meet, and Jack shows Will his "drawring" of a key, Jack goes on to say, "So, you have to sneak on board the Dutchman, swipe the key from this immortal, magical, guardian of the ocean, who will totes kill you dead if he gets any idea what you're up to, all without getting murdered by his immortal, magical crew, and bring it back to me, easy peasy." This is really where Will, at this point, should simply say, "Jack, that's insane and convoluted. I'm a blacksmith. Assuming this is to scale, I'll make you a key and then we can run off and nab this chesty thing of yours, all without once encountering any immortal, magical people." It would have simplified things immensely, and it would have made perfect sense. Will is a blacksmith. Locksmiths make keys. And swordsmiths make swords. Will's clearly a bit more flexible than your average blacksmith. But probably the drawing wasn't accurate enough, or sufficiently to scale, to base a new key off of. I'd like to answer that, but really, it'd have been hilarious to hear Will actually say that, in exactly those words. Still, the key and chest are probably enchanted so that only the original key works (dunno if Will had any reason to think that, though he might've guessed it just from all the mystical stuff Jack's dragged him into already). Also, there is no mention of how credible Jack's source for the drawing is, so probably neither Jack nor Will (nor anyone else) expects the drawing to look too much like the key itself. Though it eventually ends up being identical, they have no way of knowing that at the time. If the drawing wasn't identical to the key, then why does it even exist? As a clue that you need a key to open a chest? Presumably, so you'd know roughly what the correct key looked like. Presumably it's not the only key in the Caribbean, or even the only one kept on board the Flying Dutchman. There are tally marks on the corner of the drawing, such as might have been made by a man counting off the days 'til he'd see his lady-love again, until it became obvious he wouldn't see her again, and he started designing a key... And then he dropped the drawing somewhere and it ended up in a Turkish prison somehow, idk. Oy oy oy, you can't make an identical key from a scale drawing. It's not a blueprint. It doesn't tell you what materials the key is made of, the thickness, the weight, all that stuff. Locks, specially locks of that era, rely on a key's shape to be opened, not on the key's composition. Weight and materials aren't really a problem, as long as you don't make the key light enough to break under pressure. Thickness could be a problem, though, depending on how big the lock opening is. Still, one would think the solution would be to make several similar keys of varying thicknesses. Did you see how complicated the lock for the chest was? It wasn't a normal lock of that era. It was really complex. A basic replica wouldn't have been able to unlock it, even without the magic. It's a magic key to a magic chest. A copy wouldn't have the magic, and therefore wouldn't be able to open it. Plus, would the audience seriously enjoy watching thirty minutes of Will Turner in his blacksmithing shop hammering together that same key in variety of thickness? May as well call it Pirates of the Caribbean: Turner makes Keyes Turner: Locksmith of the Caribbean is in development for CBS. It's scheduled to air after Treebeard, where the Ent plays a Columbo -style detective who solves crime ... very slowly. They could have tried the easy way of getting the chest and making a key for it, before doing it the hard way of selling your soul to a sea demon, trying to sneak past a crew of immortal fish men, and steal a key to the captain's most precious belonging off of his person, off of a ship that may submerge underwater and kill you at any moment! Or at least do a scene transition to 5 extra seconds of them failing the easy method. I just realized, it's even worse than that. They didn't need the key at all! They could simply blast the chest with a cannon shot, exactly like the Brits threatened to do in the third movie! (I presume that if the chest could withstand that, Davy wouldn't cooperate with Beckett). Jack wanted the key so he could open the chest. He needed to open the chest so he could take the heart. He needed to have the heart itself so he could use it as a bartering tool to get out of his contract with Davy Jones. Blowing up the chest removes the bartering tool he so desperately needs. Make any sense? How is bartering while threatening to stab the heart out of chest any different than bartering while threatening to shoot the heart inside the chest with a cannon? Apparently it differs so little that Beckett doesn't mind putting the heart back into the chest and pointing a cannon at it. So no, previous troper's argument does not in fact make any sense. There's also no indication that any of the protagonists know the chest can be broken open like that. Beckett could have figured it out easily enough after he'd captured it- just call Jones over to his ship, point a cannon or two at the chest, and watch him freak, and you know that enough mundane force will do the trick. However, if that detail isn't part of the folklore, then Jack, Will, Elizabeth, and Norrington would have no way of knowing. As stated above, they didn't know. Jack, Will, and Elizabeth have all gained a healthy respect for supernatural forces, curses, magic, and the power of the undead. When they needed a magic key to open a magic chest, they attempted to obtain the magic key to open the magic chest. Ignoring the magic for a more practical solution never crossed their minds. Beckett is a much more cynical individual, with absolutely no respect for magic whatsoever. As such, he represents the death of magic and wonderment in the world. Beckett has the Kraken killed unceremoniously offscreen, he makes Davy Jones into his personal bitch, and faced with the magic chest/magic key combo above, he simply responds with, " Why not just blow it the fuck up? " This is what makes him the villain of the film; we see that his cold, heartless pragmatism does, in fact, get results (much quicker and more effective results than anyone else, in fact)...but at the cost of everything that makes the world great to live in, at least for a pirate like Jack and Barbossa. The brief dialogue the two shared, overlooking the dead Kraken, was probably the most easily overlooked yet most important scene in the second and third films. Beckett can hold the heart hostage by pointing cannons at it because he has no use for the chest, itself: he sees the supernatural as antiquated, and as an exploitable tool at best, not something he wants to personally commit himself to. Jack's goal is to stab Jones's heart and replace it with his own, meaning he needs the chest to be intact to receive his; he isn't sure if the immortality he seeks will be guaranteed unless his heart takes the place of Jones's, so he can't risk merely blowing the thing to bits. Even given that it's a magical key to a magical chest that can't be counterfeited or busted open, wouldn't it make a lot more sense to go steal the unguarded chest first, and only then go after the heavily guarded key? So that once the powerful Eldritch Abomination clues into what you're doing, he won't be able to send his unkillable minions to stop Phase 2 of your plan since you'll have already done it and moved on to Phase 3 ? They didn't know the key and chest were split up and that one was on the Flying Dutchman and the other buried on an island. They've got a magical frickin compass, don't they? If wanting the key points to the ship and wanting the chest does not point to the ship, then you have your heading. The compass wasn't working because it was on a ship, it wasn't working because Jack didn't know what he wanted. Which is why he uses Elizabeth to get to the chest instead. Just wanted to point out: the idea that opening Jones' chest was as easy as turning a drawing into a key probably already crossed the addled mind of one of his damned crew. He makes the drawing, either from memory or a tracing, he escapes, then sneaks off like Will did. He fashions a key, then heads to Isla Cruces. The results were probably disappointing at best (didn't work) and gruesome at worst (and he got caught). That's actually a pretty brilliant theory, the more-so as it explains why a drawing of the key even existed for Jack to purloin in the first place. In the second movie, while climbing up the mountain one of the pirates points out that you don't need more than a few of them to crew the ship. So how does that lead both groups deciding they need to race to the top? It isn't as if one group making it to the top will stop the second group, and the odds of one group reaching the ship without the other don't seem that much better. Um...it should be obvious. Each group wants to get to the top first so they can take the Pearl and leave the rest there. They're pirates. They'll take any opportunity to screw each other over for profit. Still not sure what the race was for though. In the time it took to prep the ship for launch the other cage would've had plenty of time to get out, barring any more unfortunate incidents. It's like the old joke about the guy and his friend in the woods and what happens if they see a bear, and the one guy says he'll be fine. He doesn't have to outrun the bear, he just has to outrun his friend. In this case, the second group to the top is the group that's closer to any angry pursuing natives. You guys missed something, that's a bit of Fridge Horror going on here. The pirates were /starving/. First guys up? In a position of strength to kill off the other guys for a bit of a top-up. It's not that the two groups of pirates wanted to abandon each other, they already knew they could. It's the realization for each that the others might do it to them. They were being defensive, not offensive. Pay attention to their facial expressions and it becomes obvious they were just scared of getting left behind. Everyone's missing the point here. Earlier on, it was established that the Pelegostos (is that right?) are conducting a ritual involving eating Jack Sparrow. The actual act occurring "when the drums stop." What the pirate was saying before is irrelevant: what is relevant is that after he says it, they look up and realize the drums aren't beating anymore. In the second movie Will offers Davy Jones a game of dice with the key to the eponymous chest as a bet. So wait, Davy isn't concerned in the slightest that some shaveling is aware of the key's (and, by extension, the chest's) existence? He doesn't kill Will simply for knowing too much, he makes no attempt to elicit the sources of said knowledge, he shows the key to Will?! Does this imply that if Will had somehow managed to win the game Davy would have given him the key? What the hell!? The key and the chest are part of the 'verse's mythology- they're not common knowledge, but it's not that surprising in the long run that Will knows about them. And Will doesn't know where the chest is so the Key is largely useless to him; Jones only goes there himself because he thinks (rightly) that Jack has a {[plan}} going on, not because he's worried about Will. The question is, why was he OK with gambling for the key in the first place? When Jones realized that the key was gone, he spent the rest of the movie chasing the heroes, rightly deducing that their next objective was the chest (well, what else could it be), so what was the point? Furthermore, what would've happened if Will had won? As for Jack's gambit, I'm not sure I follow you. Of course, he had a gambit, so what? Jones wanted Jack in his crew. You don't need to be a genius to work out that he will try to weasel out of the deal. Will's interest in the key reinforces that assumption. Why would Jones go along with that? He's not okay with it. He accepts the challenge, perhaps out of arrogance, before the stakes are laid out, and even if there are no rules that say he can't back out, he wouldn't want to look like a pussbox in front of his crew. After he accepts, Will places his soul as his wager, Jones asks "In return for?" and Will says, "I want this," showing him the picture of the key. The look on Jones' face and his tone of voice when he says "How do you know of the key?" makes it clear that he's caught off-guard by this. I don't have the DVD for reference but I think Will even taunts him with a dare to back out, and Jones' response is to show him the actual key to prove he has the balls to go through with the game. Occam's Razor says that Jones was just overconfident- after all, the implication is that no one has successfully challenged or cheated him in centuries. Under those circumstances, anybody might make a sloppy mistake. The Pirates wiki said that he knows everything that goes on in the ship ,which is debatable,but it would explain his bet,in other words he's (as they say in Elf ) a cotton ninny muggin. The game in question requires each participant to reveal their wager. Will shows his soul easily - he is there. Jones needs to prove that he is in possession of the key or he is unable to play. Following the same scene, isn't a captain's cabin supposed to be guarded, especially when he's asleep? On an ordinary ship, probably. But why would they bother guarding Davy Jones? He's all but invincible, and anything that could kill him would be able to plow through his crew like it was nothing. Besides, nobody is usually aboard but mind-controlled crew members; no reason to even get into the habit. What's the deal with the suspended cages the cannibals were keeping the pirates in? First there is a threat that the supporting vines might snap and their dinner will plummet into the bottomless chasm. Next, each time the tribe wanted a pirate sandwich they had to pull a couple centers of weight out of the said chasm. How is that superior to making a durable wooden cage on the ground and keeping the prisoners there Bound and Gagged ? I understand that savage cannibals are not exactly paragons of lucidity, but still. Possibly they had a ritual reason? Or maybe Jack ordered it that way, to create an unusual prison that his crew might be able to escape from (and subsequently free him, of course). Well, the chasm isn't actually bottomless. It has a bottom down there somewhere. If the vines snap the cannibals can just climb down and pick up the gooey remains. If they're lucky there might still be some pieces big enough to barbecue. And hanging the cages over a pit makes it (in theory) that much harder for the prisoners to get away. Even if they squeeze through the bars, there's nowhere to go but down. It also resolves the sanitation problem. Would you want to eat someone who'd been sitting around in a cage in his own filth? This way, they can relieve themselves through the holes in the bottom of the basket. Support of two above, the cage is over a pit because it would have been possible for the captives to attack the rope/joints of the cage to get free. No one is really willing to destroy the cage that is stopping them from falling... In Dead Man's Chest, after the Pearl repels the Kraken in round one with a volley of cannon fire, why doesn't the crew bring her about and make for the shallows? Actually, why doesn't the ship move at all when the Kraken lets go? You can see that the sails are full and that the cephalopodian menace has circled around for another pass, so why doesn't the Pearl budge? Perhaps the crew were simply too stunned from everything that had just happened and weren't thinking clearly- not to mention that their captain had jumped ship, so there was no one around to give the order. They couldn't, the Kraken kinda had them over a barrel. Remember, "must've hit a reef"? It stopped them dead in their track and all the sails in the world wouldn't have helped them. The Kraken did grab the ship to make its first attack, but you can see from the giant wake that the beastie's let go and moved a considerable distance away to make the second attack. Unless the Kraken somehow glued it to the bottom, the Pearl should have started moving once it let go. The Pearl is fast, but the Kraken is faster. That's why Davy halts pursuit in the Dutchman and calls the Kraken. Davy Jones wears his broadsword at his right hip. WHY? You wear your damn sword on the hip opposite your dominant hand and reach across your body to draw it! Jonesy can't even draw a sword with his left hand, much less wield one! His main gauche is a formidable weapon in its own right, but he still wouldn't be able to draw the broadsword with his right hand from its position on his right hip. Which is probably why he never fights anyone with it, and after he pulls Norrington's small sword out of his shoulder he wears it properly on his left hip. It could be possible that he was naturally left-handed, but his transformation, which rendered his left hand a claw, forced him to master use of his right hand. The sword on his hip is covered in barnacles, so he may have just let it transform as well until it became useless. Given that he's an immortal squid-man, he probably didn't need to use conventional weapons to defend himself and only took Norrington's sword because the situation was becoming dire. At World's End In At World's End, how did the Singapore Pirates have dry powder on the island where the dead Kraken was. Earlier, the pistols that the main characters had could not shoot because of wet powder. Why is this? The gunpowder already in their pistols was wet. The Singapore pirates probably reloaded from their (watertight) powder horns while the main characters were otherwise occupied. If Davy Jones was able to come onto land by standing in a bucket of water in At World's End, why didn't Will just do that in order to see Elizabeth after he became captain of the Flying Dutchman? Because he has to spend those ten years sailing the seas of the underworld, ferrying the souls of the dead to their rest. If he comes back to Earth, he's not doing his job, and Elizabeth doesn't look the type to be turned on by Tentacle Porn. Sandbanks aren't really proper land. That doesn't answer the question of why she didn't just meet him on a sandbank. Boinking in a bathtub doesn't really seem very appealing to me. Not to mention that they could always meet each on the Dutchman. They can't meet each other because Will is really busy ferrying the souls of the dead, not because they'll explode if they see each other again. You've obviously never had...how to PG13 this...a good bath. Try it some time. You know, reading the above troper instantly made me think back to the Goblet of Fire movie and Cedric's line about "[it] not being a bad place for a bath-leer-" See the Cracked article about having sex in water (which is a horrible lubricant, BTW). Whenever you hear the term "micro-tears" in association with genitals, one can't help but be a little put off by the idea... Besides, we're talking sea-water, not warm bubble-bath- probably in a tin (scratchy!) or ceramic bath- neither of which were made big enough for such antics- they fitted one adult, sitting, usually with his/her knees drawn up. I suppose it's possible, but hardly worth the effort. Because he'd turn into a sea creature. Remember the only reason Jones did was because he wasn't doing his job. If Will stopped performing his duty to indulge in personal benefits, he'd begin to turn into a sea man. Because Calypso was a no-show. She was pretty much the reason he took the job in the first place, and if she wasn't gonna stick around, why bother? Why couldn't Elizabeth just join Will's crew on the Dutchman? Because she's not dead. Yet. But the sailors who joined Davy Jones' crew were not dead at the time of joining. When he raided ships, he specifically picked still-living crew members for his own crew, and killed the rest. They were supposed to be either "dead or dying". Remember that Jones was surprised at Will being present during his collection in the second film. And also, the whole 'recruit army of undead' thing is not how the job is supposed to work when it's done properly. Well, Jones would need a crew somehow. The fact that he was choosing mostly the most scummy sorts and encouraging them to even further cruelties was just a sign of how off the rails he'd gone. The captain of the Dutchman probably does have leeway to choose crew from the dead and dying, but it's probably supposed to be like "I'm not sure I'm ready for judgment, or to give up the sea yet... think I could sail with you for awhile, until I get it right in my head?" "Sure, grab a mop and start swabbing the deck, when seventh bell rings head down and pick out a hammock." The entire third film. They were obviously making it up as they went along, something to do with the fuck-stupid deadline they were working under. They even admitted it in several interviews, that they had written scenes ten minutes before shooting. This troper thinks the third film made as much sense as the first and a lot more than the second. Just because they were writing scenes on the spot and didn't have the time to complete the script before shooting doesn't man they had no idea what they were gonna do. They made crap up on the spot all through the first movie, too. This troper seconds that opinion. The film makes a lot of sense if you were actually paying attention through the plot of the first two films (basically treating it as a series instead of a film with a ton of sequels) and it's quite plain if your Willing Suspension of Disbelief accepts the in-universe rules. Third...ed? Yeah. You have to pay attention, just like with the first one — but people forget that when the first movie came out, no one understood it. They thought it was all plot holes. Name something that doesn't make sense and I'll throw a dollar at it. Well, that's because they were making it up as they went along. The final battle of World's End, where the Pearl and the Dutchman blow the Endeavour to bits bugged me. Sure, both the Dutchman and the Pearl were cool ships , but even both of them put together had fewer guns than a Man of War like Endeavour. On top of that, they attacked in precisely the worst possible way, flanking the Endeavour so that it could fire all of its guns at them, while they could only use half of their total cannon. If Beckett had given the order to fire, instead of standing there like a slack-jawed idiot the movie would have had a very different ending. The Dutchman was an unbeatable supernatural ship. The Pearl was at least as legendary as the Dutchman. Each stood a reasonable chance against the Endeavour one-on-one, and with Beckett only able to devote half his crew to fighting each, it was a lost cause, no matter how much of a fight he would go down with. Let's do this step by step, shall we: Ship armament. As you may or may not know, ship armament is measured in pounds per broadside, simply adding the weight of all the cannonballs in one broadside, every gun fired once. The Endeavour, (as her sister ship, the Dauntless) are straightforward copies of the HMS Victory, so I will use her armament as a base of comparison. This leaves us at a broadside of 1080 pounds. The Dutchman, canonically speaking, is a fluyt, 408 pounds per broadside were published as armament. The Black Pearl, as an East-Indiaman-Class and smallest of the three, features a broadside of 192 pounds. We've established, that in terms of firepower, the Endeavour is far superior, even to the two put together. Armor. A wooden hull offers absolutely no protection against Cannonballs fired at close range, and they take ships apart quite easily (if not this quickly, but that's the Rule of Cool for you), but they are also not significantly slowed, which gets us to Tactics. Their tactics are smeg, so to say. As a troper before me has already stated, attacking a warship from both sides is clearly a bad idea, for it can use 96% of its firepower (bow and stern guns excluded), while you can only use less than 50% of yours, and if your ships already lack firepower, well... Excuse me, last troper, you are mistaken about the only able to devote half his crew-part. The HMS Victory had a crew of at lest 850, and is, as every ship of the line, capable of furnishing all guns with the crew required. To quote: It is not only possible, it is essential. In fact Nelson's Tactic at the Battle of Trafalgar consisted of putting his ships between enemy ships, just for these reasons. In addition, keeping in mind that a cannonball will easily pass through a ship, the Black Pearl and the Dutchman would also inflict major damage to each other unless of course, they are saved by Supernatural Abilities. Granted, both good ships are cool supernatural ships, and the Dutchman is a submarine too. This being the case, sinking the Dutchman should prove quite impossible and even more useless, because she is essentially indestructible. The Black Pearl could even be damaged by the Interceptor, a ship of less than half half firepower. Jack even claims the damage was severe, although he is most likely lying. Still: we see damage, and the Black Pearl can be sunk. Heck, it even was sunk once. Oh and another time by the Kraken. She can be destroyed, or at least could be, if one gave the order to fire. Imagine a naval battle, a maelstrom of several dozen ships, guns blazing, some battles even going on aboard ships. What is the last thing you will hear? Right, your captain yelling two decks above you. That is why, in a battle situation, a gun crew will, with absolutely NO exception, open fire on an enemy ship whenever possible without waiting for an order. Also the captain might be dead, and joined by most of his officers, too, disrupting the command structure, and it would not be the first time. Conclusion: In reality, this battle would have been won by the Endeavour, and quite easily, too. But this is a movie, and there is something we call artistic license, and I respect it. Still when, like in this case, artistic license is extended to an equivalent of a Roger-Moore-era-James-Bond beating Superman unconscious with a rubber chicken, I can' help but wonder, if there could not have been a better solution for the climax of a trilogy than Errr... The good guys win, because... um... We say so... Yes. Fine. This approach to filmmaking just bugs me. Considering that the EITC commanded the Dutchman for the whole movie up to that point, the Endeavour's crew was probably under explicit orders not to fire on her. Still doesn't explain not shooting the Pearl, though. Moreover, up until they came within a few dozen yards, Beckett and the Endeavour's crew were presumably waiting for the Flying Dutchman to start firing ... on the Pearl. So far as they knew, Jones was still in command of the former and the two approaching ships had turned to line up broadsides against one another. Actually, for a few centuries (around the time that POTC would have taken place), that was exactly how ships fought. They lined up (in rows if it were armada-to-armada), headed toward each other, and shot as they sailed past (and, if they had bow or stern cannons, before/after as well). Then they turned around and did it again. The limited firepower of rather primitive cannons and relative speed of two ships sailing away from each other limited battle time. And no, they did not fight in maelstroms. They broke apart and sank. That's just the Rule of Cool . Incidentally, that solves the problem of the rest of the pirate armada. They were shooting at the random ships of the East India Trading Co. armada offscreen. Actually, no, at the time of POTC (1740s-50s?), they did not fight like that. Warships fought by lining up in single, long, thin 'line of battle', so as to display all their broadsides to the enemy and maximize their firepower. Victory usually went to the side who gained the weather gage (being upwind of the enemy), and thus able to pick the range of the engagement at their leisure. Also, 'crossing the T' was a prevalent tactic. This entailed maneuvering to have the enemy's line perpendicular to your own, so you can engage him with all your broadsides, and he can only fire his bow chasers. So yeah, the battle at the end of POTC was total bull. Also incidentally, the ships wouldn't typically turn around and do it again back then, because that would require them to sail upwind. Quite difficult for most wind-driven ships. Actually maneuvering your ship into position to engage another ship while at the mercy of the wind took a substantial amount of skill before steam power came along. As a side-note, "Crossing the T" remained a legitimate, if rarely used, naval tactic as late as World War II . The time is more likely 1770s to 1780s, based on the ship rigs and the clothing, apart from that, I agree completely. The timeframe is explicitly stated to be 1740s-ish, by Word of God , hence all the Anachronism Stew . You guys do know why becket didn't give the order didn't you. He says to himself: 'Its just good business, thats just it' well, I like to believe that he knew he could win easily (as did the good guys) but he was evaluating the two side's causes (hence the deep thought while his crew were asking him to give the order) and had come to the conclusion that while the pirates were fighting for freedom, he was just in it for personal gain, and realized he was in the wrong. ...Wow, no. Good gods, man, did you even watch the movie? That's not even remotely on the same planet as what actually happened. Beckett was just rambling because he realized he was about to be the center of a cannonball sandwich. He didn't think the Pirates were right. He was trying to justify himself to the very end. This is just...wow, I haven't seen a conclusion that far off the mark for a good long time. Actually, I did see the movie, and like the tropers above will tell you, he could have won, plus JUST good business seems to me like the WORST justification to murdering hundreds ever. And you thought my conclusion was off the mark... He was in it to make money and control the seas. That was his motivation. "Just good business" was his pithy catch phrase. Yes, he could have won, but he was freaking out because he's a businessman, not a sailor or a soldier, and even if his side won, his personal ship was right out front and guaranteed to get blown to hell even if he did manage to somehow destroy the undead super ship filled with unkillable fish men. He never "realized he was in the wrong". It was a straight-up Villainous B.S.O.D. at the end there, not him suddenly realizing the error of his ways. Thanks for explaining, that makes sense now. Exactly how was the Endeavour, or any other ship in the EITC fleet for that matter, supposed to kill the Dutchman? It is an invincible submarine crewed by the undying. At most all they can hope to do is sink every other ship in the pirate fleet, which will leave the new captain of said invincible submarine monumentally pissed off . I'm sure every single crewman aboard the Endeavour realized just how incredibly screwed they were the second the Dutchman came back, and no one saw the point in trying to fight on. Uh... I'm not quite sure where the Dutchman was stated to be invincible. Particularly when you see it's mast getting torn to shreds by a single dose of Chain-shot. And moreover, even if the ship itself always came back, it did have one glaring weak spot... The captain's heart. The only reason the ship was immortal was because it was tied to Davy Jones' curse, not the other way around. Tia Dalma made it specifically that way, after all. The Dutchman "Has to have a captain," not because it's some insane undeniable fact, but because it's the only reason the Dutchman's magic persists. Blow up the heart, revoke anyone having ownership of the Dutchman, and the whole thing is gone. Really, all Beckett had to do was apply More Dakka until the damn ship was torn to shreds, and it wouldn't get back up again. Between that explanation for how to sink the Dutchman and the Pearl having been sunk once before and once after, really shouldn't have been that hard for Beckett to simply say "Fire," and win outright. Like to add: I don't think Beckett ever planned on being in the line of fire. For god's sake, he was having tea on deck! That's terminal hubris. Having just finished watching it again, it strikes me that there's a fairly obvious answer to why the Endeavour got sunk. Beckett's men were waiting for the order to fire, and Becket absolutely froze. By the time his Lieutenant realized that Beckett wasn't going to order anything, it was already too late to save the Endeavour. As for the rest of the Armada, they've just watched a maelstrom fiercer than anything they've ever seen (seriously, read up on maelstroms, they don't ever get that bad) seen two ships sail into it, one of which definitely sank, but then it comes back, and two ships, one of them a freighter, take out the Endeavour, supposedly one of the greatest battleships. And there's still more pirates. As captain, would you be eager to order your men in against that? Let's put it simple: the Endeavour has firepower enough to completely own both the Black Pearl and the Flying Dutchman, and they were positioned exactly on the better points of her fire-line. Yeah, the Dutchman is an immortal living submarine manned by undead, but it has been showed to take battle damage, and even its undead fish men or whatever are shown to die in some scenes (I don't grasp the dynamic of this, but that's another matter), so it simply doesn't matter. If Becket had cried fire, the two pirate ships would have been devastated and their killable crew members killed before they had time to grin down the Endeavour like they did on the movie. I liked the movie overall, but I think it was a stupid script decision which caused the absurdity of a Big Bad having the bigger end of the stick and then losing for the sole reason he gets a completely unjustified Villainous B.S.O.D. . It's a What an Idiot taken to an unimaginable extent. The fish guys can be severely inconvenienced, but they're immortal. Hadras survives multiple decapitations before falling over the side of the ship. I agree it would have been better if we'd been shown that Beckett was losing it before his final BSOD. Guy was biting off quite a lot, conscripting Davy Fucking Jones and trying to take down the world's pirates in one fell swoop- there was opportunity to show beforehand it was more than he could chew. Well, then they are not killable, but it is not a big ordeal, given that their ship is still destructible. The Endeavour is still on the better position given his ridiculous fire superiority. One order by Becket and the two pirate ships would have been chewed apart at the first burst. He had no reason to literally Stay Frosty and allow his ship to be meticulously destroyed. Speaking of the final battle, why did all the characters act sad when the Dutchman went into the whirlpool, and then surprised that it came back out? Everybody in the movie by this point knows the Dutchman has submarine capabilities, so what the hell? They weren't sad that the Dutchman went down. They were sad that Will just got killed. Also, they couldn't be sure that it was coming back, or that Will would succeed Davy Jones. The idea that stabbing the heart and cutting out your own meant you replaced the previous captain was just a superstition—possibly one with truth in it—but no one had proved it to be valid until Will came back out. So Calypso is finally released from her human form, is incredibly pissed from her imprisonment, and surrounded by the people who did it, so she ... turns into a pile of crabs and makes a giant whirlpool. That's it. Now, a giant whirlpool is pretty dangerous, but considering that she's the Goddess of the sea and she's got a good reason to kill everyone there, why didn't she summon a category 5 hurricane, or a tsunami, or another kraken? After all the build-up of how powerful she was and how angry she would be when released, she just becomes a background hazard afterwards and then forgotten. The whirlpool only vanished when Davy Jones was consumed by it, so it seemed to be Calypso's way of making the Flying Dutchman and Black Pearl fight to the death. Since the pirates and Davy Jones held equal blame for her imprisonment and she had mixed feelings about them both, she decided to just let them fight it out over who dies. So long as somebody paid, she was happy. Which is perfectly in keeping with her character, given that her lack of constancy is what started the whole mess with Jones in the first place. Basically, it's God(dess) saying "Screw 'em all, and let chance sort it out." Also, having her turn into Gojira (or Cthulhu, or whatever) and happily chomp away Beckett's fleet is a bit anti-climatic, as funny as it sounds. ;-) Of the people present, only Davy Jones was actually involved in imprisoning her; the rest of them had just taken over jobs left vacant by the people who'd imprisoned her. Seeing as how they decided to free her (admittedly for the sake of their own self-interest), she may very well have decided not to hold her imprisonment against them. Will deliberately set her on Jones by ratting him out for betraying her. She becomes one with nature again, opens a maelstrom, (capable of robbing both the Dutchman and the Pearl of their legendary advantages) and waits for Will to fulfill his destiny by stabbing the heart. What did Beckett mean by "Finally." in the opening of AWE? He's glad that the pirates are gathering because it means he can wipe them out in one stroke. That sounds reasonable, but...doesn't he say it in response to the henchman reporting that "they've started to sing" or something like that? It's possible that he simply means "finally, they're all admitting that they're pirates by singing the old pirate song, and now they're accepting their fates" or something along those lines. I always thought that them singing was supposed to be some sort of "call" to the Pirate Lords in order to convene the Court and save themselves. Note how Barbossa tells Sao Feng "the song has been sung" during their first encounter in the movie. My guess? Before starting his war on piracy, Beckett had always been told pirates sang a lot, and was disappointed that, even with all the pirates he'd been dealing with, it had taken so long before he got to hear a real, honest-to-god pirate chanty. ... And now I've got this odd image of Beckett as the guy supervising the railroad workers from Blazing Saddles . Seeing as how the phrase "the song has been sung" comes up at least a dozen times through out the film, it seems fairly obvious that the song is (as another troper said) as signal for a meeting of the pirate lords. Beckett probably found this out through interrogation. Simple: He enjoys a rousing pirate song, and was quite disappointed that they didn't sing to him earlier. Okay, for the sake of clarity: Beckett knows the song calls the Brethren Court to order all in one place, and — as was stated above — he likes the idea, as it would make taking them out a lot more efficient. So, he kills everyone he could find with a connection to piracy — hundreds maybe — in hopes they'd sing this friggin' song, so when they did start to sing it,.... "Finally". Who could possibly have thought that the opening scene of the 3rd movie was in any way a good idea? I'm not squeamish, but doesn't it seem odd to have a scene, in a series that has cleaned up piracy of all things, in which the government/military is instituting mass hangings? It's not even necessary! Sure, it's a massive, Anvilicious Kick the Dog moment, but...they don't really have trouble establishing who their villains are, and there is no character development, plot exposition, or...anything in that scene. What was its purpose? How did no one point out that parents who had watched the previous two movies with their kids might be displeased when the third one showed a kid being executed along with scores of other people of dubious guilt? I cannot fathom the sheer stupidity. It does serve a reason. The fact that the song has been sung over the medallion (the one the kid dropped) is what serves to note to the assorted Pirate Lords that the Brethren Court is convening. Beckett presumably knew enough about the Brethren Court to be trying to trigger this. It shows that the East India Company is rounding up every pirate they find, which shows the entire motivation for 90% of the cast. And it shows Becket collecting pieces of eight, hinting that there's something important he's looking for, much like the chest in the previous movie. (they're the wrong kind of pieces of eight, but still.) This troper actually got hung up on the mechanics of that scene. Apparently even the physics of hanging don't work the same in the POTC universe. You can't just set up six ropes and march up the next six people in line, take down the bodies, reset the ropes and bring up the next six. You can't just hang anyone by throwing a rope around their neck, unless you don't care how long it takes for them do die. Ideally, hanging works by snapping the convicted's neck when their body weight hits the end of the rope. This requires knowing at least within a small ballpark how much the person weighs and measuring the rope accordingly. Too light, and instead of breaking the neck they strangle to death. Slowly. (One man actually managed to survive his own hanging—the rope was wrong, and he SUCCESSFULLY argued to the judge that he was sentenced to be hanged, and he had been. In this case, doesn't count as the warrant specifically said "hanged by the neck until dead.") Too HEAVY for the rope, and they die really really fast, only by being decapitated. If you wanted to be a horribly slow, inefficient way of mass execution, hanging would have to be it. The sheer inconvenience of the method would easily outweigh any cost of the bullets and powder to shoot them. Never mind the mess involved in disposing of that many corpses on a small island (burning is not as efficient as people think—there's a reason Those Wacky Nazis had crematoria.) The "Long Drop" method of hanging you refer to wasn't in use until 1872 and these films are all set in, what, the late 1700s? At this point they did actually use a standard length for everyone, so friends and family would actually run up to pull the legs of a hangee so that they'd die quicker instead of strangling slowly. Knowing Beckett, he might've had some of his underlings invent the "long drop" because the usual method of hanging wasn't efficient enough. Just because the technique wasn't employed in executions doesn't mean it wasn't known to be possible; accidental hangings and suicides would provide examples of how to do away with someone more quickly than by strangulation. You also have possibly overestimated how small a 'small island' actually is. Some grisly things really did go on in Jamaica at the time (slave ships docked there, though you wouldn't know it from this film, and even slaves who survived the crossing, more often than not, didn't live very long when they got to the new world. A lot of Jamaica wasn't yet utilized for anything much- burial grounds were not in short supply.) Beckett a) wouldn't give a rat's ass about how much the men being hanged suffered as they hung, why make more work for the executioner when one length of rope will at least kill them, even if not ideally? And perhaps the time it would take to measure it correctly for each prisoner is longer than the time it takes them to die inefficiently? And b) it's a good demoralizing tactic. "Hey, pirates, check out what we're doing to your friends. Yah, plenty more to come, too, great innit?" Who cares if they suffer or not? The point is it's grossly inefficient. It would take a truly ABSURD amount of time, you'd have people not dying immediately and others getting decapitated and it's all a huge mess and would probably take days, when bayoneting or shooting them in small groups would be just as fast and a lot more accurate. They way they throw ammo around elsewhere suggests it's not in short supply. That would still give them time to sing without leaving the soldiers cutting down people still choking and dragging headless corpses off and starting a general panic. And in a tangent, except for habeus corpus (which is easily and routinely suspended in emergencies anyway), they don't HAVE any of the rights that are being suspended in the first place under the laws of the day. There's a reason the founding US government felt the need to spell them all out—they WEREN'T automatically recognized as existing in the first place. That story about a man being set free after surviving his own hanging is a myth. It never happened. People have survived initial execution attempts before, but there has never been a case where it was successfully argued in court that because the first attempt at execution failed, the condemned man had to be set free. And courts have always phrased it "hanged by the neck until dead". Actually, the 'surviving', if it really happened, is more likely to be a story of the trapdoor on mechanical gallows- once they had been invented- repeatedly sticking. It's also probably not true. People, people. It's movie magic because having a new batch of wretches drop every time the crier says "suspended" is a lovely grisly pun. Chill. In the third film, why does Beckett leave Davy Jones's heart on The Flying Dutchman where, you know, Davy Jones is? Wouldn't it make more sense to keep it in his quarters where he could guard it carefully? On the same note, why does Jones seem absolutely against having his heart on the ship? It's possible he only stole it during the climax because the navy soldiers were busy attacking The Black Pearl. But why couldn't he have done it earlier? Not to mention he has an army of fish people who could just as easily do it for him? And he's nigh immortal too? He did have the heart with him initially, but sent it over to the Dutchman (with guards) so that Jones would have a constant reminder of who was boss. After all, in Beckett's estimation Jones wouldn't try to take the heart back when the guards could blast it before he even got close to it, and he was largely correct- it wasn't until Jones goes totally Ax-Crazy in the climax that he tries to do that. And Jones doesn't want the heart on his ship because he hates it and what it represents- his lost humanity. Also note that this theory is exactly what happens; someone absconds with the heart, it's just not Jones, and as soon as Jones sees that he has an opening (Mercer's bodyguards having been killed in the first exchange of fire with the Pearl) he acts. Agreed. Note the tear that appears when he's listening to his locket. He picks it up with one of his beard-tentacles and stares at it, shocked. Then he starts shaking with rage. He's realized that he's feeling soft, and he knows what that means. So, if it's having his heart nearby that makes Jones susceptible to emotion, then Beckett may have wanted the chest on board the Dutchman so Jones would be vulnerable to intimidation? Sneaky man, Beckett. Probably to make it more of a threat for Jones. This way it would be absolutely clear that Beckett had the ability to kill Jones - not showing it to him would cause him to believe the threat was a bluff. Also, in the event that the Dutchman was overtaken by pirates (who knew from the previous film that Jones's heart was his weakness) who wanted to win the fight, Jones and a bunch of Mooks would be the only real casualties. Food for thought- Jones can teleport. Keeping the heart on another ship is not the best way to keep it safe from him; at most, it will mildly inconvenience him by adding slightly to his travel time when he decides to go for it. The only way to truly keep it out of his reach would be to stash it on land, but then it would be too far away to work as an immediate threat to Jones. In short, it really doesn't matter what ship the heart is on, so long as it's surrounded by guns- which it is, until most of those marines get called away to fight the Pearl. Another thought, what would happen if Jones was rebelling? If the heart was on land or on another ship, communications could have been delayed until Jones caused trouble. Jones would still be "under control" but something like refusing to go after someone fleeing would allow them to escape and that would cause more problems for the EITC. The closer the heart to Jones, the quicker the order to kill it could be relayed. So, Barbossa and Swan head off to Singapore to ask Sao Feng for a ship. How did they get to Singapore in the first place? It's only the entire Pacific Ocean in the way. They took passage on a ship. They couldn't hire a ship for a voyage without a destination, but they can hire a ship to Singapore. And being Pirates, they couldn't just steal that ship? Even though they still needed the charts, it probably would have been a much easier trip through Singapore if they just stole them without asking Sao Feng for a ship. And where are they going to get a crew for this ship? They're less than a dozen of them. They need Sao Feng's charts, a ship, and a crew to crew the ship. And they also need to give Sao Feng a piece of eight (lowercase p) and tell him the song has been sung. For what it's worth, they probably didn't cross the Pacific; that would have meant rounding South America, and the most arduous and uncertain of journeys in the world on the other side (the Pacific wasn't really charted, and for those ships that had managed to cross it- all explorers at this point- lost large numbers of their crew to malnutrition and exhaustion). Even if it's slightly further (or maybe not, not sure) it would be more probable to cross the Atlantic to South Africa (Cape Town was well-established by then, and they would probably have found it a hospitable place to negotiate and rest, provided they were relatively discreet about their criminal status), and go on from there across whatever route was available. This was a relatively well-sailed route by then, so it would be fairly easy to get passage- by money, intimidation, working their passage or a combination of some of the above- on a merchant vessel going the right way. Also, easier to get to the right place if you're taking a route with a few stops on the way where you can change ships. Also a lot easier to recruit the other Pirate Lords to the anti-Beckett crusade along the way, since most of those were from Europe or somewhere bordering the Indian Ocean. At the end of the movie, Barbossa feeds his monkey a peanut. However, the monkey became cursed again at the end of the first film and it was said that for those who ere cursed, "food turned to ash in our mouths." So is this heartwarming moment actually completely pointless? On Stranger Tides Based on what I've read about what's being planned for the fourth Pirates movie, Will and Elizabeth were never intended to be in it because their story is over. Now all the tabloids are saying "Orlando Bloom is blowing off the fourth Pirates movie to spend time with his girlfriend!" How can he blow off being in a movie he was never going to be in in the first place?! Simple answer is it's the tabloids. They tend to make it up as they go along and pull things out of their ass in the name of making money. Sometimes they will get it right or say something somewhat based in fact. However most of the time it's BS. Besides what do you think would sell more copies? "PotC4 to star only Depp!" or "Bloom fed up with PotC! Refuses to return for sequel!" Well, since I personally only really care about Johnny Depp and nothing for Orlando Bloom I guess I'll read the "to star only Depp!" copy please. When you're finished with it, of course. After all the other supernatural things we've seen, I know we're just supposed to go with it. But did they even try to explain how Blackbeard became a powerful sorcerer? Magic works in the POTC-verse, as has been clear ever since we saw a certain crew of cursed pirates way back in the first movie. At some point, Blackbeard learned to use it. While it would've been interesting to learn the how and why behind that, the above is the only explanation that's absolutely necessary. (Now, if this was an otherwise realistic pirate series, it would be a different story entirely). There's a bit of Truth in Television there, since the real life Edward Teach/ Blackbeard claimed to be a Dark Arts practitioner (though it's possible he just spread that rumor to make his reputation even scarier- he was good at that.) In On Stranger Tides we learn that Blackbeard has the power to zombify his entire crew so they won't die. Then why didn't he just turn himself into a zombie instead of looking for the fountain of youth? He could have saved himself a tiring journey and his life (umm...kinda sorta). Blackbeard's zombies are his virtually-mindless undead slaves. Even assuming he could do it to himself, why on Earth would he? This is already on the Fridge page, by the way. Also, if he really is a resurrector of the dead, then that means his zombies are people who were dead, and then brought back to un-life. So, how exactly do you propose that he, while dead, make himself a zombie? You know, being dead and inanimate and all. Theoretically he could teach the technique to someone else (Angelica?) but even assuming he could in the short time he had before the prophecy caught up to him, he'd still be under that person's apparently total control, so we're back to "why would he"? Also, these are voodoo zombis (that's not a typo), not the Romero variety. That means that in all likelihood, their "deaths" were faked and they were just drugged/brainwashed into unquestioning servitude. Blackbeard can do real magic, so there doesn't seem much of a reason he couldn't create real zombies, especially since Jack (who has more experience with the living dead than he'd probably like) pegs them as such. Not to mention how one of the zombified officers gets run through by a cutlass during the mutiny, and simply pulls it out again. No blood, no lingering aftereffects, and he's still around for the hike to the Fountain despite what would've been a fatal wound for a living man. Blackbeard obviously did bring himself back from the dead (considering Jack mentions this is post his beheading), in a manner much more akin to what Tia Dalma did for Barbossa than a simple zombie ritual. Blackbeard doesn't want to be a zombie, he wants to be a living man... preferably a young, vital, eternally living man. Not a zombie. OK, I think I might have found a plot hole here, or I missed something. Back in the day, it takes ships about two or three months tops to cross the Atlantic Ocean. When Jack meets Angelica five days into the voyage (he mentioned it was five days because of the smell of the crew), she tells him that Blackbeard is destined to die in two weeks. How the bloody hell did they cross the Atlantic ocean in two weeks!?! I mean, I know the Queen Anne's Revenge is magical, and if it had been the only ship crossing then that would have been a little more believable. But the Spaniards and Barbossa were right behind them; Barbossa and the British got there the day after Blackbeard did, and apparently, the Spaniards were already there. Seriously, what the hell? The comment on the crew might have just been a figure of speech. "Five days" meaning "These folks don't bathe in a damn long time". Even if it was a figure of speech (it wasn't, since Scrum's surprise shows that Jack's right), Jack can't have been out cold for months on end. And that little montage of Jack working can't have been over months, either, otherwise he would have noticed Angelica a lot sooner. Jack didn't say five days, he said "at least five days". Presumably after five days of sweaty manual labor without anything to wash in but salt water, the crew are already as stinky as they're likely to get. How did the British expedition go so long without noticing the Spanish ships? and why was Gibbs the one to spot them? The ocean tends to be pretty big, and Gibbs had his eye out trying to pinpoint the exact direction they needed to go when he spotted the Spanish ships. He's kinda the navigator of the whole thing. So, is Angelica really the Blackbeard's daughter or not? The film didn't make it clear enough to me. Yes, she is. She was willing to die for him, remember? If she wasn't his daughter, why would she do that? It's teased near the beginning that she's not, but for the bulk of their interactions it's made pretty clear that, at the very least, she believes it and he believes it. I suppose it's possible that she's not, but from what I took out of it Blackbeard and Angelica are indeed father and daughter. Are we really supposed to buy Serena's story? Mermaids in the pirates universe are not nice girls who sing happy songs. They are such vicious killers that even bad ass pirates intentionally avoid. Sure Barbossa was there to capture a mermaid that still doesn't make what the mermaids did anything remotely close to self-defense. Regardless of what she claims it's more likely that she was attacking him and it just happened to save his life than it was that she was actually saving him. It just annoys me that they expect us to buy that the mermaid they captured happens to be the one good mermaid in all the world and not a pretty girl taking advantage of a young man's naivety. Well, she did cry legitimate tears of joy when she saw he was alive, which would indicate she felt real affection for him. Whether she'd honestly tried to save his life from the get-go or if it was just because he was the only person there who was remotely kind to her, we don't really have the information to say (not being privy to her thoughts and all). The guy falling in love with a mermaid I can understand, but a mermaid falling in love with a human, who any other day would basically be a regular food source to her? It's like falling in love with a sandwich. Not just a sandwich, as they apparently reproduce by mating with humans. Maybe like falling in love with a guy who was supposed to just be a sperm donor/exploited sugar daddy. If all she wanted to do was eat the guy, she could've just grabbed him after he cut her free and left the other humans to kill each other. She must've had some other intention to have gone back to the Fountain first; possibly water that's spilled over its edge still has some healing power with which she could treat Philip's injuries, even if it can't extend life by years. So, what was up with Ponce de Leon anyway? Did we ever get any indication as to why he was, you know, some sort of skeleton thing? It just seemed sort of there. I think it was just there to be eerie, mystical, and unexplained. My guess would be that he messed with the Fountain in some way and whatever god/spirit/force controls is punished him for it. Fair enough, I was just wondering if I missed anything my fellow tropers picked up on. This troper's idea of the scene was that Ponce de Leon killed his entire crew and gained all their years, the gods/spirits didn't like that, and punished him with Age Without Youth , and he decayed until only the skeleton was left. On the theme park ride the movies are based on, there's an iconic scene of a pirate captain's skeleton still lying in bed. It was about the only memorable image from the ride that hadn't been used in the film yet, so they threw it in. Something that bothered me in OST—Jack frequently speaks in the first movie about how mutiny is the worst crime any man could commit, that the deepest circle of hell is reserved for traitors and mutineers, etc. etc., and yet he goes ahead and stages a mutiny in OST. Granted, he doesn't think Blackbeard is really there, but it's still a mutiny. It just seems out of character, even for him. See, I didn't think it was that out of character. Consistency and Jack don't go together very well and he is endlessly opportunistic, so the way I see it is that he was just bitter about having been mutinied against and marooned, so he makes it seem like the worst thing in the history of piracy, but when a mutiny would serve his purposes, it's perfectly fine. In short, Jack is a hypocrite and a liar, both of which are very much in character. Remember one thing: mutiny is considered the worst crime one can commit, but usually you have a crew that signed on willingly and decided to betray their captain for their own benefit. Barbossa and the crew tried to cut Sparrow out because they were greedy, not because they were particularly dissatisfied. By and large, the crew of the Queen Anne's Revenge were press-ganged into service, and Jack was convinced they were being played by a charlatan. He just unfortunately turned out to be wrong. When you've got a crew of slaves which isn't getting jack (no pun intended) out of the deal, it's less a mutiny and more of a revolt. We should also probably keep in mind that in the first movie, Jack mainly says that sort of thing to the people who committed mutiny against him. He tells them that mutiny is the worst crime ever and that they're going to hell because he doesn't like them very much and wants to say nasty things to them in the hope that it might make them feel bad. In On Stranger Tides, why is Mr. Cotton's parrot still alive in the "Black Pearl" in a bottle? I understand Jack the Monkey, but why the parrot? We don't know enough about how the process works to tell. Maybe the parrot survived the battle and simply got caught up in the spell? Maybe the whole crew is alive in the bottle!! From casting announcements we know Marty is returning in Dead Men Tell No Tales, but no word on if that's as a living man or not. What I'm worried about is we don't know how long it's been like that. Jack the Monkey is undead and the parrot doesn't need as much food as a human, but how do we know the crew haven't all starved to death? They don't have unlimited stores. The fact that the parrot is alive suggests they aren't starving to death, else you'd think the crew would have eaten it. I don't think Blackbeard would've left the crew alive. Judging by the weather in the bottles, they may simply have been frozen in time, repeating a few minutes until release from the bottle. The filmmakers would refrain from showing the crew to leave the question open and give the sequels more choice. The "profane ritual" was obviously established long before Christianity ever came to the Americas. Therefore, how the hell is it that it requires silverware made in Europe? Do we really know where the chalices came from? The Latin inscription might have been added later, and/or isn't actually Latin, but rather appears as whatever language the viewer perceives as being "mystical". Alternately, Ponce de Leon had the chalices made as part of an effort to make the Fountain more controllable, but it is usable (just unreliable) without them. It doesn't seem that it's the specific chalices that govern the ritual, but rather their origin- chalices given by a king, specifically. Kingship is often given a spiritual role as well as temporal leadership in many local religious traditions of the ancient world. Presumably chalices given by a chieftain would allow the ritual to work just as well. As to how the latin inscription opens the door, I figured after much thought that perhaps one need only say "water of life" in some language they understand (remember, Jack knows at least a little Latin and Spanish, and probably knows something as common as that). The ritual isn't necessarily something ancient. Like with the Gold of Cortes from the first film, it could be something fairly recent- notice the chalices required come from Ponce de León. Perhaps he was the first to discover a way to unlock the fountain's potential and, through him, it's been unlocked ever since. Or maybe the fountain used to be easier to take advantage of, but the actions of de León inspired the powers to create new obstacles. He could've abused the fountain and killed thousands to gain immortality — showing arrogance before the gods in a way that draws their fire. You notice the ultimate fate of Ponce de León in the film? That doesn't look like a guy the gods smiled on. Barbossa said the rigging of the Pearl tied him up, so he cut off his bound leg. Why didn't he cut the ropes? (Not to ruin a totally awesome moment for ol' Hector of course, but I'm just wondering) We don't know all the details, so he very well may have tried. Maybe he cut the first few ropes but more came, giving him no choice but to make a Life-or-Limb Decision . But what would have stopped the ropes from picking him up again...? The ropes may have been magically-enhanced, considering Blackbeard was controlling them. Alternately, if the ropes were around his ankle, he might not have been able to get a good chopping angle at them; the rigging lines on ships of the time were surprisingly tough and able to resist cutting. I kind of pictured the ropes as being kind of like the zombies in Night of the Living Dead (1968) ... Mindlessly after Barbossa, he could cut them as much as he wanted, but they would keep coming till they got what they wanted (him). Barbossa had no choice but to give them part of him, at which point they left, tricked into thinking they'd killed him. How would the Fountain of Youth have helped Blackbeard against Barbossa? If my understanding is correct, then the fountain merely extends your lifespan. It doesn't make you invincible -a sword to the heart would still have killed Blackbeard. They do mention using Barbossa as the sacrifice, but that means their plan essentially boils down to "let's kill him before he kills you" and they could have tried that with a gun rather than the fountain. The Fountain healed Angelica from being poisoned; it clearly has regenerative properties. They probably figured that Barbossa was fated to do whatever he was going to do to Blackbeard, but that they could then undo it with the Fountain. Would have worked out that way, too, if Jack hadn't switched the chalices. Also, they probably thought "pagan mystic fountain" would be better at trumping Fate than a gun would. Presumably, however Blackbeard ended up "facing" Barbossa, Barbossa was going to kill him because Fate said so. Angelica mentions that the Fountain would give you all the years used by the sacrifice, and all the years they would've had "if fate had been kinder," so it's implied the Fountain's water has the power to outright change someone's fate. The mermaids in On Stranger Tides don't have nipples, but they have breasts. So what are they? Mammals or fish (or something in between)? They're a magical creature that needn't obey the laws of science and reality. As to why they may have breast but no nipples, perhaps the breast make them more appealing to their choice of prey, Horny Sailors. They might have nipples under the Godiva Hair . There were scales to cover them up. Maybe they have nipples when in human form (no scales)? Nipples would have been enough to up its rating. There's nothing thematic about it. In the fourth movie near the end, Jack had to stand on a pirate's shoulders to reach the 'portal'. So how is it that all of the pirates made it through? (They should have had to leave one person behind...) not to mention that immediately afterwards, A small British regiment led by Barbossa comes in, then an ENTIRE Spanish army, gear and all manages to go through all at the same time. Flat "What." Who says ALL of them got through? I didn't keep a count on exactly how many they had with them before and after, but is it possible that some non-important guy got left behind and we just didn't notice because his presence didn't matter? Or, I suppose the last one could have jumped really high, or maybe found something to stand on, then jumped up from that. Or something. My best guess is that the they took turns helping each other up until there were only two of them left. At that point one of them gave the other a leg up... and held on really damn tight so that when guy A gets sucked through the ceiling guy B gets pulled along for the ride. At the end of the fourth film, the chalices are used to transfer life between Angelica and Blackbeard, so that one can live out the years of the other. But at the time they drink from the chalices, both of them are fatally wounded. Wouldn't the "years" transferred therefore be more like "minutes", since each is due to die very shortly? I thought it was all the years they have lived and would have lived would be transferred. So Angelica got all the years Blackbeard was alive and all the years he would have lived. The problem with that is...Blackbeard didn't have any longer to live. It was his fate to be killed by Barbossa, and Barbossa killed him. Angelica should have netted a whole couple of seconds of life from that exchange. Remember the part about All the years he had lived? The guy has lived plenty If I recall correctly, the person with the tear got all the years lived and all the years they would have lived had fate been kinder. Who knows how long Blackbeard could have lived if old Hector hadn't shown up with his poison-toad-sword. Either way, her current lifespan is undoubtedly much shorter than it was before, given how much older than her Blackbeard was. No, no, no. First, you get the person's years added onto yours, not replacing yours. Second, you get all the years they had left, plus all the years they had already lived. You get their full lifespan, from the day they were born to the day they would have died of natural causes in addition to your own full lifespan, again, from the day you were born to the day you would have died of natural causes. So in reality, it's probably better to drain the years from someone older, because then you're guaranteed to at the very least get the 60-70 years they'd already lived—for all you know, the strapping 20 year old you'd otherwise drain might be fated to die the next day of an inborn medical condition. I don't see what was confusing about this. They state it about as clear as it could possibly be stated without Barbossa pulling out a blackboard and doing the math for you on screen. Honestly I don't remember him ever saying you got the life they had already lived. It was something like "the rest of their life", which would mean she'd only be getting a few seconds. Maybe I misheard it, I dunno. However, regardless I don't think the Fountain gives one invulnerability, just extended life/youth, so she can still be killed before dear old dad's life is used up. This is made rather explicit when Jack strands her on the island with the pistol. He doesn't think harm will come to her, but it sounds like it's possible. You may not remember it, but yes, they explicitly said you get all the years already lived as well. If you would like a specific scene, i'm fairly certain Angelica says "all the years they have lived" when she is holding that definitely-real-and-not-CG snake. In the fourth film, we learn that two chalices are needed for the ritual used to make use of the fountain of youth. But why are those two specific chalices necessary? If the fountain is in the new world, then why do they have a Latin inscription on them? Where did Ponce de Leon get them? The chalices were necessary to get to the fountain. After that, it's not like they were carrying extra cups. Probably the bowls of the cups were found by Ponce de Leon, and he had the metalwork (Latin inscription included) added on to them. In the fourth film, what the hell was up with the mermaid-naming scene? I mean, it would be one thing if she told priest-whose-name-isn't-important-enough-to-remember her name in that pause, but he just up and declares that this is her name? I mean, how arrogant is that, did you consider that she might have actually had a name before you declared it? It's just meant to establish his attachment to her, and in all fairness she didn't speak up. The only named mermaid is the Queen of Mermaids Tamara. Perhaps names in mermaid culture don't really work like they do to us and only the most important mermaids got names. Phillip glances quite deliberately at the mermaid after saying she has a name; he names her Syrena only after she doesn't volunteer one. It's possible she simply didn't have a personal name, as mentioned above, and if she did, the name of a supernatural being often carries power (usually power over the being itself) in folklore. If that's the case here, she definitely wasn't going to let it slip where Blackbeard, an Evil Sorcerer , might hear. Honestly to me it just seemed like righteous indignation/fury made him jump the gun. She hadn't said a name up to that point and he just wanted her to be treated with kindness. Right after he said it there was a pause and I thought it would have been hilarious if he'd gone "Uh...what's your name?" but he didn't. He just ended up making up a name for her on the spot since she wasn't volunteering anything and she went with it. In the fourth film, why did the Spanish go to all the trouble of tracking down the Fountain of Youth in the New World if they had no desire to use it? If that was their plan all along, why did they bother to find the chalices? And why bother polishing them? Why not destroy them as soon as they acquired them? Didn't you listen to the guy's speech? They sought it out because they wanted to destroy it. Eternal life isn't something man is meant to have. That was sort of the original poster's point; they're out to destroy the Fountain, so why do they bother going and getting the chalices first? And once they have them, why do they bother polishing them and keeping them safe, as opposed to destroying them immediately? After all, as soon as they got them back from [whoever ended up with them after the Mexican Standoff ], they just stamp on them and throw them into the water. If that was their intention all along, why wait? The chalices were the keys to the fountain. (Remember Jack standing in the cave, holding them together and reciting the words.) The Spanish didn't just want to destroy the keys, they wanted to destroy the fountain itself, so they needed to keep them. Granted there was no way to be sure that they'd need the chalices to get there, but at that point nobody knew. Yes, but he was just reading off of them. Standing there waving them around did nothing. He hadn't noticed the inscription until that point in time. The Spanish had already seen the inscription, so why did they need the chalices anymore. More to the point if the chalices are the keys, why not just destroy them, thusly locking away the Fountain for good, and then just return home ? There's no guarantee those specific chalices are necessary to make the fountain work. They were needed to get to the fountain, so they kept them. Also, they hadn't finished cleaning up the inscription at the time. The guy was still working when Jack and Barbossa first stole the cups, at which point they were probably more worried about thieves. Also, the Spanish leader was a Large Ham . He wanted everyone to know they were destroying the Fountain in God's name. The Spaniards knew that Barbossa was also coming for the Fountain, and that he needed the chalices for the immortality-ritual. Even if the cups had turned out not to be necessary to reach their destination, they were still useable as bait to lure the competing English expedition into a trap. They didn't destroy the chalices as soon as they got their hands on them because the chalices weren't the real target—the Fountain was. Even if they destroyed the way to get in, as long as the Fountain itself was untouched, there was still a possibility of someone using a metaphorical back door somehow to access it. These guys were on a holy mission in the name of God and country to destroy the "pagan temple"—that's not a job you just leave half-assed, not with that level of devotion to the cause. (Though I still don't get why they were lovingly polishing the chalices up at the camp. They had Ponce de León's notes, so couldn't they have just gotten the inscription from them?) My theory as to the polishing is that they didn't originally intend to destroy the chalices, only the Fountain itself, without which the chalices are just fancy cups- they probably intended to take the chalices back to Spain and the king as a sort of souvenir/proof. However, when they found the pirates and British at the fountain, the Spaniard decided to destroy the chalices both to keep anyone from managing to quickly use the fountain while everyone is distracted, and to make their point dramatically. What happens to Jack's hat at the end of OST? Still on the island. He dropped it fighting the Spaniards as I recall. And why does he not make a big deal about it? His not going back for it was a big deal in Dead Man's Chest, why not here as well? Actually, he lost it when he and Angelica dove into the water to escape the British soldiers. Almost as soon as he climbed back out of the water, he was hit with a dart and knocked out. By the time he wakes up on Blackbeard's ship, his hat is a long way away. For the rest of the movie, Captain Jack was hatless. I have little doubt that his hat will find him again someday, though. How did the mermaids learn English? Doesn't seem like they'd be able to use it underwater... They're predators that hunt humans. Stand to reason that they'd learn the language in order to hunt more effectively. They can also walk on land. The mermaids have something of an accent, implying that they have their own language. Where and when did Ponce de Leone gain access to magic? I mean, are we supposed to assume he just found a pair of fountain-of-youth chalices and a reanimating map? Probably around the same time he ended up getting his ship stuck on top of a cliff. As for the main point, Blackbeard has a magic sword that controls his and other ship, not to mention his quite literal ships in bottles. I think you're supposed to assume the setting is a bit more fantastic. Yeah; while you'd be unlikely to just find a wizard for hire on the streets of London, magic and the supernatural clearly exist in the POTC-verse if you know where to look for it. Jack and Barbossa know, Blackbeard and Beckett knew, and it's not much of a stretch that Ponce de Leon did as well. According to legend (probably not actually true, but it fits in with the setting) Ponce de Leon was searching for the Fountain of Youth when he discovered Florida. If he really did spend time searching for the Fountain then he presumably learnt all the lore about it. The chalices were probably in some lost temple or other that he visited before setting off for the island, the pirates just get told they're on Ponce's ship because that's their last known location. At the end of Stranger Tides, why does Jack bother performing the ritual as well as a pretty sweet Batman Gambit to save Angelica only to strand her on an island the same way Barbossa had stranded him? Both she and Blackbeard were going to die from poison sword wounds anyway. Sure Jack's not the nicest guy in the world , but this felt like an excessive dog kicking . Weren't you listening? He said that it was a well travelled route, so ships were bound to go by. All she would need to do is start a fire to get their attention. He stranded her there because she would have killed him otherwise. So no, he is not dumping her there to die. Yeah he gives her step by step instructions on how to survive and get help. I'm afraid to ask this since I think I know the answer, but... What happened to the crew of the Black Pearl after Blackbeard captured it? Hopefully they're on the Pearl like the monkey. Why didn't they show us what happened to the cleric after he went with the mermaid? Seriously, I really was surprised that they didn't even give us a hint! Did she eat him? Did he turn into a mer-person? Is he doing whatever it is that Mermaids do with men to get pregnant? Is he singing annoying songs with Sebastian and Flounder? I know the guy was kind of a side character, but throw us a bone here! They might be setting us up for the next film - maybe he's the new king of the sea? Also, why did she spare him at all in White Cap Bay? How did she know he was "different" from the other men in the dinghies she had just been trying to eat? Possibly she realizes Philip was "different" because, while all the other men in the dinghy were either falling prey to the mermaids' seductions or trying to kill her sisters to protect themselves, he was the only one trying to pull his companions back into the boat. He wanted to save others, not himself. She didn't spare him, she just said that she did. It isn't clear what she was going to do to him before Jack's explosion knocked her down. As far as I'm concerned, she dragged him down and made him a lovely dinner... if you know what I mean. I suspect they deliberately left it ambiguous so you could imagine the ending that pleases you most. If you're sentimental and want to believe she turned him into a mermaid and they lived happily ever after, you can do that. If you're cynical and think she was like all the other mermaids and ate him, you can do that. If you're a sucker for romantic tragedies and think she really did love him, but that her answer to his "Can you forgive me?" was "No", you can do that too. I imagine this is exactly what they're going for. They didn't want to spoon feed us an answer and left it deliberately ambiguous, and I doubt we'll hear more about them in future movies. Personally I want to know how he'd survive regardless. It's said a Mermaid's Kiss can save one from drowning, but he also had a pretty serious wound to go with it, and having it exposed to swamp water probably didn't help. But then, she just said she could "save him" which is pretty vague. Maybe she can heal him somehow. Or maybe she's saving him from life and just eating him. Who knows? They cut off one of the pirates who was rambling about mermaids, and it sounded like one of the things they can supposedly do has something to do with saving someone from death. Or, Syrena might know where the source of the fountain is, and she might've given her life to save his. Why did Barbossa tear up the privateers charter at the end of OST? I understand the whole "Free men! Life on the sea! Yo-ho!" routine, but that charter gave him a free pass to do whatever he felt like, protected by the crown. He could have raided ships and plunder treasure for the rest of his life, as long as they weren't English ships. Why did he destroy his "Get out of Jail Free" Card ? They hang captured pirates, as the films have made abundantly clear. Well, Barbossa didn't complete the mission he'd been signed on for- claiming the Fountain of Youth for Britain- and got a navy ship destroyed and most if not all of its crew killed to boot. I doubt he had much of a future with Britain anyway. Besides, Barbossa may be willing to work with just about anyone to advance his own agenda, but he doesn't seem to have any more love when it comes down to it for the colonial powers than Jack. Besides, he now has the power to remotely control all ships within his sight. He doesn't need the protection of the British Empire anymore. Also, having returned to piracy, he had to reestablish his alignment. As Jack put it: "You sir, have stooped!". It was a clear message to all present that he had thrown himself in with their lot and meant it. He had just taken over a new crew after killing the previous captain (an evil bastard to be sure, but even so), so after showing the power of the Sword of Triton, he cemented their loyalty by showing that he was no lapdog. A letter of marque has an expiration date to it. Privateers had to attain a new letter of marque for each individual venture they went on; Barbosa's likely just covered hunting down the fountain. Forged letters weren't uncommon in the Caribbean, but the only benefit they really afford is making it easier to sell the pillaged goods. Plus, those letters were written for Hector Barbossa captaining the Redemption, not for Hector Barbossa captaining the Queen Anne's Revenge. And a privateer vessel still has to follow Navy discipline- no skeletal figureheads or drunken revels with Tortuga whores or fang earrings. Barbossa just has more fun as a pirate. Right at the beginning of the movie, that one guard who was chasing Jack.. why did he put his sword and gun down? You're chasing down a pirate escaping from the king. Was he afraid he was going to get his sword dirty? Weren't those Jack's "effects" he was carrying (at least, Jack steals them back immediately)? He probably put them down to have his hands free to use his own weapon(s). Is that hat that Barbossa got at the end of On Stranger Tides a new one? Or did Blackbeard take Barbossa's hat as a souvenir after defeating the Black Pearl? It's a new hat, it just looks a hell of a lot like his original. Why did Syrena bother to go to the Fountain of Youth at the end and hand Jack the chalices? Phillip is the only one who is ever kind to her and she has no loyalty to Jack. Why ditch the wounded Phillip and rush off to help Jack? Probably because, unlike Blackbeard or the rival royal expeditions, Jack never tormented Syrena or her sisters to try to extract tears from them. Letting Jack make use of her tear wasn't her favoring Jack, it was her saying "screw you" to Jack's competitors for the Fountain's power. All mermaids are women, so they have to use humans to procreate... So, why don't they ever have male merbabies? By nature, roughly half of human descendants should be male, since gender comes from the father. Possibly they're like certain parthenogenetic lizards, and actually produce offspring which are genetically identical to themselves, but have to go through the motions of mating to stimulate the process. The male wouldn't contribute any genetic input, which would prevent them from becoming more human and less fish-like with every generation. Alternately, male offspring may simply be stillborn due to developmental errors. General / Multiple Movies Has it ever been explained exactly how or why the Black Pearl is as fast as it is? It's established as being perhaps the fastest ship in the world within the series' setting, but according to the backstory, it was just a cargo/trading ship for the East India Trading Company that Jack was rather attached to. Did Jones raising it from the depths make it faster? Was it always that fast? If so, are all EITC ships that fast? The Pearl's being a onetime cargo ship doesn't rule out it also being exceptionally fast. Possibly it was originally built for high speed so that it could be used to transport time-sensitive goods, like priority mail and expensive fruits and meats. The Pearl is shown to be faster in "Curse of the Black Pearl" due to it's rowers and being to go at incredibly fast speeds with the wind, presumably due to it being incredibly light. This is what enables it to catch up with the Interceptor, the fastest ship in the Royal Navy. The Pearl is faster than the Dutchman because the Dutchman is faster against the wind which is how it takes it's prey. With the wind, the Pearl robs the Dutchman of it's advantage. By the end of the series, on thing is true: Barbossa needs to get over himself. Jack is so damn clever. Why won't he just build a fleet with him?! I think Barbossa hates Jack so much because Jack is sort of like a pirate White Prince compared to him: (1) His father's already a powerful pirate, (2) Jack's spoiled and probably didn't start out by the "sweat of his brow" and all that and (3) Jack got a top rate ship for nothing while Barbossa lost everything he had in Europe and had to start again in the Caribbean. Barbossa needs a hug. :) Jack's father helped him, he didn't work for anything, and he got a ship for nothing? He sold his soul to an immortal demigod for his ship, found the compass himself, and then tricked his way out of the deal! That's not hard work? Granted, Barbossa still ought to give it up, simply because he'll never beat Jack's natural luck it seems. Then again, Jack isn't exactly the most... dependable guy. Would you keep him as your second-in-command ? Or, Crystal Dragon Jesus forbid, as your commander ? And of course, should they even agree on a you-command-these-guys, I-get-those-guys deal, there's the whole "Who gets to sail the Pearl ?" thing. Jack and his father don't seem to get along much. In fact, Papa Sparrow seems to generally hate everybody. The idea that Jack is the pirate equivalent of a spoiled rich kid doesn't add up. If that were so, he'd be able to get another ship when Barbossa mutinied, or get his father to evict Barbossa. That's Jack's older brother. No, no it's not. Captain Teague is explicitly Sparrow's father. Okay, let's deal with this for a minute: #1, Yes, Barbossa clearly needs to get over himself, but in COTBP, Barbossa was willing to work with Jack at the end of the movie, and look what happened? He got shot in his chest! #2, Teague doesn't necessarily hate everyone, he's probably just a hard-ass Rules Nazi, (it is his job) and he seems to get along better with Jack than anyone else. #3 Teague is Jack's father, but it's not explicitly stated anywhere in the film. Personal thoughts: I also jumped to the conclusion that Jack's the pirate version of a White Prince, and is thus roundly disdained by other pirates, but he's in a scary and dangerous profession — one mustn't assume Teague wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. EDIT: Also had to add, about the Teague and Jack thing, notice the different last names? There's a chance Jack pulled a Nick Cage, there. Trying to make a name for yourself isn't easy when you're dad's a legend. Jack directly refers to Teague as "Dad" in the fourth film. We also saw what happens at the start of the second movie when Jack gets his own ship: he's aimless, obtuse, won't explain himself to his crew and doesn't seem very concerned about their well being or opinions. He's a brilliant adventurer and pirate, but he's not a very good leader. Barbossa might have had some good reasons for leading a mutiny against him, since he does seem to be much better at actually commanding his crew. At least the second time around, Barbossa respected Jack enough to simply strand him at port, rather than on a deserted island. You're overlooking the fact that Jack's only 'aimless' because his compass isn't working, so they don't have anywhere to go. Considering what happened with Barbossa, isn't it plausible that Jack didn't want to admit that he couldn't find the destination, in case the crew decided to replace him with someone who did? The compass wouldn't work because Jack was aimless, not the other way around. It pointed towards his heart's desire, but he couldn't make up his mind on where he wanted to go. It's no insult to Jack to say that the very qualities that make him a brilliant adventurer also make him a bad leader. Davy Jones says as much when he responds to the news of the Black Pearl's mutiny with "then you were a poor captain, but a captain nonetheless". The films give us no reason whatsoever to assume Jack as being rich, entitled, or otherwise advantaged just because his dad happens to be the Keeper of the Codex Pirata. For one, when do we ever see Captain Teague with so much as a ship to his name? For all we know, he could be "skint broke" like the original Brethren Council Pirate Lords, and behind the fancy title he might be merely a penniless bureaucrat. Financial power (or lack thereof) aside, Jack's dad doesn't appear to have much in the way of influence either. The pirates seem to only respect the Code when Teague is in the same room and will kill them on the spot if they don't - outside of the council chambers, the rules are regarded as suggestions and traditions at best, and "Code? What code?" at worst. Also none of the other pirates seem hesitant to move against Jack for fear of pissing off his "powerful" dad. Expanded material mentions somewhere that Teague was a Pirate Lord back in his day, but he's since retired (though he did give his seat to Jack.) Apparently Sao Feng also inherited his post from his father. In expanded material, it's explained that the Pearl was originally the Wicked Wench, an East India Trading Company ship, captained by Jack who had left his pirate life behind him. She was sank by Beckett as punishment for Jack not transporting slaves and Jack was branded a pirate. Jack sold his soul to Jones for thirteen years as captain and returned to a life of Piracy. In the canon novel "The Price of Freedom", Jack meets a younger Barbossa on Shipwreck Cove and Barbossa owes Jack a debt for helping bring the rogue pirates who sunk Barbossa's ship to justice seeding the start of their friendship. Barbossa doesn't seem to show any resentment to Jack for being the son of a Pirate Lord and Barbossa even becomes a Pirate Lord because of Jack; the Pirate responsible for sinking Barbossa's ship was a Pirate Lord and knowing he's going to die, the Lord gave Barbossa his piece of eight when Barbossa visited him actually making Barbossa superior to Jack for many years (depending when Teague retired and gave Jack his Piece of Eight making Jack a lord). WTF is with Beckett and his "just good business" Catch Phrase ? Breaking your agreement with other people is not good business - it is, in fact, the opposite. Word tends to get around quite quickly if you stop keeping your end of the bargain when you negotiate with people, and in a situation like what Beckett was trying for with the East India Trading Company (a complete corporate monopoly of all trading routes), you need people to trust you - which they won't, if you've proven that you'd be inherently incapable of negotiating in good faith if your life depended on it. Otherwise, they start looking for methods that don't involve dealing with you to get what they want - and, when they're dealing with a Manipulative Bastard like Beckett, those ways may will involve removing said bastard from power if at all possible, by any means possible. Then again, is it really good for business to keep someone like Jack Sparrow around? Beckett wasn't saying, "Breaking deals is good business," he was saying, "Getting rid of all the pirates is good business." Besides, it's hardly good business to leave a professional wild card like Jack Sparrow running around when you already know that he hates you (and you return the feeling). I doubt any of Beckett's merchant prince buddies would fault him for going back on that deal. That's not what "just good business" means. It's an echo, and it's meaning changes, depending on who's using it and in what context. It's used as a justification for cruelty, dishonor, greed, and cowardice, and later Beckett repeats it when his ultimate defeat becomes reality — he never planned on losing, you see. But when he says it "to" Jack earlier, when he assumes he's won and Jack's come crawling for his forty pieces of silver, the lips say "good business", but the eyes say " pwned !" What in the hell would have happened if Davy Jones stabbed his own heart? The simplest solution is just to have him suffer the fate of everybody else who stabs the heart - he becomes the captain of the 'Flying Dutchman'. Of course, as he's already the captain, this would produce no real change in his situation. Which would explain why he never bothered trying. Another idea is that there would either be some sort of tear in the space-time continuum , or, even simpler, that magic would not physically allow him to stab his own heart. If both Jack Sparrow and Barbosa are pirate lords, why is Barbossa Sparrow's second in command? Shouldn't he have his own pirates, and not have to bother Sparrow? It's safe to assume that Barbossa only became a pirate lord after the mutiny mentioned in the first movie. He had something like ten years to do it. He was also an unkillable undead dude, as was his crew. I imagine he wouldn't find it difficult to kill another Pirate Lord and nab one of the pieces of eight. And Jack is Jack, if he didn't have one before he was marooned I'm sure he would have picked one up somewhere. Barbossa was Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea, where there's no other water sources leading into it and therefore not too many ships passing through, if any at all, so he probably just said "Screw this" one day and decided that he was better off as a first mate in one of the busiest seas in the world than a captain of an unpopulated water hole, assuming there were any other pirates, of course. Actually, I think you might have to be a captain to be a pirate lord, but that's according to the highly suspect DVD extras, that I'm guessing have little to do with the writer's intentions. I thought it was the Piece of Eight that made one a Pirate Lord. He had to be given the Piece of Eight by a former Pirate Lord, so when he did get it, he became that Pirate Lord. The Piece of Eight is proof of lordship is the Piece of Eight, as Barbossa says when the Brethren Court meets: "Prove your lordship and right to be heard." Speaking of pieces of eight... at the end of the first film, Captain Barbossa is dead, and Ragetti isn't. And Ragetti has the wooden eye that was Barbossa's "piece of eight". Wouldn't that have made Ragetti the new Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea? Tia Dalma needed the Piece of Eight, but didn't know what it was. She brought Barby back to get him to tell her and help her, and Ragetti went along with it. Oh, man, don't get me started. How about the first movie, when Will kills his own father. Did you realize that? Let's work this out: ten years ago the pirates all took the gold and got cursed. I can only assume that Bootstrap Bill was also cursed, as the countermeasure requires his blood, and presumably it needs the blood of every cursed person. (As opposed to the-blood-of-everybody-that-was-cursed-and-also-everybody-else-that-happened-to-work-on-the-same-boat.) So Bootstrap was cursed along with the rest of them. Now, they tell us that Bootstrap was chained to a cannon and dumped into the ocean, but he's cursed, therefore he can't die. So, for the last ten years, Bootstrap Bill has been sitting around at the bottom of the ocean, dealing with incredible boredom but nevertheless still living. Then, when Will puts the last piece in the chest, the curse is lifted, which means that Bootstrap can die now, which means he suddenly suffocates at the bottom of the ocean. And no one figures this out. No one. Will actually did figure that out. There's a deleted scene from DMC, included on the Blu-Ray set, where Will tells Bootstrap he'd thought he'd killed his father when he broke the curse. And that he believed Bootstrap would prefer that to being permanently trapped at the bottom of the sea (not an unreasonable assumption.) Because by then he's been recruited by Darth Squid. Well sure he gets recruited, but that doesn't change the fact that he was killed in the first place. (I mean, I presume you have to be dead or near-dead in order to join the Flying Dutchman. That seems to be the deal. And Bootstrap couldn't have been either of those things until the curse was lifted.) And in film #1 we didn't even know about Darth Squid, so somebody should've been like "Wait, won't Bootstrap die if we lift the curse?" Yeeeees, that is what we call a mercy kill. Indeed. What part of "trapped in the crushing, lightless depths of the sea for his entire immortality" implies that death would be a bad thing? This troper always sorta figured that Bootstrap bartered his soul to Jones in exchange for freeing him from the cannon. More to the point, Bootstrap explicitly tells Will this aboard the Dutchman. He didn't wait the full ten years to die, Jones came to him sometime in the middle there, and sailing with Jones was a better option than maybe-eternity in the crushing depths. But Will had no way of knowing whether or not Davey Jones had rescued his father. As far as he knew, his immortal father was trapped in the ocean depths, and Will chose a path that would result in his father's death. Out of story, I heard that when the writers were coming up with the plot for the second movie, they noticed the giant plot hole in the first and quickly filled it in before anyone noticed. Not that it worked. Will had no way of rescuing his father at all. It's not like they had submarines, and Bill mentions the crushing depths, so it's unlikely Will could swim down. How you have saved him? Like somebody else said, mercy kill. He was stuck in a Fate Worse Than Death . More to the point, did Will even know his father was an undead zombie skeleton? I mean, he didn't even know he was a pirate. It stands to reason that Will would think his father was just plain ol' dead. He probably did know, or at least suspected so. After all, he knew they needed his blood, meaning someone related to him had removed at least one medallion from the chest (since he himself hadn't), and he knew (from Jack) that his father was a pirate. In the first movie, Barbossa mentions that Bootstrap didn't like the idea of taking the gold. I was under the impression that this meant Bootstrap was never cursed, and was killed very shortly after his cannonball run. Watch it again. It was the mutiny against Jack that Bootstrap objected to, not taking the gold. If it was the mutiny then maybe he still wasn't cursed. Didn't they find the treasure after the mutiny? If he wasn't cursed, they wouldn't have needed Will in the first place. He was definitely cursed. They mutinied after Jack gave up the location of the treasure. Bootstrap might have objected then, but not ardently enough for them to take it out on him. It wasn't until Bootstrap deliberately took one of the gold pieces and sent it to his son, basically condemning them to the curse, that they got pissed and tossed him over board. This troper was immediately convinced that Bootstrap survived the first film after seeing it. Think about it: given that he is immortal, there is no way of permanently binding him to the cannon. If you take Pintel's account literally, and say that the cannon was just bound to his feet, he would have freed himself in a day; a week at most. If Pintel was just being witty and they in fact tied his entire body down, his escape would be hindered, but by no means halted (I have this hilarious image of him rolling himself to shore). Ten years gives you a lot of time to break out of your bonds, especially if you can find a sharp rock on the ocean floor. Chains would have been the greatest hindrance, but ten years is sufficient time for them to rust enough to be broken out of, especially by somebody who never gets tired. Plus there's the fact that if the moonlight ever reaches him, he loses half his body mass and slips free, and spends the next ten years walking on the ocean floor (as is demonstrated to be possible) until he finds land. I'm still convinced that he could have done this, if he had thought ahead a bit before Davy Jones approached him. Moonlight would probably never get to him, if he was deep enough. There are some parts of the ocean so deep that there is no sun or moonlight(hence luminous fish and such). You forgot the water pressure. Metal submarines, if built improperly, implode at certain depths, and Bill mentioned crushing depths, so we can assume he was deep enough to experience real water pressure. It'd be like being sealed in a casket. Even if he could move, he could've been in a steep pit or something. Presumably he was thrown in the middle of the ocean, and not on the shore. 1) Water pressure is no issue here. Submarines only implode if they are filled with air, if they were filled with water, they wouldn't. Fish don't, for that matter, because the water in their bodies can't be compressed. A human is subject to implosion, if his lungs were filled with air (which Bootstrap doesn't rely on), still there would be absolutely no force pressing him to the cannon. 2) Pits won't stop him. He should be able to swim during the day, and find some place to sit during the night. Ever tried to figure out which way is up, never mind North/South/East/West, when you're underwater? It's hard. Scuba divers can determine which way up is by following bubbles, but Bootstrap would've voided all his air on the way down. Unless they dumped him in fairly shallow water, there'd be no light to guide him; even if he broke free and tried to reach the surface, he'd get disorientated as soon as his feet lost contact with the seabed. Or, if he tried to hoof it, at best he'd have untold miles of trackless, pitch-black mud flats to trudge across, wandering in circles no doubt. First of all, the real issue in Will looking for him was, where the hell would he look? It's not like "the crushing black oblivion" was mapped by On Star . Secondly, Bill said he was "unable to move" down there, so let's say he was chained down, and really not able to get loose. We're just assuming he wasn't a skeleton when he was bound. If he was, they could've bound him by his bones, but as soon as he slipped into the pitch black and was no longer touched by moonlight, he'd be bound through his body. Icky thought. Also, as far as "Did Bill have to be dead to attract Jones," not only is that not the way Jones plays it, they actually address this in the screenplay. When Bill says he'd take "even the tiniest hope of escaping this fate" of being crushed under the weight of the ocean, unable to move or die, Jack says that it was the kind of thinking "bound to catch his attention," which Bill confirms, suggesting Jones is somehow attracted to his ideal victims. But not in a gay way. * lol* They couldn't have "bound him by his bones" as you put it. Pintel explicitly says that it wasn't until after they tossed him overboard that they found out about the curse. It wasn't until after they tossed him overboard that they found out about breaking the curse. Not true. Pintel specifically says "'Course it wasn't until afterwards [i.e. after they tossed Bootstrap overboard] that we learned about the curse." No, he says it wasn't til afterward that they learned they needed his blood to break the curse: Pintel: It was only after that we found out that it was Bootstrap's blood we needed to lift the curse. Ragetti: I guess that's what you call ironic. How bout Will clearly never met his father and had less than no relationship with him. I'm trying to save a major hottie from undead pirates my long lost never met father doesn't even cross my mind later in hindsight. 'K, weighing in. This is from the script for DMC, Will: "I lifted the curse you were under... knowing it would mean your death. But, at least, you would no longer suffer the fate handed to you by Barbossa." Also, in different versions of the COTBP script, Pintel's "Crushing black oblivion" story gets these reactions: The Crew all look a bit sick at the idea of it. Will reacts with shock at the account of his father's fate. Sounds like they got the picture. Addressing the above, "Out of story, I heard that when the writers were coming up with the plot for the second movie, they noticed the giant plot hole in the first and quickly filled it in before anyone noticed. Not that it worked." Pintel never says they killed Bootstrap, and if they could, (or thought they could) why sink him to the crushing depths tied to a cannon for damning them? That's REALLY suspicious. The writers knew what they were doing. If it makes you feel better, there was never any chance of Bootstrap suffocating to death at the bottom of the ocean after Will lifted the curse. :) The "crushing depths" part ensures his body wouldn't survive nearly long enough for asphyxiation to become an issue; the weight of the ocean would have killed him by pressure alone well before! Given Bootstrap's comment "And I thought that even the tiniest hope of escaping this fate, I would take it. I would trade anything for it," I always assumed that at some point during the 10 years he was cursed, Jones found him and offered to free him in exchange for joining his crew and thus, Bootstrap was already on the Dutchman by the time the original curse was lifted. Bootstrap Bill, Will Turner's dad, is still alive, and working for Davy Jones. However, he was one of the original Pirates that stole the Cursed Treasure in the first Movie. So when the Pirates, who kept turning into Skeletons at night, left Bill for dead he chose to work with Jones. Did the curse still affect him as he became a Squid man? Or is working for Davy Jones a way to end the curse? Presumably Will's blood sacrifice would have broken the turn-to-a-skeleton curse on Bootstrap if it was still in effect on him at the time of the first movie. Unfortunately for Bootstrap, this wouldn't end his debt to Jones, even if he had joined the Dutchman's crew in exchange for release from the medallion-curse's effects: remember, Jack's loss of the Pearl to mutiny in no way negated his debt to Jones, even though he never got his full 13 years of command. I want to sincerely apologize in advance if I am missing something obvious because I haven't seen the third film in a while, or because I am just thick. At the end of DMC, the Sequel Hook has the crew of the cast decide to rescue Jack simply for the purpose of rescuing Jack, believing that he pulled a Heroic Sacrifice . Come the third movie, it seems like they are only doing it out of necessity (Note the show of hands when Jack asks if anyone came along just cos they wanted to see him again). I can believe that the oncoming war would rearrange their plans, but it would have been nice if someone had SAID that. Elizabeth was motivated by guilt, Will wanted the Pearl to save his father, and Barbossa had his own agenda (which was also at least in part Tia's agenda), which is fairly clear at the end of DMC and pointed out by Jack in AWE. Pintel and Ragetti, as I recall, both raised their hands for the "saving Jack just because they missed him" crowd, and while Gibbs didn't raise his hand, the way he rolled his eyes at Jack seemed to me to indicate both exasperation and affection. In short, I don't see a discrepancy between their motivations between movies- though of course the EITC is a much bigger threat in everyone's mind come AWE. The end of the second film implies that the whole point of their quest is to retrieve Jack, and regardless of their true motivation, Will and Elizabeth appear to be going along with it the 'he was a good man' story. Come the next film, they are are required to retrieve Jack for the war, with that little pep talk at the end of DMC seemingly forgotten. Small in the grand scheme of things, but a bit jarring... Possibly their eagerness to go rescue Jack just for friendship's sake took a severe dip when Tia Dalma explained just how hard, long and risky the trip to the Locker was going to be? Or they initially wanted to rescue him for his own sake, but over the months of set-up work required to get the map to the Locker, guilt had time to work on Elizabeth's conscience and Will's concern for his father had time to fester. If Davy Jones wanted his heart-chest safe from mortals, why not just bury it deep underwater where nobody could possibly get it (with the technology of the time, that is)? Or at least under something more secure than two feet of sand and a box full of old papers. Ah, but was Jones really hiding the chest from his enemies, or was he putting the heart in a place where he wouldn't have to deal with it? Remember, this is the man (er, squid) who called his heart "that infernal thing", and his motive for tearing it out in the first place wasn't to make himself immortal, but to make himself unable to feel. One should also consider they're living in a universe where All Myths Are True [at least the nautical ones]: Putting underwater risks some ancient evil underwater creature eating it or something. Hell, if the Mermaids from the fourth movie decided got curious they could kill him. So putting in a far-away, abandoned island [seriously, there's no one there] should do the trick well enough. Are Jack and Barbossa friends? This isn't too bad of a headscratcher, and I've come up with my own theory, but I want to know what other people think, because their relationship is odd. They're enemies who respect one another and are willing to team up whenever something that threatens both of them comes down the pipe, so they can go back to their private feuding in peace. That seems logical. They way I always thought of it was that they were as close to being friends as two pirates of their sort could be, but I like your theory as well. They were definitely enemies in the first film, but it appears Jack's killing Barbossa (even temporarily) has settled the score. In the scene beside the dead Kraken, they recognize their common situation (being pirates in a world they don't entirely fit into anymore), so by OST they've become Vitriolic Best Buds ... or at least frenemies. How were Commodore Norrington and Governor Swan so easily... shall we say... neutered by the East India Company? Anyone that high up in the military or political ranks in those days surely had very influential friends, and one would think they would have put up more of a fight. (Truth be told, it was disappointing if not depressing to see the only two good, honorable authority figures in His Majesty's service defeated by a villain that didn't qualify as a Worthy Opponent or a Magnificent Bastard ; Norrington and Swan deserved better.) Norrington was lower than Beckett, so he had to do what he was told, sadly. Swan I'm a bit confused on, to admit. Perhaps Beckett convinced the King that Swan was a traitor for helping Elizabeth escape so that he could push him around. Even if Governor Swan had a lot of friends back in Britain, they were a looooong way away, with no means of knowing what's happening in the Caribbean except what turns up in the occasional trans-Atlantic letter. Beckett could easily use bribery or coercion to cut the Governor's lines of communication with the Crown, then send a message to London that Swan had died of natural causes after having him killed. Firstly, Beckett had something on his side that was like kryptonite to Swann and Norrington, and that was the fate of Elizabeth. Now, as far as the EITC knew, she was aboard the Pearl when it sank and Beckett assumed she was dead, but he continued pretending to look for her, all the while privately threatening Swann that he would kill Elizabeth with all the other pirates if Swann didn't become his stooge. Also, Norrington just made a selfish, stupid mistake- he did what's expected of him so he could have his life back, no questions asked. The Flying Dutchman can go underwater. Yet when she surfaces (as demonstrated early in the the third movie) she can immediately start to fire her cannons. — How do they keep the powder dry? Same way the ship doesn't sink? Voodoo magic. The Dutchman is pretty clearly magical down to its keel, anyway- we are talking a ship that was made for the express purpose of sailing souls to the afterlife, after all. None of its abilities should be that surprising, nor need much of an explanation beyond Davy Jones Did It . Does anyone else think that the story could have been executed just a little better if it were a series of books or a television series not limited by an expected run time of 2.5 hours tops? I just hadn't his nagging feeling that they could have explained/executed several of the plot twists much better or worked out rushed character-development and clarified background story much better if they didn't have to cram a plot into the movies time length. That sort of thing happens when you plot out your film while you're filming. See, I personally never had any trouble following the movies, but I definitely think the franchise would've had less people complaining if it was release in small, weekly bites like Lost. People never seemed to care that Lost was complex as hell and that they were just making it up as they went along — they couldn't wait for the next episode to come out. I think it's all that waiting and speculating that makes things easier to understand, like how now people say that the first Pirates film was simple and linear when, originally, most people had no freakin' idea what was going on and complained about it in reviews. I'm calling it Back to the Future syndrome, where watching a movie with a complex plot a hundred times renders it simple and timeless. There's a YKTTW right there. Elizabeth's fighting skills. She goes all the way from damsel in distress in the beginning of the first movie to holding her own with a cutlass against multiple crew members of the Flying Dutchman in the second to being on par with any main character in the third in terms of fencing. Where did that all come from exactly? Did she stat practicing fencing for three hours a day? She says that Will taught her how to handle a sword, so whose to say he didn't put her on his own training regimen? Besides, she already comported herself pretty well in the Final Battle in Curse of the Black Pearl, so it's not like she was completely helpless before. This is a minor thing, but, when everyone's gearing up for the big war with the East India Trading Company, why don't some of them take a brief detour (I say brief because of how quickly sailing around the globe seems to be in At World's End) and pick up some of those Aztec coins from the first movie? They'd become unkillable and indestructible, which would give them a bit of an edge against their opponents (who have only got the one immortal, Davy Jones, on their side), and just return all the gold pieces when they were done? Like I said, it's a minor thing, and it doesn't really bug me, so much as it seems like a missed opportunity for awesomeness. The second movie explicitly states that the Isla de Meurta sank into the sea in a massive storm. They couldn't get to the Aztec coins even if they wanted to. Bad idea anyway. Ship to ship combat means lot of people will be lost at sea. You don't want to be immortal and lost at sea. Remember what happened to Will Turner Sr? I knew I wasn't the only one who wasn't deeply, deeply disappointed that the third movie's climactic battle didn't take place at night, with the crew of the Dutchmen boarding the Pearl only for Barbossa and the crew to step out into the moonlight and go all skeletal. "WELCOME TO THE GHOST STORY, LADS!" Why was the monkey still undead? Wouldn't breaking the curse of the Black Pearl affect him too? In the first movie's stinger, the monkey takes another coin and gets cursed again. What kind of a lord is Lord Beckett? He's referred to either as Lord Beckett or Lord Cutler Beckett. According to this, the form " Lord first name last name" is reserved for younger sons of Dukes and Marquesses, so Beckett could only be officially called "Lord Cutler Beckett" if his father was made a Duke or Marquess and he was the younger son. And even then, it is simply a courtesy title based on his relationship to an actual title holder and has no legal standing. By all accounts, Beckett holds his title in his own right, and according to this, all peers below Duke are allowed to use the system "Lord Title" but mainly just barons use the form lord. So assuming that Beckett has created a baron, his official title would presumably be "Cutler Beckett, 1st Baron Beckett" shortened to "Lord Beckett" in colloquial use, with the Beckett being derived from his title and not his surname, although they may be the same. He wouldn't however be called "Lord Cutler Beckett". So why is he called that? :: Indexes ::	Black Pearl (disambiguation)
Appearing on coins since 1864, and bills since its' official adoption, what became the official motto of the United States on July 30, 1956?	Translating the Movie... Translating the Movie... KMC Forums > Movie Franchises > Pirates of the Caribbean > Translating the Movie... katelovespirate This is the thread where you take scenes from the movie and translate them into what the characters were implying with what they said. Its all about connotation, dearies. We already started in another thread, so I'll post what Willofthewisp and I got here (all the good stuff is Willofthewisp): From the scene where Liz finds Jack in Tortuga in front of the Pearl: Jack: Elizabeth? You know these clothes do not flatter you at all. It should be a dress or nothing. I happen to have no dress in my cabin... Translation: Did my fantasy come to life? Oh, but in my fantasy you wouldn't be wearing anything. I wonder how vulnerable you are right now... Liz: Jack, I know Will came to find you, where is he? Translation: Damn, why do you have to be so charming? I'm trying to focus on Will here. Jack: Darling, i hate to tell you this, but through an entirely unforseeable set of circumstances that have nothing whatsoever to do with me, poor Will has been press-ganged into Davy Jones' crew. Translation: I arranged the whole affair to my pleasure. Will is a wimp who can't protect himself, much less you. Jack: Davy Jones? Translation: You don't have to make up such outrageous stories. If you want to seduce me, just do it. Norrington: Oh please. Captain of the Flying Dutchman. Translation: How can Jack use Davy Jones as a pick-up line?! Why does everything he says sound so sexy? Why can't i be more like that? Elizabeth: All i want is to find Will. translation: All I want is to find Will so I can dump him and move on to YOU. Jack: Is that really what you want? Translation: Can you possibly resist me? Liz: Of course. Translation: Uh, I'm trying my hardest to resist you... Jack: Because I would think you would want to find a way to save Will from his grim fate. Translation: It's impossible to resist me. If we go on a meaningless side journey to save whats-his-face, I'll prove it to you. Liz: And you would have a way of doing that? Translation: Does this involve you and me in your cabin? Jack: With my compass (opens it and closes it quickly) Translation: Give her some slack, then reel her in Norrington: Oh please, a compass that's broken and doesn't point north? Translation: I'll talk them into having a threesome yet. Jack: It doesn't point north. Translation: I do love to entice you Liz: Where does it point? Translation: SOMETHING had better be pointing at me right now Jack: It points to what you want most in this world. Translation: Something is definitely pointing at you, my dear Liz: Jack. Are you telling the truth? Translation: And is it giving me a standing ovation? Jack: Every word, love Translation: Not only a standing ovation, it's demanding an encore Jack: So what you want is to find the chest. Translation: Because I can't very well make sweet love to you dead Liz: To save Will! Jack: By finding the chest Translation: Yeah, let's pretend it's about Will right now. From the Curiosity Scene: Liz: I just thought i'd be married by now. I'm so ready to be married. Translation: The lingerie i was going to wear was stunning. i'm so ready to get laid. Jack: You know Lizzie, I am the captain of a ship, and being so, i can perform a marriage right here, right on this deck, right now. translation: You know sexy woman i cant get out of my head, i am pretty experienced in that area, and the deck of the ship would make the perfect area for us to explore that together. Liz: no thank you translation: there are people around. Jack: why not? we are very much alike you and I... I and you... US... translation: they wouldnt mind- we both look hott naked. Jack: We're very much alike, you and I, I and you. Us. Translation: You want me and you know it. Liz: Except for a sense of decency and honor, and a moral center, and personal hygeine. Translation: I'm not taking you right here right now on the ship. Jack: Trifles Translations: Even if I dare you to? Jack: You'll come over to my side. I know it. Translation: And then from my side into the cabin Liz: You seem very certain Translation: And hot, don't forget hot. Jack: One word, love, curiosity. Translation: I'm undressing you with my eyes even as we speak. (some dialogue, cuts down to her not being able to resist) Liz: Why doesn't your compass work? Translation: How much do you want me? Jack: My compass works fine. Translation: You won't win that easily....yet katelovespirate From the scene right after they blow up the kraken, partly. Jack: Abandon ship. Translation: I've made my decision. No turning back. Gibbs: Jack! The pearl! Translation: We're all going to be out of a job if we live through this. Jack: She's only a ship mate. Translation: She's not as hott as Lizzie. Liz: He's right. We have to head for land. Translation: Cause I'm not risking a love scene on a sinking ship. Pintel/Ragetti: Thats a lot of open water. Translation: You two can't keep away from each other. You really think you'll be able to restrain yourselves all the way to land? Will: We have to try. We can get away as it takes down the Pearl. Translation: I get the feeling there is something going on that I'm not aware of on this ship. Gibbs: Abandon Ship. Abandon ship or abandon hope. Translation: Crap. this means going back to HER... Liz: Thank you Jack. Translation: You are my hero. You win this round. Jack: We're not free yet love. Translation: Will is 10 feet away, and he has a weapon. Liz: You came back. I always knew you were a good man. Translation: Even without lingerie, I got you. Long sexy kiss. Liz: It's after you not the ship. It's not us. This is the only way don't you see? I'm not sorry. Translation: How far are you willing to go for me? Can you believe I am as kinky as you? I'll probably kill myself if you don't escape. How much time do we have left? Could he undress me one-handed? Jack: Pirate. Translation: Marry me. lovethemtigers Katelovespirates, this is so funny...it had me laughing tears....they should get you to do the commentary on the DVD when it comes out....BRAVO katelovespirate like i said, all the good parts are willofthewisp. LOL. this makes me laugh as well. people need to keep it up. your turn! katelovespirate From the scene where Jack, Liz and Norrie go onto Isle Cruses to find the chest. Liz: This compass doesn't work. and it certainly doesn't show you what you want most. Translation: Its a shame this compass works perfectly, cause if Jack sees it he will know I have no more excuses. Jack: Yes it does. You're sitting on it. Translation: I really hope the chest is there, cause otherwise I will have no more excuses... Liz: Beg your pardon? Translation: Woah- did he just come out and say he wants me most? Jack: Move. Translation: How am I supposed to concentrate on anything when you are in front of me??? They dig up the chest. Liz: It's real. Translation: Oh darn... i guess his compass wasn't pointing to me. Norrie: You were actually telling the truth. Translation: So this wasn't all about seducing Lizzie. Jack: I do that quite a lot. You people are always surprised. Translation: I was killing two birds with one stone. Why cant you accept that I'm Brilliant AND sexy? Will: And with good reason. Translation: Get away from my girl. Liz: Will! I came to find you! Translation: Well this is awkward. I was looking for you... um... in a hole... Will: After Jack tricked me and left me on the flying dutchman, i was reunited with my father. Translation: After I acted really dumb and got stuck on the dutchman, I decided to blame it on Jack. Luckily, he's found the chest for me. Liz: Everything you said to me was a lie? Translation: The flirting was real, right?!?! Jack: Yeah pretty much. Time and tide, love. Translation: How dare you kiss that runt? Well fine. No more Jack loving. katelovespirate From the scene after Jack, Will, and the crew escape from the cannibal island. Will: What we need to do is set sail with all haste for Port Royal. Elizabeth is in danger. Translation: I hate to admit it but I cant save her without your help. Jack: Have you considered keeping a more watchful eye on her? Maybe locking her up somewhere? Translation: If you were a real man, you wouldn't be having this problem. And Lizzie would look hott tied up. Will: She is locked up, in a prison bound to hang for helping you. Translation: You consistently ruin my life Jack. Jack: There comes a time where you have to pay for your mistakes. Translation: I just hope I get to make a few mistakes with Lizzie. WIll: I need that compass, Jack. Translation: Stop making so much sense. Jack: Will, I will trade to you the compass, if you'll help me find this... Translation: I'll give you the compass, as long as I get Lizzie. vegaofthelyre LOLOLOLOL.. this is pricelessness! "How dare you kiss that runt?? Well fine, no more Jack loving!!" hahahahah Practically everything you said was DEAD ON!! Seriously, you should start writing for POTC!! Jack of Blades So much to read so litle time katelovespirate Pintel: You'll be dining with the captain, and he requests you wear this. Translation: Be prepared for seduction, Barbossa-style. Liz: You may tell the captain that i am disinclined to aquiese to his request. Translation: He's ugly. Pintel: He said you'd say that. He also said if that be the case, you'll be dining with the crew, and you'll be naked. Translation: Prepare for seduction, MY style... Liz: (grabs dress) Translation: If I were dining with the rightful owner of this ship, captain sparrow, i would have no problem with that... katelovespirate awe, where did willofthewisp go? i need more laughs... willofthewisp I'm trying to think of a scene, lol. (Will and Liz get back on the Pearl) Gibbs: Boy, where be Jack? Translation: Finally, a chance to be captain. Liz: Jack? Jack Sparrow?! Translation: Wow, Will's in over his head and I'm getting a little hot. Will: He fell behind. Translation: I never felt more alive! Taking out that sorry drunk with one hit! I want to hit something else!!!! katelovespirate HAHAHAHA that was great... keep going!!!! do the persuade me scene!!!! willofthewisp uh, wow. Should really memorize the movie. Maid: It's been a trying day for you, miss. Translation: Man, what I'd give to have a trying day with Jack Sparrow. Liz: Well, I didn't think Commodore Norrington would have proposed today. Translation: Honestly, I thought he was gay. There's a reason why navy men's pants button in the back. Maid: I mean you getting threatened by that pirate. Must have been terrifying. Translation: And HOT!!!!!!!! Nothing ever happens to me. Liz: Oh? Yes, it was terrifying. Translation: Heart-racing anyway Maid: But Commodore Norrington proposed? That is a smart match, miss. Translation: But you and smart don't usually go together. Give me Jack! Liz: Yes. The man any woman would hope to marry. Translation: Which is why I'm going to go be a pirate. Kiss my ass, 1600s society! Maid: Will Turner is a fine man, too. Translation: I can't believe I said it with a straight face. Liz: That is too bold Translation: And too untrue. what are we doing? willofthewisp It's what the characters are really thinking or trying to say when they say their lines. katelovespirate HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA. Im running out of words like brilliant and amazing to express my appreciation for the glory of this humor. HAHAHAHAHAHA. thats fabulous. I;m still waiting for the "persuade me" scene... diddly-dum Originally posted by willofthewisp It's what the characters are really thinking or trying to say when they say their lines. I'm still clueless Liz: Jack's compass? What does Beckett want with that? Translation: Jack gets more interesting everytime i hear about him. Will: I don't know. Translation: Why do you sound so interested in him?! Liz: Where will you find him? Translation: Cause maybe I will get out of here and find him first... Will: I'll start in Tortuga and won't stop till I find him. Translation: I'm so glad you aren't coming on this trip, cause Tortuga isn't exactly the spot for couples. Gov Swann: No. We must find our own way to secure your freedom. Just because you would risk your life for Jack Sparrow does not mean he would do the same for you. Translation: If this whelp hurts my daughter, I'll pop him one. And Elizabeth is sounding way too interested in this Sparrow. Liz: I have faith in you. Both of you. Translation: You're hott. Jack's hotter. Will: I intend to return and marry you. Translation: If I dont make this happen soon, you're going to slip away from me. Liz: Properly? Translation: Just in case we need a fast annullment... Will: Legally if you'll still have me... Translation: Luckily in 1600s, a legal marriage means you are my property. Liz: If it weren't for these bars I'd have you already. Translation: All that talk about Jack put me in the mood. Will: Keep a weather eye on the horizon... Translation: Stay here and knit while I try to be manly... LovelyOne Sorry if someone has said this already: Jack: My compass is unique Translation: I'm the best ** out there Liz.. T.Maria ooh i love reading these! katelovespirate From movie 1, when Jack just put his handcuffs around Lizzie's neck... Jack: I knew you'd warm up to me. Commodore Norrington my effects please. And my hat. Commodore! Translation: I just needed to get her a little closer so she could get the full effect. Norrie, I am closer to your love than you'll ever be! Nah-nah-nah-nah! Norrie: (hands the stuff to Lizzie) Translation: If it's the last thing I do, I'll kill this man. Jack: So its Elizabeth is it? Translation: If it's the last thing I do, I'll seduce this woman. Liz: It's Ms. Swann. Translation: If it's the last thing I do, I'll seduce this man. Jack: Ms. Swann, if you'll be very kind. Come come dear we don't have all day. Translation: Maybe I could sneak a kiss or two. Gee, i bet we don't have time for any real fun. Jack: Easy on the goods darling. Translation: Be careful where you put those hands. Once you get a taste of me, no other man will measure up. Liz: You're despicable. Translation: How can someone look so sexy wet and dirty? Jack: Sticks and stones, love. I saved your life, you saved mine. we're square. Translation: Oh, yes talk dirty. I think we should trade favors more often. Someone needs to do the deleted scene from 1 where Jack is showing lizzie his scars... katelovespirate we are going to have to rate our translation. its pretty riske. LOL. CaptinJackLover LOL! who cares ! iys hilairous! -savvychick- i agree...no complaints here, and im prolly 1a the youngest ppl on this sight CaptinJackLover "Gibbs: Beckett wants the Compass. Only one reason for that. Translation: He's lost his own..."-----T. Maria. Brilliant! Loved it. Hmm. What hasn't been done? First movie Liz: But you were marooned on this island before! Translation: That means you know the best place for our romp. Jack keeps retracing his steps Translation: I know I left that condom somewhere. Liz: So we can escape the same way you did! Translation: Although I don't know why I'm in such a hurry. Jack: To what point and purpose, young miss. Unless you have (stuff) hidden in that bodice. Translation: Man, I wish there was jello in that bodice. J-E-L-L-O Liz: But you're Captain Jack Sparrow! You (did all these great things). How did you escape last time? Translation: And feel free to take as long telling it as you want. Jack: Last time I was here a grand total of 3 days, all right? The rum runners used this island for their hold and I bartered passage off. It seems they abandoned it since. You probably have your friend Norrington to thank for that. Translation: Wouldn't you rather just get naked now? Liz: So that's it then? That's the secret? You spent three days lying on a beach drinking rum? Translation: That is so hot! Seduce me more. Jack: Welcome to the Caribbean, love Translation: Once you go Jack, you don't go back. katelovespirate HAHAHAHA once you go jack... thats HILARIOUS.... YAYAYAYY!!! Btw, im on the edge of my seat for ch. 5 of the fan fic...lol keep going with the translations!!!! CaptinJackLover HAHA luv it! J-E-L-L-O!!! haha thats how im saying jello now! im onna spell it out! ivebeendepped43 i love the "Oh, suits you sir!" thing under your pic, T.Maria. that vid was lmbo funny!!!! i was like rofl literally!!"Stop! Will you just build me a fin' suit!" T.Maria Originally posted by ivebeendepped43 i love the "Oh, suits you sir!" thing under your pic, T.Maria. that vid was lmbo funny!!!! i was like rofl literally!!"Stop! Will you just build me a fin' suit!" lmao!!! In the words of Captain Jack Sparrow; I couldn't resist, Mate... He must have really had some fun shooting that little sketch POTC1: Gibbs: Leverage says you....I think i feel a change in the wind says I.... Translation: Speaking of wind...... When Will is going on to the dutchman: Jack Sparrow: So what's your plan? Translation:I'm hoping you don't have one... Will Turner: I row over, search the ship until I find your bloody key. Translation: Because as usual, i follow through every plan you tell me to even though i know full well that they only end up getting me into more bloody trouble! Jack Sparrow: And if there are crewmen? Translation: Please let there be crewmen...please let their be crewmen... Will Turner: I cut down anyone in my path. Translation: Because I laugh in the face of danger!...and then i hide until it goes away... Jack Sparrow: I like it. Simple, easy to remember. Translation: He's gonna die... HAHAHAHAHAHAHA that one was great!!!!!! YAYAYAYAYAY!!!!! katelovespirate From the scene where Jack, Will, and some of the crew visit Tia Dalma for the 1st time... Jack: Tia Dalma! Translation: I was hoping you wouldn't be at home. Tia: Jack Sparrow. I always knew one day the wind would blow ye back to me. Translation: I always knew you would want to see me in nothing but whipped cream again. Jack: (smiles uncomfortably) Translation: I really hope she doesn't get out the whipped cream... Tia: You! You have a touch of destiny about you William Turner. Translation: Who is this hottie with a body? How can I get him in bed? Will: You know me? Translation: I hope you're not the one from the last time i got really drunk... Tia: You want to know me... Translation: Unless you already have, which is entirely possible. I'm so forgetful of faces. Jack: There'll be no knowing here. We've come for help and we're not leaving with out it. Translation: Definately no whipped cream tonight. The sooner we figure out what Tia is trying to say through that accent, the sooner we can leave. Tia: WHat is it you need? You know I demand payment. Translation: Stop looking at my black teeth. I might get you into the sack yet. Jack: I brought payment. Look. An undead monkey. Top that. Translation: No Jack in the sack this time, lady. Have a monkey instead. Tia: The payment is fair. Translation: Oh crap. I guess that means no Jack in the sack this time. Boo. Will: We're looking for this... Translation: For some reason, Jack needs this, and we are all pretty much his slaves helping him find it. Tia: The compass ye barter from me... it cannot take you to this? Translation: Did you break my compass, Jack? Or did the warranty run out?? Jack: Maybe. WHy? Translation: Crap. Caught. Tia: Ah! Jack Sparrow does not know what he wants. Or do you know, but are loathe to claim it as your own? Translation: He SO wants me. Or maybe he wants that ** from the vision- Will's girl. Haha, now he will know what it feels like to SUFFER... lovethemtigers "Gibbs: Beckett wants the Compass. Only one reason for that. Translation: He's lost his own..."-----T. Maria. Brilliant! Loved it. Hmm. What hasn't been done? First movie Liz: But you were marooned on this island before! Translation: That means you know the best place for our romp. Jack keeps retracing his steps Translation: I know I left that condom somewhere. Liz: So we can escape the same way you did! Translation: Although I don't know why I'm in such a hurry. Jack: To what point and purpose, young miss. Unless you have (stuff) hidden in that bodice. Translation: Man, I wish there was jello in that bodice. J-E-L-L-O Liz: But you're Captain Jack Sparrow! You (did all these great things). How did you escape last time? Translation: And feel free to take as long telling it as you want. Jack: Last time I was here a grand total of 3 days, all right? The rum runners used this island for their hold and I bartered passage off. It seems they abandoned it since. You probably have your friend Norrington to thank for that. Translation: Wouldn't you rather just get naked now? Liz: So that's it then? That's the secret? You spent three days lying on a beach drinking rum? Translation: That is so hot! Seduce me more. Jack: Welcome to the Caribbean, love Translation: Once you go Jack, you don't go back. I LOOOVVVVEEEE THIS "ONCE YOU GO JACK, YOU WON'T GO BACK" GOSH, THAT'S SO TRUE.... lovethemtigers When Will is going on to the dutchman: Jack Sparrow: So what's your plan? Translation:I'm hoping you don't have one... Will Turner: I row over, search the ship until I find your bloody key. Translation: Because as usual, i follow through every plan you tell me to even though i know full well that they only end up getting me into more bloody trouble! Jack Sparrow: And if there are crewmen? Translation: Please let there be crewmen...please let their be crewmen... Will Turner: I cut down anyone in my path. Translation: Because I laugh in the face of danger!...and then i hide until it goes away... Jack Sparrow: I like it. Simple, easy to remember. Translation: He's gonna die... OR... Jack....I like it. Simple, easy to remeber. Translation: Gosh, Will is Bloody stupid....it was easier to get rid of him than I thought...now where is Elizabeth.... willofthewisp Jack: I like it. Simple, easy to remember Translation: Nice knowing you, Will. lovethemtigers Jack: I like it. Simple, easy to remember Translation: Nice knowing you, Will. funny....there are many different translations for this line... Jack: I like it. Simple, easy to remeber. Translation: Will really is stupid, see you later, chump. He fell for that "key" line hook, line and sinker. yoho Yoho that was FABULOUS!!!!!! Nice job. keep going with it! that was fabulous!!! YAYAYAYAY! everyone in this forum is so talented and funny, its amazing. lol. From the scene with Beckett and Liz in 2... Beckett: Perhaps you've realized that loyalty is no longer the currency of the realm, as your father believes. Translation: Seduce me or no deal. Liz: Then what is? Translation: If you make one out of place innuedno, i will shoot you. Beckett: I'm afraid currency is the currency of the realm. Translation: I'm afraid its all sex and politics, darling. Liz: Then I'm hear to negotiate. TranslatioN: I love being sneaky and dangerous. Good thing I wore my sexy underwear. Beckett: Im listening. Translation: Show me the money, honey. Liz: (pulls out pistol) Translation: Bet you weren't expecting that one. Beckett: I'm listening intently. Translation: If I were straight, I would completely turned on right now. Liz: These letters, they are signed by the king? Translation: Can you please look me in the EYES when I'm speaking to you? Beckett: Yes and they're not valid until they bear my signature. Translation: I could actually possibly turn straight for this one. Liz: Or else I would not still be here. Translation: I would be on the other side of the caribbean, in a lot less clothing, with Jack. (bit of conversation) Liz: Consider into your calculations you robbed me of my wedding night. Translation: DO you have any idea how painful the bikini wax was? All for nothing... Beckett: A marriage interupted... oft fate intervenes... You're making great efforts to ensure Captain Sparrow's freedom? Translation: Its hilarious that even your enemies can see the lack of attraction between you and dartanian-face. Don't tell me you've also fallen for the famous Jack? Liz: These letters aren't going to Jack, they're for Will. Translation: Oh please- when i get through with Jack, he'll be chained to me. Will on the other hand can be your privateer or whatever-- that will get him out of the way. Beckett: I'll still want that compass. Consider that into your calculations. Translation: Jack took mine, someone better get his. willofthewisp How do you know all that? Is the movie out, or are you just good at memorizing? I've only seen the movie once and not all the scenes are on youtube. lovethemtigers Originally posted by willofthewisp How do you know all that? Is the movie out, or are you just good at memorizing? I've only seen the movie once and not all the scenes are on youtube. You can find the script on line...just type in POTC DMC script - it's IMBD page.... T.Maria ..we'll be running out of script soon!!! Jack and Gibbs on the deck of the black pearl: Jack Sparrow: On deck all hands! Make fast the bunt gasket! On deck! Scurry! Scurry, I want movement! Translation: I have no idea what i'm saying..but it sounds domineering... Translation: Jack actually knows words that are more than two syllables long? Jack Sparrow: I want movement! Translation: The 'ockey-cokey' will do...but i'm not too fussed.... Gibbs: Lift the skin up! Translation: ...'you put your left leg in...' Jack Sparrow: All on deck! Run! And keep running! Run as if the devil himself and itself is upon us! Translation: ...'You put your left leg out...' Gibbs: Do we have a heading? Translation: '..Do the ockey-cockey and you turn around...' Jack Sparrow: Ah! Ooh! Run! Land. Translation: Anywhere that has a female body near by...preferably an elizabeth shaped female body.... Translation: Stalker... Jack Sparrow: Oh! Euh! Translation: If i didn't know any better, i'd say you were becomming quite attached to me, Gibbs...too attached, you might say... Gibbs: Which port? Translation: Port, Whiskey, rum..its all the same when your desperate... Jack Sparrow: Didn't say port. I said land. Any land. Translation: Your scaring me... Translation: OOh...the sexual chemistry is too much i tell you! it's to much! Jack Sparrow: Agh! Translation: Awwww! Its a monkey! How cute is that little monkey!! I wanna pet the monkey...and then put him in a stew! Translation: You know what they say...'Monkey see, monkey do'... Translation: That'll teach jack sparrow for takin' the p*s out of me! Gibbs: Jack's hat! Bring 'er about! Translation: He looks almost naked without that hat...hang on a minute...forget i said to bring the boat about! Jack Sparrow: No no! Leave it! Run! Translation: I'd rather run naked than go back and have to dive in the water after it! I had a bath last year, thankyou very much! Gibbs: Back to your stations! The lot o' ya! Translation: I love playing captain...it makes them long lonely nights worth while...especially as i have no one to share a bunk with...besides Pintel....shudders* Translation: Maybe if i stand here long enough, i'll start to blend in... Translation: Ooh you sexy beast...hiding behind the steps like some predator of the night...ready to pounce on your next victim...i hope its me.... Gibbs: Jack? Translation: He's starting to look awfully like those steps.... Jack Sparrow: Shhh! Translation: Can you not see I'm pretending to be a chameleon?! Gibbs: For the love of mother and child, Jack, what's coming after us? Translation: And should i make it a 'welcome' sign? Jack Sparrow: Nothing. Translation: Because if i pretend to be a chameleon for long enough, it will realise that it can't find me and swim away.... Not very good but i tried lol katelovespirate what that was great!!!!! hilarious. i loved the "i had a bath last year" bit... i didnt know the script was online! gosh i feel like a dunce. i was just doing my best to remember lines, but i probably forgot a ton. now i can go check them!!!! lol. T.Maria hey guys ive got a question to ask; Ive written a fanfiction on adultfanfiction.net (but theres no sex in it or anything...just mild swearing every now and again....) and i was wondering if i should post it on here? Its only because ive basically took actual scenes from DMC and made them into Jack/Elizabeth moments... Basically the fic tells the story of what was happening OFF SCREEN with jack/elizabeth (for example, when the scenes were davy/will) that made them have so much chemistry when they were ON SCREEN with eachother... They kind of have a mini adventure of their own while they are not on screen....sounds weird, i know lmao. Basically all the scenes that we love with jack/elizabeth are in there for DMC (and ive written them in the way that tells the audience what the characters were thinking etc...) But i was just wondering if it was a good idea to make it into a new topic and add it chapter by chapter and everyone could read it if they wanted to? But i just need to know if it is a good idea or not lol sailorleo yeah...go for it! you've got my vote T.Maria ill put it up 2moz when i know i have more time lol willofthewisp hmm, short but simple. Jack: Before we go on, just how far are you willing to go for this girl? Translation: I just want to know if you're gay or not. Will: I'd die for her. Translation: I'll play the hero for her and look great at the same time. Jack: Good. No worries then. Translation: Not gay, but you'll learn. katelovespirate that one was ESPECIALLY good. its amazing how kiera is more masculine than orlando. woah did i just say that out loud? oops. sorry will fans. i just saw The Illusionist and it put me in the flipping BEST mood. go see it, people!!!! you'll love it. From the deleted scene on the island in 1. Jack is cleaning/ preparing his gun. Translation: do i really have to translate this for you? Liz: If you're going to shoot me, please do so without delay. Translation: Do we HAVE to wait till it gets dark??? Jack: Is there a problem with us, Ms. Swann? Translation: Why are you still wearing clothes? Do you realize how hard I had to work to get us marooned here together? Liz: You were going to trade Will in for a ship. Translation: Why do you constantly pick on the nerds? Jack: We could use a ship. The fact is I was going to NOT trade bloody Will in for the ship, because as long as Barbossa didn't know about him, I had something to bargain with. Which now, no one has, thanks to bloody stupid Will. Translation: We're wasting time. Liz: Oh. Translation: I didn't catch any of that, I was fantasizing about that mouth... Someone PLEASE do the scene where Jack shows Liz the scars, after she walks around the island... willofthewisp "Jack: Is there a problem with us, Ms. Swann? Translation: Why are you still wearing clothes? Do you realize how hard I had to work to get us marooned here together?"---------Kate That was great! Originally posted by willofthewisp hmm, short but simple. Jack: Before we go on, just how far are you willing to go for this girl? Translation: I just want to know if you're gay or not. Will: I'd die for her. Translation: I'll play the hero for her and look great at the same time. Jack: Good. No worries then. Translation: Not gay, but you'll learn. LMFFAO!!! Im sat here in an empty house p*ing myself laughing here! "Not gay, but you'll learn" - - - LOVE IT!!!! katelovespirate this thread might be the funniest one we've made. its soooooo brilliant. you guys are genius, pure and simple. drinks all around. Liz: We should return to the dauntless. Translation: Before I run over and make hott passionate love to the pirate delving through the treasure. Jack: (delving through treasure) Translation: I wish i was delving into a different sort of treasure right now... Jack: Your fiance will be wanting to know you are safe. Translation: I really need a bath before we think about getting closer. Liz: (nods, turns away) Translation: I hope Jack takes the hint and follows me before Will stops moping... Jack: If you were waiting for the oppurtune moment, that was it. Translation: You poor screw-up. I was giving you a chance to woo her and everything. Do you really think i was interested in this tacky gold jewelry? taurusbaby0509 hahaha this thread is GREAT! I really liked the deleted scene on the island! hahaha lovethemtigers Here's one I'll try....opening scene from DMC (the wedding interrupted or FATE intervenes) ELIZABETH SWANN Why is this happening? Translation: Oh goody, now I don't have to marry Bloody stupid Will, and I can get out of here and go in search of that Sexy Pirate. WILL TURNER I don't know. You look beautiful. Translation: I wish Jack were here, he could give me a few pointers on how to woo Elizabeth....he's very savvy when it comes to women. ELIZABETH SWANN I think it's bad luck for the groom to see the bride before the wedding. Translation: I'm so glad fate has intervened...now I can find that Sexy Pirate and I can get out of this silly dress, in front of him, and toss it into the ocean and watch it sink..... willofthewisp Okay, I'll try the scar scene from the first movie. Liz: So is there truth to any of the stories then? Translation: Or am I just stuck here with a gay cracker? Jack: Truth? Translation: Psh, I'm Captain Jack Sparrow. You can't handle me. (shows her his sparrow tattoo) Translation: Notice the muscle on the forearms there, love (shows her his pirate brand) Translation: I bet gay crackers don't wind up with THESE (shows her the scars on his chest) Translation: But all are still working parts, I assure you (Liz reacts to them) Translation: I've got some working parts, too Jack: No truth at all Translation: Now that I meet your criteria, what say we do it in the ocean, huh? katelovespirate YAYAYAYAY!!!!! that was so great. Lovethemtigers, i also loved the line about lizzie wanting to throw the wedding dress into the ocean and watch it sink. LOL. katelovespirate From the first scene in 2: Beckett: Governor Weatherby Swann, it's been too long. Translation: You look terrible. You don't age well at ALL. Swann: Cutler Beckett? Translation: That eunuch with the bad wig? When did he turn into Napoleon? Beckett: It's Lord now, actually. Translation: I slept my way to the top, and I'm proud of it. Swann: You have no authority arresting this man! Translation: Just because you get a crush on a cute guy doesn't mean you can just arrest him and lock him up for your pleasure. Beckett: Oh in fact I do. Mister Mercer, the warrent for the arrest of Mr William Turner. Translation: See this guy Mercer? He used to run the Italian mafia. Any more questions? Swann: This warrent is for the arrest of Elizabeth Swann. Translation: Is this supposed to mean you're straight? Beckett: Oh that's annoying. My mistake. Arrest her. Translation: Not quite straight, but she is absolutely falling out of that dress in the front. And she needs some hair tips. Liz: On what charges??! Translation: I am NOT watching queer eye with you. WIll: No! Translation: And I thought Jack was short... I could step on this man, if I weren't wearing this table-cloth jacket. Beckett: Ah-ha! Here's the one for William Turner. And I have another for a Mr. James Norrington. Is he present? Translation: I am having the hardest time keeping a straight face while he wears that table-cloth jacket. When did turqouise come back? And I could have sworn I smelled Norrington's overpowering cologne... Liz: What are the charges?! Translation: Is this about that anti-gay protest I attended? Swann: Commodore Norrington resigned his commission some months ago. Translation: I had to fire him for drinking on the job. Beckett: I don't believe that was the answer to the question I asked... Translation: Oh my gosh, I think Liz was the girl at that anti-gay protest. That's it, she's going down. Will: Lord Beckett, in the category of questions not answered... Translation: Oh my gosh, I think he was the guy at that gay bar last week. Liz: We are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Port Royal and You will tell us what we are charged with. Translation: Daddy, save me from the ugly short man! Gov. Swann reads the charge (which i dont remember lol) Beckett: For which the punishment, regrettably, is also death. Translation: Am I making it too obvious that I'm a sadist? Beckett: perhaps you remember a certain pirate called Jack Sparrow. Translation: Cause I dream of him every night... Will and Liz: Captain! Translation: Captain Sexy beast come to me Sparrow! Beckett: Yes I thought you might... Translation: Oh they've definately had a threesome. katelovespirate Jack: Gentlemen, what do keys do? Translation: When a man and woman love each other very much... Pirate: Keys unlock things? Translation: Uh, does this have to do with the stork? Gibbs: And whatever this key unlocks, inside there's something valuble. So we're setting out to find what this key unlocks! Translation: Why do I get the feeling Jack is after a girl? Why doesnt the crew ever get girls? I actually clean up nicely. Jack: NO. If we don't have the key, we cant open whatever it is we dont have that it unlocks. So why would we find whatever it is it unlocks, which we dont have, without first finding the key what unlocks it? Translation: It usually goes like this. Locate girl. Tie her up. Dance around her with fruit on my head. Break out the castinets. Girl falls hard. We have a bit of fun. Girl gets left at Tortuga. Gibbs: So we're going after this key? Translation: Is it wrong that I sometimes get turned on when he is confusing? Jack: You're not making any sense at all. Any more questions? Translation: It's hard being the sexiest pirate in the Caribbean. I hate breaking the hearts of those around me... Short pirate: So, do we have a heading? Translation: I wish my hair looked like Jacks. Oh wait... Jack: Ah! Set sail in a general... uh... that way direction... Translation: Take me to Elizabeth ASAP. Oh bugger- i mean, take me far away from her... willofthewisp hee hee, Kate you are dirty. (sword fight in first movie) Jack: Who makes all these? Translation: ha ha, distract him and gut him and hang him on my wall Will: I do, and I practice with them 3 hours a day! Translation: It's G-rated masterbation! Jack: You need to get yourself a girl, mate Translation: Don't think I don't know what you're compensating for Jack: Or maybe you already do Translation: As long as it's not the hot chick I saved. (later in jail) Will: They've taken Ms. Swann! Translation: And I'm hungry! and thirsty! Change me! Jack (thinking): damn, it is the hot chick from before. katelovespirate hee hee, Kate you are dirty. (sword fight in first movie) Jack: Who makes all these? Translation: ha ha, distract him and gut him and hang him on my wall Will: I do, and I practice with them 3 hours a day! Translation: It's G-rated masterbation! Jack: You need to get yourself a girl, mate Translation: Don't think I don't know what you're compensating for Jack: Or maybe you already do Translation: As long as it's not the hot chick I saved. (later in jail) Will: They've taken Ms. Swann! Translation: And I'm hungry! and thirsty! Change me! Jack (thinking): damn, it is the hot chick from before. Lmao...G-rated masturbation.... the one, after jack saved her from drowning, or? katelovespirate Will: Why is Jack afraid of the open ocean? Translation: What is Jack's weakness? I'll need to know that eventually. Gibbs: Well, if you believe such things, there's a beast that does the bidding of Davy Jones. A fearsome creature with giant tentacles that will suction your face clean off, and drag an entire ship down to the crushing darkness. The kraken! Translation: Well, if you believe such things, there's a creature that completely confounds and confuses Jack... a fearsome creature with secret weapons, scary body parts, that can keep a man captive for the rest of his life. A woman! (Gibbs says something else about the Kraken) Will: And the key will spare him that? Translation: Jack is afraid of marriage? Hahaha... that's pathetic. Gibbs: Well that's the very question Jack wants answered. Bad enough to visit HER. Translation: He's seeing a counselor about it. He's trying to work through those commitment issues. Will: Her? Translation: Woah, where did my British accent just go? Gibbs: Aye her. Translation: That was quite a hard "R" for a british chap. Jack: No worries mate. Tia Dalma and I go way back. Thick as thieves. Nigh inseperable we are... were... have been... before... Translation: Okay guys, I'm going to be honest with you. This woman might kill us all. I left her in the middle of a naked twister game- and took all her favorite jewelry. Gibbs: I'll watch your back. Translation: I'm scared. You go first. Jack: It's me front I'm worried about. Mind the boat. Translation: my back? a true friend stabs you in the front. Just make sure the getaway car is ready for a quick exit. T.Maria Scene 4: (The daring rescue and escape) Jack : ?and then they made me their chief. Translation: Oh no wait! ... thats the second movie, sorry lads... Norrington: Elizabeth ? Elizabeth ! My God. Translation: Oooh what a dilemma! To get the wig wet; or not to get the wig wet...what a kufuffel! Gillette : The rocks! Sir, it?s a miracle she missed them. Translation: Shes a lucky son of a bh! Jack : Will you be saving her then? Translation: Because i can't be assed Mullroy: I can't swim. Translation: I left my water wings at home.... Jack : Pride of the King?s Navy you are. Do not lose these. Translation: I had better get something rewarding out of this! Murtogg: What was that? Translation: ...I give me the wiggins.... Mullroy: Ooh, I got her. She's not breathing! Translation: I've ALWAYS wanted to do mouth-to-mouth when they taught us first aid!! Jack : Move! Translation:I never thought she would be that easy... Mullroy: Never would've thought of that. Translation: Whoa..he just gets right down to it, doesnt he? ..Maybe i should try it....I might actually get laid... Jack : Clearly you've never been to Singapore . Translation: .... Yeah...lets not go there.... Jack: Where did you get that? Translation: You might think im looking at the medallion...but at the moment im more intregued by your mosquito bites....(no offence meant!) Norrington: On your feet. Translation: One day those mosquito bites will be Juicy, juicy mango's! You just watch! Governor Swann : Elizabeth . Are you alright? Translation: Pay no attention to those dirty minded Perverts...but i did try to help with the courset! Elizabeth : Yes, I'm fine. Translation: And they're more like speed bumps that mango's, thankyou very much! Governor Swann : Shoot him! Translation: undressing my daughter infront of her soon-to-be fiancee! ... can you not see how turned on he is?! Elizabeth : Father! Commodore, do you really intend to kill my rescuer? Translation: ...but he looks so good when he's wet... Norrington: I believe thanks are in order. Translation: Yeah...thanks...for rescuing my son-to-be-fiancee and making me look like a tosser for getting there first! Norrington: Translation: Right...let me think....A is for Anarchist...B is for Bigamist...C if for Cu- AH! got it! Norrington: Had a brush with the East India Trading company, did we, pirate? Translation: ...I hope to god ive got it right... Governor Swann : Hang him. Translation: Or whatever...I don't care alsong as the smell is taken from my presence... Norrington: Keep your guns on him, men. Gillette , fetch some irons. Translation: Oooh...Bondage... Translation: Is it a bird?...Is it a plane??...No its- Norrington: Jack Sparrow , isn?t it? Translation: I'm gonna look so stupid if this is wrong... Jack : Captain Jack Sparrow , if you please, sir. Translation:God your wig is ridiculous... Norrington: Well, I don't see your ship? Captain. Translation: And even if i did i wouldnt tell you! Ner-ner! Jack : I'm in the market as it were. Translation: Im also in the market for a lovely half-naked woman ...its better when they're half naked....it takes half the time to get them undressed.... Murtogg: He said he'd come to commandeer one. Translation: He can commandeer me any time... Mullroy: Told ya he was telling the truth. These are his, sir. Translation: Thats it...im out of a job now until the end of the movie... Norrington: No additional shots nor powder. Translation: ..Hes shooting blanks... Norrington:A compass that doesn't point north. Translation: I'm just thankful it isnt pointing at me... Norrington: And I half expected it to be made of wood. Translation: Yes...thats what i need...a nice bit of wood... Norrington:You are without doubt the worst pirate I've ever heard of. Translation:...but you are rather dashing... Jack : But you have heard of me. Translation: Oooh! Star status!!!! Elizabeth : Commodore, I really must protest. Translation: My clothes are becomming more see-through and my nipples may start showing! Norrington: Carefully, Lieutenant. Translation: dont look at her nipples!...it'll be the death of any man! Elizabeth : Pirate or not this man saved my life. Translation: Pirate...bad ass, sexy, tanned and exciting pirate...oooh, i have to stop thinking like that or my nipples WILL start showing! Norrington: One good deed is not enough to redeem a man of a lifetime of wickedness. Translation: Well...it is, but after the way YOU just pointed your nipples in his general direction, im going to have to kill him! Jack : Though it seems enough to condemn him. Translation: Nipples? Translation: A chance to see those nipples thathave been talked about so much! Governor Swann : No, don't shoot! Translation: And STOP talking about nipples! Jack : I knew you'd warm up to me. Translation: ...Like puttie in my hands.... Jack:Commodore Norrington, my effects, please, and my hat. Commodore! Elizabeth . It is Elizabeth isn?t it? Translation: just making sure... Its not the first time i've said the wrong name when in a passionate moment.... Elizabeth : It's Miss Swann . Translation: Or minx, kitten, love bug...whatever! Just take me! Jack : Miss Swann , if you'd be so kind. Come, come, dear. We don?t have all day. Translation: Well..usually we would but this time we'll have to skip the foreplay, im afraid... Jack: Now if you'd be very kind. Easy on the goods, darling. Translation: And no...that is NOT my 'wooden' sword poking you... Elizabeth : You're despicable. Jack : Sticks and stones, love. I saved your life, you save mine, we're square. Translation: Your place or mine? Jack:Gentlemen, m'lady, you will always remember this as the day that you almost caught Captain Jack Sparrow! Translation: ...You'll have other days, but this isnt a good one for me...things to see, people to do... Jacky Sparrow omg ....it's great!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! i love it!!!!!!!!!! katelovespirate I dont know what to say. I am HONESTLY getting laugh wrinkles on my face. I am speechless. it was like, beyond funny. beyond hilarious. sort of Iconic humor. the kind of thing that will have me laughing the rest of my life. I will now no longer be able to hear the word nipples. you are flipping genius. slightly scandalous, but terribly funny. i LOVED the minx, kitten, love-bug line. i LOVED all of it. i seriously dont even know what to say. why dont you just continue???? T.Maria I dont know what to say. I am HONESTLY getting laugh wrinkles on my face. I am speechless. it was like, beyond funny. beyond hilarious. sort of Iconic humor. the kind of thing that will have me laughing the rest of my life. I will now no longer be able to hear the word nipples. you are flipping genius. slightly scandalous, but terribly funny. i LOVED the minx, kitten, love-bug line. i LOVED all of it. i seriously dont even know what to say. why dont you just continue???? Awww shucks !! everyone is doing a brilliant job with this! Kate, yours are HILARIOUS! "Jack: No worries mate. Tia Dalma and I go way back. Thick as thieves. Nigh inseperable we are... were... have been... before... Translation: Okay guys, I'm going to be honest with you. This woman might kill us all. I left her in the middle of a naked twister game- and took all her favorite jewelry. Gibbs: I'll watch your back. Translation: I'm scared. You go first. Jack: It's me front I'm worried about. Mind the boat. Translation: my back? a true friend stabs you in the front. Just make sure the getaway car is ready for a quick exit." ^^^^ i was literally P*ING myself with laughter there!! you have the kind of comedy that makes me do one of them irritating laughs that people want to hit me for lol We need to send this to Terry and ted!!! Whats next?? Translation: Not this guy again. He robs me blind. Jack: Tia Dalma! Translation: Act charming, that's it......EYEBALL JAR! Stay calm. Tia: I always knew the wind would blow you back to my door (something like that) Translation: And you brought the crew....orgy! Tia: (to Will) You. You have a touch of destiny, William Turner Translation: ha ha, everyone analyzes this line, but it's only because I screwed your dad and you're the spitting image of him. Deducing... Will: You know me? Translation: Oh man, those teeth. Tia: You want to know me? Translation: Your dad certainly did. Jack: There'll be no knowing anyone. We came for help and we're not leaving without it. I thought I knew you. Translation: We don't have time for this....did she just say she prefers the welp over me? CaptinJackLover hahahahahahaha willofthewisp you are soo good at these! yoho Beckett: Yes I thought you might... Translation: Oh they've definately had a threesome. ^HILARIOUS! I love this thread, it's great! yoho T Maria, that's just too, too good!!! You ROCK!!! That nipples part just about killed me, hahahaha. T.Maria willofthewisp This is such a great thread. I laugh my ass off every time. Let's see..... (Jack runs into his old crew during the first movie right after Will and Liz have made off) Pintel: Well look who it is Translation: We're all screwed now (point their weapons at him) Jack: Par.....snip, par-sley, par, rum (nonsense talk) Translation: Maybe this is the cleverness, maybe this is a concussion from the oar. I hate Will Ragetti: Parley? Translation: I just want someone to listen to me. Jack: That's it! Translation: Cleverness wins out over concussion every time. Ragetti: Parley? I hate whoever came up with parley Translation: No, I'm really meaning what I say right now. Jack: That would be the French Translation: Man, nothing like a fat French girl waitress, blowing raspberries on her fat rolls.......wait! Stop thinking. (in a few seconds) Jack: The girl's blood didn't work, did it? Translation: But I bet some of her works. Ka-ching! Barbosa: You know whose blood we need? Translation: Because I'm o-positive and it just didn't work out when I tried it. Jack: Aye, I know whose blood you need. Translation: Psh, am I seriously the smartest person in these movies? Put me in a movie with MENSA next time. lovethemtigers I love this thread...it makes me smile...laugh...Awesome....I'll never be able to look at the Pirate movies in the same light...hysterical...can we re-do scenes already done???? katelovespirate HAHAHAHAHAHAH mensa, that was HILARIOUS. thats so funny. This isn't very good...i'm not as funny as you guys...but I gave it a try... WILL TURNER Jack? Jack Sparrow! I can honestly say I'm glad to see you! Translation: I know I haven't seen Jack in a while..but his looks sure have changed....looks hot dressed like that...glad Miss Swann is not here to see this...why is this man so irresistable....it's not fair....I want to be more like him. I'm so happy to see this Pirate I could kiss him..did I just think that.... Translation: (Jack thinking) Oh no..not Bloody Stupid Will what is he doing here...where's the hot chick I left him with.... WILL TURNER Jack! It's me! Will Turner! Translation: Come on, Jack...you have to remember me...the boy from Port Royal...Bootstrap Bill's son, the eunich....Please, Jack JACK SPARROW ?: Wa-say kohn. Translation: How in the world did he find me....what did i just say, I have no idea..he looks bloody ridiculous hanging upside down, such as he is.... ? Een dah-lah. Eeseepi. Translation: When I see your chick...I'm going to seduce her from right under your stupid bloody nose....THIs is fun CANNIBAL CROWD WILL TURNER Tell 'em to let me down. Translation: Come on, Jack. You can make fun of me all you want...please help me....my head hurts, my hands and feet hurt, gosh, I'm such a whimp JACK SPARROW Kay-lay lam. Lam piki-piki. Lam eensy weensy. Lam say-say... eunuchy. Snip-snip. Translation: I don't know what I'm saying, but the cannibals understand, this is fun...I can say whatever I want....Will is a eunich, Will is a Eunich...nananabooboo...it's so much fun to make fun of that stupid bloody boy...it will be so easy to seduce his chick... CANNIBAL CROWD Translation: bring this one to the cages, no thing-a-my-bob - no good... WILL TURNER Jack! The Compass! That's all I need, Elizabeth is in danger. We were arrested for trying to help you. She faces the gallows! Translation: come on Jack give me that stupid compass that doesn't even work...some ugly little man with a wig wants it and I need it to get Elizabeth back...i'm not very good at rescueing her on my own...I always need your help, darnit. JACK SPARROW Say-say lam shoop-shoop sha smalay-lama shoo-koo. Savvy? Ball licky-licky. Translation: Ah-ah....if I get out of this mess...I will run off to Port Royal and break the chick out of jail since this stupid bloody boy can't seem to handle that wild adventurous creature...she needs a real man, like me...did I just say ball licky-licky...yep, that's what I'm hoping What's Her Name will do for me when I see her again Ball licky-licky! CANNIBAL CROWD Ball licky-licky! Translation: all this talk of ball licky-licky is making us want an orgy....can we all jump on our new chief...he sure looks scrumptous....delicious...the Gods were really watching over us when they sent us this hunk of meat to feast on..... CANNIBAL CROWD JACK SPARROW Save me! Translation: Okay, i'll admit, I'm in a pickle....get real, jack, do you really think the stupid bloody eunich is going to save you...he can't save himself or What's Her Name...they always need ME...because I'm the greatest Pirate of all time....sometimes I'm not so sure it's wise to be the Greatest Person ever...look at what being so good-looking has gotten me into now...these cannibals want to eat me... WILL TURNER Jack, what did you tell them? No! What about Elizabeth? Jack...!* Translation: Jack...I know you want my woman...I'll use you to help me rescue her....Jack.....help...once I get out of this I'm going to kill that Pirate, as I should have done when I had the chance. katelovespirate HAHAHAHAHA the line about the pirate crowd wanting an orgy was hilarious..... LOL.... Great stuff! that orgy line sure was scrumptious taurusbaby0509 Jack: No worries mate. Tia Dalma and I go way back. Thick as thieves. Nigh inseperable we are... were... have been... before... Translation: Okay guys, I'm going to be honest with you. This woman might kill us all. I left her in the middle of a naked twister game- and took all her favorite jewelry. ^genius!!!! So was the thing about MENSA! This thread is absolutely amazing! katelovespirate Translation: Pirates, lots of them! All my fantasies keep coming to life... Gibbs: Welcome aboard Ms. Elizabeth. Translation: How can she look so good wet and dirty? Oh yeah, this is a movie... Liz: Mr. Gibbs? Gibbs: Hey boy, where be Jack? Translation: Where a pretty lady is, Jack must be close behind... Liz: Jack? Jack Sparrow? Translation: Oh, when I get my hands on that man... well, it won't be pretty. and the clothes won't stay on long. Will: He fell behind. Translation: Dont look at me like that. I'm not bringing him onto this ship with Elizabeth-- do you really think i was going to try to compete with him?! Gibbs: Keep to the code! Translation: Dont go ANYWHERE. We are NOT leaving without Jack. Elizabeth (walking away with Will) Translation: Damn right we aren't. katelovespirate From the ship battle in one: Jack: That's not very nice. Translation: Touch her and I'll kill you. What would possess you to attack someone so Hott?! Liz: (whacks other pirate) Translation: How obvious do I have to make this physical tension? Jack: Where is the medallion? Translation: Don't panic, I'm going to have to reach into your dress. Liz: Wretch! Translation: Why dont you just look for it in my dress? Jack: (grabs her hand) Translation: Pshaw woman, I'm a good man, remember? Jack: Ah, where is dear William? Translation: Where's your annoying bodyguard? Liz: Will... Translation: Oh yeah, him. Dont know, dont care. lovethemtigers See...Elizabeth has called Jack dispicable and a wretch...I do think the lady protest too much...that's what makes romance novels so exciting...how the two lead characters continually fight their feelings for each other, even so far as to pretend they hate each other...and then when the tensions build up they explode into hot romance...can't wait. Okay, I will see if I can find another scene to translate...off to read the scripts. katelovespirate its so true. tension=much hotter relationship when it happens... ivebeendepped43 Hmm, we need more scenes to work with! Will: My father was not a pirate! Translation: You're just jealous because there is no union for pirates, whereas the blacksmith one.... Jack: Put it away, son Translation: He thinks he's scary (does that thing with the mast and knocks him down) Jack: Now, there are only two things that matter, what a man can do and what a man can't do. Translation: Like I can get your girlfriend all hot under the collar and you can't. Jack: I can just let you drown, but I can't sail this ship to Tortuga all by me onesy, savvy? Translation (singing): All by myself.... Jack: Either you can accept your father was a pirate and a good man, or you can't. Translation: It's like choosing tom-ay-to, or tom-ah-to. Pick. ivebeendepped43 i am about TO LOOSE IT!!!!! too late!!! gah! lunges at Bwa ha ha Bwa Ha Ha dodges and tries to lunge back but is tripped by Jaken(my siggy) and begins to torcher the little fool* willofthewisp Wow! It's a little long, but this will be fun. GIBBS: Let's put some distance between us and this island, and head out to open sea. TRANSLATION: Because nothing can get you out in open sea. JACK: Yes to the first, yes to the second, but only insofar as we keep to the shallows as much as possible. TRANSLATION: Some rum sounds really good.....hint hint. GIBBS: Uh, that seems a bit contradictory, Captain. TRANSLATION: That was my big word for the day and I wasted it. JACK: I have every faith in your reconciliatory navigational skills, Master Gibbs, now where is that monkey? I want to shoot something. TRANSLATION: And I can't very well shoot Will. WILL: Jack TRANSLATION: I just like saying it. JACK: Ah. TRANSLATION: Don't tempt me to shoot you. I'm cold and thirsty and mad. WILL: Elizabeth is in danger. TRANSLATION: I caught her thinking for herself yesterday! JACK: Have you considered keeping a more watchful eye on 'er? Maybe just lock her up somewhere. TRANSLATION: Cuz if she were mine, not saying I haven't fantasized about it.... WILL: She is locked up, in a prison, bound to hang for helping you! TRANSLATION: Dun dun DUN! JACK: There comes a time when one must take responsibility for one's mistakes. TRANSLATION: And part of taking responsibility means spanking, so if I were you, and man, I wish I was, I would go home now and spank her. WILL: I need that Compass of yours, Jack. I must trade it for her freedom. TRANSLATION: So she can be locked up by me instead. JACK: Mr. Gibbs! We need to travel up river. TRANSLATION: I promised you Playboys and rum. GIBBS: By need, d'you mean a... trifling need, ?uh/?a... fleeting, as in say in a passing fancy? TRANSLATION: Are we talking about fancy call girls here, or just hookers? JACK: No, a... resolute and unyielding need. TRANSLATION: It's time for some lucky hooker to let me pretend she's Elizabeth Swann for a few hours. katelovespirate HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA oh my goodness it just keeps getting better. "I cant very well shoot Will..." and the spanking bit!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! my mouth hurts from laughing..... ivebeendepped43 taurusbaby0509 JACK: No, a... resolute and unyielding need. TRANSLATION: It's time for some lucky hooker to let me pretend she's Elizabeth Swann for a few hours. hahahaha great! Barbossa: And ye'll not lay a hand on those under the protection of parley... Translation: What is my number one rule? Captain gets first pick of wenches. Bosun: Aye, sir. Translation: Watch me flex my pecs! Barbossa: My apologies, Miss. Translation: Kidnapped in your nightgown? That's slightly cliche. Liz: Captain Barbossa, I am here to negotiate the cessation of hostilies against Port Royal. Translation: All that training at the UN came in handy after all. Barbossa: There were a lot of long words in that miss, and we're not but humble pirates. What is it you want? Translation: If you're going to show off your language skills, you may as well show off your persuasion skills too. Liz: I want you to leave and never come back. Translation: I want you to take me away from this life if drudgery. Barbossa: I'm disinclined to acquiesce to your request. Means no. Translation: If Jack gets to be a in a movie with MENSA, so do I. Liz: Very well. I'll drop it. Translation: I'm actually the one who will eventually host the Boston Tea Party. Barbossa: My holds are bursting with swag. That bit of shine matters to us why? Translation: We've all had our share of lovely ladies. Do you have some special talent we should know about? Liz: Its what you've been searching for. I recognize this ship, I saw it eight years ago on the crossing from England. Translation: As you will soon find out, everyone in this series goes through a phase where they fall in love with me. Barbossa: Did ye now? Translation: Even your dad? That would be slightly off color for a Disney movie. Liz: Fine. Well I suppose if it is worthless then there's no point to me keeping it. Translation: Ha ha, very funny. Gee, it's actually kind of tacky now that I look at it. Just keep in mind that if i drop this, you'll all have to go skinny dipping. Barbossa: No! Translation: Do you know how bad the nightmares would be after skinny dipping with this crew?! Liz: (smiles cooly) Translation: I have a camera in my pocket. Those pictures would hit the internet in seconds. Barbossa: You have a name, missy? Translation: Cause we'll need to know what to put on your tombstone. Liz: Elizabeth... Turner. I'm a maid in the governors household. Translation: Does this mean I get to act dumb and irritating for the rest of the film? Barbossa: Ms. Turner! Translation: Is it kinky that I had an affair with your father AND I'm attracted to you? Barbossa: And how does a maid come to own a trinket such as this... family heirloom perhaps? Translation: Somehow I didn't think the daughter of Bootstrap would be able to afford platinum highlights. Liz: I didn't steal it if thats what you mean. Translation: I totally stole it, if that's what you mean. Or I could just say it was a lucky hand of poker. Barbossa: Very well. Ye hand it over and we'll put your town to our rudder and ne'r return. Translation: pass the bling or your old man'll look like swiss cheese. Liz: (hands over the necklace) Translation: To be honest, its the ugliest f-ing necklace I've ever seen. I'm going Channel shopping tomorrow. CaptinJackLover hahaha too funny,....i love this thread! katelovespirate me too. its hilarious. whenever i need a laugh i just stop by. LOL. everyone is so talented and funny. CaptinJackLover i know! i love all the people here! its so great reading all their stories and thoeries and stuff! we are all like one big happy POTC family! lol haha nice work willofwisp and kate. Master Gibbs, now where is that monkey? I want to shoot something. TRANSLATION: And I can't very well shoot Will. Barbossa: No! Translation: Do you know how bad the nightmares would be after skinny dipping with this crew?! Liz: (hands over the necklace) Translation: To be honest, its the ugliest f-ing necklace I've ever seen. I'm going Channel shopping tomorrow. __________________ Hilarious! This thread is the greatest fun ever. ivebeendepped43 lol funny~ Jacky Sparrow I don't know: have we done the scene after jack returns in the cave, after norri brings him there, when barbossa says: that's not possible and jack replies: not probable?? taurusbaby0509 I don't think we have! That'd be a good one. Oh and when Jack goes on about 'It's the honest one's you have to look out for, because you'll never know when they'll do something incredibly... stupid." I don't think anyone's done that entire Cave Scene... Or Commodore's Promotion Ceremony from the beginning. ivebeendepped43 i wanna try, but im afraid ill do a sucky job katelovespirate Barbossa: So you intend to leave me standing on a beach somewhere watching you sail away on my ship with naught but a name and your word its the one i need? Translation: This is only going to work if you leave me the whelp to torture and a hot chick to be distracted by. Jack: No, I plan to leave you standing on some beach with absolutely no name, watching me sail away on MY ship, and then I'll shout the name back to you. Translation: You can have the whelp, and I'll provide you with weapons of mass destruction to use against him. But Lizzie's all mine. Barbossa: But that still leaves us with the problem of me standing on some beach with naught but a name and your word its the one I need. Translation: Jack, I'm going to be honest with you. You are way hotter than me and deserve the girl. But this beach had better be in Miami, close to a pub. Jack: Between the two of us, I am the only one who hasn't committed mutiny, so its my word we'll be trusting. Although, if you hadn't marooned me and left me to die, I would have an equal share in that curse same as you. Funny how that works, eh? Translation: You're right mate, I'm way hotter. But if it weren't for all this, I never would have gotten to see Elizabeth in less than a corset. And seeing as I'm going to kill you eventually anyway, it really doesn't matter what sort of bargain we make. Bosun: Captain! We're coming up on the Interceptor! Translation: I can see Will's whitey-tighties from here. Jack: I'm having a thought here Barbossa. What say we run up a flag of truce, I scurry over to the Interceptor and negotiate the return of your medallion? Translation: I happen to know the Interceptor is well stocked with Rum and ladies. What say we string Will up by his earlobes and make fun of him? Barbossa: Jack, you know thats the attitude that lost you the Pearl to begin with. People are much easier to search when they're dead. Translation: Why bother making fun of him when we could just kill him? At least that way we could spare the poor fans who are going to go crazy wondering who the wench will choose in the end. Barbossa: Lock him in the brig. Translation: And put him in a toga. I'm feeling like a greek party. Bwa Ha Ha wouldnt Jack look HOTT in a toga!? lol CaptinJackLover chyeah! Jack would look hot in anything! Bwa Ha Ha T.Maria Black Pearl and Flying Dutchman confrontation Translation: I could have swore I had more action scenes besides lying on my back through the entire movie... Will Turner: What happened to the chest? Translation: Chest...bosoms...god its been so long since ive even seen a woman! Elizabeth Swann: Norrington took it to draw them off. Translation: Well don't think that you will be seeing mine...even though most of the crew already have... Pintel: You're pulling too hard! Translation: (Oh god, the things i could write about this!! ....fine, ill keep it to a PG-13 lol) ...Your supposed to Bop It, and then Twist it! not the other way round! Ragetti: You're not pulling hard enough! Translation: (OMG they're killing me here...seriously!!) ... Fine, i give up! I hate playing games with you...i'm still not over the scrabble tournement you cheated on.... Gibbs: Where's the Commodore? Translation: Tell me he's been blown away by a relatively strong breeze... Jack Sparrow: He fell behind. Translation: Not so much strong breeze....more like swarm of fish-like mutants... Gibbs: My prayers be with him. Best not wallow in our grief. The bright side is: You're back. And made it off free and clear. Translation: Bloody hell jack, not even nuclear fallout can remove you from this ship! Translation: ooooh! I've seen fast and the furious....engines at the ready!!!!! Gibbs: Lord almighty. Deliver us. Translation: To anywhere, i dont care...just aslong as it isn't a hole in the ground. Jack Sparrow: I'll handle this, mate. Translation: Theres nothing wrong with a hole in the ground...ive been in a few of them myself...they're quite comfortable, actually... Translation: I've got dirt and i'm not afraid to use it!!! Jack Sparrow: Hey! Fishface! Lose something? Hey? ### Oup! Translation: Your ugly and you smell like rotting fish! oh...and i B*ed your ex girlfriend! Hows that for revenge! And now i'm going to trip over thin air and fall with style BUZZ LIGHTYEAR stlye down the steps! Watch me now, here I go !!! Translation: God i'm good! Translation: Nah...Buzz did it gracefully...Jacks was as bad as the 2006 superman movie... Jack Sparrow: Got it! Translation: David Blane has nothing on me...Magic eye my ass! Translation: 'I'm too sexy for my shirt...too sexy for my shirt...so sexy it hurts! ...I'm on the catwalk, you know what I mean, and i shake my little tush on the catwalk...' Jack Sparrow: Come to negotiate, eh, have you, you slimy git? Look what I got. I got a jar of dirt! I got a jar of dirt! And guess what's inside it? Translation: 'Der der der der...der der...der der, YOU CAN'T TOUCH THIS! (Mc Hammer style!!) Davy Jones: Enough! Translation: The cheesy pop songs are making my tenticles shake their booty....I'm supposed to be a miserable git and your ruining my moment!! Translation: Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha! ...tag, your it! Jack Sparrow: Hard to starboard. Translation: I prefer off-ground tick, but fine we'll play it your way... Elizabeth Swann: Hard to starboard!* Translation: What about Queenie-i-o?? Will Turner: Brace up the foreyard! Translation: Whose got the ball-i-o? Gibbs: Hard to starboard! Translation: I aint got it! Davy Jones: Send his beloved Pearl back to the depths! Translation: and It aint in my pocket! Maccus: Fire all! Translation: And It certainly aint between my legs...take a look! Translation: Your turn!!!!! ...unless i can get barley before you can fire at us, in which case, we get another go!!! Translation: That wasn't fair...you took our turn!! Pintel: She's on us! She's on us! Translation: If only it WAS a 'she' that was really 'on' us... Davy Jones: Let them taste the triple guns. Translation: Queenie-i-o my ass! Translation: Awww...and i was really up for playing that game, aswell! Translation: Tick, your it! Tick, your it! Tick, your it!! ... Translation: I need more action in this movie...now...wheres my bow and arrow? Elizabeth Swann: She's falling behind! Translation: Aww..and i was just about to ask them if they fancied a game of stuck in the mud, instead... Gibbs: Aye, and we've got her! Translation: I'll stick you somewhere in a minute, and it won't be in mud, young lady...mud would be more pleasant, though... Will Turner: We're the faster? Translation: holds up bow and arrow Found them!...now...wheres my blond wig... Gibbs: Against the wind the Dutchman beats us. That's how she takes her prey. But with the wind... Translation: I know too much useless information for my own good... Will Turner: We rob her advantage. Translation: No matter, the bow and arrow will come in handy when i need to kill Jack for currupting my fiancee... Gibbs: Ah! Translation: He's done more than currupt her... katelovespirate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH i dont even know how to stop myself laughing. youve done us all proud, t maria. that was BEYOND HILARIOUS. OMGSH, the blonde wig??? most have the crew have seen Lizzie's chest? the music?!?!! LOLOLOL genius. PLEASE do another!!!!! Everyone has done so well with these translations!! I PMSL everytime i read them!! What else is there to do?? lol I think we're running out....they need to hurry up and get the 3rd movie out!!!! katelovespirate Captain Bellamy: What's all this? If you btoh fancy the dress, you'll just have to share and wear it one after the other. Translation: We signed the EITC's new contract for the equal treatment of gays and crossdressers, or I would be making fun of you both so bad right now... Bursar: It's not like that sir. This ship is haunted. Translation: I may crossdress from time to time, but only in Tortuga. Er... i mean, Ghost-busters!!! Bellamy: Is it now? And you? Translation: Oh my gosh, not the ghost-busters thing again. I should have known not to get sattelite for the crew's quarters. Quartermaster: Theres a female presence aboard, all the men can feel it... Translation: we all got horny at the same time. it was uncanny. Other dude: The ghost of a lady, widowed before her marriage I figure it, searching for her husband lost at sea. Translation: Fans, take hint from my important line! That William Turner is going to get lost at sea if i have anything to say about it. Liz looks up. Translation: Will has been lost at sea? Oh well... best not wallow in my grief. Other dude: A virgin, too, likely as not. And that bodes ill by all accounts. Translation: In the unlikely event she IS a virgin, the legendary Captain Jack Sparrow will soon be along to rememdy that fact. Liz looks awkward. Translation: I;m not saying a word. They can think what they want about my virginity... Bursar: I say we throw the dress overboard and hope the spirit follows it! Translation: Then I say we all get raging drunk, and play dress-up! Quartermaster: No that will just anger the spirit. We should just find out what it needs and then give it back. Translation: What the spirit probably needs is some good loving from the legendary Captain Jack Sparrow. If we get rid of the dress, it will just speed the process along. Bellamy: Enough! You're a pair of supersticious goats and its got the best of you. Now this appears to be no more as we have a stowaway on board. A young woman by the looks of it. I want you to search the ship and find her. Translation: You're acting like teenage girls telling ghost stories at a slumber party... ooo.. slumber party... pillowfights in their underwear... ahem, anyways, its perfectly obvious what happened. My hooker-of-the-month club order has arrived. Track her down! Bellamy: Oh, and she's probably naked. Translation: She'll be naked as soon as I find her, anywayss. Crew rushes off enthusiastically to find the stowaway. Translation: This is the best game of hide and seek we've EVER played~!! willofthewisp Funny stuff. Someone should copy and paste this and create our own parody. willofthewisp Come here, boy... Want a nice, juicy bone? TRANSLATION: This bone is starting to look pretty tasty.... JACK You can keep doing that forever, that dog's never going to move. TRANSLATION: It only will if you have the Captain Jack touch, heh heh heh. PRISONER Excuse us if we ain't resigned ourselves to the gallows just yet. TRANSLATION: Some of us don't have our looks going for us like you. JACK (grins) TRANSLATION: Man, I won't move either. Good thing they can't see what my hands are doing. That girl today was hot. EXT. FORT CHARLES - PARAPETS - NIGHT A noose hangs from a gallows in the courtyard. Norrington and Swann walk along the far wall. SWANN Has my daughter given you an answer yet? TRANSLATION: Or is she already pregnant? NORRINGTON TRANSLATION: Good sign? Bad sign? SWANN Well, she had a taxing day... Ghastly weather tonight. TRANSLATION: As long as she and that pirate don't share a doomed kiss on the Black Pearl. NORRINGTON Bleak. Very bleak. TRANSLATION: I bet they will share a kiss if I don't marry her in this one. Stiff upper lip, James. From the distance, there is a BOOM - SWANN TRANSLATION: Ew, Norrington. Say excuse me next time. -- and then the WHISTLE of an incoming ball -- NORRINGTON TRANSLATION: A fart joke? Gov, you really aren't funny. He tackles Swann as the wall of the parapet EXPLODES -- INT. CELL BLOCK - NIGHT Jack sits up. There are more BOOMS - JACK TRANSLATION: Anyone want to see my guns? I'm good at flexing. He peers out through the bars of the window. The other prisoners crowd around their window as well. JACK (CONT'D) TRANSLATION: Daddy missed you, sweetheart, but he's coming! (makes kissy sounds) PRISONER The Black Pearl? I've heard stories ... she's been preying on ships and settlements for near ten years ... and never leaves any survivors. TRANSLATION: I don't really care. I just like scaring people. JACK No survivors? Then where do the stories come from, I wonder? TRANSLATION: Seriously, it kind of sucks being the smartest one in the movie. katelovespirate from the scene in tia's hut (i think we;ve done parts of this one, i dont remember, so i reckoned i would do some) Tia: Your key go to a chest. And its what s inside that chest you seek. Translation: WHy do I always have to give the kiddies the sex talk? Gibbs: What is in it? Translation: We all know about sex, Tia. Sex-ed class is a requirement of crewing the Pearl. Pintel: Gold? Jewels? Unclaimed properties of a valuble nature? Translation: my retirement plan is not the best. I'm just trying to think ahead here. Ragetti: Nothing bad, I hope. Translation: Woah, I never got the sex talk. I'm intrigued... Tia: You know of Davy Jones? A man of the sea, a great sailor, until he run aground on that which vexes all men. Translation: You know those adorable stripped sailor outfits? They were all his idea. But then he saw ME in a stripped sailor outfit, and the rest is history. Will: What vexes all men? Translation: If I were a real man, I'd probably know this. Gosh why am I so stupid?! Tia: What indeed. Translation: Holy crap, how stupid are you!?!?! Do i have to get naked for you to get this?!?! Gibbs: The sea? Translation: Oh riddles! I love riddles! Makes me want to do sudoku. Pintel: Sums. Translation: This was a major part of my tragic childhood growing up a poor black child in Mississippi... Ragetti: The dichotomy of good and evil? Translation: Why do the writers constantly make me say words I dont understand?! Jack: A woman. Translation: I'm surrounded by idiots. Tia: A woman! He fell in love. Translation: I seduced him, big time. I am so good, sometimes I amaze even myself. Gibbs: No I heard it was the sea he fell in love with. Translation: Don't ask me how that works out, though... Tia: Same story, different version and all are true. It was a woman, as changing, and harsh, and untamable as the sea. Him never stopped loving her. But the pain it caused him was too much to live with, but not enough to cause him to die. Translation: I am the sea. Oh woops- thats not my line. ANyways, it was the funniest, most pathetic thing ever. I did some crazy things to him. This one time, we were drunk and I dared him to cut out his heart. Will: What exactly did he put into the chest? Translation: Did he do it?!?! (whips out a guitar and starts singing: dont tell my heart, my achy breaky heart) Tia: Him heart. Translation: Poor bastard totally took the dare. Ragetti: Literally, or figuratively? Translation: So, lets sum up. You're a man-eater. We should put you on MTV. Pintel: He couldn't literally put his heart in a chest, could he? Translation: I know I've been cursed and been undead and shot and all, but its just too much to believe that he took that dare. Tia: It wasn't worth feeling what small, fleeting joy life brings and so, him carved out him heart, lock it away in a chest and hide it from de world. The key he keep with him at all times. Translation: You underestimate how EMO this guy was. Why do I feel like we are saying "chest" a lot? Why do we all have a pre-occupation with breasts? Will: You knew this. Translation: Admit it, Jack. You've seen more of ELizabeth than I have. Jack: I did not. I didn't know where the key was. But now we do. So all thats left is to climb aboard the dutchman, grab the key, go back to Port Royal and you can save your bonnie lass, hey! Translation: No I have not! Not yet, anyways. But dont you see? We're doing the same thing we did in the first film! Awe! Its like a tradition now! You act dumb, I find answers, we go save ELizabeth, I trick you into thinking you've got the girl, and Liz and I sail off into the sunset! Tia Dalma: Let me see your hand. Translation: Why havent you been getting regular manicures??? I got you that membership card at the spa for a reason. Jack: (holds out hand nervously) Translation: Maybe I could play it off as hives. Tia (unwraps the bandage) Why do I always end up undressing you to some degree? Gibbs: Black Spot!!!! Translation: I told Jack to stop going to the tanning bed, I knew he wasnt safe from skin cancer!!! Pintel and Ragetti: Black spot!!! Translation: Thats it, I'm buying SPF 45. Jack: My eyesites as good as ever, so you know. Translation: This has in no way affected my ability to be a man... if you know what I mean. Tia: (goes into back room) Translation: Where is my hand sanitizer? I just bought a big thing of purell. Monkey sits by Barbossa's boots. Translation: why are you guys so blind? These boots are so obvious. Jack picks up Barbossa's hat. Translation: As usual, I am ten steps ahead of everyone. Tia: Davy Jones cannot make port. Cannot come on land but once every ten years. Land is where you are safe Jack Sparrow. And so you will carry with you. Translation: My crystal ball and my black teeth tell me Davy has been on land recently. Maybe this is a hint that its time to settle down and get a picket fence and a dog, Jack. Jack: Dirt. This is a jar of dirt. Translation: I hope these aren't your uncles ashes. Tia: Yes. Translation: Oh crap... THATS what they are. Jack: Is the jar of dirt going to help? Translation: You really need to have a garage sale, Tia. Or maybe sell some things on ebay. Tia: If you dont want it, give it back. Translation: I like to keep old wierd stuff around. Like Barbossa. Jack: No! Translation: Maybe its magical dirt. Ooo! Maybe I can use it as a face mask for spa night with lizzie! Tia: Then it helps. Translation: Sorry doll, its just plain old dirt. There might be a worm or two in there though. Will: It seems we have a need to find the flying dutchman. Translation: Why are all my lines exposition? Grr.... Tia: A touch of destiny... Translation: It was nice meeting ya, kid. Have fun in hell. katelovespirate Come here, boy... Want a nice, juicy bone? TRANSLATION: This bone is starting to look pretty tasty.... JACK You can keep doing that forever, that dog's never going to move. TRANSLATION: It only will if you have the Captain Jack touch, heh heh heh. PRISONER Excuse us if we ain't resigned ourselves to the gallows just yet. TRANSLATION: Some of us don't have our looks going for us like you. JACK (grins) TRANSLATION: Man, I won't move either. Good thing they can't see what my hands are doing. That girl today was hot. EXT. FORT CHARLES - PARAPETS - NIGHT A noose hangs from a gallows in the courtyard. Norrington and Swann walk along the far wall. SWANN Has my daughter given you an answer yet? TRANSLATION: Or is she already pregnant? NORRINGTON TRANSLATION: Good sign? Bad sign? SWANN Well, she had a taxing day... Ghastly weather tonight. TRANSLATION: As long as she and that pirate don't share a doomed kiss on the Black Pearl. NORRINGTON Bleak. Very bleak. TRANSLATION: I bet they will share a kiss if I don't marry her in this one. Stiff upper lip, James. From the distance, there is a BOOM - SWANN TRANSLATION: Ew, Norrington. Say excuse me next time. -- and then the WHISTLE of an incoming ball -- NORRINGTON TRANSLATION: A fart joke? Gov, you really aren't funny. He tackles Swann as the wall of the parapet EXPLODES -- INT. CELL BLOCK - NIGHT Jack sits up. There are more BOOMS - JACK TRANSLATION: Anyone want to see my guns? I'm good at flexing. He peers out through the bars of the window. The other prisoners crowd around their window as well. JACK (CONT'D) TRANSLATION: Daddy missed you, sweetheart, but he's coming! (makes kissy sounds) PRISONER The Black Pearl? I've heard stories ... she's been preying on ships and settlements for near ten years ... and never leaves any survivors. TRANSLATION: I don't really care. I just like scaring people. JACK No survivors? Then where do the stories come from, I wonder? TRANSLATION: Seriously, it kind of sucks being the smartest one in the movie. you are HYSTERICAL. Oh gosh. as usual. the part between Swann and Norri was HILARIOUS. oh gosh. i love this so much. LOL taurusbaby0509 Originally posted by CaptinJackLover chyeah! Jack would look hot in anything! To phrse the captain "it should be a dress or nothing." only I wouldn't want to see Jack in a dress. Although he might still be hott. But I forget where I'm going with this... Jack's just hott. the end. haha katelovespirate what scenes havent we done? willofthewisp Has anyone done the end of movie 1, right before they save Jack to the end? taurusbaby0509 Tortuga. Both 1 and 2. ivebeendepped43 thats true. we just need to go through the whole movie in order so we dont 4get none taurusbaby0509 Tortuga from POTC 1: Jack : More importantly, it is indeed a sad life that has never breathed deep this sweet, proliferous bouquet that is Tortuga , savvy? What do you think? TRANSLATION: you haven't been here yet?! damn you're missing out on life, kid. You should stay here and I'll go get Elizabeth for myself. Will : It'll linger. TRANSLATION: I'm not sure I like it here. I'm quite wussy about somethings... Jack : I?ll tell you mate, if every town in the world were like this one, no man would ever feel unwanted. TRANSLATION: I'm really lonely, but here I'm not as lonely. You should really just hand over your bonnie lass and you stay here and I'll run away with Izzie. Wha'd'you say to that? Jack : Scarlett ! Not sure I deserved that. Giselle! TRANSLATION: What was that for?! Oh hey I know her too! Giselle: Who was she?! TRANSLATION: Whats a good excuse to slap this sexy pirate? Jack : What? I may have deserved that. TRANSLATION: I'm not really sure I deserved it. I hope I don't have a permanent hand print on my face in the morning. Gibbs : Curse you for breathing, you slack-jawed idiot! Mother?s love! Jack ! You should know better than to wake a man when he?s sleeping. 'S bad luck. TRANSLATION: Good morning Piggies! Aw, Jack, do I have to leave? Jack : Ah, fortunately I know how to counter it. The man who did the waking buys, the man who was sleeping, a drink. The man who was sleeping drinks it while listening to a proposition from the man who did the waking. TRANSLATION: Look at how amazingly hott I am speaking incoherently to someone who is sleeping with pigs and smells like he hasn't bathed in 30 or 40 years... If you get up, I'll give you some rum, how's that? Gibbs : Aye, that'll about do it. Blast! I?m already awake! TRANSLATION: rum? Ok. No more cold water... we all know how that affects a man. Will : That was for the smell. TRANSLATION: When did you take a bath last, man? We might need about 40 more buckets of water for you... katelovespirate lol HILARIOUS! i love it! katelovespirate we're really getting down to it. i think we're almost done... ivebeendepped43 i wanna try! ill do the very beginning Jack scenes: Jack sails in on the sinking ship and steps onto dock TR: Look how ssexxi that entrance was! i mean, who else can do that? Chancellor dude:Hey! hold up there, you! TR:d*** i wish i was gay! he is FINE! Chancellor dude:Its a shilling to tie up your boat to the dock! TR:but if you dont have a shilling, i could always lend you one! Chancellor dude:And i shall need to know your name TR: and you can leave your number, if you wanna too! Ssexxi man:what do you say to three shillings, and we forget the name TR: I think this dude is hitting on me(i mean, who wouldnt,but) ill give you three shillings if you just leave me alone! Chancellor dude:Welcome to Port Royal, Mr. Smith! TR:Call me anytime! I'll be home! aaannndddd................. Jack walks towards ships but is blocked by Murtogg and Mullroy Murtogg:This dock is off limits to civilians TR:i really wish i could let u pass, but just cuz ur ssexxi, i cant let u go JAck:Im terribly sorry, i didnt know. if i see one, i shall inform you immediatley! TR:are you kidding me?do you even know who i am? im Captain JackSparrow, savvy? Murtogg and Mullroy block his way Jack:apparently theres some kind of high-toned and fancy to do up at the fort, eh? how could it be that two upstanding gentlemen, such as yourselves, did not merit an invitation? TR:I feel sorry for these guys, poor weenies didnt get invited to the frilly little party. Murtogg omeones got to make sure this dock stays off limits to civilians TR:He is making it increasingly hard to focus. he is blinding me with ssexxiness Jack:Its a fine goal to be sure. but it seem to me, that a ship like THAT makes this one look a bit superfluous,really TR:hahahaha! im blinding them with my ssexxiness!!!! Murtogg:Oh, the Dauntless is the power in these waters, true enough. But theres not as can match the interceptor for speed! TR:It is a pretty lil ship, innit? i bet the Black Pearl is better though! JAck:I've heard of one! Its supposed to be very fast, nigh uncatchable.....the Black Pearl! TR:My ship can f*** yours anyday! Black sails, man! and they got holes in 'em! Mullroy:Well, theres no REAL ship, as can match the interceptor TR:except the Black Pearl, cuz its awesomeness Murtogg:Black Pearl is a real ship. TR:How dare you insult Captain Jack's ship of awesomeness! Mullroy:No its not TR:I dont know what im saying. i think im going psycho Murtogg:Yes it is, i've seen it! TR:Ok, maybe i havent, but i KNOW its the most awesome!! Mullroy:You've seen it? TR:I bet he has, im just a stupid little girl who likes frilly parties. im sad i didnt get invited to that party Mullroy:You havent seen it! Murtogg:Yes, i have! TR: HE WONT LISTEN! puts on a puppy dog pout Mullroy:You've seen the ship, with Black sails, thats crewed by the damned? and captained by a man, so evil, that hell itself, spat hi mback out? TR:Basically the coolest ship in the world Murtogg:No top being mean to me!! Mullroy:No TR:I knew he hadn't! wait.............. Murtogg:But i have seen a ship with black sails! TR:this is probably a really stupid comeback Mullroy:Oh! and no ship thats not crewed by the damned and captained by a man so evil that hell itself spat him back out could possibly have black sails, therefore couldnt possibly be any other ship than the black pearl, is that what your saying? TR:I dont even know what im saying! Murtogg:No! Mullroy:Like i said, theres no real ship as can match the intercep................ TR:im blubbering on about nothing, so im jusy gonna stop Murtogg:Hey! You! TR:He got on our ship!! wah!! Mullroy:You dont have permission to be aboard there,mate! TR:Actually, he can go wherever he wants! hes Captain Jack Sparrow! Jack:Im sorry, its just, its such a pretty boat.........ship! TR:I can see it now! im gonna crash this ship because of a girl and a guy that fall in love, and sooner or later im gonna steal the girl! Mullroy:Whats you name? TR:I bet his name is pretty hot JAck mith! or Smithy, if you like TR:I think these guys r crushin on me too. its kinda sick. tho i am pretty irrisistable! Mullroy:Whats your purpose in Port Royal, Mr. Smith? TR:I wanna become his purpose! Murtogg:Yeah, and no lies! TR:No, me!!!! Jack:Well then, i confess. it is my intention to commandeer one of these ships, pick up a crew in Tortuga, raid pilliage, plunder, and otherwise pilfer my weasley, black guts out! TR:I am SO smooth! TR:I actually believe every word, and i think its ssexxi Mullroy:I think hes telling the truth TR:Of course hes telling the truth! Murtogg:If he were telling the truth, he wouldnt of told us! TR:well, considering this is Jack Sparrow, i would say he would. hes so clever that way Jack:Unless of course he knew you wouldnt believe the truth, even if he told it to you! TR: these guys are probably so dumb, they didnt even understand what i said. but they are nothing to that bloody, stupid Will Turner! willofthewisp haha, nice. Yeah, I think we've done almost the whole movie, 1 and 2. Now someone should put them in order and we can read it. Taxing but rewarding. T.Maria Cannibal island: throne TR: Whoa...this feels like im in the movie KING KONG...and i would have been if Peter Jackson was still talking to me...if only i hadn't of made him into a human dartboard with my bow and arrow... TR: oooh...lovely decour..... TR: Bloodyhell this is a long way to be carried....i can feel my tootsies going numb.... TR: HAHAHA! I love it when people openly make fun of beckett.... Cannibals: Hurry-hurry tan daga! TR: Hurry up lads! The longer the food stays alive, the more time we have to spend wanting to eat it! TR: A throne?? Wow Jack...thats one almighty toilet seat you have there... TR: Oh god...not this whelp again... Will Turner: Jack? Jack Sparrow! I can honestly say I'm glad to see you! TR: Actually that's a lie...but at this moment in time beggars can't be choosers... TR: I'd watch it if i were you, or you might to see my feather duster take a trip to where the sun don't shine.... TR: If Jack even THINKS about going there..again...I will attempt to kill him...and obviously not succeed for plot reasons... Will Turner: Jack! It's me! Will Turner! TR: You should remember my name....EVERYONE should remember my name.....I am the reason this movie exists!!!...according to the Will and elizabeth shippers, anyway.... Jack Sparrow: Wah-say kohn. White-faced cannibal: Een dah-lah. Eeseepi. TR: And so are the Will and Elizabeth shippers! Agreed? Cannibal crowd: Eeseepi. TR: AGREED!!!!!!! Will Turner: Tell 'em to let me down. TR: So i can flaunt my masculine ways within the film...but never quite shine bright enough when next to you, Jack.... Jack Sparrow: Kay-lay lam. Lam piki-piki. Lam meensy weensy. Lam say-say... eunuchy. Snip-snip. TR: Heres the low-down, lads....the whelp wants me to help find his woman - who by the way quite fancies me, if i do say so myself- and then rescue the whole film by jumping fearlessly into a giant vagina-shaped monster....oh, and he's had unmentionable things done to his private-parts...which is the reason why he can't jump into the giant vagina himself...savvy? TR: How is it everyone knows what i mean when i make this sign? Cannibal crowd: Ahhh... eunuchy! TR: Ouch! The poor sod! TR: I'll pretend to ignore him now, and then maybe he will go away.... Will Turner: Jack! The Compass! That's all I need, Elizabeth is in danger. We were arrested for trying to help you. She faces the gallows! TR: basically, if you let me go i'll let you have elizabeth...shes not that important to me, anyway! TR: Not too casual, mind...I have to make a scene.... Jack Sparrow: Say-say lam shoop-shoop sha smalay-lama shoo-koo. Savvy? Ball licky-licky. TR: Lads, she's got a big mouth, big hair and big breasts...is that not good enough of a reason to rescue her? Green-faced cannibal: Ball licky-licky?	i don't know
With a motto of "For the Benefit of All", what executive branch agency had is founding on July 29, 1958, and has been responsible for programs as diverse as Mariner and New Horizon?	Wednesday - August 12th Humans to Mars within a Decade Robert Zubrin 445 Union Blvd. #125 Lakewood, CO 80228 We currently have the technology required to establish a permanent human presence on Mars within 10 years at a cost of roughly 15% of the existing NASA budget. The key is to adopt a "live-off the land" philosophy, making rocket propellants and other necessary mission consumables on the surface of Mars. This paper will discuss how this can be done, and the significance of such a step in the context of the development of humanity from a single planet to a multi-planet species. Thursday Plenary Session 10:00 Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001 Everett K. Gibson, Jr Kathie Thomas-Keprta Lockheed Martin The Martian meteorite ALH84001 has been shown to contain evidence of possible past biogenic activity inside small carbonate aggregates or globules within the meteorite. Four lines of evidence presented by McKay et al. (1) included: (a) iron oxides and sulfides having textures similar to terrestrial biominerals, (b) carbonates formed at temperatures capable of supporting biogenic activity, (c) indigenous organic compounds associated with the carbonate globules, and (d) morphologies of segmented, spherical and elongated features similar to terrestrial micro fossils. None of these observations is in itself conclusive for the existence of past life. Although there are alternative explanations for each of these phenomena taken individually, when they are considered collectively, particularly in view of their close spatial association, it was concluded that they were evidence for primitive life on Mars. Since our report (1) additional observations have been made which support our hypothesis: (i.) carbon isotropic compositions (-18 to ï¿½20 %), (ii) biofilm-like textures, (iii) chains of magnetite grains similar to those produced by magnetotactic bacteria, and (iv) oxygen isotropic compositions with in individual globules that show low temperature processes (2). Alternative hypotheses for the origins of the carbonate globules have been directed toward the formation temperatures, magnetite morphologies and structures within the carbonates, the sizes of nanostructures within carbonate rims, and potential terrestrial organic contaminants (i.e. PAHs). The evidence, both pro and con, will be critically evaluated in light of recent research that has been conducted since the initial hypothesis of past biogenic activity in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. D.S. McKay et al., Science 273, 924-930 (1996) Refs. Within Lunar and Planetary Science- 28th and 29th abstracts (1997 and 1998) Thursday Plenary Session 11:00 NASA's Robotic Mars Exploration Program Rob Manning Jet Propulsion Lab Pasadena, CA NASAï¿½s recent accomplishments and current plans for the exploration of Mars using robotic technology will be presented. Thursday Plenary Session 11:30 The Cato Institute Washington DC Why, four decades after men first ventured into space are there no regularly scheduled commercial flights into orbit? Some 35 years after the Wright brothers 1903 flight the commercially viable DC-3 was flying. But today the cost of placing payloads into orbit on the Shuttle is perhaps a magnitude more than on Apollo. By contrast, in the past twenty years the cost of airline tickets per mile dropped by 30 percent, with twice as many people now flying, and the cost of shipping oil dropped 80 percent. For too long space enthusiasts have ignored economics at the peril of their passion. The most economically and politically viable approach to a Mars mission, based on market principles, is the Mars Prize approach, supported by House Speaker Gingrich. A $20 billion prize, with an actual mission cost of only $5 billion, indeed creates an incentive for the private sector to find the best way to the Red Planet. But these funds still have proven difficult to secure. Mars enthusiasts might support a radical approach: as part of a strategy to return civilian space efforts to the private sector, the planned space station could be scrapped. Some of the savings would go the Mars Prize and would help promote that civilian sector. But at $5 billion, a consortium of enterprises and educational institutions could fund a Mars mission. Yet without taxpayers funds, what would be the incentive to go? The prospect of property rights and owning Martian assets would be a strong incentive. Also a consortium might earn money and develop technology for a Mars mission by taking on other tasks for profit. For example, a Disney Company might put up several hundred million dollars to put camera-equipped rovers on the Moon to provide holodeck-type virtual reality entertainment on Earth. The road to Mars does not have to go through government territory. Track 1A 2:30 Privately Financing a Mars Expedition : The Olympic Model Stewart Money McDonough, GA 30254 [email protected] In order to be sustainable, any program of manned Mars exploration will require the lowest possible transportation and infrastructure costs. As evidenced by the Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs, such a requirement is simply incompatible with publicly funded space endeavors. Consequently, the first expedition to Mars must be privately financed and managed. Accomplishing this will require a new organization, one specifically designed to fill the gap between what government is unable to accomplish efficiently, and what purely private industry is unable to do profitably. A precedent can be found in the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games in Atlanta, the first privately financed Olympic Games. Costing $1.7 billion, or approximately 25% of a privately managed Mars mission as described in The Case for Mars, the 1996 games actually made money while leaving behind as permanent infrastructure $550 million in athletic facilities and parks. These results were possible because the Olympics were managed through a unique arrangement in which a privately organized, publicly endorsed organization, the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games, was vested with the authority to negotiate advertising and sponsorship agreements with the entire spectrum of potential sponsors, from major corporations such as IBM, Coca-Cola, Delta, NationsBank and Home Depot, down to individual street vendors. While the Summer Olympics are certainly a major media event, they pale beside what stands to be the biggest story of our time, the first human voyage to Mars. By this standard, the global marketing opportunity which made the Olympics attractive to corporate sponsors are even more pronounced. Quite simply, Mars represents a marketing potential so vast as to challenge the imagination. This paper examines a number issues involved with privately funding an initial series of manned Mars expeditions following the Atlanta Olympic Model. Track 1A 3:00 Possible Design of First Privately-Funded Mars Surface Exploration Probe: Ruthless Minimalism Approach 1436 Clover Creek Dr. Longmont CO 80503 What is the absolutely lowest possible cost for a small unmanned Mars probe that lands on the surface and performs interesting exploration from the public point of view? We have been asking this question for many years. We are after the true lowest-cost mission, not assuming the free labor or donated hardware. Therefore, the only free variable is to reduce the mission complexity, simplify or even eliminate most of the hardware and software that would have been carried on a ordinary (government-funded) mission. We have seen many useful low-Earth-orbit missions that were developed for around a million dollars. The lowest-cost deep-space missions were about 50-100 more expensive. The conventional wisdom says that this is due to the more demanding requirements of a deep-space mission. Our paper will address this point of view and attempt to demystify the deep-space spacecraft design. Clearly, there are many difficult and challenging missions in the solar system. But we want to show that a simple modest Mars mission can be within a reach of the community that successfully launched dozens low-cost Earth-orbiting spacecraft. We will present the point design for such a mission in our paper. It is not going to satisfy specific scientific objectives but rather offer an interesting exploration challenge to the interested public. Track 1A 3:30 Paying for the Greatest Adventure in Human History Chris Cowlin Powell, Ohio 43065 Subject: My paper offers a proven funding solution for the entire Mars mission. The formation, governance and operation of a self-perpetuating corporation devoted solely to the mission will be described in detailed but understandable terms. Point of View: Success depends on three factors: Raising funds adequate for a successful and profitable mission while avoiding all forms of government funding. Creating a reliable cash flow from each stage of the missionï¿½s development Making solid provisions for mission continuation after the first touch down. Operational Structure: Bureaucracies canï¿½t execute the mission with any reasonable hope of success. A credible and authoritative corporate entity exercising executive control over all aspects of the mission is essential. Scientific quests, entrepreneurial development, high-risk technology and innovative financial structures are best left to the few interested parties willing to make the commitments and sacrifices necessary for success. The solution: The Martian Expeditionary Foundation (MEF). The MEF solves the critical issues of control, ownership, and continuation. The MEF is a on going self-managed trust sponsoring mission activities until conventional corporate mechanisms are able to assume day-to-day responsibilities. The MEF raises capital, makes binding commitments, obtains copyrights and controls licensing revenue. At opportune moments, the MEF will bundle assets (mission materials, copyrights, etc.) with liabilities (debt, payroll, operating cost, etc.) and offer fully formed space-based corporations (stock) to interested investors. In turn, the MEF employs the cash received for further development. Sources of Revenue: The MEF has at least five revenue sources, all based on the sales of: Mission Data Copyrights Summary: The paper provides a blueprint for financial success. Mankindï¿½s greatest adventure needs a solid business mechanism that insures success. Bold leadership combined with conservative solid execution will get us to the red planet Track 1A 4:00 Funding the First Human Expedition t Mars George Osorio osorio#d#[email protected] A proposition is made that, given past experience with government space exploration programs, the first human expedition to the Red Planet can be funded entirely from private or commercial sources without depending primarily on financial support from the US government. The steps needed to obtain such funding are described and suggested examples are considered, including plausible Mars exploration scenarios. Based on the information presented, a case is made for proceeding directly with the development of a human expedition to Mars, funded entirely from private sources, while leaving the robotic missions to NASA/JPL and other government entities, including internationals. Track 1A 4:30 Jim Beyer [email protected] Another financing plan to pay for a ï¿½Mars Directï¿½ manned expedition to Mars is presented. Although at least three other plans for funding exist; all of these alternatives have flaws which limit their practical implementation. By using the positive points which each of these plans have, a new plan is developed which can succeed and (perhaps more importantly) can be implemented immediately. A key point to this plan is to exploit a resource that is immediately available and saleable on the first Mars expedition. This substantial resource could pay for a majority of an expedition by itself, but has not been mentioned, even in passing, in the book, "The Case for Mars". Other resources are brought into play that can cover the remainder of the costs. It is assumed that a private concern could develop an expedition in the range of $15 billion. A lower cost expedition could be financed even more easily; a higher cost would be increasingly less practical to fund. Central to any funding effort is the improved estimation of the expedition cost. Current cost estimates range broadly from $4 billion to $50 billion. Although there are no real templates for this sort of fund-raising effort; some analogues exist. The University of Michigan embarked on a $1 billion fund-raising effort some years ago: they raised $1.2 billion. Harvard University, with a smaller (but perhaps wealthier) alumni pool, has launched an even more ambitious fund-raising effort. The Mars effort suffers from a lack of credibility compared with centuries old educational institutions, but surpasses these institutions in its broad appeal; potentially to every member of humanity. The Business of Commercializing Space David M. Livingston This paper will investigate and report on some of the important business issues facing the commercialization of space, including private sector projects to the moon and Mars. One important issue concerns the potential conflicts of interest and competition among the various government agencies exercising regulatory control over certain aspects of commercial space development. These potential jurisdictional conflicts involve the FAA, NASA, The Department of Commerce and the FCC. The advantages and disadvantages of the roles of these regulatory agencies from both a business and space consumerï¿½s perspective will be discussed. Financing commercial space projects will also be addressed, especially the use of venture capital as this is a frequently mentioned private sector tool for funding various commercial space projects and programs. With financing in mind, a look at various new space industries will be undertaken, as these industries have both applications and implications for private sector space commercialization and for investing and operating private sector missions to the moon and Mars, and for the popular emerging space tourism industry. The final component of this paper discusses both the quality and the character of the business that we take off this planet to explore and develop space in general, and use in establishing bases and settlements on the moon and Mars. Perhaps not all our business practices, philosophies, procedures and attitudes are qualities we want to export off the earth. How shall we live, work and play in space, on the moon and on Mars is a question that needs to be considered. We will be the first society to begin the process of living, working and playing in space, and establishing settlements and colonies off this planet. With this honor and privilege also comes the responsibility to seed our future generations of space inhabitants, businessmen and women and leaders with a foundation, but what will that foundation look like? The consequences of what and how we carry out our development, commercialization, and colonization will remain with us for a very long time, both on earth and in space. This paper will address this important issue, an issue that can have an enormous impact on our space development plans extending not just to Mars but beyond Mars as well. Track 2A 2:00 The Mars Pathfinder Mission and Science Results A. F. C. Haldemann, M. P. Golombek, W. M. Folkner,T. J. Parker, J. T. SchofieldJet Propulsion Laboratory T. EconomouUniversity of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute H. J. Moore R. RiederMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany P. H. SmithLunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Mars Pathfinder successfully landed on the surface of Mars on July 4, 1997, deployed and navigated a small rover, and collected data from 3 science instruments and 10 technology experiments. The mission operated for 3 months and returned 2.3 Gbits of new data, including over 16,500 lander and 550 rover images, 16 chemical analyses of rocks and soil, and 8.5 million individual temperature, pressure and wind measurements. The mission captured the imagination of the public, garnered front-page headlines during the first week, and became the largest internet event in history. From the science standpoint, the top results include: 1. Chemical analyses indicate some rocks may be high in silica implying differentiated parent materials. 2. Rounded pebbles and cobbles and a possible conglomerate observed with rover and lander images suggest fluvial processes that imply liquid water in equilibrium with the atmosphere and thus a warmer and wetter past. 3. The moment of inertia discerned from two-way ranging measurements to the lander, indicates a central metallic core of 1300-2000 km in radius. 4. Composite airborne dust particles collected by the magnet experiment appear magnetized by freeze dried magnetite stain or cement that may have been leached from crustal materials by an active hydrologic cycle. 5. Remote sensing data at a scale of generally greater than ~1 km and an Earth analog correctly predicted a rocky plain safe for landing and roving with a variety of rocks deposited by catastrophic floods that are relatively dust free. 6. Lander imaging found water ice clouds in the early morning atmosphere, while the meteorological package observed significant temperature time- and height-variability near the ground, as well as discovering dust-devil phenomena which have since been confirmed lander images. Track 2A 2:30 The Martian Dust Cycle Peter H. Smith Lunar and Planetary Lab University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Mars Pathfinderï¿½s IMP camera returned several thousand images of the Sun and sky that have been analyzed to understand the opacity over time and the physical and optical properties of the Martian dust. In addition, magnets and targets on the lander were positioned to gather dust as it settled out of the atmosphere. Dust devils have also been discovered in horizon images from the gallery pan. Taken together the Martian dust cycle can begin to be understood from its source in the dust devils to the reservoir carried in the lower atmosphere to the sedimentation of the fine dust onto the surface. In addition, the evidence for transport of the surface dust is seen in the Pathfinder images. Ventifacts on the local rocks, duneforms and wind tails are evident around the site. Windsocks measured the local winds and the ASI/MET instrument also observed wind directions and vortical winds passing the site. Little change was observed between the Viking and Pathfinder eras suggesting that these are the conditions that any future mission, manned or robotic, will have to endure. The current understanding of the dust cycle will be presented. Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor (MVACS) Integrated Payload for the Mars Polar Lander Mission D. A. Paige (UCLA), W. V. Boynton (UA), D. Crisp (JPL), E. DeJong (JPL), A. M. Harri (FMI), C. J. Hansen (JPL), H. U. Keller (MPAe), L. A. Leshin (UCLA), P. H. Smith (UA) and R. W. Zurek (JPL) The Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor (MVACS) integrated payload for the Mars Polar Lander will be launched in January, 1999, and land on Mars' south polar layered deposits in December, 1999. Over the course of its 90-day nominal mission during the Martian southern spring and summer seasons, it will make in-situ measurements which will provide new insights into the behavior and distribution of Martian volatiles. MVACS consists of four major instrument systems: A Surface Stereo Imager (SSI) which will acquire multi-spectral stereo images of the surface and atmosphere; a 2-meter Robotic Arm (RA) which will dig a 0.5 meter deep trench and acquire surface and subsurface samples which will be imaged by a focusable Robotic Arm Camera (RAC) which will take close-up images of surface and subsurface samples at a spatial resolution of 21 microns; a Meteorology Package (MET) which will make the first measurements of surface pressure, temperature and winds in Mars' southern hemisphere and employ a Tunable Diode Laser (TDL) spectrometer to measure the water vapor concentration and isotopic composition of carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere; and a Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) which will use differential scanning calorimetry and TDL evolved gas analysis to determine the concentrations of ices, adsorbed volatiles and volatile-bearing minerals in surface and sub-surface soil samples. The unique in-situ measurements made by MVACS at its high-latitude landing site will define a number of important aspects of the physical, isotopic and chemical nature of the Martian near-surface and sub-surface environment which will be valuable for better understanding of Mars meteorites and returned samples, as well as the search for Martian resources which could be utilized by humans. Track 2A 3:30 Mars Environmental Compatibility Assessment (MECA) - Identifying the Hazards of the Martian Soil T. P. Meloy1, M. H. Hecht2, M. S. Anderson2, M. A. Frant3, S. Fuerstenau2, H. U. Keller4, W. Markiewicz4, J. Marshall5 W. T. Pike2, C. Quate6, J. D. Rademacher2, M. W. Shellman2, W. W. Schubert2, and P. Smith7 1. W. Virginia University, 338 COMER, P.O. Box 6070, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA 2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109 USA 3. Orion Research, Inc., 131 Westchester Rd., Newton, MA USA 4. Max Planck Institute fur Aeronomie, P.O. Box 20, D-37189 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany 5. SETI Institute NASA ARC, M/S 239-12, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 USA 6. Stanford University, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94305-9045 USA 7. University of Arizona, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Tucson AZ 85721 USA Sometime in the next decade, NASA will decide whether to send a human expedition to explore the planet Mars. The Mars Environmental Compatibility Assessment (MECA) has been selected by NASA to evaluate the Martian environment for soil and dust hazards to human exploration. The integrated MECA payload contains three elements: a wet-chemistry laboratory, a microscopy station, and enhancements to a lander robot-arm system incorporating arrays of material patches and an electrometer to identify triboelectric charging during soil excavation. The wet-chemistry laboratory will evaluate samples of Martian soil in water to determine the total dissolved solids, redox potential, pH, and quantify the concentration of many soluble ions using ion-selective electrodes. These electrodes can detect potentially dangerous heavy metal ions, emitted pathogenic gases, and the soil's corrosive potential. MECA's microscopy station combines optical and atomic-force microscopy with a robot-arm camera to provide imaging over nine orders of magnitude, from meters to nanometers. Through a careful selection of sample receptacles and an abrasion tool, particle size, shape, angularity, fibrosity, adhesion, hardness, and other properties will be determined on the microscope stage. The simple, rugged atomic-force microscope will image in the submicron size range and has the capability of performing a particle-by-particle analysis of the dust and soil. Although selected by NASA's Human Exploration and Development of Space Enterprise, the MECA instrument suite also has the capability of addressing the possibilities of life on Mars past as well as future. Rehydrating the Martian soil in the wet-chemistry laboratory will reproduce the conditions believed to pertain to an earlier, wetter Mars. On Earth, the earliest forms of life are preserved as microfossils. The atomic-force microscope will have the required resolution to image down to the scale of terrestrial microfossils and beyond. Track 2A 4:00 Sahara Campaign for Field Testing of Mars Exploration Instruments for 2001-2005 Mission Rovers Professor M. A. Mosalam Shaltout National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics Helwan, Cairo, Egypt [email protected] On July 4, 1997, NASAï¿½s Mars Pathfinder lands safely on the surface of the red planet, the first spacecraft to do so in 21 years. After this success, Mars exploration is a high priority program in the United States. There is a plan for testing instruments for a Mars Rover to be launched in the time period 2001-2005 in the Western Desert of Egypt, the driest sahara in the world, and contains a variety of rocks and soil deposited by catastrophic floods early in the history as that occurred in the past history of Mars. Also dust storms occurred for 50 scattered days during the year "El-Kammassen" similar to the dust on Mars. With the planetary society (TPS) in Pasadena, CA, we are currently considering bringing a group of about 12 scientists, 5 from the US (NASA-JPL), 3 from Russia (IKI), 1 from the European Space Agency (ESA) and 3 from Egypt, to do Mars instrument testing in the very dry region of the Western Desert, at three different sites chosen by their analog with Martian desert ï¿½ like conditions, and contain subsurface water at different depths. The instruments to be tested will be electromagnetic sounder, magnetic coil, infrared spectrometer, radiometer, coordination and GPS Navigation. The exception duration for testing is the autumn of 1998. Track 2A 4:30 Politecnico di Milano, Aerospace Engineering Via Lolli 28 I-42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy [email protected] NASA's ERAST program is developing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to fly high altitude, long endurance missions. This paper studies the performances of these aircraft in low Martian atmosphere, an environment very similar to Earth stratosphere. Since no oxygen is available in Martian atmosphere, a solar powered aircraft (i.e. an UAV with solar panels which power electric motors and charge the batteries needed to fly at night) is analyzed. Results show that with current technology, it is possible to develop an UAV capable of continuous flight in low Martian atmosphere. Pathfinder and Centurion aircraft, developed by AeroVironment Inc., could meet that goal without major modifications. Centurion is found to be the best suited to latitude range. Pathfinder, being smaller, could carry less payload and for shorter periods. Flight latitude and season play significant roles in determining payload mass. Such an aircraft could help the first astronauts on Mars to deploy planet-wide weather station and microrover networks, while providing a very detailed picture of soil chemistry and terrain morphology. Toward Real-Time Global Weather Forecasting And Atmospheric Climate Retrievals for Mars Michael Allison (1), Allen Barnes (2), Jennifer Bernell (3), Donna Boccio (2), Megan McEwen (4), Jeremy Ross (5), Noam Solomon (6), Ina Tegen (4), and Wei Zhou (6). (1) NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, [email protected] (2) Queensborough Community College, (3) Riverdale Country School, (4) Columbia University, (5) Pennsylvania State University, (6) Science Systems and Applications Inc. The upcoming Surveyor98 orbiter to Mars will provide systematic global temperature profiles from a dedicated atmospheric sounder, the Pressure Modulator Infrared Radiometer (PMIRR), for a full Mars year. As a part of our Participating Scientist effort on behalf of this mission, we have adapted a terrestrial general circulation model (GCM) to the atmosphere of Mars, including CO2 sublimation, diurnally variable heating, and a mature parameterization of upper level wave drag. The simulated zonal-mean circulation over a full Mars orbit shows a polar westerly jet for each winter hemisphere at the 0.1mb level (approximately 40km altitude) exceeding 100 m/s and seasonally variable equatorial easterlies, nearly vanishing at the autumn equinox. Of particular interest is a consistently simulated 30m/s surface westerly near 30deg south latitude during the northern winter global dust storm season. We are now using our Mars GCM as a platform for the diagnostic evaluation of various schemes for the retrieval of winds from measured temperatures, including non-linear balance methods. The remarkably similar latitudinal smoothing of potential vorticity at upper levels for opposing seasons may suggest an important but overlooked constraint on the climatic retrieval of winds from temperatures. Near-term developments of our model include the adaptation of an interactive dust tracer already in use at the Goddard Institute. We will illustrate the prospects for nearly real-time forecasting at Mars with time-lapse sequences of daily weather patterns. Track 3A 2:00 One Way and Back: An Introduction to Comparative Missionology George William Herbert Retro Aerospace [email protected] Experience with public reception of a prior mission architecture proposed by the author shows that there is poor consensus on why we should go to Mars, and little way to formally categorize the particular goals of a given architecture to compare with other architectures that have been proposed. This paper examines those justifications and goals for sending humans to Mars and proposes a method for comparatively quantifying the target accomplishments of a particular mission. Given such analysis and comparison tools, we can formalize investigations into which exact mission goals are supported and sellable, and thus determine which missions best match the available support. Track 3A 2:30 Free Return Trajectories for Mars Missions Christopher Hirata California Institute of Technology [email protected] Astronauts on a future mission to Mars will want to be launched on a free return trajectory, that is, one on which the gravity of the Sun and planets alone will return them to Earth in the event of a serious malfunction. Although the total time to travel from Earth to Mars and back is at least two years in free-return trajectories that rely only on solar gravity, this can be shortened somewhat if a Martian gravity assist is used on the return to Earth. For the fall 2011 launch opportunity to Mars, a mission departing Earth on a 132-day fast transfer orbit to Mars can return to Earth after only 670 days, as opposed to 728 days for the non-gravity-assist free-return trajectory. While this difference of two months in a two-year abort trajectory may seem insignificant, in fact, a return to Earth two months earlier could save the lives of the crew. Self-Selected Crews for Mars Exploration Roy Clymer, PhD Columbia, MD 21044-1819 [email protected] Planning for the manned exploration of mars rightly focuses on the engineering issues involved. None the less, given the long duration, close confinement, and anticipated need to deal with unanticipated problems, interpersonal issues may be as important determinants of mission success as engineering ones. Previous models of crew selection are based on a top down model where individual performance is assessed and crews assembled according to performance and political considerations. A new model is proposed wherein astronaut candidates create their own crew teams and one team is selected based on it overall performance in competition with the other teams. It is argued that this will foster improved cooperation, heightened responsibility, lessened interpersonal conflict, and increased willingness to sacrifice, resulting in better overall performance and increased probability of mission success. In addition, such a model lends itself to the specification of additional constraints (beyond required technical skills) on team composition which may markedly increase public support for the mission. (Possible examples include requiring equal numbers of both genders or specifying that no more than one team member can come from any continent or nation.) Finally, it is argued that this model could be compared to present methods experimentally and empirical evidence gathered to decide which model truly results in better performance. Track 3A 3:30 LOX/Methane Expander Cycle Rocket Engine For Mars Planetary Exploration Russell Joyner West Palm Beach, Fl. 33410 [email protected] This paper is focused on the propulsion requirements of a rocket engine for deep space and planetary missions. Missions to and from mars have received considerable attention over the past few years, in particular missions which would allow the direct examination of soil samples from the planet's surface. This type of mission would provide some insight into the possibility of using the available resources on Mars (e.g. the soil and the atmosphere) to support a strategic exploration plan. In planetary missions, one of the most crucial concerns is weight. The energy needed to send a payload beyond the earth's orbit is considerable, so the launch vehicle can be very large, and the propulsion (and cost) requirements quickly become prohibitive. One recent concept which has garnered much attention in the area of Mars exploration is In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). Using ISRU propellants greatly reduces earth launch mass requirements by reducing or eliminating the need for launching return propellants. In fact, ISRU may be necessary to accomplish a Mars sample return mission of any consequence or manned Mars missions, due to the size and cost of launching a non-ISRU Mars vehicle for those missions. This paper addresses the use of liquid oxygen (LOX) and methane propellants as the choice for ISRU return propellants. This ISRU propellant option provides the highest performance and has the greatest design experience base. In fact, LOX/Methane provides the highest performance of all the LOX/hydrocarbon fuel combinations. A simple, reliable demonstrator and operational engine for both ISRU sample return and future more detailed Mars explorations has been conceptualized based on the very mature, highly reliable LOX/hydrogen RL10 engine made by Pratt Whitney. This engine uses the expander cycle and has actually been tested in the past using methane as the fuel and a mixture of fluorine and LOX. This paper and presentation will discuss the thermodynamic modeling performed, the LOX/Methane RL10 derivative engine concept, the Demo-to-Operational path, and mission sensitivities to design. Track 3A 4:00 An RLV/Shuttle Compatible Mars Exploration Plan Kurt Anthony Micheels Surface Extreme Environment Dwelling Systems 357 Boardman St., #2 Auburn, California 95603 [email protected] The non-availability of Heavy Lift Launch Vehicles mandates use of the Shuttle or proposed RLV to transport material for human exploration to LEO. Current Mars exploration scenarios make use of landers and habitats compatible only with HLLV's. The size of the Habitat elements prevents economical delivery to polar test sites or practical use in other terrestrial extreme environments. A study of technologies was conducted regarding deployment of habitats capable of transport via LC-130H Antarctic logistics aircraft or integration with a robotic lander vehicle with launch to LEO via shuttle or RLV. The result was a logistics support module capable of functioning as an inflatable deployment system. The module design enables Mars landing and surface transport via a robotic rover and facilitates establishment of a surface base derived from the current Mars reference mission. The module may also be adapted as a deployment system for an inflatable interplanetary habitat integrated with a dedicated transit vehicle. This paper presents a proposal for a Human Mars Exploration Mission based on the inflatable deployment system and demonstrates how such a system may be derived from Mars Direct/Semi-Direct mission plans. Track 3A 4:30 A Permanent Moon Base and a Mission to Mars Alastair Browne [email protected] In undertaking a project such as a manned mission to Mars, one must take into consideration the technology required for such an endeavor, the length of time it will take, the activities to be performed, and the cost. What is required are efficient transportation systems, long term life support systems, propulsion systems, and efficient means of food production and space habitation. This will take technological advancements we do not yet possess. One way to acquire the technology for a mission to Mars would be, first, to build a base on the Moon for practice in survival on Mars and for using the Moon as a base to commence the journey. This paper will cover the prospects of a lunar base for a mission to Mars along with the ways we can obtain this goal. Discussed will be a proposal for a separate way station for Moon bound ships, the categories of Moon bound ships we should develop, the Moon base, its various activities, how the Moon base will expand, and how the Moon can be developed for commercial use. In addition, we will also discuss the mining of near Earth asteroids, their importance in providing for the Moon base the resources the Moon itself lacks, and their potential commercial use along with their benefits. After covering how a solid, scientific, industrial, and self-supporting lunar/space base is set up, this paper will then cover a brief scenario for a mission to Mars, and the first aspects of settling the red planet. Last to be covered will be allocating funds for this ambitious space program, a newly proposed Space-Industrial Complex, and the prospect for international cooperation. Other space-faring nations have complimentary technologies and finances to our own space program, and working together will benefit all of humanity. Track 3A 5:00 New Directions: Reevaluating the Lunar Refueling Option J.D. Beegle and H.L. Beegle 70 Welton Dr. Plymouth, MA 02360 Recent discoveries in the fields of Planetary Science and Astronautics hold exciting promise of potentially further optimizing future voyages from Earth to Mars. The existence of substantial water ice deposits at the Lunar poles, discovered by the Clementine mission and confirmed by the Lunar Prospector mission, in conjunction with the invention of the Belbruno-Miller Transfer, which significantly reduces the D V required to go from the Earth to the Moon, justify a reexamination of the possible merits of refueling in Lunar Orbit in route to Mars. While the investment in infrastructure required in order to make refueling in Lunar Orbit possible would be so substantial that it would be difficult to justify on the basis of a limited number of flights, if a permanent base or colony is to be established on Mars the synergistic advantages of Lunar refueling become more persuasive. Track 4A 2:00 Acquiring the Mars Atmosphere using Diurnal Temperature Swing adsorption John E. Finn, NASA Ames Research Center (1) K. R. Sridhar, NASA Ames Research Center (2) The Martian atmosphere has most of the basic ingredients from which the consumable materials needed for exploration activities (life support gases, propellants, structural materials) might be obtained. For most atmospheric processing applications, regardless of scale, the first step is compressing the low-pressure (1% of Earth's atmosphere) gases. Mars' dusty conditions and low temperatures make operation of mechanical compressors troublesome; the enormous cost of electrical power normally needed for their operation makes matters worse. One logical alternative is the use of a device which adsorbs and concentrates relatively large quantities of the mostly CO2 atmosphere at low temperatures, and releases the gas at high pressure when heated. However, even such adsorption compressors can be power-hungry and complicated if they must be heated to high temperatures and cooled with refrigeration cycles. Over much of the year and across a wide band of latitudes, the surface of Mars experiences a daily temperature swing that is large by Earth standards. For example, data from Pathfinder exhibit a regular swing of about 70 kelvins (200 to 270 K). Laboratory experiments at NASA Ames Research Center indicate that with the proper choice of adsorbent, this temperature swing is large enough to drive an adsorption-based compressor that obtains virtually all of its power from the environment. Depending on the quantity of gas needed, compression ratios can range from tens to hundreds. Such devices would have value for a large number of power-constrained applications, and their designs would be useful for similar units that could produce high-pressure gas on a continuous basis. We have designed and constructed a prototype of a diurnal cycle adsorption compressor and have begun testing it under simulated Mars atmospheric conditions. In this presentation we discuss the principles of its operation, present preliminary performance data, and describe the larger implications of using adsorption as a technique for compressing and separating Mars atmospheric gases. Track 4A 3:00 Development of Integrated Petrochemical Manufacturing Facilities on Mars Sanders D. Rosenberg John E. Finn NASA Ames Research Center Local resources on Mars, while not nearly as bountiful as those on Earth, are sufficient to support the development of Integrated Petrochemical Manufacturing Facilities. The presence of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the Martian atmosphere and ice/permafrost and metal oxides on/below the Martian surface hold promise of providing the raw materials required to support the manufacture of oxygen, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and the generation of solar electric power. The manufacture of these vital chemicals and products derived therefrom, will, in turn, enable the development of a permanent human presence on Mars, followed by the establishment of colonies. Water (vapor and/or liquid) can be electrolyzed to form oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen, in turn, can be used to reduce carbon dioxide to from methane and ethylene. Methane can be used to form ethylene. Ethylene can be used to form other hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic, ethanol, and polyethylene. Ethanol can be used to form polyesters and foodstuffs. Oxygen, water and foodstuffs will be used for life support. Hydrogen can be used to reduce (hydrothermal reduction) iron oxide present on/below the Martian surface to form iron and water in a closed cyclic process which produces oxygen as a key product. Methane can be used to reduce (carbothermal reduction) iron oxide and silica present on/below the Martian surface to form iron, silicon, and carbon monoxide in a closed cyclic process which produces oxygen as a key product. The silicon will be used to manufacture silicon wafers for solar electric power generation. Oxygen/hydrogen and oxygen/methane will be used to power local and interplanetary rocket propulsion systems and fuel cells for electric power generation. Polyethylene, polyester, and other plastics will be used to build structures and other parts for Martian bases and colonies, as will metals, such as iron and ferrosilicon. There is no doubt the development of Intergrated Petrochemical Manufacturing Facilities will enable a permanent human presence on Mars, i.e. bases and colonies followed by extensive human exploration of the far reaches of the solar system. As part of this grand plan, a program is being conducted under contract NAS2-09043 to demonstrate the synthesis of ethylene and other useful products, e.g. methane, benzene, polyethylene, and ethanol, by the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen. These products will be synthesized using inorganic processes based on sound chemical engineering principles. The program is focused on two synthetic paths to produce ethylene in conversion greater that 95%, direct catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen, and catalytic reforming of methane produced by the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen. Benefits to be derived from the program are: (1) conversion of metabolic wastes to useful products for use on manned spacecraft and planetary bases, (2) the use of indigenous Martian resources for the production of useful products for life support, base construction, and propulsion system fueling/refueling, (3) weight savings which result from reduced on-board supply requirements; (4) production of useful products based on efficient engineering principles, i.e. mass, volume and energy, and (5) reduced resupply from earth which enable economic exploration and colonization of mars and the moon. The chemistry and chemical engineering processes which were demonstrated on the program will be presented and discussed, e.g. (a) the direct synthesis of ethylene from carbon dioxide and (b) the indirect two-step synthesis of ethylene using water electrolysis and modified Fischer-Tropsch processes. They will be directly applicable to the development of closed life support systems for manned spacecraft, lunar and Martian bases, and , ultimately, lunar and Martian colonies, e.g. the conversion of the Martian atmosphere to methane, ethylene, ethanol, and a variety of polymers for construction and other uses. This may be followed by other interesting syntheses, e.g. polyethylene, a plastic with many varied uses, and ethanol, a potential foodstuff and precursor to polyesters, another very useful plastic Track 4A 3:30 Producing a Brick from a Simulated Material Theorized to be Found on Mars for Colonizational Use 266 Vargo Rd. Horseheads, NY 14845 The goal of reaching and colonizing other planets is coming closer and closer to being realized. One of the problems faced with colonizing another planet is how will we use the resources there to build a colony. Mars is a very likely target for colonization due to many factors, including the abundance of H2O that can be found there If a colony is to be built, it must be made of something. It would make the most economical sense to use materials found on Mars for colonizing instead of transporting the materials from Earth. It was suggested in a paper by Bruce Mackenzie from The Case for Mars III conference that bricks could be made from the Martian surface for underground structures. My senior thesis is to try to make such a brick. I have done research trying to determine the composition of the Martian surface. The most important feature for producing a brick was to determine if there were any clays in the Martian soil. In the same conference, there was another paper by Robert Boyd, Patrick Thompson, and Benton Clark that tried to produce compressed samples of wetted Martian soil which they named "duricrete." Parts of their paper are similar to how a brick would be produced such as adding polymer fibers for additional strength. The rest of my experiment will be to try to make bricks from researched composition using different ratios of soil to water. Then each of these bricks will be measured for strength and other measurements that seem appropriate once they are formed. Track 4A 4:00 A Comparison of ISRU Options for the First Human Mars Mission Kristian Pauly Institute of Astronautics, Technical University Munich Exploration Office, NASA Johnson Space Center Houston The Exploration Office at NASAï¿½s Johnson Space Center is investigating different strategies for the first human Mars missions. The latest results of this work are summarized in the "Design Reference Mission" which is permanently updated as the research continues [1,2]. The mission that is outlined by the design team involves in situ resource utilization not only for the propellant production (ISPP) but also for the production of crew consumables. In the course of this work, it was the task of the author of this abstract during his work on the Mars Exploration Study Team to make a comparison of all ISRU options that are suited for this task [3,4]. The goal of the six month study was the down selection of the option that is best suited for a human mission out of the countless ISRU options that are proposed. For this purpose, a detailed computer model of 12 different ISRU options was designed, including a number of different fuels (e.g. CH4, CH3OH, C2H4, CO, H2, ...). This model considers not only the features of the core process (e.g. Sabatier) but also the acquisition, filtering, liquefaction, storage and power requirements as well as mission design. The process data for the computer model thereby is derived more from results of actual systems and less on previous studies. This input to the model is based on the research done by different universities, industry (especially NASA contractors) as well as NASA itself. It is shown that a number of options that look very good on the paper have to be ruled out for practical reasons. References: [1] S. Hoffmann, D. Kaplan et al.: "Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team", NASA Special Publications 6107, July 1997. [2] B. Drake et al.: "Addendum to the Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team (V3.0)", NASA-JSC 28208, May 1998. [3] K. Pauly: "Mars ISRU: Comparison of Options", Interim Report presented to the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team, March 1998. [4] K. Pauly: "Mars Mission Scenarios Involving In-Situ Resource Utilization", Diploma Thesis, Institute of Astronautics, Technical University Munich, 1998. Track 4A 4:30 Near Term Economics of Water Extraction from Martian Moons David Buehler Guppy Research [email protected] There is a good possibility of water existing locked inside the moons of Mars. This paper examines the economics of retrieving and using water from Phobos. If a system can be designed to extract and transport water back to low-Earth orbit (LEO) economical, it could provide an incentive for non-government investment to fund Mars missions. A water extraction and transportation system is described and the economics of the system are evaluated. The market for water based propellant (either LOX/LH2 or H2O2 with Earth-supplied fuel) is estimated, as well as the costs of various parts of the system. It appears that the system is economic at current costs. If iceberg-like deposits of ice exist on the moon it could provide competition to water from Mars. The costs of lunar water are estimated and compared to water from Phobos. The system is described in a previous paper, but briefly consists of a transportation infrastructure based in Earth orbit and a lightweight tanker that meets incoming packages of water and aerocapturing them into Earth orbit. It uses disposable inflatable water containers for the journey from Mars to Earth. A tanker with a lightweight heatshield meets them individually as they arrive, matching their orbit and transferring the water on board. It uses a UV reflective surface which is heat sunk by the water payload, as well as transpiration cooling system using the water. Splitting the system like this into extraction and aerocapture systems minimizes the amount of equipment which must be flown to Mars. Track 4A 5:00 CNRS [email protected] A European program is under development with the participation of the CNRS, ONERA, DLR and Russian Laboratories on the implementation of a new rocket engine system which uses a propellant based on CO2 and metal particles, such as magnesium particles. This propulsion system is proposed as a viable concept for Mars sample-return missions, and also as an example for a generic propulsion concept based on metallized propellants for future launchers. The rational behind the proposed propulsion system is to take full advantage of the concept of in-situ resource utilization for Mars sample return missions, by using the Martian CO2 and magnesium as propellants. On the other hand, the studies conducted for this objective will also provide useful information for a general use of metallized propellants for future launchers. The project has also a microgravity aspect related to the reduced gravity level on Mars. On the other hand, for metal particle combustion experiments, microgravity is an indispensable research tool to remove particle sedimentation and natural convection effects, especially under high pressure conditions. The main objectives of the project are: i) To determine the ignition limits and the combustion characteristics of magnesium particle clouds and single magnesium particles during normal and reduced gravity experiments, in CO2 and for various pressure ranges. ii) To test a model of a rocket engine using CO2/magnesium powder propellant and to prove that such an engine can work smoothly and effectively. Yes, But Do The People Support Us? Humboldt C. Mandell, Jr., Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Exploration Office, Mail Code EX Houston, TX 77058 [email protected] Despite the results of a number of polls, the extent of public support for a human mission to Mars is largely unknown. What would the American people want NASA to do if they were fully informed of what can be done? The NASA Strategic Plan demands a better understanding of what our customers, the citizens, expect us to do. The Administration has called for a new "Dialog with America" to involve the nation more fully in the determination of what their government does in all of its agencies. To address these issues, NASA has formed a Customer Engagement group, which is actively seeking ways to better communicate with the people, to inform them of what is possible, and to engage them as customers and stakeholders in an organized campaign to promote human Mars exploration. A first step is to find out what an enlightened electorate would want NASA to do. There have always been polls to measure public attitudes, but, for many reasons, they have had little influence in the casting of public policy in space. A primary reason is that they draw information from an uninformed population. But there is now new technology for measuring public attitudes, in this case, public support for space exploration. The new methods involve the sampled population actively in the deliberation process. The Deliberative Poll which has been proven in the United States and the United Kingdom, will tell us what an enlightened population would want NASA to do. Deliberative Polls are expensive, and new funding mechanisms have been developed, including a new Foundation for Space Exploration. The skills required to address these issues do not all exist within NASA. To that end, new partnerships are already being developed with non-traditional sources. The academic community is expected to play a major role. Track 5A 2:30 234 Dorland Street San Francisco CA 94114 Many obstacles block any plan to send humans to mars. In conversations on the subject one often feels the discussion has ended before it has begun. Supporters of a human mission to mars often end up preaching to the choir rather than face the questions of an educated and adamant friend or colleague, let alone a stranger. We need to become comfortable, each of us, with discussing and arguing for a Mars mission. My article focuses on: Common arguments against a Mars mission. Counter-arguments that foster an open discussion, others likely to alienate prospective enthusiasts The imperative for mars society and other groups to be open and inclusive in their goals for mars. Why space exploration during the late 1960ï¿½s counter-culture revolution was essentially doomed and how our time is fundamentally different. Why many people feel skeptical about space exploration, roots of that mistrust. Ten basic facts about mars everyone should know (a cheat sheet for the masses). Before we can decide on the right plan to motivate the public about Mars, we need to look at why human space exploration ended after the Apollo program; where people lost interest; what it will take to reinvigorate their passion for space exploration, and what brings up such passionate opposition in so many. Some reasons are simple, others complex and unexpected. Itï¿½s important that Mars Societyï¿½s objectives remain open. That should be easy. Thatï¿½s a whole planet next door. Yet time and again we hear people publicly discussing plans for mars as if it were only for a specific group. Yes, the initial years will be tough and in some ways analogous to the American West, but as a selling point that idea is not only uninteresting for many, itï¿½s a real showstopper for some. I donï¿½t try to sell a human mission to mars to a microbiologist the same way I do to a sculptor. They have different hopes for the future, yet neither dream is wrong or less realizable than the other. Anyone willing to dream about a human presence on Mars, about that next step, should be given a wide latitude for their thought of what it might become. The only agreement needed is that it is possible and worthwhile to start now, but then that is the real battle. Most people donï¿½t know the first thing about mars. Its size of climate; its unique place as the only hospitable neighbor in our solar system. They know about "War of the Worlds," not Olympus Mons; about "Mars Attacks," not Valles Marineris. A little information would go a long way towards helping people understand why itï¿½s mars and not Venus or the moon that has captured our attention. Iï¿½ve talked with people around the would about my hopes for mars and itï¿½s future exploration. Iï¿½m thankful to those who were kind enough to tell the overzealous thirty-one year old what thy though of my ideas; those who put the dreamer in his place and made me find them a reason to go. The debate has helped me recognize some of the serious misgivings people have about space travel. But remember, beneath the apathetic exterior of many skeptics are dreamers who, when their values and hopes can be included and they are shown that this adventure could be unlike any in humankindï¿½s history, can become as excited about Mars as I am. Track 5A 3:00 Mars Outreach at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex James E Ball Chief, Public Services Kennedy Space Center, Fl. 32899 The visitor center at John F. Kennedy Space Center is NASAï¿½s largest and best attended, attracting more than 2.5 million visitors annually from all over the world. The complex has undergone dramatic improvements and expansions in the past several years, with more than $80 million in user-funded improvements completed or initiated in the past three years alone. The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, recognized last year with the entertainment industryï¿½s highest honor for professional presentation, offers one of the most effective and far-reaching opportunities available for public outreach related to the promotion of Mars exploration. Mars is already a key component of the message in a variety of current and under-production exhibits and presentations at the Complex. Mars exploration is integrated into current exhibits dealing with human space flight launches, past and present robotic exploration of Mars, feature films, and in-production experiences including a new movie dealing with the search for life, and a walk-through exhibit presenting the relationship between NASAï¿½s robotic exploration of the solar system and future human exploration which will follow. A major new Mars exhibit is in the early conceptual phase. The options for a ride simulation are being explored along with exhibit content displaying technology development in a realistic Mars environment. This paper describes the methods and purpose of these outreach strategies, and describes plans for a major Mars technology exhibit anticipated in the near future. Partnering arrangements with other NASA centers and Mars researchers will help ensure such an exhibit provides maximum public impact as the issue of human exploration of Mars receives increasing public discussion. Track 5A 3:30 Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics Stanford, CA 94305-4035 A multi-city tour of rock concerts is proposed as a means to both intensify and focus support for space exploration and to raise money for space exploration research and development, particularly for Mars exploration missions. Many rock artists are genuinely interested in space exploration as is evident from their CDs, song titles, and performances. If several of these artists are brought together for a series of performances, the public relations benefit could be substantial as could be the fund-raising potential for specific Mars exploration projects or prize funds. The current popular interest in space exploration, while sometimes paranoiacally misguided, provides a great opportunity to apply this approach to public relations for the space exploration community. This paper describes the type of shows that could be produced and discusses some quantitative aspects of the public relations and fund-raising benefits. Depending upon the caliber of rock artists involved, and the number of shows performed, the number of people reached through advertising and through the news media would be in the range of one to ten million. The range of fund-raising potential is a strong function of many highly-variable parameters and could vary from a few thousand to a few million US dollars. Mail Stop BC-B Florida 32899 Mars, by nature is an explorer, an adventurer, and a conqueror of frontiers. Paradoxically, mankind surrounds itself with organizations and institutions which shelter, comfort and protect. Before man sets out on a grand undertaking, he must have the collective will of an institution behind him. Historically, institutions such as the church, or a monarchy provided this necessary backbone for exploration. These organizations provided the broad based "rationale" or reason for the particular exploration, the required resources, both material and labor, and then allowed the explorer to lead the expedition with a single minded vigor. More recently, scientific exploration of our oceans has been successfully accomplished with the organizational support of a private society (Jacques Costeau) and exploration of space through government support (NASA). This paper shall argue that in order to carry out a successful human mission to Mars, prerequisite conditions of institutional support and singly focused leaders are required. Although the argument will be made with the government in mind as the supporting institution, many analogies could be drawn to a commercial entity acting as the sponsoring institution. The required institutional support does not merely appear. Those with the dream to explore must first engender the support of the general public, align the executive and legislative branches of government, and delineate this exploration as the priority within the "sponsoring" organization (NASA). Although these three areas are loosely tied together, and many times at odds with each other or at odds themselves, they must be aligned. This is primarily a leadership challenge. The second leadership challenge, equally as difficult, is transforming the institutional support, the funding, and existing planning into the reality of operating vehicle and cargo hardware which will successfully achieve the mission. Track 5A 5:00 Establishing a Human Mission from Planet Earth: Technology Assessment and Social Forecasting of Moon/Mars Synergies Eligar Sadeh and Evan Valchos Center for Engineering Infrastructure and Sciences in Space Colorado State University, Fort Collins The goal of this paper is to assess the sociopolitical, scientific, and technological dynamics related to the establishment of a Human Mission from Planet Earth (H-MFPE) involving exploration and utilization of the Moon and Mars. This assessment can be accomplished through: (1) understanding the philosophical and epistemological premises of H-MFPE in the context of the significance of exploration in human history; (2) identifying key H-MFPE trends and developments that have shaped the sociopolitical rationale of this effort; (3) articulating the current sociopolitical, scientific, and technological dimensions of the mission by modeling critical variables; (4) examining the range of impacts and consequences related to relevant H-MFPE scenarios; and (5) formulating potential policy options and implementation alternatives through institutional capacity building and broader public involvement. These tasks are directed at a systematic process of technology assessment and social forecasting to provide a framework for specifying H-MFPE future scenarios. It is suggested that it is too early to plan a detailed, integrated, and long-term program that presupposed human exploration of the Moon and Mars because not enough is known about the lunar and Martian environments or about survivability in long-term space missions required for H-MFPE. Nevertheless, intermediary steps, including the use of planetary probes and the development of enabling robotic technologies for Moon and Mars exploration and utilization, can be undertaken that could make H-MFPE technically feasible. Thus, of critical importance, for s systematic technology assessment framework, are the concepts of robotic/human and Moon/Mars synergies for H-MFPE. Related to these scientific and technological considerations is the underlying emphasis on policy dynamics which are viewed as inextricably linked to the realization of H-MFPE. In this regard, decision-making and decision support systems, appropriate funding, and international cooperation are identified as "crucial" factors important for the realization of H-MFPE. The paper concludes with a policy utilization analysis that underscores how policy plans for the realization of H-MFPE can be developed through the help of technology assessment and social forecasting by political decision-makers. 8:00 Evening Panel A Roderick Hyde, Muriel Ishikawa and Lowell Wood+ (speaker) University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94550-0808 An extensively-reviewed program for establishing a permanently-occupied base on Mars on a sub-decade time-scale for a total cost (estimated within ''U.S. Government standard'' models) of the order of $10 billion is presented in some detail. The Olympia Project aims to exploit current technology in a technologically updated Apollo-esque approach to soft-land on Mars sufficient equipment and materials to support a Mars Base crew of four, including all-Mars-surface rocket- and wheel-based exploration vehicles, life-support supplies sufficient for decade, research equipment and return-to-Earth capabilities for the entire mission-crew. Ways-and-means for indefinitely prolonged mission extension are discussed, as are obvious approaches for strongly leveraging features of the Martian environment for mission enhancement. Key technologies include flexible-walled structures for the interplanetary transit vehicle and for Martian habitats and vehicles, mission-optimized life-support systems, Martian atmospheric resource exploitation for recovery of hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, as well as carbon, and use of generous quantities of photovoltaically-derived energy with which to manipulate usefully the near-Base Martian environment. Costed major mission options include the full spectrum of life-support technologies, ranging from Apollo-esque one-time use through complete recycling of materials, crew size, Mars system maneuvers (e.g., high-orbit vs. Deimos parking vs. direct atmospheric entry from interplanetary transit trajectory) and Mars-surface mission-richness. Mars as a Suspect for Life Prof. Bruce Jakosky University of Colorado Boulder, CO There may have been life on Mars in the past; there may be life there today. The author will present the evidence for suspecting the possibility of past or present life on Mars. Mars Airplanes: For 2003 and Beyond Larry Lemke NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA Powered heavier than-air craft offer unique potential as tools for Mars exploration. The author has proposed that NASA fly such a vehicle down the slot of the Valles Marineris ï¿½ the grand canyon of Mars, on the 100th anniversary of the Wright Brothers first airplane flight on Earth. NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA Mars exploration will require the best capabilities of humans and robots to achieve science objectives. There is a common misconception that robots can explore Mars more cost-effectively than humans. But robots are simply the tools for gathering data for humans. The most effective exploration strategy simply assigns the right tool to the right job. The appropriate tool is dictated by the scale of exploration and the science to be performed. For global mapping involving imaging and composition measurements, orbiters are the best platform. For high resolution observations over regional areas, aircraft are the most appropriate platform. For geological field work, nothing will work better than the human in the field. Robotic rovers will precede human explorers and may augment their capabilities once they are on Mars, but rovers have relatively poor capabilities compared to humans. Field simulations of Mars rover missions have been performed over the last five years which serve to illustrate the capabilities of rovers for performing field science. We also now have the experience provided by the Pathfinder rover Sojourner. The biggest problem for science accomplishment is that the most interesting observations (those immediately obvious to the field geologist) are often missed completely in the rover observations. This holds true even when the rovers are teleoperated in real time in a "telepresent" mode. When teleoperated from Earth, trivial operations (for a human) become major activities. Sojourner, for example, circumnavigated the Pathfinder lander in 90 sols, a task that a human explorer could have accomplished in a few minutes. This talk reviews the lessons learned from rover missions and field simulations and recommends the science strategy for humans and robots together to Mars. PO Box 41479 Plymouth, MN 55441 Recent technological breakthroughs in Mars mission design have vastly reduced the cost of birthing a new human habitable world on Mars. Our next president and congress will weigh the value of being the parent civilization that settles Mars. What benefits will the parent civilization get and what are they worth compared to the cost? The question is like asking what the value of a child is to its parents. We will use this parent-child analogy, during this session, to develop a framework to help our leaders think about humanityï¿½s future on Mars. Please come to the session with your own ideas about the benefits of having your own child. Bring your brain, your Case for Mars book, and any papers you may have in this area. Someone bring a calculator, a Mars atlas, and an Earth economic atlas. For each benefit of children, we will list an analog benefit to our civilization of settling Mars. We will then attempt to quantify or characterize the benefits listed to our civilization. The result will be a group paper. It may serve as a primer for a case study for the Harvard Business School and the Kennedy School of Government. It is hoped that this paper as it may be rewritten will serve as an important intellectual foundation for use by our next president and congress as they weigh humanities future. 12 noon Book signing Matt Golombek will sign copies of his just released "Mars: Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet," published by the National Geographic Society. Track 1B 1:00 Mars Bonds: a Tool for Private Colonization of Mars Richard Allen Brown Charleston, SC 29403 [email protected] In reading Robert Zubrin's "A Case for Mars", I was intrigued by the possibility of private funding of Mar Colonization. My proposal is fairly simple and easy to understand. There are four parts: An insurance company such as Berkshire Hathaway would sell $20 billion in Mars Bonds to the public. Essentially, each bond would cost $20,000 and pay no interest over its one hundred-year life. The bond would give the holder the right to 100 square kilometers or about 25 thousand acres on Mars. At the end of the 100-year period, if the bond were not exercised, the holder would receive a return of principal. The insurance company would invest the money on Earth and promise five per cent per year or $1 billion to fund Mars colonization projects. The insurance company would be looking for low cost alternatives to colonizing Mars with or without the help of NASA or other governmental agencies. The U.S. based company would have to lay claim to Mars, which would require some rewriting of international law. An appropriate lobbying effort would be needed. Mars colonization advocates could buy shares in the insurance company and leverage that ownership into a lobbying effort. The privately funded colonization projects would ultimately be successful and the insurance company would trade the bonds for Mars titles. Then the new landholders would pay taxes to the newly formed Mars government. The insurance company would have served its function and the Martians would be in control. Settlement of Mars: the Mars Lotto Alex Duncan Suite ï¿½Pï¿½, 1803 South Foothills Highway, Boulder, Colorado Given the great number of years involved in this project, I strongly suggest the creation of a lottery to finance the preliminary surveys, etc., plus the actual mission. I believe that state and national governments can be convinced to provide the proper licenses for such a venture. I propose a monthly or bi-monthly pay-out with substantial cash prizes; in other words, the usual. However, what would be unusual would be that all the winners over a 3-5 year period would enter a separate pool. From this pool, a "grand" prize would be awarded, which would be a spot on the manned Mars mission (obviously, certain physical/age conditions would have to be met). I believe that such a lottery would attract all the necessary dollars to fund the goals of the Mars Society. This lottery, if sold properly, would be a world-wide operation. Tickets would be sold in every country that allowed the Mars lottery to operate. Let everyone in the world have an opportunity to participate in the exploration of Mars, and possibly other destinations, as well. I think this concept would provide a great deal of positive exposure to the concept of interplanetary travel, which might create additional opportunities for funding. I understand this is, but one of many ideas on how to raise money. Hopefully one, or more, of the ideas presented will allow this organization to move forward as a privately funded operation. Track 1B 2:00 Private Mars Landing: Fast Initial Return on Investment Edward B. Kiker 21824 Edwards Dr. Easton, Kansas 66020 [email protected] Fast returns on investment from a private mission to Mars should scale into the billions of dollars over and above the costs of the mission. Even before the mission goes there will be income from sponsoring businesses: the burger and soft drink companies, the computer companies, and others which will want their logos on the mission ships. Millions of citizens will pay to have their names engraved on plaques to go to Mars. We must not forget the commercialization aspects for children: the action figures, cereals, model kits, scale vehicles, caps, lunch bags, and other Mars memorabilia. When the mission goes, there will be huge incomes from the advertising sponsors of the stations which cover the mission. Approaching the planet will generate income from photography of Mars. Once on the surface the crew can generate early returns from photographs, artists' work, poetry, songs, gems and crystals, fossils, mineral specimens including meteorites, air samples, and perhaps life forms. Sufficient materials of value could probably be collected in the first week of surface time to send back by an automated ship for early sale at over a billion dollars. Scientists may decry commercialization, but governments will protect sources of revenue and geopolitical stature. The mission will go. Track 1B 2:30 An "East India Company" Financing Model for Mars Direct by Creating a Publicly Held Stock company Called: MARS CORP. John Coston, The Power of Ten Clubs International 3743 Pulaski Ave. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 MARS CORP. uses a corporate structure as a vehicle to bring the widest spectrum of space supporters into the Mars Direct program. This proposal takes advantage of the long lead-time nature of initial exploration to provide "Demming", just-in-time cash flow programmability. Problems associated with SEC "Blue Sky" laws are satisfied by utilizing the mutual investment club method. Corporate structure mimics the democratic process; one share, one vote; providing means of eliminating "politically correct", social engineering from being inflicted upon MARS CORP. via prohibitions written into the bylaws. MARS CORP. will: Establish ownership of the first, privately owned, profit motivated, Public Utility on Mars via ownership of the "Zubrin Generators"; and, a commercial "Mars Property Right". MARS CORP. habitats, for sale to investor/explorers et al, on Mars, will establish a "homestead" private property right, simultaneously creating a claim to land as a homestead right. Exploration by MARS CORP. rovers will establish a rational claim to "boundaries" of contiguous property claimed by MARS CORP. MARS CORP. infrastructure, once established, creates extra leverage for negotiating scheduled transport services form NASA et al. Profit in the highly speculative MARS CORP. is provided Profit Driven Investors via branded merchandise, souvenirs, entertainment contracts, leases, contract services, etc. Exploration Driven Investors benefit from banking MARS CORP. "credits", on Mars, which will become the de facto medium of exchange. Credits to establish pre-positioned habitats and life support needs. A Mutual Investment Club program, pre-tested over thirteen years, specifically designed in 1985 by Power of Ten Clubs International, Ltd., a Delaware nonprofit corporation, to enable space supporters of modest means to participate in space exploration will be explained. This concept can fully fund Mars Direct without imposition of economic stress on any participating member. University of Regensburg, Faculty of Business Administration Regensburg, Germany [email protected] After the first lunar landing in July of 1969, public interest in manned space flight has continue to decrease. In contrast to this phenomenon. other comparable high technology events, such as international automobile racing, are growing in popularity. Formula 1 racing, in particular, has developed into a highly profitable, privately sponsored economic enterprise. Because of its tremendous financial power, Formula 1 racing is able to recruit top personnel in the fields of technology, sports, marketing and management. As a result, it is possible to achieve challenging project goals very quickly. Project successes lead to an increase in public interest. Thus, additional private sponsors are willing to put their money into formula 1 events. This paper starts by pointing out the critical success factors of Formula 1 sponsoring. Next, a number of possibilities re discussed on how to increase public interest in manned space flight. On this basis, a sponsoring concept for manned missions to Mars is developed. Track 1B 4:00 Entrepreneurial Opportunities from the Colonization of Mars Keith Parton and Andrew Lawrence [email protected] [email protected] Noble arguments have been presented concerning why is advisable and even necessary, to pursue an active program leading to the habitation of Mars. Among these arguments have been the desire to acquire and develop the vast mineral resources available on the planet, the need to rejuvenate the spirit of adventure that was inherent in society during the exciting times of expansion, and the need to keep developing new technology to insure dominance in the global market. This paper will look at the entrepreneurial opportunities one can expect to be developed from an undertaking of this magnitude, and the benefits that will be distributed throughout society. Little research has been conducted on the benefits from prior space efforts. The public at large generally accepts that the development of new technology took quantum leaps because of NASAï¿½s programs, but in order to win over a dominant segment to support a mission to Mars, a detailed education and marketing campaign will have to be designed to teach the public how the quality of life of each member of society has increased thanks to mans race into space. We will research past breakthroughs in the realms of medicine, education, meteorology, environmental sciences, and technology. We will also highlight how entrepreneurial companies have been able to take advantage of licensing programs and shared technology to the great benefit of society at large. By analyzing historical references on past advances, we will then look forward at some avenues that may be presented in the future for those who are interested in developing the commercial aspects of space exploration. Track 1B 4:30 Cost Containment for a Thrust into Space Richard [email protected] We need to explore cheaper methods of research and broaden public interest. Why do we spend billions for research in space? People can only read about it and wish they were the privileged few who get to fly aloft. There are schedule complications, weight restrictions and many limitations. First, we should attempt an earth based study habitat. (See drawing 1) It is not as grand or spectacular as space, but it is practical. Second, enhance the research center with a science center. Visitors and students from grade school to college can enjoy these exhibits. This could be a traveling event tailored to an audience for donations. High school presentations will inspire children and improve the future of space. Third, we should examine practical development. We can develop a basic colonization at limited risk and expense on the moon. The laboratory will ï¿½impactï¿½ on the moon as an unmanned rover. Remote driving could deliver the rover near a location to meet arriving astronauts. The Delta-X rocket could be used to bring astronauts from a shuttle to the moon and return them to the shuttle. This has potential as a reusable system. One last thought for our next effort in space exploration and colonization. We should do more development on centripetal gravity. (See drawing 2) This concept will also provide a great ï¿½Construction Trailerï¿½ for all other future space projects. Mars would be explored from a main craft using the same methods developed for lunar exploration. This is not the only solution, but I offer one possibility. Public interest increases with involvement. An earth based study habitat can be completed on a two (2) acre area over a four (4) year period. Track 1 B 5:00 Lockheed-Martin and Science Fiction Novelist Denver, CO This paper examines the persistent failure of space devotees to place even one human being on the surface of Mars. The reasons fall into three broad categories: (1) That manned space travel is expensive -- REALLY expensive -- and that the people being asked to pay do not see themselves as direct beneficiaries. However, costs do tend to fall as technologies -- particularly materials science and propulsion -- grow more advanced. Eventually the costs may fall either (a) below the public's threshold of annoyance (c.f., Antarctica), or (b) within the reach of private organizations. (2) That current infrastructure is increasingly geared toward "smaller, faster, cheaper" payloads, whereas manned vehicles are necessarily large, slow, and fantastically fault tolerant. If Mars colonization is a goal, preserving or enhancing current heavy-lift launch capabilities must be a top priority; we must support large, heavy, complex missions as well as cheap, throwaway experiments! (3) That manned space travel, once seen as an adventure fully in keeping with the American spirit, is now widely viewed as a luxurious boondoggle which diverts resources from both pure science and pure industry. Three reasons contribute: (a) Because Hollywood space travel is both cheaper and more exciting. (b) Because many Americans draw little distinction between real science, fictitious science, and crazy UFO mythology -- in their hearts, few people believe in Mars as a real -- if remote and hostile -- place they could actually visit (c.f., Antarctica, the ocean floor, et. al.). And finally (c) because the Space Race is over, thank God, and oh, by the way, we won. In all three cases, the root problem is the same: space travel as currently practiced and portrayed is elitist, autocratic, and mind-numbingly boring. With audience participation,. Mr. McCarthy will explore how these obstacles can be overcome The Frontier of Mars Is an Agriscience Classroom Larry PayneOroville High [email protected] Current interest in exploration and settlement of other habitable worlds and the need for a pioneering spirit should be used to create high interest levels in high school students. The best place to start cooperative efforts by space scientists interested in life beyond its current known habitat is with students enrolled in agriscience education. By encouraging the participation of such students in the process of scientific research, there will be a powerful connection established to the next generation of workers. There is a need for scientists to more cognizant and supportive of inclusion of younger people in the process of discovery and establishment of life beyond Earth. The learning of science by doing science makes the practical application of science a reality in which students experience their own learning. Practical science advanced in western society on the backs of those who worked the land. Agriculture has forever epitomized the evolution of mankind. The development of technologies for the advancement of village societies has been lead by those whose work relates to the soil. Agriculturists have always been, and will likely be, on the frontier of colonization of the land. Civilizations, except for hunters and gatherers, require ecosystem management to survive. In the program currently under design at Oroville High School, students will approach the study of life, the atmosphere, soils and ecosystems as dynamic systems. However, the primary focus of the program will be on life beyond earth. These will be the first high school students who seek to identify and apply those natural processes which may spread life from this planet to others. They will be encouraged to work with scientists from around the world who are seeking to discover the requirements of organisms to survive and adapt to ecosystems beyond Earth. Track 2B 2:00 Teaching from Mars Gabriel Rshaid [email protected] Since the Martian astronauts are probably now in school, a strong and continuous K-12 Mars education program is essential to foster interest in the younger generations. In order to be successful and attract the kind of teachers and students that will make a positive contribution to the goal of Mars exploration and settlement, this program will have to based on challenging activities that incorporate the latest technology, including Internet based projects. Additionally, it is important for local funding at the school level to provide educators with opportunities to interact with real space organizations and corporations. Examples of possible educational activities are : ï¿½ Internet based high fidelity mission simulations: Web based role playing simulations where students can become virtual astronauts and mission controllers of a manned mission. ï¿½ Chats with scientists: Web chats where students can consult Mars experts on their ongoing projects. ï¿½ Mission outreach activities: Whenever a hitchhiker mission is flown, transmit data over the Internet and let schools receive that data and analyze it cooperatively. ï¿½ A Mars Club network: Through an annual membership fee, schools can form their own Mars Clubs, receive posters and other materials and participate fully in all Web chats, projects, etc.. ï¿½ Teacher workshops: An annual teacher workshop focused exclusively on Mars with featured lectures from scientists and experts. ï¿½ A Mars curriculum: A comprehensive written/electronic reference with specific activities, projects and lesson plans for the classroom at all grade levels. ï¿½ Contests: Contests that include prizes not just for the students but also for their teachers are wonderful incentives for participation. In the author's own experience, space related educational activities are very attractive to the general public and can create media repercussion that can further assist in the objective of gradually communicating the vision of Mars exploration. Track 2B 2:30 Aresam: Student Concept of Future Mars Space Station Jonathon Smith and James Bishop A space station orbiting the planet Mars with the ability to house 18,000 full time inhabitants, equipped with such technology as Fractal Shape Changing Robots and a space elevator. Sound like fiction? Well, it is ..... for now. Aresam(the name of the station) was designed by a team of sophomores and freshman from Sanilac County, Michigan. The design is explained and detailed in a forty page report, including about thirty pages of typed print as well as drawings and diagrams. It was submitted for competition with other student designs from around the world in the "International Space Settlement Design Competition"(ISSDC). This design placed as one of eight finalists in the competition. Our report was structured around the ISSDC's RFP, or Request for proposal. It basically required that every team consider the full implications of what a space station required, and to provide for and facilitate those needs. We had to consider many scientific factors such as how to provide food/air/water/fuel for a population of 18,000 people so far from earth, how to power the station, and how to repair it. But we also had to consider many social factors such as how to keep a population of 18,000 people mentally sane 48,000,000 miles from earth, and how to organize the judicial and law enforcement systems for this independent society. In our design we greatly elaborate on the above and include a limited price estimate, schedule for completion once construction has started, and plan for operation of Aresam. It goes over many major processes and contingencies that this station will use to survive emergencies in space, as well as addressing in depth many of the key technologies that make it possible. Track 2B 3:00 1144 Adams Ave. Louisville, CO 80027 The quest for Mars depends on the development of attitudes which deem the mission both possible and desirable, and on the training of personnel who are skilled enough and motivated enough to meet the challenges. Education is critical to achieving both goals, and powerful programs can be implemented at even the earliest levels. The paper describes a program that was used with second through fifth graders in spring of 1997. All aspects of the endeavor were included, form the microbiology of bacterial life to propulsion systems. Students researched, designed, and created transport ships, shuttles, surface craft, habitats, bases, wind turbines, solar energy experiments, working model greenhouse, sewage treatment systems, orbital trajectories, mission parameters and experiment outlines, spacesuits, and even a remote activated, computer controlled rover made of LEGO. In addition, students created diets, calendars, crew selection criteria and biographies, Martian calendars, a sports page for a Martian newspaper that featured appropriate new events, and musical instruments designed form recycled ship waste materials for the astronauts to entertain themselves with. Their work was compiled and presented to the school and parents in a "Marsfest" event, which also featured a guest presentation by Carter Emmart. Other celebrities in attendance include Larry Esposito and Randy Davis of LASP. As an extension of their studies, the students built "reentry vehicles" for an egg-drop that honored the Pathfinder mission, including a detailed model of the lander and rover. The entire exhibit was generously displayed for the summer in the main lobby of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, where it was viewed by thousands of visitors. A reception for the students was thoughtfully provided by NCAR at which students got to discuss their choices of landing sites with a planetary scientist and also had the opportunity to touch a Martian meteorite. Track 2B 3:30 Kathleen Bohne [email protected] Mars has always been a place of wonder and mystery to earthlings, and the current idea that there could be humans on Mars in less than a decade is, needless to say, an exhilarating and mind-boggling thought. It has been one of mankind's wildest and most dazzling dreams for so long, and it finally seems to be coming true. As I am only 12, I could be one of the first people to set foot on the rusty Martian surface. My children could hold in their hands pictures of parts of Mars never seen before, or even pictures of the first crops grown on Mars. My grandchildren could see the first permanent human settlement on Mars and might even live in it. The possibilities seem almost endless with technology progressing at its current rate. I often wonder what everyday life would be like on Mars. Would things be so alien that everyday activities would become strange adventures? Or would it be relatively similar to life on Earth, despite the obvious differences? Having this in our future is like having the promise of a great surprise yet to come. One that we know is special, vital and completely wonderful, but still ultimately mysterious. There are major questions, which can only be answered in the decades to come, but we can at least try to lift the veil of mystery about living on another planet by sending humans to Mars. This will be the first stepping stone in the tortuous path to reaching the pinnacle of the human imagination, making another planet our own. Track 2B 4:00 Manchester, MO 63021 [email protected] A combination of unique factors has made public education about Mars possible on a far greater scale than ever before. The (1) Information Superhighway, via the Internet and the swift movement of private information, allows fingertip data at the push of a button. This major factor, together with a broad range of (2) up-to-the-minute relay of continued findings by NASA scientists, and the (3) availability of purchasable, subject-targeted CD-ROM disks, allows daily instruction of space-related technology education at a moment's notice. The question of public school adoption of space technology curriculum, however, still remains unanswered. When, and how, can technology education be infused into traditional curriculum given the strength of the education community's steadfast resistance to any kind of change? Public education curriculum depends upon local boards of education which adopt state and local guidelines. Only through intense public interest in space technologies will boards of education respond to public demands for the kinds of education the public wants. The key to adopting technology education, then, rests with the leaders of industry, education and government. The ideal solution to these challenges is the adoption of technology education at the state and national levels, from which new policies will filter down to local levels. Other nations already have begun this pathway - Great Britain, France, Canada, Pakistan, to name a few. Other nations are still caught up in the struggle - Brazil, Mexico, India for example. America will be left in the background if public education leaders continue to ignore the nee for space-related education. The Center for Independent Study at the University of Missouri, Columbia has made some major breakthroughs in space technology education by distance learning. The Center currently offers two high school space technology course, one of which already is on the World Wide Web - "Studying Planet Earth: The Satellite Connection". The second ("Aerospace: Crossing the Space Frontier") will be on the Web shortly, and a third course (" Adventures In Space Science") is being written and will be on the Web next year. All three courses carry a one-half unit science credit. Track 2B 4:30 Mars Society's Research & Education Center - Design Session Bruce Mackenzie [email protected] What is the Mars Society Research & Education center? We don't know yet, but imagine ... Your niece the biology student just enrolled for the Mars semester in the closed biosphere. The whole class will follow "Mars time". Your nephew is competing in its contest to build the best Mars vehicle. Engineering schools are competing in the 2nd Mars habitat contest there, to build buildings with the least possible material "brought from Earth". Last year's winning building is now the Mars Society headquarters, others are used for visitor lodging. The new US president & NASA agreed to support a long-term Mars environment simulator there, big enough for testing a complete 4 person Mars base. Even your neighbor had her submission included in the "Recipes for a Small Red Planet" cookbook published by its restaurant. You finally succumb to curiosity, and schedule the "Mars weekend" in your vacation plans: After a short ride from the Denver airport, you arrive at what appears to be Von Braun's 1950's Mars rocket high on a ridge. Ignoring the gift shop, you join your 'crew' boarding the rocket. It's large wings frustratingly obscure the valley beyond. Next comes the Virtual Reality launch, quickly followed by approach to Mars. (The interplanetary coast is omitted.) At last, you open the other hatch, and catch your first view of "Mars-Ville", beyond the ridge. (Officially known as the Mars Society Research and Education Center.) ... What will it look like? ...We don't know, because it is to be designed at this session of the Mars Society Founding Convention. You may contribute in advance one viewgraph of a building or funding suggestion you would like included. Track 2B 5:00 NASA-Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California During the past 25 years, much work has been done to prepare humankind for Mars. In technical, scientific, and economic terms, we are pretty well prepared to go, to explore, and to return. bUt a major Mars preparation task needs more attention. This is the education of the "Mars Kids", the children now in school who will design, fund, and conduct the human missions to Mars. The first Martians currently attend school here on Earth. A good education will be the foundation for their successful missions to Mars. This is even more true if we seek to develop the most efficient and cost-effective human missions. Teachers of the Mars Generation need resources to help them with the job. One such resource is a new way of thinking, along the lines described by NASA's Jesco von Puttkamer: "ï¿½a new frame of mind that shifts the emphasis from individual subjects to the interactions and relationships between them." Another resource is the set of nuts-and-bolts materials available to teachers who would prepare the Mars Kids. The paper discusses the new interdisciplinary way of thinking. It also presents a model for interdisciplinary learning called the Geo. S Paradigm. Finally, this paper provides brief information about nuts-and-bolts Mars Education resources. Track 3B 1:00 Greenhouse Models for Terraforming Mars Chris McKay Using artificially produced greenhouse gases, it may be possible to warm Mars to habitable conditions. Track 3B 1:30 Ecosynthesis on Mars - The Problem of Water Dr. Julian A. Hiscox IAH Compton Laboratory [email protected] The most likely candidate planet in the solar system for planetary engineering using near term technology is Mars. It is second only to the Earth in terms of biocompatibility for terrestrial life, and lies within the habitable zone. However, the Viking Mission clearly demonstrated that at the Viking Lander sites, and by inference the rest of the planet, the Martian surface environment is effectively sterilizing for all forms of terrestrial organisms. In addition the surface of Mars is devoid of liquid water - a prerequisite of life. To render Mars habitable, the primary objective will be to increase the atmospheric pressure, thus increasing the mean global surface temperature and enabling liquid water to exist. The two main sources of water on Mars are thought to be the north polar cap and the regolith. The quantity of water on Mars is uncertain, and estimates range in order of magnitude, equivalent to a layer of water over the planet: 13 to 100 meters deep. Biology will play a major role in both the planetary engineering process and in the stabilization of the resultant climatic system. Pioneer microorganisms and subsequent generations will provide a pyramid of biomass for successive generations of organisms to metabolize, provided the relevant organisms can grow on Mars. Based upon terrestrial experiments the growth of such organisms on Mars can be modeled. To avoid unnecessary energy expenditure the introduction of pioneer organisms and ecosystems on Mars will have to follow the release of liquid water, which is likely to progress from the equator to the polar caps. Unfortunately, most of the water on Mars is thought to be contained pole-wards of 40 degrees of latitude. A simple model suggests that although equatorial regions will become habitable from a temperature point of view, liquid water will be limiting. Track 3B 2:00 Physiological Ecology of Terrestrial Microbes on a Terraformed Mars James M. Graham University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706 The present climate of Mars is characterized by a number of environmental factors that are so extreme they preclude colonization by terrestrial microorganisms. These factors include low average surface temperature (-60C), diurnal temperature ranges up to 100C, intense UV radiation (7x103 ergs.cm-2.s-1) and an atmospheric pressure so low (6-7 mbar) that liquid water is not stable on the surface. Conversely, light levels (max of 860 5mol quanta.m-2.s-1 PAR) are adequate for photosynthetic microbes, bryophytes and many flowering plants. Temperatures in the southern hemisphere are adequate for Antarctic cryptoendolithic microorganisms even now. Moisture levels in the Martian regolith (1-3%) are comparable or greater than those in terrestrial deserts, and the regolith may contain sufficient nitrates to support microbial growth. If the average surface temperature and atmospheric pressure could be raised by such planetary engineering processes as solar mirrors and greenhouse gases (Zubrin and McKay 1996), terrestrial microorganisms could be implanted on the surface of Mars. If pressure rose to 90-300 mbar, diurnal temperature ranges would decrease, and liquid water would be stable. UV radiation would remain a serious limiting factor, but hardy bacteria, lichens and cyanobacteria could survive under rocks or beneath their surfaces. Generation of about 2 mbar of O2 in the atmosphere could create enough ozone to shield the surface from UV radiation (Fogg 1995) and permit a more diverse assemblage of microbial colonizers. Algae and cyanobacteria can grow at high levels of CO2 and generate their own O2 for respiration. They can survive low O2 periods by switching to various anaerobic metabolic pathways. Initial nitrogen cycling would be largely microbial metabolism of regolith nitrates, and recycling of organic nitrogen and ammonia. There appear to be few obstacles to establishing a microbial biosphere on Mars Track 3B 2:30 An Ecological Approach to Terraforming, Mapping the Dream Richard W. Miller University of Waterloo, Canada [email protected] James Lovelockï¿½s Gaia hypothesis, suggests that Earthï¿½s biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep our planet healthy by controlling the physical and chemical environment. Central to Lovelockï¿½s model are the ideas of interconnectivity and feedback between components of the biosphere, and that life, when viewed on a global scale, has emergent properties. In effect, the Earth, its atmosphere, oceans, rocks and life comprise one entire ecosystem. According to Eric D. Schneider, Hawkwood Institute and James J. Kay, University of Waterloo, ecosystems are systems of organisms, interacting with one another, within spatial and temporal boundaries, and consist of processes which bind organisms together and influence the development, structure and function of the ecosystem. They view ecosystems as "evolving complex systems that are held away from thermodynamic decay by imposed physical or chemical gradients." The Earth, as far as we know, is the only existing planetary ecosystem. The physiognomy of planetary engineering is generally considered to have two aspects: ecopoiesis and terraforming. The goal of terraforming Mars would be to create an uncontained planetary biosphere emulating all the functions of the biosphere of Earth, one that would be fully habitable by humans. So far, much of the speculation on planetary engineering has concentrated on the physical and chemical modifications required for terraforming Mars. This work has been based on traditional analytic and reductionist approaches to scientific inquiry. Silvio Funtowicz, Institute for Systems, Informatics and Safety, and Jerry Ravetz, Research Methods Consultancy, Ltd. claim that these methods are inadequate to cope with dynamic, complex systems, such as ecopoiesis and terraforming, which are characterized by unpredictability, incomplete control, and a plurality of legitimate perspectives. Terraforming, in which humans are an integral component, is an ï¿½emergentï¿½ complex system which includes properties of reflection and contradiction. In this paper, I examine methods for describing complex systems, the tools which can be employed to manage them, and then suggest how these ideas can be applied to terraforming. Track 3B 3:00 Terraforming Mars - Reactivating the Hydrosphere Patrick Whittome Shell Companies in North East Asia The first steps towards terraforming Mars and ultimate utilization of Martian water resources will be most effected by three determinants: 1 .The surface is very cold and very dry and has a minimal atmosphere 2. The planet's interior is relatively much hotter and is assumed to contain liquid water. 3. Some water is frozen solid on the surface (e.g. at the pole but most is locked underground in permafrost layers at or near the surface or in liquid form at greater depths. All solutions for reactivating the hydrosphere are solutions for directing energy at the surface and / or subsurface. I would like to discuss an extra technique to add to mirrors, greenhouse gas production or violent nuclear release of volatiles, which I jokingly call: Hot rusty snow! An enormous indigenous reserve of energy to melt the ice caps (water or CO2) and to release CO2 from the regolith is already present on Mars in a usable form - the geothermal heat in the deep subsurface. The objective is to use drilled wells as channels for the transfer of heat and water from the subsurface to the surface areas. Track 3B 3:30 Terraforming & Landscape Architecture Mark R. Northcott Landscape architects currently plan and design the environments in which we will live in the future. Every day enormous amounts of foliage are removed from entire regions. Every year more and more natural resources are mined for energy and processed back into the soil or atmosphere. Huge quantities of landmass are constantly reshaped and fertilized over and over again to make way for an increasing populace. Each act above is done to make our planet more habitable for us. It is only a natural professional step in a progressive direction for some in the field of landscape architecture to expand their practice to include the possibilities of establishing sustainable environments on other planets. If we are to travel to Mars there will come a need to extend their presence on the Red Planet for longer periods of time. It will become the responsibility of the profession to remain on the ï¿½cutting edgeï¿½ of current technology and public interest. There will then come a need to protect future colonists from the harsh and merciless conditions of the Martian atmosphere. Considering long-term study and colonization on Mars means that serious thought be given to the idea of terraforming Mars. "ï¿½drastic improvements in the life-sustaining characteristics of the environment of the red planet may be effected by humans using early to mid-twenty-first century technologies." (Schmidt, Zubrin. 1996. P.144) We may never see the results of a terraformed planet, but we at least may hold the vision, initiative, and hard work to see the beginning of a magnificent transformation of the red planet. "Moreover, in the process of modifying Mars, they are certain to learn much more about how planets really function and evolve, enough perhaps to assure wise management of our native planet." (Schmidt, Zubrin. 1996. P.145) Track 3B 4:00 5260 Blackcloud Loop Colorado Springs, CO 80922 The literal meaning of terraformation can be described by dividing the word into parts: terra--the earth, and formation--the process of giving form or shape. There is not as of yet a universal definition of terraformation, but it can be described most generally by the following definition: "Terraforming is a process of planetary engineering, specifically directed at enhancing the capacity of an extraterrestrial planetary environment to support life. " The ultimate in terraforming would be to create an unconstrained planetary biosphere emulating all the functions of the biosphere of the earth--one that would be fully habitable for human beings. The purpose and long-term goal of space exploration should be to permanently establish the human presence into space and to make conditions necessary to permit new civilizations to grow and prosper independently from the Earth. Migration and colonization to hostile environments have been traits of biological evolution for billions of years. A recent letter to the editor of Space News titled "Meaning of Life" expresses one reader's point of view: "We should be going to Mars not mainly as paleontologists, but as pioneers. We should be going to Mars not to learn about its past, but to understand its prospects for our future." The major steps to fully complete terraforming Mars consist of the following: raise planet surface temperature, raise atmospheric pressure, make the surface wet, change atmospheric chemical composition, and reduce the surface flux of ultraviolet radiation. The utmost treasure with a terraformed Mars is the birth of an independent space-faring civilization and the opportunity to expand human ingenuity. A colossal endeavor such as terraforming Mars will require an undivided global commitment. It may be opposed as a skeptical, exploitative undertaking and will certainly face several ethical, political, and legal barriers. _______________________________________________________________________ REFERENCES: Fogg, Martyn J. Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments. Warrendale: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1995. Liss, Jeffrey G. "Meaning of Life." Commentary: Letters. Space News (Sep 9-15, 1996) Vol 7 No. 35:14. s Round Rock, TX 78680 [email protected] Terraforming strategies may be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary stages. These stages have generally focused on photosynthetic microorganisms as primary colonizers of the Martian surface. The ability of any microorganism to tolerate Martian surface conditions is past the limits tolerated by any known microorganism. Even inferred properties from studies of extremophile physiological properties suggests that finding a successful primary colonizing microorganism, microorganisms, or ecosystem would be difficult. A more likely successful candidate site for primary colonization would be within rock or below the Martian surface. Protection of initial colonizing microorganisms from temperature extremes, surface oxidants, and greater likelihood of available water are some of the benefits from using subsurface environments. The use of chemolithotrophic microorganisms offers the possibility of using the reducing power in metallic or ferrous iron (or other potential electron donor minerals) for carbon fixation and development of microbial ecosystems based upon this system of primary production. These systems are analogous to those known to exist in the terrestrial subsurface. The use of such "privileged sites" for initial colonization may provide the biologically derived materials which would increase the likelihood of success for using endolithic cyanobacteria such as Chroococcidiopsis in similar protected sites to begin secondary colonization of the Martian surface. Track 3B 5:00 Preparations for a Post-Colonial Mars Rudy Behrens Philadelphia, PA While we may debate the early stages of Mars colonization and argue if it will be a scientific outpost, or a mining operation or in some other way tied economically to Earth, we all agree that the ultimate goal is to make Mars a new habitat for humanity. We all look to the day when there will be a free Mars, able to exist without economic ties, or justification, with Earth. As history shows, most new territories have been settled by farmers looking for a place to call their own. I believe this will also be the case for Mars, though for some considerable time into the future, Martian farms will be some kind of controlled and/or artificial ecosystem. Perhaps they will be so simple as to only provide food for the inhabitants and a few others nearby. However, terra farmers do not have the skills to be Martian farmers. Martian agriculture must move beyond the biologists, botanists, engineers and other technical professionals and become the trade of career farmers. Where can such farmers come from? The same technologies can also be desirable on Earth. Our present methods deplete soil and are dependent on petroleum based fertilizers. We at Aurora Farms have developed a semi-closed ecosystem form of agriculture that is actually cheaper, and more efficient in use of resources, than field agriculture. Currently we are constructing these systems in city environments and selling the food profitably. We believe the children and grandchildren of these urban farmers will be the first Martian sodbuster. Having grown up in such an environment, they will possess the skills and instincts to grow food successfully on Mars. The paper will describe the process in greater detail and demonstrate how the skills used will be transferred to a Martian environment. Track 4B 1:00 Nuclear Thermal Rocket - An Established Space Propulsion Technology Stanley V. Gunn 20360 Tau Pl. Chatworth, CA 91311 The Rover and NERVA programs, sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission, U.S. air force and NASA during the period 1956 through 1973, were focused on the applied research, development and demonstration of nuclear fission-powered rocket propulsion systems. Initially, the U.S. Air Force's potential applications were those requiring the delivery of very heavy [payloads to intercontinental objectives; but, in 1958, NASA assumed the mission definition responsibility and designated first the utilization of the NTR as an alternate upper stage propulsion system for the Apollo program and later as the leading propulsion candidate for manned-Mars missions. The depths of the programs were substantial; major test facilities were constructed at Site 400 of the AEC's Nevada proving grounds, and supporting component and subsystem test facilities were created at LASL and Rocketdyne for the ROVER program, and at Westinghouse and Aerojet for the NERVA program. Reactor fuel element technology, focused first on hexagonal graphite elements and then on composite and carbide-based elements, was created, which subsequently resulted in fuel element gas-exit temperatures of 3100 K. In addition, high pressure- high volume rate liquid hydrogen pumping systems were created for the conduct of the planned reactor (ranging to 5000 megawatts) and engine tests (ranging to 1100 megawatts/50,000 lbs. thrust) at Site 400. A significant benefit of the liquid hydrogen pumping technology, developed under the ROVER program, was its direct adoption to the liquid hydrogen pumps utilized in the J-2 engines of the Apollo program's Saturn V launch vehicles. Also, the projected heat loads (greater than 25 Btu's/sq. in.) on the integral coolant channels of the reactor assembly's high expansion thrust nozzles were satisfied by the utilization of advanced coolant design concepts and materials. Finally, the design and development of new, radiation-resistant reactor-engine system control components was accomplished. IN all, 19 reactor/engine hot tests were conducted with the demonstration of the versatility and practicality of nuclear thermal rockets. This experience based resulted from the assembly and utilization of a remarkable pool of scientists and engineers, and the expenditure of $1.4 billion 1960 dollars. After definition of the 1st generation NERVA Engine, the technology developments of the ROVER program were directed toward performance and reliability upgrades that would support improved design objectives for the 2nd generation engine. The upgrades achieved will support engine Isp of 900 sec., engine thrust-to-weight ratios up to 10:1, and engine full power life of 1 to possibly 10 hours, while permitting up to 60 restarts. IN addition, such engines are blessed with controlled throttle ability from full thrust down to nearly zero thrust. Because of core diameter-criticality considerations, the realization of the 10:1 thrust to weight ratio depends in part on the selection of design power of the engine's reactor (35 in. diameter core) to be at least 1500 mw (75,000 lbs. thrust), although design power levels down as low as 500 mw can be engineered, with some penalty in engine specific weight. With demonstrated fuel element power densities ranging as high as 1.3 megawatts/fuel element, it should be possible to generate 2,500 megawatts (125,000 lbs. thrust) utilizing a 35-inch diameter core. The ease with which such future reactors and engines might be developed is dependent on the restoration and modernization of appropriate test facilities. Preliminary analyses have shown that it is practical to completely contain, and re-liquefy for reuse (along suitable scrubbers), the hydrogen consumed in full-power, full duration hot test. The technology of the ROVER and NERVA programs remains completely relevant to the propulsion requirements of possible, near-term (out to year 2020) human exploration-Mars mission. It may also offer a realistic basis for NTR engines designed to support other demanding space exploration missions within our solar system. A critical consideration, however, is the retrieval and conveyance of this technology and relevant test capabilities to the scientists and engineers to be recruited for such programs. Track 4B 1:30 Fission Rockets for Advanced Space Exploration Michael G. Houts, David I. Poston, and Deborah R. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory R. J. Lipinski, S. A. Wright, R. X. Lenard Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM Thermal rockets that utilize a fission energy source (also known as nuclear thermal rockets, or NTRs) could enable routine access to most areas of the solar system. Near-term systems could enable rapid, manned access to Mars and the main asteroid belt. More advanced system could enable routine access to the outer planets. This presentation will discuss three NTR systems: the Rover rocket that was developed to the stage of full ground tests in the 1960s and early 1970s, a particle-bed rocket that was researched in the 1980ï¿½s and early 1990ï¿½s, and a gas core concept on which some research has been performed. R. X. Lenard, R. J. Lipinski, S. A. Wright Sandia National Laboratories M. Houts, D. Poston, D. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM The advent of the highly publicized Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Pathfinder missions has renewed interest in Mars exploration. Numerous architectures have been proposed to accomplish a human exploration mission. The Synthesis Group base-lined a 30-45 day surface mission utilizing nuclear thermal propulsion as a mechanism to perform the Trans-Mars Injection burn and also for earth return propulsion. More recently, the NASA Design Reference Mission has base-lined a bi-modal nuclear thermal stage with a small (~30 kWe) power generation capability. The Mars Direct architecture proposed by Zubrin, employs a series of heavy lift launch vehicles using conventional propulsion to transport the crew direct to Mars. Only infrequently are all-electric propulsion architectures proposed, typically because they do not deliver the high thrust needed for short crewed-transit to Mars. This limitation can be overcome by using electric propulsion to transport massive elements to a highly elliptical orbit or to nearly a C3=0 orbit about earth, and subsequently have crew join the ship in the light-weight Mars descent vehicle. Then a small chemical propulsion system provides the small additional delta-V needed to achieve Trans-Mars Injection TMI velocity. This is the so-called hybrid approach. This architecture has much to recommend it. It can be argued that this architecture provides the greatest mass to Mars for the minimum overall program cost. It dovetails quite well with potential commercial uses of nuclear electric propulsion. Further, it can reduce or eliminate the need for development of a new heavy lift launch vehicle. Since the Space Shuttle, no new launch vehicle has been deployed. Even the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program is merely an upgrade of existing vehicles. The attraction of the hybrid architecture is that it minimizes cost, trip time, and dependence on a new launch system, arguably the highest risk element of human Mars exploration missions. Track 4B 2:30 Exploration of Mass-Based Alternative Propulsion Systems Amanda J. Gilbert Stanford University [email protected] Since May 1997, an international collaboration has been exploring the possibility of using mass-based systems as an alternative to rockets for space travel. Claims of working inertial propulsion have been made many times, but have not withstood rigorous testing to the point that such a drive could be in a spacecraft. The current project, centering around a public-domain technology invented by David E. Cowlishaw of Silverton, Oregon, has yet to prove or disprove the possibilities of such technology, but is in the process of building and testing numerous models utilizing a mass-based system. For any claim of inertial propulsion, a test should be conducted that determines whether a system can propel itself against the force of gravity for an extended period of time without supplemental lift provided by rockets, airfoils, etc. Such a system, a demonstrable "self-lifter", is the primary goal of the project. The possibility of the system working in the absence of gravity has been debated, and as such, if the primary goal of the project is accomplished, a secondary goal of the project is to determine whether it is feasible or even possible to successfully deploy the system in the absence of a strong gravitational field. An additional consideration is the relative efficiency of such a system. Because the technology currently under investigation is a means of directing thrust, the amount of energy required to operate such a system is critical to its success. A highly energy intensive system could limit the technology to longer distance flights where using rockets would be prohibitively difficult or expensive. The project leaders expect to answer these questions conclusively within the next three years. Track 4B 3:30 FRC Fusion Based Rocket Propulsion: Mars in Three Weeks? Tony Rusi Seattle, WA [email protected] Recent advances in Field Reversed Configuration Fusion Propulsion indicate that a sustained research and development program on the order of five years culminating in on-orbit testing of an FRC fusion propulsion rocket could lead to the type of improvement in plasma temperatures seen in tokamak research programs since the seventies. Advanced aneutronic fuels indigenous to the lunar and Martian surface could provide the profit incentive to make mars colonization feasible if coupled with land grants. The vastly reduced trip times could drop the cost of a sustained colonization program into a range approachable by private enterprise. Track 4B 4:00 ESCORT: a Pratt & Whitney Nuclear Thermal Propulsion And Power System for Manned Mars Missions Claude R. Joyner West Palm Beach, Fl. 33410 [email protected] The purpose of this paper is to describe the conceptual design of an upgrade to the Pratt & Whitney ESCORT nuclear thermal rocket engine. The ESCORT is a Bimodal engine capable of supporting a wide range of vehicle propulsive and electrical power requirements. The ESCORT engine is powered by a fast-spectrum beryllium-reflected CERMET-fueled nuclear reactor. In propulsive mode, the reactor is used to heat hot hydrogen to approximately 2700 K which is expanded through a converging/diverging nozzle to generate thrust. Heat pickup in the nozzle and the radial beryllium reflectors is used to drive the turbo-machinery in the ESCORT expander cycle. In electrical mode, the reactor is used to heat a mixture of helium and xenon to drive a closed-loop Brayton cycle in order to generate electrical energy. The original ESCORT design was capable of delivering 1000 lbf of thrust at a vacuum impulse level of approximately 900 sec. Design Reference Mission requirements (DRM) from NASA Johnson Space Center and NASA Lewis Research Center studies in 1997 and 1998 have detailed upgraded requirements for potential manned Mars missions. The current NASA DRM requires a nuclear thermal propulsion system capable of delivering total mission requirements of 45000 lbf thrust and 50 kWe of spacecraft electrical power. This is met assuming three engines capable of each delivering 15000 lbf of vacuum thrust and 25 kWe of electrical power. The individual engine requirements were developed assuming three out of three engine reliability for propulsion and two out of three engine reliability for spacecraft electrical power. The approximate target vacuum impulse is 925 sec. A system integrated performance methodology was developed to assess the sensitivity to weight, thrust and impulse to the DRM requirements. A trans-Mars injection mass sensitivity to both number of engines and thrust showed that an ESCORT baselined to a thrust of 15000 lbf at a vacuum impulse of 911 sec best addressed the NASA DRM requirements. The paper discusses the conceptual design and the application to the new design reference missions. Track 4B 4:30 Human Mars Mission Architecture Assessments Benjamin Donahue Hunstville, AL 35806 [email protected] This paper reports on an assessment that was done by the Boeing company of a variety of alternative approaches to piloted Mars mission. On the basis of both cost and risk, nuclear propulsion was found to enable the preferred mission options. Track 4B 5:00 High Orbital Microgravity Environments (HOME) Bryan Palaszewski NASA Lewis Research Center [email protected] As part of the International Space University (ISU), a design project was conducted to plan future space utilization. The project outlined and designed a family of high orbital microgravity environments (HOMEs), or a wide variety of space habitats and platforms, where each HOME would focus their energies on different and specific space technologies and terrestrial needs. A family of HOMEs would provide orbital havens for new budding industries, micro- and nanotechnology applications development, manufacturing research, Earth and space observation, biomedical research, and any other space related discipline. The HOME would use the space environment for its many highly valued qualities: nearly continuous sunlight, microgravity, and the flexibility to use any area (location, orbit, Libration point, etc.) in space to create the most optimal environment for the HOMEÆs dedicated task. The current difficulty with space flight is the high cost of access for getting into orbit, and the costly planning and execution of space projects. A low cost method of space access and utilization will open new markets and create new wealth-generating products for all nations. The HOME project would include all of the local technical disciplines of any nation, the manufacturing capacities of the its economy, the universities, and the health and services technologies for telemedicine. Space propulsion, combined aeronautical-space vehicles, combustion, fluid mechanics, communications, electronics, structures, materials, and facilities developments would all be uplifted by the basic and applied research conducted in orbit. A HOME can produce space power for remote sites, bolster the economies of emerging nations, and anything else you like. Transportation to and from the orbital economy with expendable or reusable launch vehicles would be an integral part of the HOME project, as well as the ground resources to feed the orbital economy. Planetary HOMEs on and near Mars are likely candidates for the future development of planetary resources and human settlements. Track 5B 1:00 Mars Together, When and How Bruce Lusignan Center for International Cooperation in Space Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-4053 It has been five years since Stanford published a comprehensive study of an "International Mars Mission." That and two other studies by Bob Zubrin and by NASA's JSFC identified ways to explore Mars at far less cost than original estimates of earlier Space Exploration Initiative studies. What is the status today? The Stanford study used a conventional heavy lift vehicle, the Russian Energia. Eight launches were needed in the "split architecture" mission. Two to pre-supply surface equipment for habitat and exploration. One to land and return the crew to Mars orbit. One to store Earth return fuel in Mars orbit. Two for the crew's vehicle. Two more cargo flights of return fuel and surface supplies serve as back up and pre-supply for a second visit. The Stanford design emphasized use of existing technologies, non-nuclear power systems and international participation to reduce costs and increase to cooperation. Today, discovery of evidence of early life forms in Mars meteorites and surface pictures from Sojourner have kept public interest alive. Nuclear space power is more distant, more expensive and less popular politically. International cooperation on MIR and the International Space Station continues despite a skeptical press. Private sector SSTO initiatives to replace the Shuttle show promise, even greater promise if they can capture the world's space exploration market. The Stanford International Mars mission is easily modified to use "Space Tugs" deliver to Low Earth Orbit by SSTO's in place of Energia. Mars exploration is technically possible at affordable costs. Since Eisenhower and Krushchev, political leaders have proposed space exploration as al alternative to confrontation. Mars exploration, when it comes, will be supported by science, education and entertainment industries and hopefully will draw talent from a shrinking armament industry. We cannot at the same time go to Mars and support an arms race. This year the Institute for Lunar and Planetary Exploration invited a number of Universities to contribute ideas to NASA's baseline Mars Exploration Mission. Such interaction between universities in the U.S. and other nations will compare different approaches, provide broad international understanding and may provide the necessary impetus to the public to make a Mars mission a reality. Track 5B 1:30 Reducing the Cost of Mars Exploration: A Summary of Results from the Case for Mars VI, 1996 Tom Meyer, Boulder Center for Science and Policy Boulder, CO The date was July 20th, 1996 - the 20th Anniversary of the Viking Landing on Mars. The occasion was the Case for Mars VI in Boulder Colorado. Conference attendees met for four days to address the challenge of how to inaugurate a program of human exploration of Mars at a reasonable cost and to maintain it at a sustainable level of funding. Presentations and workshops ranged from discussions of the rationale for human exploration, to innovative technologies and strategies, to management and organizational approaches including international cooperation, to concepts for private sector initiatives. Against a legacy of rumors dating back to the Bush administration that a return to the moon and a human mission to Mars would cost upwards of $500 billion, a new "faster, better cheaper" challenge emanated from the NASA administration. The goal was to find ways to mount an initial mission to be assembled over an 8-year period for a total cost of $32B (U.S.). Of this, $16B would be the U.S. contribution with an additional $16B being provided by other countries and sources. Such a spending rate would be comparable to that for the Space Station and could potentially be sustained by NASA, though only perhaps after the Space Station was complete. This served as a baseline for deliberations by conference attendees. A report at the conference on the Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team went into a detailed technology and mission analysis that included a realistic cost projection that was more than and order of magnitude less than that of Bush era estimates. Other attendees presented innovative concepts in mission strategy, technology, and management that could yield significant savings. For example, systems for lowering launch costs, dual use of military technology, ideas for low cost structures, and concepts for robotic support were presented. The conference also featured workshops that examined the question of whether there really were any show-stoppers and how to short-circuit needless research. A shopping list of existing technology solutions was developed that covered the gamut of mission requirements from spacecraft and propulsion, to life support, to Mars base infrastructure to show that these did not need to be reinvented. Also addressed was the concept of a non-NASA scenario for a manned mission to Mars. Track 5B 2:00 On the Importance and Duty of Colonizing Mars Josef Oehmen Titz, Germany 52445 [email protected] Already nowadays, a great many people are discussing the technical aspects of reaching Mars, and have done so for some 50 years. What becomes quickly obvious is that a sustained human presence on Mars, done that way or this, will certainly place a strong demand on resources and manpower. It becomes thus more and more important to also address non-technical questions of reaching the red planet? When one encounters for the first time the idea of sending men to Mars and colonizing the red planet, one is instantly absorbed by it: This bold undertaking, this challenge, this impossibility of establishing a continued, and given a little time, largely independent presence of human beings on another celestial body is simply not going to leave one alone. I can hardly imagine any cases where those thoughts, played with a little in oneï¿½s mind, arenï¿½t among the most fascinating and exhilarating. The simple thought of leaving Earth and found a new home for mankind among the stars, an outpost of life, is enough to make one addicted to this subject. Then, the whole effort of colonizing Mars seems to completely justify itself beyond the shadow of a doubt. But as deeper as one gets involved with the technical aspects of reaching Mars, the more does it become important to address non-technical questions regarding the establishment of a human presence on one of our neighboring planets. Fact is: The resources required for the conduct of the research and engineering efforts necessary to establish and maintain a colony on Mars will be considerably. They are, as the subject itself, on a new scale. Fact is that money and manpower and whatever other resource utilized for this purpose cannot be used to support kindergartens or schools, cannot be used to improve the situation of socially disadvantaged and cannot be used to save the poorest of the poor on our planet from starving and the list could go on and on. It will end here, as this should suffice to give a brief glimpse of the responsibility a supporter of the movement to colonize Mars has to accept. It should be clear that the problem itself isnï¿½t solved by discussing some new fancy ways of working with the industry to get it done without government funding. The question which is to address is the question that has to be answered before any other investigations should be conducted, it is the question of the correctness, it is the question of the legitimization of colonizing Mars. To state it in expresis verbis: Is a colonization of Mars worth the necessary money, manpower and resources? That is the question which will be addressed here and now. As will hopefully be clear in a few minutes, the answer is a clear and untouchable "yes", if we are willingly to accept the responsibilities that come with it. We have to face this truth: If there isnï¿½t some huge payoff of whatever kind inherent to the Mission to Mars, the responsibility of conducting it can hardly be carried. The solution to this moral and ethical dilemma comes from what at first seems to be the most dangerous threat to a colonization of Mars: Its scale. The sheer dimension of the effort necessary to support an Outpost leaves no choice but to be a true international undertaking. Mankind has, for the past years, reached a stage of its development where our technical abilities allow us to eradicate all higher forms of life on our home planet within half an hour. But satellite communication, supersonic passenger-airplanes and innumerous other inventions would also allow us to start a planet-wide cooperation, if we choose to do so. The possibilities we have at hand not only make this possible, but they oblige us to use our powers for peaceful purpose, simply because everything else could be fatal. Never before in the entire history of mankind had we the chance to do anything remotely like crossing the vast of space to colonize another planet. Never before we had the chance to unite all people, regardless of their origin, under one common, peaceful goal. Never before had we the chance to act as a species, not on a timely strictly limited undertaking, but to build our gate to the stars. With the Mars settlement we have for the first time the truly unique chance to engage in a worldwide, cooperative challenge. It not only requires a planet-wide coordination, it prerequisites the acceptance of the fact that mankind is essentially one, regardless of the place and the circumstances of birth of one of us. It is our responsibility to spread this thought of Earth and its inhabitants as one planet and one people, it is this what justifies all expenses. And then, as if there is need for more, there are all the other fascinations and justifications of going into the infinities of space. Just to name a few: It presents one of the greatest challenges to mankind. Without those challenges, we would enter into a slow, but steady, decline. The function of space programs as turbo-pumps in the stream of technical innovations is obvious. Secondly, we simply have to leave the Earth sometime. Maybe we could delay this, but sooner or later our home planet will be unable to support any more of us. We can be ready to leave Earth then, or we can pray that everybody prefers birth control to fighting for air, water and food. And, but now I will become almost unbearably subjective, there are very, very few other fields of human activity where, as is done within astronautics, there is so obviously consciously defined what is possible or not, where there is so openly met the challenge to achieve the impossible, and where there is in such impressive magnitude created reality. So, what does all this concretely mean, what consequences for our actions does this make necessary? I do have to admit that I am not an expert in politics, but a little common sense should work well in outlining the broad direction: It has to be expected of the colonization of Mars that it facilitates the installation of one planet-wide agency dealing with our Martian affairs. With this agency, it is our duty to make all possible effort to create an institution which allows mankind over time to grow together, united by common goals and efforts of sustaining and bringing life to the stars, including our home here on Earth. When more and more people realize that it is better for them to place their focus on the destiny of all mankind, the impact in all fields, including the at the beginning mentioned schools and including the poorest of the poor, even the impact in these fields will be immense. Peace and freedom through colonizing Mars. If we choose to do so, than this is our duty. Mars is not the end of a costly story, Mars is the mark of the beginning of a new era of mankind. Track 5B 3:30 Space Exploration, Technology Choice, and Social Protest: Is the Only Way to Get There the Wrong Way? Victoria P. Friedensen 2101 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20418 Beginning with the premise that the only technologies capable of providing enough power for human transport and support on the surface of Mars are space nuclear power technologies, this paper will analyze the potential problems for a Mars exploration program resulting from social protest of nuclear technologies. Mission planners and spacecraft designers frequently rely on nuclear reactors and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) for interplanetary spacecraft propulsion and power supply in transit and on the surface of Mars. Space nuclear power, in the form of RTGs, has a long successful history in the U.S. space program as the most reliable, cost-effective, long-lived power supply for missions outside Earth orbit. Within the current U.S. faster, better, cheaper budget philosophy, nuclear reactors for space propulsion are the most attainable of proposed high-power, long-life propulsion technologies. Frequently, plans and designs for Mars missions assume that these space nuclear power technologies will be cost effective and on the shelf and, with the conclusion that their near-term availability and significant cost savings in advanced technology development, make space nuclear power technologies the enabling technologies for human missions outside Earth orbit. However, recent public protest over the 1997 Cassini mission to Saturn indicates a strong potential for significant social protest over use of space nuclear power that would drive up programmatic costs and risks. This study will seek to answer whether social protest over, and political dislike of, nuclear technologies will present a significant barrier to the exploration and eventual colonization of Mars. The potential problems will be outlined and potential solutions offered. Track 5B 4:00 One Way to Mars/a Permanent Settlement on the First Mission Bruce Mackenzie [email protected] One way to set up permanent settlements on Mars is to plan one-way trips instead of round trips. It may be less expensive and safer to set up a permanent base on the first human missions to Mars, than to have round-trip missions. Of course, there must be some way for the people to return, if required. But, if the people plan to stay, we might save enough on their return flights to send the extra equipment and tools to set up a permanent base immediately. Advantages of One-Way to Mars: The most hazardous part of the Mars mission may be the return flight. It is more expensive to transport people back form Mars than to Mars. The major reason to go to Mars is for permanent human settlements. Scientific investigations, the second reason, would be much easier with a permanent Mars settlement. Robotic instruments can gather information needed to design equipment and plan settlements, which was not possible for pioneers historically. "Opening a New World" is a stronger motivation than the "Flags and Footprints" method of Apollo. Track 5B 4:30 Clearwater, FL 33755-2811 [email protected] While just over twenty nations either possess their own space agency or are members of a consortium, over two hundred nations, many of which are considered "developing", are potential members in this "exclusive club". Many of these nations are just struggling to survive and some have no true central government due to civil war and other such catastrophic societal events and would otherwise find it unthinkable to send anyone into space. Any of these nations interested in joining the space fairing world could be introduced to a technology slightly higher than their general public is presently accustomed to and brought up to speed. This would be more of a "bootstrap" in the beginning, as everybody must begin somewhere and should not conflict with the United Nations' Space Organization. The UNSO, like most UN organizations, is designed to oversee treaties and perform related functions, not to oversee spacecraft development, mission planning and other functions required to depart a planetary body. However, many of the nations actively engaged in space research are members of the UNSO. Business and academe from space faring nations would start the training and eventually hand operations over to those whom they have trained as part of a noncompetitive, cooperative agreement. Providing the potential for a truly international space organization requires participation from the majority of nations, not simply the few nations already engaged in space flight Track 5B 5:00 Design Projects at UC Berkeley for NASA's Heds-Up Program Larry Kuznetz University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA [email protected] Missions to Mars have been a topic for study since the advent of the space age. Because of financial and political constraints however, human missions have been relegated to backroom efforts such as the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) with it's 90-day study in 1989-90. What funding exists has largely been reserved for the unmanned probes such as the Viking landers, Pathfinders and Global Surveyers. With the newfound enthusiasm from Pathfinder and the meteorite ALH84001, however, there is renewed interest in human exploration of Mars. This is manifest in the new Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS) program that NASA has recently initiated. This program, through its University Projects (HEDS-UP) office has taken the unusual step of soliciting creative solutions from universities. Design Projects: For its part in the HEDS-UP program, the University of California, Berkeley was asked to study the issues of Habitat design, Space Suits for Mars, Environmental Control and Life Support Systems, Countermeasures to Hypogravity and Crew Size/Mix. These topics, as well as the interactive design environment (IDE) have been design projects in "Mars by 2012", an ongoing class for undergraduates and graduate students. The IDE is an electronic resource that allows NASA scientists and engineers, as well as the public, to interact with and critique engineering designs as they progress. It usually takes the form of a website (in this case, http://mars2012.berkeley.edu) that creates a "virtual office" environment whereby NASA and others can interact in a constructive manner to propose and review concepts or relationships for potential inclusion in NASA's Mars Design Reference Mission. For the Mars Forum, we will present the basics of the IDE insofar as it relates to the HEDS-UP program, and a proposal for a flight experiment to determine the need for artificial gravity on human Mars missions, based on the results of our design project studies. 7:00 Plenary Panel B The Preservation of Extraterrestrial Life Mark Lupisella NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Rd. Greenbelt, MD 20770 [email protected] As we expand our presence in the solar system and beyond, novel and challenging scientific and policy issues will face us. A relatively near-term issue requiring attention involves questions regarding the search for and discovery of primitive extraterrestrial life-Mars being an obvious candidate. Such a search and potential discovery is clearly of paramount importance for science and will pose novel and challenging mission planning and policy questions regarding how we should search for and interact with that life. This paper will explore the scientific and mission planning issues along with the policy issues associated with the search and interaction with primitive extraterrestrial life. Central to the logistical science and mission planning issues is the role and feasibility of modeling techniques. Central to the policy questions are issues of value. Exploring this overall issue responsibly requires a holistic understanding of how both of these aspects of the issue interrelate. Some of the questions to be considered are: Will contamination jeopardize or mask possible indigenous life forms? To what extent can we control contamination (e.g. will it be local or global?) What are the criteria for determining the biological status of an extraterrestrial planet like Mars (e.g. for example, can we extrapolate from a few strategic missions?) What will our policies be regarding our interaction with non-intelligent extraterrestrial life? 7:00 Plenary Panel B 23 Lexington Ave. No. 1739 New York, NY 10010 [email protected] A serious and durable Mars exploration effort-one capable of garnering widespread respect and support needs an intelligible and systematic framework for approaching issues of environmental ethics. This presentation proposes a practical ethical system developed by an unaligned professional, and shows how it works when applied to a particular problem (terraforming). The first part of the presentation will briefly describe the interconnectedness of space exploration and environmentalism, then move to a critical analysis of contemporary approaches to environmental ethics. Special focuses: the notion of ethical extension; the problem of demarcation; the proliferation of centrisms (anthropocentrism, geocentrism, biocentrism, cosmocentrism, etc.); the preference for general theories of value rather than practical ethical systems; the call for a cosmocentric ethic; the neglected polycentricity of practical ethical systems. The second part of the presentation will set out the main features of a mainstream, philosophically-justified ethical system that can be characterized as: (a) rule-based, in that it centers on a specific set of general moral rules; (b) rationalistic, in that it does not depend upon concepts that are unanalyzable or transcendent; (c) sentience-oriented, in that it makes the demarcation decision in terms of sentience or consciousness; and (d) empirical, in that it depends upon a balancing of predictable harms and benefits, and tends to push ethical inquiry in the direction of measurable facts. The third part of the presentation will be an application of the proposed system to a particular scenario: Assume humans have extensively explored and studied Mars, including indigenous microbes found in vents a mile beneath the surface. The outpost has evolved into a permanent colony, and the colonists have developed plans for a long-term terraforming project. Should the plans proceed? The presentation will conclude with a brief evaluation of the proposed system, from both space-exploration and environmentalist perspectives. 7:00 Plenary Panel B Ethical Considerations in Planetary Engineering Chris McKay Hoover Institution, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-6010 Mars presents the most obvious example of potential human capabilities for transforming the surface conditions of other Solar planets into ones suitable for support of technically unaided human life, primarily due to its current congeniality to lightly-aided human activities on and near its surface, i.e., to the comparatively modest distance in parameter space which must be traversed to attain Terra-like conditions. Two basic scenarios for terraforming Mars are discussed, In the more optimistic one, a one-time heat-pulse suffices to convert present Martian near-surface conditions into ones which then may be readily engineered into ones acceptable for unaided human activities, bootstrapping into existence an atmospheric heat-trap of sufficient magnitude and exploiting the materials presently trapped in the Martian polar caps and positioned within a few meters of the Martian surface. The more pessimistic one assumes that a significantly larger steady-state heat input, relative to present conditions, will be required to maintain terrestrial-like conditions. Independent sets of ways-and-means of engineering within either of these scenarios are presented, supported with first-level details. Due to the planetary scale, solar insolation is the only feasible heat-source, and effective insolation modulation ï¿½ either through increasing the Martian optical cross-section or by varying the planet's (time- and frequency-dependent) albedo ï¿½ is the common feature of all such schemes. The essence of practicality lies in the minimization of mass and energy required to accomplish the necessary insolation modulation. The most elegant approaches exploit latent instabilities in the Martian climatological system to increment surface temperature by several dozen kelvins with asymptotically small albeit exceedingly potent human interventions. Notably, it appears feasible to fully terraform Mars on a three-decade time-scale ï¿½ to create and operate an actual ''Genesis Machine'' within a single gigasecond ï¿½ a duration well within the lifetimes of the first Mars-men, moreover while employing resource levels denominated in millionths of the current U.S. GNP. Life on Mars: Past Present and Future Chris McKay NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA Mars was once a warm and wet planet, a place friendly to life. It could potentially be made so again. By exploring Mars, we may be able to resolve the question of whether the origin of life involved processes that were unique to the Earth or common in the universe. By settling Mars, and attempting to terraform it, we may answer the question of whether life is capable of spreading from its planet of origin. Saturday Plenary Session 10:00 Center for International Cooperation in Space Stanford University Stanford University has completed the third iteration design of a Single Step to Orbit Launch system to replace NASA's Shuttle. The aerospace industry is aware that the true Singe-Stage-to-Orbit vehicles, whether Vertical or Horizontal take-off, or Vertical or Horizontal landing, do not get useful payload to orbit, despite large research monies spent on studies and tests. What does work is a rocket planet that starts out fully fueled at 40,000 fee and has wings to assist in the flight from there to orbit. The rocket equations show you can get a useful payload (9 Metric Tons) to Low Earth Orbit or (25 Metric Tons) to Low Earth Orbit with an apogee kick stage. Three configurations of such single Step to Orbit space planes are feasible. One is Kelly Enterprise's, where the fully fueled rocket plane is towed to altitude by a tow plane. One is suggested in a Hotl proposal, where the fueled space plane is flung from the back (or dropped from the belly) of a carrier plane. A third follows Mitch Clapp's Black Horse concept, where the rocket plane takes off with jet engines and payload, then meets a tanker plane to load on the liquid hydrogen and then flies on to orbit. The air-fueling configuration offers significant advantages in development and testing and more viable abort scenarios. The Stanford SsTO is based on the air-fueling concept using the largest Antonov cargo plane to carry the liquid oxygen. The SsTO can deliver 15 metric tons to Low Earth Orbit using a parabolic flight and apogee circularizing motor. The circularizing motor remains with the fuel forming a "space tug" that can be used to support deep space exploration. The tug costs about $25 million including the hardware and SsTO launch. The design of Mars Direct by Bob Zubrin, the Base Line study by NASA's Johnson Space flight Center, and the Stanford-Russian Human Mars mission use a number of cargo flights to Mars followed by the exploration crew. Less than 40 space tug modules at a total cost under $1 billion, would propel the five to seven mars vehicles needed for these missions. The Mars Missions should be reviewed based on the availability of such low cost in orbit fuel modules. We support the suggestions that NASA stimulate a private international consortium to develop a SsTO by committing to purchase fuel modules in orbit to support human Mars missions. Brown Bag Lunch Event 12:00 Boosters for Manned Missions to Mars, Past and Present Scott Lowther 445 Union Blvd. #125 Lakewood, CO 80228 A large number of space launch boosters have been proposed throughout the years, many of which were designed for or were applicable to launching components required for manned missions to Mars. In this paper, past and current designs for booster vehicles needed to perform manned Mars missions are examined and compared, with emphasis on current and very recent concepts. Included are such designs as: von Braunï¿½s 1952 Ferry Rocket, the Saturn V and various Saturn V derived vehicles, various Nova studies from the 1960ï¿½s, the Soviet N-1, the Soviet Energia, various Shuttle Derived Vehicles (such as Shuttle-C, Aries and similar designs) , the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle, VentureStar, StarBooster 400, StarBooster 1800 and Magnum. Vehicle designs are described and shown and capabilities are compared, along with any manned Mars mission modes originally proposed for each booster. The utility of each booster for Mars piloted and cargo missions at current technological levels are examined. Three baseline Mars missions based on modern technology are also to be briefly described: A Mars Direct architecture, the current NASA-JSC Design Reference Mission architecture and a stereotypical large on-orbit assembled single vehicle. These missions are then modified for each booster, showing the modifications required, if any, to the mission in order to utilize a certain launch system. The results are then compared and contrasted. Conclusions are drawn based upon these results, with certain boosters showing a higher level of ability and confidence. Brown Bag Lunch Event 12:00 Next Generation Launchers in the Exploration of Mars. Gary McPeters The exploration of Mars has been conducted exclusively by governments using launch vehicles developed by government. In the future, this exploration may be conducted by private groups using launch vehicles developed by private industry. This new generation of launches is being developed by familiar names like Lockheed-Martin and newcomers like Kistler Aerospace, Pioneer Rocket Plane, and Rotary Rocket. These vehicles will be horizontally and vertically landed, manned, unmanned rockets and jet powered, single and multi-staged. But they will share the attributes of increased launch rates, quick turnarounds and lower costs. These characteristics will change the way we explore Mars. Cheaper launch costs mean private groups will be able to launch probes to Mars. Money saved on launches can instead be spent on payloads. More launches offered by more companies mean more payloads can be sent in every launch window to Mars. Instead of one or two probes, we could get fleets. Further ahead, the advent of manned launchers and single stage to orbit vehicles will rapidly open the possibilities of large scale Mars exploration. Single stage to orbit launchers will offer the most exciting uses when they become operational. If they are refueled in orbit, their Delta-V capacity will enable them to take their payloads directly to Mars. Since they are designed to use aero-braking to land on Earth, they will be able to use it at Mars, increasing their payload capacity even more. These reliable, operational vehicles could then become a new class of Mars transports without costly design of new vehicles. This and more will be made possible by the new generation of launch vehicles. Track 1C 1:00 Oxygen Generation on Mars Using Solid Oxide Electrolysis K. R. Sridhar,Space Technologies LaboratoryThe University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona [email protected] Generation of oxygen on Mars for life support and propulsion needs will have a significant impact on reducing the cost and launch mass of human missions to Mars as well as robotic sample return missions. This talk will address the solid oxide electrolysis technique for generating oxygen from carbon dioxide. In this solid state process, carbon dioxide is decomposed to carbon monoxide and oxygen, and the oxygen thus produced is separated electrochemically by a nonporous ceramic electrolyte. Laboratory level demonstrations have shown that the process is robust, and will operate in Mars simulant atmosphere for extended periods (tested for over six months) with no noticeable degradation in performance. The principle of operation, mass and energy needs and its potential role in Mars exploration will be discussed. A proof-of-concept electrolyzer will fly on the 2001 Lander to Mars. An integrated Mars Oxygen Generator System (OGS) concept which is part of the Mars ISPP Precursor (MIP) flight experiment is presented. The electrolyzer is based on a planar zirconia disk configuration. The proposed packaging of the electrolyzer within a 100 mm diameter and 100 mm high cylindrical container limits heat losses to less than 10W. The complete OGS includes flow control and sensing hardware. The design details of the payload will be presented. This will be the first payload ever to generate resources of use to humans from planetary materials Track 1C 1:30 Production of Higher Hydrocarbon Species on Mars Brian M. Frankie, P.E. Lakewood, CO 80228 While in situ propellant production (ISPP) is widely recognized as one of the key technologies required for the exploration and eventual settlement of Mars, most ISPP concepts are troubled by the "hydrogen question." The majority of ISPP concepts require some form of hydrogen feedstock to the process, as hydrogen is required in most liquid fuels, but is not easily available on Mars. Hydrogen transport as water, ammonia, or methane is possible but limits the mass leverage of the ISPP system, so most concepts have proposed transporting liquid hydrogen to Mars. Liquid hydrogen is a low density extreme cryogen, and has an annoying tendency to leak, which increases the difficulty of transport. This paper examines options for producing liquid fuels that have low hydrogen content, which both helps alleviate the difficulties of hydrogen transport, and increases the mass leverage of the ISPP system. In addition, as the human presence on Mars expands beyond the initial exploration phase, low hydrogen content compounds will have additional uses as chemical feedstocks. The low hydrogen content fuels of primary interest, in order of interest, are aromatics, olefins, and high molecular weight paraffins. Track 1C 2:00 Oxygen Extraction from Martian Atmosphere using Radio Frequency Discharges R.L. Ash, T. Dinh, S. Popovic, and L. Vuskovic Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23529 Studies starting in the late seventies have shown that Mars' atmosphere can be use as a feedstock for oxygen production using simple chemical processing systems during early phases of the Mars exploration program. This approach has been recognized as one of the most important in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) concepts for enabling future round trip Mars missions. We have been working on the development of capacitive and inductive radio frequency (RF) discharges for oxygen production. The capacitive RF discharges increased the conversion efficiency of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide and oxygen at lower temperatures and were combined with oxygen separation using a silver membrane, which acted as one of the electrodes in the discharges. The discharges were operated at pressures typical for Martian atmospheric conditions. Mars atmospheric simulant gas was used, which contained practically exact proportions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon as in the actual Martian atmosphere. The results of computer modeling, confirmed by experiment, show that the chemical composition of Martian atmospheric gas is changed in the RF discharge. The Mars simulant gas was transformed into the mixture containing large proportions of atomic and molecular oxygen, carbon monoxide, and proportionally smaller amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases. The residual gas, after partial separation of oxygen, has a potential for further utilization as a "dirty" carbon monoxide fuel. The property of the RF discharge to trap and enable natural removal of dust particles is also recognized and elaborated. The systems based on RF discharges will be compared with other ISRU oxygen extraction methods with respect to size, mass, power, efficiency and oxygen quality. Director and Institute Professor of Chemistry Advanced Human Design P.O. Box 2214 Cupertino, CA 95015-2214 The presentation is a review of the current status on research conducted at Ames-NASA Research Center in the area of water reclamation technologies. Details in the following areas of research will be explored. Advanced Oxidant Delivery Screening Catalyst Screening Development of Special Catalysts An overview of future research as applied to human habitation of Mars and the Moon will conclude this session. Track 1C 3:30 Site Selection on Mars Based on Optimal Collocation of Indigenous Resources Donald Barker, M.S., M.A. Gregory Chamitoff, Ph.D. [email protected] Like the Earth, Mars is a planet with an abundance of natural resources, including accessible materials that can be used to support human life and to sustain a self sufficient Martian outpost. Major in situ resources required by the initial inhabitants and explorers include water, atmospheric and material consumables, and various energy and fuel reservoirs. This paper examines the potential for supporting the first manned mission with the objective of economically achieving self-sufficiency through well understood resource exploration and identification, followed by a program of rigorous scientific research aimed at extending and expanding in situ resource utilization capabilities. The potential for initially extracting critical resources from the Martian environment is examined, and the scientific investigations required to identify additional resources in the atmosphere, on the surface, and within the subsurface are discussed. The current state of knowledge regarding the planet's geomorphology is examined, particularly as it pertains to the question of locating water and other useful resources. Questions of scientific necessity and feasibility are examined with respect to the concepts of resource utilization and habitability. Throughout the next decade, unmanned precursor missions, including Pathfinder, Mars Global Surveyor, and the Mars 98, 2001, 2003 and 2005 missions, can and should be targeted and utilized to construct an initial resource knowledge database that will serve to support the selection of an initial manned landing site. Considerations are presented for determining the optimal landing site based on the best combination of the known and potential existence and accessibility of Martian resources. The primary goal of achieving self-sufficiency on Mars would accelerate the development of Human colonization beyond Earth, while providing a robust and permanent Martian base from which humans could explore and conduct long term research on the evolution of planets, the solar system, and life itself. 21000 Brookpark Rd. Cleveland, OH 44135 A first Mars expedition will be greatly facilitated by use of in-situ Mars resources for producing return propellant. While most discussions of Mars resource availability assume that a Mars mission will target an equatorial or mid-latitude site, I argue here that there are significant advantages to a polar site. Polar regions have two distinct advantages over lower latitude sites. Polar regions facilitate easy access to mars volatiles in the form of frozen water and carbon dioxide. This is important not only for production of rocket fuel for the return to Earth, but for production of fuel for local mobility. A polar expedition would not have to bring hydrogen from Earth to produce propellant, but could extract hydrogen by simply melting available ice. Also, during the Mars summer, both the Sun and the Earth are constantly above the horizon. This allows continuous power generation without the requirement for heavy power storage systems, and allows direct communications to Earth. While a polar site may be less desirable for geology, since the terrain is ice-covered, geological studies of non-ice-covered terrain can easily be accomplished by use of a long-range rover, and there are unique exploration possibilities to gather information available from polar science which are not found elsewhere on the planet. Track 2C 1:00 Washington DC [email protected] A country's economic development and utilization of its resources depend foremost on the country's economic, legal and political regimes. The fall of communism and state-directed systems in poorer countries seem to herald the victory of the free market. That regime gives maximum incentives for individuals to utilize the ultimate source of values, the human mind, to create wealth. But misunderstandings about markets have led to rough transitions. The model for Mars is not the Antarctic Treaty nor the Law of the Sea Treaty. These versions of the statist regimes now rejected by most countries would ensure that Martian resources remain unexploited. In fact, flawed elements of the Outer Space Treaty and the Intelsat Agreement already have slowed the private sector space development. Mars will need an economic/legal regime based on property rights and contacts. Initial planetary development will depend on consortia arrangements that serve immediate needs. But consortia must allow for a transition to a system with market prices, the only efficient way to allocate resources, and with incentives for entrepreneurial innovation. Public health and safety functions, currently provided very poorly by governments on Earth, might be guaranteed more efficiently by incorporating their goals into initial consortia rules and contracts. The extensive research and insights market thinkers in past three decades can help Mars avoid the mistakes that all Earth governments now are trying to correct. Attempts by merchants in the Age of Exploration 500 years ago profit though trade in a world without law gave rise to innovative market institutions like double-entry bookkeeping and insurance (a means to share risk). The development of Mars, if done right, will not only be yield advances in science and technology, but in free, civil institutions as well. Track 2C 2:00 Red, White and Blue Mars: The Case For American Ownership Alex Lightman Santa Monica, CA 90401 [email protected] Who owns Mars? Currently, no one does, or everyone, depending on how one interprets two different UN Treaties. The natural consequence of this is that Mars will remain untouched by human hands, or feet, for the foreseeable future, since the cost of a manned mission will be comparable to the largest projects in history. As Americans and others around the world view the latest images beamed back to earth from Mars Surveyor, now is the time to ask whether all we want from the red planet are pictures. The United States should claim Mars in the near future, or ask to become a trustee for Mars until it can be self-governing. In weighing the advantages, disadvantages, justifications and probable consequences, we may find that there are few actions that could be taken by the United States with such profoundly beneficial consequences. America could increase its wealth, power, influence, security, and confidence in the future. The cost would be virtually insignificant, a rounding error in our $1.7 trillion federal budget. With an aggregate stock market value of over $15 trillion, and a national valuation of almost $70 trillion, development of Mars is well within America's capabilities. The catalyst will likely be property rights, the same catalyst for the rapid rise of both Europe and the United States compared to their contemporaries in the middle ages and over the last two centuries. What are the obstacles? Basically, one article in the first UN space treaty, and two in the second. Though the US ratified the first treaty, it has not ratified the second, and neither have over 170 other nations. 1. Article II of the "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" that entered into force in 1967 states: "Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means." 2. Article XI of the "Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" (1979) states, in section 2: "The moon is not subject to national appropriation by any claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means." 3. Section 3 goes further: "Neither the surface of the moon, nor any part thereof or natural resources in place, shall become the property of any State, international intergovernmental or non-governmental organization, national organization or non-governmental entity or of any natural person. The placement of personnel, space vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and installations on or below the surface of the moon, including structures connected with its surface or subsurface, shall not create a right of ownership over the surface or the subsurface of the moon or any areas thereof. The foregoing provisions are without prejudice to the international regime referred to in paragraph 5 of this article." These two paragraphs are the only 'obstacles' to America's claim of sovereignty. Comparing these agreements to the benefits that will accrue to 265 million Americans, and eventually to the other 5 billion or residents of this planet, we may come to the conclusion that the US government should either ignore these provisions, or give the one year notice that we are withdrawing from the 1967 treaty (the only one we have ratified) which the treaty offers any signatories. Just say "no" to pointless UN limitations. Pass a law permitting Americans to file claims to land and other resources of Mars, via the Patent Office unless a specialized agency is set up. The case for American ownership of Mars consists in part of approximately 24 reasons, including several of the following: Why not claim Mars for the United States? If Mars were an American possession, the images that we can download from the Internet would take on new meaning. We might imagine that we are looking at a future state, a place to visit, develop mining and other new businesses, and develop the next phase of human civilization. Track 2C 2:30 Legislation and Space Law Concepts Proposed for the Eventual Industrialization of Mars by Man James J. Hurtak, Ph.D. Legal Implications of the Moon Treaty Relative to the Exploration and Settlement of Outer Space Elliot D Yug Attorney & Counselor at Law 333 S. Third Street, Las Vegas, NV 89101 We live in exciting times with regards to space law in general and the "Moon Treaty" of 1972, particular. The "Moon Treaty" introduced the concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind to outer space. Under the "Moon Treaty" any exploitation of extra-terrestrial natural resources must be done under the auspices of the United Nations. There are two proposed projects on the drawing boards which may well run afoul of the "Moon Treaty". NEAP is a private project which proposes to return samples from a near Earth asteroid for scientific research. In his book The Case for Mars, Robert Zubrin proposes a plan for the exploration and colonization of Mars. Under this plan, explorers will "live off the land" and a colony will eventually be self-supporting by means exploiting Martian natural resources. Both projects raise several questions: Give the fact that the United States has never signed the "Moon Treaty" are its nationals subject to the treaty. Assuming that U.S. nationals are subject to the treaty, does the treaty preclude all exploitation or just for-profit exploitation; At what point in the development of a Martian colony does non-profit exploitation during the exploration of Mars become for-profit exploitation as Martian natural resources are used to support the colony itself; and, Are the restrictions of the "Moon Treaty" applicable to a Martian colony as it becomes self-supporting? Track 2C 3:30 President, World Space Bar Association 3300 East 14th Avenue, Denver, CO 80206 In order to assist the persons who are settling Mars, there are several concerns that should be resolved in advance in respect to Mars Governance. The threshold level of concerns relates to standards, planning, legal tender, municipal services and the concept of authority in the community. It is asserted that Mars Governance has unique and specific needs, ones that will dovetail with the kinds of missions to be developed or promoted by the Mars society. These will be reviewed and catalogued. Mars Governance is thereby different from, and independent from, space governance paradigms generally, albeit a future reconciliation is possible, if and when such is ever developed. The assertion includes the proposition, therefore, that Mars Governance has priority. It also suggests that the Mars Society should take a leadership role in that process. The paper will suggest how to proceed on these assumptions. Track 2C 4:00 445 Union Blvd. #125 Lakewood, CO 80228 In the past, new lands have served as laboratories for "noble experiments" in which new sets of rights could be tested as means of organizing human society on a more progressive basis than deemed practical in well-settled and organized home countries. The most obvious example of this process is the United States, in which a collection of basic rights, including freedom of press, religion, assembly, trial by jury, right to bear arms, and to vote for representative government were implemented in the face of widespread skepticism of educated European opinion, and by their success, set the pattern for the reorganization of human society on a higher basis globally. The author believes that there is a need for this process of experimentation to continue, and that Mars could serve as the laboratory for a further set of noble experiments, that could help humanity find its way to a still more human form of society Track 2C 4:30 127 Top Oï¿½ The Lake Drive Lakeway, TX 78734 He only says, "Good fences make good neighbors." This is a line from a poem by Robert Frost which derided fences as unnecessary and the sign of a closed, petty mind. He was wrong. Good fences are the enshrinement of property rights in law. Good fences make good boundaries and good boundaries define freedom, a prerequisite to brotherhood. Good fences do not make good neighbors; good neighbors make good neighbors, but good fences can help us get along. Good fences are symbolic of the value of every human being as a human being. Being human means making moral choices, which presupposes freedom. Slaves cannot be good or bad since they can't choose their acts. Slaves have no fences. Much of what has gone wrong with America can be viewed as the loss of good fence making ability, usually in the name of some variant of "caring" or "compassion". My thesis is that caring and compassion lead to fences, not away from them. Mars is humanity's chance to try again to establish a commonwealth of liberty, a practical brotherhood where rights are limited and sacred. America was once the "last, best hope" of humanity: but that isn't said much anymore. Let's say it about Mars. Let's say it about Mars before we lose it to some misguided attempt to declare it out-of-bounds to humanity, life Antarctica. Let's fence it in before we're fenced out. Let us build fences on Mars, if at first only in our hearts here on Earth. Let us make both beautiful. Let us be good fence makers. Good fence makers make good neighbors. Historically, brotherhood has been very scarce, like property rightsï¿½ and liberty. They definitely are the path "less traveled by". Let us go down that path. Maybe this time, on Mars, we can get it right. On Our Best Behavior: Optimization of Group Functioning on the Early Mars Missions Vadim I. Gushin Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russia Marilyn Dudley-Rowley 2662 Montana Road Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 It is something of an irony that a planet named for the God of War challenges mortal humans to psychosocial behaviors which may far surpass what is seen normally. Mars cannot be explored without a human presence on that planet. There is no robotic substitute for processing complicated information, making hard decisions, and solving non-standard problems. Many phenomena will be unknown and will need the intuition and the multiple perspectives of human cognition to discern them. With a manned mission, come all the foibles of what it means to be human. Unfortunately, dysfunctional acts and events could jeopardize the autonomous, long-duration missions as Mars exploration requires. Space and other extraterrestrial environments require of people behaviors closer to zero-tolerance for deviance. This unavoidable fact calls for optimization of group functioning. Understanding optimization calls for comprehending the occurrences and frequencies of deviance in extreme environments among teams living and working there; for baselines of optimal standards of performance still yet to be drawn; and for the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of less-than-optimal behaviors, not only on an individual basis, but especially on a group basis. Several perspectives and methods are discussed. Finally, it is contended, optimizing group functioning for the "first Martians" could lead to a higher order of behaviors conducive to international cooperation on Earth. In the conquest of Mars, we conquer ourselves. Defining Human Parameters for Offworld Migration: Roles and Crew Composition James J. Funaro Cabrillo College/CONTACT This paper is an attempt to define and evaluate -- from the anthropological perspective -- some of the basic human factors that need to be considered in migration off world. Anthropology, being interdisciplinary by nature, can serve as a platform for integrating all the sciences (as well as the arts and humanities) into the human experience. In constructing an overall approach to human migration off world, an anthropological perspective, which encompasses data from past and present cultural systems, may point out some distinctions which might prove useful to current space research. A number of factors relevant to crew composition will be addressed. For example, evidence from ethnography, history, archeology, primatology and paleoanthropology suggests that migration has always been a natural, consistent and adaptive practice of our species, constituting the usual way of releasing recurrent pressures created by problems of politics, population or ecology. However, comparative study shows that human (and even chimpanzee) migration often consists of two separate components: exploration and colonization. Though they are not necessarily mutually exclusive, they often occur as phases in the overall migratory process and have essentially different goals and require different skills. The need for such a distinction in a different context is already being recognized in space engineering; e.g., enabling vs. enhancing technologies. By noting general patterns yielded by anthropological data and studying the particular cultural and ecological contexts of their exceptions, we may be able to more accurately perceive the different sets of problems (regardless of time and environment) normally encountered in various roles in the migration process and to more effectively design appropriate crews to perform their diverse functions. Track 3C 2:00 Marriage, Family, and Child Counseler 405 E. Branch St., Suite H Arroyo Grande, CA 93420 [email protected] As humankind pushes the limits of its habitat to stretch beyond its native planet, humans in space flight will experience unaccustomed limits to their mobility, privacy, use of space, and person and artistic expression. Interplanetary flight poses enormous challenges physically, socially and psychologically, and while Mars Mission planners are well aware of the research on these issues, the real research will be done on the way to Mars. This paper will attempt to raise some very human issues likely to arise in prolonged space flight: intrapsychic and personality conflicts, loss of mobility, sexual needs, the role of scent, and development of a functional shipboard culture. Interplanetary astronauts must indeed be "The right Stuff," but what is right for a Mars mission may be quite different from what it meant in previous space ventures. In prolonged space flight, as distinctive on-board cultures will develop, the crewmembers will have a greater than ever need for strong intrapsychic resources and a high tolerance of enforced social contact. Personality characteristics resilient against social burnout and psychological stress may be as important to the successful mission candidate as is the design of the mission vehicle itself. Real time contact with Earth-based controllers will diminish over the course of the mission; communications will need to accommodate to the increasing isolation and interdependency of the mission crew. Mission features and personal attributes impacting crew compatibility and capacity for self-reliance ranging form age and experience to a "sense of mission" may force a selection process wherein personalities ordinarily rejected as insufficiently aggressive might well become the crew of choice. Abilities to relax deeply, get lost in thought, or even dissociate may prove to be predictors of successful toleration of long term missions. Acknowledgement of sexuality and its psychological importance both personally and as a hormonal mitigator of shipboard rancors will prove necessary. Anyone may behave Puritanically for two weeks, but no one can deny his sexuality for the course of a Mars mission. Human pheromones are not the only scents to relive tension; use of aromatherapy may become as necessary to ship balance as regular exercise is to astronaut bodies. The Mir cosmonauts spoke of missing the "smell of green", thus evocative scent packs will support psychic shipboard balance, as will CD libraries of art, music, and even the instruments of art, creating the essence of the psyche's first aid kit. Expression of impressions and feelings through these media will provide the most economic form of psychic safety valve. A ship's counselorï¿½or foolï¿½might well become the critical additional crewmember when the journey across space takes years rather than months. Longer missions not only require different logistics in planning for the long, intermittent supply line; they must also consider the more considerable physical and emotional stresses on the crew. Inquiry into these issues, choosing crew accordingly, and providing appropriate "culture support kits" will offer potential solutions which each crew will be able to use in a manner consistent with the culture it develops in flight. Track 3C 2:30 [email protected] A number of critical sociological and technical elements must come together for a serious commitment to be undertaken for a manned Mars mission by a nation, or by the world of nations. The three required elements to commit to such a mission are: strong political leadership; the availability of the proper level of financial resources; and, lastly, the technical capability to pursue this goal. Other major elements that are not necessarily required for a commitment to a manned Mars mission, but could provide additional rational for such a mission, are: to investigate and exploit potential commercial and/or scientific payoff(s) by colonizing Mars; or the need to colonize Mars for the survival of civilization if there is a catastrophic event that takes place on Earth, such as a collision from a large asteroid. If one examines past great exploration initiatives, such as Columbus discovering America or the manned moon mission landings, the three major elements to support these historic initiatives did come together successfully. By examining these and other similar exploration initiatives, extensive insight can be gained in understanding the levels of technical risk that were considered acceptable to commit to such historic endeavors. When these initiatives were undertaken their technical risk levels were well below those typically considered acceptable for state-of-the-art aerospace systems. It is likely that because of the technical complexity and large investment required to perform a successful manned Mars mission, levels of the technical risk that are comparable to these other historic exploration endeavors will have to be accepted, if such a mission is to be undertaken in the next 25 to 30 years. This paper will attempt to identify the level of acceptable technical risk that were associated with some of these past historic exploration endeavors, and discuss how these findings can be used as criteria to help guide the commitment decision to undertake a manned mission to Mars. Additionally, a top-level discussion on how risk management methods can be used to track Mars mission risk will also be addressed. Director and Institute Professor of Chemistry Advance Human Design P.O. Box 2214, Cupertino, CA 95015-2214 Long term space flight has serious physiological and psychological implications. Similar to long term athletic training such issues as fitness, effective training and scheduling of training, and motivational levels become increasingly important in a microgravity environment. Studies in human behavior, gross-motor activities and perceptual stimuli that parallel regimented Olympic grade training of athletes have similar benefits to astronaut's physiological and psychological well being on extended space flights. A terrestrial working model of such a system will be discussed in detail along with its applications to extend space flight. Who Should Go to Mars? Paul Van Steensburg This will be a presentation and discussion of who should be in the first crews to Mars. The Mars Direct Plan describes the professions of the four crew members. This presentation will propose, from a layman's point of view and in more detail, who should go on the first missions including such considerations as age, sex, types of personality as well as profession. Also, the presentation will paint a picture of daily life experiences in space and on the surface of Mars and what are some of the personal hurdles that members of the crew must be prepared for? How do we verify that we have selected the right people? Subsequent discussion will generate a consensus and recommendation on the first crews to Mars and how we test them for what will be a long, lonely, challenging and exhilarating journey. Track 3C 4:30 Is it Life or is it Memorex? Why Humans are Essential for Scientific Research on Mars P.J. Boston, Complex Systems Research, Inc., Boulder, CO and Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM In science fiction films and television, there is never any doubt that LIFE has been discovered, that cures for weird alien diseases only take an hour or two to develop, or that the intrepid human adventurers manage to invent a new branch of physics every few episodes to explain the latest manifestation of intergalactic phenomena How sad that real life sciecne is so MUCH HARDER than this! Just exactly how much harder it is constitutes the single most compelling reason that humans are indispensible for the exploration and study of Mars. No robotic missions that can be conceived of during the next half century or so will be able to simulate the bumbling, serendipitous, yet successful behaviors of actual field and laboratory scientists as they go about their explorations. No matter how well-planned an experiment may be, things usually get screwed up somehow. As annoying as this is to the investigators involved, it is what research is really all about (proposal writing fictions not withstanding). The truly revolutionary discoveries cannot be inferred from current theory and experience. They are unpredictable in the most fundamental sense of the term. The only cure for the common failed experiment is to have actual irritated human beings on site to scratch their heads and swear in real time and figure it all out. This is worth the risk of human life. This is worth the bother of sending people and all their payload to other planets. This is worth the nuisance of keeping humans alive, happy, and productively annoyed on the surface of Mars! Track 4C 1:00 E. R. Chavez and R. J. Lipinski Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185 Earth is protected from cosmic rays by a thick atmosphere which is equivalent to about 30 feet of water; Mars is protected by the equivalent of only four inches of water. The inhabitants of a Mars base will be exposed to much greater levels of radiation than normal on Earth during their stay on Mars, and also will be exposed to space radiation during transit to and from Mars. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on the impact of enhanced radiation levels on health. Early data obtained in the 50ï¿½s revealed very significant health effects when the radiation dose was in excess of 100 times the natural radiation dosage obtained in a year. However, there were no good data for levels much lower than this, especially for cancer or mutations, which can take a long time to appear. So, until better data were developed, the regulatory agencies adopted a Linear, No-Threshold model in which it was assumed that detrimental effects from radiation scaled linearly and continuously from the observed values at high doses, down to zero, with no threshold required for an effect. Forty years of data collection and observation have shown this assumption to be wrong. Numerous studies with careful controls and proper statistical analyses have determined that there is a threshold for health effects to set in, even for latent cancers. A more detailed knowledge of cell biology has revealed the biochemical mechanisms that overcome radiation effects at moderate doses. These results could have a strong positive implication for human populations living on Mars. They also are relevant to the safety and acceptability of nuclear power for space transport and surface electricity. Track 4C 1:30 The Sapient Institute Houston, TX A single dietary change should prevent bone loss, muscle loss, arrhythmia, mentation defects, and improve immunology in microgravity (mG). On Earth, each of these disturbances is accompanied by an imbalance between the proton (H+) load each day and the availability of nitric oxide (NO), a pluripotent gaseous compound derived from the amino acid L-arginine (L-Arg). In mG, it is probable that a reduction in the amount of NO produced each day results in an imbalance even when systemic acidemia does not occur. However, all other things being equal, acidemia exacerbates this imbalance. Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3, 1mM/kg body weight/day) will increase blood pH by ~0.02 units, without altering serum potassium concentration. In mG, lowering blood [H+] in the presence of low levels of NO will drastically reduce bone loss and prevent muscle breakdown. Muscle loss is paralleled in loss of muscle glutamine (Glut) which provides NH3 to neutralize urine H+ ions so as to permit their excretion (as NH4+). If acidemia is prevented, glutamine remains in muscle! Finally, alkalization will stimulate the enzyme that synthesizes NO from L-Arg. Small amounts of dietary L-Arg might also help restore NO to a position of balance with H+. On Earth, NO is absolutely essential for the formation of normal sized fetuses; acidemia, and thus an imbalance with NO, causes intrauterine growth restriction. NO is also necessary for the formation of f-actin proteins which form the cytoskeleton within developing and differentiating cells. Recently it has been reported that cells flown in microgravity failed to mature, develop, and differentiate; this was associated with absence of f-actin formation. Because medium pH is buffered, these cells were probably NO deficient. As plans are laid for years long trips to distant heavenly bodies and, thereafter, for colonization, efforts to minimize bone and muscle loss and the other disturbances which occur in mG should be intensified. One solution is the engineering of artificial gravity; however, we suggest that the dietary manipulations mentioned above may provide, at the very least, a back-up system for protecting the health of space travelers in the event that mechanical problems develop. The hypothesis is easily tested with animal and human surrogates of mG and could be confirmed on Shuttle or Mir flights. Maintaining a balance between NO and H+ in mG could eliminate many of the medical concerns associated with space travel. NO could mean everything to those who do GO into space. Track 4C 2:00 Medical Considerations in the Colonization of Mars Dr. Thomas Alred [email protected] The colonists themselves - the human capital of colonization - are the most important element in any Mars colonization plan. Planning for medical care, the physical and mental maintenance of the colonists, therefore must be a major part in planning the colonization of Mars. Medical care is a major element of human endeavor, constituting up to 15% of modern economies. The infant colonies on Mars will be frontier societies however and not able to devote a high proportion of their resources to medical care. It is critical nonetheless that colonists receive optimal health care to preserve their functionality in building the colonies. This conflict can be resolved by careful planning with the object of reducing or eliminating major classes of human disease among the colonists so that scarce medical resources can be allocated to care for those conditions which cannot be eliminated, as well as to handle the medical challenges which will be unique to Mars. Approximately three quarters of health care expenditures directly relate to life style choices. These include cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and neoplastic diseases related to tobacco use, alcohol use/abuse, drug abuse, injudicious diet and lack of exercise. Careful planning, combined with a disciplined colonist population, could reduce colonistï¿½s medical care requirement by at least 75%. Most infectious diseases, including those that have traditionally been the bane of mankind, can easily be eliminated. Many genetic and degenerative conditions, including most neoplasia, can be eliminated by colonist selection and/or manipulation of the human genome. This is now technically within our reach and, applied to both colonists and their off-spring, will result in the subspecies Homo sapiens martensis. The Mars colonies will go through developmental phases, which we may call infant, intermediate and mature. The medical care requirements and challenges of each phase are considered. Track 4C 2:30 Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site P.O. Box 4013, T130A Golden, CO 80401 The scientific literature contains several reports that show nutritional substances, such as vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals (plant chemicals), provide substantial radioprotective effects in animal studies. Incorporating these substances to the human diet, already voluntarily practiced by a large segment of the population, in addition to providing other favorable health effects, may also provide a radioprotective effect. This potential radioprotective effect would be very useful in mitigating the effects of occupational radiation exposure to astronauts (especially future Mars explorers), airline crews, nuclear workers, both commercial and government, and populations exposed to nuclear accidents, e.g. Chernobyl. This paper reviews the existing evidence of radioprotective effects by nutritional supplements and proposes that their efficacy be evaluated, first with animal studies, followed by human tests with astronauts and cosmonauts on long-term missions, such as to the Mir space station and the International Space Station (ISS). Track 4C 3:00 The Effects of Variable Gravity on the Life Cycle of Tenebrio Molitor Amy M. Davis Beachwood, OH 44122 [email protected] A comparative study to elucidate the effects of low, normal, and high gravity on the life cycle of Tenebrio molitor was performed. Tenebrio molitor in their larvae stage were exposed to approximately 1.5 G and 2.0 G at High Inertial Rotation Behemoth ("HIRB") centrifuge at Clarkson University. Tenebrio molitor in their larvae stage experienced short duration exposure to approximately 0.0 G on NASA's DC-9 performing parabolic flight trajectories. Tenebrio molitor exposed to approximately 2.0 G and 1.5 G first reproduced 87 days after exposure to high gravity. A high gravity control group that stayed at NASA and a transportation control group that traveled to Clarkson University, but was not centrifuged first reproduced one day later. In a small sample of Tenebrio molitor that experienced parabolic flight trajectories, after 16 days, 50% reached their adult stage of metamorphosis, compared with 80% of the control group. In conclusion, a prolonged period of high gravity had little effect on the life cycle of the Tenebrio molitor. However, the decreased maturation of larva exposed to low gravity for short intervals of time warrants further investigation. Track 4C 3:30 Radiation Shielding on Planetary Surfaces Denise B. Pelowitz, Andrei Belooussov, Michael G. Houts, David I. Poston, Deborah R. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory R. J. Lipinski, S. A. Wright, R. X. Lenard Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185 The radiation environment on planetary surfaces will be a concern for manned missions. Significant radiation sources include galactic cosmic rays, solar flares, and (potentially) nuclear power systems. This paper will report the results of ongoing research related to estimating planetary surface doses, including the dose from secondary radiation generated by high-energy galactic cosmic rays. The use of in-situ resources as shielding will be discussed, as will the effectiveness of these shields. Methods for quickly and simply creating radiation shields from resources available on planetary surfaces will be examined. These methods may be applicable to other surface operations. Track 4C 4:00 2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands The Microgravity and Manned Spaceflight Directorate of the European Space Agency (ESA) has initiated two studies, one in 1996 and one in 1997, in order to assess the interest and the capabilities for a European effort in exobiology research. Both science teams were composed of senior scientists in the fields of microbiology, geology, cosmochemistry and related disciplines. The first report focused on reviewing the places in our solar system that are able to harbor life or prebiotic evolution. The second report focused on an exobiology package for a Mars lander. In this second report the main idea was to find the required scientific instrumentation with which exobiology research can be carried out on the surface (or subsurface) of Mars. The concept is based on a piggy-pack payload design and not on a dedicated exobiology lander. Its scientific objectives are: to identify and characterize the oxidants, to find morphological and chemical signatures of extinct life, and to determine the chirality of organic compounds if present. Two concepts were evaluated for going into the subsurface: a self-penetrating mole design and a classical core drill system. Although the mole has some advantages, the team favored the classical drill concept. With an required drill depth of approximately 1.5 meters, a carousel like drill stem system can be used to avoid awkward storage requirements. In order to minimize ambiguities, an assembly of instruments was proposed to carry out the in-situ investigation. The instruments can be classified in two categories: first, the visual investigation of the samples (panoramic camera, low resolution microscope (0.1 mm/pixel), optical microscope (£ 3 m m resolution), and atomic force microscope) to characterize and select samples for, secondly, further investigation with spectroscopic and chemical analysis (Alpha-Proton-X-Ray spectrometer, Moessbauer spectrometer, RAMAN (with near-IR excitation), IR spectrometer, pyrolytic gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer). Dedicated detectors for the identification and characterization of oxidants as well as the quantitative analysis and determination of the isomer ratio of chiral compounds are part of the payload assembly. The whole exobiology system, including the sample acquisition, preparation and handling system has a mass of about 26 kg. As a result of these activities, a nine month Phase A study of this multi-user exobiology package is now planned to start mid- to third quarter 1998 with European industry and scientific institutes. In addition to that, ESA will propose a new microgravity program (following EMIR-2 and MFC) to the member states that will include elements of the exobiology package. Track 4C 4:30 New Evidence for Life in the Viking Labeled Release Experiment Dr. Gil Levin Human Adaptation to Rotating Environments: Implications for the feasibility of Artificial Gravity during Human Missions to Mars. D.M. Warmflash, P. DiZio, and J.R. Lackner. Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientation Laboratory and Volen Center for Complex Systems Brandeis University Waltham, MA 02254. During human missions to Mars, artificial gravity may be essential for maintaining bone and muscle integrity. A rotating space vehicle can provide artificial gravity by generating a centrifugal force that is proportional to the velocity of rotation (in radians/sec) squared times the radius but it will only be useful if humans can tolerate the unusual forces which would be present. Since short radius devices with high rotation rates produce significant Coriolis forces on linearly moving objects, early studies had suggested that, in order to avoid overt motion sickness and severe impairment of movement, artificial gravity would require a ship rotating at 3 rpm or less with a radius of, at least, 100 m. Although it was later shown that overt motion sickness could be prevented at rotation rates up to 10 rpm, the question remained as to whether Coriolis effects on human movement would be an obstacle to human activity aboard a short radius, high rpm spacecraft. Studies conducted at the Ashton Graybiel Laboratory of the effects of Coriolis force perturbations on arm, leg and eye movements, at 10 rpm (arm and leg) and 28.6 rpm (eye) rotation, have demonstrated rapid adaptive changes with repeated movements. These studies suggest that impairment of movement can be prevented aboard a rotating spacecraft as small as 10 m in radius or smaller, depending on the required gravity level, which has yet to be determined. The results will be discussed in the context of the feasibility of short radius artificial gravity vehicles and other implications of such vehicles, including gravity gradients and gait dependent weight changes. Supported by NASA grants NAGW-4031, NAGW-4375, NAGW-4374, and NAGW-4733. Systems Engineering The Human Factor from a Group Dynamics And Psychosocial Perspective on a Mission to Mars Dwight A. Holland, Ph.D. University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA 22908 Human Factors Engineering ("HFE," or Ergonomics) is a sub-discipline of Systems Engineering that seeks to optimize a variety of person-rated systems parameters. One important aspect of HFE is to evaluate not only the physical human performance requirements and limitations, but to assess the behavioral factors that affect performance as well. Good systems engineering design practices for person-rated systems should include detailed consideration of strengths and weaknesses of the human factor from a specification standpoint in all phases of the system design and mission management phases. Assuming that the physical spacecraft system components are reasonably engineered and safe from a first-order technical and human factors standpoint, the next critical level of analysis becomes the "softer" behavioral factors that affect the crewï¿½s day-to-day performance. This is particularly true with regard to the interpersonal and group dynamics aspects of the human factor since these issues may affect crew communication, performance and safety so strongly. Typically, the crew in any isolated and confined environment ("ICE") such as this that have been tasked with accomplishing such a long-duration mission will have opportunities present themselves for individual and group difficulty at a variety of times during a mission. A key question to consider is how the crew/ground support will handle these difficulties when-- not if-- they occur. Past experiences of such difficulties from a host of ICEs tend to reveal that there are several important human factors and psychological parameters that will directly affect the systems management and successful outcome of the long-duration space mission with regard to these issues. Some of the important areas identified in this and a host of other summarized research are specifically: optimal crew selection, earth-bound family/friends/mission support structures, leadership (both on the spacecraft and back in mission control), the general task environment /work design, and the ability of the crew and overall mission management to adapt to changing or unforeseen conditions. Such mission attributes must be addressed throughout the spacecraft/mission design and operational phases while also giving consideration to maintaining a high degree of crew situation awareness, motivation, and mission performance without substantial compromises in safety. It is a tall order indeed to design such a spacecraft and mission, but one that is eminently possible with excellent systems engineering, human factors, and medical sciences being ingeniously and carefully applied. Cardiovascular Concerns for Long Duration Spaceflight: D. Dï¿½aunno, J Yelle, S. Hart (NSBRI, NASA/JSC, UTMB) The potential for severe cardiovascular alterations with short-duration space flight is minimal. Early adaptation of fluid shifts and neurovascular remodeling become a serious complication when an astronaut exposed to microgravity returns to Earth. Although not completely understood, the orthostatic intolerance, baroreflex resetting, and diminished cardiovascular aerobic capacity quickly return to preflight standards within a matter of days. Shuttle flights of less than 16 days have not been shown to promote cardiac conduction abnormalities. However, with missions of longer duration, there are three major cardiovascular concerns: 1) Cardiac rhythm disturbances, 2)Orthostatic intolerance, and 3)Diminished cardiac muscle mass. Cardiac rhythm disturbances including ventricular tachycardia have been recorded on several occasions during long-duration spaceflight. Cardiac dysrhythmias pose a potentially lethal risk during long-duration space flight. There are many factors that could account for increased electrical instability e.g. increased sensitivity to catecholamines, or upregulation of adrenergic receptors, considering a general decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity observed during spaceflight and ground-based simulations. Environmental toxins, electrolyte imbalances, acid-base disturbances, hypoxia, and others all may contribute to cardiac conduction abnormalities. Countermeasures and effective treatment strategies are currently being developed. While the impaired cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress seen immediately postflight from shuttle missions is highly variable among crewmembers, the severity and duration of the impairment increases with mission duration. All astronauts from extended stays in space have demonstrated severe orthostatic intolerance. The inability to maintain adequate arterial blood pressure and cerebral perfusion with tilt testing persists in various stages for days after return to Earth gravity. How people will respond to the decreased gravity of Mars after the months-long journey is not known. Understanding the complex changes in the autonomic nervous sytem resulting from exposure to microgravity and its relationship to volume and electrolyte homeostasis and vascular resistance is paramount. Local factors responsible for vascular tone such nitric oxide, endothelin and prostaglandins need to be explored in the weightless environment. Gender is also a concern with postflight orthostatic intolerance. Of the astronauts who become presyncopal after short-duration missions, 75% are female. Estrogen is known to increase activity of nitric oxide synthase and this may be one reason why female astronauts have decreased tolerance to orthostatic stress. Specific countermeasures, in addition to fluid loading and g-suits, should be developed to effectively manage long-duration mission postflight orthostatic intolerance. There has been some evidence that long-duration stays in space are associated with a decrease in cardiac muscle mass. A recent bed-rest study has also seen a similar effect. It is not known if actual protein is lost from cardiac muscle or if the change in mass reflects a decreased hydration state. This could be one contributing factor to the decreased cardiovascular aerobic capacity to physical stress observed with exposure to microgravity. Cardiac tissue from animals flown in space reveals decreased protein concentrations, altered cytoskeletons and reduced mitochondria. While it is difficult to equate these findings with human subjects, evidence for altered myocardial cell structure and function cannot be dismissed easily. Too little is known about the effect that long-duration exposure to weightlessness may impose on cardiac tissue. Exploration of these issues is being planned for ISS. Long-duration spaceflight presents concerns for the cardiovascular system and the health and well being of the crew, that is not seen with short duration flights. Cardiac conduction abnormalities, alterations in the autonomic nervous system, vascular endothelial changes and cardiac muscle mass decreases all present areas of study and preparation for a mission to Mars. Musculoskeletal Issues for a Mars Mission: Calcium Metabolism and Orthopedic Risks, Countermeasures for Bone Loss, Urinary Calculus Formation and In-flight Contingency Plans J. Muccio, D. Holland, J. Jones, P. Whitson, B. Pietrzyk Jim Muccio, M.D., M.S. England, UK [email protected] ALH84001, at nearly 3.9 Gyr is the oldest SNC meteorite and represents a time on Mars when the climates of Earth and Mars were thought to be similar. Several lines of controversial evidence have been identified which suggest that ALH84001 contains the remnants of ancient Martian life. In addition, scanning electron microscopy revealed ovoid structures 20 to 100 nm in diameter that resemble the fossilized remains of certain types of terrestrial microorganisms. However the putative nano-fossils found within ALH84001 are an order of magnitude smaller than the smallest terrestrial bacteria. Arguments have been put forward suggesting that the nano-fossils are not large enough to contain molecules such as DNA or RNA or the enzymes necessary for their replication and thus cannot be remnants of biological structures. Comparisons between organisms of metabolism, protein evolution and gene sequences have been used to speculate on the early course of evolution. One hypothesized route to cellular life is the so called "RNA World" in which RNA acts as both information template and enzyme, unlike most modern day organisms where DNA is the information template. If both the RNA World and the evolution of membranous structures overlapped then RNA viruses can be used as examples of membranous biological structures with RNA as the genetic material. Using these organisms as models of such a transition in the RNA World this paper argues that particles with diameters similar to those observed in ALH84001 could contain complex RNA genomes surrounded by a lipid bilayer. However functions such as nucleotide synthesis would have to occur in the environment. Whilst the paper does not show that the so called nano-fossils are remnants of an ancient Martian life, the suggestion that these structures are too small to contain biologically relevant molecules is disproved. Track 5C 1:30 Natural Transfer of Viable Microbes in Space Part 1: From Mars To Earth And Earth to Mars Curt MILEIKOWSKY (a), Francis A. CUCINOTTA (b), John W. WILSON (c), Brett GLADMAN (d) Gerda HORNECK (e), Lennart LINDEGREN (f), Jay MELOSH (g),Hans RICKMAN (h), Mauri VALTONEN (i) (a) KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Stockholm, Sweden (b) NASA Johnson Space Research Center, Houston, TX (c) NASA Langley Space Research Center, Newport News, VA (d) Canadian Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Toronto (e) DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt), Cologne, Germany (f) Dept. of Astronomy, Lund University, Sweden (g) Lunar and Planetary Lab., University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (h) Astronomical Observatory, Uppsala University, Sweden (i) Observatory, Turku University, Finland. The possibility and probability of natural transfer of viable microbes from Mars to Earth and Earth to Mars travelling in meteoroids is investigated, including : radiation protection against the Galactic Cosmic Ray nuclei and the Solar Rays ; dose rates as a function of the meteorite's radial column mass (radius x density), combined with dose-rates generated by natural radioactivity within the meteorite ; and survival curves for some bacterial species using NASA's HZETRN transport code other factors affecting microbe survival : vacuum ; central meteorite temperatures at launch, orbiting and arrival ; pressure and acceleration at launch ; spontaneous DNA decay ; metal ion migration mean sizes and numbers of unshocked meteorites ejected and percentage falling on Earth, using current semi-empirical results viable flight times for the microbe species B. subtilis and D. radiodurans R1 The conclusion is that if microbes existed or exist on Mars, viable transfer to Earth is not only possible but also highly probable, due to the dense traffic of billions of Martian meteorites which have fallen on Earth since the dawn of our planetary system. Earth-to-Mars transfer is also possible but at a much lower frequency. Track 5C 2:00 Interplanetary Biological Transfer: Impact Resistance of BacteriaEntrapped in Small Meteorites C. A. H. Roten, A. Gallusser, G. D. Borruat, S. D. Udry, G. Niederh 1,4), A. Croxatto, O. Blanc, S. De Carlo, C. K. Mubenga-Kabambi and D. Karamata. Contact: Claude-Alain Roten Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Microbiennes Rue Cesar-Roux 19 Lausanne, Switzerland Ch-1005 [email protected] The Martian origin of at least twelve meteorites, ejected into a solar orbit after a primary hypervelocity meteorite impact and subsequently captured by the Earth, clearly demonstrate that regular exchanges of crust fragments between planets take place in the solar system. Recently described, putative biological traces in one of these ejecta led to the debated proposal that life was present in Martian surface rocks. As interplanetary transfers of biological know-how may provide an explanation for the presence of life on at least two solar system bodies, survival in conditions mimicking final steps of interplanetary transfer of life forms entrapped in crust fragments was investigated with respect to small meteoroids.=20 From observations on the free fall of small impactors, analogous ballistic experiments can be designed and help to investigate if living cells can withstand the terminal low velocity impact. We have established that a series of different living cells survived an initial acceleration of 100 000 g and an impact in sand with a velocity of 300 to 750 meters per second. Based on these experiments and on the observation that the interior of small meteoroids remains cold during the fall, we propose, for the first time, that various kinds of organisms entrapped in small impactors can withstand (i) the heat produced by the Earth's aerobraking, reducing the preatmospheric velocity (usually between 10 and 70 kilometers per second) to that of a free fall (125 to 250 meters per second), and (ii) the subsequent non-explosive impact. The significance of our observations for the origin and the early development of life in the solar system will be discussed. Track 5C 2:30 [email protected] Mars ISPP Precursor (MIP) is an experiment package designed to demonstrate on Mars the component technologies required to produce oxygen out of the Martian atmosphere. The experiment package is scheduled to fly on the Mars-2001 Surveyor lander, to launch in April of 2001. The five experiments comprising MIP will demonstrate production of power by advanced solar cell technologies, acquisition and compression of carbon dioxide from the Martian atmosphere, conversion of the compressed atmosphere to oxygen by zirconia electrolysis, radiation of waste heat from the compression process to the night sky, and methods of mitigation of the effects of dust on the solar arrays. The package will also make measurements of the Mars environment which will be of engineering use and scientific interest, including measuring the deposition rate, size distribution, and spectral characteristics of dust deposited on the solar arrays and measuring the spectrum of sunlight filtered by atmospheric dust in the atmosphere of Mars. Track 5C 3:00 Rock Statistics at the Mars Pathfinder Landing Site A. F. C. Haldemann, R. C. Anderson, N. T. Bridges, M. P. Golombek Jet Propulsion Laboratory Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109 A population of some 2000 rocks was measured at the Pathfinder landing site using the NASA Ames Marsmap virtual reality system during the first 6 weeks of mission operations. Rock apparent widths and heights were determined with the Ames software. Rocks in the far-field were also measured directly using the stereo base afforded by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder, with views from before and after deployment on its mast. Rock frequency and size distribution statistics are consistent with remotely sensed data, and with Earth analog sites. Currently, the initial 2000 rock dataset is being expanded. Additional rock parameters are being considered: shape, roughness, color, and burial. Study of this expanded database may elucidate whether, and to what extent, distinct rock populations are present at the MPF site, and will perhaps shed light on the processes that generated these variations. Track 5C 3:30 Experimental Investigation of the Survival of Bacillus Subtilis Spores and Vegetative Cells and of Deinococcus Radiodurans, Accelerated with Short Rise Times to Peak Accelerations of 11 500ï¿½g, 17 700ï¿½g and 33 800ï¿½g Curt MILEIKOWSKY Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden [email protected] Eva LARSSON Division of NBC Defense, FOA, Sweden Bengt EIDERFORS FOA National Defence Research Establishment, Sweden Since it is now generally thought that Mars had an atmosphere, a lot of liquid water and favorable conditions for life early, it is not improbable that life appeared there before it did on Earth. If so, an interesting question is : could life have been transported from Mars to Earth inside ejecta meteoroids expelled into space by sizeable asteroids or comets impacting Mars, and by some percentage of the meteoroids later landing on Earth ? Early microbes would then have had to survive the jerk acceleration of ejecta launch of the order of 10,000ï¿½g or more with rise times ï¿½ 30ms, a thousand times faster than that in ultracentrifuges for the same acceleration. An experiment to check this, presented here, was performed at FOA's acceleration test facility using three projectiles fired to 11,500ï¿½g, 17,700ï¿½g and 33,800ï¿½g respectively and with three types of microbe on each projectile: Deinococcus radiodurans R1 and Bacillus subtilis 168 in spore and vegetative form. The microbiological loading of the bacteria before the shots , sampling and counting of the surviving microbes was done by the FOA Defense Research Establishment, Umeå, Sweden. The results showed that a large number of each type of microbe survived each of the three shots. Track 5C 4:00 Lockheed Martin [email protected] In response to the need to develop a device for collecting and isolating soil samples for a landed Mars mission, a preliminary study was performed. This need arises from a new class of experiments in exobiology dealing with the search for organic material and the nature of soil oxidants. This work is intended as a follow on the ill fated MOX '94 experiment. It is thought that organics may be present at some depths and locations on Mars. To analyze organics it is necessary to decompose a sample by heating it within a chamber and testing evolved gasses. The basic instrumentation to perform this analysis can be configured in several ways, but all require collecting soil inside a sealed chamber, and the ability to humidify the sample. It further requires that the sample be of a known volume and from a known depth. the soil required for these experiments may come from just under the surface or depths of several meters. The ability to capture a sample in either case as simply as possible with limited power is the context of the following study which was performed from 1992-1994. Track 5C 4:30 An Early 21st Century Mayflower Program* Roderick Hyde and Muriel Ishikawa University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA 94550 and Lowell Wood (speaker) Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305-6010 We consider an early 21st century analog of the Mayflower Program, i.e., a pervasively spartan approach to establishing a permanent human settlement on Mars, in pursuit of individual private purposes and for the mutual benefit of the settlers and one or more private sponsors. Key features of this program are one-way travel for the Pilgrims on a Mayflower-like interplanetary transit vehicle just adequate for its purpose, the minimum essential ingredients necessary for human survival and presence-expansion on Mars, comprehensive acceptance of substantial personal risk in exchange for the prospect of personal significant gains, uniform determination on the part of the Pilgrims to take and hold a human beachhead on Mars and then to expand the human presence on a new world, and the imagination and enterprise of a terrestrial sponsor-entrepreneur(s). Rocketry sufficient to send a critical mass of humans, equipment and materials to Martian soft-landing and the ability to realistically rehearse initial program-critical activities on Mars appear as the key enabling technologies for the program. Approaches to each which are consistent with the underlying program philosophy are sketched. A roadmap from present circumstances to the establishment of the first Martian settlement is sketched, key milestones noted, and an event-driven schedule posted. It is noted that the majority of successful ''new world'' settlements have had the basic character of the Pilgrim-Mayflower Program. Why it is not unreasonable to expect that a program of this general character will be executed during the coming quarter-century is noted. Track 1D 10:00 P.O. Box 510373 New Berlin, WI 53151 Global terraforming is a biotechnology that currently exists only in theory; however, it can be loosely defined as the process of altering other planets, moons, and asteroids so they can support an Earth-like biosphere. Currently, Mars is viewed as the most likely candidate to be terraformed for a number of good reasons. It should be recognized that terraforming Mars, a landmark engineering feat, would be more than just a scientific and technical triumph for humanity. Terraforming Mars would produce the greatest artistic achievement in history. The novel, self-sustainable and evolving ecosystems of Mars would be a wondrous work of living art. The bioarts are an ancient and mostly unrecognized genre of art that includes domestication, brewing, dog breeding, gardening, and landscaping to name a few examples. Bioartists use living materials (e.g. genes, cells, organisms, species, populations, communities) as their media. Unlike static paintings and sculptures, bi0oart is dynamic and can grow, change, and evolve. It is hard to draw a line between biotechnology and bioartistry as they intersect at many points. Genetic engineering could easily be use for artistic purposes. Future bioarts, like organism design (creating new life forms), will rely on the tools of modern biotechnology. All technologies are closely associated with certain aesthetics; yet, these biases are often unconsciously expressed. It is very clear that architects design skyscrapers to meet both the structural needs of buildings and aesthetic needs of people; art and technology are closely linked in many applied fields. B viewing the process of terraforming, an extremely creative act, as bioartistry as well as biotechnology, it will be easier to produce many unique Martian biomes that excel both in form and in function. Terraforming can also be considered the ultimate bioartistry because it is presented on a global scale and would incorporate many kinds of bioartistic techniques, applications and manifestations. Track 1D 10:30 Space vs. Sport: The Case for Space James Pruett Observing the closing of the Russian and American frontiers, as well as the penetration of the colonial world by the European powers, Oswald Spengler, author of the foremost treatise on the rise and fall of civilization, The Decline of the West, thought that the West was doomed as there were no more possibilities for expansion. It was Spenglerï¿½s belief that without an object to strive for in space, be it the frontier or colonial world, the West would lose its dynamic quality, and its force would break down along with its reason for being. Robbed of its youth and vigor, Spengler predicted the Western world would enter a long, steep decline, similar to the passing of the glory of Rome into the Middle Ages. Unable to imagine manned space flight and the potential colonization of other planets, Spengler saw Western decline as inevitable. But the race to the moon offered a new direction. If only for a moment, America became a frontier nation again and the astronaut was the hero of the new frontier. The moon landing in ï¿½69 was the awesome climax of a long chain of historic events; euphoria swept the world as now almost nothing seemed out of reach or impossible. But just six years later, the Apollo-Soyez hookup signaled an end to the competitive spirit that paced our colossal reach for the moon. In addition, public sentiment had shifted and the success of the program was used as an argument that America could put an end to age old social problems if she were so inclined to. With the decline of the astronaut, the athlete moved to ascendancy. In a 1976 poll (Ladies Home Journal), OJ Simpson outvoted Neil Armstrong and John Wayne as the most admired man in America, signaling the triumph of stadiums sports and the spectator. Track 1D 11:00 Sense of the Sacred: The Martian Landscape in Visual Art Prof. Richard Poss University of Arizona [email protected] Landscape painting provides a lyrical evocation of mankind's relationship to nature. How will that relationship be transformed by migration to another planet? How will the unique character of the Martian environment change that relationship, and perhaps even human nature? Renderings of the Martian landscape reveal much about our aspirations for the red planet. The art of space exploration and colonization shows us deeper dimensions of what we are doing and why, of the human need to explore and the social drive to expand beyond the earth. Since the Middle Ages, visual representations of landscape and the heavens have offered important clues to mankind's role in the cosmos. Painting especially imparts transcendent values through objects rendered in oil, tempera, or fresco. A few examples of works of art from the "traditional" canon of art history will be examined briefly to provide a methodological context, then we will examine visual art directed towards exploration, colonization, and relationships between explorers and the natural environment, and the spiritual dimensions of the great enterprise. From medieval manuscript illustration to contemporary space painting, this optimistic and forward-looking slide presentation will also serve as a survey of visual art related to Mars. Track 1D 11:30 From Bradbury to Blamont: The Science of Mars in the Arts Michael Carroll [email protected] Mars as always had a great influence upon the arts. From the pages of Swift and Bradbury to the paintings of Bonestell to the movies of George Pal, Mars has influenced the way we think, write and sing. The arts, in turn, have inspired a generation of people who have the chance to actually explore the Red Planet robotically and, one day soon, in person. This lecture will highlight a few areas of our culture that have been impacted by Mars, and will include books by such greats as H. G. Welles, Ray Bradbury, movie clips from films such as War of the Worlds, and a plethora of paintings by artists from the turn of the century to today. We will also explore the anatomy of a scientifically accurate space painting using comparative planetology and creativity constrained by the laws of science. Plan to participate in this lively chat! Track 2D 10:00 Littleton, CO 80127 [email protected] With the salutary successes of Pathfinder Lander and mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Mars is a "place" rather than an inhospitable alien world. The ALF 84001 debate has also spared renewed interest in Mars. NASA, Arizona State University, The Naval Research Laboratories, and Lockheed-Martin are designing an unmanned airplane for Martian exploration and mapping. By 2011, rock and soil samples from the Martian surface will be returned to Earth. Privatizing space exploration has also begun in earnest with serious commercial endeavors ("orbiting Hotels") planned to encourage space tourism. The "Civilian Astronaut Corps" Mayflower II is planning to launch six passengers to an altitude of 70 miles in an attempt to win the "X" Prize. There is no doubt manned missions to Mars, followed by colonization, will occur within three generations. Yet, given the example of an 'Old World' discovering a 'New World' five centuries ago, I wonder if a similar cycle of exploration (state sponsored), colonization (driven by scientific and economic interests), settlement (leveraged by privatization), and independence (motivated by yearnings for liberty) will inevitably occur as 'Terrans' become 'Martians'. One of the questions this paper will address is Martian Equality. Philosophical implications of humans living on Mars will create new Martian philosophical systems. From "Martian" metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and socio-political philosophy, the human issues circumscribing Martian colonization are immense and immanent. Who will name the Martian months? Will the mined wealth belong to Earth or be mandated by Martian Law to remain in situ? What will constitute "pollution" on a pristine world? What laws will prevent the introduction of weapons? Long before settlers have given birth to the first 'Martians', these and many other philosophical issues ought to be dialoged and taught, lest 'Martians' be discriminated against, exploited, and decide to demand their legitimate rights to be free of us. Track 2D 10:30 The Outward Course of Empire: The Hard, Cold Lessons from American Involvement in the Terrestrial Polar Regions Marilyn Dudley-Rowley OPS-Alaska In the late 1800s and the early part of the 20th century, American explorers and their supporters had a vision of the polar regions as a logical extension of Manifest Destiny. Vilhjalmur Stefansson referred to the entree into the Arctic by Euro-Americans as "the northward course of empire". Popular history would have it seem as if this vision came true. But, approximately 100 years later, we substantially fall short of these explorersï¿½ dreams. Most American claims in the Arctic fell through, not from lack of interest by average Americans, but the lack of government sponsorship, backing, and going back on promises made. Even the purchase of Alaska from Imperial Russia was a transaction that was almost not made. In expedition after expedition, men, women, and children died in the field waiting for pick-up from ships that would never come. Ironically, what interest there was for the Arctic eclipsed a promising beginning of interest in the Antarctic. American explorers either had to pass themselves off as foreign nationals to join the expeditions of other countries or use their own money to launch expeditions to the southern continent. Interest in aviation caused the government to establish the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) and bases were established to protect territorial claims. However, the onset of World War II drew resources away and the bases were closed, and when the United States returned to Antarctica, it was with a different strategy of scientific investigation. In 1959, twelve nations signed the Antarctic Treaty, agreeing to use Antarctica for peaceful purposes, "froze" territorial claims, and forbade new ones. The Antarctic Treaty set the tone for similar agreements among nations which dictated similar use of the entire Cosmos. This presentation reviews lessons from American polar exploration useful to the private Mars initiative, making recommendations for the public outreach and financing of the venture. Track 2D 11:00 Global Dialogue toward the Genesis of Life on Mars and Beyond Bruce N. Anderson Director, Industrial Liaison, MIT President, Earth Day USA The universe is as it is because of 15 billion years of "dialogue" among its trillions upon trillions of subatomic particles which, in essence, continuously taps their "collective wisdom." As we stand at the threshold of the Genesis of Life ("as we know it") on Mars - and beyond - human consciousness gives us the special privilege of being able to create a global dialogue to tap the collective wisdom of humanity that could profoundly affect how life unfolds there. Indeed, do we even want life beyond earth to look a particular way? If so, why? If not, why not? Does it even matter what life might some day look like on Mars - and beyond - 100 years, or 10 million years from now? Will it even matter if we pay attention to these questions? Should we simply send whomever wants to go? Are there traits we might want to maximize in the people we send? minimize? If you were one of the first 10,000 settlers, or the first 10 million, how would you expect to govern? to educate, house, clothe, and feed everyone? to conduct commerce? This paper explores whether a global dialogue to tap the collective wisdom of humanity to ask and answer such questions is a concept worth pursuing and, if so, what such a dialogue might look like. The Ethical Ramifications of Discovering Life on Mars Katherine Osborne V9Y 3G2 1-250-724-1854 The possibility that life may exist on Mars, no matter how minute, poses deep ethical and moral questions to humanity as we begin our journey away from Earth. This paper will attempt to address just a few of those questions. It will also provide information on Earth's culture in regards to the inherent value of life, the conflict between the expansion of human civilization and Earth's nature, and how to responsibly approach a discovery in a manner that honors farsighted human values. What precedents have been set in human history that may help future explorers deal with the discovery of new life? How will our past behavior hinder our future reactions? In the past, we have often approached the discovery of new life with rampant exploitation, but in recent years, have come to value all life and have begun to give it a modicum of respect. Can we possibly approach a Martian situation with a clean slate? What will happen if eventually we need to colonize and terraform Mars at the expense of loss of habitat for native life forms? Should we even consider doing it? If no life exists on Mars, these questions will not have been asked in vain, for surely life does exist in many other places. Track 3D 10:00 NASA Lewis Research Center 21000 Brookpark Rd., Cleveland, OH 44135 The surface of Mars is an environment significantly different from both the surface of the Earth and from orbit. Sunlight availability is modified by the presence of dust, which varies with time of year. Several models of dust effect on solar energy on the surface are available. This paper examines what we know about the environment of Mars and how it affects the design of solar power systems and the selection of solar cells for Mars surface operation. The Mars environment is different from the environment of Earth orbit in several ways: low intensity, low temperature operation spectrum modified by dust, making it blue-deficient compared to the orbital (AMO) spectrum spectrum change with time of day and year indirect sunlight (i.e., scattered light) presence of dust storms at some times of the year deposited dust peroxide-rich reactive soil radiation environment during cruise and on the surface An additional factor is the fact that mission cost considerations mean that extremely lightweight array technology is desired. Constraints due to shock and g-loading of the landing are also a factor, as well as flexure of the arrays due to wind, if a lightweight flexible array technology is used. Track 3D 10:30 McDonough, GA 30254 [email protected] One piece of equipment essential to establishing any permanent manned facility on Mars is the tractor. For any structure larger than a single habitat module, the essentials of sound construction will make it necessary to clear, doze, grade and compact surrounding area. The principle difficulty is the fact that any piece of construction equipment relies on pure mass to perform its duty, a fact reflected by the term "iron" which is used to refer to such machinery in general. While not a problem on Earth, this simple dead weight is just about the last thing mission planners will want to use in filling tight payload limits. Compounding the problem is the natural tendency to use different machines for each application. On Earth, one comparatively small job site approximately the size of a four module Martian base camp will frequently use over 300,000 lb. worth of construction equipment and still take several weeks to complete. While certainly much harsher, the Martian environment is sufficiently similar to Earth that the fundamentals of equipment design and operation will still apply. The challenge for Mars mission designers is to develop a single piece of construction equipment capable of performing all the necessary functions while keeping weight to an absolute minimum. Not to be overlooked is the fact that due to the harsh nature of the operating environment, construction equipment breaks down with alarming frequency, making safety and ease of repair a primary consideration. This paper examines a variety of factors, including potential job requirements; design, transportation, assembly and maintenance considerations, and suggests a specific design capable of meeting these needs. Given the substantial mass which must be boosted to Mars to assemble a tractor, this paper also considers alternate use scenarios including overland transport, astronaut rescue and power generation capabilities inherent in the design. Track 3D 11:00 Inflatable Structures for a Permanent Martian Colony Marvin E. Criswell and Jenine E. Abarbanel Center for Engineering Infrastructure and Sciences in Space (CEISS) Colorado State University [email protected] A permanent human-tended Martian base requires a life support system housed within a structure providing a shirtsleeve environment for human activity. Given the current cost of transportation from Earth, the driving force dictating the design of a Martian structure is mass. Any structure on Mars is a pressure vessel due to the difference between the external pressure of 0.6 kPa (0.09 psi) and internal pressure, ranging between69 kPa and 101.3 kPa (10 psi and 14.7 psi), produced by the artificial atmosphere necessary to support life. The most efficient pressure vessel for a planetary surface habitat is an inflatable structure made of thin membranes. Discussion of the requirements of a Martian permanent habitable structure is presented as well as conceptual designs for possible inflatable structures. Track 3D 11:30 Drilling Operations to Support Human Mars Missions Brian M. Frankie, P.E. Berkeley, CA Water, both as a source of hydrogen and for life support, will be one of the most valuable commodities for Martian operations. Large quantities of water are available as ice at the Martian poles, but access to these sources will be restricted by the necessarily complex transport, mining, and solids handling infrastructure that is required. Drilling for subsurface liquid aquifers may provide a cost effective alternative large scale supply of water, will enable bases to access geothermal power, and will also be of considerable scientific interest. Although there is little data on the depth of Martian aquifers, it is expected that large amounts of water can be found at depths between 1 and 5 km. Terrestrial drilling operations reaching this depth are massive, power intensive industrial efforts, but some of the latest technological advances hold promise to reduce the equipment and power requirements to a level that would be feasible for a Martian drilling operation. This paper outlines the technical design of a proposed low mass Martian drilling mission capable of reaching depths of more than 1 km. Track 4D 10:00 A Socially Supportable Mars Colonization Program Phil Turek [email protected] In the past 30 years, the public perception of the Earth has changed from that of a vast world of nearly limitless resources to a small planet of finite resources. The public is becoming increasingly inclined to tolerate and evaluate proposals for the colonization of Mars. It is important to take a few lessons from the Apollo program. During Apollo, the public was merely a passive spectator. Following Apollo 11, the public quickly became bored with the program. As a result, Apollo was cancelled in 1972 with little public opposition. This paper advances a new approach to Mars exploration, one that avoids the fatal flaw of Apollo. The key is to provide for the direct, sustained and increasing involvement of individuals and groups with the success of the program. The project's mission statement establishes a new biosphere on the surface of Mars capable of supporting a new civilization. The project entails three phases. The first phase of the project will start preparing future colonists and ambassadors NOW. During the second phase, a manned crew is launched to Mars for a combination exploration/colonization long-duration mission. The critical third phase splits the first manned crew on Mars into a three segments: one remains on Mars indefinitely; a second that returns to Earth permanently, and a third that returns to Earth temporarily as ambassadors from the new colony on Mars. A number of innovative techniques are used to sustain public involvement throughout each phase. Under this scenario, the first Martian ambassador to Earth could arrive as early as 2014 and be tasked with sharing Martian experiences, perceptions, and innovations with the people of Earth. Today's students will determine if this program succeeds or fails. Is There a SHORT-TERM Economic and Social Justification for Human Exploration and Settlement of Mars? Robert E. Becker 131 Old County Rd., #168 Windsor Locks, CT 06096 The Space Exploration Initiative died stillborn years ago, largely unfunded, widely viewed as unfounded. While a stream of smaller, robotic missions to Mars has started, human exploration seems to have been removed from any official timeline! This, despite the robust economy, possible evidence of ancient life in a Martian rock, millions of hits on the Mars Rover Web Site, availability of relatively inexpensive missions like Mars Direct, and energetic advocacy by luminaries like Carl Sagan. Traditional arguments - the human exploratory spirit, intellectual excitement, and economic benefits down the road - suffice for exploration enthusiasts, but are not sufficient for the general public, and especially not for their elected representatives. Our nation has a notoriously short attention span. All these arguments pale in comparison with immediate economic and social problems. Proponents of exploration often take a "not my job" attitude towards these issues. But until we embrace them, our arguments will remain largely unpersuasive to the public. Human beings can not be "Faster, Cheaper, Bettered" out of the process if Mars Exploration is to gain broad support. It is the very ambition of full-fledged Mars Exploration, which can provide that justification, starting in the SHORT-TERM, during the DEVELOPMENT phases. It is this scope - living and working on another planet - which can bring space closest to the person in the street, just as on the frontier of yore. It is the responsibility of the exploration community to apply its collective CREATIVITY and formulate cogent arguments RELEVANT to those who are NOT enthusiasts. Answering the title question affirmatively will do that. The Mars Society is the perfect multidisciplinary organization to launch a CONCERTED effort to answer it. If we succeed, a new exploration initiative could be announced, not with a bureaucratic whimper, but with trumpets blaring. Track 4D 11:00 Roseburg, OR 97470 This paper reviews the special medical problems that are expected on a mission to Mars and concludes that, although these problems are formidable, they are solvable. We can go to Mars with the knowledge and technology we have available today. Then why might NASA never launch a manned mission to the Red Planet? In the author's opinion, the answer is POLITICS. He reviews the role that politics played during his career with NASA that began with Project Mercury and end well after the Shuttle was flying when he took up a new career - writing about space Writers of science fiction sometimes write not to predict the future but to change it. In his new book, THE MARS JOURNALS, he describes how NASA must go to Congress each year with hat in hand begging enough funds to keep a diminishing number of programs alive for another year. When it looks as though political opponents finally get the upper hand and NASA will not survive another congressional debate, the Senator form Texas comes up with a better idea. It's an idea that not only makes a good book, but one that might deserve serious considerations an answer to NASA's perpetual funding problems. Why not convert NASA into a non-profit international organization like the WORLD SPACE CORPORATION? It would be free of national politics. Space programs might be based on scientific rather than political merit. NASA takes pride in its Technology Transfer Division that encourages the private use of spin-offs from space exploration. These spin-offs from NASA research have spawned industries that add billions to the national economy, but they do not put one red cent into NASA's operation budget. The proposed re-organization would change that. A board of directors with a proven record of fiscal management would run the World Space Corporation. Applicable laws would allow it to hold patents on discoveries and inventions, collect royalties and fees for service, and market products resulting form space research as well as products that could be manufactured in space. We cannot entertain the delusion that such an organization could initially fund itself without continued support from governments that presently support space exploration. However, if earned revenue were added to the operational budget, these funds would gradually take over more of the fiscal load. Such an organization could have a legitimate chance of eventually becoming financially sound. NASA has served the nation well and has more than paid its own way for nearly forty years, but it is a flawed organization. Man will colonize Mars, but the red and white and blue emblem of The National Aeronautics and Space Administration will never be planted on the Red Planet. Track 4D 11:30 The Politics of a Mars Colony Blaine Thompson Track 5D 10:00 SCDTL Calendar and Clock for Mars Lance Latham Resource Management Systems 5901 North 33rd St. McAllen, TX 78504-5055 [email protected] The "Standard C Date/Time Library" (SCDTL), published by Miller Freeman, ISBN 0-879304-96-0, May 1998, is intended to be a standard reference in the area of computer date/time applications. The work is an integrated tool kit of data structures and functions in the "C" language, the "lingua franca" of today's machines. Comprising almost 4,200 pages, SCDTL addresses many areas, including some 30 different calendars. The last is Martian. The SCDTL Martian calendar is an annual solar calendar, in which the year is composed of equal 167-day quarters. Each quarter contains 3 months, configured as (56 + 56 + 55) days. A simple leap year rule makes common years of years 2, 4, 6 and 8 of each 10 years, and makes an exception in the tenth year every 2000 years, yielding a calculated accuracy of one day in thirty-seven thousand years. The seven-day week is retained. A linear time scale, called the Martian Day number (MD#), similar to the Julian Day number, is created for the Martian calendar, facilitating date and time calculations. The SCDTL system also describes a clock for Mars, which uses the standard Terran second as its basis. The Martian clock day is defined as 25 hours of 53 minutes of 67 standard Terran seconds. Compared to other proposed Martian calendars, the SCDTL calendar has numerous advantages. It is an integrated part of a huge, tested software application. Its design is based upon extensive experience with many calendars and a knowledge of those features which are psychologically and socially useful and successful, not merely technically feasible, or of interest to a handful of specialists. Track 5D 10:30 A Terrestrial Calendar for Mars Nachum Dershowitz Edward M. Reingold University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [email protected] other proposals of calendar schemes for people living on Mars, ours attempts to keep the Martian date closely in tune with the weekly cycle and Gregorian calendar as employed on Earth. It combines elements of the Gregorian solar and Hindu lunar calendars. (See our book Calendrical Calculations, Cambridge University Press, 1997.) Its peculiarity is in the not infrequent occurrence of skipped days, needed to re-correlate the Martian and Gregorian calendars, and in this respect resembles the Hindu lunar calendar. The underlying idea is that each sol is named according to the weekday and Gregorian month/day current on Earth. To maximize the overlap between the date on Earth and on Mars, we can choose to name the Martian sol to match the date at the terrestrial international dateline when it is noon at the Martian prime meridian. In effect, Mars is treated like a time-zone on Earth, but with the date and time coinciding with changing locales on Earth. On account of the longer sol, this scheme would have the unique feature of expunged days (like the Hindu calendar wherein a solar day is longer than a lunar day). One can go from, say, Tuesday, January 5 to Thursday, January 7, with no sol named ``Wednesday, January 6''. This would transpire 9 or 10 times a year, and can be compared with what befalls someone traveling across the dateline. Such a calendar would have all its units in close agreement with those on Earth. Days would be named as on Earth. Though the sol is longer than a day, the month and year would have the same mean length (in days, not sols) as on Earth. Thus it has the advantage of being familiar to earthlings and facilitates coordination with Earth. Its year, however, bears no correlation with Martian seasons. James M. Graham and Kandis Elliot University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI 53706 Science fiction writers have been devising calendars for Mars since the 1950's. The first working calendar, however, appeared in Mars Scientific Model (Michaux and Newburn 1972). Gangale (1986) described a Mars calendar of 24 months which began with the landing of Viking 1 (July 20, 1976). More recent proposals include those of Zubrin (1993), Becker (1994), and Suraq (1997). Since the number of days or "sols" in a Mars year is fixed at 668.59, calendars differ mainly in the way the year is divided into months. In our calendar the Martian year is divided into 20 months named for the Greek gods and goddesses of antiquity. Months are arranged in four groups of five months each in which the first three months have 33 sols and the last two 34 sols. The last month of the year (Zeus) has 34 or 35 sols if the Mars year has 668 or 669 sols. The calendar begins on the date of the landing of Viking 1, which is 1 Poseidon, year 0. Days of the week are named for the Sun and first six planets (Solday, Mercuryday, Venusday, etc.). Although the Martian year begins on the first day of northern spring on 1 Eos, this special edition of our calendar, which is called the Millennium Mars Calendar, has been synchronized to the Earth calendar to cover the interval from Dec. 20, 1999 to February 1, 2002, the turn of the millennium. Each month on the calendar features a full-color illustration, an essay on a selected feature of Mars, a brief discussion about the Greek deity for whom the month is named, and notes about events in the history of space exploration. Separate essays discuss colonization, terraforming and the Martian meteorite ALH84001. The calendar is intended to be both educational and entertaining while stimulating interest in the exploration of Mars. The Millennium Mars calendar is one of many possible forms for a Mars calendar. Future colonists of Mars will no doubt adopt a calendar which serves their needs best in their new environment. Track 5D 11:30 Houston, TX 77095 [email protected] Although much thought has been applied to the idea of going to Mars with regard to the hardware and the Astronauts/Cosmonauts who would make the trip, not as much has been directed as to how it would be supported from the ground on the blue, not the red planet. If NASA support is obtained, existing infrastructure can be utilized to varying degrees although conflicts with other programs (ISS and Shuttle) should be expected. If a private venture is planned, this mission support apparatus must be created. A list of this would include at a minimum: Mission Control Center (MCC) including all supporting material and staffing A Deep Space Network (DSN) or Shuttle TDRSS equivalent for voice/telemetry routing from the spacecraft and Martian ground sites to the Earth. Launch services and ground support equipment for the launch vehicle(s). Each item would bring a unique set of challenges to the mission. Some of these would include: MCC Chain of command in the control room, especially if flight is international Console support and positions (24 hrs a day or in sync with Mars clock?). shifts, cross-training Attrition with the control team during the flight(s) Loops/voice protocol/common language & measurement system Procedures needed and how retrieved (checklists, mals. etc. paper or/and electronic?) Training (integrated sims, possibly separated by vast distances (Antarctica to Houston?)) Ground support hardware (workstations, display screens, servers, etc.) DSN/TDRSS equivalent Time/distance differences (relay communications lag) Uplink and D/L channels, network availability (presumably DSN which is currently well taxed) Launch Services Range/pad conflicts with other programs Regardless of whether or not NASA facilities (or ESA, RSA, etc.) are used, many of the same problems would arise. Some of these problems have been addressed in other programs, most noticeably Skylab and Mir, but may need to be re-tailored for Mars missions. Track 1E 1:30 MARSSAT: Assured Communication with Mars Tom Gangale San Rafael, CA 94903 [email protected] In the past, unmanned missions to Mars have accepted the inevitable communications blackout that occurs when Mars is in solar conjunctions. This interruption, which lasts several weeks, would seem to be unacceptable during a manned Mars mission. This paper proposes a relay satellite as a means of maintaining vital communications links during conjunction, and explores candidate orbits for such a spacecraft. The basic approach to system design is to minimize size, weight, and power of spaceborne elements of the communications system, since it is more economical to compensate with large, heavy, and power-consuming elements on Earth. Ideally, it is the Earth-to-Mars link, which should drive the overall system design, with the Earth-to-relay and Mars-to-relay links impacting system design as little as possible. This ideal is approached by minimizing the length of the link between the relay spacecraft and Mars. An orbit whose period is one Martian year, but whose eccentricity and inclination both differ from that of Mars, assures communications between Earth and mars during conjunction while minimizing the length of the link between the communications satellite and the Mars mission. Track 1E 2:00 Menlo Park, CA [email protected] The traditional way of providing software to support space missions has been to build custom systems from scratch and then modify them to accommodate changes (the process of "software maintenance"). With the improving availability of Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) software components, using COTS components extensively in building and maintaining systems is a new alternative. While we have nearly always used some COTS software components, now we can use them much more in systems associated with the exploration and settlement of Mars. Using COTS software components has both pros and cons. The major pros can include: Lowers the cost to build and maintain the system Shortens the time to build the system Encourages the use of open standards in building and maintaining the system Eases using "spare parts" during maintenance, and reuse during development Makes component interactions more explicit Encourages encapsulation, table-drive, and instrumentation The major cons can include: Requires either customizing the software to fit the way people want to work, or making the way people work fir the COTS software Constrains the kinds and forms of changes in systems Slows making changes in the system Adds to the diversity of styles, conventions, and practices in the software Increases the difficulty and cost of making functional enhancements Lengthens the time to find and fix performance faults and shortfalls. Given Mars mission requirements and eventualities, achieving a balance between the pros and cons in using COTS software components involves making tradeoffs. Implementing them includes the se of tailoring code, wrappers, reuse, and certification. Track 1E 2:30 NASA Ames Research Center [email protected] We expect a wide variety of autonomous systems, from rovers to life-support systems, to play a critical role in the success of manned Mars missions. The crew and ground support personnel will want to control and be informed by these systems at varying levels of detail depending on the situation. Moreover, these systems will need to operate safely in the presence of people and cooperate with them effectively. We call such autonomous systems human-centered in contrast with traditional ``black-box'' autonomous systems. Our goal is to design a framework for human-centered autonomous systems that enables users to interact with these systems at whatever level of control is most appropriate whenever they so choose, but minimize the necessity for such interaction. This paper discusses on-going research at the NASA Ames Research Center in developing human-centered autonomous systems that can be used for a manned Mars mission. Track 1E 3:30 Model-based Autonomy for Robust Mars Operations Daniel Clancy, Vineet Gupta, James Kurien, Mark [email protected] Space missions have historically relied upon a large ground staff, numbering in the hundreds for complex missions, to maintain routine operations. When an anomaly occurs, this small army of engineers attempts to identify and work around the problem. A piloted Mars mission, with its multiyear duration, cost pressures, half-hour communication delays and two-week blackouts cannot be closely controlled by a battalion of engineers on Earth. Flight crew involvement in routine system operations must also be minimized to maximize science return. It also may be unrealistic to require the crew have the expertise in each mission subsystem needed to diagnose a system failure and effect a timely repair, as engineers did for Apollo 13. Enter model-based autonomy, which allows complex systems to autonomously maintain operation despite failures or anomalous conditions, contributing to safe, robust, and minimally supervised operation of spacecraft, life support, ISRU and power systems. Autonomous reasoning is central to the approach. A reasoning algorithm uses a logical or mathematical model of a system to infer how to operate the system, diagnose failures and generate appropriate behavior to repair or reconfigure the system in response. The "plug-and-play" nature of the models enables low cost development of autonomy for multiple platforms. Declarative, reusable models capture relevant aspects of the behavior of simple devices (e.g. valves or thrusters). Reasoning algorithms combine device models to create a model of the system-wide interactions and behavior of a complex, unique artifact such as a spacecraft. Rather than requiring engineers to envision all possible interactions and failures at design time or perform analysis during the mission, the reasoning engine generates the appropriate response to the current situation, taking into account its system-wide knowledge, the current state, and even sensor failures or unexpected behavior. We also discuss ongoing application to Mars hardware prototypes, flight tests and future research. Track 1E 4:00 Automatic Onboard Planning and Scheduling for Deep Space Missions Nicola Muscettola Kanna Rajan Caelum Research [email protected] The future of the space program calls for ambitious missions of exploration and scientific discovery. Searching for life on Mars, Europa and elsewhere in the solar system and beyond will require the solution of several challenging technical and organizational problems. A central one is the implementation of increasingly capable and autonomous control systems to ensure both mission accomplishment and mission safety. Without these systems missions will have to be run with the current, traditional approach. This relies on frequent communication with Earth and teams of human experts guiding step by step a mission through its tasks and analyzing and reacting to the occurrence of malfunctions. The cost and logistics difficulties of this approach, however, are so high that it cannot be reasonably carried over to the expected growth of missions and mission capabilities. Autonomy technology is an answer to these problems. The Remote Agent (RA) will be the first artificial intelligence-based autonomy architecture to reside in the flight processor of a spacecraft and control it for 6 days without ground intervention. The mission on which RA will fly is New Millennium Deep Space One (DS1) which has been described elsewhere. The primary benefits of having an on-board Planner/Scheduler are twofold. Firstly plan procedures are abstract and modular and allow synchronization of high level activity very easily. Having them generated on board allows flexibility and robustness in executing sequences which are more closely tied to the run-time environment in addition to saving costly bandwidth necessitated by coverage from NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN). Secondly, an on-board planner allows a quick and robust recovery when contingencies arise (e.g recovery from faults or serendipitous science opportunities) and the round-trip communication delay prohibit faster reaction times from ground based personnel. This paper describes the overall necessity of using such Planning/Scheduling technology, its expected impact and some technical details of the technology itself in terms that is accessible to the general audience. Reassessing the Human Condition: Philosophical Aspects of Mars Exploration Prof. Richard Poss University of Arizona [email protected] What does our commitment to Mars as the next human frontier do to the classic general arguments for space exploration? This paper outlines seven traditional arguments for space exploration.It examines the strengths and weaknesses in each argument. Then, it analyzes the effect of the commitment to Mars in each. The function of the commitment to Mars is to focus and clarify these traditional arguments, bringing them down from a theoretical perch to the level of the practical and the doable. The paper will describe several areas in which the cultural imperative to explore is given concrete fulfillment in the commitment to Mars which it did not have before. Moving beyond the general dedication to exploration to a commitment to the settlement of Mars in particular provides more than a buttress to an old ideology. It is a communal decision which operates at more depths than a mere policy decision. The health of the human community depends on the fulfillment of such a resolution. This paper will approach these depths from the perspective of seven classic arguments for space exploration. Track 2E 1:30 Martian Exploration and Related Terrestrial Social Returns Donald Barker, M.S., M.A. Gregory Chamitoff, Ph.D. ([email protected]) George James, Ph.D. According to current theories of learning and motivation, at some fundamental level of the human psyche, the drive to explore and understand the unknown influences human behavior and has the potential to be directed to ensure the propagation of the more positive aspects of modern society. Motivation is defined as an inner psychological or biological state end process which prompts, directs and sustains activity and behavior. Research has demonstrated that, for many animals, the opportunity to explore proves to be highly rewarding and reinforcing (similar to drives related to hunger, thirst and social interaction). Removal or deprivation of novel stimuli and abilities to interact within new environments can lead to heightened drive states (an aversive condition). In addition, such intrinsic responses can be developed during early formative ages and continue to maintain strong influences later in life. As a result, the connection between the intrinsic exploratory response in humans and the unknowns of space travel can be directly joined. At the time of the first Apollo Lunar landing, the capacity and potential of modern mass media was just becoming visualized as a world encompassing and entwining technology. For the first time in human history, more people were privy to a single event, as it occurred, than ever before in human history. The first missions to Mars, with the benefit of forty more years of technological and telecommunications advancement, will provide leaders and educators with an opportunity to motivate younger generations to pursue goals in science and technology and hopefully suppress fears of future social and economic stability. This material examines the potential for examining the socio-psychological consequences of the first manned mission to Mars with the objective of achieving an understanding of human motivation and modern societies ability to involve and solicit the general interests of the public with respect Mars exploration while advancing future generations pro-social behaviors and desires towards learning. Track 2E 2:00 Mars Exploration - The Survival of Our Civilization E.G.Petrakakis Maputo, Mozambique [email protected] Right through the history of Mankind the necessity for exploration and expansion is very clear and evident fact, this can be summarized in one sentence - our Society and Civilization needs to Explore and Expand in order to survive. We can look at various examples including the origins of the United States and this is exactly the first reason why Mars is the key to our continuous survival. Getting there, therefore is not only about finding microorganisms or evidence of past civilizations or to test our rockets. If we look around today in the World what do we see? And if we take the last part forty years what do we see? The same issues are being still unanswered and the greatest society dangers are creeping in - Drugs, Mobs, Prostitution, War, Racism, Terrorism Radicalism....etc are all still here and in a big way.....and who said the Atomic Age is a thing of the Past. So itï¿½s simple Space Exploration with the kick off start, Mars is the channel through which, once again our civilization will expand through and develop into. By doing this we will automatically absorb our civilization will expand through and develop into, by doing this we will automatically absorb all the Global Resources, because its new dimension and that is what it takes to get there and to live there. If our society explodes outwards we have a healthy existence if we donï¿½t we will continue to grow and finally take over, we will move into a feudal, overpopulated polluted world. Lets use the next century to put our old issues finally into history and move into the next dynamic of new futuristic society - letï¿½s start with Mars and there in an intelligent way - THAT IS ABOUT SPACE EXPANSION,OUR LAST DIMENSION AND OUR SURVIVAL. Track 2E 2:30 The Gen-X Rallying Cry? To Mars! Gen-X Needs a Cause, and that Cause Should Be Space George T. Whitesides (703) 406-5955 Gen-X is the first generation in history with the chance to send one of its own to Mars. For our own sakes, as well as for the sake of humanity, we cannot let that chance pass unfulfilled. We are a curious generation, both lucky and adrift. Blessed with prosperity, peace, and education, we are on the verge of inheriting the strongest country in the world, at one of its greatest moments. In just a few years, we will hold an unparalleled opportunity to do something great for mankind, to make a deep and lasting mark on history. There is only one problem: as a generation, we have no grand aspiration for our future. If is true that some of us care deeply about issues like the environment or service, but is there a goal out there that we seek together, that unifies and inspires us? Corner one of us, look us in the eye, and you'll see that the answer is no. This much-publicized ennui has its roots in the happy condition of our land. Living in a world without advancing evil, we have had the luxury of turning inward. Raised in a country in which the great injustices have been at least legally remedied, we have been left to work out the details of battle fought before our time. With some hesitation, we admit that we wish we did not live in such uninteresting times. Privately, we yearn for a cause of our own, a grand public effort that would take us beyond the video-game society in which we have been raised. What we have not realized is that there is a cause out there for us, one that is everything that we secretly hope for. It is space exploration in general, and Mars in particular. Making space our cause, and Mars our goal, would bring us together under a grand, peaceful endeavor. It would teach us about our universe in ways that we can barely imagine, and it would spur technology to greater heights. It would be a great gift to our children, bot for their education and their future. To send some of our own to Mars would transform us from a generation that history will forget into a generation that history will revere. Space is the next frontier of humanity, and we are the next generation. Mars, an uninhabited planet whose environment is closest to our own, waits, empty, for our arrival. If ever there was a match made in heaven, this is it. Track 2E 3:00 A Shining City on a Higher Hill: Lessons from the Last Colonization of a 'New World' Rev. James D. Heiser Publisher, Repristination Press 3555 Plover Drive, Decatur, IL 62526 The colonization of the New World provides examples of three possible motivations for colonization of Mars: (1) military expansion or competition between colonizing nations, (2) economic exploitation of the natural resources of the colony, and (3) pursuit of political and religious freedom. The first motivation, international competition, played a crucial role in the early development of the Soviet and American space programs, particularly in the race for human exploration of the Moon, a situation roughly analogous to the competition between Spanish, Portuguese, French and English colonization efforts in the Americas. However, the end of the U.S. - Soviet 'Cold War' eliminates this motivation for colonization of Mars, although some experts hope that cooperation between the two nations might yield exploration of mars, a crucial preliminary step to colonization. The second potential motivation, economic benefit, is even more tenuous, since the success of such an approach rests on profits from hypothetical scientific advances or economically feasible exploitation and/or exportation of Martian natural resources, while relying on a transient population of workers motivate by a desire for a quick profit, not permanent settlement. A similar situation can be found in the early Virginia colonies that were financially disastrous until he beginning of the exploration of tobacco and the importation of slaves. The third motivation - freedom - is the most fruitful motivation for colonization in terms of stability, steady growth, and cultural cohesion. The desire for religious self-determination was the guiding motivation for successful English settlement in New England, efforts that were initially quite meager in terms of personnel and financial resources. The pursuit of freedom - particularly religious freedom - is a motivation powerful enough to move men and women to leave behind land, home, family - even a world - to build a new life. Track 2E 3:30 Benefits of Opening a frontier Eldon Gatlin Tucson, AZ 85748 [email protected] This paper will present the social, economic, and political benefits of opening up a frontier. History is full of examples where individuals, groups, and whole civilizations have relocated either forcefully or by choice to unsettled locations where they flourished anew to become thriving, and in many cases, over time, dominant cultures/economies. In addition almost ever culture or country that has pushed into uncharted territory has seen their economy soar and prosperity extended to all levels of the sponsoring entity. In addition some of these forcible immigrations of less desirable aspects of the parent societies' individuals have spawned new ideas, cultures, and economies that are the driving force of the world as we know it. Some were by choice between incarceration and a hostile environment. Others were a chance to practice their beliefs or face suppression. These kinds of relocations have had a double benefit. In both cases, the individuals involved gained a chance and the ejecting party no longer had to deal with the perceived problem of the ejected. The English were very glad to get rid of certain social entities from there midst at various times. Some of the things we are seeing in society is due to the fact that the pioneering spirit which lead to survival has been redirected or channeled into behavior that is socially non-conducive to all parties involved in interaction. No longer can an individual go out and avoid situations that cause problems. They fall under scrutiny from the government, neighbors, or society. Think if the Pilgrims would not been able to come to a new place and institute their beliefs and practices. Where would the world be today? Track 2E 4:00 Civilizations at the Crossroads: The Historical Need to Explore Wayne Bowen Purdue University W. Lafayette, IN 47907 Several historical examples from the middle 1700's onward support the idea that frontier conditions, by crating local labor shortages, drive up wages and thus promote mechanization. First glimpsed in part by such observers as Franklin, Hamilton and Adam Smith, the theme achieved extended discussion in H.J. Habakkuk, American and British Technology in the 19th Century: The Search for Labour-Saving Inventions. Though criticized by such as Temin, the theory remains a basic starting point. Later analysts such as Rosenberg, Smith, Hounshell and Hoke, have built upon it. The crucial case has been American gun making during the early national period, culminating in the achievement of interchangeable parts manufactures, first in government armories by John Hall, et. Al., and later in private firms such as Colt's Hartford Armories. The latter derived partly from prior changes in the edge tool industry, and study by the author indicates that the redesign of the axe in America can be correlated with efforts to extend the productivity of the timber processing labor force. The paper will also address such other cases as the balloon frame house design, the Pennsylvania long rifle (author's work) and the origins of several metal and woodworking machine tools, such as the famous woodworking patent of Samuel Bentham. Frontier conditions may also have played a role in stimulating French interchangeability efforts. Experiences during the French and Indian wars pointed to the deplorable contrast between the ponderousness of European martial ways, and the native "skulking way of war". Work in progress indicates thus far that distance from resupply sources (in the settlements) promoted the engineering ideal of interchangeability. Hence, if the laws of economics apply interplanetary, Mars should see a further spurt in human-centered technological change. Track 3E 1:00 The Heatpipe Power System (HPS): a Near-Term, Low-Cost Space Fission Power Supply. Michael G. Houts, David I. Poston, and Deborah R. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Boston, Massachuesetts The Heatpipe Power System (HPS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power system. The Heatpipe Bimodal System (HBS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power and/or propulsion system. Both systems will be composed of independent modules, and all components use existing technology and operate within the existing database. The HPS and HBS have relatively few system integration issues; thus, the successful development of a module is a significant step toward verifying system feasibility and performance estimates. A prototypic HPS module was fabricated, and initial testing was completed in April 1997. All test objectives were accomplished, demonstrating the basic feasibility of the HPS. Fabrication of an HBS module is underway, and testing should begin in late 1998. The presentation will provide a system description in addition to pictures and results from the test program. Utilizing the Heatpipe Power System (HPS) on the Surface of Mars Dave Poston Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM The Heatpipe Power System (HPS) is a passively safe near-term low-cost space fission power system (SFPS). An SFPS is defined by three important attributes: 1) high specific power (power/mass)ï¿½otherwise it would not be economical to launch the system off the Earth, 2) reliabilityï¿½because there is little or no hands-on maintenance after the system leaves the Earth, and 3) safetyï¿½because the system must remain safe while it operates, and while it is transported to its final destination (launch accidents present a unique hazard). These three attributes are also of primary importance for a system designed to operate on the surface of another planet (other than Earth), moon, asteroid, or comet. Such a system might best be classified as a terrestrial SFPS. There are several differences between an SFPS designed for terrestrial and space applications; these differences include: materials compatibility, heat rejection, shielding, reliability, and safety. Materials compatibility and heat rejection issues are effected by the presence of an atmosphere. Shielding issues can differ due to the presence of indigenous material and/or vastly different shielding requirements. Reliability and safety issues can be effected by how the system responds to seismic, meteorological, and astronomical events. This paper focuses on the effect that material compatibility issues might have on the design and performance of the HPS. An SFPS is usually designed with refractory metals, because of their high temperature capability, high thermal conductivity, and in some cases better neutronic characteristics. The baseline HPS is designed to use niobium 1-zirconium, molybdenum, and/or tungsten depending on the application. One major drawback of refractory metals is that they tend to corrode very easily, thus their use in an atmospheric setting may be limited. Although the Martian atmosphere is relatively benign (mostly low-density CO2) as compared to Earth, materials compatibility will still be a major issue. Several materials compatibility test will have to be conducted, but it may be that a super-alloy based SFPS ( possibly stainless-steel or Inconel) will be required on the Martian surface. If a super-alloy SFPS is required, then the power output of a given system will probably be lower than for a refractory metal counterpart (because of lower temperature limits and thermal conductivity). One advantage of a super-alloy system is that it should have a lower development and unit cost (due to lower material cost, easier manufacturing, larger material database, etc. ); but because of lower performance, the actual cost per watt delivered to space will probably be higher. The power reduction of a specific HPS design may be up to a factor of two (in the worst case) as compared to a similar refractory metal design. However, it should still be possible to economically design and build a super-alloy HPS that can deliver 50-150 kWe on the Martian surface Track 3E 2:00 Comparison of Mars Surface Power Options R. J. Lipinski, S. A. Wright, R. X. Lenard Sandia National Laboratories M. Houts, D. Poston, D. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM A Mars base will require a substantial amount of reliable power in order to ensure the safety and well being of the base personnel and to minimize the total mass of supplies needed. This paper reviews the various surface power options and lists the advantages and disadvantages of each. The power level needed is expected to be between about 50 kW electric (kWe) and 1000 kWe, depending on the activity level of the base. The higher power levels provide more margin for crew safety and allow nearly closed-cycle living plus in-situ production of rocket fuel for the return flight. The specific options reviewed are solar panels, a radioisotopic power systems, and several types of small research-sized nuclear reactors. The reactors considered include configurations which are heat-pipe cooled, gas cooled, and water cooled. The level of maturity of all of these systems is discussed. Track 3E 2:30 Surviving on Mars without Nuclear Energy George James, Ph.D. Donald Barker, M.S., M.A. The development of economical strategies for the first human mission to Mars has increasingly focused on the utilization of in-situ resources for providing required supplies for life support, surface mobility, and the return-to-Earth capability. It has been demonstrated that mission robustness and affordability can been drastically improved by "living off the land." The Mars Direct plan and elements of the NASA Reference Mission illustrate the importance of this concept. A common feature to most mission plans, however, is the transportation of a nuclear energy source to the Martian surface. While this may be the simplest short-term solution for meeting the energy requirements of a human base on Mars, it also has the potential to be the show-stopper due to the current political climate regarding the safety of launching nuclear materials and/or polluting another planet with nuclear waste. The objective of this paper is to present alternative means for providing energy on Mars through the understanding of the local environment and subsequent utilization of these resources. The potential for exploiting solar energy on Mars is well established. However, the cost is high and the implementation involves certain obstacles, such as reduced output during Martian dust storms. Areothermal energy is a potential longer-term resource that could be plentiful in certain regions, but the utilization of this resource requires further remote sensing data as well as subsurface drilling or other surface based exploration. Wind energy has surprising potential for Mars due to the magnitude of geological features and temperature extremes that can produce reliable and strong local winds. This paper presents a summary of the current knowledge of solar, wind, and areothermal energy resources on Mars. A discussion of the means to identify these resources and the studies required in the near future to further characterize their distribution and abundance is given. Techniques that could be employed on robotic surface and orbiter missions are discussed in the context of providing information that could be used to design an energy extraction and storage system. This system would be based on a combination of solar and wind energy coupled with a liquid fuel storage system. The identification of ideal landing sites from the perspective of robust energy supplies is also addressed. This paper proposes that the production of energy on Mars, solely from local resources, may be practical enough to render a small outpost completely self-sufficient. The addition of in-situ energy resource development, to that for life support and transportation, would enhance the robustness of an initial mission and potentially advance the development of permanent human colonies on Mars. Track 3E 3:00 APO, AE 09104 Martian Lasers Power on Mars may be available from a source unavailable on Earth: solar powered carbon dioxide lasers. Carbon dioxide makes up 95 percent of the Martian atmosphere. Carbon dioxide lases in the low infrared. Sunlight stimulates carbon dioxide and causes lasing naturally. All that is needed for a power source are mirrors to focus the laser light into a beam. The infrared laser can be aimed at a conventional boiler-turbine system for electricity. Two laser mirrors may weight a tenth as much as a nuclear reactor for the same power. Terraforming The temperature of Mars is cold enough to freeze carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere at the poles. Warming may be possible artificially using greenhouse gasses. Carbon dioxide is a natural greenhouse gas, and is necessary for keeping Mars warm. A possible artificial greenhouse gas for terraforming Mars is perfluoromethane (CF4). Perfluoromethane can be made from atmospheric carbon dioxide and Martian flouride minerals. Laser Chemistry The fluoride-perfluoromethane reaction takes a lot of energy; two kilowatt-hours per kilogram of perfluoromethane produced. It is worse for the fact that it cannot normally be achieved in one step, but requires many steps. Each step loses energy, until as much as five kilowatt-hours per kilogram are used. Martian lasers may be able to make perfluoromethane in one step, by chilling the fluoride below the freezing point of carbon dioxide, adding powdered, frozen carbon dioxide, then flash heating the mixture, using the lasers. Conclusion Solar-pumped carbon dioxide lasers hold potential as a power source on Mars. These lasers can be used for producing electricity through the use of conventional steam turbogenerators. Although locations of fluoride deposits are currently unknown, terraforming Mars using perfluoromethane may be an important future use of Martian lasers. Planetary SETI Society (SPSR) [email protected] Given the presence of water-ice on Mars, its role as the fuel in fusion systems should be considered for its benefits. Heat, electricity, water, oxygen and other raw material resources could be of vital importance. On Mars, the available water-ice for colonists includes the tiny evanescent early morning, fog coating over rocky terrain, especially the extruded permafrost released from below the surface following meteor impact, and the several kilometer thick deposits near the poles. Orbital imaging analysis suggests large amounts of water-ice for use in fusion systems on the surface of Mars, present in the form of permafrost located near Yuti-type craters above 40 degrees north latitude. At those locations, the harvest of low nuclear weight fuel for fusion systems becomes feasible. Fusion systems would also enable the mining of the Martian moons for their carbon and other resources. Additional benefits occur from the heat generated from the fusion generators which will enable obtaining additional water ice not only for additional fuel, but also for human consumption and use. The generation of excess amounts of water over that which is needed has the extra benefit of being available to liberate molecular oxygen to the Martian atmosphere. Track 3E 4:00 A Stepped Approach to the Moon and Mars Jim Bickford [email protected] With the eventual goal of settling both the Moon and Mars, a carefully planned and stepped approach should be utilized. The first steps involve modifying space station components and off the shelf technology to create a simple manned spacecraft that will make a quick flight to Mars and rendezvous with supplies previously orbited about the planet. The vehicle will return to Earth where it can be partially reused for several subsequent missions. Human flights to Mars will not only provide public motivation for continued development of space but also the strong technical background required for subsequent success. A better understanding of Phobos and Deimos as well as the Martian environment will provide engineers of future missions the information needed to properly utilize the natural resources of the planet and avoid the costly approach of bringing everything from Earth. After the completion of the initial human Mars exploratory sequence, flights to Mars will be temporarily suspended and the focus will turn to the moon. During the moon development period the data gathered from the Mars missions could be thoroughly analyzed. This detailed analysis will funnel the eventual focus of Mars exploration. In addition to the science obtained from Moon exploration and development, the resources of the moon will eventually be utilized in future space endeavors. Track 3E 4:30 Affordable to the Individual Space Flight Eagle Sarmont Wrightwood, CA 92397-0382 [email protected] A new concept in space transportation that makes use of a Turbo-Rocket Ramjet Scramjet powered Spaceplane and an Earth Orbiting Elevator that can be built with today's materials. It is an evolutionary system that starts with a commercially viable stage and a half to orbit Spaceplane that launches satellites and astronauts into low Earth orbit. This is followed by the addition of an Earth Orbiting Elevator which allows us to eliminate the small expendable upper stage from the system, making the Spaceplane into a Single Stage to Orbit vehicle. The next step is about how the Earth Orbiting Elevator will allow us to return to the Moon to stay and how it will further reduce the cost of living working and traveling in space by allowing us to start making use of Lunar resources. Once the Lunar base is in place the next step will be the building of an L-5 shipyard where Satellite Solar Power Stations, Space Colonies and Mars Exploration/Colony ships will be built. NASA representatives have described this system as, "The first idea we have seen that offers a believable path to $100/lb to low Earth orbit." Track 4E 1:00 Rolling on Martian Air - The Forgotten Axis W.Klimkiewicz [email protected] In this paper, we would like to describe the need for manned and robotic aerial reconnaissance and air transportation on Mars and the problems involved in providing this capability. Some time in the future, humans will arrive on Mars. Exploration will be the most important task for the first colonists in which aerial flights will be of great value. There are no roads or airstrips to support Earth-like takeoffs and landings. Finding limestone on Mars and starting production of concrete seems very unlikely, and so some other means of building large hard structures and surfaces will be necessary. This will take time and, until then, the exploration mission must proceed. This is one reason that vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft will be necessary on Mars. In case of engine failure, an aircraft traveling over uncharted and rugged territory, far from a base station, has to be able to make a safe emergency landing. This improves the survivability of the flyer, and the vehicle. The problem with a VTOL solution is that it is equivalent to building a helicopter that can fly at a 30 km altitude (~100,000 ft.) on Earth, where the atmospheric density equals that of the Martian surface. The power requirements on such a helicopter would be enormous. Fortunately, on Mars, due to reduced gravity, an aircraft needs only one third of the lift required on Earth. In addition, the helicopter is not the most power efficient way of hovering. In this paper, we would like to prove that there are other methods of creating lift that are several times more efficient than a helicopter. We will try to convince the aerospace community that with a propulsion system based on an "Air Paddle Wheel" which rotates around the horizontal axis, it is possible to build a power efficient, all-purpose Martian air vehicle capable of vertical takeoffs and landings, which can hover, power glide and roll on the ground. Romanian Ministry of Research and Technology, Bucharest G. Savu National Institute of Turbomachinery COMOTI, Romania, email: [email protected] low-cost class of exploration robots using the in-situ, non-chemical propellant is proposed for the precursor missions, preparing the human landing on the Mars surface. The actual rovers designed to explore the surroundings of the landing site have a short radius of action and a limited life duration. A long endurance power production and propulsion system was proposed for the endowment of the Martian robots. The photovoltaic cells transform the solar radiation in electrical energy used to compress the rarefied Martian atmosphere (95% CO2) in a storage pressure tank. A high performance, multistage gas compressor , driven by a d.c. electro-motor is used to obtain the desired pressure1. If the compressed gas is expanded through nozzles, the lifting and command force are obtained for controlled flights of the robot over the rugged Martian soil. This type of vehicle was named "Mars Jumper" 2. If the gas from the pressure tank is released in a turbine, the produced mechanical power can drive the rotor of a helicopter as a Martian exploring vehicle with vertical take-off/landing capabilities3. The upper side of the rotor blades may be used as the support for photovoltaics . The distances covered by a Martian flying robot moved by this propulsion system are of order of kilometers versus the tens of meters of the actual rovers. During the survival periods (Martian nights and sand storms) the d.c. electro-motor, working in the reverse mode (as a generator) produces electrical power necessary for the data transmission to the Earth. In fact, the proposed system collects in time the existing disposable energy on the Martian surface and during a short period, the energy transformation produces high power necessary for the vehicle propulsion. The cycle is repeated by a new pressure tank charging. The proposed concept is feasible with the actual technology, without exotic materials and components, ensuring for long term the possibility to explore large areas of the Martian terrain. A flotilla of 6 or 14 robots can be launched with a single spacecraft of Titan class. References 1. Savu G. "A Non-Chemical, in-Situ Propellant for the Martian Machines", AIAA 95-2793 Paper, 1995. 2. Savu G. "A Low-Cost Jumper for the Martian Environment Exploration', Acta Astronautica, Vol. 35, Suppl., pp. 699-708, 1995. 3. Savu G., Trifu O. " Photovoltaic Rotorcraft for Mars Missions", AIAA 95-2644 Paper, 1995. Mars Surface Transportation: Is Flying Cheaper Than Building Roads? Tony Rusi [email protected] An motorized propeller-driven ultralight aircraft, with a lifting-gas-filled parafoil wing, with a span on the order of 120 meters, is proposed for initial use in Martian exploration in lieu of four wheel drive pressurized cab vehicles. These "bush plane" analog's would require no Martian surface improvement to operate during the first phase of surface exploration. Many areas of high scientific interest, chasms and mountain tops, of the surface may be only reachable with such devices. High average airspeeds versus ground based vehicles would also cut life support costs on sorties. Track 4E 3:00 Mobility of Large Manned Rovers on Mars George William HerbertRetro Aerospace [email protected] A study of a number of earth analogs for large, heavy, long range off-road vehicles generates useful inputs for rover design on Mars. An investigation into the types of suspensions available, wheeled and tracked, looks at their suitability for Mars use. Analysis of the mechanics and dynamics of power requirements indicates that motive power for a given speed should scale with the local gravity. Relative stability and mobility of vehicles are examined and the lesser stability of Mars vehicles quantified and shown to be within workable limits. Rover propulsion options are examined, investigating characteristics of possible fuel cell and internal combustion power-trains. Finally, three sample long range expeditionary rovers are described with estimated traverse ranges of over 5,000 km. Mars Gas Hopper: A key Component for Mars Surface Transportation Robert Zubrin 445 Union Blvd. #125 Lakewood, CO 80228 Mars ballistic hoppers with ranges up to 50 km can be developed using cool CO2 as propellant. A sorption pump is used to acquire CO2 from the atmosphere, which is then stored in the propellant tank at high pressure in the liquid phase. When flight is desired, the liquid is flashed into gas and then expanded out a supersonic nozzle, either cold, or after mild heating in a warm pebble bed heat exchanger, such "gashopper" systems could be very useful for robotic Mars exploration as they are not limited by Marsï¿½s rough surface terrain and can be readily refueled each time they land. With the aid of gashoppers, a single suite of instruments can be made to visit a large number of widely separated surface locations, thus greatly increasing mission science return. Track 4E 4:30 Airborne Science Platforms for Martian Exploration (or, Basic UFO Design Considerations) NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA The presence of an atmosphere on Mars provides planetary scientists with the opportunity to extend their coverage for robotic exploration. In this brief talk, Mr. Hall will discuss basic design considerations for the design and development of atmospheric science platforms for Martian missions including similarities and diferences with terrestrial applications. He will highlight aerodynamic and propulsion requirements and will give an overview of the Mars Flyer development programs he's been involved with at NASA/Ames Research Center since the summer of 1996. Track 5E 1:00 The Promise of Cave Biology and Subsurface Exploration on Earth, Mars, and Beyond P.J. Boston, Complex Systems Research, Inc., Boulder, CO and Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM Over the course of the next century, humans will land on and explore other bodies in our solar system. Our studies of exotic lifeforms in Earth's caves, our work on subsurface environments for life on Mars, and the potential for long-term preservation of microbial life in non-planetary bodies like comets and asteroids have led us to conclude that subsurface cavities on rocky bodies (including planets, moons, asteroids, and comets) will be an important target for exploration and scientific investigation by human missions. Not only are these subsurface environments important scientifically, but they may also provide natural sheltering structures for humans on suitable planets, moons and asteroids. We will briefly discuss the exotic microbial ecosystems of Earth's subsurface and the bizarre means by which they make their livings (dissolving rock, living in sulfuric acid, scavenging energy from inorganic chemical reactions, etc.) We will then consider the possibilities for such communities to exist in the deep subsurface of Mars including possible methodologies for finding and studying them. In addition, we will touch on potential cave-forming mechanisms on Mars ranging from lava tubes to carbonate and non-carbonate dissolution of various rock types both sedimentary and igneous. Lastly, we will turn our attention to the potential for buried life in other rocky bodies. This life could be in the guise of tiny passengers hitching a ride from one part of our solar system to another (e.g. Mars to Earth), microbial life from a distant solar system transported to another stellar system, or even US as we find ways to utilize natural cavities for human life support on Mars and beyond. Track 5E 1:30 A Novel Space Transportation Concept Designed to Reduce Per-Mission Costs for Repeated Travel to/from a Celestial Body Dr. Stephen Heppe Purcellville, VA 20132 [email protected] Part of the expense associated with deep-space mission derives from the inefficiency of chemical propulsion, the large amounts of fuel and propellant required to achieve mission-necessary delta-V, and the need to carry all consumables from the start of the mission. We propose a new space transportation paradigm, which relies on the buildup of certain space "infrastructure", to minimize per-mission cost. Making a comparison to 19th century travel across North America, this is similar to replacement of Conestoga wagons with the Trans-Continental Railroad. The infrastructure we propose is a set of man-made space stations of man-modified natural celestial bodies (e.g., small asteroids), maneuvered into a set of useful orbits, and equipped with electromagnetic launchers (railguns) as well as human habitats, depot facilities, power systems and orbital maneuvering systems (e.g., electromagnetic thrusters). On each space station or asteroid, the railgun allows small mission vehicles (spacecraft) to achieve large delta-Vï¿½s in short time without consuming onboard propellant. The orbital maneuvering system (e.g., nuclear or solar-powered system of electromagnetic thrusters) allows the space station or asteroid to compensate for the delta-Vï¿½s so imparted, and adjust its orbit to achieve desirable parameters. An object in an elliptical solar orbit tangent to Earth orbit at perihelion, but with semi-major axis ~ 1.66 a.u., has a natural orbital period of roughly 25.6 months ï¿½ the interval between Mars mission opportunities from Earth. If the semi-major axis of the orbit can be rotated appropriately about the Sun every orbit, through the use of electromagnetic propulsion an gravitational assists from the Moon and Mars, etc., good rendezvous opportunities will be provided every orbit. The railgun, combined with gravitational assists from Mars and aerobraking, and perhaps some residual delta-V provided by traditional means, offers an efficient and economic rendezvous technique for spacecraft departing the space station or asteroid for Mars. Track 5E 2:00 Reducing Risk and Complexity of Rover and Robotic Operations on Mars Russell R Mellon Director of Research and Development Equinox Interscience, Inc 6420 S. Quebec St., Ste E Englewood, CO 80111 [email protected] The presentation offers a perspective on utilization of the Mars Raptor Reconnaissance System and its variations to reduce the risk and complexity of rover and robotic operations on Mars. The presentation will enhance the participants understanding of issues and concerns regarding robotic and rover operations on Mars. We will present a mission risk mitigation approach to the current Lander/Rover operations for improving probability of success. This approach utilizes the Mars Raptor system that allows a least time/safest path-vs-minimum distance path for rover/robot operations. The system is a reconnaissance approach with compact, lightweight optical sensors, CCD focal planes, and High-Density Interconnect (HDI) electronics. The presentation content will consider: Rover/Robot requirements and how they play with lander/orbiter requirements Reconnaissance methods Data utilization and operations decision making Track 5E 2:30 A Mission to Mars With Two Chimpanzees Before the First Human Mission to that Planet Antonio de Morais (IF-USP University, Brazil) [email protected] The focus of the first human expedition to outside the Earth-Moon system is In the exploration of the Moon robot spacecraft were sent before brave persons were there. In the same way robot spacecraft are being sent to Mars before the first humans get at the Red Planet. People will train in the International Space Station, and there are plans of returning to the Moon for more training to a voyage to Mars. This conquest of Mars will be a base stone in the evolution of Mankind. But, the minimum distance between Earth and Mars is 150 times greater than the distance Earth-Moon. This enormous distance sets great difficulties to a human mission to Mars. The Martian environment has nothing to do with the lunar and terrestrial environments; not to say the fact that if a Moon manned mission have a problem, it is still be possible to save the crew in few days, while if a manned mission be in the middle of the journey to Mars, and a problem occur, it will not be possible to save the crew. Maximum safety to the crew is a fundamental matter. This era of Mars exploration is analogous to the days when humans were trying to orbit alone the Earth. So, I propose that, after the last robotic mission to return samples of Mars back to Earth, and before the first human journey to the Red Planet, there is the sending of two chimpanzees (male and female) to Mars returning them back to Earth, inside a semi-robotic, Earth-controlled, adapted, operational spacecraft. This mission would test completely the technology of the spacecraft (with living beings inside, breathing, feeding and performing tasks), and of the life-support systems (to the human crews) in the real Martian environment, and to test the use of astronaut life-supporting suits in real soil and atmospheric extreme weather conditions, during a long time. The conquest of Mars is known to have been full of problems and accidents (73 percent of the total missions to Mars failed), mentioning the accident with the very expensive and complex Mars Observer spacecraft. And all these missions are automated, very far from the complexity of a manned trip to Mars. And in the history of manned space exploration, there were several accidents, mentioning the following: Vostok (Mr. Vladmir Komarov), Apollo I, Apollo XIII, Space Shuttle Challenger, MIR; and problems with practically all manned missions (and all these missions are close to Earth). A manned mission to Mars is greatly expensive and itï¿½s objective is not only to walk on another planet, but fundamentally to develop new technologies for human use and to increase scientific knowledge the maximum as possible. I surmise that an astronaut would like to be the first at Mars, but I also surmise the astronaut would like to know that his/her mission to Mars had the maximum study and best test for the security of functioning of the spacecraft technology and of the life-support systems, during the real cruise to (and back from) Mars, and at the real Martian environment. For that task, the two chimpanzees (male and female) would be used to live with each other, and both used to practice the operational maneuvers for the Mars mission, since their infancy. When both chimpanzees arrive at their adult phase, they would be more intensively trained and live inside an operational replica of the spacecraft (on the ground), exiting this ambient to walk (using easy-dressing spacesuits with a tensile flexing string firmly attached to the suits) around a Martian scenario, performing tasks such as getting stones on the scenarioï¿½s ground. The chimpanzees would train inside the real International Space Station inside a module (without humans). In the replica at the scenario and in the real ISS, the two would feed on vitamin fortified, colorful, tasteful, somewhat difficult to get (chimpanzees like to go for it) rich-nutrient pills, and drink water and juices, for months. Also, they would exercise, and perform several tasks, and have recreation hours (for example drawing colors on a digital screen with digital pens, playing with toys, etc.) during the tests of months, and during the real mission to Mars. They would have sensors implanted inside their bodies for the taking (via radio) of the necessary medical data (the couple would take out the sensors if put on the skin). The chimpanzees would be passed through a surgery to not be able to exist pregnancy (a factor of great complication for this mission to Mars with the chimpanzees - if the two return alive from the voyage to Mars). This mission with chimpanzees to Mars can sound funny but it is not funny the cost of human lives in a first manned mission to Mars, also reflecting on the entire manned space exploration program. Chimpanzees have bones and cardiovascular systems stronger than manï¿½s; if they could not resist an Earth-Mars-Earth voyage, it will be needed more studies and tests for a human visit to the Red Planet. In the history of space exploration, there are two principal characteristics: the unexpected important technological and scientific discoveries, and the unexpected of accidents and problems (usually big ones) in the missions. Resuming: the unexpected. It is fundamental to be well prepared to do it. It is because I propose that firstly be sent two chimpanzees (male and female) to planet Mars before humans get there. Track 5E 3:00 Modeling and Simulation of a Pressure Feed System Rocket Engine to Use in Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) Jos Miraglia - Engenheiro Quømico - Mestre em Propuls_o ( ITA 1994) ITA - (Technical Institute of Aeronautics) Brazil [email protected] The future explorations manned to the planet Mars can use the production in-situ of propellant CH4 / LOX. This paper presents the mathematical modeling and the computational simulation of a rocket engine using as propellant CH4 / LOX, and of the launch of a Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) using this engine as propulsion system. The proposed engine is a pressure feed system type, due its simplicity and operational robustness. The motor is divided in the following elements: Reservoir of Methane; Reservoir of gas pressurizer (Helium); Tubes and accessories (valves, filters, hole plates); Combustion chamber; Nozzle; The thermo/chemical and physical/chemistries properties of the propellants in subject are presented. The engine and the launch of MAV will be simulate with the use of programs computations developed by the author. The numeric results of the simulation of the rocket engine are presented in the graphics form. Thrust x Time; CH4 flow rate x Time; LOX flow rate x Time; O/F x Time; Medium temperature of the combustion chamber x Time The results of this simulation are used as parameters for the simulation of the launch of Mars Ascent Vehicle. This simulation will be made with the use of program computations developed by the author. The numeric result of the launch is presented in the graphics form. Altitude x Time; Case for an ISRU Refinery Kelly R. McMillen Boulder Center for Science and Policy During the early phases of human Mars exploration, in situ resource utilization (ISRU) will lower costs, expand capabilities, and serve as an enabling technology for establishing permanent colonies. Martian atmospheric resources can be used to provide consumables such as fuel, oxidant, breathable air, and water that are critical for early human missions. Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide and imported hydrogen can be used, for example, as feedstock for the catalytic production of oxygen, methane, methanol, and other propellants and water (Zubrin, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1998, Zubrin, Meyer, McMillen 1998, Meyer 1981). These processes utilize catalytic reactors containing small amounts of iron, nickel and other suitable catalysts, plus gas selective membranes, electrolysis, and other easily implemented gas separation techniques. Waste carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide reduction processes together with hydrogen can be combined to produce other liquid and gaseous fuels and chemical compounds. Excess heat from an exothermic Sabatier reaction can be diverted to minimize heat requirements in endothermic processes such as the reverse water-gas shift reaction. Thus valuable synergies can be realized by integrating various processes. Oxygen and fuel production processes can be combined so the thermal and material wastes of one process can be utilized by the other thus forming a unique Martian "chemical refinery" that features internal hydrogen recycling and production of a purified carbon monoxide intermediate by-product. Turbines can also be used to recover mechanical energy from high-pressure waste gas and systems can share common hardware and feedstock systems. Thus feedstock, power, heat and mechanical energy are utilized efficiently and conserved in the design of these robust Martian atmospheric refineries whose technologies may also find applications in industrial waste utilization technology on Earth. Track 5E 4:00 The Vaults of Mars: Architecture for a Mars Settlement Bruce MacKenzie	NASA
1970 - Steven Tyler, Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Brad Whitford	Wednesday - August 12th Humans to Mars within a Decade Robert Zubrin 445 Union Blvd. #125 Lakewood, CO 80228 We currently have the technology required to establish a permanent human presence on Mars within 10 years at a cost of roughly 15% of the existing NASA budget. The key is to adopt a "live-off the land" philosophy, making rocket propellants and other necessary mission consumables on the surface of Mars. This paper will discuss how this can be done, and the significance of such a step in the context of the development of humanity from a single planet to a multi-planet species. Thursday Plenary Session 10:00 Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001 Everett K. Gibson, Jr Kathie Thomas-Keprta Lockheed Martin The Martian meteorite ALH84001 has been shown to contain evidence of possible past biogenic activity inside small carbonate aggregates or globules within the meteorite. Four lines of evidence presented by McKay et al. (1) included: (a) iron oxides and sulfides having textures similar to terrestrial biominerals, (b) carbonates formed at temperatures capable of supporting biogenic activity, (c) indigenous organic compounds associated with the carbonate globules, and (d) morphologies of segmented, spherical and elongated features similar to terrestrial micro fossils. None of these observations is in itself conclusive for the existence of past life. Although there are alternative explanations for each of these phenomena taken individually, when they are considered collectively, particularly in view of their close spatial association, it was concluded that they were evidence for primitive life on Mars. Since our report (1) additional observations have been made which support our hypothesis: (i.) carbon isotropic compositions (-18 to ï¿½20 %), (ii) biofilm-like textures, (iii) chains of magnetite grains similar to those produced by magnetotactic bacteria, and (iv) oxygen isotropic compositions with in individual globules that show low temperature processes (2). Alternative hypotheses for the origins of the carbonate globules have been directed toward the formation temperatures, magnetite morphologies and structures within the carbonates, the sizes of nanostructures within carbonate rims, and potential terrestrial organic contaminants (i.e. PAHs). The evidence, both pro and con, will be critically evaluated in light of recent research that has been conducted since the initial hypothesis of past biogenic activity in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. D.S. McKay et al., Science 273, 924-930 (1996) Refs. Within Lunar and Planetary Science- 28th and 29th abstracts (1997 and 1998) Thursday Plenary Session 11:00 NASA's Robotic Mars Exploration Program Rob Manning Jet Propulsion Lab Pasadena, CA NASAï¿½s recent accomplishments and current plans for the exploration of Mars using robotic technology will be presented. Thursday Plenary Session 11:30 The Cato Institute Washington DC Why, four decades after men first ventured into space are there no regularly scheduled commercial flights into orbit? Some 35 years after the Wright brothers 1903 flight the commercially viable DC-3 was flying. But today the cost of placing payloads into orbit on the Shuttle is perhaps a magnitude more than on Apollo. By contrast, in the past twenty years the cost of airline tickets per mile dropped by 30 percent, with twice as many people now flying, and the cost of shipping oil dropped 80 percent. For too long space enthusiasts have ignored economics at the peril of their passion. The most economically and politically viable approach to a Mars mission, based on market principles, is the Mars Prize approach, supported by House Speaker Gingrich. A $20 billion prize, with an actual mission cost of only $5 billion, indeed creates an incentive for the private sector to find the best way to the Red Planet. But these funds still have proven difficult to secure. Mars enthusiasts might support a radical approach: as part of a strategy to return civilian space efforts to the private sector, the planned space station could be scrapped. Some of the savings would go the Mars Prize and would help promote that civilian sector. But at $5 billion, a consortium of enterprises and educational institutions could fund a Mars mission. Yet without taxpayers funds, what would be the incentive to go? The prospect of property rights and owning Martian assets would be a strong incentive. Also a consortium might earn money and develop technology for a Mars mission by taking on other tasks for profit. For example, a Disney Company might put up several hundred million dollars to put camera-equipped rovers on the Moon to provide holodeck-type virtual reality entertainment on Earth. The road to Mars does not have to go through government territory. Track 1A 2:30 Privately Financing a Mars Expedition : The Olympic Model Stewart Money McDonough, GA 30254 [email protected] In order to be sustainable, any program of manned Mars exploration will require the lowest possible transportation and infrastructure costs. As evidenced by the Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs, such a requirement is simply incompatible with publicly funded space endeavors. Consequently, the first expedition to Mars must be privately financed and managed. Accomplishing this will require a new organization, one specifically designed to fill the gap between what government is unable to accomplish efficiently, and what purely private industry is unable to do profitably. A precedent can be found in the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games in Atlanta, the first privately financed Olympic Games. Costing $1.7 billion, or approximately 25% of a privately managed Mars mission as described in The Case for Mars, the 1996 games actually made money while leaving behind as permanent infrastructure $550 million in athletic facilities and parks. These results were possible because the Olympics were managed through a unique arrangement in which a privately organized, publicly endorsed organization, the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games, was vested with the authority to negotiate advertising and sponsorship agreements with the entire spectrum of potential sponsors, from major corporations such as IBM, Coca-Cola, Delta, NationsBank and Home Depot, down to individual street vendors. While the Summer Olympics are certainly a major media event, they pale beside what stands to be the biggest story of our time, the first human voyage to Mars. By this standard, the global marketing opportunity which made the Olympics attractive to corporate sponsors are even more pronounced. Quite simply, Mars represents a marketing potential so vast as to challenge the imagination. This paper examines a number issues involved with privately funding an initial series of manned Mars expeditions following the Atlanta Olympic Model. Track 1A 3:00 Possible Design of First Privately-Funded Mars Surface Exploration Probe: Ruthless Minimalism Approach 1436 Clover Creek Dr. Longmont CO 80503 What is the absolutely lowest possible cost for a small unmanned Mars probe that lands on the surface and performs interesting exploration from the public point of view? We have been asking this question for many years. We are after the true lowest-cost mission, not assuming the free labor or donated hardware. Therefore, the only free variable is to reduce the mission complexity, simplify or even eliminate most of the hardware and software that would have been carried on a ordinary (government-funded) mission. We have seen many useful low-Earth-orbit missions that were developed for around a million dollars. The lowest-cost deep-space missions were about 50-100 more expensive. The conventional wisdom says that this is due to the more demanding requirements of a deep-space mission. Our paper will address this point of view and attempt to demystify the deep-space spacecraft design. Clearly, there are many difficult and challenging missions in the solar system. But we want to show that a simple modest Mars mission can be within a reach of the community that successfully launched dozens low-cost Earth-orbiting spacecraft. We will present the point design for such a mission in our paper. It is not going to satisfy specific scientific objectives but rather offer an interesting exploration challenge to the interested public. Track 1A 3:30 Paying for the Greatest Adventure in Human History Chris Cowlin Powell, Ohio 43065 Subject: My paper offers a proven funding solution for the entire Mars mission. The formation, governance and operation of a self-perpetuating corporation devoted solely to the mission will be described in detailed but understandable terms. Point of View: Success depends on three factors: Raising funds adequate for a successful and profitable mission while avoiding all forms of government funding. Creating a reliable cash flow from each stage of the missionï¿½s development Making solid provisions for mission continuation after the first touch down. Operational Structure: Bureaucracies canï¿½t execute the mission with any reasonable hope of success. A credible and authoritative corporate entity exercising executive control over all aspects of the mission is essential. Scientific quests, entrepreneurial development, high-risk technology and innovative financial structures are best left to the few interested parties willing to make the commitments and sacrifices necessary for success. The solution: The Martian Expeditionary Foundation (MEF). The MEF solves the critical issues of control, ownership, and continuation. The MEF is a on going self-managed trust sponsoring mission activities until conventional corporate mechanisms are able to assume day-to-day responsibilities. The MEF raises capital, makes binding commitments, obtains copyrights and controls licensing revenue. At opportune moments, the MEF will bundle assets (mission materials, copyrights, etc.) with liabilities (debt, payroll, operating cost, etc.) and offer fully formed space-based corporations (stock) to interested investors. In turn, the MEF employs the cash received for further development. Sources of Revenue: The MEF has at least five revenue sources, all based on the sales of: Mission Data Copyrights Summary: The paper provides a blueprint for financial success. Mankindï¿½s greatest adventure needs a solid business mechanism that insures success. Bold leadership combined with conservative solid execution will get us to the red planet Track 1A 4:00 Funding the First Human Expedition t Mars George Osorio osorio#d#[email protected] A proposition is made that, given past experience with government space exploration programs, the first human expedition to the Red Planet can be funded entirely from private or commercial sources without depending primarily on financial support from the US government. The steps needed to obtain such funding are described and suggested examples are considered, including plausible Mars exploration scenarios. Based on the information presented, a case is made for proceeding directly with the development of a human expedition to Mars, funded entirely from private sources, while leaving the robotic missions to NASA/JPL and other government entities, including internationals. Track 1A 4:30 Jim Beyer [email protected] Another financing plan to pay for a ï¿½Mars Directï¿½ manned expedition to Mars is presented. Although at least three other plans for funding exist; all of these alternatives have flaws which limit their practical implementation. By using the positive points which each of these plans have, a new plan is developed which can succeed and (perhaps more importantly) can be implemented immediately. A key point to this plan is to exploit a resource that is immediately available and saleable on the first Mars expedition. This substantial resource could pay for a majority of an expedition by itself, but has not been mentioned, even in passing, in the book, "The Case for Mars". Other resources are brought into play that can cover the remainder of the costs. It is assumed that a private concern could develop an expedition in the range of $15 billion. A lower cost expedition could be financed even more easily; a higher cost would be increasingly less practical to fund. Central to any funding effort is the improved estimation of the expedition cost. Current cost estimates range broadly from $4 billion to $50 billion. Although there are no real templates for this sort of fund-raising effort; some analogues exist. The University of Michigan embarked on a $1 billion fund-raising effort some years ago: they raised $1.2 billion. Harvard University, with a smaller (but perhaps wealthier) alumni pool, has launched an even more ambitious fund-raising effort. The Mars effort suffers from a lack of credibility compared with centuries old educational institutions, but surpasses these institutions in its broad appeal; potentially to every member of humanity. The Business of Commercializing Space David M. Livingston This paper will investigate and report on some of the important business issues facing the commercialization of space, including private sector projects to the moon and Mars. One important issue concerns the potential conflicts of interest and competition among the various government agencies exercising regulatory control over certain aspects of commercial space development. These potential jurisdictional conflicts involve the FAA, NASA, The Department of Commerce and the FCC. The advantages and disadvantages of the roles of these regulatory agencies from both a business and space consumerï¿½s perspective will be discussed. Financing commercial space projects will also be addressed, especially the use of venture capital as this is a frequently mentioned private sector tool for funding various commercial space projects and programs. With financing in mind, a look at various new space industries will be undertaken, as these industries have both applications and implications for private sector space commercialization and for investing and operating private sector missions to the moon and Mars, and for the popular emerging space tourism industry. The final component of this paper discusses both the quality and the character of the business that we take off this planet to explore and develop space in general, and use in establishing bases and settlements on the moon and Mars. Perhaps not all our business practices, philosophies, procedures and attitudes are qualities we want to export off the earth. How shall we live, work and play in space, on the moon and on Mars is a question that needs to be considered. We will be the first society to begin the process of living, working and playing in space, and establishing settlements and colonies off this planet. With this honor and privilege also comes the responsibility to seed our future generations of space inhabitants, businessmen and women and leaders with a foundation, but what will that foundation look like? The consequences of what and how we carry out our development, commercialization, and colonization will remain with us for a very long time, both on earth and in space. This paper will address this important issue, an issue that can have an enormous impact on our space development plans extending not just to Mars but beyond Mars as well. Track 2A 2:00 The Mars Pathfinder Mission and Science Results A. F. C. Haldemann, M. P. Golombek, W. M. Folkner,T. J. Parker, J. T. SchofieldJet Propulsion Laboratory T. EconomouUniversity of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute H. J. Moore R. RiederMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany P. H. SmithLunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Mars Pathfinder successfully landed on the surface of Mars on July 4, 1997, deployed and navigated a small rover, and collected data from 3 science instruments and 10 technology experiments. The mission operated for 3 months and returned 2.3 Gbits of new data, including over 16,500 lander and 550 rover images, 16 chemical analyses of rocks and soil, and 8.5 million individual temperature, pressure and wind measurements. The mission captured the imagination of the public, garnered front-page headlines during the first week, and became the largest internet event in history. From the science standpoint, the top results include: 1. Chemical analyses indicate some rocks may be high in silica implying differentiated parent materials. 2. Rounded pebbles and cobbles and a possible conglomerate observed with rover and lander images suggest fluvial processes that imply liquid water in equilibrium with the atmosphere and thus a warmer and wetter past. 3. The moment of inertia discerned from two-way ranging measurements to the lander, indicates a central metallic core of 1300-2000 km in radius. 4. Composite airborne dust particles collected by the magnet experiment appear magnetized by freeze dried magnetite stain or cement that may have been leached from crustal materials by an active hydrologic cycle. 5. Remote sensing data at a scale of generally greater than ~1 km and an Earth analog correctly predicted a rocky plain safe for landing and roving with a variety of rocks deposited by catastrophic floods that are relatively dust free. 6. Lander imaging found water ice clouds in the early morning atmosphere, while the meteorological package observed significant temperature time- and height-variability near the ground, as well as discovering dust-devil phenomena which have since been confirmed lander images. Track 2A 2:30 The Martian Dust Cycle Peter H. Smith Lunar and Planetary Lab University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Mars Pathfinderï¿½s IMP camera returned several thousand images of the Sun and sky that have been analyzed to understand the opacity over time and the physical and optical properties of the Martian dust. In addition, magnets and targets on the lander were positioned to gather dust as it settled out of the atmosphere. Dust devils have also been discovered in horizon images from the gallery pan. Taken together the Martian dust cycle can begin to be understood from its source in the dust devils to the reservoir carried in the lower atmosphere to the sedimentation of the fine dust onto the surface. In addition, the evidence for transport of the surface dust is seen in the Pathfinder images. Ventifacts on the local rocks, duneforms and wind tails are evident around the site. Windsocks measured the local winds and the ASI/MET instrument also observed wind directions and vortical winds passing the site. Little change was observed between the Viking and Pathfinder eras suggesting that these are the conditions that any future mission, manned or robotic, will have to endure. The current understanding of the dust cycle will be presented. Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor (MVACS) Integrated Payload for the Mars Polar Lander Mission D. A. Paige (UCLA), W. V. Boynton (UA), D. Crisp (JPL), E. DeJong (JPL), A. M. Harri (FMI), C. J. Hansen (JPL), H. U. Keller (MPAe), L. A. Leshin (UCLA), P. H. Smith (UA) and R. W. Zurek (JPL) The Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor (MVACS) integrated payload for the Mars Polar Lander will be launched in January, 1999, and land on Mars' south polar layered deposits in December, 1999. Over the course of its 90-day nominal mission during the Martian southern spring and summer seasons, it will make in-situ measurements which will provide new insights into the behavior and distribution of Martian volatiles. MVACS consists of four major instrument systems: A Surface Stereo Imager (SSI) which will acquire multi-spectral stereo images of the surface and atmosphere; a 2-meter Robotic Arm (RA) which will dig a 0.5 meter deep trench and acquire surface and subsurface samples which will be imaged by a focusable Robotic Arm Camera (RAC) which will take close-up images of surface and subsurface samples at a spatial resolution of 21 microns; a Meteorology Package (MET) which will make the first measurements of surface pressure, temperature and winds in Mars' southern hemisphere and employ a Tunable Diode Laser (TDL) spectrometer to measure the water vapor concentration and isotopic composition of carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere; and a Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) which will use differential scanning calorimetry and TDL evolved gas analysis to determine the concentrations of ices, adsorbed volatiles and volatile-bearing minerals in surface and sub-surface soil samples. The unique in-situ measurements made by MVACS at its high-latitude landing site will define a number of important aspects of the physical, isotopic and chemical nature of the Martian near-surface and sub-surface environment which will be valuable for better understanding of Mars meteorites and returned samples, as well as the search for Martian resources which could be utilized by humans. Track 2A 3:30 Mars Environmental Compatibility Assessment (MECA) - Identifying the Hazards of the Martian Soil T. P. Meloy1, M. H. Hecht2, M. S. Anderson2, M. A. Frant3, S. Fuerstenau2, H. U. Keller4, W. Markiewicz4, J. Marshall5 W. T. Pike2, C. Quate6, J. D. Rademacher2, M. W. Shellman2, W. W. Schubert2, and P. Smith7 1. W. Virginia University, 338 COMER, P.O. Box 6070, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA 2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109 USA 3. Orion Research, Inc., 131 Westchester Rd., Newton, MA USA 4. Max Planck Institute fur Aeronomie, P.O. Box 20, D-37189 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany 5. SETI Institute NASA ARC, M/S 239-12, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 USA 6. Stanford University, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94305-9045 USA 7. University of Arizona, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Tucson AZ 85721 USA Sometime in the next decade, NASA will decide whether to send a human expedition to explore the planet Mars. The Mars Environmental Compatibility Assessment (MECA) has been selected by NASA to evaluate the Martian environment for soil and dust hazards to human exploration. The integrated MECA payload contains three elements: a wet-chemistry laboratory, a microscopy station, and enhancements to a lander robot-arm system incorporating arrays of material patches and an electrometer to identify triboelectric charging during soil excavation. The wet-chemistry laboratory will evaluate samples of Martian soil in water to determine the total dissolved solids, redox potential, pH, and quantify the concentration of many soluble ions using ion-selective electrodes. These electrodes can detect potentially dangerous heavy metal ions, emitted pathogenic gases, and the soil's corrosive potential. MECA's microscopy station combines optical and atomic-force microscopy with a robot-arm camera to provide imaging over nine orders of magnitude, from meters to nanometers. Through a careful selection of sample receptacles and an abrasion tool, particle size, shape, angularity, fibrosity, adhesion, hardness, and other properties will be determined on the microscope stage. The simple, rugged atomic-force microscope will image in the submicron size range and has the capability of performing a particle-by-particle analysis of the dust and soil. Although selected by NASA's Human Exploration and Development of Space Enterprise, the MECA instrument suite also has the capability of addressing the possibilities of life on Mars past as well as future. Rehydrating the Martian soil in the wet-chemistry laboratory will reproduce the conditions believed to pertain to an earlier, wetter Mars. On Earth, the earliest forms of life are preserved as microfossils. The atomic-force microscope will have the required resolution to image down to the scale of terrestrial microfossils and beyond. Track 2A 4:00 Sahara Campaign for Field Testing of Mars Exploration Instruments for 2001-2005 Mission Rovers Professor M. A. Mosalam Shaltout National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics Helwan, Cairo, Egypt [email protected] On July 4, 1997, NASAï¿½s Mars Pathfinder lands safely on the surface of the red planet, the first spacecraft to do so in 21 years. After this success, Mars exploration is a high priority program in the United States. There is a plan for testing instruments for a Mars Rover to be launched in the time period 2001-2005 in the Western Desert of Egypt, the driest sahara in the world, and contains a variety of rocks and soil deposited by catastrophic floods early in the history as that occurred in the past history of Mars. Also dust storms occurred for 50 scattered days during the year "El-Kammassen" similar to the dust on Mars. With the planetary society (TPS) in Pasadena, CA, we are currently considering bringing a group of about 12 scientists, 5 from the US (NASA-JPL), 3 from Russia (IKI), 1 from the European Space Agency (ESA) and 3 from Egypt, to do Mars instrument testing in the very dry region of the Western Desert, at three different sites chosen by their analog with Martian desert ï¿½ like conditions, and contain subsurface water at different depths. The instruments to be tested will be electromagnetic sounder, magnetic coil, infrared spectrometer, radiometer, coordination and GPS Navigation. The exception duration for testing is the autumn of 1998. Track 2A 4:30 Politecnico di Milano, Aerospace Engineering Via Lolli 28 I-42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy [email protected] NASA's ERAST program is developing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to fly high altitude, long endurance missions. This paper studies the performances of these aircraft in low Martian atmosphere, an environment very similar to Earth stratosphere. Since no oxygen is available in Martian atmosphere, a solar powered aircraft (i.e. an UAV with solar panels which power electric motors and charge the batteries needed to fly at night) is analyzed. Results show that with current technology, it is possible to develop an UAV capable of continuous flight in low Martian atmosphere. Pathfinder and Centurion aircraft, developed by AeroVironment Inc., could meet that goal without major modifications. Centurion is found to be the best suited to latitude range. Pathfinder, being smaller, could carry less payload and for shorter periods. Flight latitude and season play significant roles in determining payload mass. Such an aircraft could help the first astronauts on Mars to deploy planet-wide weather station and microrover networks, while providing a very detailed picture of soil chemistry and terrain morphology. Toward Real-Time Global Weather Forecasting And Atmospheric Climate Retrievals for Mars Michael Allison (1), Allen Barnes (2), Jennifer Bernell (3), Donna Boccio (2), Megan McEwen (4), Jeremy Ross (5), Noam Solomon (6), Ina Tegen (4), and Wei Zhou (6). (1) NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, [email protected] (2) Queensborough Community College, (3) Riverdale Country School, (4) Columbia University, (5) Pennsylvania State University, (6) Science Systems and Applications Inc. The upcoming Surveyor98 orbiter to Mars will provide systematic global temperature profiles from a dedicated atmospheric sounder, the Pressure Modulator Infrared Radiometer (PMIRR), for a full Mars year. As a part of our Participating Scientist effort on behalf of this mission, we have adapted a terrestrial general circulation model (GCM) to the atmosphere of Mars, including CO2 sublimation, diurnally variable heating, and a mature parameterization of upper level wave drag. The simulated zonal-mean circulation over a full Mars orbit shows a polar westerly jet for each winter hemisphere at the 0.1mb level (approximately 40km altitude) exceeding 100 m/s and seasonally variable equatorial easterlies, nearly vanishing at the autumn equinox. Of particular interest is a consistently simulated 30m/s surface westerly near 30deg south latitude during the northern winter global dust storm season. We are now using our Mars GCM as a platform for the diagnostic evaluation of various schemes for the retrieval of winds from measured temperatures, including non-linear balance methods. The remarkably similar latitudinal smoothing of potential vorticity at upper levels for opposing seasons may suggest an important but overlooked constraint on the climatic retrieval of winds from temperatures. Near-term developments of our model include the adaptation of an interactive dust tracer already in use at the Goddard Institute. We will illustrate the prospects for nearly real-time forecasting at Mars with time-lapse sequences of daily weather patterns. Track 3A 2:00 One Way and Back: An Introduction to Comparative Missionology George William Herbert Retro Aerospace [email protected] Experience with public reception of a prior mission architecture proposed by the author shows that there is poor consensus on why we should go to Mars, and little way to formally categorize the particular goals of a given architecture to compare with other architectures that have been proposed. This paper examines those justifications and goals for sending humans to Mars and proposes a method for comparatively quantifying the target accomplishments of a particular mission. Given such analysis and comparison tools, we can formalize investigations into which exact mission goals are supported and sellable, and thus determine which missions best match the available support. Track 3A 2:30 Free Return Trajectories for Mars Missions Christopher Hirata California Institute of Technology [email protected] Astronauts on a future mission to Mars will want to be launched on a free return trajectory, that is, one on which the gravity of the Sun and planets alone will return them to Earth in the event of a serious malfunction. Although the total time to travel from Earth to Mars and back is at least two years in free-return trajectories that rely only on solar gravity, this can be shortened somewhat if a Martian gravity assist is used on the return to Earth. For the fall 2011 launch opportunity to Mars, a mission departing Earth on a 132-day fast transfer orbit to Mars can return to Earth after only 670 days, as opposed to 728 days for the non-gravity-assist free-return trajectory. While this difference of two months in a two-year abort trajectory may seem insignificant, in fact, a return to Earth two months earlier could save the lives of the crew. Self-Selected Crews for Mars Exploration Roy Clymer, PhD Columbia, MD 21044-1819 [email protected] Planning for the manned exploration of mars rightly focuses on the engineering issues involved. None the less, given the long duration, close confinement, and anticipated need to deal with unanticipated problems, interpersonal issues may be as important determinants of mission success as engineering ones. Previous models of crew selection are based on a top down model where individual performance is assessed and crews assembled according to performance and political considerations. A new model is proposed wherein astronaut candidates create their own crew teams and one team is selected based on it overall performance in competition with the other teams. It is argued that this will foster improved cooperation, heightened responsibility, lessened interpersonal conflict, and increased willingness to sacrifice, resulting in better overall performance and increased probability of mission success. In addition, such a model lends itself to the specification of additional constraints (beyond required technical skills) on team composition which may markedly increase public support for the mission. (Possible examples include requiring equal numbers of both genders or specifying that no more than one team member can come from any continent or nation.) Finally, it is argued that this model could be compared to present methods experimentally and empirical evidence gathered to decide which model truly results in better performance. Track 3A 3:30 LOX/Methane Expander Cycle Rocket Engine For Mars Planetary Exploration Russell Joyner West Palm Beach, Fl. 33410 [email protected] This paper is focused on the propulsion requirements of a rocket engine for deep space and planetary missions. Missions to and from mars have received considerable attention over the past few years, in particular missions which would allow the direct examination of soil samples from the planet's surface. This type of mission would provide some insight into the possibility of using the available resources on Mars (e.g. the soil and the atmosphere) to support a strategic exploration plan. In planetary missions, one of the most crucial concerns is weight. The energy needed to send a payload beyond the earth's orbit is considerable, so the launch vehicle can be very large, and the propulsion (and cost) requirements quickly become prohibitive. One recent concept which has garnered much attention in the area of Mars exploration is In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). Using ISRU propellants greatly reduces earth launch mass requirements by reducing or eliminating the need for launching return propellants. In fact, ISRU may be necessary to accomplish a Mars sample return mission of any consequence or manned Mars missions, due to the size and cost of launching a non-ISRU Mars vehicle for those missions. This paper addresses the use of liquid oxygen (LOX) and methane propellants as the choice for ISRU return propellants. This ISRU propellant option provides the highest performance and has the greatest design experience base. In fact, LOX/Methane provides the highest performance of all the LOX/hydrocarbon fuel combinations. A simple, reliable demonstrator and operational engine for both ISRU sample return and future more detailed Mars explorations has been conceptualized based on the very mature, highly reliable LOX/hydrogen RL10 engine made by Pratt Whitney. This engine uses the expander cycle and has actually been tested in the past using methane as the fuel and a mixture of fluorine and LOX. This paper and presentation will discuss the thermodynamic modeling performed, the LOX/Methane RL10 derivative engine concept, the Demo-to-Operational path, and mission sensitivities to design. Track 3A 4:00 An RLV/Shuttle Compatible Mars Exploration Plan Kurt Anthony Micheels Surface Extreme Environment Dwelling Systems 357 Boardman St., #2 Auburn, California 95603 [email protected] The non-availability of Heavy Lift Launch Vehicles mandates use of the Shuttle or proposed RLV to transport material for human exploration to LEO. Current Mars exploration scenarios make use of landers and habitats compatible only with HLLV's. The size of the Habitat elements prevents economical delivery to polar test sites or practical use in other terrestrial extreme environments. A study of technologies was conducted regarding deployment of habitats capable of transport via LC-130H Antarctic logistics aircraft or integration with a robotic lander vehicle with launch to LEO via shuttle or RLV. The result was a logistics support module capable of functioning as an inflatable deployment system. The module design enables Mars landing and surface transport via a robotic rover and facilitates establishment of a surface base derived from the current Mars reference mission. The module may also be adapted as a deployment system for an inflatable interplanetary habitat integrated with a dedicated transit vehicle. This paper presents a proposal for a Human Mars Exploration Mission based on the inflatable deployment system and demonstrates how such a system may be derived from Mars Direct/Semi-Direct mission plans. Track 3A 4:30 A Permanent Moon Base and a Mission to Mars Alastair Browne [email protected] In undertaking a project such as a manned mission to Mars, one must take into consideration the technology required for such an endeavor, the length of time it will take, the activities to be performed, and the cost. What is required are efficient transportation systems, long term life support systems, propulsion systems, and efficient means of food production and space habitation. This will take technological advancements we do not yet possess. One way to acquire the technology for a mission to Mars would be, first, to build a base on the Moon for practice in survival on Mars and for using the Moon as a base to commence the journey. This paper will cover the prospects of a lunar base for a mission to Mars along with the ways we can obtain this goal. Discussed will be a proposal for a separate way station for Moon bound ships, the categories of Moon bound ships we should develop, the Moon base, its various activities, how the Moon base will expand, and how the Moon can be developed for commercial use. In addition, we will also discuss the mining of near Earth asteroids, their importance in providing for the Moon base the resources the Moon itself lacks, and their potential commercial use along with their benefits. After covering how a solid, scientific, industrial, and self-supporting lunar/space base is set up, this paper will then cover a brief scenario for a mission to Mars, and the first aspects of settling the red planet. Last to be covered will be allocating funds for this ambitious space program, a newly proposed Space-Industrial Complex, and the prospect for international cooperation. Other space-faring nations have complimentary technologies and finances to our own space program, and working together will benefit all of humanity. Track 3A 5:00 New Directions: Reevaluating the Lunar Refueling Option J.D. Beegle and H.L. Beegle 70 Welton Dr. Plymouth, MA 02360 Recent discoveries in the fields of Planetary Science and Astronautics hold exciting promise of potentially further optimizing future voyages from Earth to Mars. The existence of substantial water ice deposits at the Lunar poles, discovered by the Clementine mission and confirmed by the Lunar Prospector mission, in conjunction with the invention of the Belbruno-Miller Transfer, which significantly reduces the D V required to go from the Earth to the Moon, justify a reexamination of the possible merits of refueling in Lunar Orbit in route to Mars. While the investment in infrastructure required in order to make refueling in Lunar Orbit possible would be so substantial that it would be difficult to justify on the basis of a limited number of flights, if a permanent base or colony is to be established on Mars the synergistic advantages of Lunar refueling become more persuasive. Track 4A 2:00 Acquiring the Mars Atmosphere using Diurnal Temperature Swing adsorption John E. Finn, NASA Ames Research Center (1) K. R. Sridhar, NASA Ames Research Center (2) The Martian atmosphere has most of the basic ingredients from which the consumable materials needed for exploration activities (life support gases, propellants, structural materials) might be obtained. For most atmospheric processing applications, regardless of scale, the first step is compressing the low-pressure (1% of Earth's atmosphere) gases. Mars' dusty conditions and low temperatures make operation of mechanical compressors troublesome; the enormous cost of electrical power normally needed for their operation makes matters worse. One logical alternative is the use of a device which adsorbs and concentrates relatively large quantities of the mostly CO2 atmosphere at low temperatures, and releases the gas at high pressure when heated. However, even such adsorption compressors can be power-hungry and complicated if they must be heated to high temperatures and cooled with refrigeration cycles. Over much of the year and across a wide band of latitudes, the surface of Mars experiences a daily temperature swing that is large by Earth standards. For example, data from Pathfinder exhibit a regular swing of about 70 kelvins (200 to 270 K). Laboratory experiments at NASA Ames Research Center indicate that with the proper choice of adsorbent, this temperature swing is large enough to drive an adsorption-based compressor that obtains virtually all of its power from the environment. Depending on the quantity of gas needed, compression ratios can range from tens to hundreds. Such devices would have value for a large number of power-constrained applications, and their designs would be useful for similar units that could produce high-pressure gas on a continuous basis. We have designed and constructed a prototype of a diurnal cycle adsorption compressor and have begun testing it under simulated Mars atmospheric conditions. In this presentation we discuss the principles of its operation, present preliminary performance data, and describe the larger implications of using adsorption as a technique for compressing and separating Mars atmospheric gases. Track 4A 3:00 Development of Integrated Petrochemical Manufacturing Facilities on Mars Sanders D. Rosenberg John E. Finn NASA Ames Research Center Local resources on Mars, while not nearly as bountiful as those on Earth, are sufficient to support the development of Integrated Petrochemical Manufacturing Facilities. The presence of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the Martian atmosphere and ice/permafrost and metal oxides on/below the Martian surface hold promise of providing the raw materials required to support the manufacture of oxygen, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and the generation of solar electric power. The manufacture of these vital chemicals and products derived therefrom, will, in turn, enable the development of a permanent human presence on Mars, followed by the establishment of colonies. Water (vapor and/or liquid) can be electrolyzed to form oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen, in turn, can be used to reduce carbon dioxide to from methane and ethylene. Methane can be used to form ethylene. Ethylene can be used to form other hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic, ethanol, and polyethylene. Ethanol can be used to form polyesters and foodstuffs. Oxygen, water and foodstuffs will be used for life support. Hydrogen can be used to reduce (hydrothermal reduction) iron oxide present on/below the Martian surface to form iron and water in a closed cyclic process which produces oxygen as a key product. Methane can be used to reduce (carbothermal reduction) iron oxide and silica present on/below the Martian surface to form iron, silicon, and carbon monoxide in a closed cyclic process which produces oxygen as a key product. The silicon will be used to manufacture silicon wafers for solar electric power generation. Oxygen/hydrogen and oxygen/methane will be used to power local and interplanetary rocket propulsion systems and fuel cells for electric power generation. Polyethylene, polyester, and other plastics will be used to build structures and other parts for Martian bases and colonies, as will metals, such as iron and ferrosilicon. There is no doubt the development of Intergrated Petrochemical Manufacturing Facilities will enable a permanent human presence on Mars, i.e. bases and colonies followed by extensive human exploration of the far reaches of the solar system. As part of this grand plan, a program is being conducted under contract NAS2-09043 to demonstrate the synthesis of ethylene and other useful products, e.g. methane, benzene, polyethylene, and ethanol, by the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen. These products will be synthesized using inorganic processes based on sound chemical engineering principles. The program is focused on two synthetic paths to produce ethylene in conversion greater that 95%, direct catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen, and catalytic reforming of methane produced by the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen. Benefits to be derived from the program are: (1) conversion of metabolic wastes to useful products for use on manned spacecraft and planetary bases, (2) the use of indigenous Martian resources for the production of useful products for life support, base construction, and propulsion system fueling/refueling, (3) weight savings which result from reduced on-board supply requirements; (4) production of useful products based on efficient engineering principles, i.e. mass, volume and energy, and (5) reduced resupply from earth which enable economic exploration and colonization of mars and the moon. The chemistry and chemical engineering processes which were demonstrated on the program will be presented and discussed, e.g. (a) the direct synthesis of ethylene from carbon dioxide and (b) the indirect two-step synthesis of ethylene using water electrolysis and modified Fischer-Tropsch processes. They will be directly applicable to the development of closed life support systems for manned spacecraft, lunar and Martian bases, and , ultimately, lunar and Martian colonies, e.g. the conversion of the Martian atmosphere to methane, ethylene, ethanol, and a variety of polymers for construction and other uses. This may be followed by other interesting syntheses, e.g. polyethylene, a plastic with many varied uses, and ethanol, a potential foodstuff and precursor to polyesters, another very useful plastic Track 4A 3:30 Producing a Brick from a Simulated Material Theorized to be Found on Mars for Colonizational Use 266 Vargo Rd. Horseheads, NY 14845 The goal of reaching and colonizing other planets is coming closer and closer to being realized. One of the problems faced with colonizing another planet is how will we use the resources there to build a colony. Mars is a very likely target for colonization due to many factors, including the abundance of H2O that can be found there If a colony is to be built, it must be made of something. It would make the most economical sense to use materials found on Mars for colonizing instead of transporting the materials from Earth. It was suggested in a paper by Bruce Mackenzie from The Case for Mars III conference that bricks could be made from the Martian surface for underground structures. My senior thesis is to try to make such a brick. I have done research trying to determine the composition of the Martian surface. The most important feature for producing a brick was to determine if there were any clays in the Martian soil. In the same conference, there was another paper by Robert Boyd, Patrick Thompson, and Benton Clark that tried to produce compressed samples of wetted Martian soil which they named "duricrete." Parts of their paper are similar to how a brick would be produced such as adding polymer fibers for additional strength. The rest of my experiment will be to try to make bricks from researched composition using different ratios of soil to water. Then each of these bricks will be measured for strength and other measurements that seem appropriate once they are formed. Track 4A 4:00 A Comparison of ISRU Options for the First Human Mars Mission Kristian Pauly Institute of Astronautics, Technical University Munich Exploration Office, NASA Johnson Space Center Houston The Exploration Office at NASAï¿½s Johnson Space Center is investigating different strategies for the first human Mars missions. The latest results of this work are summarized in the "Design Reference Mission" which is permanently updated as the research continues [1,2]. The mission that is outlined by the design team involves in situ resource utilization not only for the propellant production (ISPP) but also for the production of crew consumables. In the course of this work, it was the task of the author of this abstract during his work on the Mars Exploration Study Team to make a comparison of all ISRU options that are suited for this task [3,4]. The goal of the six month study was the down selection of the option that is best suited for a human mission out of the countless ISRU options that are proposed. For this purpose, a detailed computer model of 12 different ISRU options was designed, including a number of different fuels (e.g. CH4, CH3OH, C2H4, CO, H2, ...). This model considers not only the features of the core process (e.g. Sabatier) but also the acquisition, filtering, liquefaction, storage and power requirements as well as mission design. The process data for the computer model thereby is derived more from results of actual systems and less on previous studies. This input to the model is based on the research done by different universities, industry (especially NASA contractors) as well as NASA itself. It is shown that a number of options that look very good on the paper have to be ruled out for practical reasons. References: [1] S. Hoffmann, D. Kaplan et al.: "Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team", NASA Special Publications 6107, July 1997. [2] B. Drake et al.: "Addendum to the Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team (V3.0)", NASA-JSC 28208, May 1998. [3] K. Pauly: "Mars ISRU: Comparison of Options", Interim Report presented to the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team, March 1998. [4] K. Pauly: "Mars Mission Scenarios Involving In-Situ Resource Utilization", Diploma Thesis, Institute of Astronautics, Technical University Munich, 1998. Track 4A 4:30 Near Term Economics of Water Extraction from Martian Moons David Buehler Guppy Research [email protected] There is a good possibility of water existing locked inside the moons of Mars. This paper examines the economics of retrieving and using water from Phobos. If a system can be designed to extract and transport water back to low-Earth orbit (LEO) economical, it could provide an incentive for non-government investment to fund Mars missions. A water extraction and transportation system is described and the economics of the system are evaluated. The market for water based propellant (either LOX/LH2 or H2O2 with Earth-supplied fuel) is estimated, as well as the costs of various parts of the system. It appears that the system is economic at current costs. If iceberg-like deposits of ice exist on the moon it could provide competition to water from Mars. The costs of lunar water are estimated and compared to water from Phobos. The system is described in a previous paper, but briefly consists of a transportation infrastructure based in Earth orbit and a lightweight tanker that meets incoming packages of water and aerocapturing them into Earth orbit. It uses disposable inflatable water containers for the journey from Mars to Earth. A tanker with a lightweight heatshield meets them individually as they arrive, matching their orbit and transferring the water on board. It uses a UV reflective surface which is heat sunk by the water payload, as well as transpiration cooling system using the water. Splitting the system like this into extraction and aerocapture systems minimizes the amount of equipment which must be flown to Mars. Track 4A 5:00 CNRS [email protected] A European program is under development with the participation of the CNRS, ONERA, DLR and Russian Laboratories on the implementation of a new rocket engine system which uses a propellant based on CO2 and metal particles, such as magnesium particles. This propulsion system is proposed as a viable concept for Mars sample-return missions, and also as an example for a generic propulsion concept based on metallized propellants for future launchers. The rational behind the proposed propulsion system is to take full advantage of the concept of in-situ resource utilization for Mars sample return missions, by using the Martian CO2 and magnesium as propellants. On the other hand, the studies conducted for this objective will also provide useful information for a general use of metallized propellants for future launchers. The project has also a microgravity aspect related to the reduced gravity level on Mars. On the other hand, for metal particle combustion experiments, microgravity is an indispensable research tool to remove particle sedimentation and natural convection effects, especially under high pressure conditions. The main objectives of the project are: i) To determine the ignition limits and the combustion characteristics of magnesium particle clouds and single magnesium particles during normal and reduced gravity experiments, in CO2 and for various pressure ranges. ii) To test a model of a rocket engine using CO2/magnesium powder propellant and to prove that such an engine can work smoothly and effectively. Yes, But Do The People Support Us? Humboldt C. Mandell, Jr., Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Exploration Office, Mail Code EX Houston, TX 77058 [email protected] Despite the results of a number of polls, the extent of public support for a human mission to Mars is largely unknown. What would the American people want NASA to do if they were fully informed of what can be done? The NASA Strategic Plan demands a better understanding of what our customers, the citizens, expect us to do. The Administration has called for a new "Dialog with America" to involve the nation more fully in the determination of what their government does in all of its agencies. To address these issues, NASA has formed a Customer Engagement group, which is actively seeking ways to better communicate with the people, to inform them of what is possible, and to engage them as customers and stakeholders in an organized campaign to promote human Mars exploration. A first step is to find out what an enlightened electorate would want NASA to do. There have always been polls to measure public attitudes, but, for many reasons, they have had little influence in the casting of public policy in space. A primary reason is that they draw information from an uninformed population. But there is now new technology for measuring public attitudes, in this case, public support for space exploration. The new methods involve the sampled population actively in the deliberation process. The Deliberative Poll which has been proven in the United States and the United Kingdom, will tell us what an enlightened population would want NASA to do. Deliberative Polls are expensive, and new funding mechanisms have been developed, including a new Foundation for Space Exploration. The skills required to address these issues do not all exist within NASA. To that end, new partnerships are already being developed with non-traditional sources. The academic community is expected to play a major role. Track 5A 2:30 234 Dorland Street San Francisco CA 94114 Many obstacles block any plan to send humans to mars. In conversations on the subject one often feels the discussion has ended before it has begun. Supporters of a human mission to mars often end up preaching to the choir rather than face the questions of an educated and adamant friend or colleague, let alone a stranger. We need to become comfortable, each of us, with discussing and arguing for a Mars mission. My article focuses on: Common arguments against a Mars mission. Counter-arguments that foster an open discussion, others likely to alienate prospective enthusiasts The imperative for mars society and other groups to be open and inclusive in their goals for mars. Why space exploration during the late 1960ï¿½s counter-culture revolution was essentially doomed and how our time is fundamentally different. Why many people feel skeptical about space exploration, roots of that mistrust. Ten basic facts about mars everyone should know (a cheat sheet for the masses). Before we can decide on the right plan to motivate the public about Mars, we need to look at why human space exploration ended after the Apollo program; where people lost interest; what it will take to reinvigorate their passion for space exploration, and what brings up such passionate opposition in so many. Some reasons are simple, others complex and unexpected. Itï¿½s important that Mars Societyï¿½s objectives remain open. That should be easy. Thatï¿½s a whole planet next door. Yet time and again we hear people publicly discussing plans for mars as if it were only for a specific group. Yes, the initial years will be tough and in some ways analogous to the American West, but as a selling point that idea is not only uninteresting for many, itï¿½s a real showstopper for some. I donï¿½t try to sell a human mission to mars to a microbiologist the same way I do to a sculptor. They have different hopes for the future, yet neither dream is wrong or less realizable than the other. Anyone willing to dream about a human presence on Mars, about that next step, should be given a wide latitude for their thought of what it might become. The only agreement needed is that it is possible and worthwhile to start now, but then that is the real battle. Most people donï¿½t know the first thing about mars. Its size of climate; its unique place as the only hospitable neighbor in our solar system. They know about "War of the Worlds," not Olympus Mons; about "Mars Attacks," not Valles Marineris. A little information would go a long way towards helping people understand why itï¿½s mars and not Venus or the moon that has captured our attention. Iï¿½ve talked with people around the would about my hopes for mars and itï¿½s future exploration. Iï¿½m thankful to those who were kind enough to tell the overzealous thirty-one year old what thy though of my ideas; those who put the dreamer in his place and made me find them a reason to go. The debate has helped me recognize some of the serious misgivings people have about space travel. But remember, beneath the apathetic exterior of many skeptics are dreamers who, when their values and hopes can be included and they are shown that this adventure could be unlike any in humankindï¿½s history, can become as excited about Mars as I am. Track 5A 3:00 Mars Outreach at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex James E Ball Chief, Public Services Kennedy Space Center, Fl. 32899 The visitor center at John F. Kennedy Space Center is NASAï¿½s largest and best attended, attracting more than 2.5 million visitors annually from all over the world. The complex has undergone dramatic improvements and expansions in the past several years, with more than $80 million in user-funded improvements completed or initiated in the past three years alone. The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, recognized last year with the entertainment industryï¿½s highest honor for professional presentation, offers one of the most effective and far-reaching opportunities available for public outreach related to the promotion of Mars exploration. Mars is already a key component of the message in a variety of current and under-production exhibits and presentations at the Complex. Mars exploration is integrated into current exhibits dealing with human space flight launches, past and present robotic exploration of Mars, feature films, and in-production experiences including a new movie dealing with the search for life, and a walk-through exhibit presenting the relationship between NASAï¿½s robotic exploration of the solar system and future human exploration which will follow. A major new Mars exhibit is in the early conceptual phase. The options for a ride simulation are being explored along with exhibit content displaying technology development in a realistic Mars environment. This paper describes the methods and purpose of these outreach strategies, and describes plans for a major Mars technology exhibit anticipated in the near future. Partnering arrangements with other NASA centers and Mars researchers will help ensure such an exhibit provides maximum public impact as the issue of human exploration of Mars receives increasing public discussion. Track 5A 3:30 Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics Stanford, CA 94305-4035 A multi-city tour of rock concerts is proposed as a means to both intensify and focus support for space exploration and to raise money for space exploration research and development, particularly for Mars exploration missions. Many rock artists are genuinely interested in space exploration as is evident from their CDs, song titles, and performances. If several of these artists are brought together for a series of performances, the public relations benefit could be substantial as could be the fund-raising potential for specific Mars exploration projects or prize funds. The current popular interest in space exploration, while sometimes paranoiacally misguided, provides a great opportunity to apply this approach to public relations for the space exploration community. This paper describes the type of shows that could be produced and discusses some quantitative aspects of the public relations and fund-raising benefits. Depending upon the caliber of rock artists involved, and the number of shows performed, the number of people reached through advertising and through the news media would be in the range of one to ten million. The range of fund-raising potential is a strong function of many highly-variable parameters and could vary from a few thousand to a few million US dollars. Mail Stop BC-B Florida 32899 Mars, by nature is an explorer, an adventurer, and a conqueror of frontiers. Paradoxically, mankind surrounds itself with organizations and institutions which shelter, comfort and protect. Before man sets out on a grand undertaking, he must have the collective will of an institution behind him. Historically, institutions such as the church, or a monarchy provided this necessary backbone for exploration. These organizations provided the broad based "rationale" or reason for the particular exploration, the required resources, both material and labor, and then allowed the explorer to lead the expedition with a single minded vigor. More recently, scientific exploration of our oceans has been successfully accomplished with the organizational support of a private society (Jacques Costeau) and exploration of space through government support (NASA). This paper shall argue that in order to carry out a successful human mission to Mars, prerequisite conditions of institutional support and singly focused leaders are required. Although the argument will be made with the government in mind as the supporting institution, many analogies could be drawn to a commercial entity acting as the sponsoring institution. The required institutional support does not merely appear. Those with the dream to explore must first engender the support of the general public, align the executive and legislative branches of government, and delineate this exploration as the priority within the "sponsoring" organization (NASA). Although these three areas are loosely tied together, and many times at odds with each other or at odds themselves, they must be aligned. This is primarily a leadership challenge. The second leadership challenge, equally as difficult, is transforming the institutional support, the funding, and existing planning into the reality of operating vehicle and cargo hardware which will successfully achieve the mission. Track 5A 5:00 Establishing a Human Mission from Planet Earth: Technology Assessment and Social Forecasting of Moon/Mars Synergies Eligar Sadeh and Evan Valchos Center for Engineering Infrastructure and Sciences in Space Colorado State University, Fort Collins The goal of this paper is to assess the sociopolitical, scientific, and technological dynamics related to the establishment of a Human Mission from Planet Earth (H-MFPE) involving exploration and utilization of the Moon and Mars. This assessment can be accomplished through: (1) understanding the philosophical and epistemological premises of H-MFPE in the context of the significance of exploration in human history; (2) identifying key H-MFPE trends and developments that have shaped the sociopolitical rationale of this effort; (3) articulating the current sociopolitical, scientific, and technological dimensions of the mission by modeling critical variables; (4) examining the range of impacts and consequences related to relevant H-MFPE scenarios; and (5) formulating potential policy options and implementation alternatives through institutional capacity building and broader public involvement. These tasks are directed at a systematic process of technology assessment and social forecasting to provide a framework for specifying H-MFPE future scenarios. It is suggested that it is too early to plan a detailed, integrated, and long-term program that presupposed human exploration of the Moon and Mars because not enough is known about the lunar and Martian environments or about survivability in long-term space missions required for H-MFPE. Nevertheless, intermediary steps, including the use of planetary probes and the development of enabling robotic technologies for Moon and Mars exploration and utilization, can be undertaken that could make H-MFPE technically feasible. Thus, of critical importance, for s systematic technology assessment framework, are the concepts of robotic/human and Moon/Mars synergies for H-MFPE. Related to these scientific and technological considerations is the underlying emphasis on policy dynamics which are viewed as inextricably linked to the realization of H-MFPE. In this regard, decision-making and decision support systems, appropriate funding, and international cooperation are identified as "crucial" factors important for the realization of H-MFPE. The paper concludes with a policy utilization analysis that underscores how policy plans for the realization of H-MFPE can be developed through the help of technology assessment and social forecasting by political decision-makers. 8:00 Evening Panel A Roderick Hyde, Muriel Ishikawa and Lowell Wood+ (speaker) University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94550-0808 An extensively-reviewed program for establishing a permanently-occupied base on Mars on a sub-decade time-scale for a total cost (estimated within ''U.S. Government standard'' models) of the order of $10 billion is presented in some detail. The Olympia Project aims to exploit current technology in a technologically updated Apollo-esque approach to soft-land on Mars sufficient equipment and materials to support a Mars Base crew of four, including all-Mars-surface rocket- and wheel-based exploration vehicles, life-support supplies sufficient for decade, research equipment and return-to-Earth capabilities for the entire mission-crew. Ways-and-means for indefinitely prolonged mission extension are discussed, as are obvious approaches for strongly leveraging features of the Martian environment for mission enhancement. Key technologies include flexible-walled structures for the interplanetary transit vehicle and for Martian habitats and vehicles, mission-optimized life-support systems, Martian atmospheric resource exploitation for recovery of hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, as well as carbon, and use of generous quantities of photovoltaically-derived energy with which to manipulate usefully the near-Base Martian environment. Costed major mission options include the full spectrum of life-support technologies, ranging from Apollo-esque one-time use through complete recycling of materials, crew size, Mars system maneuvers (e.g., high-orbit vs. Deimos parking vs. direct atmospheric entry from interplanetary transit trajectory) and Mars-surface mission-richness. Mars as a Suspect for Life Prof. Bruce Jakosky University of Colorado Boulder, CO There may have been life on Mars in the past; there may be life there today. The author will present the evidence for suspecting the possibility of past or present life on Mars. Mars Airplanes: For 2003 and Beyond Larry Lemke NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA Powered heavier than-air craft offer unique potential as tools for Mars exploration. The author has proposed that NASA fly such a vehicle down the slot of the Valles Marineris ï¿½ the grand canyon of Mars, on the 100th anniversary of the Wright Brothers first airplane flight on Earth. NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA Mars exploration will require the best capabilities of humans and robots to achieve science objectives. There is a common misconception that robots can explore Mars more cost-effectively than humans. But robots are simply the tools for gathering data for humans. The most effective exploration strategy simply assigns the right tool to the right job. The appropriate tool is dictated by the scale of exploration and the science to be performed. For global mapping involving imaging and composition measurements, orbiters are the best platform. For high resolution observations over regional areas, aircraft are the most appropriate platform. For geological field work, nothing will work better than the human in the field. Robotic rovers will precede human explorers and may augment their capabilities once they are on Mars, but rovers have relatively poor capabilities compared to humans. Field simulations of Mars rover missions have been performed over the last five years which serve to illustrate the capabilities of rovers for performing field science. We also now have the experience provided by the Pathfinder rover Sojourner. The biggest problem for science accomplishment is that the most interesting observations (those immediately obvious to the field geologist) are often missed completely in the rover observations. This holds true even when the rovers are teleoperated in real time in a "telepresent" mode. When teleoperated from Earth, trivial operations (for a human) become major activities. Sojourner, for example, circumnavigated the Pathfinder lander in 90 sols, a task that a human explorer could have accomplished in a few minutes. This talk reviews the lessons learned from rover missions and field simulations and recommends the science strategy for humans and robots together to Mars. PO Box 41479 Plymouth, MN 55441 Recent technological breakthroughs in Mars mission design have vastly reduced the cost of birthing a new human habitable world on Mars. Our next president and congress will weigh the value of being the parent civilization that settles Mars. What benefits will the parent civilization get and what are they worth compared to the cost? The question is like asking what the value of a child is to its parents. We will use this parent-child analogy, during this session, to develop a framework to help our leaders think about humanityï¿½s future on Mars. Please come to the session with your own ideas about the benefits of having your own child. Bring your brain, your Case for Mars book, and any papers you may have in this area. Someone bring a calculator, a Mars atlas, and an Earth economic atlas. For each benefit of children, we will list an analog benefit to our civilization of settling Mars. We will then attempt to quantify or characterize the benefits listed to our civilization. The result will be a group paper. It may serve as a primer for a case study for the Harvard Business School and the Kennedy School of Government. It is hoped that this paper as it may be rewritten will serve as an important intellectual foundation for use by our next president and congress as they weigh humanities future. 12 noon Book signing Matt Golombek will sign copies of his just released "Mars: Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet," published by the National Geographic Society. Track 1B 1:00 Mars Bonds: a Tool for Private Colonization of Mars Richard Allen Brown Charleston, SC 29403 [email protected] In reading Robert Zubrin's "A Case for Mars", I was intrigued by the possibility of private funding of Mar Colonization. My proposal is fairly simple and easy to understand. There are four parts: An insurance company such as Berkshire Hathaway would sell $20 billion in Mars Bonds to the public. Essentially, each bond would cost $20,000 and pay no interest over its one hundred-year life. The bond would give the holder the right to 100 square kilometers or about 25 thousand acres on Mars. At the end of the 100-year period, if the bond were not exercised, the holder would receive a return of principal. The insurance company would invest the money on Earth and promise five per cent per year or $1 billion to fund Mars colonization projects. The insurance company would be looking for low cost alternatives to colonizing Mars with or without the help of NASA or other governmental agencies. The U.S. based company would have to lay claim to Mars, which would require some rewriting of international law. An appropriate lobbying effort would be needed. Mars colonization advocates could buy shares in the insurance company and leverage that ownership into a lobbying effort. The privately funded colonization projects would ultimately be successful and the insurance company would trade the bonds for Mars titles. Then the new landholders would pay taxes to the newly formed Mars government. The insurance company would have served its function and the Martians would be in control. Settlement of Mars: the Mars Lotto Alex Duncan Suite ï¿½Pï¿½, 1803 South Foothills Highway, Boulder, Colorado Given the great number of years involved in this project, I strongly suggest the creation of a lottery to finance the preliminary surveys, etc., plus the actual mission. I believe that state and national governments can be convinced to provide the proper licenses for such a venture. I propose a monthly or bi-monthly pay-out with substantial cash prizes; in other words, the usual. However, what would be unusual would be that all the winners over a 3-5 year period would enter a separate pool. From this pool, a "grand" prize would be awarded, which would be a spot on the manned Mars mission (obviously, certain physical/age conditions would have to be met). I believe that such a lottery would attract all the necessary dollars to fund the goals of the Mars Society. This lottery, if sold properly, would be a world-wide operation. Tickets would be sold in every country that allowed the Mars lottery to operate. Let everyone in the world have an opportunity to participate in the exploration of Mars, and possibly other destinations, as well. I think this concept would provide a great deal of positive exposure to the concept of interplanetary travel, which might create additional opportunities for funding. I understand this is, but one of many ideas on how to raise money. Hopefully one, or more, of the ideas presented will allow this organization to move forward as a privately funded operation. Track 1B 2:00 Private Mars Landing: Fast Initial Return on Investment Edward B. Kiker 21824 Edwards Dr. Easton, Kansas 66020 [email protected] Fast returns on investment from a private mission to Mars should scale into the billions of dollars over and above the costs of the mission. Even before the mission goes there will be income from sponsoring businesses: the burger and soft drink companies, the computer companies, and others which will want their logos on the mission ships. Millions of citizens will pay to have their names engraved on plaques to go to Mars. We must not forget the commercialization aspects for children: the action figures, cereals, model kits, scale vehicles, caps, lunch bags, and other Mars memorabilia. When the mission goes, there will be huge incomes from the advertising sponsors of the stations which cover the mission. Approaching the planet will generate income from photography of Mars. Once on the surface the crew can generate early returns from photographs, artists' work, poetry, songs, gems and crystals, fossils, mineral specimens including meteorites, air samples, and perhaps life forms. Sufficient materials of value could probably be collected in the first week of surface time to send back by an automated ship for early sale at over a billion dollars. Scientists may decry commercialization, but governments will protect sources of revenue and geopolitical stature. The mission will go. Track 1B 2:30 An "East India Company" Financing Model for Mars Direct by Creating a Publicly Held Stock company Called: MARS CORP. John Coston, The Power of Ten Clubs International 3743 Pulaski Ave. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 MARS CORP. uses a corporate structure as a vehicle to bring the widest spectrum of space supporters into the Mars Direct program. This proposal takes advantage of the long lead-time nature of initial exploration to provide "Demming", just-in-time cash flow programmability. Problems associated with SEC "Blue Sky" laws are satisfied by utilizing the mutual investment club method. Corporate structure mimics the democratic process; one share, one vote; providing means of eliminating "politically correct", social engineering from being inflicted upon MARS CORP. via prohibitions written into the bylaws. MARS CORP. will: Establish ownership of the first, privately owned, profit motivated, Public Utility on Mars via ownership of the "Zubrin Generators"; and, a commercial "Mars Property Right". MARS CORP. habitats, for sale to investor/explorers et al, on Mars, will establish a "homestead" private property right, simultaneously creating a claim to land as a homestead right. Exploration by MARS CORP. rovers will establish a rational claim to "boundaries" of contiguous property claimed by MARS CORP. MARS CORP. infrastructure, once established, creates extra leverage for negotiating scheduled transport services form NASA et al. Profit in the highly speculative MARS CORP. is provided Profit Driven Investors via branded merchandise, souvenirs, entertainment contracts, leases, contract services, etc. Exploration Driven Investors benefit from banking MARS CORP. "credits", on Mars, which will become the de facto medium of exchange. Credits to establish pre-positioned habitats and life support needs. A Mutual Investment Club program, pre-tested over thirteen years, specifically designed in 1985 by Power of Ten Clubs International, Ltd., a Delaware nonprofit corporation, to enable space supporters of modest means to participate in space exploration will be explained. This concept can fully fund Mars Direct without imposition of economic stress on any participating member. University of Regensburg, Faculty of Business Administration Regensburg, Germany [email protected] After the first lunar landing in July of 1969, public interest in manned space flight has continue to decrease. In contrast to this phenomenon. other comparable high technology events, such as international automobile racing, are growing in popularity. Formula 1 racing, in particular, has developed into a highly profitable, privately sponsored economic enterprise. Because of its tremendous financial power, Formula 1 racing is able to recruit top personnel in the fields of technology, sports, marketing and management. As a result, it is possible to achieve challenging project goals very quickly. Project successes lead to an increase in public interest. Thus, additional private sponsors are willing to put their money into formula 1 events. This paper starts by pointing out the critical success factors of Formula 1 sponsoring. Next, a number of possibilities re discussed on how to increase public interest in manned space flight. On this basis, a sponsoring concept for manned missions to Mars is developed. Track 1B 4:00 Entrepreneurial Opportunities from the Colonization of Mars Keith Parton and Andrew Lawrence [email protected] [email protected] Noble arguments have been presented concerning why is advisable and even necessary, to pursue an active program leading to the habitation of Mars. Among these arguments have been the desire to acquire and develop the vast mineral resources available on the planet, the need to rejuvenate the spirit of adventure that was inherent in society during the exciting times of expansion, and the need to keep developing new technology to insure dominance in the global market. This paper will look at the entrepreneurial opportunities one can expect to be developed from an undertaking of this magnitude, and the benefits that will be distributed throughout society. Little research has been conducted on the benefits from prior space efforts. The public at large generally accepts that the development of new technology took quantum leaps because of NASAï¿½s programs, but in order to win over a dominant segment to support a mission to Mars, a detailed education and marketing campaign will have to be designed to teach the public how the quality of life of each member of society has increased thanks to mans race into space. We will research past breakthroughs in the realms of medicine, education, meteorology, environmental sciences, and technology. We will also highlight how entrepreneurial companies have been able to take advantage of licensing programs and shared technology to the great benefit of society at large. By analyzing historical references on past advances, we will then look forward at some avenues that may be presented in the future for those who are interested in developing the commercial aspects of space exploration. Track 1B 4:30 Cost Containment for a Thrust into Space Richard [email protected] We need to explore cheaper methods of research and broaden public interest. Why do we spend billions for research in space? People can only read about it and wish they were the privileged few who get to fly aloft. There are schedule complications, weight restrictions and many limitations. First, we should attempt an earth based study habitat. (See drawing 1) It is not as grand or spectacular as space, but it is practical. Second, enhance the research center with a science center. Visitors and students from grade school to college can enjoy these exhibits. This could be a traveling event tailored to an audience for donations. High school presentations will inspire children and improve the future of space. Third, we should examine practical development. We can develop a basic colonization at limited risk and expense on the moon. The laboratory will ï¿½impactï¿½ on the moon as an unmanned rover. Remote driving could deliver the rover near a location to meet arriving astronauts. The Delta-X rocket could be used to bring astronauts from a shuttle to the moon and return them to the shuttle. This has potential as a reusable system. One last thought for our next effort in space exploration and colonization. We should do more development on centripetal gravity. (See drawing 2) This concept will also provide a great ï¿½Construction Trailerï¿½ for all other future space projects. Mars would be explored from a main craft using the same methods developed for lunar exploration. This is not the only solution, but I offer one possibility. Public interest increases with involvement. An earth based study habitat can be completed on a two (2) acre area over a four (4) year period. Track 1 B 5:00 Lockheed-Martin and Science Fiction Novelist Denver, CO This paper examines the persistent failure of space devotees to place even one human being on the surface of Mars. The reasons fall into three broad categories: (1) That manned space travel is expensive -- REALLY expensive -- and that the people being asked to pay do not see themselves as direct beneficiaries. However, costs do tend to fall as technologies -- particularly materials science and propulsion -- grow more advanced. Eventually the costs may fall either (a) below the public's threshold of annoyance (c.f., Antarctica), or (b) within the reach of private organizations. (2) That current infrastructure is increasingly geared toward "smaller, faster, cheaper" payloads, whereas manned vehicles are necessarily large, slow, and fantastically fault tolerant. If Mars colonization is a goal, preserving or enhancing current heavy-lift launch capabilities must be a top priority; we must support large, heavy, complex missions as well as cheap, throwaway experiments! (3) That manned space travel, once seen as an adventure fully in keeping with the American spirit, is now widely viewed as a luxurious boondoggle which diverts resources from both pure science and pure industry. Three reasons contribute: (a) Because Hollywood space travel is both cheaper and more exciting. (b) Because many Americans draw little distinction between real science, fictitious science, and crazy UFO mythology -- in their hearts, few people believe in Mars as a real -- if remote and hostile -- place they could actually visit (c.f., Antarctica, the ocean floor, et. al.). And finally (c) because the Space Race is over, thank God, and oh, by the way, we won. In all three cases, the root problem is the same: space travel as currently practiced and portrayed is elitist, autocratic, and mind-numbingly boring. With audience participation,. Mr. McCarthy will explore how these obstacles can be overcome The Frontier of Mars Is an Agriscience Classroom Larry PayneOroville High [email protected] Current interest in exploration and settlement of other habitable worlds and the need for a pioneering spirit should be used to create high interest levels in high school students. The best place to start cooperative efforts by space scientists interested in life beyond its current known habitat is with students enrolled in agriscience education. By encouraging the participation of such students in the process of scientific research, there will be a powerful connection established to the next generation of workers. There is a need for scientists to more cognizant and supportive of inclusion of younger people in the process of discovery and establishment of life beyond Earth. The learning of science by doing science makes the practical application of science a reality in which students experience their own learning. Practical science advanced in western society on the backs of those who worked the land. Agriculture has forever epitomized the evolution of mankind. The development of technologies for the advancement of village societies has been lead by those whose work relates to the soil. Agriculturists have always been, and will likely be, on the frontier of colonization of the land. Civilizations, except for hunters and gatherers, require ecosystem management to survive. In the program currently under design at Oroville High School, students will approach the study of life, the atmosphere, soils and ecosystems as dynamic systems. However, the primary focus of the program will be on life beyond earth. These will be the first high school students who seek to identify and apply those natural processes which may spread life from this planet to others. They will be encouraged to work with scientists from around the world who are seeking to discover the requirements of organisms to survive and adapt to ecosystems beyond Earth. Track 2B 2:00 Teaching from Mars Gabriel Rshaid [email protected] Since the Martian astronauts are probably now in school, a strong and continuous K-12 Mars education program is essential to foster interest in the younger generations. In order to be successful and attract the kind of teachers and students that will make a positive contribution to the goal of Mars exploration and settlement, this program will have to based on challenging activities that incorporate the latest technology, including Internet based projects. Additionally, it is important for local funding at the school level to provide educators with opportunities to interact with real space organizations and corporations. Examples of possible educational activities are : ï¿½ Internet based high fidelity mission simulations: Web based role playing simulations where students can become virtual astronauts and mission controllers of a manned mission. ï¿½ Chats with scientists: Web chats where students can consult Mars experts on their ongoing projects. ï¿½ Mission outreach activities: Whenever a hitchhiker mission is flown, transmit data over the Internet and let schools receive that data and analyze it cooperatively. ï¿½ A Mars Club network: Through an annual membership fee, schools can form their own Mars Clubs, receive posters and other materials and participate fully in all Web chats, projects, etc.. ï¿½ Teacher workshops: An annual teacher workshop focused exclusively on Mars with featured lectures from scientists and experts. ï¿½ A Mars curriculum: A comprehensive written/electronic reference with specific activities, projects and lesson plans for the classroom at all grade levels. ï¿½ Contests: Contests that include prizes not just for the students but also for their teachers are wonderful incentives for participation. In the author's own experience, space related educational activities are very attractive to the general public and can create media repercussion that can further assist in the objective of gradually communicating the vision of Mars exploration. Track 2B 2:30 Aresam: Student Concept of Future Mars Space Station Jonathon Smith and James Bishop A space station orbiting the planet Mars with the ability to house 18,000 full time inhabitants, equipped with such technology as Fractal Shape Changing Robots and a space elevator. Sound like fiction? Well, it is ..... for now. Aresam(the name of the station) was designed by a team of sophomores and freshman from Sanilac County, Michigan. The design is explained and detailed in a forty page report, including about thirty pages of typed print as well as drawings and diagrams. It was submitted for competition with other student designs from around the world in the "International Space Settlement Design Competition"(ISSDC). This design placed as one of eight finalists in the competition. Our report was structured around the ISSDC's RFP, or Request for proposal. It basically required that every team consider the full implications of what a space station required, and to provide for and facilitate those needs. We had to consider many scientific factors such as how to provide food/air/water/fuel for a population of 18,000 people so far from earth, how to power the station, and how to repair it. But we also had to consider many social factors such as how to keep a population of 18,000 people mentally sane 48,000,000 miles from earth, and how to organize the judicial and law enforcement systems for this independent society. In our design we greatly elaborate on the above and include a limited price estimate, schedule for completion once construction has started, and plan for operation of Aresam. It goes over many major processes and contingencies that this station will use to survive emergencies in space, as well as addressing in depth many of the key technologies that make it possible. Track 2B 3:00 1144 Adams Ave. Louisville, CO 80027 The quest for Mars depends on the development of attitudes which deem the mission both possible and desirable, and on the training of personnel who are skilled enough and motivated enough to meet the challenges. Education is critical to achieving both goals, and powerful programs can be implemented at even the earliest levels. The paper describes a program that was used with second through fifth graders in spring of 1997. All aspects of the endeavor were included, form the microbiology of bacterial life to propulsion systems. Students researched, designed, and created transport ships, shuttles, surface craft, habitats, bases, wind turbines, solar energy experiments, working model greenhouse, sewage treatment systems, orbital trajectories, mission parameters and experiment outlines, spacesuits, and even a remote activated, computer controlled rover made of LEGO. In addition, students created diets, calendars, crew selection criteria and biographies, Martian calendars, a sports page for a Martian newspaper that featured appropriate new events, and musical instruments designed form recycled ship waste materials for the astronauts to entertain themselves with. Their work was compiled and presented to the school and parents in a "Marsfest" event, which also featured a guest presentation by Carter Emmart. Other celebrities in attendance include Larry Esposito and Randy Davis of LASP. As an extension of their studies, the students built "reentry vehicles" for an egg-drop that honored the Pathfinder mission, including a detailed model of the lander and rover. The entire exhibit was generously displayed for the summer in the main lobby of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, where it was viewed by thousands of visitors. A reception for the students was thoughtfully provided by NCAR at which students got to discuss their choices of landing sites with a planetary scientist and also had the opportunity to touch a Martian meteorite. Track 2B 3:30 Kathleen Bohne [email protected] Mars has always been a place of wonder and mystery to earthlings, and the current idea that there could be humans on Mars in less than a decade is, needless to say, an exhilarating and mind-boggling thought. It has been one of mankind's wildest and most dazzling dreams for so long, and it finally seems to be coming true. As I am only 12, I could be one of the first people to set foot on the rusty Martian surface. My children could hold in their hands pictures of parts of Mars never seen before, or even pictures of the first crops grown on Mars. My grandchildren could see the first permanent human settlement on Mars and might even live in it. The possibilities seem almost endless with technology progressing at its current rate. I often wonder what everyday life would be like on Mars. Would things be so alien that everyday activities would become strange adventures? Or would it be relatively similar to life on Earth, despite the obvious differences? Having this in our future is like having the promise of a great surprise yet to come. One that we know is special, vital and completely wonderful, but still ultimately mysterious. There are major questions, which can only be answered in the decades to come, but we can at least try to lift the veil of mystery about living on another planet by sending humans to Mars. This will be the first stepping stone in the tortuous path to reaching the pinnacle of the human imagination, making another planet our own. Track 2B 4:00 Manchester, MO 63021 [email protected] A combination of unique factors has made public education about Mars possible on a far greater scale than ever before. The (1) Information Superhighway, via the Internet and the swift movement of private information, allows fingertip data at the push of a button. This major factor, together with a broad range of (2) up-to-the-minute relay of continued findings by NASA scientists, and the (3) availability of purchasable, subject-targeted CD-ROM disks, allows daily instruction of space-related technology education at a moment's notice. The question of public school adoption of space technology curriculum, however, still remains unanswered. When, and how, can technology education be infused into traditional curriculum given the strength of the education community's steadfast resistance to any kind of change? Public education curriculum depends upon local boards of education which adopt state and local guidelines. Only through intense public interest in space technologies will boards of education respond to public demands for the kinds of education the public wants. The key to adopting technology education, then, rests with the leaders of industry, education and government. The ideal solution to these challenges is the adoption of technology education at the state and national levels, from which new policies will filter down to local levels. Other nations already have begun this pathway - Great Britain, France, Canada, Pakistan, to name a few. Other nations are still caught up in the struggle - Brazil, Mexico, India for example. America will be left in the background if public education leaders continue to ignore the nee for space-related education. The Center for Independent Study at the University of Missouri, Columbia has made some major breakthroughs in space technology education by distance learning. The Center currently offers two high school space technology course, one of which already is on the World Wide Web - "Studying Planet Earth: The Satellite Connection". The second ("Aerospace: Crossing the Space Frontier") will be on the Web shortly, and a third course (" Adventures In Space Science") is being written and will be on the Web next year. All three courses carry a one-half unit science credit. Track 2B 4:30 Mars Society's Research & Education Center - Design Session Bruce Mackenzie [email protected] What is the Mars Society Research & Education center? We don't know yet, but imagine ... Your niece the biology student just enrolled for the Mars semester in the closed biosphere. The whole class will follow "Mars time". Your nephew is competing in its contest to build the best Mars vehicle. Engineering schools are competing in the 2nd Mars habitat contest there, to build buildings with the least possible material "brought from Earth". Last year's winning building is now the Mars Society headquarters, others are used for visitor lodging. The new US president & NASA agreed to support a long-term Mars environment simulator there, big enough for testing a complete 4 person Mars base. Even your neighbor had her submission included in the "Recipes for a Small Red Planet" cookbook published by its restaurant. You finally succumb to curiosity, and schedule the "Mars weekend" in your vacation plans: After a short ride from the Denver airport, you arrive at what appears to be Von Braun's 1950's Mars rocket high on a ridge. Ignoring the gift shop, you join your 'crew' boarding the rocket. It's large wings frustratingly obscure the valley beyond. Next comes the Virtual Reality launch, quickly followed by approach to Mars. (The interplanetary coast is omitted.) At last, you open the other hatch, and catch your first view of "Mars-Ville", beyond the ridge. (Officially known as the Mars Society Research and Education Center.) ... What will it look like? ...We don't know, because it is to be designed at this session of the Mars Society Founding Convention. You may contribute in advance one viewgraph of a building or funding suggestion you would like included. Track 2B 5:00 NASA-Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California During the past 25 years, much work has been done to prepare humankind for Mars. In technical, scientific, and economic terms, we are pretty well prepared to go, to explore, and to return. bUt a major Mars preparation task needs more attention. This is the education of the "Mars Kids", the children now in school who will design, fund, and conduct the human missions to Mars. The first Martians currently attend school here on Earth. A good education will be the foundation for their successful missions to Mars. This is even more true if we seek to develop the most efficient and cost-effective human missions. Teachers of the Mars Generation need resources to help them with the job. One such resource is a new way of thinking, along the lines described by NASA's Jesco von Puttkamer: "ï¿½a new frame of mind that shifts the emphasis from individual subjects to the interactions and relationships between them." Another resource is the set of nuts-and-bolts materials available to teachers who would prepare the Mars Kids. The paper discusses the new interdisciplinary way of thinking. It also presents a model for interdisciplinary learning called the Geo. S Paradigm. Finally, this paper provides brief information about nuts-and-bolts Mars Education resources. Track 3B 1:00 Greenhouse Models for Terraforming Mars Chris McKay Using artificially produced greenhouse gases, it may be possible to warm Mars to habitable conditions. Track 3B 1:30 Ecosynthesis on Mars - The Problem of Water Dr. Julian A. Hiscox IAH Compton Laboratory [email protected] The most likely candidate planet in the solar system for planetary engineering using near term technology is Mars. It is second only to the Earth in terms of biocompatibility for terrestrial life, and lies within the habitable zone. However, the Viking Mission clearly demonstrated that at the Viking Lander sites, and by inference the rest of the planet, the Martian surface environment is effectively sterilizing for all forms of terrestrial organisms. In addition the surface of Mars is devoid of liquid water - a prerequisite of life. To render Mars habitable, the primary objective will be to increase the atmospheric pressure, thus increasing the mean global surface temperature and enabling liquid water to exist. The two main sources of water on Mars are thought to be the north polar cap and the regolith. The quantity of water on Mars is uncertain, and estimates range in order of magnitude, equivalent to a layer of water over the planet: 13 to 100 meters deep. Biology will play a major role in both the planetary engineering process and in the stabilization of the resultant climatic system. Pioneer microorganisms and subsequent generations will provide a pyramid of biomass for successive generations of organisms to metabolize, provided the relevant organisms can grow on Mars. Based upon terrestrial experiments the growth of such organisms on Mars can be modeled. To avoid unnecessary energy expenditure the introduction of pioneer organisms and ecosystems on Mars will have to follow the release of liquid water, which is likely to progress from the equator to the polar caps. Unfortunately, most of the water on Mars is thought to be contained pole-wards of 40 degrees of latitude. A simple model suggests that although equatorial regions will become habitable from a temperature point of view, liquid water will be limiting. Track 3B 2:00 Physiological Ecology of Terrestrial Microbes on a Terraformed Mars James M. Graham University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706 The present climate of Mars is characterized by a number of environmental factors that are so extreme they preclude colonization by terrestrial microorganisms. These factors include low average surface temperature (-60C), diurnal temperature ranges up to 100C, intense UV radiation (7x103 ergs.cm-2.s-1) and an atmospheric pressure so low (6-7 mbar) that liquid water is not stable on the surface. Conversely, light levels (max of 860 5mol quanta.m-2.s-1 PAR) are adequate for photosynthetic microbes, bryophytes and many flowering plants. Temperatures in the southern hemisphere are adequate for Antarctic cryptoendolithic microorganisms even now. Moisture levels in the Martian regolith (1-3%) are comparable or greater than those in terrestrial deserts, and the regolith may contain sufficient nitrates to support microbial growth. If the average surface temperature and atmospheric pressure could be raised by such planetary engineering processes as solar mirrors and greenhouse gases (Zubrin and McKay 1996), terrestrial microorganisms could be implanted on the surface of Mars. If pressure rose to 90-300 mbar, diurnal temperature ranges would decrease, and liquid water would be stable. UV radiation would remain a serious limiting factor, but hardy bacteria, lichens and cyanobacteria could survive under rocks or beneath their surfaces. Generation of about 2 mbar of O2 in the atmosphere could create enough ozone to shield the surface from UV radiation (Fogg 1995) and permit a more diverse assemblage of microbial colonizers. Algae and cyanobacteria can grow at high levels of CO2 and generate their own O2 for respiration. They can survive low O2 periods by switching to various anaerobic metabolic pathways. Initial nitrogen cycling would be largely microbial metabolism of regolith nitrates, and recycling of organic nitrogen and ammonia. There appear to be few obstacles to establishing a microbial biosphere on Mars Track 3B 2:30 An Ecological Approach to Terraforming, Mapping the Dream Richard W. Miller University of Waterloo, Canada [email protected] James Lovelockï¿½s Gaia hypothesis, suggests that Earthï¿½s biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep our planet healthy by controlling the physical and chemical environment. Central to Lovelockï¿½s model are the ideas of interconnectivity and feedback between components of the biosphere, and that life, when viewed on a global scale, has emergent properties. In effect, the Earth, its atmosphere, oceans, rocks and life comprise one entire ecosystem. According to Eric D. Schneider, Hawkwood Institute and James J. Kay, University of Waterloo, ecosystems are systems of organisms, interacting with one another, within spatial and temporal boundaries, and consist of processes which bind organisms together and influence the development, structure and function of the ecosystem. They view ecosystems as "evolving complex systems that are held away from thermodynamic decay by imposed physical or chemical gradients." The Earth, as far as we know, is the only existing planetary ecosystem. The physiognomy of planetary engineering is generally considered to have two aspects: ecopoiesis and terraforming. The goal of terraforming Mars would be to create an uncontained planetary biosphere emulating all the functions of the biosphere of Earth, one that would be fully habitable by humans. So far, much of the speculation on planetary engineering has concentrated on the physical and chemical modifications required for terraforming Mars. This work has been based on traditional analytic and reductionist approaches to scientific inquiry. Silvio Funtowicz, Institute for Systems, Informatics and Safety, and Jerry Ravetz, Research Methods Consultancy, Ltd. claim that these methods are inadequate to cope with dynamic, complex systems, such as ecopoiesis and terraforming, which are characterized by unpredictability, incomplete control, and a plurality of legitimate perspectives. Terraforming, in which humans are an integral component, is an ï¿½emergentï¿½ complex system which includes properties of reflection and contradiction. In this paper, I examine methods for describing complex systems, the tools which can be employed to manage them, and then suggest how these ideas can be applied to terraforming. Track 3B 3:00 Terraforming Mars - Reactivating the Hydrosphere Patrick Whittome Shell Companies in North East Asia The first steps towards terraforming Mars and ultimate utilization of Martian water resources will be most effected by three determinants: 1 .The surface is very cold and very dry and has a minimal atmosphere 2. The planet's interior is relatively much hotter and is assumed to contain liquid water. 3. Some water is frozen solid on the surface (e.g. at the pole but most is locked underground in permafrost layers at or near the surface or in liquid form at greater depths. All solutions for reactivating the hydrosphere are solutions for directing energy at the surface and / or subsurface. I would like to discuss an extra technique to add to mirrors, greenhouse gas production or violent nuclear release of volatiles, which I jokingly call: Hot rusty snow! An enormous indigenous reserve of energy to melt the ice caps (water or CO2) and to release CO2 from the regolith is already present on Mars in a usable form - the geothermal heat in the deep subsurface. The objective is to use drilled wells as channels for the transfer of heat and water from the subsurface to the surface areas. Track 3B 3:30 Terraforming & Landscape Architecture Mark R. Northcott Landscape architects currently plan and design the environments in which we will live in the future. Every day enormous amounts of foliage are removed from entire regions. Every year more and more natural resources are mined for energy and processed back into the soil or atmosphere. Huge quantities of landmass are constantly reshaped and fertilized over and over again to make way for an increasing populace. Each act above is done to make our planet more habitable for us. It is only a natural professional step in a progressive direction for some in the field of landscape architecture to expand their practice to include the possibilities of establishing sustainable environments on other planets. If we are to travel to Mars there will come a need to extend their presence on the Red Planet for longer periods of time. It will become the responsibility of the profession to remain on the ï¿½cutting edgeï¿½ of current technology and public interest. There will then come a need to protect future colonists from the harsh and merciless conditions of the Martian atmosphere. Considering long-term study and colonization on Mars means that serious thought be given to the idea of terraforming Mars. "ï¿½drastic improvements in the life-sustaining characteristics of the environment of the red planet may be effected by humans using early to mid-twenty-first century technologies." (Schmidt, Zubrin. 1996. P.144) We may never see the results of a terraformed planet, but we at least may hold the vision, initiative, and hard work to see the beginning of a magnificent transformation of the red planet. "Moreover, in the process of modifying Mars, they are certain to learn much more about how planets really function and evolve, enough perhaps to assure wise management of our native planet." (Schmidt, Zubrin. 1996. P.145) Track 3B 4:00 5260 Blackcloud Loop Colorado Springs, CO 80922 The literal meaning of terraformation can be described by dividing the word into parts: terra--the earth, and formation--the process of giving form or shape. There is not as of yet a universal definition of terraformation, but it can be described most generally by the following definition: "Terraforming is a process of planetary engineering, specifically directed at enhancing the capacity of an extraterrestrial planetary environment to support life. " The ultimate in terraforming would be to create an unconstrained planetary biosphere emulating all the functions of the biosphere of the earth--one that would be fully habitable for human beings. The purpose and long-term goal of space exploration should be to permanently establish the human presence into space and to make conditions necessary to permit new civilizations to grow and prosper independently from the Earth. Migration and colonization to hostile environments have been traits of biological evolution for billions of years. A recent letter to the editor of Space News titled "Meaning of Life" expresses one reader's point of view: "We should be going to Mars not mainly as paleontologists, but as pioneers. We should be going to Mars not to learn about its past, but to understand its prospects for our future." The major steps to fully complete terraforming Mars consist of the following: raise planet surface temperature, raise atmospheric pressure, make the surface wet, change atmospheric chemical composition, and reduce the surface flux of ultraviolet radiation. The utmost treasure with a terraformed Mars is the birth of an independent space-faring civilization and the opportunity to expand human ingenuity. A colossal endeavor such as terraforming Mars will require an undivided global commitment. It may be opposed as a skeptical, exploitative undertaking and will certainly face several ethical, political, and legal barriers. _______________________________________________________________________ REFERENCES: Fogg, Martyn J. Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments. Warrendale: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1995. Liss, Jeffrey G. "Meaning of Life." Commentary: Letters. Space News (Sep 9-15, 1996) Vol 7 No. 35:14. s Round Rock, TX 78680 [email protected] Terraforming strategies may be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary stages. These stages have generally focused on photosynthetic microorganisms as primary colonizers of the Martian surface. The ability of any microorganism to tolerate Martian surface conditions is past the limits tolerated by any known microorganism. Even inferred properties from studies of extremophile physiological properties suggests that finding a successful primary colonizing microorganism, microorganisms, or ecosystem would be difficult. A more likely successful candidate site for primary colonization would be within rock or below the Martian surface. Protection of initial colonizing microorganisms from temperature extremes, surface oxidants, and greater likelihood of available water are some of the benefits from using subsurface environments. The use of chemolithotrophic microorganisms offers the possibility of using the reducing power in metallic or ferrous iron (or other potential electron donor minerals) for carbon fixation and development of microbial ecosystems based upon this system of primary production. These systems are analogous to those known to exist in the terrestrial subsurface. The use of such "privileged sites" for initial colonization may provide the biologically derived materials which would increase the likelihood of success for using endolithic cyanobacteria such as Chroococcidiopsis in similar protected sites to begin secondary colonization of the Martian surface. Track 3B 5:00 Preparations for a Post-Colonial Mars Rudy Behrens Philadelphia, PA While we may debate the early stages of Mars colonization and argue if it will be a scientific outpost, or a mining operation or in some other way tied economically to Earth, we all agree that the ultimate goal is to make Mars a new habitat for humanity. We all look to the day when there will be a free Mars, able to exist without economic ties, or justification, with Earth. As history shows, most new territories have been settled by farmers looking for a place to call their own. I believe this will also be the case for Mars, though for some considerable time into the future, Martian farms will be some kind of controlled and/or artificial ecosystem. Perhaps they will be so simple as to only provide food for the inhabitants and a few others nearby. However, terra farmers do not have the skills to be Martian farmers. Martian agriculture must move beyond the biologists, botanists, engineers and other technical professionals and become the trade of career farmers. Where can such farmers come from? The same technologies can also be desirable on Earth. Our present methods deplete soil and are dependent on petroleum based fertilizers. We at Aurora Farms have developed a semi-closed ecosystem form of agriculture that is actually cheaper, and more efficient in use of resources, than field agriculture. Currently we are constructing these systems in city environments and selling the food profitably. We believe the children and grandchildren of these urban farmers will be the first Martian sodbuster. Having grown up in such an environment, they will possess the skills and instincts to grow food successfully on Mars. The paper will describe the process in greater detail and demonstrate how the skills used will be transferred to a Martian environment. Track 4B 1:00 Nuclear Thermal Rocket - An Established Space Propulsion Technology Stanley V. Gunn 20360 Tau Pl. Chatworth, CA 91311 The Rover and NERVA programs, sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission, U.S. air force and NASA during the period 1956 through 1973, were focused on the applied research, development and demonstration of nuclear fission-powered rocket propulsion systems. Initially, the U.S. Air Force's potential applications were those requiring the delivery of very heavy [payloads to intercontinental objectives; but, in 1958, NASA assumed the mission definition responsibility and designated first the utilization of the NTR as an alternate upper stage propulsion system for the Apollo program and later as the leading propulsion candidate for manned-Mars missions. The depths of the programs were substantial; major test facilities were constructed at Site 400 of the AEC's Nevada proving grounds, and supporting component and subsystem test facilities were created at LASL and Rocketdyne for the ROVER program, and at Westinghouse and Aerojet for the NERVA program. Reactor fuel element technology, focused first on hexagonal graphite elements and then on composite and carbide-based elements, was created, which subsequently resulted in fuel element gas-exit temperatures of 3100 K. In addition, high pressure- high volume rate liquid hydrogen pumping systems were created for the conduct of the planned reactor (ranging to 5000 megawatts) and engine tests (ranging to 1100 megawatts/50,000 lbs. thrust) at Site 400. A significant benefit of the liquid hydrogen pumping technology, developed under the ROVER program, was its direct adoption to the liquid hydrogen pumps utilized in the J-2 engines of the Apollo program's Saturn V launch vehicles. Also, the projected heat loads (greater than 25 Btu's/sq. in.) on the integral coolant channels of the reactor assembly's high expansion thrust nozzles were satisfied by the utilization of advanced coolant design concepts and materials. Finally, the design and development of new, radiation-resistant reactor-engine system control components was accomplished. IN all, 19 reactor/engine hot tests were conducted with the demonstration of the versatility and practicality of nuclear thermal rockets. This experience based resulted from the assembly and utilization of a remarkable pool of scientists and engineers, and the expenditure of $1.4 billion 1960 dollars. After definition of the 1st generation NERVA Engine, the technology developments of the ROVER program were directed toward performance and reliability upgrades that would support improved design objectives for the 2nd generation engine. The upgrades achieved will support engine Isp of 900 sec., engine thrust-to-weight ratios up to 10:1, and engine full power life of 1 to possibly 10 hours, while permitting up to 60 restarts. IN addition, such engines are blessed with controlled throttle ability from full thrust down to nearly zero thrust. Because of core diameter-criticality considerations, the realization of the 10:1 thrust to weight ratio depends in part on the selection of design power of the engine's reactor (35 in. diameter core) to be at least 1500 mw (75,000 lbs. thrust), although design power levels down as low as 500 mw can be engineered, with some penalty in engine specific weight. With demonstrated fuel element power densities ranging as high as 1.3 megawatts/fuel element, it should be possible to generate 2,500 megawatts (125,000 lbs. thrust) utilizing a 35-inch diameter core. The ease with which such future reactors and engines might be developed is dependent on the restoration and modernization of appropriate test facilities. Preliminary analyses have shown that it is practical to completely contain, and re-liquefy for reuse (along suitable scrubbers), the hydrogen consumed in full-power, full duration hot test. The technology of the ROVER and NERVA programs remains completely relevant to the propulsion requirements of possible, near-term (out to year 2020) human exploration-Mars mission. It may also offer a realistic basis for NTR engines designed to support other demanding space exploration missions within our solar system. A critical consideration, however, is the retrieval and conveyance of this technology and relevant test capabilities to the scientists and engineers to be recruited for such programs. Track 4B 1:30 Fission Rockets for Advanced Space Exploration Michael G. Houts, David I. Poston, and Deborah R. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory R. J. Lipinski, S. A. Wright, R. X. Lenard Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM Thermal rockets that utilize a fission energy source (also known as nuclear thermal rockets, or NTRs) could enable routine access to most areas of the solar system. Near-term systems could enable rapid, manned access to Mars and the main asteroid belt. More advanced system could enable routine access to the outer planets. This presentation will discuss three NTR systems: the Rover rocket that was developed to the stage of full ground tests in the 1960s and early 1970s, a particle-bed rocket that was researched in the 1980ï¿½s and early 1990ï¿½s, and a gas core concept on which some research has been performed. R. X. Lenard, R. J. Lipinski, S. A. Wright Sandia National Laboratories M. Houts, D. Poston, D. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM The advent of the highly publicized Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Pathfinder missions has renewed interest in Mars exploration. Numerous architectures have been proposed to accomplish a human exploration mission. The Synthesis Group base-lined a 30-45 day surface mission utilizing nuclear thermal propulsion as a mechanism to perform the Trans-Mars Injection burn and also for earth return propulsion. More recently, the NASA Design Reference Mission has base-lined a bi-modal nuclear thermal stage with a small (~30 kWe) power generation capability. The Mars Direct architecture proposed by Zubrin, employs a series of heavy lift launch vehicles using conventional propulsion to transport the crew direct to Mars. Only infrequently are all-electric propulsion architectures proposed, typically because they do not deliver the high thrust needed for short crewed-transit to Mars. This limitation can be overcome by using electric propulsion to transport massive elements to a highly elliptical orbit or to nearly a C3=0 orbit about earth, and subsequently have crew join the ship in the light-weight Mars descent vehicle. Then a small chemical propulsion system provides the small additional delta-V needed to achieve Trans-Mars Injection TMI velocity. This is the so-called hybrid approach. This architecture has much to recommend it. It can be argued that this architecture provides the greatest mass to Mars for the minimum overall program cost. It dovetails quite well with potential commercial uses of nuclear electric propulsion. Further, it can reduce or eliminate the need for development of a new heavy lift launch vehicle. Since the Space Shuttle, no new launch vehicle has been deployed. Even the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program is merely an upgrade of existing vehicles. The attraction of the hybrid architecture is that it minimizes cost, trip time, and dependence on a new launch system, arguably the highest risk element of human Mars exploration missions. Track 4B 2:30 Exploration of Mass-Based Alternative Propulsion Systems Amanda J. Gilbert Stanford University [email protected] Since May 1997, an international collaboration has been exploring the possibility of using mass-based systems as an alternative to rockets for space travel. Claims of working inertial propulsion have been made many times, but have not withstood rigorous testing to the point that such a drive could be in a spacecraft. The current project, centering around a public-domain technology invented by David E. Cowlishaw of Silverton, Oregon, has yet to prove or disprove the possibilities of such technology, but is in the process of building and testing numerous models utilizing a mass-based system. For any claim of inertial propulsion, a test should be conducted that determines whether a system can propel itself against the force of gravity for an extended period of time without supplemental lift provided by rockets, airfoils, etc. Such a system, a demonstrable "self-lifter", is the primary goal of the project. The possibility of the system working in the absence of gravity has been debated, and as such, if the primary goal of the project is accomplished, a secondary goal of the project is to determine whether it is feasible or even possible to successfully deploy the system in the absence of a strong gravitational field. An additional consideration is the relative efficiency of such a system. Because the technology currently under investigation is a means of directing thrust, the amount of energy required to operate such a system is critical to its success. A highly energy intensive system could limit the technology to longer distance flights where using rockets would be prohibitively difficult or expensive. The project leaders expect to answer these questions conclusively within the next three years. Track 4B 3:30 FRC Fusion Based Rocket Propulsion: Mars in Three Weeks? Tony Rusi Seattle, WA [email protected] Recent advances in Field Reversed Configuration Fusion Propulsion indicate that a sustained research and development program on the order of five years culminating in on-orbit testing of an FRC fusion propulsion rocket could lead to the type of improvement in plasma temperatures seen in tokamak research programs since the seventies. Advanced aneutronic fuels indigenous to the lunar and Martian surface could provide the profit incentive to make mars colonization feasible if coupled with land grants. The vastly reduced trip times could drop the cost of a sustained colonization program into a range approachable by private enterprise. Track 4B 4:00 ESCORT: a Pratt & Whitney Nuclear Thermal Propulsion And Power System for Manned Mars Missions Claude R. Joyner West Palm Beach, Fl. 33410 [email protected] The purpose of this paper is to describe the conceptual design of an upgrade to the Pratt & Whitney ESCORT nuclear thermal rocket engine. The ESCORT is a Bimodal engine capable of supporting a wide range of vehicle propulsive and electrical power requirements. The ESCORT engine is powered by a fast-spectrum beryllium-reflected CERMET-fueled nuclear reactor. In propulsive mode, the reactor is used to heat hot hydrogen to approximately 2700 K which is expanded through a converging/diverging nozzle to generate thrust. Heat pickup in the nozzle and the radial beryllium reflectors is used to drive the turbo-machinery in the ESCORT expander cycle. In electrical mode, the reactor is used to heat a mixture of helium and xenon to drive a closed-loop Brayton cycle in order to generate electrical energy. The original ESCORT design was capable of delivering 1000 lbf of thrust at a vacuum impulse level of approximately 900 sec. Design Reference Mission requirements (DRM) from NASA Johnson Space Center and NASA Lewis Research Center studies in 1997 and 1998 have detailed upgraded requirements for potential manned Mars missions. The current NASA DRM requires a nuclear thermal propulsion system capable of delivering total mission requirements of 45000 lbf thrust and 50 kWe of spacecraft electrical power. This is met assuming three engines capable of each delivering 15000 lbf of vacuum thrust and 25 kWe of electrical power. The individual engine requirements were developed assuming three out of three engine reliability for propulsion and two out of three engine reliability for spacecraft electrical power. The approximate target vacuum impulse is 925 sec. A system integrated performance methodology was developed to assess the sensitivity to weight, thrust and impulse to the DRM requirements. A trans-Mars injection mass sensitivity to both number of engines and thrust showed that an ESCORT baselined to a thrust of 15000 lbf at a vacuum impulse of 911 sec best addressed the NASA DRM requirements. The paper discusses the conceptual design and the application to the new design reference missions. Track 4B 4:30 Human Mars Mission Architecture Assessments Benjamin Donahue Hunstville, AL 35806 [email protected] This paper reports on an assessment that was done by the Boeing company of a variety of alternative approaches to piloted Mars mission. On the basis of both cost and risk, nuclear propulsion was found to enable the preferred mission options. Track 4B 5:00 High Orbital Microgravity Environments (HOME) Bryan Palaszewski NASA Lewis Research Center [email protected] As part of the International Space University (ISU), a design project was conducted to plan future space utilization. The project outlined and designed a family of high orbital microgravity environments (HOMEs), or a wide variety of space habitats and platforms, where each HOME would focus their energies on different and specific space technologies and terrestrial needs. A family of HOMEs would provide orbital havens for new budding industries, micro- and nanotechnology applications development, manufacturing research, Earth and space observation, biomedical research, and any other space related discipline. The HOME would use the space environment for its many highly valued qualities: nearly continuous sunlight, microgravity, and the flexibility to use any area (location, orbit, Libration point, etc.) in space to create the most optimal environment for the HOMEÆs dedicated task. The current difficulty with space flight is the high cost of access for getting into orbit, and the costly planning and execution of space projects. A low cost method of space access and utilization will open new markets and create new wealth-generating products for all nations. The HOME project would include all of the local technical disciplines of any nation, the manufacturing capacities of the its economy, the universities, and the health and services technologies for telemedicine. Space propulsion, combined aeronautical-space vehicles, combustion, fluid mechanics, communications, electronics, structures, materials, and facilities developments would all be uplifted by the basic and applied research conducted in orbit. A HOME can produce space power for remote sites, bolster the economies of emerging nations, and anything else you like. Transportation to and from the orbital economy with expendable or reusable launch vehicles would be an integral part of the HOME project, as well as the ground resources to feed the orbital economy. Planetary HOMEs on and near Mars are likely candidates for the future development of planetary resources and human settlements. Track 5B 1:00 Mars Together, When and How Bruce Lusignan Center for International Cooperation in Space Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-4053 It has been five years since Stanford published a comprehensive study of an "International Mars Mission." That and two other studies by Bob Zubrin and by NASA's JSFC identified ways to explore Mars at far less cost than original estimates of earlier Space Exploration Initiative studies. What is the status today? The Stanford study used a conventional heavy lift vehicle, the Russian Energia. Eight launches were needed in the "split architecture" mission. Two to pre-supply surface equipment for habitat and exploration. One to land and return the crew to Mars orbit. One to store Earth return fuel in Mars orbit. Two for the crew's vehicle. Two more cargo flights of return fuel and surface supplies serve as back up and pre-supply for a second visit. The Stanford design emphasized use of existing technologies, non-nuclear power systems and international participation to reduce costs and increase to cooperation. Today, discovery of evidence of early life forms in Mars meteorites and surface pictures from Sojourner have kept public interest alive. Nuclear space power is more distant, more expensive and less popular politically. International cooperation on MIR and the International Space Station continues despite a skeptical press. Private sector SSTO initiatives to replace the Shuttle show promise, even greater promise if they can capture the world's space exploration market. The Stanford International Mars mission is easily modified to use "Space Tugs" deliver to Low Earth Orbit by SSTO's in place of Energia. Mars exploration is technically possible at affordable costs. Since Eisenhower and Krushchev, political leaders have proposed space exploration as al alternative to confrontation. Mars exploration, when it comes, will be supported by science, education and entertainment industries and hopefully will draw talent from a shrinking armament industry. We cannot at the same time go to Mars and support an arms race. This year the Institute for Lunar and Planetary Exploration invited a number of Universities to contribute ideas to NASA's baseline Mars Exploration Mission. Such interaction between universities in the U.S. and other nations will compare different approaches, provide broad international understanding and may provide the necessary impetus to the public to make a Mars mission a reality. Track 5B 1:30 Reducing the Cost of Mars Exploration: A Summary of Results from the Case for Mars VI, 1996 Tom Meyer, Boulder Center for Science and Policy Boulder, CO The date was July 20th, 1996 - the 20th Anniversary of the Viking Landing on Mars. The occasion was the Case for Mars VI in Boulder Colorado. Conference attendees met for four days to address the challenge of how to inaugurate a program of human exploration of Mars at a reasonable cost and to maintain it at a sustainable level of funding. Presentations and workshops ranged from discussions of the rationale for human exploration, to innovative technologies and strategies, to management and organizational approaches including international cooperation, to concepts for private sector initiatives. Against a legacy of rumors dating back to the Bush administration that a return to the moon and a human mission to Mars would cost upwards of $500 billion, a new "faster, better cheaper" challenge emanated from the NASA administration. The goal was to find ways to mount an initial mission to be assembled over an 8-year period for a total cost of $32B (U.S.). Of this, $16B would be the U.S. contribution with an additional $16B being provided by other countries and sources. Such a spending rate would be comparable to that for the Space Station and could potentially be sustained by NASA, though only perhaps after the Space Station was complete. This served as a baseline for deliberations by conference attendees. A report at the conference on the Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team went into a detailed technology and mission analysis that included a realistic cost projection that was more than and order of magnitude less than that of Bush era estimates. Other attendees presented innovative concepts in mission strategy, technology, and management that could yield significant savings. For example, systems for lowering launch costs, dual use of military technology, ideas for low cost structures, and concepts for robotic support were presented. The conference also featured workshops that examined the question of whether there really were any show-stoppers and how to short-circuit needless research. A shopping list of existing technology solutions was developed that covered the gamut of mission requirements from spacecraft and propulsion, to life support, to Mars base infrastructure to show that these did not need to be reinvented. Also addressed was the concept of a non-NASA scenario for a manned mission to Mars. Track 5B 2:00 On the Importance and Duty of Colonizing Mars Josef Oehmen Titz, Germany 52445 [email protected] Already nowadays, a great many people are discussing the technical aspects of reaching Mars, and have done so for some 50 years. What becomes quickly obvious is that a sustained human presence on Mars, done that way or this, will certainly place a strong demand on resources and manpower. It becomes thus more and more important to also address non-technical questions of reaching the red planet? When one encounters for the first time the idea of sending men to Mars and colonizing the red planet, one is instantly absorbed by it: This bold undertaking, this challenge, this impossibility of establishing a continued, and given a little time, largely independent presence of human beings on another celestial body is simply not going to leave one alone. I can hardly imagine any cases where those thoughts, played with a little in oneï¿½s mind, arenï¿½t among the most fascinating and exhilarating. The simple thought of leaving Earth and found a new home for mankind among the stars, an outpost of life, is enough to make one addicted to this subject. Then, the whole effort of colonizing Mars seems to completely justify itself beyond the shadow of a doubt. But as deeper as one gets involved with the technical aspects of reaching Mars, the more does it become important to address non-technical questions regarding the establishment of a human presence on one of our neighboring planets. Fact is: The resources required for the conduct of the research and engineering efforts necessary to establish and maintain a colony on Mars will be considerably. They are, as the subject itself, on a new scale. Fact is that money and manpower and whatever other resource utilized for this purpose cannot be used to support kindergartens or schools, cannot be used to improve the situation of socially disadvantaged and cannot be used to save the poorest of the poor on our planet from starving and the list could go on and on. It will end here, as this should suffice to give a brief glimpse of the responsibility a supporter of the movement to colonize Mars has to accept. It should be clear that the problem itself isnï¿½t solved by discussing some new fancy ways of working with the industry to get it done without government funding. The question which is to address is the question that has to be answered before any other investigations should be conducted, it is the question of the correctness, it is the question of the legitimization of colonizing Mars. To state it in expresis verbis: Is a colonization of Mars worth the necessary money, manpower and resources? That is the question which will be addressed here and now. As will hopefully be clear in a few minutes, the answer is a clear and untouchable "yes", if we are willingly to accept the responsibilities that come with it. We have to face this truth: If there isnï¿½t some huge payoff of whatever kind inherent to the Mission to Mars, the responsibility of conducting it can hardly be carried. The solution to this moral and ethical dilemma comes from what at first seems to be the most dangerous threat to a colonization of Mars: Its scale. The sheer dimension of the effort necessary to support an Outpost leaves no choice but to be a true international undertaking. Mankind has, for the past years, reached a stage of its development where our technical abilities allow us to eradicate all higher forms of life on our home planet within half an hour. But satellite communication, supersonic passenger-airplanes and innumerous other inventions would also allow us to start a planet-wide cooperation, if we choose to do so. The possibilities we have at hand not only make this possible, but they oblige us to use our powers for peaceful purpose, simply because everything else could be fatal. Never before in the entire history of mankind had we the chance to do anything remotely like crossing the vast of space to colonize another planet. Never before we had the chance to unite all people, regardless of their origin, under one common, peaceful goal. Never before had we the chance to act as a species, not on a timely strictly limited undertaking, but to build our gate to the stars. With the Mars settlement we have for the first time the truly unique chance to engage in a worldwide, cooperative challenge. It not only requires a planet-wide coordination, it prerequisites the acceptance of the fact that mankind is essentially one, regardless of the place and the circumstances of birth of one of us. It is our responsibility to spread this thought of Earth and its inhabitants as one planet and one people, it is this what justifies all expenses. And then, as if there is need for more, there are all the other fascinations and justifications of going into the infinities of space. Just to name a few: It presents one of the greatest challenges to mankind. Without those challenges, we would enter into a slow, but steady, decline. The function of space programs as turbo-pumps in the stream of technical innovations is obvious. Secondly, we simply have to leave the Earth sometime. Maybe we could delay this, but sooner or later our home planet will be unable to support any more of us. We can be ready to leave Earth then, or we can pray that everybody prefers birth control to fighting for air, water and food. And, but now I will become almost unbearably subjective, there are very, very few other fields of human activity where, as is done within astronautics, there is so obviously consciously defined what is possible or not, where there is so openly met the challenge to achieve the impossible, and where there is in such impressive magnitude created reality. So, what does all this concretely mean, what consequences for our actions does this make necessary? I do have to admit that I am not an expert in politics, but a little common sense should work well in outlining the broad direction: It has to be expected of the colonization of Mars that it facilitates the installation of one planet-wide agency dealing with our Martian affairs. With this agency, it is our duty to make all possible effort to create an institution which allows mankind over time to grow together, united by common goals and efforts of sustaining and bringing life to the stars, including our home here on Earth. When more and more people realize that it is better for them to place their focus on the destiny of all mankind, the impact in all fields, including the at the beginning mentioned schools and including the poorest of the poor, even the impact in these fields will be immense. Peace and freedom through colonizing Mars. If we choose to do so, than this is our duty. Mars is not the end of a costly story, Mars is the mark of the beginning of a new era of mankind. Track 5B 3:30 Space Exploration, Technology Choice, and Social Protest: Is the Only Way to Get There the Wrong Way? Victoria P. Friedensen 2101 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20418 Beginning with the premise that the only technologies capable of providing enough power for human transport and support on the surface of Mars are space nuclear power technologies, this paper will analyze the potential problems for a Mars exploration program resulting from social protest of nuclear technologies. Mission planners and spacecraft designers frequently rely on nuclear reactors and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) for interplanetary spacecraft propulsion and power supply in transit and on the surface of Mars. Space nuclear power, in the form of RTGs, has a long successful history in the U.S. space program as the most reliable, cost-effective, long-lived power supply for missions outside Earth orbit. Within the current U.S. faster, better, cheaper budget philosophy, nuclear reactors for space propulsion are the most attainable of proposed high-power, long-life propulsion technologies. Frequently, plans and designs for Mars missions assume that these space nuclear power technologies will be cost effective and on the shelf and, with the conclusion that their near-term availability and significant cost savings in advanced technology development, make space nuclear power technologies the enabling technologies for human missions outside Earth orbit. However, recent public protest over the 1997 Cassini mission to Saturn indicates a strong potential for significant social protest over use of space nuclear power that would drive up programmatic costs and risks. This study will seek to answer whether social protest over, and political dislike of, nuclear technologies will present a significant barrier to the exploration and eventual colonization of Mars. The potential problems will be outlined and potential solutions offered. Track 5B 4:00 One Way to Mars/a Permanent Settlement on the First Mission Bruce Mackenzie [email protected] One way to set up permanent settlements on Mars is to plan one-way trips instead of round trips. It may be less expensive and safer to set up a permanent base on the first human missions to Mars, than to have round-trip missions. Of course, there must be some way for the people to return, if required. But, if the people plan to stay, we might save enough on their return flights to send the extra equipment and tools to set up a permanent base immediately. Advantages of One-Way to Mars: The most hazardous part of the Mars mission may be the return flight. It is more expensive to transport people back form Mars than to Mars. The major reason to go to Mars is for permanent human settlements. Scientific investigations, the second reason, would be much easier with a permanent Mars settlement. Robotic instruments can gather information needed to design equipment and plan settlements, which was not possible for pioneers historically. "Opening a New World" is a stronger motivation than the "Flags and Footprints" method of Apollo. Track 5B 4:30 Clearwater, FL 33755-2811 [email protected] While just over twenty nations either possess their own space agency or are members of a consortium, over two hundred nations, many of which are considered "developing", are potential members in this "exclusive club". Many of these nations are just struggling to survive and some have no true central government due to civil war and other such catastrophic societal events and would otherwise find it unthinkable to send anyone into space. Any of these nations interested in joining the space fairing world could be introduced to a technology slightly higher than their general public is presently accustomed to and brought up to speed. This would be more of a "bootstrap" in the beginning, as everybody must begin somewhere and should not conflict with the United Nations' Space Organization. The UNSO, like most UN organizations, is designed to oversee treaties and perform related functions, not to oversee spacecraft development, mission planning and other functions required to depart a planetary body. However, many of the nations actively engaged in space research are members of the UNSO. Business and academe from space faring nations would start the training and eventually hand operations over to those whom they have trained as part of a noncompetitive, cooperative agreement. Providing the potential for a truly international space organization requires participation from the majority of nations, not simply the few nations already engaged in space flight Track 5B 5:00 Design Projects at UC Berkeley for NASA's Heds-Up Program Larry Kuznetz University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA [email protected] Missions to Mars have been a topic for study since the advent of the space age. Because of financial and political constraints however, human missions have been relegated to backroom efforts such as the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) with it's 90-day study in 1989-90. What funding exists has largely been reserved for the unmanned probes such as the Viking landers, Pathfinders and Global Surveyers. With the newfound enthusiasm from Pathfinder and the meteorite ALH84001, however, there is renewed interest in human exploration of Mars. This is manifest in the new Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS) program that NASA has recently initiated. This program, through its University Projects (HEDS-UP) office has taken the unusual step of soliciting creative solutions from universities. Design Projects: For its part in the HEDS-UP program, the University of California, Berkeley was asked to study the issues of Habitat design, Space Suits for Mars, Environmental Control and Life Support Systems, Countermeasures to Hypogravity and Crew Size/Mix. These topics, as well as the interactive design environment (IDE) have been design projects in "Mars by 2012", an ongoing class for undergraduates and graduate students. The IDE is an electronic resource that allows NASA scientists and engineers, as well as the public, to interact with and critique engineering designs as they progress. It usually takes the form of a website (in this case, http://mars2012.berkeley.edu) that creates a "virtual office" environment whereby NASA and others can interact in a constructive manner to propose and review concepts or relationships for potential inclusion in NASA's Mars Design Reference Mission. For the Mars Forum, we will present the basics of the IDE insofar as it relates to the HEDS-UP program, and a proposal for a flight experiment to determine the need for artificial gravity on human Mars missions, based on the results of our design project studies. 7:00 Plenary Panel B The Preservation of Extraterrestrial Life Mark Lupisella NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Rd. Greenbelt, MD 20770 [email protected] As we expand our presence in the solar system and beyond, novel and challenging scientific and policy issues will face us. A relatively near-term issue requiring attention involves questions regarding the search for and discovery of primitive extraterrestrial life-Mars being an obvious candidate. Such a search and potential discovery is clearly of paramount importance for science and will pose novel and challenging mission planning and policy questions regarding how we should search for and interact with that life. This paper will explore the scientific and mission planning issues along with the policy issues associated with the search and interaction with primitive extraterrestrial life. Central to the logistical science and mission planning issues is the role and feasibility of modeling techniques. Central to the policy questions are issues of value. Exploring this overall issue responsibly requires a holistic understanding of how both of these aspects of the issue interrelate. Some of the questions to be considered are: Will contamination jeopardize or mask possible indigenous life forms? To what extent can we control contamination (e.g. will it be local or global?) What are the criteria for determining the biological status of an extraterrestrial planet like Mars (e.g. for example, can we extrapolate from a few strategic missions?) What will our policies be regarding our interaction with non-intelligent extraterrestrial life? 7:00 Plenary Panel B 23 Lexington Ave. No. 1739 New York, NY 10010 [email protected] A serious and durable Mars exploration effort-one capable of garnering widespread respect and support needs an intelligible and systematic framework for approaching issues of environmental ethics. This presentation proposes a practical ethical system developed by an unaligned professional, and shows how it works when applied to a particular problem (terraforming). The first part of the presentation will briefly describe the interconnectedness of space exploration and environmentalism, then move to a critical analysis of contemporary approaches to environmental ethics. Special focuses: the notion of ethical extension; the problem of demarcation; the proliferation of centrisms (anthropocentrism, geocentrism, biocentrism, cosmocentrism, etc.); the preference for general theories of value rather than practical ethical systems; the call for a cosmocentric ethic; the neglected polycentricity of practical ethical systems. The second part of the presentation will set out the main features of a mainstream, philosophically-justified ethical system that can be characterized as: (a) rule-based, in that it centers on a specific set of general moral rules; (b) rationalistic, in that it does not depend upon concepts that are unanalyzable or transcendent; (c) sentience-oriented, in that it makes the demarcation decision in terms of sentience or consciousness; and (d) empirical, in that it depends upon a balancing of predictable harms and benefits, and tends to push ethical inquiry in the direction of measurable facts. The third part of the presentation will be an application of the proposed system to a particular scenario: Assume humans have extensively explored and studied Mars, including indigenous microbes found in vents a mile beneath the surface. The outpost has evolved into a permanent colony, and the colonists have developed plans for a long-term terraforming project. Should the plans proceed? The presentation will conclude with a brief evaluation of the proposed system, from both space-exploration and environmentalist perspectives. 7:00 Plenary Panel B Ethical Considerations in Planetary Engineering Chris McKay Hoover Institution, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-6010 Mars presents the most obvious example of potential human capabilities for transforming the surface conditions of other Solar planets into ones suitable for support of technically unaided human life, primarily due to its current congeniality to lightly-aided human activities on and near its surface, i.e., to the comparatively modest distance in parameter space which must be traversed to attain Terra-like conditions. Two basic scenarios for terraforming Mars are discussed, In the more optimistic one, a one-time heat-pulse suffices to convert present Martian near-surface conditions into ones which then may be readily engineered into ones acceptable for unaided human activities, bootstrapping into existence an atmospheric heat-trap of sufficient magnitude and exploiting the materials presently trapped in the Martian polar caps and positioned within a few meters of the Martian surface. The more pessimistic one assumes that a significantly larger steady-state heat input, relative to present conditions, will be required to maintain terrestrial-like conditions. Independent sets of ways-and-means of engineering within either of these scenarios are presented, supported with first-level details. Due to the planetary scale, solar insolation is the only feasible heat-source, and effective insolation modulation ï¿½ either through increasing the Martian optical cross-section or by varying the planet's (time- and frequency-dependent) albedo ï¿½ is the common feature of all such schemes. The essence of practicality lies in the minimization of mass and energy required to accomplish the necessary insolation modulation. The most elegant approaches exploit latent instabilities in the Martian climatological system to increment surface temperature by several dozen kelvins with asymptotically small albeit exceedingly potent human interventions. Notably, it appears feasible to fully terraform Mars on a three-decade time-scale ï¿½ to create and operate an actual ''Genesis Machine'' within a single gigasecond ï¿½ a duration well within the lifetimes of the first Mars-men, moreover while employing resource levels denominated in millionths of the current U.S. GNP. Life on Mars: Past Present and Future Chris McKay NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA Mars was once a warm and wet planet, a place friendly to life. It could potentially be made so again. By exploring Mars, we may be able to resolve the question of whether the origin of life involved processes that were unique to the Earth or common in the universe. By settling Mars, and attempting to terraform it, we may answer the question of whether life is capable of spreading from its planet of origin. Saturday Plenary Session 10:00 Center for International Cooperation in Space Stanford University Stanford University has completed the third iteration design of a Single Step to Orbit Launch system to replace NASA's Shuttle. The aerospace industry is aware that the true Singe-Stage-to-Orbit vehicles, whether Vertical or Horizontal take-off, or Vertical or Horizontal landing, do not get useful payload to orbit, despite large research monies spent on studies and tests. What does work is a rocket planet that starts out fully fueled at 40,000 fee and has wings to assist in the flight from there to orbit. The rocket equations show you can get a useful payload (9 Metric Tons) to Low Earth Orbit or (25 Metric Tons) to Low Earth Orbit with an apogee kick stage. Three configurations of such single Step to Orbit space planes are feasible. One is Kelly Enterprise's, where the fully fueled rocket plane is towed to altitude by a tow plane. One is suggested in a Hotl proposal, where the fueled space plane is flung from the back (or dropped from the belly) of a carrier plane. A third follows Mitch Clapp's Black Horse concept, where the rocket plane takes off with jet engines and payload, then meets a tanker plane to load on the liquid hydrogen and then flies on to orbit. The air-fueling configuration offers significant advantages in development and testing and more viable abort scenarios. The Stanford SsTO is based on the air-fueling concept using the largest Antonov cargo plane to carry the liquid oxygen. The SsTO can deliver 15 metric tons to Low Earth Orbit using a parabolic flight and apogee circularizing motor. The circularizing motor remains with the fuel forming a "space tug" that can be used to support deep space exploration. The tug costs about $25 million including the hardware and SsTO launch. The design of Mars Direct by Bob Zubrin, the Base Line study by NASA's Johnson Space flight Center, and the Stanford-Russian Human Mars mission use a number of cargo flights to Mars followed by the exploration crew. Less than 40 space tug modules at a total cost under $1 billion, would propel the five to seven mars vehicles needed for these missions. The Mars Missions should be reviewed based on the availability of such low cost in orbit fuel modules. We support the suggestions that NASA stimulate a private international consortium to develop a SsTO by committing to purchase fuel modules in orbit to support human Mars missions. Brown Bag Lunch Event 12:00 Boosters for Manned Missions to Mars, Past and Present Scott Lowther 445 Union Blvd. #125 Lakewood, CO 80228 A large number of space launch boosters have been proposed throughout the years, many of which were designed for or were applicable to launching components required for manned missions to Mars. In this paper, past and current designs for booster vehicles needed to perform manned Mars missions are examined and compared, with emphasis on current and very recent concepts. Included are such designs as: von Braunï¿½s 1952 Ferry Rocket, the Saturn V and various Saturn V derived vehicles, various Nova studies from the 1960ï¿½s, the Soviet N-1, the Soviet Energia, various Shuttle Derived Vehicles (such as Shuttle-C, Aries and similar designs) , the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle, VentureStar, StarBooster 400, StarBooster 1800 and Magnum. Vehicle designs are described and shown and capabilities are compared, along with any manned Mars mission modes originally proposed for each booster. The utility of each booster for Mars piloted and cargo missions at current technological levels are examined. Three baseline Mars missions based on modern technology are also to be briefly described: A Mars Direct architecture, the current NASA-JSC Design Reference Mission architecture and a stereotypical large on-orbit assembled single vehicle. These missions are then modified for each booster, showing the modifications required, if any, to the mission in order to utilize a certain launch system. The results are then compared and contrasted. Conclusions are drawn based upon these results, with certain boosters showing a higher level of ability and confidence. Brown Bag Lunch Event 12:00 Next Generation Launchers in the Exploration of Mars. Gary McPeters The exploration of Mars has been conducted exclusively by governments using launch vehicles developed by government. In the future, this exploration may be conducted by private groups using launch vehicles developed by private industry. This new generation of launches is being developed by familiar names like Lockheed-Martin and newcomers like Kistler Aerospace, Pioneer Rocket Plane, and Rotary Rocket. These vehicles will be horizontally and vertically landed, manned, unmanned rockets and jet powered, single and multi-staged. But they will share the attributes of increased launch rates, quick turnarounds and lower costs. These characteristics will change the way we explore Mars. Cheaper launch costs mean private groups will be able to launch probes to Mars. Money saved on launches can instead be spent on payloads. More launches offered by more companies mean more payloads can be sent in every launch window to Mars. Instead of one or two probes, we could get fleets. Further ahead, the advent of manned launchers and single stage to orbit vehicles will rapidly open the possibilities of large scale Mars exploration. Single stage to orbit launchers will offer the most exciting uses when they become operational. If they are refueled in orbit, their Delta-V capacity will enable them to take their payloads directly to Mars. Since they are designed to use aero-braking to land on Earth, they will be able to use it at Mars, increasing their payload capacity even more. These reliable, operational vehicles could then become a new class of Mars transports without costly design of new vehicles. This and more will be made possible by the new generation of launch vehicles. Track 1C 1:00 Oxygen Generation on Mars Using Solid Oxide Electrolysis K. R. Sridhar,Space Technologies LaboratoryThe University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona [email protected] Generation of oxygen on Mars for life support and propulsion needs will have a significant impact on reducing the cost and launch mass of human missions to Mars as well as robotic sample return missions. This talk will address the solid oxide electrolysis technique for generating oxygen from carbon dioxide. In this solid state process, carbon dioxide is decomposed to carbon monoxide and oxygen, and the oxygen thus produced is separated electrochemically by a nonporous ceramic electrolyte. Laboratory level demonstrations have shown that the process is robust, and will operate in Mars simulant atmosphere for extended periods (tested for over six months) with no noticeable degradation in performance. The principle of operation, mass and energy needs and its potential role in Mars exploration will be discussed. A proof-of-concept electrolyzer will fly on the 2001 Lander to Mars. An integrated Mars Oxygen Generator System (OGS) concept which is part of the Mars ISPP Precursor (MIP) flight experiment is presented. The electrolyzer is based on a planar zirconia disk configuration. The proposed packaging of the electrolyzer within a 100 mm diameter and 100 mm high cylindrical container limits heat losses to less than 10W. The complete OGS includes flow control and sensing hardware. The design details of the payload will be presented. This will be the first payload ever to generate resources of use to humans from planetary materials Track 1C 1:30 Production of Higher Hydrocarbon Species on Mars Brian M. Frankie, P.E. Lakewood, CO 80228 While in situ propellant production (ISPP) is widely recognized as one of the key technologies required for the exploration and eventual settlement of Mars, most ISPP concepts are troubled by the "hydrogen question." The majority of ISPP concepts require some form of hydrogen feedstock to the process, as hydrogen is required in most liquid fuels, but is not easily available on Mars. Hydrogen transport as water, ammonia, or methane is possible but limits the mass leverage of the ISPP system, so most concepts have proposed transporting liquid hydrogen to Mars. Liquid hydrogen is a low density extreme cryogen, and has an annoying tendency to leak, which increases the difficulty of transport. This paper examines options for producing liquid fuels that have low hydrogen content, which both helps alleviate the difficulties of hydrogen transport, and increases the mass leverage of the ISPP system. In addition, as the human presence on Mars expands beyond the initial exploration phase, low hydrogen content compounds will have additional uses as chemical feedstocks. The low hydrogen content fuels of primary interest, in order of interest, are aromatics, olefins, and high molecular weight paraffins. Track 1C 2:00 Oxygen Extraction from Martian Atmosphere using Radio Frequency Discharges R.L. Ash, T. Dinh, S. Popovic, and L. Vuskovic Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23529 Studies starting in the late seventies have shown that Mars' atmosphere can be use as a feedstock for oxygen production using simple chemical processing systems during early phases of the Mars exploration program. This approach has been recognized as one of the most important in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) concepts for enabling future round trip Mars missions. We have been working on the development of capacitive and inductive radio frequency (RF) discharges for oxygen production. The capacitive RF discharges increased the conversion efficiency of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide and oxygen at lower temperatures and were combined with oxygen separation using a silver membrane, which acted as one of the electrodes in the discharges. The discharges were operated at pressures typical for Martian atmospheric conditions. Mars atmospheric simulant gas was used, which contained practically exact proportions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon as in the actual Martian atmosphere. The results of computer modeling, confirmed by experiment, show that the chemical composition of Martian atmospheric gas is changed in the RF discharge. The Mars simulant gas was transformed into the mixture containing large proportions of atomic and molecular oxygen, carbon monoxide, and proportionally smaller amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases. The residual gas, after partial separation of oxygen, has a potential for further utilization as a "dirty" carbon monoxide fuel. The property of the RF discharge to trap and enable natural removal of dust particles is also recognized and elaborated. The systems based on RF discharges will be compared with other ISRU oxygen extraction methods with respect to size, mass, power, efficiency and oxygen quality. Director and Institute Professor of Chemistry Advanced Human Design P.O. Box 2214 Cupertino, CA 95015-2214 The presentation is a review of the current status on research conducted at Ames-NASA Research Center in the area of water reclamation technologies. Details in the following areas of research will be explored. Advanced Oxidant Delivery Screening Catalyst Screening Development of Special Catalysts An overview of future research as applied to human habitation of Mars and the Moon will conclude this session. Track 1C 3:30 Site Selection on Mars Based on Optimal Collocation of Indigenous Resources Donald Barker, M.S., M.A. Gregory Chamitoff, Ph.D. [email protected] Like the Earth, Mars is a planet with an abundance of natural resources, including accessible materials that can be used to support human life and to sustain a self sufficient Martian outpost. Major in situ resources required by the initial inhabitants and explorers include water, atmospheric and material consumables, and various energy and fuel reservoirs. This paper examines the potential for supporting the first manned mission with the objective of economically achieving self-sufficiency through well understood resource exploration and identification, followed by a program of rigorous scientific research aimed at extending and expanding in situ resource utilization capabilities. The potential for initially extracting critical resources from the Martian environment is examined, and the scientific investigations required to identify additional resources in the atmosphere, on the surface, and within the subsurface are discussed. The current state of knowledge regarding the planet's geomorphology is examined, particularly as it pertains to the question of locating water and other useful resources. Questions of scientific necessity and feasibility are examined with respect to the concepts of resource utilization and habitability. Throughout the next decade, unmanned precursor missions, including Pathfinder, Mars Global Surveyor, and the Mars 98, 2001, 2003 and 2005 missions, can and should be targeted and utilized to construct an initial resource knowledge database that will serve to support the selection of an initial manned landing site. Considerations are presented for determining the optimal landing site based on the best combination of the known and potential existence and accessibility of Martian resources. The primary goal of achieving self-sufficiency on Mars would accelerate the development of Human colonization beyond Earth, while providing a robust and permanent Martian base from which humans could explore and conduct long term research on the evolution of planets, the solar system, and life itself. 21000 Brookpark Rd. Cleveland, OH 44135 A first Mars expedition will be greatly facilitated by use of in-situ Mars resources for producing return propellant. While most discussions of Mars resource availability assume that a Mars mission will target an equatorial or mid-latitude site, I argue here that there are significant advantages to a polar site. Polar regions have two distinct advantages over lower latitude sites. Polar regions facilitate easy access to mars volatiles in the form of frozen water and carbon dioxide. This is important not only for production of rocket fuel for the return to Earth, but for production of fuel for local mobility. A polar expedition would not have to bring hydrogen from Earth to produce propellant, but could extract hydrogen by simply melting available ice. Also, during the Mars summer, both the Sun and the Earth are constantly above the horizon. This allows continuous power generation without the requirement for heavy power storage systems, and allows direct communications to Earth. While a polar site may be less desirable for geology, since the terrain is ice-covered, geological studies of non-ice-covered terrain can easily be accomplished by use of a long-range rover, and there are unique exploration possibilities to gather information available from polar science which are not found elsewhere on the planet. Track 2C 1:00 Washington DC [email protected] A country's economic development and utilization of its resources depend foremost on the country's economic, legal and political regimes. The fall of communism and state-directed systems in poorer countries seem to herald the victory of the free market. That regime gives maximum incentives for individuals to utilize the ultimate source of values, the human mind, to create wealth. But misunderstandings about markets have led to rough transitions. The model for Mars is not the Antarctic Treaty nor the Law of the Sea Treaty. These versions of the statist regimes now rejected by most countries would ensure that Martian resources remain unexploited. In fact, flawed elements of the Outer Space Treaty and the Intelsat Agreement already have slowed the private sector space development. Mars will need an economic/legal regime based on property rights and contacts. Initial planetary development will depend on consortia arrangements that serve immediate needs. But consortia must allow for a transition to a system with market prices, the only efficient way to allocate resources, and with incentives for entrepreneurial innovation. Public health and safety functions, currently provided very poorly by governments on Earth, might be guaranteed more efficiently by incorporating their goals into initial consortia rules and contracts. The extensive research and insights market thinkers in past three decades can help Mars avoid the mistakes that all Earth governments now are trying to correct. Attempts by merchants in the Age of Exploration 500 years ago profit though trade in a world without law gave rise to innovative market institutions like double-entry bookkeeping and insurance (a means to share risk). The development of Mars, if done right, will not only be yield advances in science and technology, but in free, civil institutions as well. Track 2C 2:00 Red, White and Blue Mars: The Case For American Ownership Alex Lightman Santa Monica, CA 90401 [email protected] Who owns Mars? Currently, no one does, or everyone, depending on how one interprets two different UN Treaties. The natural consequence of this is that Mars will remain untouched by human hands, or feet, for the foreseeable future, since the cost of a manned mission will be comparable to the largest projects in history. As Americans and others around the world view the latest images beamed back to earth from Mars Surveyor, now is the time to ask whether all we want from the red planet are pictures. The United States should claim Mars in the near future, or ask to become a trustee for Mars until it can be self-governing. In weighing the advantages, disadvantages, justifications and probable consequences, we may find that there are few actions that could be taken by the United States with such profoundly beneficial consequences. America could increase its wealth, power, influence, security, and confidence in the future. The cost would be virtually insignificant, a rounding error in our $1.7 trillion federal budget. With an aggregate stock market value of over $15 trillion, and a national valuation of almost $70 trillion, development of Mars is well within America's capabilities. The catalyst will likely be property rights, the same catalyst for the rapid rise of both Europe and the United States compared to their contemporaries in the middle ages and over the last two centuries. What are the obstacles? Basically, one article in the first UN space treaty, and two in the second. Though the US ratified the first treaty, it has not ratified the second, and neither have over 170 other nations. 1. Article II of the "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" that entered into force in 1967 states: "Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means." 2. Article XI of the "Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" (1979) states, in section 2: "The moon is not subject to national appropriation by any claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means." 3. Section 3 goes further: "Neither the surface of the moon, nor any part thereof or natural resources in place, shall become the property of any State, international intergovernmental or non-governmental organization, national organization or non-governmental entity or of any natural person. The placement of personnel, space vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and installations on or below the surface of the moon, including structures connected with its surface or subsurface, shall not create a right of ownership over the surface or the subsurface of the moon or any areas thereof. The foregoing provisions are without prejudice to the international regime referred to in paragraph 5 of this article." These two paragraphs are the only 'obstacles' to America's claim of sovereignty. Comparing these agreements to the benefits that will accrue to 265 million Americans, and eventually to the other 5 billion or residents of this planet, we may come to the conclusion that the US government should either ignore these provisions, or give the one year notice that we are withdrawing from the 1967 treaty (the only one we have ratified) which the treaty offers any signatories. Just say "no" to pointless UN limitations. Pass a law permitting Americans to file claims to land and other resources of Mars, via the Patent Office unless a specialized agency is set up. The case for American ownership of Mars consists in part of approximately 24 reasons, including several of the following: Why not claim Mars for the United States? If Mars were an American possession, the images that we can download from the Internet would take on new meaning. We might imagine that we are looking at a future state, a place to visit, develop mining and other new businesses, and develop the next phase of human civilization. Track 2C 2:30 Legislation and Space Law Concepts Proposed for the Eventual Industrialization of Mars by Man James J. Hurtak, Ph.D. Legal Implications of the Moon Treaty Relative to the Exploration and Settlement of Outer Space Elliot D Yug Attorney & Counselor at Law 333 S. Third Street, Las Vegas, NV 89101 We live in exciting times with regards to space law in general and the "Moon Treaty" of 1972, particular. The "Moon Treaty" introduced the concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind to outer space. Under the "Moon Treaty" any exploitation of extra-terrestrial natural resources must be done under the auspices of the United Nations. There are two proposed projects on the drawing boards which may well run afoul of the "Moon Treaty". NEAP is a private project which proposes to return samples from a near Earth asteroid for scientific research. In his book The Case for Mars, Robert Zubrin proposes a plan for the exploration and colonization of Mars. Under this plan, explorers will "live off the land" and a colony will eventually be self-supporting by means exploiting Martian natural resources. Both projects raise several questions: Give the fact that the United States has never signed the "Moon Treaty" are its nationals subject to the treaty. Assuming that U.S. nationals are subject to the treaty, does the treaty preclude all exploitation or just for-profit exploitation; At what point in the development of a Martian colony does non-profit exploitation during the exploration of Mars become for-profit exploitation as Martian natural resources are used to support the colony itself; and, Are the restrictions of the "Moon Treaty" applicable to a Martian colony as it becomes self-supporting? Track 2C 3:30 President, World Space Bar Association 3300 East 14th Avenue, Denver, CO 80206 In order to assist the persons who are settling Mars, there are several concerns that should be resolved in advance in respect to Mars Governance. The threshold level of concerns relates to standards, planning, legal tender, municipal services and the concept of authority in the community. It is asserted that Mars Governance has unique and specific needs, ones that will dovetail with the kinds of missions to be developed or promoted by the Mars society. These will be reviewed and catalogued. Mars Governance is thereby different from, and independent from, space governance paradigms generally, albeit a future reconciliation is possible, if and when such is ever developed. The assertion includes the proposition, therefore, that Mars Governance has priority. It also suggests that the Mars Society should take a leadership role in that process. The paper will suggest how to proceed on these assumptions. Track 2C 4:00 445 Union Blvd. #125 Lakewood, CO 80228 In the past, new lands have served as laboratories for "noble experiments" in which new sets of rights could be tested as means of organizing human society on a more progressive basis than deemed practical in well-settled and organized home countries. The most obvious example of this process is the United States, in which a collection of basic rights, including freedom of press, religion, assembly, trial by jury, right to bear arms, and to vote for representative government were implemented in the face of widespread skepticism of educated European opinion, and by their success, set the pattern for the reorganization of human society on a higher basis globally. The author believes that there is a need for this process of experimentation to continue, and that Mars could serve as the laboratory for a further set of noble experiments, that could help humanity find its way to a still more human form of society Track 2C 4:30 127 Top Oï¿½ The Lake Drive Lakeway, TX 78734 He only says, "Good fences make good neighbors." This is a line from a poem by Robert Frost which derided fences as unnecessary and the sign of a closed, petty mind. He was wrong. Good fences are the enshrinement of property rights in law. Good fences make good boundaries and good boundaries define freedom, a prerequisite to brotherhood. Good fences do not make good neighbors; good neighbors make good neighbors, but good fences can help us get along. Good fences are symbolic of the value of every human being as a human being. Being human means making moral choices, which presupposes freedom. Slaves cannot be good or bad since they can't choose their acts. Slaves have no fences. Much of what has gone wrong with America can be viewed as the loss of good fence making ability, usually in the name of some variant of "caring" or "compassion". My thesis is that caring and compassion lead to fences, not away from them. Mars is humanity's chance to try again to establish a commonwealth of liberty, a practical brotherhood where rights are limited and sacred. America was once the "last, best hope" of humanity: but that isn't said much anymore. Let's say it about Mars. Let's say it about Mars before we lose it to some misguided attempt to declare it out-of-bounds to humanity, life Antarctica. Let's fence it in before we're fenced out. Let us build fences on Mars, if at first only in our hearts here on Earth. Let us make both beautiful. Let us be good fence makers. Good fence makers make good neighbors. Historically, brotherhood has been very scarce, like property rightsï¿½ and liberty. They definitely are the path "less traveled by". Let us go down that path. Maybe this time, on Mars, we can get it right. On Our Best Behavior: Optimization of Group Functioning on the Early Mars Missions Vadim I. Gushin Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russia Marilyn Dudley-Rowley 2662 Montana Road Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 It is something of an irony that a planet named for the God of War challenges mortal humans to psychosocial behaviors which may far surpass what is seen normally. Mars cannot be explored without a human presence on that planet. There is no robotic substitute for processing complicated information, making hard decisions, and solving non-standard problems. Many phenomena will be unknown and will need the intuition and the multiple perspectives of human cognition to discern them. With a manned mission, come all the foibles of what it means to be human. Unfortunately, dysfunctional acts and events could jeopardize the autonomous, long-duration missions as Mars exploration requires. Space and other extraterrestrial environments require of people behaviors closer to zero-tolerance for deviance. This unavoidable fact calls for optimization of group functioning. Understanding optimization calls for comprehending the occurrences and frequencies of deviance in extreme environments among teams living and working there; for baselines of optimal standards of performance still yet to be drawn; and for the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of less-than-optimal behaviors, not only on an individual basis, but especially on a group basis. Several perspectives and methods are discussed. Finally, it is contended, optimizing group functioning for the "first Martians" could lead to a higher order of behaviors conducive to international cooperation on Earth. In the conquest of Mars, we conquer ourselves. Defining Human Parameters for Offworld Migration: Roles and Crew Composition James J. Funaro Cabrillo College/CONTACT This paper is an attempt to define and evaluate -- from the anthropological perspective -- some of the basic human factors that need to be considered in migration off world. Anthropology, being interdisciplinary by nature, can serve as a platform for integrating all the sciences (as well as the arts and humanities) into the human experience. In constructing an overall approach to human migration off world, an anthropological perspective, which encompasses data from past and present cultural systems, may point out some distinctions which might prove useful to current space research. A number of factors relevant to crew composition will be addressed. For example, evidence from ethnography, history, archeology, primatology and paleoanthropology suggests that migration has always been a natural, consistent and adaptive practice of our species, constituting the usual way of releasing recurrent pressures created by problems of politics, population or ecology. However, comparative study shows that human (and even chimpanzee) migration often consists of two separate components: exploration and colonization. Though they are not necessarily mutually exclusive, they often occur as phases in the overall migratory process and have essentially different goals and require different skills. The need for such a distinction in a different context is already being recognized in space engineering; e.g., enabling vs. enhancing technologies. By noting general patterns yielded by anthropological data and studying the particular cultural and ecological contexts of their exceptions, we may be able to more accurately perceive the different sets of problems (regardless of time and environment) normally encountered in various roles in the migration process and to more effectively design appropriate crews to perform their diverse functions. Track 3C 2:00 Marriage, Family, and Child Counseler 405 E. Branch St., Suite H Arroyo Grande, CA 93420 [email protected] As humankind pushes the limits of its habitat to stretch beyond its native planet, humans in space flight will experience unaccustomed limits to their mobility, privacy, use of space, and person and artistic expression. Interplanetary flight poses enormous challenges physically, socially and psychologically, and while Mars Mission planners are well aware of the research on these issues, the real research will be done on the way to Mars. This paper will attempt to raise some very human issues likely to arise in prolonged space flight: intrapsychic and personality conflicts, loss of mobility, sexual needs, the role of scent, and development of a functional shipboard culture. Interplanetary astronauts must indeed be "The right Stuff," but what is right for a Mars mission may be quite different from what it meant in previous space ventures. In prolonged space flight, as distinctive on-board cultures will develop, the crewmembers will have a greater than ever need for strong intrapsychic resources and a high tolerance of enforced social contact. Personality characteristics resilient against social burnout and psychological stress may be as important to the successful mission candidate as is the design of the mission vehicle itself. Real time contact with Earth-based controllers will diminish over the course of the mission; communications will need to accommodate to the increasing isolation and interdependency of the mission crew. Mission features and personal attributes impacting crew compatibility and capacity for self-reliance ranging form age and experience to a "sense of mission" may force a selection process wherein personalities ordinarily rejected as insufficiently aggressive might well become the crew of choice. Abilities to relax deeply, get lost in thought, or even dissociate may prove to be predictors of successful toleration of long term missions. Acknowledgement of sexuality and its psychological importance both personally and as a hormonal mitigator of shipboard rancors will prove necessary. Anyone may behave Puritanically for two weeks, but no one can deny his sexuality for the course of a Mars mission. Human pheromones are not the only scents to relive tension; use of aromatherapy may become as necessary to ship balance as regular exercise is to astronaut bodies. The Mir cosmonauts spoke of missing the "smell of green", thus evocative scent packs will support psychic shipboard balance, as will CD libraries of art, music, and even the instruments of art, creating the essence of the psyche's first aid kit. Expression of impressions and feelings through these media will provide the most economic form of psychic safety valve. A ship's counselorï¿½or foolï¿½might well become the critical additional crewmember when the journey across space takes years rather than months. Longer missions not only require different logistics in planning for the long, intermittent supply line; they must also consider the more considerable physical and emotional stresses on the crew. Inquiry into these issues, choosing crew accordingly, and providing appropriate "culture support kits" will offer potential solutions which each crew will be able to use in a manner consistent with the culture it develops in flight. Track 3C 2:30 [email protected] A number of critical sociological and technical elements must come together for a serious commitment to be undertaken for a manned Mars mission by a nation, or by the world of nations. The three required elements to commit to such a mission are: strong political leadership; the availability of the proper level of financial resources; and, lastly, the technical capability to pursue this goal. Other major elements that are not necessarily required for a commitment to a manned Mars mission, but could provide additional rational for such a mission, are: to investigate and exploit potential commercial and/or scientific payoff(s) by colonizing Mars; or the need to colonize Mars for the survival of civilization if there is a catastrophic event that takes place on Earth, such as a collision from a large asteroid. If one examines past great exploration initiatives, such as Columbus discovering America or the manned moon mission landings, the three major elements to support these historic initiatives did come together successfully. By examining these and other similar exploration initiatives, extensive insight can be gained in understanding the levels of technical risk that were considered acceptable to commit to such historic endeavors. When these initiatives were undertaken their technical risk levels were well below those typically considered acceptable for state-of-the-art aerospace systems. It is likely that because of the technical complexity and large investment required to perform a successful manned Mars mission, levels of the technical risk that are comparable to these other historic exploration endeavors will have to be accepted, if such a mission is to be undertaken in the next 25 to 30 years. This paper will attempt to identify the level of acceptable technical risk that were associated with some of these past historic exploration endeavors, and discuss how these findings can be used as criteria to help guide the commitment decision to undertake a manned mission to Mars. Additionally, a top-level discussion on how risk management methods can be used to track Mars mission risk will also be addressed. Director and Institute Professor of Chemistry Advance Human Design P.O. Box 2214, Cupertino, CA 95015-2214 Long term space flight has serious physiological and psychological implications. Similar to long term athletic training such issues as fitness, effective training and scheduling of training, and motivational levels become increasingly important in a microgravity environment. Studies in human behavior, gross-motor activities and perceptual stimuli that parallel regimented Olympic grade training of athletes have similar benefits to astronaut's physiological and psychological well being on extended space flights. A terrestrial working model of such a system will be discussed in detail along with its applications to extend space flight. Who Should Go to Mars? Paul Van Steensburg This will be a presentation and discussion of who should be in the first crews to Mars. The Mars Direct Plan describes the professions of the four crew members. This presentation will propose, from a layman's point of view and in more detail, who should go on the first missions including such considerations as age, sex, types of personality as well as profession. Also, the presentation will paint a picture of daily life experiences in space and on the surface of Mars and what are some of the personal hurdles that members of the crew must be prepared for? How do we verify that we have selected the right people? Subsequent discussion will generate a consensus and recommendation on the first crews to Mars and how we test them for what will be a long, lonely, challenging and exhilarating journey. Track 3C 4:30 Is it Life or is it Memorex? Why Humans are Essential for Scientific Research on Mars P.J. Boston, Complex Systems Research, Inc., Boulder, CO and Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM In science fiction films and television, there is never any doubt that LIFE has been discovered, that cures for weird alien diseases only take an hour or two to develop, or that the intrepid human adventurers manage to invent a new branch of physics every few episodes to explain the latest manifestation of intergalactic phenomena How sad that real life sciecne is so MUCH HARDER than this! Just exactly how much harder it is constitutes the single most compelling reason that humans are indispensible for the exploration and study of Mars. No robotic missions that can be conceived of during the next half century or so will be able to simulate the bumbling, serendipitous, yet successful behaviors of actual field and laboratory scientists as they go about their explorations. No matter how well-planned an experiment may be, things usually get screwed up somehow. As annoying as this is to the investigators involved, it is what research is really all about (proposal writing fictions not withstanding). The truly revolutionary discoveries cannot be inferred from current theory and experience. They are unpredictable in the most fundamental sense of the term. The only cure for the common failed experiment is to have actual irritated human beings on site to scratch their heads and swear in real time and figure it all out. This is worth the risk of human life. This is worth the bother of sending people and all their payload to other planets. This is worth the nuisance of keeping humans alive, happy, and productively annoyed on the surface of Mars! Track 4C 1:00 E. R. Chavez and R. J. Lipinski Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185 Earth is protected from cosmic rays by a thick atmosphere which is equivalent to about 30 feet of water; Mars is protected by the equivalent of only four inches of water. The inhabitants of a Mars base will be exposed to much greater levels of radiation than normal on Earth during their stay on Mars, and also will be exposed to space radiation during transit to and from Mars. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on the impact of enhanced radiation levels on health. Early data obtained in the 50ï¿½s revealed very significant health effects when the radiation dose was in excess of 100 times the natural radiation dosage obtained in a year. However, there were no good data for levels much lower than this, especially for cancer or mutations, which can take a long time to appear. So, until better data were developed, the regulatory agencies adopted a Linear, No-Threshold model in which it was assumed that detrimental effects from radiation scaled linearly and continuously from the observed values at high doses, down to zero, with no threshold required for an effect. Forty years of data collection and observation have shown this assumption to be wrong. Numerous studies with careful controls and proper statistical analyses have determined that there is a threshold for health effects to set in, even for latent cancers. A more detailed knowledge of cell biology has revealed the biochemical mechanisms that overcome radiation effects at moderate doses. These results could have a strong positive implication for human populations living on Mars. They also are relevant to the safety and acceptability of nuclear power for space transport and surface electricity. Track 4C 1:30 The Sapient Institute Houston, TX A single dietary change should prevent bone loss, muscle loss, arrhythmia, mentation defects, and improve immunology in microgravity (mG). On Earth, each of these disturbances is accompanied by an imbalance between the proton (H+) load each day and the availability of nitric oxide (NO), a pluripotent gaseous compound derived from the amino acid L-arginine (L-Arg). In mG, it is probable that a reduction in the amount of NO produced each day results in an imbalance even when systemic acidemia does not occur. However, all other things being equal, acidemia exacerbates this imbalance. Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3, 1mM/kg body weight/day) will increase blood pH by ~0.02 units, without altering serum potassium concentration. In mG, lowering blood [H+] in the presence of low levels of NO will drastically reduce bone loss and prevent muscle breakdown. Muscle loss is paralleled in loss of muscle glutamine (Glut) which provides NH3 to neutralize urine H+ ions so as to permit their excretion (as NH4+). If acidemia is prevented, glutamine remains in muscle! Finally, alkalization will stimulate the enzyme that synthesizes NO from L-Arg. Small amounts of dietary L-Arg might also help restore NO to a position of balance with H+. On Earth, NO is absolutely essential for the formation of normal sized fetuses; acidemia, and thus an imbalance with NO, causes intrauterine growth restriction. NO is also necessary for the formation of f-actin proteins which form the cytoskeleton within developing and differentiating cells. Recently it has been reported that cells flown in microgravity failed to mature, develop, and differentiate; this was associated with absence of f-actin formation. Because medium pH is buffered, these cells were probably NO deficient. As plans are laid for years long trips to distant heavenly bodies and, thereafter, for colonization, efforts to minimize bone and muscle loss and the other disturbances which occur in mG should be intensified. One solution is the engineering of artificial gravity; however, we suggest that the dietary manipulations mentioned above may provide, at the very least, a back-up system for protecting the health of space travelers in the event that mechanical problems develop. The hypothesis is easily tested with animal and human surrogates of mG and could be confirmed on Shuttle or Mir flights. Maintaining a balance between NO and H+ in mG could eliminate many of the medical concerns associated with space travel. NO could mean everything to those who do GO into space. Track 4C 2:00 Medical Considerations in the Colonization of Mars Dr. Thomas Alred [email protected] The colonists themselves - the human capital of colonization - are the most important element in any Mars colonization plan. Planning for medical care, the physical and mental maintenance of the colonists, therefore must be a major part in planning the colonization of Mars. Medical care is a major element of human endeavor, constituting up to 15% of modern economies. The infant colonies on Mars will be frontier societies however and not able to devote a high proportion of their resources to medical care. It is critical nonetheless that colonists receive optimal health care to preserve their functionality in building the colonies. This conflict can be resolved by careful planning with the object of reducing or eliminating major classes of human disease among the colonists so that scarce medical resources can be allocated to care for those conditions which cannot be eliminated, as well as to handle the medical challenges which will be unique to Mars. Approximately three quarters of health care expenditures directly relate to life style choices. These include cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and neoplastic diseases related to tobacco use, alcohol use/abuse, drug abuse, injudicious diet and lack of exercise. Careful planning, combined with a disciplined colonist population, could reduce colonistï¿½s medical care requirement by at least 75%. Most infectious diseases, including those that have traditionally been the bane of mankind, can easily be eliminated. Many genetic and degenerative conditions, including most neoplasia, can be eliminated by colonist selection and/or manipulation of the human genome. This is now technically within our reach and, applied to both colonists and their off-spring, will result in the subspecies Homo sapiens martensis. The Mars colonies will go through developmental phases, which we may call infant, intermediate and mature. The medical care requirements and challenges of each phase are considered. Track 4C 2:30 Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site P.O. Box 4013, T130A Golden, CO 80401 The scientific literature contains several reports that show nutritional substances, such as vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals (plant chemicals), provide substantial radioprotective effects in animal studies. Incorporating these substances to the human diet, already voluntarily practiced by a large segment of the population, in addition to providing other favorable health effects, may also provide a radioprotective effect. This potential radioprotective effect would be very useful in mitigating the effects of occupational radiation exposure to astronauts (especially future Mars explorers), airline crews, nuclear workers, both commercial and government, and populations exposed to nuclear accidents, e.g. Chernobyl. This paper reviews the existing evidence of radioprotective effects by nutritional supplements and proposes that their efficacy be evaluated, first with animal studies, followed by human tests with astronauts and cosmonauts on long-term missions, such as to the Mir space station and the International Space Station (ISS). Track 4C 3:00 The Effects of Variable Gravity on the Life Cycle of Tenebrio Molitor Amy M. Davis Beachwood, OH 44122 [email protected] A comparative study to elucidate the effects of low, normal, and high gravity on the life cycle of Tenebrio molitor was performed. Tenebrio molitor in their larvae stage were exposed to approximately 1.5 G and 2.0 G at High Inertial Rotation Behemoth ("HIRB") centrifuge at Clarkson University. Tenebrio molitor in their larvae stage experienced short duration exposure to approximately 0.0 G on NASA's DC-9 performing parabolic flight trajectories. Tenebrio molitor exposed to approximately 2.0 G and 1.5 G first reproduced 87 days after exposure to high gravity. A high gravity control group that stayed at NASA and a transportation control group that traveled to Clarkson University, but was not centrifuged first reproduced one day later. In a small sample of Tenebrio molitor that experienced parabolic flight trajectories, after 16 days, 50% reached their adult stage of metamorphosis, compared with 80% of the control group. In conclusion, a prolonged period of high gravity had little effect on the life cycle of the Tenebrio molitor. However, the decreased maturation of larva exposed to low gravity for short intervals of time warrants further investigation. Track 4C 3:30 Radiation Shielding on Planetary Surfaces Denise B. Pelowitz, Andrei Belooussov, Michael G. Houts, David I. Poston, Deborah R. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory R. J. Lipinski, S. A. Wright, R. X. Lenard Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185 The radiation environment on planetary surfaces will be a concern for manned missions. Significant radiation sources include galactic cosmic rays, solar flares, and (potentially) nuclear power systems. This paper will report the results of ongoing research related to estimating planetary surface doses, including the dose from secondary radiation generated by high-energy galactic cosmic rays. The use of in-situ resources as shielding will be discussed, as will the effectiveness of these shields. Methods for quickly and simply creating radiation shields from resources available on planetary surfaces will be examined. These methods may be applicable to other surface operations. Track 4C 4:00 2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands The Microgravity and Manned Spaceflight Directorate of the European Space Agency (ESA) has initiated two studies, one in 1996 and one in 1997, in order to assess the interest and the capabilities for a European effort in exobiology research. Both science teams were composed of senior scientists in the fields of microbiology, geology, cosmochemistry and related disciplines. The first report focused on reviewing the places in our solar system that are able to harbor life or prebiotic evolution. The second report focused on an exobiology package for a Mars lander. In this second report the main idea was to find the required scientific instrumentation with which exobiology research can be carried out on the surface (or subsurface) of Mars. The concept is based on a piggy-pack payload design and not on a dedicated exobiology lander. Its scientific objectives are: to identify and characterize the oxidants, to find morphological and chemical signatures of extinct life, and to determine the chirality of organic compounds if present. Two concepts were evaluated for going into the subsurface: a self-penetrating mole design and a classical core drill system. Although the mole has some advantages, the team favored the classical drill concept. With an required drill depth of approximately 1.5 meters, a carousel like drill stem system can be used to avoid awkward storage requirements. In order to minimize ambiguities, an assembly of instruments was proposed to carry out the in-situ investigation. The instruments can be classified in two categories: first, the visual investigation of the samples (panoramic camera, low resolution microscope (0.1 mm/pixel), optical microscope (£ 3 m m resolution), and atomic force microscope) to characterize and select samples for, secondly, further investigation with spectroscopic and chemical analysis (Alpha-Proton-X-Ray spectrometer, Moessbauer spectrometer, RAMAN (with near-IR excitation), IR spectrometer, pyrolytic gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer). Dedicated detectors for the identification and characterization of oxidants as well as the quantitative analysis and determination of the isomer ratio of chiral compounds are part of the payload assembly. The whole exobiology system, including the sample acquisition, preparation and handling system has a mass of about 26 kg. As a result of these activities, a nine month Phase A study of this multi-user exobiology package is now planned to start mid- to third quarter 1998 with European industry and scientific institutes. In addition to that, ESA will propose a new microgravity program (following EMIR-2 and MFC) to the member states that will include elements of the exobiology package. Track 4C 4:30 New Evidence for Life in the Viking Labeled Release Experiment Dr. Gil Levin Human Adaptation to Rotating Environments: Implications for the feasibility of Artificial Gravity during Human Missions to Mars. D.M. Warmflash, P. DiZio, and J.R. Lackner. Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientation Laboratory and Volen Center for Complex Systems Brandeis University Waltham, MA 02254. During human missions to Mars, artificial gravity may be essential for maintaining bone and muscle integrity. A rotating space vehicle can provide artificial gravity by generating a centrifugal force that is proportional to the velocity of rotation (in radians/sec) squared times the radius but it will only be useful if humans can tolerate the unusual forces which would be present. Since short radius devices with high rotation rates produce significant Coriolis forces on linearly moving objects, early studies had suggested that, in order to avoid overt motion sickness and severe impairment of movement, artificial gravity would require a ship rotating at 3 rpm or less with a radius of, at least, 100 m. Although it was later shown that overt motion sickness could be prevented at rotation rates up to 10 rpm, the question remained as to whether Coriolis effects on human movement would be an obstacle to human activity aboard a short radius, high rpm spacecraft. Studies conducted at the Ashton Graybiel Laboratory of the effects of Coriolis force perturbations on arm, leg and eye movements, at 10 rpm (arm and leg) and 28.6 rpm (eye) rotation, have demonstrated rapid adaptive changes with repeated movements. These studies suggest that impairment of movement can be prevented aboard a rotating spacecraft as small as 10 m in radius or smaller, depending on the required gravity level, which has yet to be determined. The results will be discussed in the context of the feasibility of short radius artificial gravity vehicles and other implications of such vehicles, including gravity gradients and gait dependent weight changes. Supported by NASA grants NAGW-4031, NAGW-4375, NAGW-4374, and NAGW-4733. Systems Engineering The Human Factor from a Group Dynamics And Psychosocial Perspective on a Mission to Mars Dwight A. Holland, Ph.D. University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA 22908 Human Factors Engineering ("HFE," or Ergonomics) is a sub-discipline of Systems Engineering that seeks to optimize a variety of person-rated systems parameters. One important aspect of HFE is to evaluate not only the physical human performance requirements and limitations, but to assess the behavioral factors that affect performance as well. Good systems engineering design practices for person-rated systems should include detailed consideration of strengths and weaknesses of the human factor from a specification standpoint in all phases of the system design and mission management phases. Assuming that the physical spacecraft system components are reasonably engineered and safe from a first-order technical and human factors standpoint, the next critical level of analysis becomes the "softer" behavioral factors that affect the crewï¿½s day-to-day performance. This is particularly true with regard to the interpersonal and group dynamics aspects of the human factor since these issues may affect crew communication, performance and safety so strongly. Typically, the crew in any isolated and confined environment ("ICE") such as this that have been tasked with accomplishing such a long-duration mission will have opportunities present themselves for individual and group difficulty at a variety of times during a mission. A key question to consider is how the crew/ground support will handle these difficulties when-- not if-- they occur. Past experiences of such difficulties from a host of ICEs tend to reveal that there are several important human factors and psychological parameters that will directly affect the systems management and successful outcome of the long-duration space mission with regard to these issues. Some of the important areas identified in this and a host of other summarized research are specifically: optimal crew selection, earth-bound family/friends/mission support structures, leadership (both on the spacecraft and back in mission control), the general task environment /work design, and the ability of the crew and overall mission management to adapt to changing or unforeseen conditions. Such mission attributes must be addressed throughout the spacecraft/mission design and operational phases while also giving consideration to maintaining a high degree of crew situation awareness, motivation, and mission performance without substantial compromises in safety. It is a tall order indeed to design such a spacecraft and mission, but one that is eminently possible with excellent systems engineering, human factors, and medical sciences being ingeniously and carefully applied. Cardiovascular Concerns for Long Duration Spaceflight: D. Dï¿½aunno, J Yelle, S. Hart (NSBRI, NASA/JSC, UTMB) The potential for severe cardiovascular alterations with short-duration space flight is minimal. Early adaptation of fluid shifts and neurovascular remodeling become a serious complication when an astronaut exposed to microgravity returns to Earth. Although not completely understood, the orthostatic intolerance, baroreflex resetting, and diminished cardiovascular aerobic capacity quickly return to preflight standards within a matter of days. Shuttle flights of less than 16 days have not been shown to promote cardiac conduction abnormalities. However, with missions of longer duration, there are three major cardiovascular concerns: 1) Cardiac rhythm disturbances, 2)Orthostatic intolerance, and 3)Diminished cardiac muscle mass. Cardiac rhythm disturbances including ventricular tachycardia have been recorded on several occasions during long-duration spaceflight. Cardiac dysrhythmias pose a potentially lethal risk during long-duration space flight. There are many factors that could account for increased electrical instability e.g. increased sensitivity to catecholamines, or upregulation of adrenergic receptors, considering a general decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity observed during spaceflight and ground-based simulations. Environmental toxins, electrolyte imbalances, acid-base disturbances, hypoxia, and others all may contribute to cardiac conduction abnormalities. Countermeasures and effective treatment strategies are currently being developed. While the impaired cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress seen immediately postflight from shuttle missions is highly variable among crewmembers, the severity and duration of the impairment increases with mission duration. All astronauts from extended stays in space have demonstrated severe orthostatic intolerance. The inability to maintain adequate arterial blood pressure and cerebral perfusion with tilt testing persists in various stages for days after return to Earth gravity. How people will respond to the decreased gravity of Mars after the months-long journey is not known. Understanding the complex changes in the autonomic nervous sytem resulting from exposure to microgravity and its relationship to volume and electrolyte homeostasis and vascular resistance is paramount. Local factors responsible for vascular tone such nitric oxide, endothelin and prostaglandins need to be explored in the weightless environment. Gender is also a concern with postflight orthostatic intolerance. Of the astronauts who become presyncopal after short-duration missions, 75% are female. Estrogen is known to increase activity of nitric oxide synthase and this may be one reason why female astronauts have decreased tolerance to orthostatic stress. Specific countermeasures, in addition to fluid loading and g-suits, should be developed to effectively manage long-duration mission postflight orthostatic intolerance. There has been some evidence that long-duration stays in space are associated with a decrease in cardiac muscle mass. A recent bed-rest study has also seen a similar effect. It is not known if actual protein is lost from cardiac muscle or if the change in mass reflects a decreased hydration state. This could be one contributing factor to the decreased cardiovascular aerobic capacity to physical stress observed with exposure to microgravity. Cardiac tissue from animals flown in space reveals decreased protein concentrations, altered cytoskeletons and reduced mitochondria. While it is difficult to equate these findings with human subjects, evidence for altered myocardial cell structure and function cannot be dismissed easily. Too little is known about the effect that long-duration exposure to weightlessness may impose on cardiac tissue. Exploration of these issues is being planned for ISS. Long-duration spaceflight presents concerns for the cardiovascular system and the health and well being of the crew, that is not seen with short duration flights. Cardiac conduction abnormalities, alterations in the autonomic nervous system, vascular endothelial changes and cardiac muscle mass decreases all present areas of study and preparation for a mission to Mars. Musculoskeletal Issues for a Mars Mission: Calcium Metabolism and Orthopedic Risks, Countermeasures for Bone Loss, Urinary Calculus Formation and In-flight Contingency Plans J. Muccio, D. Holland, J. Jones, P. Whitson, B. Pietrzyk Jim Muccio, M.D., M.S. England, UK [email protected] ALH84001, at nearly 3.9 Gyr is the oldest SNC meteorite and represents a time on Mars when the climates of Earth and Mars were thought to be similar. Several lines of controversial evidence have been identified which suggest that ALH84001 contains the remnants of ancient Martian life. In addition, scanning electron microscopy revealed ovoid structures 20 to 100 nm in diameter that resemble the fossilized remains of certain types of terrestrial microorganisms. However the putative nano-fossils found within ALH84001 are an order of magnitude smaller than the smallest terrestrial bacteria. Arguments have been put forward suggesting that the nano-fossils are not large enough to contain molecules such as DNA or RNA or the enzymes necessary for their replication and thus cannot be remnants of biological structures. Comparisons between organisms of metabolism, protein evolution and gene sequences have been used to speculate on the early course of evolution. One hypothesized route to cellular life is the so called "RNA World" in which RNA acts as both information template and enzyme, unlike most modern day organisms where DNA is the information template. If both the RNA World and the evolution of membranous structures overlapped then RNA viruses can be used as examples of membranous biological structures with RNA as the genetic material. Using these organisms as models of such a transition in the RNA World this paper argues that particles with diameters similar to those observed in ALH84001 could contain complex RNA genomes surrounded by a lipid bilayer. However functions such as nucleotide synthesis would have to occur in the environment. Whilst the paper does not show that the so called nano-fossils are remnants of an ancient Martian life, the suggestion that these structures are too small to contain biologically relevant molecules is disproved. Track 5C 1:30 Natural Transfer of Viable Microbes in Space Part 1: From Mars To Earth And Earth to Mars Curt MILEIKOWSKY (a), Francis A. CUCINOTTA (b), John W. WILSON (c), Brett GLADMAN (d) Gerda HORNECK (e), Lennart LINDEGREN (f), Jay MELOSH (g),Hans RICKMAN (h), Mauri VALTONEN (i) (a) KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Stockholm, Sweden (b) NASA Johnson Space Research Center, Houston, TX (c) NASA Langley Space Research Center, Newport News, VA (d) Canadian Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Toronto (e) DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt), Cologne, Germany (f) Dept. of Astronomy, Lund University, Sweden (g) Lunar and Planetary Lab., University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (h) Astronomical Observatory, Uppsala University, Sweden (i) Observatory, Turku University, Finland. The possibility and probability of natural transfer of viable microbes from Mars to Earth and Earth to Mars travelling in meteoroids is investigated, including : radiation protection against the Galactic Cosmic Ray nuclei and the Solar Rays ; dose rates as a function of the meteorite's radial column mass (radius x density), combined with dose-rates generated by natural radioactivity within the meteorite ; and survival curves for some bacterial species using NASA's HZETRN transport code other factors affecting microbe survival : vacuum ; central meteorite temperatures at launch, orbiting and arrival ; pressure and acceleration at launch ; spontaneous DNA decay ; metal ion migration mean sizes and numbers of unshocked meteorites ejected and percentage falling on Earth, using current semi-empirical results viable flight times for the microbe species B. subtilis and D. radiodurans R1 The conclusion is that if microbes existed or exist on Mars, viable transfer to Earth is not only possible but also highly probable, due to the dense traffic of billions of Martian meteorites which have fallen on Earth since the dawn of our planetary system. Earth-to-Mars transfer is also possible but at a much lower frequency. Track 5C 2:00 Interplanetary Biological Transfer: Impact Resistance of BacteriaEntrapped in Small Meteorites C. A. H. Roten, A. Gallusser, G. D. Borruat, S. D. Udry, G. Niederh 1,4), A. Croxatto, O. Blanc, S. De Carlo, C. K. Mubenga-Kabambi and D. Karamata. Contact: Claude-Alain Roten Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Microbiennes Rue Cesar-Roux 19 Lausanne, Switzerland Ch-1005 [email protected] The Martian origin of at least twelve meteorites, ejected into a solar orbit after a primary hypervelocity meteorite impact and subsequently captured by the Earth, clearly demonstrate that regular exchanges of crust fragments between planets take place in the solar system. Recently described, putative biological traces in one of these ejecta led to the debated proposal that life was present in Martian surface rocks. As interplanetary transfers of biological know-how may provide an explanation for the presence of life on at least two solar system bodies, survival in conditions mimicking final steps of interplanetary transfer of life forms entrapped in crust fragments was investigated with respect to small meteoroids.=20 From observations on the free fall of small impactors, analogous ballistic experiments can be designed and help to investigate if living cells can withstand the terminal low velocity impact. We have established that a series of different living cells survived an initial acceleration of 100 000 g and an impact in sand with a velocity of 300 to 750 meters per second. Based on these experiments and on the observation that the interior of small meteoroids remains cold during the fall, we propose, for the first time, that various kinds of organisms entrapped in small impactors can withstand (i) the heat produced by the Earth's aerobraking, reducing the preatmospheric velocity (usually between 10 and 70 kilometers per second) to that of a free fall (125 to 250 meters per second), and (ii) the subsequent non-explosive impact. The significance of our observations for the origin and the early development of life in the solar system will be discussed. Track 5C 2:30 [email protected] Mars ISPP Precursor (MIP) is an experiment package designed to demonstrate on Mars the component technologies required to produce oxygen out of the Martian atmosphere. The experiment package is scheduled to fly on the Mars-2001 Surveyor lander, to launch in April of 2001. The five experiments comprising MIP will demonstrate production of power by advanced solar cell technologies, acquisition and compression of carbon dioxide from the Martian atmosphere, conversion of the compressed atmosphere to oxygen by zirconia electrolysis, radiation of waste heat from the compression process to the night sky, and methods of mitigation of the effects of dust on the solar arrays. The package will also make measurements of the Mars environment which will be of engineering use and scientific interest, including measuring the deposition rate, size distribution, and spectral characteristics of dust deposited on the solar arrays and measuring the spectrum of sunlight filtered by atmospheric dust in the atmosphere of Mars. Track 5C 3:00 Rock Statistics at the Mars Pathfinder Landing Site A. F. C. Haldemann, R. C. Anderson, N. T. Bridges, M. P. Golombek Jet Propulsion Laboratory Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109 A population of some 2000 rocks was measured at the Pathfinder landing site using the NASA Ames Marsmap virtual reality system during the first 6 weeks of mission operations. Rock apparent widths and heights were determined with the Ames software. Rocks in the far-field were also measured directly using the stereo base afforded by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder, with views from before and after deployment on its mast. Rock frequency and size distribution statistics are consistent with remotely sensed data, and with Earth analog sites. Currently, the initial 2000 rock dataset is being expanded. Additional rock parameters are being considered: shape, roughness, color, and burial. Study of this expanded database may elucidate whether, and to what extent, distinct rock populations are present at the MPF site, and will perhaps shed light on the processes that generated these variations. Track 5C 3:30 Experimental Investigation of the Survival of Bacillus Subtilis Spores and Vegetative Cells and of Deinococcus Radiodurans, Accelerated with Short Rise Times to Peak Accelerations of 11 500ï¿½g, 17 700ï¿½g and 33 800ï¿½g Curt MILEIKOWSKY Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden [email protected] Eva LARSSON Division of NBC Defense, FOA, Sweden Bengt EIDERFORS FOA National Defence Research Establishment, Sweden Since it is now generally thought that Mars had an atmosphere, a lot of liquid water and favorable conditions for life early, it is not improbable that life appeared there before it did on Earth. If so, an interesting question is : could life have been transported from Mars to Earth inside ejecta meteoroids expelled into space by sizeable asteroids or comets impacting Mars, and by some percentage of the meteoroids later landing on Earth ? Early microbes would then have had to survive the jerk acceleration of ejecta launch of the order of 10,000ï¿½g or more with rise times ï¿½ 30ms, a thousand times faster than that in ultracentrifuges for the same acceleration. An experiment to check this, presented here, was performed at FOA's acceleration test facility using three projectiles fired to 11,500ï¿½g, 17,700ï¿½g and 33,800ï¿½g respectively and with three types of microbe on each projectile: Deinococcus radiodurans R1 and Bacillus subtilis 168 in spore and vegetative form. The microbiological loading of the bacteria before the shots , sampling and counting of the surviving microbes was done by the FOA Defense Research Establishment, Umeå, Sweden. The results showed that a large number of each type of microbe survived each of the three shots. Track 5C 4:00 Lockheed Martin [email protected] In response to the need to develop a device for collecting and isolating soil samples for a landed Mars mission, a preliminary study was performed. This need arises from a new class of experiments in exobiology dealing with the search for organic material and the nature of soil oxidants. This work is intended as a follow on the ill fated MOX '94 experiment. It is thought that organics may be present at some depths and locations on Mars. To analyze organics it is necessary to decompose a sample by heating it within a chamber and testing evolved gasses. The basic instrumentation to perform this analysis can be configured in several ways, but all require collecting soil inside a sealed chamber, and the ability to humidify the sample. It further requires that the sample be of a known volume and from a known depth. the soil required for these experiments may come from just under the surface or depths of several meters. The ability to capture a sample in either case as simply as possible with limited power is the context of the following study which was performed from 1992-1994. Track 5C 4:30 An Early 21st Century Mayflower Program* Roderick Hyde and Muriel Ishikawa University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA 94550 and Lowell Wood (speaker) Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305-6010 We consider an early 21st century analog of the Mayflower Program, i.e., a pervasively spartan approach to establishing a permanent human settlement on Mars, in pursuit of individual private purposes and for the mutual benefit of the settlers and one or more private sponsors. Key features of this program are one-way travel for the Pilgrims on a Mayflower-like interplanetary transit vehicle just adequate for its purpose, the minimum essential ingredients necessary for human survival and presence-expansion on Mars, comprehensive acceptance of substantial personal risk in exchange for the prospect of personal significant gains, uniform determination on the part of the Pilgrims to take and hold a human beachhead on Mars and then to expand the human presence on a new world, and the imagination and enterprise of a terrestrial sponsor-entrepreneur(s). Rocketry sufficient to send a critical mass of humans, equipment and materials to Martian soft-landing and the ability to realistically rehearse initial program-critical activities on Mars appear as the key enabling technologies for the program. Approaches to each which are consistent with the underlying program philosophy are sketched. A roadmap from present circumstances to the establishment of the first Martian settlement is sketched, key milestones noted, and an event-driven schedule posted. It is noted that the majority of successful ''new world'' settlements have had the basic character of the Pilgrim-Mayflower Program. Why it is not unreasonable to expect that a program of this general character will be executed during the coming quarter-century is noted. Track 1D 10:00 P.O. Box 510373 New Berlin, WI 53151 Global terraforming is a biotechnology that currently exists only in theory; however, it can be loosely defined as the process of altering other planets, moons, and asteroids so they can support an Earth-like biosphere. Currently, Mars is viewed as the most likely candidate to be terraformed for a number of good reasons. It should be recognized that terraforming Mars, a landmark engineering feat, would be more than just a scientific and technical triumph for humanity. Terraforming Mars would produce the greatest artistic achievement in history. The novel, self-sustainable and evolving ecosystems of Mars would be a wondrous work of living art. The bioarts are an ancient and mostly unrecognized genre of art that includes domestication, brewing, dog breeding, gardening, and landscaping to name a few examples. Bioartists use living materials (e.g. genes, cells, organisms, species, populations, communities) as their media. Unlike static paintings and sculptures, bi0oart is dynamic and can grow, change, and evolve. It is hard to draw a line between biotechnology and bioartistry as they intersect at many points. Genetic engineering could easily be use for artistic purposes. Future bioarts, like organism design (creating new life forms), will rely on the tools of modern biotechnology. All technologies are closely associated with certain aesthetics; yet, these biases are often unconsciously expressed. It is very clear that architects design skyscrapers to meet both the structural needs of buildings and aesthetic needs of people; art and technology are closely linked in many applied fields. B viewing the process of terraforming, an extremely creative act, as bioartistry as well as biotechnology, it will be easier to produce many unique Martian biomes that excel both in form and in function. Terraforming can also be considered the ultimate bioartistry because it is presented on a global scale and would incorporate many kinds of bioartistic techniques, applications and manifestations. Track 1D 10:30 Space vs. Sport: The Case for Space James Pruett Observing the closing of the Russian and American frontiers, as well as the penetration of the colonial world by the European powers, Oswald Spengler, author of the foremost treatise on the rise and fall of civilization, The Decline of the West, thought that the West was doomed as there were no more possibilities for expansion. It was Spenglerï¿½s belief that without an object to strive for in space, be it the frontier or colonial world, the West would lose its dynamic quality, and its force would break down along with its reason for being. Robbed of its youth and vigor, Spengler predicted the Western world would enter a long, steep decline, similar to the passing of the glory of Rome into the Middle Ages. Unable to imagine manned space flight and the potential colonization of other planets, Spengler saw Western decline as inevitable. But the race to the moon offered a new direction. If only for a moment, America became a frontier nation again and the astronaut was the hero of the new frontier. The moon landing in ï¿½69 was the awesome climax of a long chain of historic events; euphoria swept the world as now almost nothing seemed out of reach or impossible. But just six years later, the Apollo-Soyez hookup signaled an end to the competitive spirit that paced our colossal reach for the moon. In addition, public sentiment had shifted and the success of the program was used as an argument that America could put an end to age old social problems if she were so inclined to. With the decline of the astronaut, the athlete moved to ascendancy. In a 1976 poll (Ladies Home Journal), OJ Simpson outvoted Neil Armstrong and John Wayne as the most admired man in America, signaling the triumph of stadiums sports and the spectator. Track 1D 11:00 Sense of the Sacred: The Martian Landscape in Visual Art Prof. Richard Poss University of Arizona [email protected] Landscape painting provides a lyrical evocation of mankind's relationship to nature. How will that relationship be transformed by migration to another planet? How will the unique character of the Martian environment change that relationship, and perhaps even human nature? Renderings of the Martian landscape reveal much about our aspirations for the red planet. The art of space exploration and colonization shows us deeper dimensions of what we are doing and why, of the human need to explore and the social drive to expand beyond the earth. Since the Middle Ages, visual representations of landscape and the heavens have offered important clues to mankind's role in the cosmos. Painting especially imparts transcendent values through objects rendered in oil, tempera, or fresco. A few examples of works of art from the "traditional" canon of art history will be examined briefly to provide a methodological context, then we will examine visual art directed towards exploration, colonization, and relationships between explorers and the natural environment, and the spiritual dimensions of the great enterprise. From medieval manuscript illustration to contemporary space painting, this optimistic and forward-looking slide presentation will also serve as a survey of visual art related to Mars. Track 1D 11:30 From Bradbury to Blamont: The Science of Mars in the Arts Michael Carroll [email protected] Mars as always had a great influence upon the arts. From the pages of Swift and Bradbury to the paintings of Bonestell to the movies of George Pal, Mars has influenced the way we think, write and sing. The arts, in turn, have inspired a generation of people who have the chance to actually explore the Red Planet robotically and, one day soon, in person. This lecture will highlight a few areas of our culture that have been impacted by Mars, and will include books by such greats as H. G. Welles, Ray Bradbury, movie clips from films such as War of the Worlds, and a plethora of paintings by artists from the turn of the century to today. We will also explore the anatomy of a scientifically accurate space painting using comparative planetology and creativity constrained by the laws of science. Plan to participate in this lively chat! Track 2D 10:00 Littleton, CO 80127 [email protected] With the salutary successes of Pathfinder Lander and mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Mars is a "place" rather than an inhospitable alien world. The ALF 84001 debate has also spared renewed interest in Mars. NASA, Arizona State University, The Naval Research Laboratories, and Lockheed-Martin are designing an unmanned airplane for Martian exploration and mapping. By 2011, rock and soil samples from the Martian surface will be returned to Earth. Privatizing space exploration has also begun in earnest with serious commercial endeavors ("orbiting Hotels") planned to encourage space tourism. The "Civilian Astronaut Corps" Mayflower II is planning to launch six passengers to an altitude of 70 miles in an attempt to win the "X" Prize. There is no doubt manned missions to Mars, followed by colonization, will occur within three generations. Yet, given the example of an 'Old World' discovering a 'New World' five centuries ago, I wonder if a similar cycle of exploration (state sponsored), colonization (driven by scientific and economic interests), settlement (leveraged by privatization), and independence (motivated by yearnings for liberty) will inevitably occur as 'Terrans' become 'Martians'. One of the questions this paper will address is Martian Equality. Philosophical implications of humans living on Mars will create new Martian philosophical systems. From "Martian" metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and socio-political philosophy, the human issues circumscribing Martian colonization are immense and immanent. Who will name the Martian months? Will the mined wealth belong to Earth or be mandated by Martian Law to remain in situ? What will constitute "pollution" on a pristine world? What laws will prevent the introduction of weapons? Long before settlers have given birth to the first 'Martians', these and many other philosophical issues ought to be dialoged and taught, lest 'Martians' be discriminated against, exploited, and decide to demand their legitimate rights to be free of us. Track 2D 10:30 The Outward Course of Empire: The Hard, Cold Lessons from American Involvement in the Terrestrial Polar Regions Marilyn Dudley-Rowley OPS-Alaska In the late 1800s and the early part of the 20th century, American explorers and their supporters had a vision of the polar regions as a logical extension of Manifest Destiny. Vilhjalmur Stefansson referred to the entree into the Arctic by Euro-Americans as "the northward course of empire". Popular history would have it seem as if this vision came true. But, approximately 100 years later, we substantially fall short of these explorersï¿½ dreams. Most American claims in the Arctic fell through, not from lack of interest by average Americans, but the lack of government sponsorship, backing, and going back on promises made. Even the purchase of Alaska from Imperial Russia was a transaction that was almost not made. In expedition after expedition, men, women, and children died in the field waiting for pick-up from ships that would never come. Ironically, what interest there was for the Arctic eclipsed a promising beginning of interest in the Antarctic. American explorers either had to pass themselves off as foreign nationals to join the expeditions of other countries or use their own money to launch expeditions to the southern continent. Interest in aviation caused the government to establish the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) and bases were established to protect territorial claims. However, the onset of World War II drew resources away and the bases were closed, and when the United States returned to Antarctica, it was with a different strategy of scientific investigation. In 1959, twelve nations signed the Antarctic Treaty, agreeing to use Antarctica for peaceful purposes, "froze" territorial claims, and forbade new ones. The Antarctic Treaty set the tone for similar agreements among nations which dictated similar use of the entire Cosmos. This presentation reviews lessons from American polar exploration useful to the private Mars initiative, making recommendations for the public outreach and financing of the venture. Track 2D 11:00 Global Dialogue toward the Genesis of Life on Mars and Beyond Bruce N. Anderson Director, Industrial Liaison, MIT President, Earth Day USA The universe is as it is because of 15 billion years of "dialogue" among its trillions upon trillions of subatomic particles which, in essence, continuously taps their "collective wisdom." As we stand at the threshold of the Genesis of Life ("as we know it") on Mars - and beyond - human consciousness gives us the special privilege of being able to create a global dialogue to tap the collective wisdom of humanity that could profoundly affect how life unfolds there. Indeed, do we even want life beyond earth to look a particular way? If so, why? If not, why not? Does it even matter what life might some day look like on Mars - and beyond - 100 years, or 10 million years from now? Will it even matter if we pay attention to these questions? Should we simply send whomever wants to go? Are there traits we might want to maximize in the people we send? minimize? If you were one of the first 10,000 settlers, or the first 10 million, how would you expect to govern? to educate, house, clothe, and feed everyone? to conduct commerce? This paper explores whether a global dialogue to tap the collective wisdom of humanity to ask and answer such questions is a concept worth pursuing and, if so, what such a dialogue might look like. The Ethical Ramifications of Discovering Life on Mars Katherine Osborne V9Y 3G2 1-250-724-1854 The possibility that life may exist on Mars, no matter how minute, poses deep ethical and moral questions to humanity as we begin our journey away from Earth. This paper will attempt to address just a few of those questions. It will also provide information on Earth's culture in regards to the inherent value of life, the conflict between the expansion of human civilization and Earth's nature, and how to responsibly approach a discovery in a manner that honors farsighted human values. What precedents have been set in human history that may help future explorers deal with the discovery of new life? How will our past behavior hinder our future reactions? In the past, we have often approached the discovery of new life with rampant exploitation, but in recent years, have come to value all life and have begun to give it a modicum of respect. Can we possibly approach a Martian situation with a clean slate? What will happen if eventually we need to colonize and terraform Mars at the expense of loss of habitat for native life forms? Should we even consider doing it? If no life exists on Mars, these questions will not have been asked in vain, for surely life does exist in many other places. Track 3D 10:00 NASA Lewis Research Center 21000 Brookpark Rd., Cleveland, OH 44135 The surface of Mars is an environment significantly different from both the surface of the Earth and from orbit. Sunlight availability is modified by the presence of dust, which varies with time of year. Several models of dust effect on solar energy on the surface are available. This paper examines what we know about the environment of Mars and how it affects the design of solar power systems and the selection of solar cells for Mars surface operation. The Mars environment is different from the environment of Earth orbit in several ways: low intensity, low temperature operation spectrum modified by dust, making it blue-deficient compared to the orbital (AMO) spectrum spectrum change with time of day and year indirect sunlight (i.e., scattered light) presence of dust storms at some times of the year deposited dust peroxide-rich reactive soil radiation environment during cruise and on the surface An additional factor is the fact that mission cost considerations mean that extremely lightweight array technology is desired. Constraints due to shock and g-loading of the landing are also a factor, as well as flexure of the arrays due to wind, if a lightweight flexible array technology is used. Track 3D 10:30 McDonough, GA 30254 [email protected] One piece of equipment essential to establishing any permanent manned facility on Mars is the tractor. For any structure larger than a single habitat module, the essentials of sound construction will make it necessary to clear, doze, grade and compact surrounding area. The principle difficulty is the fact that any piece of construction equipment relies on pure mass to perform its duty, a fact reflected by the term "iron" which is used to refer to such machinery in general. While not a problem on Earth, this simple dead weight is just about the last thing mission planners will want to use in filling tight payload limits. Compounding the problem is the natural tendency to use different machines for each application. On Earth, one comparatively small job site approximately the size of a four module Martian base camp will frequently use over 300,000 lb. worth of construction equipment and still take several weeks to complete. While certainly much harsher, the Martian environment is sufficiently similar to Earth that the fundamentals of equipment design and operation will still apply. The challenge for Mars mission designers is to develop a single piece of construction equipment capable of performing all the necessary functions while keeping weight to an absolute minimum. Not to be overlooked is the fact that due to the harsh nature of the operating environment, construction equipment breaks down with alarming frequency, making safety and ease of repair a primary consideration. This paper examines a variety of factors, including potential job requirements; design, transportation, assembly and maintenance considerations, and suggests a specific design capable of meeting these needs. Given the substantial mass which must be boosted to Mars to assemble a tractor, this paper also considers alternate use scenarios including overland transport, astronaut rescue and power generation capabilities inherent in the design. Track 3D 11:00 Inflatable Structures for a Permanent Martian Colony Marvin E. Criswell and Jenine E. Abarbanel Center for Engineering Infrastructure and Sciences in Space (CEISS) Colorado State University [email protected] A permanent human-tended Martian base requires a life support system housed within a structure providing a shirtsleeve environment for human activity. Given the current cost of transportation from Earth, the driving force dictating the design of a Martian structure is mass. Any structure on Mars is a pressure vessel due to the difference between the external pressure of 0.6 kPa (0.09 psi) and internal pressure, ranging between69 kPa and 101.3 kPa (10 psi and 14.7 psi), produced by the artificial atmosphere necessary to support life. The most efficient pressure vessel for a planetary surface habitat is an inflatable structure made of thin membranes. Discussion of the requirements of a Martian permanent habitable structure is presented as well as conceptual designs for possible inflatable structures. Track 3D 11:30 Drilling Operations to Support Human Mars Missions Brian M. Frankie, P.E. Berkeley, CA Water, both as a source of hydrogen and for life support, will be one of the most valuable commodities for Martian operations. Large quantities of water are available as ice at the Martian poles, but access to these sources will be restricted by the necessarily complex transport, mining, and solids handling infrastructure that is required. Drilling for subsurface liquid aquifers may provide a cost effective alternative large scale supply of water, will enable bases to access geothermal power, and will also be of considerable scientific interest. Although there is little data on the depth of Martian aquifers, it is expected that large amounts of water can be found at depths between 1 and 5 km. Terrestrial drilling operations reaching this depth are massive, power intensive industrial efforts, but some of the latest technological advances hold promise to reduce the equipment and power requirements to a level that would be feasible for a Martian drilling operation. This paper outlines the technical design of a proposed low mass Martian drilling mission capable of reaching depths of more than 1 km. Track 4D 10:00 A Socially Supportable Mars Colonization Program Phil Turek [email protected] In the past 30 years, the public perception of the Earth has changed from that of a vast world of nearly limitless resources to a small planet of finite resources. The public is becoming increasingly inclined to tolerate and evaluate proposals for the colonization of Mars. It is important to take a few lessons from the Apollo program. During Apollo, the public was merely a passive spectator. Following Apollo 11, the public quickly became bored with the program. As a result, Apollo was cancelled in 1972 with little public opposition. This paper advances a new approach to Mars exploration, one that avoids the fatal flaw of Apollo. The key is to provide for the direct, sustained and increasing involvement of individuals and groups with the success of the program. The project's mission statement establishes a new biosphere on the surface of Mars capable of supporting a new civilization. The project entails three phases. The first phase of the project will start preparing future colonists and ambassadors NOW. During the second phase, a manned crew is launched to Mars for a combination exploration/colonization long-duration mission. The critical third phase splits the first manned crew on Mars into a three segments: one remains on Mars indefinitely; a second that returns to Earth permanently, and a third that returns to Earth temporarily as ambassadors from the new colony on Mars. A number of innovative techniques are used to sustain public involvement throughout each phase. Under this scenario, the first Martian ambassador to Earth could arrive as early as 2014 and be tasked with sharing Martian experiences, perceptions, and innovations with the people of Earth. Today's students will determine if this program succeeds or fails. Is There a SHORT-TERM Economic and Social Justification for Human Exploration and Settlement of Mars? Robert E. Becker 131 Old County Rd., #168 Windsor Locks, CT 06096 The Space Exploration Initiative died stillborn years ago, largely unfunded, widely viewed as unfounded. While a stream of smaller, robotic missions to Mars has started, human exploration seems to have been removed from any official timeline! This, despite the robust economy, possible evidence of ancient life in a Martian rock, millions of hits on the Mars Rover Web Site, availability of relatively inexpensive missions like Mars Direct, and energetic advocacy by luminaries like Carl Sagan. Traditional arguments - the human exploratory spirit, intellectual excitement, and economic benefits down the road - suffice for exploration enthusiasts, but are not sufficient for the general public, and especially not for their elected representatives. Our nation has a notoriously short attention span. All these arguments pale in comparison with immediate economic and social problems. Proponents of exploration often take a "not my job" attitude towards these issues. But until we embrace them, our arguments will remain largely unpersuasive to the public. Human beings can not be "Faster, Cheaper, Bettered" out of the process if Mars Exploration is to gain broad support. It is the very ambition of full-fledged Mars Exploration, which can provide that justification, starting in the SHORT-TERM, during the DEVELOPMENT phases. It is this scope - living and working on another planet - which can bring space closest to the person in the street, just as on the frontier of yore. It is the responsibility of the exploration community to apply its collective CREATIVITY and formulate cogent arguments RELEVANT to those who are NOT enthusiasts. Answering the title question affirmatively will do that. The Mars Society is the perfect multidisciplinary organization to launch a CONCERTED effort to answer it. If we succeed, a new exploration initiative could be announced, not with a bureaucratic whimper, but with trumpets blaring. Track 4D 11:00 Roseburg, OR 97470 This paper reviews the special medical problems that are expected on a mission to Mars and concludes that, although these problems are formidable, they are solvable. We can go to Mars with the knowledge and technology we have available today. Then why might NASA never launch a manned mission to the Red Planet? In the author's opinion, the answer is POLITICS. He reviews the role that politics played during his career with NASA that began with Project Mercury and end well after the Shuttle was flying when he took up a new career - writing about space Writers of science fiction sometimes write not to predict the future but to change it. In his new book, THE MARS JOURNALS, he describes how NASA must go to Congress each year with hat in hand begging enough funds to keep a diminishing number of programs alive for another year. When it looks as though political opponents finally get the upper hand and NASA will not survive another congressional debate, the Senator form Texas comes up with a better idea. It's an idea that not only makes a good book, but one that might deserve serious considerations an answer to NASA's perpetual funding problems. Why not convert NASA into a non-profit international organization like the WORLD SPACE CORPORATION? It would be free of national politics. Space programs might be based on scientific rather than political merit. NASA takes pride in its Technology Transfer Division that encourages the private use of spin-offs from space exploration. These spin-offs from NASA research have spawned industries that add billions to the national economy, but they do not put one red cent into NASA's operation budget. The proposed re-organization would change that. A board of directors with a proven record of fiscal management would run the World Space Corporation. Applicable laws would allow it to hold patents on discoveries and inventions, collect royalties and fees for service, and market products resulting form space research as well as products that could be manufactured in space. We cannot entertain the delusion that such an organization could initially fund itself without continued support from governments that presently support space exploration. However, if earned revenue were added to the operational budget, these funds would gradually take over more of the fiscal load. Such an organization could have a legitimate chance of eventually becoming financially sound. NASA has served the nation well and has more than paid its own way for nearly forty years, but it is a flawed organization. Man will colonize Mars, but the red and white and blue emblem of The National Aeronautics and Space Administration will never be planted on the Red Planet. Track 4D 11:30 The Politics of a Mars Colony Blaine Thompson Track 5D 10:00 SCDTL Calendar and Clock for Mars Lance Latham Resource Management Systems 5901 North 33rd St. McAllen, TX 78504-5055 [email protected] The "Standard C Date/Time Library" (SCDTL), published by Miller Freeman, ISBN 0-879304-96-0, May 1998, is intended to be a standard reference in the area of computer date/time applications. The work is an integrated tool kit of data structures and functions in the "C" language, the "lingua franca" of today's machines. Comprising almost 4,200 pages, SCDTL addresses many areas, including some 30 different calendars. The last is Martian. The SCDTL Martian calendar is an annual solar calendar, in which the year is composed of equal 167-day quarters. Each quarter contains 3 months, configured as (56 + 56 + 55) days. A simple leap year rule makes common years of years 2, 4, 6 and 8 of each 10 years, and makes an exception in the tenth year every 2000 years, yielding a calculated accuracy of one day in thirty-seven thousand years. The seven-day week is retained. A linear time scale, called the Martian Day number (MD#), similar to the Julian Day number, is created for the Martian calendar, facilitating date and time calculations. The SCDTL system also describes a clock for Mars, which uses the standard Terran second as its basis. The Martian clock day is defined as 25 hours of 53 minutes of 67 standard Terran seconds. Compared to other proposed Martian calendars, the SCDTL calendar has numerous advantages. It is an integrated part of a huge, tested software application. Its design is based upon extensive experience with many calendars and a knowledge of those features which are psychologically and socially useful and successful, not merely technically feasible, or of interest to a handful of specialists. Track 5D 10:30 A Terrestrial Calendar for Mars Nachum Dershowitz Edward M. Reingold University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [email protected] other proposals of calendar schemes for people living on Mars, ours attempts to keep the Martian date closely in tune with the weekly cycle and Gregorian calendar as employed on Earth. It combines elements of the Gregorian solar and Hindu lunar calendars. (See our book Calendrical Calculations, Cambridge University Press, 1997.) Its peculiarity is in the not infrequent occurrence of skipped days, needed to re-correlate the Martian and Gregorian calendars, and in this respect resembles the Hindu lunar calendar. The underlying idea is that each sol is named according to the weekday and Gregorian month/day current on Earth. To maximize the overlap between the date on Earth and on Mars, we can choose to name the Martian sol to match the date at the terrestrial international dateline when it is noon at the Martian prime meridian. In effect, Mars is treated like a time-zone on Earth, but with the date and time coinciding with changing locales on Earth. On account of the longer sol, this scheme would have the unique feature of expunged days (like the Hindu calendar wherein a solar day is longer than a lunar day). One can go from, say, Tuesday, January 5 to Thursday, January 7, with no sol named ``Wednesday, January 6''. This would transpire 9 or 10 times a year, and can be compared with what befalls someone traveling across the dateline. Such a calendar would have all its units in close agreement with those on Earth. Days would be named as on Earth. Though the sol is longer than a day, the month and year would have the same mean length (in days, not sols) as on Earth. Thus it has the advantage of being familiar to earthlings and facilitates coordination with Earth. Its year, however, bears no correlation with Martian seasons. James M. Graham and Kandis Elliot University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI 53706 Science fiction writers have been devising calendars for Mars since the 1950's. The first working calendar, however, appeared in Mars Scientific Model (Michaux and Newburn 1972). Gangale (1986) described a Mars calendar of 24 months which began with the landing of Viking 1 (July 20, 1976). More recent proposals include those of Zubrin (1993), Becker (1994), and Suraq (1997). Since the number of days or "sols" in a Mars year is fixed at 668.59, calendars differ mainly in the way the year is divided into months. In our calendar the Martian year is divided into 20 months named for the Greek gods and goddesses of antiquity. Months are arranged in four groups of five months each in which the first three months have 33 sols and the last two 34 sols. The last month of the year (Zeus) has 34 or 35 sols if the Mars year has 668 or 669 sols. The calendar begins on the date of the landing of Viking 1, which is 1 Poseidon, year 0. Days of the week are named for the Sun and first six planets (Solday, Mercuryday, Venusday, etc.). Although the Martian year begins on the first day of northern spring on 1 Eos, this special edition of our calendar, which is called the Millennium Mars Calendar, has been synchronized to the Earth calendar to cover the interval from Dec. 20, 1999 to February 1, 2002, the turn of the millennium. Each month on the calendar features a full-color illustration, an essay on a selected feature of Mars, a brief discussion about the Greek deity for whom the month is named, and notes about events in the history of space exploration. Separate essays discuss colonization, terraforming and the Martian meteorite ALH84001. The calendar is intended to be both educational and entertaining while stimulating interest in the exploration of Mars. The Millennium Mars calendar is one of many possible forms for a Mars calendar. Future colonists of Mars will no doubt adopt a calendar which serves their needs best in their new environment. Track 5D 11:30 Houston, TX 77095 [email protected] Although much thought has been applied to the idea of going to Mars with regard to the hardware and the Astronauts/Cosmonauts who would make the trip, not as much has been directed as to how it would be supported from the ground on the blue, not the red planet. If NASA support is obtained, existing infrastructure can be utilized to varying degrees although conflicts with other programs (ISS and Shuttle) should be expected. If a private venture is planned, this mission support apparatus must be created. A list of this would include at a minimum: Mission Control Center (MCC) including all supporting material and staffing A Deep Space Network (DSN) or Shuttle TDRSS equivalent for voice/telemetry routing from the spacecraft and Martian ground sites to the Earth. Launch services and ground support equipment for the launch vehicle(s). Each item would bring a unique set of challenges to the mission. Some of these would include: MCC Chain of command in the control room, especially if flight is international Console support and positions (24 hrs a day or in sync with Mars clock?). shifts, cross-training Attrition with the control team during the flight(s) Loops/voice protocol/common language & measurement system Procedures needed and how retrieved (checklists, mals. etc. paper or/and electronic?) Training (integrated sims, possibly separated by vast distances (Antarctica to Houston?)) Ground support hardware (workstations, display screens, servers, etc.) DSN/TDRSS equivalent Time/distance differences (relay communications lag) Uplink and D/L channels, network availability (presumably DSN which is currently well taxed) Launch Services Range/pad conflicts with other programs Regardless of whether or not NASA facilities (or ESA, RSA, etc.) are used, many of the same problems would arise. Some of these problems have been addressed in other programs, most noticeably Skylab and Mir, but may need to be re-tailored for Mars missions. Track 1E 1:30 MARSSAT: Assured Communication with Mars Tom Gangale San Rafael, CA 94903 [email protected] In the past, unmanned missions to Mars have accepted the inevitable communications blackout that occurs when Mars is in solar conjunctions. This interruption, which lasts several weeks, would seem to be unacceptable during a manned Mars mission. This paper proposes a relay satellite as a means of maintaining vital communications links during conjunction, and explores candidate orbits for such a spacecraft. The basic approach to system design is to minimize size, weight, and power of spaceborne elements of the communications system, since it is more economical to compensate with large, heavy, and power-consuming elements on Earth. Ideally, it is the Earth-to-Mars link, which should drive the overall system design, with the Earth-to-relay and Mars-to-relay links impacting system design as little as possible. This ideal is approached by minimizing the length of the link between the relay spacecraft and Mars. An orbit whose period is one Martian year, but whose eccentricity and inclination both differ from that of Mars, assures communications between Earth and mars during conjunction while minimizing the length of the link between the communications satellite and the Mars mission. Track 1E 2:00 Menlo Park, CA [email protected] The traditional way of providing software to support space missions has been to build custom systems from scratch and then modify them to accommodate changes (the process of "software maintenance"). With the improving availability of Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) software components, using COTS components extensively in building and maintaining systems is a new alternative. While we have nearly always used some COTS software components, now we can use them much more in systems associated with the exploration and settlement of Mars. Using COTS software components has both pros and cons. The major pros can include: Lowers the cost to build and maintain the system Shortens the time to build the system Encourages the use of open standards in building and maintaining the system Eases using "spare parts" during maintenance, and reuse during development Makes component interactions more explicit Encourages encapsulation, table-drive, and instrumentation The major cons can include: Requires either customizing the software to fit the way people want to work, or making the way people work fir the COTS software Constrains the kinds and forms of changes in systems Slows making changes in the system Adds to the diversity of styles, conventions, and practices in the software Increases the difficulty and cost of making functional enhancements Lengthens the time to find and fix performance faults and shortfalls. Given Mars mission requirements and eventualities, achieving a balance between the pros and cons in using COTS software components involves making tradeoffs. Implementing them includes the se of tailoring code, wrappers, reuse, and certification. Track 1E 2:30 NASA Ames Research Center [email protected] We expect a wide variety of autonomous systems, from rovers to life-support systems, to play a critical role in the success of manned Mars missions. The crew and ground support personnel will want to control and be informed by these systems at varying levels of detail depending on the situation. Moreover, these systems will need to operate safely in the presence of people and cooperate with them effectively. We call such autonomous systems human-centered in contrast with traditional ``black-box'' autonomous systems. Our goal is to design a framework for human-centered autonomous systems that enables users to interact with these systems at whatever level of control is most appropriate whenever they so choose, but minimize the necessity for such interaction. This paper discusses on-going research at the NASA Ames Research Center in developing human-centered autonomous systems that can be used for a manned Mars mission. Track 1E 3:30 Model-based Autonomy for Robust Mars Operations Daniel Clancy, Vineet Gupta, James Kurien, Mark [email protected] Space missions have historically relied upon a large ground staff, numbering in the hundreds for complex missions, to maintain routine operations. When an anomaly occurs, this small army of engineers attempts to identify and work around the problem. A piloted Mars mission, with its multiyear duration, cost pressures, half-hour communication delays and two-week blackouts cannot be closely controlled by a battalion of engineers on Earth. Flight crew involvement in routine system operations must also be minimized to maximize science return. It also may be unrealistic to require the crew have the expertise in each mission subsystem needed to diagnose a system failure and effect a timely repair, as engineers did for Apollo 13. Enter model-based autonomy, which allows complex systems to autonomously maintain operation despite failures or anomalous conditions, contributing to safe, robust, and minimally supervised operation of spacecraft, life support, ISRU and power systems. Autonomous reasoning is central to the approach. A reasoning algorithm uses a logical or mathematical model of a system to infer how to operate the system, diagnose failures and generate appropriate behavior to repair or reconfigure the system in response. The "plug-and-play" nature of the models enables low cost development of autonomy for multiple platforms. Declarative, reusable models capture relevant aspects of the behavior of simple devices (e.g. valves or thrusters). Reasoning algorithms combine device models to create a model of the system-wide interactions and behavior of a complex, unique artifact such as a spacecraft. Rather than requiring engineers to envision all possible interactions and failures at design time or perform analysis during the mission, the reasoning engine generates the appropriate response to the current situation, taking into account its system-wide knowledge, the current state, and even sensor failures or unexpected behavior. We also discuss ongoing application to Mars hardware prototypes, flight tests and future research. Track 1E 4:00 Automatic Onboard Planning and Scheduling for Deep Space Missions Nicola Muscettola Kanna Rajan Caelum Research [email protected] The future of the space program calls for ambitious missions of exploration and scientific discovery. Searching for life on Mars, Europa and elsewhere in the solar system and beyond will require the solution of several challenging technical and organizational problems. A central one is the implementation of increasingly capable and autonomous control systems to ensure both mission accomplishment and mission safety. Without these systems missions will have to be run with the current, traditional approach. This relies on frequent communication with Earth and teams of human experts guiding step by step a mission through its tasks and analyzing and reacting to the occurrence of malfunctions. The cost and logistics difficulties of this approach, however, are so high that it cannot be reasonably carried over to the expected growth of missions and mission capabilities. Autonomy technology is an answer to these problems. The Remote Agent (RA) will be the first artificial intelligence-based autonomy architecture to reside in the flight processor of a spacecraft and control it for 6 days without ground intervention. The mission on which RA will fly is New Millennium Deep Space One (DS1) which has been described elsewhere. The primary benefits of having an on-board Planner/Scheduler are twofold. Firstly plan procedures are abstract and modular and allow synchronization of high level activity very easily. Having them generated on board allows flexibility and robustness in executing sequences which are more closely tied to the run-time environment in addition to saving costly bandwidth necessitated by coverage from NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN). Secondly, an on-board planner allows a quick and robust recovery when contingencies arise (e.g recovery from faults or serendipitous science opportunities) and the round-trip communication delay prohibit faster reaction times from ground based personnel. This paper describes the overall necessity of using such Planning/Scheduling technology, its expected impact and some technical details of the technology itself in terms that is accessible to the general audience. Reassessing the Human Condition: Philosophical Aspects of Mars Exploration Prof. Richard Poss University of Arizona [email protected] What does our commitment to Mars as the next human frontier do to the classic general arguments for space exploration? This paper outlines seven traditional arguments for space exploration.It examines the strengths and weaknesses in each argument. Then, it analyzes the effect of the commitment to Mars in each. The function of the commitment to Mars is to focus and clarify these traditional arguments, bringing them down from a theoretical perch to the level of the practical and the doable. The paper will describe several areas in which the cultural imperative to explore is given concrete fulfillment in the commitment to Mars which it did not have before. Moving beyond the general dedication to exploration to a commitment to the settlement of Mars in particular provides more than a buttress to an old ideology. It is a communal decision which operates at more depths than a mere policy decision. The health of the human community depends on the fulfillment of such a resolution. This paper will approach these depths from the perspective of seven classic arguments for space exploration. Track 2E 1:30 Martian Exploration and Related Terrestrial Social Returns Donald Barker, M.S., M.A. Gregory Chamitoff, Ph.D. ([email protected]) George James, Ph.D. According to current theories of learning and motivation, at some fundamental level of the human psyche, the drive to explore and understand the unknown influences human behavior and has the potential to be directed to ensure the propagation of the more positive aspects of modern society. Motivation is defined as an inner psychological or biological state end process which prompts, directs and sustains activity and behavior. Research has demonstrated that, for many animals, the opportunity to explore proves to be highly rewarding and reinforcing (similar to drives related to hunger, thirst and social interaction). Removal or deprivation of novel stimuli and abilities to interact within new environments can lead to heightened drive states (an aversive condition). In addition, such intrinsic responses can be developed during early formative ages and continue to maintain strong influences later in life. As a result, the connection between the intrinsic exploratory response in humans and the unknowns of space travel can be directly joined. At the time of the first Apollo Lunar landing, the capacity and potential of modern mass media was just becoming visualized as a world encompassing and entwining technology. For the first time in human history, more people were privy to a single event, as it occurred, than ever before in human history. The first missions to Mars, with the benefit of forty more years of technological and telecommunications advancement, will provide leaders and educators with an opportunity to motivate younger generations to pursue goals in science and technology and hopefully suppress fears of future social and economic stability. This material examines the potential for examining the socio-psychological consequences of the first manned mission to Mars with the objective of achieving an understanding of human motivation and modern societies ability to involve and solicit the general interests of the public with respect Mars exploration while advancing future generations pro-social behaviors and desires towards learning. Track 2E 2:00 Mars Exploration - The Survival of Our Civilization E.G.Petrakakis Maputo, Mozambique [email protected] Right through the history of Mankind the necessity for exploration and expansion is very clear and evident fact, this can be summarized in one sentence - our Society and Civilization needs to Explore and Expand in order to survive. We can look at various examples including the origins of the United States and this is exactly the first reason why Mars is the key to our continuous survival. Getting there, therefore is not only about finding microorganisms or evidence of past civilizations or to test our rockets. If we look around today in the World what do we see? And if we take the last part forty years what do we see? The same issues are being still unanswered and the greatest society dangers are creeping in - Drugs, Mobs, Prostitution, War, Racism, Terrorism Radicalism....etc are all still here and in a big way.....and who said the Atomic Age is a thing of the Past. So itï¿½s simple Space Exploration with the kick off start, Mars is the channel through which, once again our civilization will expand through and develop into. By doing this we will automatically absorb our civilization will expand through and develop into, by doing this we will automatically absorb all the Global Resources, because its new dimension and that is what it takes to get there and to live there. If our society explodes outwards we have a healthy existence if we donï¿½t we will continue to grow and finally take over, we will move into a feudal, overpopulated polluted world. Lets use the next century to put our old issues finally into history and move into the next dynamic of new futuristic society - letï¿½s start with Mars and there in an intelligent way - THAT IS ABOUT SPACE EXPANSION,OUR LAST DIMENSION AND OUR SURVIVAL. Track 2E 2:30 The Gen-X Rallying Cry? To Mars! Gen-X Needs a Cause, and that Cause Should Be Space George T. Whitesides (703) 406-5955 Gen-X is the first generation in history with the chance to send one of its own to Mars. For our own sakes, as well as for the sake of humanity, we cannot let that chance pass unfulfilled. We are a curious generation, both lucky and adrift. Blessed with prosperity, peace, and education, we are on the verge of inheriting the strongest country in the world, at one of its greatest moments. In just a few years, we will hold an unparalleled opportunity to do something great for mankind, to make a deep and lasting mark on history. There is only one problem: as a generation, we have no grand aspiration for our future. If is true that some of us care deeply about issues like the environment or service, but is there a goal out there that we seek together, that unifies and inspires us? Corner one of us, look us in the eye, and you'll see that the answer is no. This much-publicized ennui has its roots in the happy condition of our land. Living in a world without advancing evil, we have had the luxury of turning inward. Raised in a country in which the great injustices have been at least legally remedied, we have been left to work out the details of battle fought before our time. With some hesitation, we admit that we wish we did not live in such uninteresting times. Privately, we yearn for a cause of our own, a grand public effort that would take us beyond the video-game society in which we have been raised. What we have not realized is that there is a cause out there for us, one that is everything that we secretly hope for. It is space exploration in general, and Mars in particular. Making space our cause, and Mars our goal, would bring us together under a grand, peaceful endeavor. It would teach us about our universe in ways that we can barely imagine, and it would spur technology to greater heights. It would be a great gift to our children, bot for their education and their future. To send some of our own to Mars would transform us from a generation that history will forget into a generation that history will revere. Space is the next frontier of humanity, and we are the next generation. Mars, an uninhabited planet whose environment is closest to our own, waits, empty, for our arrival. If ever there was a match made in heaven, this is it. Track 2E 3:00 A Shining City on a Higher Hill: Lessons from the Last Colonization of a 'New World' Rev. James D. Heiser Publisher, Repristination Press 3555 Plover Drive, Decatur, IL 62526 The colonization of the New World provides examples of three possible motivations for colonization of Mars: (1) military expansion or competition between colonizing nations, (2) economic exploitation of the natural resources of the colony, and (3) pursuit of political and religious freedom. The first motivation, international competition, played a crucial role in the early development of the Soviet and American space programs, particularly in the race for human exploration of the Moon, a situation roughly analogous to the competition between Spanish, Portuguese, French and English colonization efforts in the Americas. However, the end of the U.S. - Soviet 'Cold War' eliminates this motivation for colonization of Mars, although some experts hope that cooperation between the two nations might yield exploration of mars, a crucial preliminary step to colonization. The second potential motivation, economic benefit, is even more tenuous, since the success of such an approach rests on profits from hypothetical scientific advances or economically feasible exploitation and/or exportation of Martian natural resources, while relying on a transient population of workers motivate by a desire for a quick profit, not permanent settlement. A similar situation can be found in the early Virginia colonies that were financially disastrous until he beginning of the exploration of tobacco and the importation of slaves. The third motivation - freedom - is the most fruitful motivation for colonization in terms of stability, steady growth, and cultural cohesion. The desire for religious self-determination was the guiding motivation for successful English settlement in New England, efforts that were initially quite meager in terms of personnel and financial resources. The pursuit of freedom - particularly religious freedom - is a motivation powerful enough to move men and women to leave behind land, home, family - even a world - to build a new life. Track 2E 3:30 Benefits of Opening a frontier Eldon Gatlin Tucson, AZ 85748 [email protected] This paper will present the social, economic, and political benefits of opening up a frontier. History is full of examples where individuals, groups, and whole civilizations have relocated either forcefully or by choice to unsettled locations where they flourished anew to become thriving, and in many cases, over time, dominant cultures/economies. In addition almost ever culture or country that has pushed into uncharted territory has seen their economy soar and prosperity extended to all levels of the sponsoring entity. In addition some of these forcible immigrations of less desirable aspects of the parent societies' individuals have spawned new ideas, cultures, and economies that are the driving force of the world as we know it. Some were by choice between incarceration and a hostile environment. Others were a chance to practice their beliefs or face suppression. These kinds of relocations have had a double benefit. In both cases, the individuals involved gained a chance and the ejecting party no longer had to deal with the perceived problem of the ejected. The English were very glad to get rid of certain social entities from there midst at various times. Some of the things we are seeing in society is due to the fact that the pioneering spirit which lead to survival has been redirected or channeled into behavior that is socially non-conducive to all parties involved in interaction. No longer can an individual go out and avoid situations that cause problems. They fall under scrutiny from the government, neighbors, or society. Think if the Pilgrims would not been able to come to a new place and institute their beliefs and practices. Where would the world be today? Track 2E 4:00 Civilizations at the Crossroads: The Historical Need to Explore Wayne Bowen Purdue University W. Lafayette, IN 47907 Several historical examples from the middle 1700's onward support the idea that frontier conditions, by crating local labor shortages, drive up wages and thus promote mechanization. First glimpsed in part by such observers as Franklin, Hamilton and Adam Smith, the theme achieved extended discussion in H.J. Habakkuk, American and British Technology in the 19th Century: The Search for Labour-Saving Inventions. Though criticized by such as Temin, the theory remains a basic starting point. Later analysts such as Rosenberg, Smith, Hounshell and Hoke, have built upon it. The crucial case has been American gun making during the early national period, culminating in the achievement of interchangeable parts manufactures, first in government armories by John Hall, et. Al., and later in private firms such as Colt's Hartford Armories. The latter derived partly from prior changes in the edge tool industry, and study by the author indicates that the redesign of the axe in America can be correlated with efforts to extend the productivity of the timber processing labor force. The paper will also address such other cases as the balloon frame house design, the Pennsylvania long rifle (author's work) and the origins of several metal and woodworking machine tools, such as the famous woodworking patent of Samuel Bentham. Frontier conditions may also have played a role in stimulating French interchangeability efforts. Experiences during the French and Indian wars pointed to the deplorable contrast between the ponderousness of European martial ways, and the native "skulking way of war". Work in progress indicates thus far that distance from resupply sources (in the settlements) promoted the engineering ideal of interchangeability. Hence, if the laws of economics apply interplanetary, Mars should see a further spurt in human-centered technological change. Track 3E 1:00 The Heatpipe Power System (HPS): a Near-Term, Low-Cost Space Fission Power Supply. Michael G. Houts, David I. Poston, and Deborah R. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Boston, Massachuesetts The Heatpipe Power System (HPS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power system. The Heatpipe Bimodal System (HBS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power and/or propulsion system. Both systems will be composed of independent modules, and all components use existing technology and operate within the existing database. The HPS and HBS have relatively few system integration issues; thus, the successful development of a module is a significant step toward verifying system feasibility and performance estimates. A prototypic HPS module was fabricated, and initial testing was completed in April 1997. All test objectives were accomplished, demonstrating the basic feasibility of the HPS. Fabrication of an HBS module is underway, and testing should begin in late 1998. The presentation will provide a system description in addition to pictures and results from the test program. Utilizing the Heatpipe Power System (HPS) on the Surface of Mars Dave Poston Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM The Heatpipe Power System (HPS) is a passively safe near-term low-cost space fission power system (SFPS). An SFPS is defined by three important attributes: 1) high specific power (power/mass)ï¿½otherwise it would not be economical to launch the system off the Earth, 2) reliabilityï¿½because there is little or no hands-on maintenance after the system leaves the Earth, and 3) safetyï¿½because the system must remain safe while it operates, and while it is transported to its final destination (launch accidents present a unique hazard). These three attributes are also of primary importance for a system designed to operate on the surface of another planet (other than Earth), moon, asteroid, or comet. Such a system might best be classified as a terrestrial SFPS. There are several differences between an SFPS designed for terrestrial and space applications; these differences include: materials compatibility, heat rejection, shielding, reliability, and safety. Materials compatibility and heat rejection issues are effected by the presence of an atmosphere. Shielding issues can differ due to the presence of indigenous material and/or vastly different shielding requirements. Reliability and safety issues can be effected by how the system responds to seismic, meteorological, and astronomical events. This paper focuses on the effect that material compatibility issues might have on the design and performance of the HPS. An SFPS is usually designed with refractory metals, because of their high temperature capability, high thermal conductivity, and in some cases better neutronic characteristics. The baseline HPS is designed to use niobium 1-zirconium, molybdenum, and/or tungsten depending on the application. One major drawback of refractory metals is that they tend to corrode very easily, thus their use in an atmospheric setting may be limited. Although the Martian atmosphere is relatively benign (mostly low-density CO2) as compared to Earth, materials compatibility will still be a major issue. Several materials compatibility test will have to be conducted, but it may be that a super-alloy based SFPS ( possibly stainless-steel or Inconel) will be required on the Martian surface. If a super-alloy SFPS is required, then the power output of a given system will probably be lower than for a refractory metal counterpart (because of lower temperature limits and thermal conductivity). One advantage of a super-alloy system is that it should have a lower development and unit cost (due to lower material cost, easier manufacturing, larger material database, etc. ); but because of lower performance, the actual cost per watt delivered to space will probably be higher. The power reduction of a specific HPS design may be up to a factor of two (in the worst case) as compared to a similar refractory metal design. However, it should still be possible to economically design and build a super-alloy HPS that can deliver 50-150 kWe on the Martian surface Track 3E 2:00 Comparison of Mars Surface Power Options R. J. Lipinski, S. A. Wright, R. X. Lenard Sandia National Laboratories M. Houts, D. Poston, D. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM A Mars base will require a substantial amount of reliable power in order to ensure the safety and well being of the base personnel and to minimize the total mass of supplies needed. This paper reviews the various surface power options and lists the advantages and disadvantages of each. The power level needed is expected to be between about 50 kW electric (kWe) and 1000 kWe, depending on the activity level of the base. The higher power levels provide more margin for crew safety and allow nearly closed-cycle living plus in-situ production of rocket fuel for the return flight. The specific options reviewed are solar panels, a radioisotopic power systems, and several types of small research-sized nuclear reactors. The reactors considered include configurations which are heat-pipe cooled, gas cooled, and water cooled. The level of maturity of all of these systems is discussed. Track 3E 2:30 Surviving on Mars without Nuclear Energy George James, Ph.D. Donald Barker, M.S., M.A. The development of economical strategies for the first human mission to Mars has increasingly focused on the utilization of in-situ resources for providing required supplies for life support, surface mobility, and the return-to-Earth capability. It has been demonstrated that mission robustness and affordability can been drastically improved by "living off the land." The Mars Direct plan and elements of the NASA Reference Mission illustrate the importance of this concept. A common feature to most mission plans, however, is the transportation of a nuclear energy source to the Martian surface. While this may be the simplest short-term solution for meeting the energy requirements of a human base on Mars, it also has the potential to be the show-stopper due to the current political climate regarding the safety of launching nuclear materials and/or polluting another planet with nuclear waste. The objective of this paper is to present alternative means for providing energy on Mars through the understanding of the local environment and subsequent utilization of these resources. The potential for exploiting solar energy on Mars is well established. However, the cost is high and the implementation involves certain obstacles, such as reduced output during Martian dust storms. Areothermal energy is a potential longer-term resource that could be plentiful in certain regions, but the utilization of this resource requires further remote sensing data as well as subsurface drilling or other surface based exploration. Wind energy has surprising potential for Mars due to the magnitude of geological features and temperature extremes that can produce reliable and strong local winds. This paper presents a summary of the current knowledge of solar, wind, and areothermal energy resources on Mars. A discussion of the means to identify these resources and the studies required in the near future to further characterize their distribution and abundance is given. Techniques that could be employed on robotic surface and orbiter missions are discussed in the context of providing information that could be used to design an energy extraction and storage system. This system would be based on a combination of solar and wind energy coupled with a liquid fuel storage system. The identification of ideal landing sites from the perspective of robust energy supplies is also addressed. This paper proposes that the production of energy on Mars, solely from local resources, may be practical enough to render a small outpost completely self-sufficient. The addition of in-situ energy resource development, to that for life support and transportation, would enhance the robustness of an initial mission and potentially advance the development of permanent human colonies on Mars. Track 3E 3:00 APO, AE 09104 Martian Lasers Power on Mars may be available from a source unavailable on Earth: solar powered carbon dioxide lasers. Carbon dioxide makes up 95 percent of the Martian atmosphere. Carbon dioxide lases in the low infrared. Sunlight stimulates carbon dioxide and causes lasing naturally. All that is needed for a power source are mirrors to focus the laser light into a beam. The infrared laser can be aimed at a conventional boiler-turbine system for electricity. Two laser mirrors may weight a tenth as much as a nuclear reactor for the same power. Terraforming The temperature of Mars is cold enough to freeze carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere at the poles. Warming may be possible artificially using greenhouse gasses. Carbon dioxide is a natural greenhouse gas, and is necessary for keeping Mars warm. A possible artificial greenhouse gas for terraforming Mars is perfluoromethane (CF4). Perfluoromethane can be made from atmospheric carbon dioxide and Martian flouride minerals. Laser Chemistry The fluoride-perfluoromethane reaction takes a lot of energy; two kilowatt-hours per kilogram of perfluoromethane produced. It is worse for the fact that it cannot normally be achieved in one step, but requires many steps. Each step loses energy, until as much as five kilowatt-hours per kilogram are used. Martian lasers may be able to make perfluoromethane in one step, by chilling the fluoride below the freezing point of carbon dioxide, adding powdered, frozen carbon dioxide, then flash heating the mixture, using the lasers. Conclusion Solar-pumped carbon dioxide lasers hold potential as a power source on Mars. These lasers can be used for producing electricity through the use of conventional steam turbogenerators. Although locations of fluoride deposits are currently unknown, terraforming Mars using perfluoromethane may be an important future use of Martian lasers. Planetary SETI Society (SPSR) [email protected] Given the presence of water-ice on Mars, its role as the fuel in fusion systems should be considered for its benefits. Heat, electricity, water, oxygen and other raw material resources could be of vital importance. On Mars, the available water-ice for colonists includes the tiny evanescent early morning, fog coating over rocky terrain, especially the extruded permafrost released from below the surface following meteor impact, and the several kilometer thick deposits near the poles. Orbital imaging analysis suggests large amounts of water-ice for use in fusion systems on the surface of Mars, present in the form of permafrost located near Yuti-type craters above 40 degrees north latitude. At those locations, the harvest of low nuclear weight fuel for fusion systems becomes feasible. Fusion systems would also enable the mining of the Martian moons for their carbon and other resources. Additional benefits occur from the heat generated from the fusion generators which will enable obtaining additional water ice not only for additional fuel, but also for human consumption and use. The generation of excess amounts of water over that which is needed has the extra benefit of being available to liberate molecular oxygen to the Martian atmosphere. Track 3E 4:00 A Stepped Approach to the Moon and Mars Jim Bickford [email protected] With the eventual goal of settling both the Moon and Mars, a carefully planned and stepped approach should be utilized. The first steps involve modifying space station components and off the shelf technology to create a simple manned spacecraft that will make a quick flight to Mars and rendezvous with supplies previously orbited about the planet. The vehicle will return to Earth where it can be partially reused for several subsequent missions. Human flights to Mars will not only provide public motivation for continued development of space but also the strong technical background required for subsequent success. A better understanding of Phobos and Deimos as well as the Martian environment will provide engineers of future missions the information needed to properly utilize the natural resources of the planet and avoid the costly approach of bringing everything from Earth. After the completion of the initial human Mars exploratory sequence, flights to Mars will be temporarily suspended and the focus will turn to the moon. During the moon development period the data gathered from the Mars missions could be thoroughly analyzed. This detailed analysis will funnel the eventual focus of Mars exploration. In addition to the science obtained from Moon exploration and development, the resources of the moon will eventually be utilized in future space endeavors. Track 3E 4:30 Affordable to the Individual Space Flight Eagle Sarmont Wrightwood, CA 92397-0382 [email protected] A new concept in space transportation that makes use of a Turbo-Rocket Ramjet Scramjet powered Spaceplane and an Earth Orbiting Elevator that can be built with today's materials. It is an evolutionary system that starts with a commercially viable stage and a half to orbit Spaceplane that launches satellites and astronauts into low Earth orbit. This is followed by the addition of an Earth Orbiting Elevator which allows us to eliminate the small expendable upper stage from the system, making the Spaceplane into a Single Stage to Orbit vehicle. The next step is about how the Earth Orbiting Elevator will allow us to return to the Moon to stay and how it will further reduce the cost of living working and traveling in space by allowing us to start making use of Lunar resources. Once the Lunar base is in place the next step will be the building of an L-5 shipyard where Satellite Solar Power Stations, Space Colonies and Mars Exploration/Colony ships will be built. NASA representatives have described this system as, "The first idea we have seen that offers a believable path to $100/lb to low Earth orbit." Track 4E 1:00 Rolling on Martian Air - The Forgotten Axis W.Klimkiewicz [email protected] In this paper, we would like to describe the need for manned and robotic aerial reconnaissance and air transportation on Mars and the problems involved in providing this capability. Some time in the future, humans will arrive on Mars. Exploration will be the most important task for the first colonists in which aerial flights will be of great value. There are no roads or airstrips to support Earth-like takeoffs and landings. Finding limestone on Mars and starting production of concrete seems very unlikely, and so some other means of building large hard structures and surfaces will be necessary. This will take time and, until then, the exploration mission must proceed. This is one reason that vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft will be necessary on Mars. In case of engine failure, an aircraft traveling over uncharted and rugged territory, far from a base station, has to be able to make a safe emergency landing. This improves the survivability of the flyer, and the vehicle. The problem with a VTOL solution is that it is equivalent to building a helicopter that can fly at a 30 km altitude (~100,000 ft.) on Earth, where the atmospheric density equals that of the Martian surface. The power requirements on such a helicopter would be enormous. Fortunately, on Mars, due to reduced gravity, an aircraft needs only one third of the lift required on Earth. In addition, the helicopter is not the most power efficient way of hovering. In this paper, we would like to prove that there are other methods of creating lift that are several times more efficient than a helicopter. We will try to convince the aerospace community that with a propulsion system based on an "Air Paddle Wheel" which rotates around the horizontal axis, it is possible to build a power efficient, all-purpose Martian air vehicle capable of vertical takeoffs and landings, which can hover, power glide and roll on the ground. Romanian Ministry of Research and Technology, Bucharest G. Savu National Institute of Turbomachinery COMOTI, Romania, email: [email protected] low-cost class of exploration robots using the in-situ, non-chemical propellant is proposed for the precursor missions, preparing the human landing on the Mars surface. The actual rovers designed to explore the surroundings of the landing site have a short radius of action and a limited life duration. A long endurance power production and propulsion system was proposed for the endowment of the Martian robots. The photovoltaic cells transform the solar radiation in electrical energy used to compress the rarefied Martian atmosphere (95% CO2) in a storage pressure tank. A high performance, multistage gas compressor , driven by a d.c. electro-motor is used to obtain the desired pressure1. If the compressed gas is expanded through nozzles, the lifting and command force are obtained for controlled flights of the robot over the rugged Martian soil. This type of vehicle was named "Mars Jumper" 2. If the gas from the pressure tank is released in a turbine, the produced mechanical power can drive the rotor of a helicopter as a Martian exploring vehicle with vertical take-off/landing capabilities3. The upper side of the rotor blades may be used as the support for photovoltaics . The distances covered by a Martian flying robot moved by this propulsion system are of order of kilometers versus the tens of meters of the actual rovers. During the survival periods (Martian nights and sand storms) the d.c. electro-motor, working in the reverse mode (as a generator) produces electrical power necessary for the data transmission to the Earth. In fact, the proposed system collects in time the existing disposable energy on the Martian surface and during a short period, the energy transformation produces high power necessary for the vehicle propulsion. The cycle is repeated by a new pressure tank charging. The proposed concept is feasible with the actual technology, without exotic materials and components, ensuring for long term the possibility to explore large areas of the Martian terrain. A flotilla of 6 or 14 robots can be launched with a single spacecraft of Titan class. References 1. Savu G. "A Non-Chemical, in-Situ Propellant for the Martian Machines", AIAA 95-2793 Paper, 1995. 2. Savu G. "A Low-Cost Jumper for the Martian Environment Exploration', Acta Astronautica, Vol. 35, Suppl., pp. 699-708, 1995. 3. Savu G., Trifu O. " Photovoltaic Rotorcraft for Mars Missions", AIAA 95-2644 Paper, 1995. Mars Surface Transportation: Is Flying Cheaper Than Building Roads? Tony Rusi [email protected] An motorized propeller-driven ultralight aircraft, with a lifting-gas-filled parafoil wing, with a span on the order of 120 meters, is proposed for initial use in Martian exploration in lieu of four wheel drive pressurized cab vehicles. These "bush plane" analog's would require no Martian surface improvement to operate during the first phase of surface exploration. Many areas of high scientific interest, chasms and mountain tops, of the surface may be only reachable with such devices. High average airspeeds versus ground based vehicles would also cut life support costs on sorties. Track 4E 3:00 Mobility of Large Manned Rovers on Mars George William HerbertRetro Aerospace [email protected] A study of a number of earth analogs for large, heavy, long range off-road vehicles generates useful inputs for rover design on Mars. An investigation into the types of suspensions available, wheeled and tracked, looks at their suitability for Mars use. Analysis of the mechanics and dynamics of power requirements indicates that motive power for a given speed should scale with the local gravity. Relative stability and mobility of vehicles are examined and the lesser stability of Mars vehicles quantified and shown to be within workable limits. Rover propulsion options are examined, investigating characteristics of possible fuel cell and internal combustion power-trains. Finally, three sample long range expeditionary rovers are described with estimated traverse ranges of over 5,000 km. Mars Gas Hopper: A key Component for Mars Surface Transportation Robert Zubrin 445 Union Blvd. #125 Lakewood, CO 80228 Mars ballistic hoppers with ranges up to 50 km can be developed using cool CO2 as propellant. A sorption pump is used to acquire CO2 from the atmosphere, which is then stored in the propellant tank at high pressure in the liquid phase. When flight is desired, the liquid is flashed into gas and then expanded out a supersonic nozzle, either cold, or after mild heating in a warm pebble bed heat exchanger, such "gashopper" systems could be very useful for robotic Mars exploration as they are not limited by Marsï¿½s rough surface terrain and can be readily refueled each time they land. With the aid of gashoppers, a single suite of instruments can be made to visit a large number of widely separated surface locations, thus greatly increasing mission science return. Track 4E 4:30 Airborne Science Platforms for Martian Exploration (or, Basic UFO Design Considerations) NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA The presence of an atmosphere on Mars provides planetary scientists with the opportunity to extend their coverage for robotic exploration. In this brief talk, Mr. Hall will discuss basic design considerations for the design and development of atmospheric science platforms for Martian missions including similarities and diferences with terrestrial applications. He will highlight aerodynamic and propulsion requirements and will give an overview of the Mars Flyer development programs he's been involved with at NASA/Ames Research Center since the summer of 1996. Track 5E 1:00 The Promise of Cave Biology and Subsurface Exploration on Earth, Mars, and Beyond P.J. Boston, Complex Systems Research, Inc., Boulder, CO and Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM Over the course of the next century, humans will land on and explore other bodies in our solar system. Our studies of exotic lifeforms in Earth's caves, our work on subsurface environments for life on Mars, and the potential for long-term preservation of microbial life in non-planetary bodies like comets and asteroids have led us to conclude that subsurface cavities on rocky bodies (including planets, moons, asteroids, and comets) will be an important target for exploration and scientific investigation by human missions. Not only are these subsurface environments important scientifically, but they may also provide natural sheltering structures for humans on suitable planets, moons and asteroids. We will briefly discuss the exotic microbial ecosystems of Earth's subsurface and the bizarre means by which they make their livings (dissolving rock, living in sulfuric acid, scavenging energy from inorganic chemical reactions, etc.) We will then consider the possibilities for such communities to exist in the deep subsurface of Mars including possible methodologies for finding and studying them. In addition, we will touch on potential cave-forming mechanisms on Mars ranging from lava tubes to carbonate and non-carbonate dissolution of various rock types both sedimentary and igneous. Lastly, we will turn our attention to the potential for buried life in other rocky bodies. This life could be in the guise of tiny passengers hitching a ride from one part of our solar system to another (e.g. Mars to Earth), microbial life from a distant solar system transported to another stellar system, or even US as we find ways to utilize natural cavities for human life support on Mars and beyond. Track 5E 1:30 A Novel Space Transportation Concept Designed to Reduce Per-Mission Costs for Repeated Travel to/from a Celestial Body Dr. Stephen Heppe Purcellville, VA 20132 [email protected] Part of the expense associated with deep-space mission derives from the inefficiency of chemical propulsion, the large amounts of fuel and propellant required to achieve mission-necessary delta-V, and the need to carry all consumables from the start of the mission. We propose a new space transportation paradigm, which relies on the buildup of certain space "infrastructure", to minimize per-mission cost. Making a comparison to 19th century travel across North America, this is similar to replacement of Conestoga wagons with the Trans-Continental Railroad. The infrastructure we propose is a set of man-made space stations of man-modified natural celestial bodies (e.g., small asteroids), maneuvered into a set of useful orbits, and equipped with electromagnetic launchers (railguns) as well as human habitats, depot facilities, power systems and orbital maneuvering systems (e.g., electromagnetic thrusters). On each space station or asteroid, the railgun allows small mission vehicles (spacecraft) to achieve large delta-Vï¿½s in short time without consuming onboard propellant. The orbital maneuvering system (e.g., nuclear or solar-powered system of electromagnetic thrusters) allows the space station or asteroid to compensate for the delta-Vï¿½s so imparted, and adjust its orbit to achieve desirable parameters. An object in an elliptical solar orbit tangent to Earth orbit at perihelion, but with semi-major axis ~ 1.66 a.u., has a natural orbital period of roughly 25.6 months ï¿½ the interval between Mars mission opportunities from Earth. If the semi-major axis of the orbit can be rotated appropriately about the Sun every orbit, through the use of electromagnetic propulsion an gravitational assists from the Moon and Mars, etc., good rendezvous opportunities will be provided every orbit. The railgun, combined with gravitational assists from Mars and aerobraking, and perhaps some residual delta-V provided by traditional means, offers an efficient and economic rendezvous technique for spacecraft departing the space station or asteroid for Mars. Track 5E 2:00 Reducing Risk and Complexity of Rover and Robotic Operations on Mars Russell R Mellon Director of Research and Development Equinox Interscience, Inc 6420 S. Quebec St., Ste E Englewood, CO 80111 [email protected] The presentation offers a perspective on utilization of the Mars Raptor Reconnaissance System and its variations to reduce the risk and complexity of rover and robotic operations on Mars. The presentation will enhance the participants understanding of issues and concerns regarding robotic and rover operations on Mars. We will present a mission risk mitigation approach to the current Lander/Rover operations for improving probability of success. This approach utilizes the Mars Raptor system that allows a least time/safest path-vs-minimum distance path for rover/robot operations. The system is a reconnaissance approach with compact, lightweight optical sensors, CCD focal planes, and High-Density Interconnect (HDI) electronics. The presentation content will consider: Rover/Robot requirements and how they play with lander/orbiter requirements Reconnaissance methods Data utilization and operations decision making Track 5E 2:30 A Mission to Mars With Two Chimpanzees Before the First Human Mission to that Planet Antonio de Morais (IF-USP University, Brazil) [email protected] The focus of the first human expedition to outside the Earth-Moon system is In the exploration of the Moon robot spacecraft were sent before brave persons were there. In the same way robot spacecraft are being sent to Mars before the first humans get at the Red Planet. People will train in the International Space Station, and there are plans of returning to the Moon for more training to a voyage to Mars. This conquest of Mars will be a base stone in the evolution of Mankind. But, the minimum distance between Earth and Mars is 150 times greater than the distance Earth-Moon. This enormous distance sets great difficulties to a human mission to Mars. The Martian environment has nothing to do with the lunar and terrestrial environments; not to say the fact that if a Moon manned mission have a problem, it is still be possible to save the crew in few days, while if a manned mission be in the middle of the journey to Mars, and a problem occur, it will not be possible to save the crew. Maximum safety to the crew is a fundamental matter. This era of Mars exploration is analogous to the days when humans were trying to orbit alone the Earth. So, I propose that, after the last robotic mission to return samples of Mars back to Earth, and before the first human journey to the Red Planet, there is the sending of two chimpanzees (male and female) to Mars returning them back to Earth, inside a semi-robotic, Earth-controlled, adapted, operational spacecraft. This mission would test completely the technology of the spacecraft (with living beings inside, breathing, feeding and performing tasks), and of the life-support systems (to the human crews) in the real Martian environment, and to test the use of astronaut life-supporting suits in real soil and atmospheric extreme weather conditions, during a long time. The conquest of Mars is known to have been full of problems and accidents (73 percent of the total missions to Mars failed), mentioning the accident with the very expensive and complex Mars Observer spacecraft. And all these missions are automated, very far from the complexity of a manned trip to Mars. And in the history of manned space exploration, there were several accidents, mentioning the following: Vostok (Mr. Vladmir Komarov), Apollo I, Apollo XIII, Space Shuttle Challenger, MIR; and problems with practically all manned missions (and all these missions are close to Earth). A manned mission to Mars is greatly expensive and itï¿½s objective is not only to walk on another planet, but fundamentally to develop new technologies for human use and to increase scientific knowledge the maximum as possible. I surmise that an astronaut would like to be the first at Mars, but I also surmise the astronaut would like to know that his/her mission to Mars had the maximum study and best test for the security of functioning of the spacecraft technology and of the life-support systems, during the real cruise to (and back from) Mars, and at the real Martian environment. For that task, the two chimpanzees (male and female) would be used to live with each other, and both used to practice the operational maneuvers for the Mars mission, since their infancy. When both chimpanzees arrive at their adult phase, they would be more intensively trained and live inside an operational replica of the spacecraft (on the ground), exiting this ambient to walk (using easy-dressing spacesuits with a tensile flexing string firmly attached to the suits) around a Martian scenario, performing tasks such as getting stones on the scenarioï¿½s ground. The chimpanzees would train inside the real International Space Station inside a module (without humans). In the replica at the scenario and in the real ISS, the two would feed on vitamin fortified, colorful, tasteful, somewhat difficult to get (chimpanzees like to go for it) rich-nutrient pills, and drink water and juices, for months. Also, they would exercise, and perform several tasks, and have recreation hours (for example drawing colors on a digital screen with digital pens, playing with toys, etc.) during the tests of months, and during the real mission to Mars. They would have sensors implanted inside their bodies for the taking (via radio) of the necessary medical data (the couple would take out the sensors if put on the skin). The chimpanzees would be passed through a surgery to not be able to exist pregnancy (a factor of great complication for this mission to Mars with the chimpanzees - if the two return alive from the voyage to Mars). This mission with chimpanzees to Mars can sound funny but it is not funny the cost of human lives in a first manned mission to Mars, also reflecting on the entire manned space exploration program. Chimpanzees have bones and cardiovascular systems stronger than manï¿½s; if they could not resist an Earth-Mars-Earth voyage, it will be needed more studies and tests for a human visit to the Red Planet. In the history of space exploration, there are two principal characteristics: the unexpected important technological and scientific discoveries, and the unexpected of accidents and problems (usually big ones) in the missions. Resuming: the unexpected. It is fundamental to be well prepared to do it. It is because I propose that firstly be sent two chimpanzees (male and female) to planet Mars before humans get there. Track 5E 3:00 Modeling and Simulation of a Pressure Feed System Rocket Engine to Use in Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) Jos Miraglia - Engenheiro Quømico - Mestre em Propuls_o ( ITA 1994) ITA - (Technical Institute of Aeronautics) Brazil [email protected] The future explorations manned to the planet Mars can use the production in-situ of propellant CH4 / LOX. This paper presents the mathematical modeling and the computational simulation of a rocket engine using as propellant CH4 / LOX, and of the launch of a Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) using this engine as propulsion system. The proposed engine is a pressure feed system type, due its simplicity and operational robustness. The motor is divided in the following elements: Reservoir of Methane; Reservoir of gas pressurizer (Helium); Tubes and accessories (valves, filters, hole plates); Combustion chamber; Nozzle; The thermo/chemical and physical/chemistries properties of the propellants in subject are presented. The engine and the launch of MAV will be simulate with the use of programs computations developed by the author. The numeric results of the simulation of the rocket engine are presented in the graphics form. Thrust x Time; CH4 flow rate x Time; LOX flow rate x Time; O/F x Time; Medium temperature of the combustion chamber x Time The results of this simulation are used as parameters for the simulation of the launch of Mars Ascent Vehicle. This simulation will be made with the use of program computations developed by the author. The numeric result of the launch is presented in the graphics form. Altitude x Time; Case for an ISRU Refinery Kelly R. McMillen Boulder Center for Science and Policy During the early phases of human Mars exploration, in situ resource utilization (ISRU) will lower costs, expand capabilities, and serve as an enabling technology for establishing permanent colonies. Martian atmospheric resources can be used to provide consumables such as fuel, oxidant, breathable air, and water that are critical for early human missions. Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide and imported hydrogen can be used, for example, as feedstock for the catalytic production of oxygen, methane, methanol, and other propellants and water (Zubrin, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1998, Zubrin, Meyer, McMillen 1998, Meyer 1981). These processes utilize catalytic reactors containing small amounts of iron, nickel and other suitable catalysts, plus gas selective membranes, electrolysis, and other easily implemented gas separation techniques. Waste carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide reduction processes together with hydrogen can be combined to produce other liquid and gaseous fuels and chemical compounds. Excess heat from an exothermic Sabatier reaction can be diverted to minimize heat requirements in endothermic processes such as the reverse water-gas shift reaction. Thus valuable synergies can be realized by integrating various processes. Oxygen and fuel production processes can be combined so the thermal and material wastes of one process can be utilized by the other thus forming a unique Martian "chemical refinery" that features internal hydrogen recycling and production of a purified carbon monoxide intermediate by-product. Turbines can also be used to recover mechanical energy from high-pressure waste gas and systems can share common hardware and feedstock systems. Thus feedstock, power, heat and mechanical energy are utilized efficiently and conserved in the design of these robust Martian atmospheric refineries whose technologies may also find applications in industrial waste utilization technology on Earth. Track 5E 4:00 The Vaults of Mars: Architecture for a Mars Settlement Bruce MacKenzie	i don't know
What war was ended by the Treaty of Panmunjom on July 27, 1953?	SparkNotes: The Korean War (1950-1953): Eisenhower, War's End, and the Aftermath Eisenhower, War's End, and the Aftermath Eisenhower, War's End, and the Aftermath → The Long Path of Negotiations Eisenhower, War's End, and the Aftermath, page 2 page 1 of 2 Summary After taking office, Eisenhower soon replaced General James Van Fleet, who had started arguing for an all-out invasion, with Lt. General Maxwell Taylor. No immediate progress was made in the negotiations other than the exchange of a few prisoners in March of 1953. In order to show strength, the Communists made an attack on Americans at "Pork Chop Hill" in April. Eisenhower was unfazed, and by the end of April talks were once again underway Panmunjom. On June 8, the two sides finally came to an agreement over the tricky POW (Prisoner of War) issue, outlining their solutions in a document call the "Terms of Reference." Under this agreement, those POWs that refused to return to Communist territory would be placed under the auspices of a neutral commission for a period of three months. If, after the end of those three months, the POWs still refused to be repatriated, they would be allowed to go free. With the POW issue solved, it seemed that a final peace treaty was in sight. After the "Terms of Reference", however, the Communists pressed for some final negotiating leverage with a one-week offensive in June. And on a second front, the US had to deal with the problem of Syngman Rhee, who continued to spout promises about Korean reunification, and who promised to invade North Korea even if he only had the ROK army on his side. The US considered organizing a coup to remove Rhee from power, but never carried the action out. Instead, the US convinced Rhee to stop shouting for reunification by promising to intervene on South Korea's behalf if North Korea ever did invade, and by promising $1 billion in aid for South Korea's economic recovery after the war. Despite these minor crises, agreement was finally reached at Panmunjom. On July 27, 1953, The UN, China, and North Korea signed an armistice. South Korea refused to sign, but with little effect. Under the terms of the treaty neither side would be allowed to increase the number of non-Korean military personnel stationed in Korea. The armistice also established a 2.5 mile wide buffer between North and South Korea along the 38th parallel, termed the "demilitarized zone." Within this zone, all troops and weapons were banished. In practice, however, the zone was heavily militarized, with over 1 million troops facing off. In fact, because South Korea never signed the armistice, the two countries remain technically at war even today. After the war, North Korea and South Korea remained divided, a symbol of the effect of the Cold War similar to the division of Germany and Berlin. Families were broken up by the war and lived on opposite sides of the demilitarized zone, unable to visit or even communicate with each other. Syngman Rhee's southern regime became even more dictatorial, and in 1960 he resigned after student riots. South Korea only became more unstable with his departure, and it is only in the last two decades that South Korea has really seen sustained economic growth. In North Korea, Kim Il-sung developed a full-scale personality cult, and ruled until his death in 1994. Tensions between the two countries remain to this day, perhaps seen best in North Korea's boycott of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, to which the USSR and PRC sent athletes. The legacy of the Korean War continues to haunt the United States, as the US worries about North Korea's possession of nuclear weapons. Commentary Along with his vast military experience and easy-going attitude, part of Eisenhower's confidence in the spring of 1953 stemmed from the fact that the US had successfully tested an which was vastly more powerful than an A- Bomb, and had thereby surged ahead in the arms race with the USSR (the Soviets shocked the US by testing their own H-bomb in late 1953). Eisenhower considered nuclear bombs to be just another weapon and was considering using small nuclear bombs in Korea, especially because, for their price, they packed more punch than conventional weaponry. He never actually authorized their use, however. 1	Korean War
A widely debated topic in the halls of government these days, what is the current debt US ceiling, to the closest trillion dollars?	Korean War Armistice turns 60 July 27 \| Article \| The United States Army Korean War Armistice turns 60 July 27 By Mr. Franklin Fisher (Red Cloud)July 24, 2013 Share via Email 1 / 7 Show Caption + Hide Caption – A Korean girl with her brother on her back moves wearily past a stalled tank near Haengju, in Kyonggi Province, Korea, June 9, 1951, during the Korean War of 1950-1953. The war, which claimed millions of lives and left the Korean peninsula devastated, halted with the signing of an armistice July 27, 1953, 60 years ago Saturday. (Photo Credit: U.S. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL 2 / 7 Show Caption + Hide Caption – The front page of the Cleveland Plain Dealer's July 27, 1953 edition announced the long-awaited news of the armistice that 60 years ago Saturday was signed in Panmunjom, ending full-scale fighting in the Korean War of 1950 " 1953. (Photo Credit: U.S. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL 3 / 7 Show Caption + Hide Caption – U.S. Marines use scaling ladders as they assault North Korean positions at Inchon in South Korea Sept. 15, 1950. The amphibious landings there were crucial in turning the tables " for a time " on the North Korean invaders. (Photo Credit: Staff Sgt. W.W. Frank) VIEW ORIGINAL 4 / 7 Show Caption + Hide Caption – In war-ravaged Seoul Nov. 1, 1950, an aged Korean woman pauses in her search for salvageable materials amid the rubble. (Photo Credit: Capt. C.W. Huff) VIEW ORIGINAL 5 / 7 Show Caption + Hide Caption – In a Jan. 8, 1951 photo, a long column of Korean refugees plods south through the snow outside Kangnung in Kangwon Province. (Photo Credit: Cpl. Walter Calmus) VIEW ORIGINAL 6 / 7 Show Caption + Hide Caption – (Photo Credit: U.S. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL 7 / 7 Show Caption + Hide Caption – 1st Lt. Alvin Anderson, one of many repatriated Korean War POWs to arrive aboard ship in San Francisco Sept. 14, 1953, is greeted by family members. Release of prisoners came after signing of the armistice July 27, 1953. (Photo Credit: Herb Weiss) VIEW ORIGINAL CAMP RED CLOUD -- Saturday, July 27 marks the 60th anniversary of the armistice that ended full-scale hostilities during the Korean War of 1950-1953. By the time the fighting stopped the entire Korean peninsula -- North and South -- was a war-ravaged ruin and millions had died. "You've got to remember, five years removed from World War II you saw ground combat that rivaled the intensity of battles fought in World War II or, as far as that goes, any war in history," said Ron Miller, Eighth Army command historian. The war began June 25, 1950 when around 4 a.m. North Korean forces struck south across the 38th Parallel that divided North and South Korea. In response to the invasion, President Harry Truman ordered immediate U.S. naval and air action to try to slow the North Korean advance and avert the capture of South Korea's capital, Seoul. Within three days the North Koreans had captured Seoul, and pressed their drive south. Meanwhile, the United Nations Security Council the night of June 27 voted for military action to repel the invasion. Eventually 16 member-nations sent military forces or some other form of direct aid to the effort. By June 30, the first American ground troops had been rushed to Korea from occupation duty in Japan, and more units continued arriving thereafter. But though at times the North Korean advance was slowed it could not be stopped and by August U.S. forces were backed into a corner of the southeastern peninsula in what came to be called the Pusan Perimeter. The Perimeter was an 80-by-50-mile front bounded on the north and west by the Naktong River, on the south by the Korea Strait, and on the east by the Sea of Japan. North Korean forces kept the Perimeter under intense pressure and for most of the desperate battle there was fear the enemy might carry out their boast to drive UN forces into the sea. But it was while that battle raged that the war reached one of its several turning points. UN forces under command of Gen. Douglas MacArthur carried out an amphibious landing Sept. 15 on South Korea's west coast at Inchon, cutting off the enemy's lines of communication and resupply The North Korean forces were outflanked and soon began a flight north. This also enabled U.S. forces to break out of the Pusan Perimeter and drive at the North Koreans from the south. By October 1950 North Korean forces had been expelled from South Korea. But what came next soon led to one of the worst reversals in American military history, one that changed the entire scale and duration of the war: UN forces pursued the enemy into North Korea itself. U.S. and South Korean troops captured North Korea's capital, Pyongyang on Oct. 19, and by Oct. 26 elements of the South Korean 6th Division reached the Yalu River, where North Korea borders China. It was then, only days later, that a massive Chinese ground force sprang a surprise offensive that threw UN forces into a retreat that continued all the way back into South Korea. Seoul fell once again to the enemy, on Jan. 4, 1951. Command of the Eighth U.S. Army had meanwhile passed to Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway, a veteran combat leader who soon got demoralized UN ground forces back on the offensive. Ridgway took command after Eighth Army's previous commander, Lt. Gen. Walton H. Walker, was killed in a jeep accident Dec. 23. Camp Walker in Daegu is named in his honor. After weeks of back-and-forth fighting, UN troops reentered Seoul in mid-March. See-saw fighting continued for several more months but by June 1951 UN forces had pushed the enemy out of South Korea and the war entered a new phase, one of mainly static, positional warfare. Both sides now faced each other from entrenched positions on the slopes and ridgelines in the vicinity of the 38th Parallel. Truce talks began July 21, 1951, and continued stop-and-go for two years, with one of the main sticking points being disagreement over the terms governing prisoner exchange. But, at last, agreement was reached and an armistice signed at Panmunjom 10 a.m. July 27, 1953. According to figures compiled by the U.S. Forces Korea Command History Office, military casualties for North Korean and Chinese forces combined are estimated at 615,000 - 750,000 killed and 789,000 wounded. South Korean forces killed, 137,899; wounded 450,742. U.S. dead, 36,940, of which 33,665 were killed in action and 3,275 were non-combat deaths; wounded, 103,284. Military casualties for other UN forces: more than 3,700 killed; wounded, more than 12,500. Civilian casualties -- dead and injured -- on both sides have been estimated at 2.5 million. "The suspension of full-scale hostilities definitely brought an end to the high casualty rates," said Miller. "Unfortunately, the civilian population suffered almost as much as frontline Soldiers," he said. "It divided families, it rendered many homeless. It definitely was a hardship." RELATED LINKS	i don't know

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